EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL IOWA YEAR BOOK OF AGRICULTURE ISSUED BY THE IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 19 17 LIBRARY NEW Y{>«K BOTANICAL Published by THE STATE OF IOWA DES MOINES LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL OFFICE OF IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Des Moines, Iowa, July 1, 1918. To His Excellency, W. L. Harding, Governor of Iowa: Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the Eighteenth An- nual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture for the year 1917. ARTHUR R. COREY. Secretary State Board of Agriculture. INTRODUCTORY Volume Eighteen of the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture is hereby submitted. The year 1917 was one of most unusual and extraordinary con- ditions. Early in the year the United States declared war against Germany and immediately set about the stupendous task of getting ready for actual warfare. A survey of the food stocks disclosed a very disquieting state of aifairs for a nation about to embark in war. Full granaries were few and far between. Storage de- pots as a rule were either empty or held sadly depleted stocks. It became plain the nation's food supply was considerably below nor- mal, due, of course, to the unwonted demands from the fighting nations across the Atlantic. Coincident with the work of raising a great army for immediate service a movement was started designed to increase and conserve the production of food stuffs. As a great agricultural and stock- growing state Iowa's duty was plain and imperative. The farmers promptly accepted the responsibility and sought by every means at hand to produce a surplus of all kinds of crops. There was a general awakening and wide-spread enthusiasm in all things pertaining to food production and food conservation. Silo building was everywhere in evidence, more so than for years. The home-canning industry took on all the aspects of a boom. The growing scarcity of labor due to enlistments, the draft and the de- mand for workers for the various war activities was counter-bal- anced by mechanical power and labor-saving machinery. There was a marked growth of interest in farm tractors and the demand far exceeded the supply. The work of installing county agents went forward with such a rush that by corn-planting time every county in the state had been supplied. Winter wheat and clover having been largely killed by inclement weather conditions the previous winter a much larger acreage than usual was devoted to corn and oats. The crop-growing season was vi INTRODUCTORY disappointing. Spring was late and cold; the summer short, end- ing with unseasonable frost that damaged the corn over a large part of the state. The wheat harvest was a slender one. Potatoes about three-fourths of what might be considered Iowa's normal crop. The oats crop was satisfactory both as to yield and (quality, while the corn crop approximated 400,000.000 bushels, mu<;h or it too soft for cribbing but put to such good use by feeders tliat in the end loss from that source was much less tluui had been antici- pated. The year closed with Iowa people prosperous, enthusiastic in their support of all war measures and activities, and with all other aims and ambitions subordinate to the duty of the hour, to support the government and do everything possible to bring the war to a speedy and successful termination in favor of the Allies. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 1918 lEX OFFICIO MEMBERS Governor of State Des Moines President Iowa State College Ames State Dairy CoTnmissioner Des Moines State Veterinarian Des Moines OFFICERS C. E. Cameron, President Alta O. A. Olson, Vice President Forest City A. R. Corey, Secretary Des Moines W. W. Morrow, Treasurer Af ton DISTRICT MEMBERS Fh'st District— Yi. 0. Weaver Wapello Second District— 'E. T. Davis Iowa City Third District — Eljier M. Reeves Waverly Fourth District — E. J. Ctjrtin Decorah Fifth District — Cyrus A. Tow Norway Sixth District— T. C. Legoe What Cheer Seventh District — Chas. F. Curtiss Ames Eighth District — F^anh E. Sheldon Mount Ayr Ninth District — Chas. Escher, Jr. Botna Tenth District — John P. Mullen Fonda Eleventh District — H. L. Pike Whiting The President, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer are elected for one year. Terms of directors from even-numbered districts expire the second Wednesday in December, 1918. Terms of directors from odd-numbered districts expire the second Wednesday in December, 1919. STANDING COMMITTEES C. E. CamerOxN J. P. MULLKN E. J. CURTIN C. E. Cameron EXECUTIVE O. A. Olso.n AUDITING F. E. Sheldon RESOLUTIONS C. H. Tkibby POWERS AND DUTIES OF HOARD O. A. Olson A. R. Corey E. M. Reeves F. E. Sheldon A. R. Corey E. M. Reeves C. F. Cuetiss adulteration of foods, seeds and other products R. A. Pearson Cyrus A. Tow W. B. Barney* noxious weeds, fungous disease in grains, grasses, etc. E. M. Reeves W. B. Barney C. F. Curtiss C. E. Cameron Chas. Escher, Jr. dairy'ixg and dairy products C. F. Curtis ANIMAL HUSBANDRY H. L. Pike legislative O. A. Olson E. T. Davis Chas. Escher, Jr. J. I. Gibson A. R. Corey J. P. Mullen E. J. Curtin revision of premium list, rules and regulations C. E. Cameron T. C. Legoe O. A. Olson A. R. Corey C. F. Curtiss H. L. Pike INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS Cabbage — Plant infected with blackleg 435 Plant destroyed by club root 436 Plant infected with yellows 437 Cattle- Angus cow, junior champion 186 Baby beef, champion 196 Holstein cow, grand champion 190 Shorthorn bull, junior grand champion 181 Charts showing food values 283, 287, 288, 289, 290 Creameries — Clear Lake Creamery 294 Cooperative creamery 292 Farmers' creamery 293 First creamery in Iowa 285 Guernsey calf club » 313 Holstein calf club 312 Horses — Belgian mare, first prize 170 Belgian mare, grand champion 169 Clydesdale mare, grand champion 166 Percheron stallion, reserve grand champion 164 Map showing location of cheese factories 321 Map showing location of creameries 322 Mules, four-in-hand 178 Oats — Heads destroyed by smut 445 Treating to prevent smut 447 Troops in review at state fair 280 Scene on Grand Avenue during state fair 162 Swine — Chester White sow, grand champion 203 Hampshire boar, grand champion 207 Hampshire boar, junior champion 206 Hampshire sow, grand champion 205 Poland China boar, grand champion 199 Washing hogs at state fair 209 TABLE OF CONTENTS Lettek 01^ Tr^ynsmittal. Inteoductoky. State Board of Agriculture. Standing Committees Index to Illustkations. Table of Contents. Iowa's Source of Wealth. PART I. Proceedings of State Board of Agriculture and of Executive and special committee meetings from December 14, 1916, to December 13, 1917. PART II. Proceedings of State Agricultural Convention, December 12, 1917. PART III. Excerpts from report of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Iowa Asso- ciation of County and District Fair Managers. PART IV. Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1917. Official awards in livestock and other departments and press reports of the fair. PART V. Extracts from report of the State Dairy and Food Commissioner. PART VI. Proceedings of the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Dairy Association. PART vii; Report of the Annual Meeting of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' As- sociation. PART VIII. Bulletins and papers of interest to farmers and stock growers. PART IX. Annual report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service Bureau. TABLE OF CONTENTS xi PART X. Farm statistics for tlie year ending December 31, 1917. Collected by township assessors and reported to tlie Department of Agriculture by the county auditors. PART XI. Statistical tables of Iowa's principal farm crops. Also statistical tables of farm crops and livestock by states, the United States and the world. PART XII. Directory of organizations representing agricultural and livestock in- terests in Iowa. IOWA'S SOURCE OF WEALTH IOWA'S SOURCE OF WEALTH FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1917. Compiled for the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture from Estimates Furnished by the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, Showing Acreage, Average Yield and Total Yield of Farm Products. Acres Average Average Total Yield Price Yield Corn . . .1 Oats Spring Wlieat Winter Wheat Barley Rye Flax seed Timothy seed Clover seed Potatoes Hay (tame) Hay (wild) Alfalfa Pasture and grazhig . . Ensilage Sweet corn Pop corn Buckwheat Fruit crop Garden truck Miscellaneous 0,242,000 5,238,500 173,460 133,930 258,775 35,275 7,430 290,243 61,560 99,610 2,671,100 524,912 103,215 40 Bu. ? .97 409,667,000 46 18 18 35 20 11 4.5 1.5 109 .61 239,416,200 1.94 1.97 1.15 1.58 2.87 3.37 14.00 1.32 1.3 tons 18.82 1.2 tons 14.79 3.4 tons 23.40 3,1'99,820- 2,397,560 9,111,590 722,410 80,810 1,306,093 92,340 10,793,600 3,584,400 636,947 353,830 Estimated Total Value 1397,376,990 146,043,882 6,207,652 4,723,lH.', 10,478,328 1,141,408 231,925 4,401,533 1,292,760 14,247,552 67,458,408 9,420,446 8,279,622 100,000,000 16,686,000 5,800,000 900,000 370,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 12,000,000 Total value $822,059,699 Dairy Products $100,000,000 Poultrv and Eggs 60,000,000 Wool ■ • 1,250,000 Total Value of All Farm Products $983,309,699 NUMBHU, AVERAGE VALUE AND TOTAL VALUE OF LIVESTOCK DECEMBER 31, 1917. Figures taken from estimates made by the United States Department of Agriculture. Number Average Value Total Value Hor.ses 1.583.000 $104.00 $164,632,000 Mules 69,000 116.00 8.004,000 Milch Cows 1 ,405,000 76.70 107,763,500 Other Cattle 2,919,000 47.90 139,820,100 Swine 10,307,000 24.20 250,954,000 Sheep 1.224,000 13.80 16,891,200 Total value of Livestock $ 688,064,800 Total value of Farm Products and Live Stock $1,571,374,499 PART I Synopsiis of Proceedings of Iowa State Board of Agriculture and Executive and Special Com- mittee Meetings, from December. 14, 1916 to December 13, 1917 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. Jan. 8-12, 1917. Members present, Cameron, Olson and Corey. The committee appointed tlie following superintendents of departments for the 1917 fair. Admissions N. W. McBeath, Whiting, Concessions and Privileges A. R. Corey, Des Moines Grounds J. H. Deemer, Des Moines Live Stock Sanitation J. I. Gibson, Des Moines Horses, Ponies, Mules Chas. F. Curtiss, Ames Speed E. J. Curtin, Decorah Cattle H. L. Pike, Whiting Swine Cyrus A. Tow, Norway Sheep Chas. Escher, Jr., Botna Poultry C. H. Tribby, Mt. Pleasant Implements and Machinery J. P. Mullen, Fonda Agriculture F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr Pantry Stores and Apiary F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr. Dairy W. B. Barney, Des Moines Horticulture E. M. Reeves, Waverly Floriculture Wesley Greene, Des Moines Exposition Building, Textile, China, etc T. C. Legoe, What Cheer Educational E.G. Bishop, Ames Boys' Camp Fred M. Hansen, Ames Boys' Judging Contest E. F. Ferrin, Ames Publicity and Advertising Ivanhoe Whitted, Des Moines The secretary presented material for a bulletin setting forth information relative to the fair and the committee approved having the same printed as advance sheets of the Year Book. The Domestic Engineering Company, Dayton, Ohio, made application for a location on which to erect a temporary building in which to ex- hibit their farm lighting system. This application was presented to the committee and they granted the request but directed the secretary to make only a yearly contract for the space. 2 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The committee authorized Messrs. Cameron, Curtin and Corey to at- tend the meeting of the Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota Racing Cir- cuit at Omaha, Nebraska on January 22. The request of the Holbert Horse Importing Company to recognize foreign certificates of pedigree by the Iowa Stallion Registration Divi- sion was not granted. The claim of Mr. Coen for loss of suitcase and clothing during the 1916 state fair was not allowed. The president announced the appointment of the following standing committees: Executive — C. E. Cameron, 0. A. Olson, A. R. Corey. Auditing — J. P. Mullen, F. E. Sheldon, E. M. Reeves. Resolutions— E. J. Curtin, C. H. Tribby, F. E. Sheldon. Poicers and Ditties oif Board — C. E. Cameron, 0. A. Olson, A. R. Corey, E. M. Reeves, C. F. Curtiss. Adulteration of Foods, Seeds and Other Products — R. A. Pearson, Cyrus A. Tow, W. B. Barney. Noxious Weeds, Fungous Disease in Grains, Grasses, Plants, etc. — E. M. Reeves, Chas. Escher, Jr., E. T. Davis. Dairying and Dairy Products — W. B. Barney, C. F. Curtiss, Chas. Escher, Jr. Animal Husbandry — C. F. Curtiss, H. L. Pike, J. I. Gibson. Legislative — C. E. Cameron, 0. A. Olson, A. R. Corey, J. P. Mullen, E. J. Curtin. Revision of Premium List, Rules and Regulations — C. E. Cameron, O. A. Olson, A. R. Corey, T. C. Legoe, C. F. Curtiss, H. L. Pike. The secretary was instructed to secure an estimate on the cost of construction of the proposed cattle barn. The secretary was directed to communicate with the managers of the Middle West fairs and arrange for a meeting of these fairs at the Audi- torium Hotel, Chicago, February 19-22 inclusive, for the purpose of at- tending the meeting of the I. M. C. A. Feb. 19, American Trotting Asso- ciation, Feb. 20 and the meeting to consider music and attractions on the 21st and 22nd for the 1917 fairs. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. Jan. 31, Feb. 1-2, 1917 Members present, Cameron, Olson and Corey. The committee drew the following bill, which was introduced T>y Coburn in the Senate and Roberts in the House. A BILL tor £.n act to provide for the construction of a cattle bam on tlie Iowa State Fair Grounds and purchasing' additional, land for fair ground purposes, and to make appropriations therefor. Be it Enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa: Section 1. That there is hereby appropriated to the Iowa Department of Agriculture, out of any money in the state treasury not otherwise appro- priated, the sum of $102,500, for the following purposes. For constructing cattle barn on Iowa State Fair Grounds $90,000; For purchasing additional land and lots for State Fair Ground purposes. 12,500. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 3 Sec. 2. All moneys appropriated by this act shall be drawn from the state treasury upon warrants issued by the state auditor upon the order of the State Board of Agriculture, signed by the president and secretary. Sec. 3. This act, being deemed of Immediate importance, shall take effect and be in force from and after its publication in the Des Moines Register and Des Moines Capital, newspapers published in Des Moines, Iowa. The proposition of the Iowa Beef Producers' Association to offer $200 in prizes in the baby beef class, with the condition that the fair man- agement offer an equal amount was accepted by the committee. President Cameron issued a call for a board meeting on February 15 and 16 and instructed the secretary to notify the members to that effect. The secretary was instructed to notify the officers representing the following associations to appear before the board at 10 o'clock a. m. Thursday, February 15, for a conference relative to catalog house ex- hibits at the state fair. Iowa Implement Dealers' Association. Iowa Retail Merchants' Association. Iowa Hardware Dealers' Association. Des Moines Chamber of Commerce. The committee approved payment of bills. MEETING STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. February 15. The board met at 10:30 a. m. with President Cameron in the chair, and. the following members of the board responded to roll call: Pearson, Cam- eron, Olson, Corey, Tribby, Davis, Reeves, Curtin, Curtiss, Mullen and Pike. CONFERENCE WITH RETAIL DEALERS ON MAIL ORDER HOUSE EXHIBITS. The following representatives conferred with the board relative to allowing Sears Roebuck & Company and other catalog houses to exhibit at the Iowa State Fair. Mr. Jno. Cunningham, Sec'y Iowa State Merchants' Ass'n, Dubuque. Mr. B. F. Wherry, Sec'y Iowa Implement Dealers' Ass'n, Hampton. Mr. Robt. Shanahan, Sec'y Retail Merchants' Ass'n, Ottumwa. Mr. F. M. Nebe, State Retail Shoe Ass'n, Atlantic. Mr. Roy E. Stevens, Retail Shoe Dealers^ Ass'n and Commercial Club, Ottumwa. I Mr. J. H. Shaffer, National Grocers' Ass'n, Davenport. Mr. N. J. Pilkington, Editor, Merchants' Trade Journal, Des Moines. Mr. A, M. Brackett, Sec'y U. C. T., Des Moines. Mr. A. Clemens, Pres. Des Moines Chamber of Commerce. Mr. R. H. Faxon, Sec'y Des Moines Chamber of Commerce. Mr. L. B. Kirkpatrick, Pres. Des Moines Retail Merchants' Ass'n, Des Moines. Mr. C. W. Judd, Sec'y Des Moines Retail Merchants' Ass'n. Dean Schooler, Pres. Des Moines Auto Dealers' Ass'n. Mr. J. K. Elwell, State Retail Merchants' Bureau, Des Moines. 4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Mr. Lomas, Iowa Retail Hdw. Ass'n, Cresco, Iowa. Mr. C. A. Behrens, Sec'y Retail Grocers' Ass'n, Davenport. After hearing these representatives the board adjourned on motion to meet at 1:30 p. m. President Cameron called the meeting to order in the afternoon and the following members answered to roll call: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Morrow, Pearson, Tribby, Davis, Reeves, Curtin, Curtiss, Escher, Mullen and Pike. The minutes of the board and executive committee meetings from December 14 to February 2 were read and approved. The matter of resurfacing the race track was discussed by the board. Mr. Curtin moved that the executive committee be instructed to take up the matter of resoiling the track early in the spring and to complete it as soon as possible so that it would not interfere with the horsemen using the track. It was suggested that soil similar to that used on the Lexington and Springfield tracks be used if possible. Mr. Reeves seconded the motion. Motion prevailed. REVISION OF THE 1917 PREMIUM LIST. The board proceeded to the revision of the premium list. Mr. Escher, superintendent of the Sheep Department made the follow- ing recommendations: Add a fifth prize to the Hampshire classification, calling for an increase of $32, add a fifth prize in the Southdown classi- fication, calling for an increase of $32 and add classification for Corrie- dale sheep amounting to $166. Mr. Escher moved the recommendations be adopted. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Tribby, superintendent of the poultry department made the follow- ing recommendations: Change Cornish Indian to Dark Cornish and put in English class with full premiums; also put White Cornish in English class with smaller premiums; offer flock prizes in American class for Rocks, WyandotLes and Rhode Island Reds, vath prizes as follows: $8, $6, $4. Change the date for computing age of cockerels and pullets to Jan. 1. Begin judging in the Poultry department on Friday morning. On motion the recommendations made by Mr. Tribby were adopted. Mr. Tribby also recommended that a small classification for pet stock be added to the classification this year. Pie also suggested that an addi- tion be built to the Poultry Building and that the Poultry Department be supplied with a ten-foot truck for handling poultry coops. Dean Curtiss, superintendent of the horse department, submitted a re- vised classification for the Horse Department calling for thfe following increases and decreases: Add senior and junior championships for stallions and mares in all draft horse classes, offering champion and reserve champion ribbons only. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 5 Increase Decrease Percheron division $ 70 Clydesdale division 70 Shire division 87 Belgian division 87 Saddle horse classes 180 Mule class 30 Belgian futurity class 100 Tandem class $120 Hunter and High Jumping class 115 Morgan class 105 Shetland ponies 3 Standard Bred class 81 Total $624 $424 Mr. Curtiss moved the revision of the classification for the horse de- partment he approved. Motion seconded and carried. The matter of putting on a spring stallion and bull show and sale was discussed at some length by the board. Dean Curtiss moved the Department of Agriculture hold a show and sale for stallions and bulls in February 1918; that the dates be announced in the near future; that a sale committee be appointed and that the show be advertised in the regular premium list, official catalog and other mediums of the department. Seconded by Pike. Motion carried. On motion the board adjourned to meet at ten a. m., February 16. BOARD MEETING, FEBRUARY 16. The board convened at ten a. m. with the following members present: Cameron, Corey, Olson, Tribby, Davis, Reeves, Curtin, Mullen and Pike. Mr. J. H. Ramsey, manager of the Economy Coal Company, appeared before the board relative to securing a lease for mining coal under the state fair grounds. Mr. Curtin moved that the executive committee be authorized to take this matter up with the governor and the board of control and if they deem it advisable have the bill pending in the legislature amended so as to give the state board of agriculture authority to lease the coal rights under the state fair grounds. The board continued with the revision of the premium list. The secretary presented the recommendations of Superintendent Tow relative to classifications for Mule Foot and Spotted Poland China hogs. Mr. Curtin moved that a half classification be offered for Mule Foot hogs shown at the Iowa State Fair in 1917. Seconded by Tribby. Motion carried. Mr. Olson moved the board offer a classification of $300 for Spotted Poland China hogs, providing the Spotted Poland China Record Associa- tion would offer an equal amount. Seconded by Mullen. Motion pre- vailed. The date for computing ages of swine was discussed. Mr. Corey moved that the board adopt the recommendation of the National Swine Growers' Association and the National Swine Show, fixing dates for computing ages of swine at March 1 and September I. Motion seconded by Pike and carried. 6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The secretary presented the recommendations of the exhibitors for changes in the agricultural department, which were as follows: Add to class 91, commercial sugar beets — $3-$2-$l; add to class 93, best three heads cabbage, round, any variety — $3-$2-$l; change division 1602 to read as follows: best tray, any meritorious variety not listed above, lim- ited to ten varieties — $2-$l-$.50. Have conditions for sweepstakes in potato division read "best tray potatoes any variety, competition for sweepstakes limited to first prize winners in preceding sections — $8. Mr. Reeves moved the changes in the agricultural classification as outlined by the secretary be approved. Seconded by Tribby. Motion carried. The matter of limiting the amount of money to be offered for county exhibits was considered. Mr. Mullen moved the board limit the amount offered for county ex- hibits to $2,550. Seconded by Mr. Olson. Motion carried. The secretary presented the revision of the Floricultural Department, calling for an increase of $33, as recommended by Mr. Greene, superinten- dent of the department. Mr. Tribby moved the recommendations of Mr. Greene be approved. Seconded by Curtin. Motion carried. The recommendations of the superintendent of the Machinery depart- ment were next considered. Mr. Mullen moved the executive committee be instructed to build a brick or other permanent sidewalk from the street car station to the south entrance of Machinery Hall and that the price of floor space in the auto show room be reduced from 12i/o cents to 10 cents per square foot. Seconded by Curtin. Motion carried. The recommendations of the superintendent of the speed department were next considered. Mr. Mullen moved the recommendations of the superintendent be adopted and that two stakes of $3,000 each be offered. The matter of fixing the entry fee and determining the classes for which these stakes should be offered to be left to the superintendent of the speed department and the executive committee. Seconded by Olson. Carried. Mr. Reeves recommended $20 be added to classes No. 117- 118-119-120 and that $28 be added to class 121; also that $150 be offered as sweep- stakes prize. Mr. Reeves moved the classification as recommended be adopted. Sec- onded by Tribby. Motion carried. Mr. Pike brought to the attention of the board the propositions from the Shorthorn and Hereford Associations, calling for an Increase of $500 in the Shorthorn division and $800 in the Hereford division. The Here- ford Association offered to contribute $1,500 in special money on a basis of $1 from their association for every $2 offered by the fair management. The Shorthorn Association offered to contribute $1,000 for cattle in open competition, on a basis of $1 of association money for every $2 offered by the fair management, and in addition to this guarantee the National Shorthorn Breeders' Futurity to be worth $1,000, counting the $250 added by the fair management. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 7 Mr. Pike moved $500 be added to the Shorthorn classification to comply with their conditions and that we make the Hereford Association a proposition to add $500 providing that association offer $1,500 special money the same as last year. Seconded by Olson. Motion carried. ADVERTISING BUDGET FOR 1917 FAIR. Secretary Corey presented the advertising budget for the 1917 fair, calling for an appropriation of $15,500, an increase of about $1,200 over the budget of 1916. Mr. Curtin moved the advertising budget as outlined by the secretary be approved. Seconded by Mullen. Motion carried. THE FOLLOWING IS A SUMMARY OF APPROPRIATIONS MADE FOR THE 1917 PREMIUM LIST. 1916 Horses $15,583.00 Cattle 13,655.00 Swine 4,295.00 Sheep 3,996.00 Poultry 2,253.00 Agriculture 7,095.00 Pantry & Kitchen 1,235.50 Dairy Department 697.00 Horticulture 2,117.50 Floriculture 1,608.00 Textile, China, etc 1,323.00 Graphic & Plastic Arts 662.00 Educational Department .... 1,404.00 Baby Health Department 300.00 Boys' Judging Contest 600.00 State Spelling Contest 100.00 Speed Department 14,250.00 1917 Increase Decrease $15,783.00 $ 200.00 14,736.00 1,081.00 5,087.00 792.00 4,242.00 246.00 2,349.00 96.00 7,522.00 427.00 1,235.50 697.00 2,407.50 290.00 1,641.00 33.00 1,341.50 18.50 662.00 1,454.00 50.00 300.00 600.00 100.00 18,150.00 39.00 $71,174.00 $78,307.50 $7,133.50 President Cameron appointed the following committee on per diem and mileage: Pike, Davis and Mullen. The board re-convened at two p. m. with members present as at the morning session. The committee on per diem and mileage made the following report and on motion of Mr. Curtin, seconded by Mr. Tribby the report was adopted and the secretary was instructed to draw warrants for the re- spective amounts: Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to re- port as follows: 8 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Name Davs Rate Amount Miles Amount Total 14036— C. E. Cameron 5 $4.00 $20.00 140 $14.00 $34.00 14037— O. A. Olson 5 4.00 20.00 155 15.50 35.50 14038 — C. H. Tribby 4 4.00 16.00 144 14.40 30.40 14039 — E. T. Davis 4 4.00 16.00 121 12.10 28.10 J4040 — Elmer Reeves 4 4.00 16.00 126 12.60 28.60 14041 — E. J. Curtin 4 4.00 16.00 195 19.50 35.50 14042 — C. P. Curtiss 4 4.00 16.00 37 3.70 19.70 14043 — Chas. Esclier, Jr 4 4.00 16.00 100 10.00 26.00 14044— Jno. P. Mullen 4 4.00 16.00 117 11.70 27.70 14045 — H. L. Pilie 4 4.00 16.00 206 20.60 36.60 Respectfully submitted, H. L. Pike. E. T. Davis. J. P. Mullen. The board adjourned to meet at the call of the President. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. February 17. The committee met with Messrs. Cameron, Olson and Corey present; also Director Pike. The executive committee accompanied the sub-committee on the state fair appropriation bill in the senate and house to the fair grounds for the purpose of inspecting cattle barns and to look over the land for which an appropriation was requested. The Executive Committee approved payment of bills: SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING. AUDITORIUM HOTEL, CHICAGO, ILL. February 19-23. The committee met with the following members present: Cameron, Olson, Corey and Curtin. The committee attended the meeting of the International Motor Con- test Association on February 19, the Great Western Circuit meeting and the annual meeting of the American Trotting Association on February 20, the spring meeting of the American Association of Fairs and Expo- sitions, for the purpose of considering propositions for music and attrac- tions for the 1917 fairs February 21 to 23. The executive committee made the following contracts for attractions at the 1917 fair: Thaviu's Band, consisting of fifty-two people, thirty-three instrumen- talists, four singers, two Spanish dancers, a Russian Ballet of twelve and Mr. Thaviu as director. The consideration for eight days to be $3,700, with a provision providing in case the Russian Ballet is cancelled that $700 be deducted from the contract. The committee also contracted with F. M. Barnes, Inc., for seven hip- podrome acts for the sum of $3,800. Committee also entered into contract with Mr. J. Alex Sloan, Chicago, to guarantee appearance of seven professional drivers and seven racing cars to participate in the auto races at the Iowa State Fair on August 24 and 31, for the sum of $2,500. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 9 The committee also made a contract with Mr. Ralph Hankinson, Kan- sas City, Missouri, to guarantee the appearance of twelve professional drivers and twelve racing cars to participate in the auto races at the Iowa State Fair on August 24 and 31; also for the original auto polo team, to give daily exhibitions during the full period of the fair, August 24-31 inclusive, for the sum of $3,500. The secretary also made the following concession contracts: C. F. Nis- kern, Clinton Junction, Wisconsin, merry-go-round and ferris wheel pri- vilege south of Administration Building for $600. Desplenter Brothers, Chicago, Illinois, exclusive novelty privilege on grounds, twelve stands for $600, and $50 additional for each novelty stand located. Rocco Passerello, Chicago, 111., toy balloon privilege for $150. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. March 7-8-9. The committee met with the following members present: Cameron, Olson, Corey and member Pike. The committee took into consideration the proposition made by Frank Howell, Cummings, Iowa, to graze 400 ewes with lambs on the state fair grounds. The secretary brought to the attention of the committee and Mr. Pike the letter from Mr. Kinzer, secretary of the American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association. The committee decided the maximum amount the board should offer for Hereford cattle should be $2,700 and in case the Hereford Association should not agree to offer $1,500 the same as last year that the board accept only $1,350 of the association money. Inasmuch as the Poultry Building at the state fair grounds is cramped for room the committee did not deem it advisable to add classes for pet stock this year as had been recommended by Mr. Tribby, superintendent of the Poultry Department. Mr. Curtin, Superintendent of Speed and the executive committee formulated the following speed program for 1917: SPEED PROGRAM, 1917. SATURDAY, AUGUST 25. * Two-year-old trot (early closing $ 500 Two-year-old pace (early closing) 400 State Fair derby, 1 M miles 500 4 % furlong dash 100 MONDAY, AUGUST 27. 2 :15 pace "The Hawkeye" (early closing) $3,000 2 :25 trot 800 Free-for-all pace 1,000 1 mile dash 200 5 furlong dash 150 10 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TUESDAY, AUG. 28. 2 :15 trot "The Great Western" (early closing) $3,000 2 :18 pace '^°° 2 :10 pace '^^^ 2 :12 trot, team race ^^^ 6 furlong dash 150 AYz furlong dash 1^0 WEDNESDAY, AUG. 29. Iowa State Fair Futurity No. 2, trotting division (estimated) $1,200 Free-for-all pace, team race 500 2 :20 trot 800 2 :10 trot 1.000 1 mile dash 200 5 furlong dash 150 THURSDAY, AUGUST 30. Iowa State Fair Futurity No. 2, pacing division (estimated) $ 500 2 :13 pace 700 2:25 pace 700 2 :15 trot, under saddle 300 5 furlong dash 150 6 furlong dash 150 The committee considered the following proposition from the Ameri- can Hampshire Swine Breeders' Association and agreed to accept same. The Hampshire Association agrees to offer $409 in cash prizes and $400 in trophies, provided the State Board of Agriculture offer $800 in cash for Hampshire hogs. Mr. E. T. Davis, director from the Second District, was appointed Superintendent of the Ticket Auditing Department for the year 1917. The committee approved payment of bills. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. March 13-14-15-16. The committee met with members Cameron, Olson and Corey present. The committee appeared before the appropriation committee in the senate in the interest of Senate File 188, a bill asking for an appropria- tion for additional land and cattle barn at the Iowa State Fair Grounds. The committee also appeared before the agricultural committee in the House for a hearing on House Pile 273 by Stone, a bill seeking to change the manner of electing members of the State Board of Agriculture. The committee invited the following persons to act as superintendents of the various departments of the Women and Children's Building. Art Exhibit C. A. Cumming, Des Moines Rural School Exhibit J. A. Woodruff, Des Moines Public Health Department A. E. Kepford, Des Moines Baby Health Department Mrs. Edna M. Walner, Atlantic Child Welfare Department Mrs. A. O. Ruste, Charles City Domestic Science Miss Neale S. Knowles, Ames Medical Director. E. H. C. Department Dr. Lenna Means, Des Moines EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 11 The secretary was instructed to call a meeting of the auditing com- mittee for the purpose of auditing all paid and unpaid bills on file, for March 21 and 22, also a meeting of a special committee on the spring stallion show and sale for the 21 and 22 of March. The committee approved payment of bills. SPECIAL SALE AND SHOW. COMMITTEE MEETING. March 21. Members present Curtiss, Cameron, Corey and Davis. The committee met for the purpose of formulating rules, regulations and classification for the Spring Horse and Cattle Show and Sale. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. March 21-23. Members present Cameron and Corey. The committee drafted a bill asking for $20,000 for repairs to buildings on the state fair grounds and to pay the assessment on account of paving to be laid on East Thirteenth street. The committee conferred with members of the appropriation committee in the house with a view of hav- ing this bill brought out as a committee bill. The secretary was instructed to invite a number of ladies at the head of the various women's clubs and similar organizations, to confer with the executive committee on April 4 for the purpose of determining what program should be carried out at the Women and Children's Building at the 1917 fair and ascertain if something might not be done to create a greater interest in the various features of the W. & C. Building. The secretary was authorized to take up with the U. S. Department of Agriculture the proposition of putting on a sheep and wool exhibit at the Iowa State Fair this year. The superintendent of grounds was authorized to take an option on property owned by Mr. Flint, not to exceed $600 for lots alone or $1,000 for lots and house; also to rent the plot of ground north of the race track for an aviation field. The secretary was also instructed to secure an option on the two lots south of the street car entrance owned by Mr. Sol Wolk at not to exceed $375. AUDITING COMMITTEE MEETING. March 21-22 The committee met with members Sheldon and Reeves present. The committee approved payment on bills filed under expense warrants 13951 to 13083 inclusive; also audited and approved payment of all unpaid bills on file. 12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. April 6-7-8. The committee met with members Cameron, Olson and Corey present. The committee accepted the proposition of Mr. B. F. Howell, Cum- mings, la., to graze 400 ewes with lambs on the state fair grounds, man- agement to fence all buildings and flower beds but to be to no other ex- pense. Mr. Howell was granted the use of the auto parking for corralling the sheep, free water and to pay nothing for the grazing privilege. The Executive Committee extended the contract with Mr. Deemer, superintendent of grounds for one year from December 10, 1916, with the same compensation and privileges enumerated in the contract on file. The superintendent of grounds was instructed to employ a sufficient number of teams and men to resurface both turns of the race track and to proceed with this work at the earliest possible date. The superin- tendent was authorized to employ Mr. George Whitney to assist in re- surfacing the track, compensation to be $4.50 per day. The superinten- dent was also authorized to pay $5 per day for men and teams for this work. The secretary was authorized to rent sixty-five acres of ground from Mr. Joe Moyer for plowing demonstrations, the rental to be $2.50 per acre; also twelve or fifteen acres north of the race track for aviation field or plowing demonstration grounds at $5 per acre. The conference called for the purpose of considering program and ex- hibits to be carried out in the Women and Children's Building was at- tended by Mrs. Allen 0. Ruste, Charles City, President of the Mothers' Congress; Mrs. Max Meyer, Iowa City, V. P. Iowa Federation of Women's Clubs and Mrs. Richardson, Des Moines, President of Iowa Women Farm- ers' Club. The following suggestions were made: That the Iowa Women Farmers' Club be given the use of the audi- torium for putting on program one day of the fair; that the Child Wel- fare exhibit be staged in the room of the day nursery on the main floor and that the day nursery be under the supervision of Mrs. Allen O. Ruste. It was also the consensus of opinion of those present that a well- arranged program of educational moving pictures would be more desir- able for the auditorium than a program of lectures. The secretary was instructed to draw $11,200 of the appropriation made available by S. F. 188; $1,200 to reimburse the department for the purchase price of the Weaver lot and $10,000 to be paid to James H. Deemer for the 17 acres of ground southeast of the Women and Chil- dren's Building. The committee attended the conference in the Governor's office on April 3, the purpose of which was to discuss ways and means of increasing the production of food products in the state of Iowa this year. The committee approved payment of bills. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 13 MEETING EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. April 18-19-20. The committee met with members Cameron, Olson and Corey present. The committee accepted the proposition from Mr. Fred Hethershaw to furnish all labor, grain, grasses and decorations for reproducing the Horn of Plenty for the sum of $1,250. The corn on the Horn of Plenty to be- come the property of the department at the close of the fair. This con- tract does not include repainting woodwork in booth should it be neces- sary. BAND CONTRACTS. The committee closed contract for Henry and his band for the period of August 24-30 inclusive; band to consist of thirty-five pieces, for the sum of $1,320. The committee also closed contract for Fischers' Burlington Band for the period of August 24-30 inclusive, except Sunday. The band to con- sist of twenty-five pieces for the sum of $1,100. The committee accepted the proposition from Unkrichs' Boys Band, P'airfield, Iowa, to play two days at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition, for $228. The secretary was instructed to close option for the 17.3 acres of land and to pay Mr. James H. Deemer the sum of $10,000 as soon as abstract had been approved by the Attorney General. The secretary was also instructed to purchase the two improved lots owned by Mr. Flint, at a sum not to exceed $750, Mr. Flint to have the privilege of removing house and all outbuildings. The secretary was also instructed to purchase the two vacant lots owned by Mr. Sol Wolk, for a sum not to exceed $375. IMPROVEMENTS' CONTEMPLATED. The committee visited the fair grounds on Wednesday and Thursday in company with Mr. Deemer, Superintendent of Grounds and they agreed upon the following improvements and repairs. Superintendent Deemer was instructed to proceed with the improvements at once. Agricultural Building — Paint roof, including metal cornice and all ex- terior woodwork. Administration Building — Paint roof, exterior woodwork and porch floors. Brick Horse Barn — Paint roof, exterior woodwork and metal cornice. Stock Pavilion — Paint roof, gutters and downspouts and all exterior woodwork. Brick Cattle Barns — Paint roof, exterior woodwork, eaves troughs and down spouts. Street Car Entrance — Paint roof and large sign on ridge; also struc- tural steel. Swine Judging Pavilion — Paint roof and exterior woodwork. Post Office — Paint roof and exterior woodwork. Camper's Headquarters — Paint roof and exterior woodwork. Brick Dining Hall — Paint metal roof in front and exterior woodwork. 14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Machinery Hall — Repaint window glass and clerestory. Also all metal roof, exterior woodwork. Grandstand — Paint all structural steel and metal cornice. Speed Barn — Paint exterior of barns; also whitewash or use cold water paint to lighten up interior. Repair office in Smith-Hardy barn; also make needed repairs to roofs and interior of these barns. Exposition Building — Paint exterior; also nail down battens and make necessary repairs to roof. Iowa State College Building — Paint exterior. Poultry Building — Paint exterior. Women and Children's Building — Paint and sand porch columns; also oil wood floors. Place eaves troughs on high roof. Bleachers — Paint exteriors. Valley Junction Dining Hall — Paint exterior and roof. Administration Building — Paint metal roof. Recoat and patch tar and gravel porch roof. Brick Dining Halls — Put on new Barret tar and gravel roof. Grandstand Roof — Recoat and patch tar and gravel roof. Swine Pavilion — Recoat and patch tar and gravel roof. The secretary was instructed to prepare specifications for new roof on the brick dining halls; also for repairing and recoating roofs on Grand- stand, Swine Pavilion and porches of Administration Building and to receive bids on this work Wednesday, May 9, 1917. The committee approved payment of bills. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. May 9-10-11-12. The committee met with all members present. The purpose of the meeting was to open bids for repairing and laying roofs on fair grounds buildings. The following bids were received for laying approximately 100 squares of Barrett Specification Roof on Brick Dining Halls, patching and recoat- ing roofs on Grandstand (400 squares). Swine Pavilion (1,220 squares) and Administration Building porches (80 squares). Backman Sheet Metal "Works : Dining Hall, new roof at $7.65 per square $ 765.00 Grandstand, recoating at $2.10 per square 840.00 Swine Pavilion, recoating at $2.10 per square 2,562.00 Administration Building porches, recoating' at $2.10 per square.... 168.00 $4,335.00 National Roofing and Paint Co. : Dining halls, new roof at $8.25 per square $ 825.00 Grandstand, recoating 350 squares at $2.30 per square 805.00 Grandstand, new roof, 50 squares at $5.00 per square 250.00 S'wine pavilion, recoating at $2.20 per square 2,684.00 Administration building porches, recoating at $2.20 per square.... 176.00 $4,740.00 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 15 Barrick and Sons : Dining halls, new roof at $8.00 per square $ 800.00 Grandstand, recoatingr at $2.25 per square 900.00 Swine pavilion, recoating at $2.25 per square 2,745.00 Administration building porches, recoating at $2.20 per square. . . . 180.00 $ 4,625.00 The secretary communicated with the Barrett Manufacturing Company of Chicago and found the Nichols Roofing Company, who were to do the work for the Backman Sheet Metal Works, had no contract for purchas- ing Barrett material. Therefore, the committee accepted the bid of Bar- rick & Son and instructed the secretary to draw up contract covering the work. The committee instructed the secretary to have plans drawn for a new entrance at Thirtieth and Walnut streets; also plans for an addition to the Poultry Building, 42x64, at the southeast corner of the present building. The committee authorized the secretary to contract for the Ladies' Keota Band for two days engagement, the band to consist of not less than twenty pieces and the consideration to be $230. The secretary was directed to order the necessary amount of American P"'ield Fence to enclose the additional ground southeast of the street car station. The secretary was instructed to purchase an electric pumping outfit for pumping water out of the subway and to have the same installed at once. ARRANGE FOR LIGHTS. The committee authorized the secretary to arrange with the Des Moines Electric Company for a meter at the distributing plant and for current to supply the pump at the subway, lights in the Administration Building, Women and Children's Building and the superintendent's dwelling; also have it arranged so that current may be turned on in the horse and cattle barns at any time. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. June 7-8-9. Members present Cameron, Olson, Corey and Director Tribby. The committee, in company with Director Tribby and Mr. Deemer, Superintendent of Grounds, inspected the Poultry Building and decided to build an addition 48x64 feet to the southeast corner; also put in four \entilators in roof and purchase 240 individual steel wire coops and build twenty-nine additional pens for flocks. The committee approved the purchase of the electric pump for the sum of $340. Said pump to be used in pumping water out of the subway. The committee authorized the secretary to have Keffer and Jones, archi- tects, prepare specifications for the Walnut street entrance and to receive bids to be opened on June 22. The communication from Mr. E. J. Curtin relative to adding a class for 2:16 trotters for a purse of $800 to close August 6 was brought to the attention of the committee and the recommendations of Mr. Curtin were approved. 16 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE The committee authorized the secretary to contract with A. J. Phillips of Pocahontas, President of the Iowa Division of the National Associa- tion of Civil War Musicians for a seventeen-piece drum corps for the sum of $340. The engagement to be from August 24-31 inclusive. Also to con- tract with Mr. C. P. Graham, Des Moines, for Graham's Orchestra, con- sisting of six pieces for seven days at $178. The committee also instructed the secretary to purchase from the Cali- fornia Track Harrow Company one Little Wonder Steel Harrow for the sum of $38. The committee also visited the grounds in company with Professor F. D. Paine of Ames and determined upon a number of changes to be made on the interior of the College Building, and instructed the Superintendent of Grounds to proceed with same. The committee decided to call a conference of the following ladies on June 21 to discuss matters pertaining to the program and various depart- ments of the Women and Children's Building: Mrs. W. L. Harding, Des Moines. Mrs. Prank Shankland, President Ladies' Legislative League. Mrs. Watzek, Davenport, President, Iowa Federation of Women's Clubs. Mrs. Allen O. Ruste, Supt. Child Welfare Dept. Dr. Lenna L. Means, Medical Director, B. H. C. Millicent Schaar Lincoln, Supt. B. H. C. The committee approved payment of bills. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. June 20-23. Members present, Cameron, Olson and Corey. The purpose of the meeting was to hold a conference with the club women of the state to formulate plans and arrange for a program to be carried out in the Auditorium of the Women and Children's Building during the Iowa State Fair. The ladies in attendance at the conference were: Mrs. Gov. W. L. Harding, Des Moines; Mrs. J. H. Watzek, Presi- dent Iowa Federation of Women's Clubs, Davenport; Mrs. Prank Shank- land, President Iowa Legislative Ladies' League; Dr. Lenna L. Means, Medical Director Baby Health Contest; Millicent Schaar Lincoln, Superin- tendent Babies' Health Contest; Mrs. Allen O. Ruste, President Mothers' Congress. The conference resulted in the appointment of Mrs. Harding as chairman, Mrs. W. H. Snider. Iowa City and Mrs. Geo. Cosson, Des Moines, as a committee to represent the various clubs that will have charge of the program in the W. & C. Bldg. BIDS ON "^^ALNUT STREET ENTRANCE. The following bids were received for building an entrance at 30th and Walnut Streets: Arthur H. Newman, Des Moines $2,991 Getehell & Sugarman, Des Moines 1,600 N. D. Garmer & Co., Des Moines 1,575 James Maine & Sons, Des Moines 1,500 Jno. Widerberg, Des Moines 1,350 J. E. Lovejoy, Des Moines .' 1,100 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 17 The committee accepted the bid of J. E. Lovejoy, Des Moines. The committee accepted the bid of Carr-Baal Company, Des Moines, to furnish screens for the south porch of the Administration Building for the sum of $65; also for screening the south porch of the Day Nursery for the sum of $135. The Polk County Farm Improvement Association was given the use of the fair grounds Wednesday, June 27, for the purpose of holding a farmers' picnic. The committee accepted the proposition of the Wingate Company of Des Moines for decorating all buildings for the sum of $850. The proposition from Jos. H. Dagle, President of the Iowa Poultry Breeders' Association for space on which to erect an incubator building and a brooder building was brought to the attention of the committee and they agreed the lot might be assigned to the association for this purpose provided they would agree that an attractive educational exhibit be staged in these buildings each year. The Superintendent of Grounds was instructed to paint the structural steel in Machinery Hall, the street car entrance and the brick horse barn. Adam Stirling, Des Moines, was granted the use of one brick cattle barn and the carriage section of the horse barn for the purpose of putting on a Jersey cattle sale on July 25 at the usual rental of $50. The committee approved payment of bills. IN VACATION. Capt. E. O. Fleur, Major W. S. Conkling, Major Guy S. Brewer, Adj. General Guy E. Logan and Lieut. Tillotson, officers of the Iowa National Guard requested that they be permitted to use Machinery Hall, Valley Junction Dining Hall and Mine Exhibit Building for quarters until cho troops should be called into Federal service. The secretary communicated with President Cameron and notified Gen- eral Logan, Major Brewer and Major Conkling that they might have free use of the fair grounds and buildings referred to but with the understand- ing that the State Board of Agriculture should be reimbursed for any expense they were put to on account of the encampment. This to include light, water, labor and damage to buildings or equipment. SATURDAY, JUNE 30. The following telegram was received from Mr. A. L. Sponsler, Presi- dent of the American Association of Fairs and Expositions. Hutchinson, Kansas, June 29, 1917. A. R. Corey, Secretary Fair, Des Moines, Iowa. Reliably informed Government contemplates abrogation of fairs this year. Emergency conference fair managers convenes at Washington, July third, answer. A. L.. Sponsler. The secretary communicated with President Cameron and Vice Presi- dent Olson and arrangements were made to meet with representatives of other members of the American Association of Fairs and Expositions at the Willard Hotel, Washington, D. C. Tuesday, July 3. 2 18 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. July 14-17. Members present, Cameron, Olson and Corey. The committee called on Mr. Sheehan, member of the State Board of Control and Governor Harding and made an urgent request that the ex- hibit of the State institutions under the Board of Control be continued at the 1917 Iowa State Fair. The committee received assurance from the Governor and Mr. Sheehan that this matter would be taken care of. The committee assigned the room on the first floor of the Women and Children's Building, occupied by the Child Welfare Exhibit last year, to the Iowa Chapter of the Red Cross Association. The committee met with Professor C. L. Fitch, Ames, in charge of the experimental garden at the fair grounds. They agreed to make an excava- tion for a vegetable cellar and do all labor necessary provided Professor Fitch arrange to have material furnished to build the cellar. The committee instructed the secretary to notify the publishers of Iowa weekly papers that grandstand seats would be furnished them if they would make application for same at the office of the secretary during the period of the fair. The committee opened bids on a 125 foot steel flag pole for the center field. On account of the lowest bid being $540 all bids were rejected and the secretary was instructed to secure bids on a 100 foot steel flag pole without guys. The secretary presented the communication from Mr. W. B. Quarton, President of the Iowa State Dairy Association; also correspondence from J. C. Cort, Professor in dairying at the Iowa State College. Inasmuch as the State Dairy Association withdrew their support for putting on the cow test association exhibit the committee authorized Professor Cort to go ahead with arrangements for this exhibit, with the understanding that the total expense should not exceed $300. Contract was entered into with Mr. Geo. I. Mack, Des Moines, Iowa, to operate the grocery store on the fair grounds during the fair. The con- cession was fixed at $300 with the strict understanding that all groceries and other merchandise sold from the fair grounds store be sold for the same price charged for the same groceries and merchandise sold by Mr. Mack at his store located at 412 B. 6th Street. The committee appropriated a sum not to exceed $350 to be used by the committee in charge of the program to be carried out in the auditorium of the Women and Children's Building during the 1917 fair. This to cover all expenses for picture machines, operator, expense of speakers, etc. The committee appropriated $100 to be offered as prizes to counties having the largest representation in the parade on Boys' and Girls' Club Day, Wednesday, August 29. The committee authorized the purchase of 10,000 gallons of road oil at five and two-tenths cents per gallon, f. o. b. fair grounds. The committee also authorized the superintendent of grounds to contract with the Hawk- eye Road Oiling Company to apply this oil at three-fourths cents per gallon. The committee met with George Schofield, Lincoln, Nebraska, and made him a proposition for the grandstand concession, he to pay the depart- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 19 ment 25 per cent of sales after the boys' selling commission was deducted, and the cashiers necessary to sell tickets. Permission was given to sell pop ovei; counter and in stock pavilion only. The committee approved payment of bills. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. July 25. Members present, Cameron, Olson and Corey. The purpose of the meeting was to come to an understanding with Adj. General Guy E. Logan as to when the National Guard should be removed from the buildings at the state fair grounds. The following agreement was made: AGREEMENT. This agreement made and entered into this 26th day of July by and between the Iowa State Board of Agriculture, Des Moines, Iowa, party of the first part, and Adj. General Guy E Logan, Des Moines, Iowa, party of the second part. WITNESSETH: That in and for the consideration of the use of machinery hall, auto show room under amphitheater, dining halls and other buildings now occupied by the various divisions of the Iowa National Guard, party of the second part hereby agrees that he will use the power of his office to cause the removal of all troops that are now stationed on the Iowa State Fair grounds and all troops that may be mobilized on said fair grounds in the near future, on or before the 8th day of August, 1917. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, we have hereunto set our hands and seals the day and year first above written. Iowa State Board of Agriculture, A. R. Corey, Secretary, Guy E. Logan, Adj. Gen. for State of Iowa. The committee also met with the Board of Control and the board ex- pressed their willingness to make a live stock and industrial exhibit again this year without expense to the management, other than that they pay railroad expense for fourteen-piece band from Davenport to Des Moines and sleeping tent for the band. Arrangements were made with the Factory Inspection Department, State Mine Inspector's Department, Geological Survey and the Pharmacy Commission to make exhibits again this year. Contract was let for one one hundred-foot flag pole to be erected in the centerfield of the race track for the sum of $425. This to cover all ex- penses except excavating for foundation and furnishing and pouring con- crete. The trades and labor assembly were given use of the fair grounds on liabor Day, September 3, for the sum of $25 to cover expense of cleaning grounds, light, etc. The committee approved payment of bills. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. August 12-13-14. Members present, Cameron, Olson and Corey. The committee decided to set aside the space around the triangle east of the Administration Building for taxicab parking space. 20 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The committee agreed to provide a 28x42 tent east of the Stock Pavilion in which to hold breeders' meetings; meetings of the Iowa Corn and Small Grain Growers' Association, etc. The "Woman's Navy League was granted the use of the west alcove in the basement of the Women and Children's Building. The Pharmacy Commission was granted the east alcove in the Women and Children's Building in which they agreed to make an exhibit. Lieut. Gillham, U. S. Recruiting officer for the Navy Department, was given spaces 30 and 32 in Power Hall for the purpose of making an exhibit of torpedoes, mines, etc., and also for the purpose of establishing a re- cruiting station. The committee authorized the secretary to employ two Pinkerton de- tectives, the compensation to be $12 per day and railroad fare to and from Kansas City or Chicago. Their services to be required during the period of the fair. The program for band concerts and daily program as outlined by the secretary was approved by the committee. The committee checked up all work being done on the grounds with a view of having everything in readiness for the opening day of the fair. Payment of bills was approved by the committee. On August 9 and 11, C. F. Curtiss, Superintendent of the Horse Depart- ment and Charles Rinehart, Assistant assigned stalls in the horse depart- ment and arranged the judging program. On August 11 Mr. H. L. Pike, Superintendent of the Cattle Department, assigned the stalls and sent out notices to cattle exhibitors. On August 17 J. C. Duncan, Assistant Su- perintendent of the Swine Department assigned pens in that department. MEETING STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Friday, Aug. 31, at 8 O'clock p. m. Board Room, Administration Bldg. Meeting called to order with President Cameron in the chair. The following officers and members answered to roll call: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Morrow, Tribby, Davis, Reeves, Curtin, Legoe, Curtiss, , Sheldon, Escher, Mullen and Pike. The directors and superintendents presented the following payrolls for the respective departments. Admissions Department $2,750.00 Treasurer's Department 1,479.50 Concession Department 2,155.25 Speed Department 640.55 Horse 1,547.50 Cattle 1,172.19 Swine Department 621.50 Sheep Department 385.00 Poultry 323.49 Machinery Department 647.60 Agricultural Department 648.00 Horticultural Department 185.32 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 21 Floricultural Department 132.50 Textile, China Department 341.48 Educational Department 641.50 Ticket Auditing Department 292.25 Graphic and Plastic Arts Department 212.50 Publicity and Awards Department 110.00 Boys' Judging Contest 60.80 Propertymen 220.40 Secretary's extra help 765.50 Baby Health Department 802.50 Child Welfare and Day Nursery 216.63 Women and Children's Building Program Committee 187.32 Dairy and Ice Cream Department 1,293.91 Auto Parking Police 152.00 Campers' Headquarters 227.00 Mr. Mullen moved that the board approve the payrolls and that the secretary be instructed to draw expense warrants covering amount of each and deposit same with the Central State Bank to the credit of the super- intendent's payroll account, and that the superintendents be instructed to issue payroll checks on these accounts. Motion seconded by Mr. Olson and carried. Mr. Mullen moved the secretary and treasurer be allowed $25 to take care of the extra expense they were put to during the fair. Motion sec- onded by Mr. Olson and carried. Mr. Curtin movea that the board appropriate $3,500 to the Ammuni- tion Train in payment for police duty during the period of the Iowa State Fair and that the secretary be instructed to issue fourteen expense warrants for $250 each in favor of Colonel Fred Holsteen, commanding of- ficer of the Ammunition Train. RESOLUTION OF THANKS TO SOLDIERS. Mr. Olson moved that a committee of three be appointed to draft reso- lutions extending thanks of the State Board of Agriculture to the colored officers, Third Iowa Regiment, and Battery F, for putting on maneuvers, drills and reviews in front of the grandstand. Also extend thanks to the ammunition train for putting on drills and for the efficient manner In which they policed the grounds. President Cameron appointed the following committee on resolutions: Legoe, Davis and Curtiss. The committee on resolutions presented the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted: RESOLVED, That the Iowa State Board of Agriculture extend a vote of , thanks and express its high appreciation of the excellent service rendered by the 168th Infantry (3d Iowa Inf.) U. S. National Guard, for the Regimental Review ; to tlie Iowa Ammunition Train for policing the grounds ; to Battery "F" Field Artillery for exhibition drill, and to the Colored Officers' Training Camp for exhibition drill during the 1917 Iowa State Fair. T. C. Legoe, E. T. Davis, C. F. Curtiss. Committee. 22 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Reeves moved the secretary be instructed to forward a copy of the resolution to each of the commanding officers in the organizations re- ferred to in the resolution. Motion seconded and carried. The president appointed the following committee on per diem and mileage: Sheldon, Pike and Escher. Mr. Olson presented the claim of Grant Burnett for the refund of five campers' tickets, amounting to $2 each. On motion of Mr. Olson the claim was allowed. The secretary read a concession from Judge Hubert Utterback, chair- man of the Des Moines Chapter of the American Red Cross, in which he asked for a refund of the $75 paid by the Red Cross Association for a booth in the Stock Pavilion. Mr. Legoe moved the secretary be in- structed to write Mr. Utterback and explain that while the board took the position of doing everything possible for the Red Cross Association by giving them free space in the Women and Children's Building and permitting them to sell Red Cross badges throughout the grounds, the board could not establish the precedent of giving charitable organizations free concession space. Motion seconded and carried. The committee on per diem and mileage made the following report and moved its adoption: Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to report as follows: Name Days Rate Amount Miles Amount Total 14425 C. E. Cameron 25 $4.00 $100.00 140 $14.00 $114.00 14426 O. A. OLson 25 4.00 100.00 155 15.00 115.50 14427 C. H. Tribby 22 4.00 88.00 144 14.40 102.40 14428 E. T. Davis 22 4.00 88.00 121 12.10 100.10 14429 Elmer Reeves 22 4.00 88.00 195 19.50 107.60 14430 E. J. Curtin 22 4.00 88.00 195 19.50 107.60 14431 T. C. Legoe 22 4.00 88.00 85 8.50 96.50 14432 C. F. Curtiss 22 4.00 88.00 37 3.70 91.70 14433 F. E. Sheldon 22 4.00 88.00 123 12.30 100.30 Chas. Escher, Jr.. . 22 4.00 88.00 100 10.00 98.00 Jno. P. Mullen 22 4.00 88.00 117 11.70 99.70 H. Li. Pike 22 4.00 88.00 20'6 20.60 108.60 Respectfully submitted, H. L. Pike, F. E. Sheldon, Chas. Escher, Jr. On motion the board adjourned to meet at the call of the president. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. August 18-31. The committee held no regular meetings during the above period but transacted such business as was brought to their attention. The committee approved payment of the bills and contracts as they were presented. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. September 17-18. Members present: Cameron, Olson and Corey. The committee in company with Mr. Sargeant invoiced the feed left over at the forage barn after the fair and agreed upon prices at which it was to be taken back by Mr. Sargeant. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 23 The bill of P. D. Newman for $13.60' on account of loss sustained on account of defective wiring at his stand on Grand Avenue was not allowed. The letter of Louise Orwig vi^as brought to the attention of the com- mittee. The committee instructed the secretary that inasmuch as the delay in bringing her exhibit of painting to the fair grounds was due to a misunderstanding as to the time her exhibit was to be in place, that the secretary communicate with Professor Gumming and agree upon a settlement. A communication from the Iowa Telephone Company relative to low- ering conduit for telephone cables to the Administration Building and Machinery Hall, was brought to the attention of the committee. The committee authorized the telephone company to proceed with this work with the understanding that the expense for repairs and replacements not exceed $175. The superintendent of grounds was instructed to finish cleaning grounds and buildings, and then discharge all help except one man to drive mule team and one man to serve as watchman. George Whitney, Assistant Superintendent, was asked to remain until October first. The committee approved payment of bills. MEETING AUDITING COMMITTEE. October 5-6. The auditing committee met with members Sheldon and Reeves present. The committee approved payment of all paid bills that were approved and paid by the Executive Committee since the last meeting of the auditing committee. The committee also approved payment of all unpaid claims on file. SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING. October 12. The committee on the Spring Stallion and Bull Show and Sale met with the following members present: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Curtiss and Davis. The president and secretary of the Iowa Shorthorn, Hereford and An- gus Associations were extended an invitation to be present at this meet- ing but none of the officers attended the meeting. The president and secretary of the Iowa Draft Horse Breeders' Association were also in- vited to attend but only the secretary, G. E. O'Brien, was present. The sale committee did not deem it advisable to go ahead with the sale without a conference with the representatives of the above associa- tion. The committee instructed the secretary to write the representatives, outlining the plan for conducting the sale, and ask them if they wished to co-operate with the State Board of Agriculture in putting on this spring show and sale. The secretary was further instructed that if favor- able replies were received from a number of the associations that he call another meeting and extend representatives of the above associations an invitation to participate. 24 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. October 6. Members present, Cameron, Olson and Corey. The committee authorized Mr. Cameron and Mr. Corey to attend the Texas State Fair, the dates for which are October 12-29 inclusive. The committee also authorized the secretary to sell the old shed on the Wilkins land for $15. The committee approved payment of bills. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. November 7-8. Members present, Cameron, Olson and Corey; also director Curtiss. The secretary brought to the attention of the committee correspondence received from the secretaries of the Iowa Breeding Associations relative to the spring show and sale. The committee decided inasmuch as the Iowa Shorthorn Breeders had already made arrangements for putting on a spring sale that the board should not attempt to put on a spring show and sale during the spring of 1918. Program arrangements for the State Agricultural Convention were discussed by the committee. The secretary was instructed to invite the following speakers to address the convention: Hon. J. F. Deems, Bur- lington, Iowa, Food Administrator; Prof. 'W. H. Pew, Iowa State College, to discuss swine production in Iowa; Mr. Chas. Downing, Greenfield, In- diana, to discuss duties of the state and county fairs during the present crisis, and Governor W. L. Harding on some selected subject. The committee authorized the secretary and the superintendent of grounds to employ a night watchman for the fair grounds at not to exceed $65 per month, said watchman to remain on duty all night. The secretary submitted the following brief financial statement, which was taken off the books at the close of business November 1. A copy of this summary and comparative statement of expense of the 1916 and 1917 fairs was also sent to each member of the board. SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS, DECEMBER 1, 1916, TO NOVEMBER 1, 1917. Receipts : Cash balance December 1, 1916 $ 3,998.17 Receipts from sources other than fair 41,097.69 Receipts of fair other than ticltet sales $ 81,080.02 Receipts from ticket sales 173,799.20 Total receipts of fair 254,879.22 Grand total receipts ?299,975.08 Disbursements : Disbursements other than fair or improvements $ 31,252.85 Expense of fair other than premiums. ... $116,150.94 Cash premiums paid 72,442.07 Total cost of fair $188,593.01 Cost of permanent improvements and repairs 18,668.30 Cost of maintenance of grounds and buildings 7,949.47 Total disbursements 266,463.63 Balance on hand November 1, 1917 $ 33,511.45 Profit on 1917 fair, $66,286.21. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 25 The committee approved payment of bills: MEETING OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Thursday, December 13. The board convened at ten a. m. with President Cameron presiding. The following members responded to roll call: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Morrow, Tribby, Davis, Reeves, Curtin, ToW, Legoe, Curtiss, Sheldon, Escher and Mullen. The secretary read the minutes of the board and executive and special committee meetings commencing with the board meeting on February 12, 1917, and concluding with the executive committee meeting on No- vember 28. Mr. Davis made a motion that the minutes as read by the secretary be approved. Seconded by Mr. Olson and carried. Mr. Olson moved the old board adjourn sine die. Motion carried. Mr. B. W. Garrett, Clerk of the Supreme Court, was called and ad- ministered the oath of office to the following newly elected officers and members of the State Board of Agriculture: Cameron, Olson, Curtiss, Tow, Reeves, Weaver and Escher. Mr. Pike returned to the board room and was taken to the office of the Clerk of Supreme Court and the oath of office was administered to him by A. V. Arney, Deputy Clerk of the Supreme Court. The secretary called the roll and the following members responded: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Morrow, Weaver, Davis, Reeves, Curtin, Tow, Legoe, Curtiss, Sheldon, Escher, Mullen and Pike. The board proceeded to elect a secretary and treasurer. Mr. Mullen moved that A. R. Corey be elected secretary to succeed himself at a salary of $3,500 per year as authorized by statute and fixed by the board at the last annual meeting. Motion seconded by Mr. Legoe and carried. Mr. Reeves moved that W. W. Morrow be elected treasurer to succeed himself and that his salary be fixed as provided by statute at $100 per year and that he be required to furnish bond in the sum of $100,000. Mr. Escher seconded the motion. Motion carried. The matter of disposing of the corn on the "Horn of Plenty" for seed was discussed by the board. Mr. Reeves moved that the secretary be directed to sell this corn at $5 per bushel and that the board members who are in need of seed corn be permitted to buy not to exceed twenty bushels at $5 per bushel and that the balance be sold through Carl N. Kennedy, Polk County Agricultural Agent at the same figure. Motion seconded by Mr. Mullen and carried. The secretary made the following report to the board. OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Gentlemen — In regard to the financial condition of our treasury and the receipts and disbursements, there is not much I can say that is not covered in my printed report. The statement of premiums paid shows an increase of $5,381, which is correct. On the other hand the $72,442.07 paid in premiums represents the total amount paid out including the 26 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE special money offered by the breeding associations. This special money amounted to $7,225 for 1917 and $5,615 in 1916, a gain of $1,610 for 1917. There was also an increase of $3,742 in receipts of the speed depart- ment which must be taken into consideration when balancing the pre- mium account. The following statement shows amount paid in cash premiums and amounts received from various sources to apply on premiums for the 1916 and 1917 fairs: 1917 1917 1916 1916 Total cash premiums paid.... $ 72,442.07 $ 67,060.41 Special premium money received : Assn. special money $ 7,225.79 $ 5,615.65 Entry fees draft horse futurity 594.00 807.00 State Pais Futurity, speed department 584.84 1,057.30 Western Breeders' Futurity. 860.00 717.78 Entry fees speed department 6,109.50 2,036.98 Total received to apply on premiums $ 15,374.13 $ 10,234.71 Net amount paid in pre- miums by fair manage- ment $ 57,067.94 $ 56,825.40 From this statement it will be noticed the increase actually amounted to $242.54. Forage cost $6,369 more than last ye^r, but should not be considered an increase in the expense of fair for the receipts from sale of forage increased in about the same proportion. Advertising cost $15,717.84, an increase of $1,407.84 over last year. This, however, is only $217.84 in excess of the appropriation for adver- tising made by the board at the spring meeting. Music and attractions cost $21,631 or $1,295 more than last year, and $654 less than in 1915. Auto races cost $870 more on account of employ- ing the services of two promoters who secured about half again as many cars as took part in the races at the 1916 fair. The other increases in expense of fair are small and occurred in practically all departments. If you have had an opportunity to go over the statement of improve- ments and permanent repairs you will have noticed that all the tar and gravel roofs were recoated and repaired this year. Every frame build- ing and all the woodwork and metal roofs and cornices on permanent buildings were given one or two coats of paint. The structural steel in the grandstand, street car entrance, horse barn and about half the steel in machinery hall was also painted. In fact every building on the grounds is in first class state of repair and should require but very little expense for maintenance and repair another year. There are a few suggestions I should like to make at this time. I do not believe it would be wise to continue the "Horn of Plenty" exhibit another year as we have already featured it for two years. I believe, however, we should provide a feature exhibit to take its place in the center of the building. Just in the way of a suggestion I have thought a pillar of fruit, vegetables and agricultural products, similar to what was put on at the New York State Fair this year, might be appropriate. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 27 I would suggest that during this period of food conservation that all canned goods, exhibited in the pantry department, be judged by appear- ance. This would save the superintendent of the department a lot of grief and preserve all the exhibits. I would also recommend that a third premium of one dollar be added to the classification for cakes. This would call for an addition of $38 to the classification. We should also add a class for the different kinds of war breads. The boys' and girls' club work has developed wonderfully in the state during the past few years and their exhibits at the state fair have become more interesting each year. I believe the board should lend further en- couragement to this work by offering prizes for pigs fed and exhibited by boys and girls. The Chester White Breeders' Association .and the Duroc Jersey As- sociation offered $50 in special for the best pig fed and exhibited at the Iowa State Fair this year by a boy or girl under sixteen years of age. If the board would duplicate this amount and make a similar proposition to the Poland China and Hampshire Associations it should bring out a very good show. Assuming that it is the intention of the board of keep a balance on hand until conditions become more normal I hesitate to make very many recommendations for improvements for another year. They are a few things, however, that should be done that will not call for a very great expenditure of money. The outside fence from the Grand Avenue entrance to the northwest corner and from the northwest corner to the top of the hill should be replaced before another fair. It was down in a dozen places this year and the old fencing is beyond repair. The camp ground roads should have attention. That is the two roads now leading into the camp should be connected at the back end of the grounds to form a continuous road. There should also be another road built leading off of Grand Avenue near campers' headquarters up past the Poultry Building into the main part of the camp grounds. There should also be another road leading off of Grand Avenue just east of the tent and awning company buildings through the north part of the grounds connecting at the back end with the main road that runs through the center of the camp grounds. There should also be a few additional toilets ill the camp grounds. I believe it would also be possible to convert the large toilet east of the grocery store, the two east of the Exposition Build- ing and the one large one in the camp grounds into semi-sanitary toilets. There are the toilets that were equipped with burners a few years ago. They have cast iron stools with wooden covers and I believe they could be equipped with automatic flushers and troughs such as the range toilets have, and would work very satisfactory or at least be an improvement on the present vault system. The sanitary sewer and water is carried to all of these toilets. The space under the lobby of the Administration Building should be excavated and toilets for both men and women installed in this room. There should be a permanent shade on the west end of the grandstand The canvas shade has been unsatisfactory and expensive. The storm on 28 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Monday during the 1914 fair riddled the canvas and we had no shade during the balance of the fair. In 1915 we bought a new canvas at an ex- pense of $161.82. It blew off once during the fair and cost $9.25 for repairs. In 1916 the only expense was $8 for putting up the canvas. In 1917 we spent $13.80 for repairs before putting it up, it blew down on Saturday and we spent $24.85 for repairs. It blew down again Monday morning and was beyond repair. No shade from Monday on. A new canvas will cost at least $250. The matter of improving the roads in the camp grounds, providing ad- ditional light and additional toilets was discussed at length by the board. Mr. Curtis moved the Executive Committee be authorized to take up the matter of improving the roads in the camp ground with the Executive Council and the State Highway Commission, with the view of having it done as state work. Mr. Escher seconded the motion. Motion pre- vailed President Cameron called upon the various members of the board to make a report and give their recommendations for their respective departments. Mr. Mullen, Superintendent of the Machinery Department, recom- mended that a cement or brick sidewalk be constructed from the street car entrance to the south entrance to Machinery Hall; also that tho aisles in Machinery Hall be cemented with not less than five inches of concrete. Mr. Mullen also stated he had interviewed the auto exhibitors and that they had indicated they would prefer to stay in their present location rather than occupy space in Machinery Hall. He also expressed the hope that the room under the amphitheater used for the auto show might be en- closed in a permanent way in the near future so that it would better protect the exhibits. Mr. Mullen also presented the communication from the Shaver Carriage Company relative to purchasing their building. Mr. Mullen said there was no great demand by his department for this build- ing but that he would recommend that it either be purchased by the board or removed from the grounds. Mr. Legoe, Superintendent of the Exposition Building, recommended that the aisles of the Exposition Building be thoroughly cleaned and given a fresh coat of saw dust before another fair, and that the exhibition cases be leveled so that the doors will work more easily. He also recom- mended that permanent steps be put in leading up to the west entrance and that a wider walk be built leading from the Women and Children's Building to the south entrance; also that the classification of the fine art department be thoroughly revised, providing a class for realistic and conventional hand-painted china; also that the textile department be thoroughly revised and a class added for knitted work. Mr. Tow, Superintendent of the Swine Department, recommended that the Spotted Poland Chinas be given a classification equal to the York- shires and Tamworths — $470, and that the board contribute $100 to the Chester White futurity; also that the board contribute $50 in each case where the breeding association will contribute $50 or more for pigs fed and exhibited by boys and girls under sixteen years of age. Mr. Pike, superilitendent of the cattle department indicated to the board that the classifications for all dairy breeds should be strengthened EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 29 but did not deem it advisable to do so at this time on account of tiie lack cf barns to properly house the present exhibit. Mr. Curtin, superintendent of the speed department, presented the protest of H. M. Hemingway in which Mr. Hemingway protested as to tiie manner in which the money was divided in the Iowa State Fall Futurity races at the 1917 fair. Mr. Curtin stated to the board that Mr., Hemingway had received all the money he was entitled to under the rules of the Iowa State Fair Futurity and the American Trotting Associa- tion at the time he made his entry. He further stated Mr. Hemingway .-hould not be permitted to take advantage of the change in the rules of the American Trotting Association, (which would entitle him to 5 per ceT)t more of the purse) since he made his entry in this futurity. Mr. Curtin was directed by the board to so inform Mr. Hemingway. ivir. Reeves, superintendent of the Horticultural Department, stated there were a number of changes he would like to make in the classifica- tion of the Horticultural Department, which would not require much of an increase in the amount of money offered and that he would file a list of lecommendations with the secretary prioc to the board meeting in February. Mr. Davis, superintendent of the Ticket Auditing Department, in- dicated there were no recommendations or changes to be made in his department. Mr. Escher, superintendent of the Sheep Department, recommended that the center roof on the sheep barn be raised so as to provide sleeping quarters for the shepherds and also recommended that more steps be taken to lay the dust in the aisles of the sheep barn as it caused the ex- hibitors a great deal of annoyance by getting into the fleeces of the sheep; also that the board offer a classification for milk goats, provided the board have assurance that at least two or three flocks would be exhibited. Mr. Sheldon, superintendent of the Agricultural Department, recom- mended that a feature exhibit be planned to take the place of the "Horn of Plenty;" that all canned goods be judged by appearance; that a classi- fication be offered for war breads, and that a third premium of $1 be of- fered in the classification for cakes. Mr. Sheldon also recommended that better provisions be made for showing the exhibits in the culinary de- partment. The claim of Mrs. Smith, Malvern, Iowa, was presented to the board by Mr. Sheldon and the matter was referred to Mr. Sheldon and the secretary for adjustment. Mr. Morrow, Treasurer, recommended that at the time Easr 30th Street is paved that the board also arrange to pave the entrances at Grand Avenue and at 30th and Walnut streets, and that exit turnstiles he provided on both the north and south sides of the Grand Avenue en- trance. Mr. C. F. Curtiss, Superintendent of the Horse Department, indicated to the board that there were no important changes to be made in the horse department classification, though possibly the classification for standard- breds might be reduced this year. The revision of the classification to be filed with the secretary prior to the meeting of the board in February. Mr. Curtiss made a suggestion of general interest to the board. He suggested that the board offer a war production medal in connection with 30 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the best production of crops, quality, and value to be considered; also medal for the best production of live stock, quality and value to be con- sidered. The matter was discussed by the board but no recommendations wore made. Mr. Olson made no recommendations for his department but said he lioped the board would instruct the Executive Committee to thoroughly improve the camp ground roads, toilets and lighting system. Mr. Escher moved that the board adjourn until 2:30 p. m. Motion seconded and carried. AFTERNOON SESSION. The following members answered to roll call: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Weaver, Davis, Reeves, Legoe, Curtiss, Sheldon, Escher, Mullen :and Pike. Mr. Sheldon moved the $25 premium on the surety bond required by the secretary be paid by the department. Mr. Reeves seconded the motion. Motion prevailed. The secretary presented a communication from Professor Ferrin, Superintendent of the Boys' Judging Contest, in which he recommended that $1,000 in ten scholarships be offered as prizes in this contest. After due consideration by the board Mr. Davis moved that the money of- fered in the Boys' Judging Contest be increased from $600 to $800 and that eight scholarships be offered in place of five. The scholarships to be divided as follows : $200, $150, $125, $100, $75, $50, $50, $50. Motion seconded by Mr. Escher and carried. The following officers of the Interstate Pet Stock Association appeared before the board and requested that a classification for pet stock be of- fered at the 1918 state fair: G. E. Thornton, President; Frank Harris, Vice President; C. S. Gibson, Secretary of the National Pet Stock Associa- tion. After the hearing the board requested that the secretary, in co- operation with the officers of the Pet Stock Association, work out a classification and present it to the board in February. The secretary presented the communication from the Chester White Association in which they offered to contribute $300 to a futurity pro- vided the Iowa State Board of Agriculture would contribute $100. Mr. Escher moved that the offer of the association be accepted. Motion seconded by Mr. Pike and carried. Mr. Curtiss moved that the Executive Committee be authorized to employ a superintendent of grounds for the ensuing year. Seconded by Mr. Escher. Motion prevailed. Mr. Curtiss moved that the Executive Committee proceed with the selection of superintendents for the various departments of the 1918 fair. Seconded by Mr. Sheldon and carried. The schedule of dates for the Middle West fairs was presented to the board and after a thorough discussion Mr. Reeves moved that the dates for the 1918 Iowa State Fair be August 21 to 30 inclusive, the same rela- tive dates that the Iowa State Fair has held for a number of years. Mr. Pike seconded the motion. Motion prevailed. The matter of offering additional money in the Belgian Division of the National Draft Horse Futurity was brought to the attention of the Board. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 31 Mr. Curtiss moved the board offer $400 in the Belgian Futurity on con- dition that the Belgian Association offer $200. Mr. Olson seconded the motion. Motion prevailed. The secretary presented the schedule of salaries for employees and recommended that the salary of Mr. Whitted, Superintendent of Publicity, be increased from $125 to $150 per month; that Mr. O'Brien, in charge of the Stallion Registration Division, be increased from $125 to $140 and that the salary of Edith K. Smith be increaased from $100 to $110 per month. Mr. Curtiss moved that the revision of salaries as recommended by the secretary be approved and authorized by the board. The board again considered the proposition of cementing the aisles in Machinery Hall and possibly the aisles in the Exposition Building. Mr, Curtin moved that the question of flooring the aisles in Machinery Hall and the Exposition Building, making the necessary repairs to the Ex- position Building to prevent leaks and building necessary walks and steps leading up to the building, be left to the Executive Committee and Superintendents Legoe and Mullen with power to act. Mr. Weaver seconded the motion. Carried, Mr. Escher moved that the board approve the recommendation of Mr. Tow of the Swine Department and that where any association will offer $50 for prizes in the Boys' and Girls' Pig Club work that the board offer an equal amount for this work. Seconded by Mr. Davis. Motion carried. The president appointed Messrs. Pike, Legoe and Reeves as committee on per diem and mileage. The Executive Committee made the following report on superintendents ior the 1918 fair: Public Safety E. T. Davis, Iowa City Admissions O. A. Olson, Forest City, Director in Charge Mr. N. W. McBeath, Whiting, Superintendent Ticket Auditing H. 0. Weaver, Wapello Concessions and Privileges A. R. Corey, Des Moines Live Stock Sanitation J. I. Gibson, Des Moines Horses, Ponies and Mules Charles F. Curtiss, Ames Speed E. J. Curtin, Decorah Cattle H. L. Pike, Whiting Swine Cyrus A. Tow, Norway Sheep Chas. Escher, Jr., Botna Implements and Machinery J. P. Mullen, Fonda Agriculture F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr Pantry Stores and Apiary F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr Dairy W. B. Barney, Des Moines Horticulture Elmer M. Reeves, Waverly Floriculture Wesley Greene, Des Moines Exposition Building, Textile, China, etc T. C. Legoe, What Cheer Educational E. C. Bishop, Ames Boy«' Judging Contest E, F. Ferrin, Ames Publicity and Advertising Ivanhoe Whitted, Des Moines 32 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Mr. Curtiss moved that the list of superintendents recommended by the Executive Committee be approved by the board. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Curtiss moved that the management of the 1917 fair be delegated to the Executive Committee and the elective members of the State Board of Agriculture. Seconded by Mr. Reeves. Motion carried. Mr. Pike moved that the board recommend to the Governor the ap- pointraent of Dr. Geo. M. Chappel to succeed himself as director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service Bureau for the term of two years com- mencing July 1, 1918. Seconded by Mr. Legoe. Motion carried. With the approval of the board the president instructed the secretary to call a meeting of the board for February 7 and 8 for the purpose of revising the premium list and transacting such business as might be brought to the attention of the board at that time. The question of continuing the Boys' State Fair Camp was considered. Mr. Curtin moved the Boy's Camp be continued on about the same basis as last year. Seconded by Mr. Olson. Carried. The committee on per diem and mileage made the following report and on motion of Mr. Escher, seconded by Mr. Sheldon the report was ap- proved and the secretary instructed to draw warrants for the following amounts: December 31, 1917. Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to re- port as follows: Name Days Rate Amount Miles Amount Total J 4840 C. E. Cameron 6 $4.00 $24.00 140 $14.00 $38.00 14841 O. A. Olson 6 4.00 24.00 155 15.50 39.50 14839 C. H. Tribbv 4 4.00 16.00 144 14.40 30.40 14S42 H. O. Weaver 3 4.00 12.00 12.00 14843 E. T. Davis 6 4.00 24.00 121 12.10 36.10 14844 Elmer Reeves 6 4.00 24.00 126 12.60 36.60 14845 E. J. Curtin 6 4.00 24.00 195 19.50 43.50 14846 Cyrus A. Tow 6 4.00 24.00 112 11.20 35.20 14847 T. C. JLegoe 6 4.00 24.00 85 8.50 32.50 14848 C. F. Curtiss 6 4.00 24.00 37 3.70 27.70 14849 F. E. Sheldon 6 4.00 24.00 123 12.30 36.30 14850 Clias. Escher, Jr 6 4.00 24.00 100 10.00 34.00 14851 Jno. P. Mullen 6 4.00 24.00 117 11.70 35.70 34852 H. L. Pilce 6 4.00 24.00 206 20.60 44.60 $482.10 Respectfully submitted, H. L. Pike, T. C. Legoe, E. M. Reeves. Mr. Curtin moved that the Executive Committee be authorized to en- gage bands and attractions for the 1918 fair. Motion seconded by Mr. Weaver. Carried. The secretary informed the board that the office of exhibits under Secretary of Agriculture Houston, was preparing a number of exhibits for state fairs this year and that any fair desiring these exhibits should make application to the secretary of agriculture for them. Mr. Curtisa moved the secretary be instructed to make application for these exhibits and that other departments of the Government be invited to send ex- hibits in all lines in which they are prepared to make them. Motion seconded by Mr. Davis and carried. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 33 Mr. Bishop, superintendent of the Educational and Boys and Girls' Club Work Departments, made the following report and recommendations to the board: STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE: I present herewith report of the Educational Department for the year 1917. The exhibit as outlined in the premium list of the Educational Depart- ment was carried out as scheduled. The school exhibits were placed in the quarters, provided in the Exposition Hall and the club exhibits in the Boys' and Girls' Club Building, with the exception of some exhibits which were loaned to the Rural School Department in the Women and Children's Building to occupy space for which they had no exhibits. In the Boys' and Girls' Club Building demonstrations in canning of field corn for 4H Brand breakfast food were conducted each day and provision was made for serving the canned product at cost to visitors. Demonstrations were also conducted in the Club Building by Garment Making Clubs in making Girls' Club dress and uniform. Canning demonstration team work was conducted in the south eiiu of the State College Building. Twenty-two teams consisting of four mem- bers and the leader in charge entered. Twenty-one of these teams were present from one to three days each and took part. One team failed to i-each Des Moines on account of an automobile wreck which occurred or, their way to Des Moines. At the conclusion of these contests the state champion canning demonstration team was chosen to represent Iowa in the interstate canning demonstration contest. The Boys' and Girls' Club day was carried out with an estimated at- tendance of 1,500 club members and leaders. The parade was especially successful this year and the interest it created promises good for next year's program. The Baby Beef Club exhibit was especially successful this year. The number of calves exhibited and the boys in attendance who cared for them was one feature of interest and encouragement for this work. The tents provided for sleeping purposes for assistants and for demon- stration teams was a most helpful feature and helped to solve one of the difficult problems of caring for young people who come to the fair -ijv participation in the contest. Allow me to suggest the continuance and further encouragement of canning demonstration team work, the inclusion of demonstration team work by juniors in poultry killing, dressing and carving, and in meat cutting and the drying of vegetable and fruit products. I wish also the continuance of demonstration work in canning field corn for the breakfast food and in the drying of field corn for the corn nuts food products. I also recommend the continuation of Boys' and Girls' Club Day with the special provisions made for the club parade. We are much in need of more room for handling the demonstration work if it is to be developed to the extent that would seem justifiable. This work should be given where there is the least possible disturbance by noise which will pre- vent those assembled from hearing the directions given by the demon- stration teams. 3 34 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The premium list has been revised for the 1918 exhibit. I have in- cluded in this year's list a limited number of exhibits which seem to be advisable as a part of the war emergency program of encouraging pro- duction, conservation and activities that are helpful to the cause of the country at this time. The inclusion of these items in the premium list has made a small increase in the total appropriation for premiums for the Educational Department. The amount appropriated last year by the Ed- ucational Department premium list was $1,454. The amount called for in the revised premium list to include the war emergency provisions is $1,549. The premiums added are almost entirely for war breads, dried food products and Red Cross Work. PREMIUM LIST EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT. Class No. 1 Rural School Work $ 80 Class No. 2 Graded School Work 89 Class No. 3 High School Work 100 Class No. 4 Collective Exhibits 270 Class No. 5 Illustrated Booklets 54 Class No. 6 School photographs, Iowa School Grounds. Buildings, Equipment Conditions and Activities Ill Class No. 7 Individual Exhibit by any Club Member 55 Class No. 8 Individual One Jar Exhibits 90 Class No. 8 Vo Dried Food Products 25 Class No. 9 Ten Jar Exhibit by Individual 55 Class No. 10 . Collective Exhibit by Individual 87 Class No. 11 Canning by Garden Club 61 Class No. 12 Canning Club : 61 Class No. 13 County Collective Canning 65 Class No. 14 Manual Training 59 Class No. 15 Sewing and Other Handwork 129 Class No. 16 Cooking 3 2 Class No. 17 Poultry ; 26 Class No. IS Correlation Wfork 45 Class No. 19 Discretionary 55 $1,549 Mr. Olson moved that the recommendations made by Professor Bishop be approved and that 4,000 copies of the premium list be printed and dis- tributed at once. Motion seconded. Carried. Mr. Escher moved that the board adjourn to meet on February 7 and 8 as per the order of the president. PART II Proceedings of State Agricultural Convention. "Wednesday, December 12, 1917. The convention was called to order by President C. E. Cameron, at 10 a. m. in the Agricultural Rooms at the State House. Vice- President 0. A. Olson was called to the chair and announced that the first number on the program would be the annual address of the president of the State Board of Agriculture. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. C. E. CAMERON, ALBIA. Mr. President anel Memhers of the Sixty-third Anmial Agricul- tural Convention: The harvest has come and gone and we have again assembled to prepare the seed bed for the agricultural fairs of Iowa for the year 1918. The harvest of 1917 certainly was a great one as is shown by the reports of all the fairs. In the early spring we were unable to determine what the future had in store for us; we' were unde'^ided v/hether to go ahead with our usual preparation for the fairs or commence to retrench. Believing that the old saying "nothing ventured, noth- ing gained" is as true today as ever we decided to make the ven- ture and the result was a fair and exposition that l^roke all records in attendance and receipts. We had often dreamed and hoped that the great Iowa State Fair would some day have three hun- dred thousand people pass throuah the gates. Our dreams and aspirations were more than fulfilled this year when there were admitted to the gi'ounds three hundred thousand and forty-eight people, and that does not in any way include the fortv-six hun- dred soldiers encamped upon the grounds. That the fair was a success in a financial way is evidenced by the fact that the total receipts were $257,122.56 and the expenses $189,533.38, showing a profit for the fair of $67,589.18. 36 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE You may wonder what brouRlit about the great increase in attendance this year. Was it the soldiers encamped upon our grounds? That was one factor but the people of Iowa- are eom- mencing to realize not only the benefits to be derived from at- tending the fair but they are becoming interested in showing the resources of this gTcat state. TJie management is continually en- couraging all avenues of education among the young men and women of the state. The boys' and girls' clubs, domestic science, canning clubs, boys' farm work, spelling contests and numerous other club contests which bring the boys and girls from the farm for a school of instruction all help to keep ever in their minds a desire to attend the fair. The coming year should be more interesting to the average lowan than any year in the past. Right now, from an agricul- tural standpoint, Iowa occupies a position of pre-eminent im- portance, for the whole world is looking to these great agricul- tural states to produce more of the necessaries of life to carry on this great struggle for democracy. I am proud of Iowa, not only for what ahe is doing to help feed the world, but also because whenever Uncle Sam ealls on her to buy Liberty Bonds, to help the Red Cross, 'Or subscribe to the Y. M. C. A. fund, the people are always there with the goods. Iowa as a whole this year, had a magnificent crop and the prices received for these products are simply wonderful. It is true our corn crop did not nature as we would like to have had it, but the yield was great and after deducting the soft corn and feeding it to our hos's and cattle the balance of marketable corn left will at the market prices far exceed per acre what the average farmer ever dreamed of. You talk about the high price of Iowa land. In my opinion this same land that is now selling for from $200 to $300 per acre will be selling within the next ten years for from $300 to $500 per acre. You may wonder v/hy I make this prediction. In the first place there is no state in the Union that has as rich soil and no state whose climatic conditions are more nearly ideal for a good .crop as in this great State of Iowa. Iowa has never had a total crop failure. Iowa has always something to sell and most of the time more than an average crop. Agi'iculture today is the slogan of the world, and Iowa will do more than any other state in this T'nion to make that slogan good. America will win this EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 37 war and the farmers will be one of the greatest factors in doing it. America with one-third of the gold of the world and supply- ing all the allies with means and food to carry on their part in this war, that when this war is over the United States will stand out pre-eminently the greatest nation on the face of the globe. She is now from an agricultural standpoint and then she will be from a financial standpoint, and that is thvj reason why I say this land between the two great rivers will be worth from $300 to $500 per acre ; because Iowa has stood the test, not only in times of peace but in war. At the annual meeting of the American Association of Fairs and Expositions last week in Chicago there was represented a larger delegation than has even been present at :i meeting held by that association. Out of a total membership of fifty-eight, forty-six societies sent delegates ; all of these came from states ranging from California to New York; from Florida to Canada, and a more enthusiastic bunch of fair managers was never be- fore gathered togetJier. With the exception of three or four all reported a larger attendance and greater receipts for this year than any year in the history of their societies. The three or four who reported a decrease credited it to bad weather and I think that reason holds good with all state, county and district fairs. I wish to give you an extract from the report of the commit- tee on statistics for the American Association of Fairs and Ex- positions. "What fairs and expositions represent is an important question to the Federal Government, in the ■consideration of the establishment of desired co-operation, the committee believes is an ansAver to the question : Wliat do the fairs and expositions of the American Association of Fairs and expositions represent? In a material w^ay the fifty American fairs and expositions in this association represent, in round figures, a combined investment of $50,000,000. They are operated at a cost exceeding $5,000,000 each year. Their receipts each year exceed $5,000,000 and they are attended by more than 8,000,000 people. This includes all of the big fairs and expositions in the United States. TJiey are the leaders among the fairs of the country and each in its own state, or wider tributary territory, sets the pace for the smaller fairs. The importance of these fifty fairs and expositions in this one respect alone m^ay be parti v realized when it is known that there are in the United Stat("s 1,500 smaller fairs and expositions 38 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE which show a eombind attendance of over 25,000,000. The com- mittee contends that the 33,000,000 people attending fairs and expositions each year represent the great masses of citizens of our country. They represent tha very people to be reached with war propaganda in times of war or with Federal and other prop- aganda 'on production during times of peace." We should all feel proud that w^e are interested in a work that interests almost one-third of the population of the United St.^tes. Never in the history of our fairs should we he more interested than in the work for 1918. I wish to say to the managers of the fairs for the coming year that there is a great work for you to do ; that is to interest j^our exhibitors in making your fair of 1918 the greatest in its history from an agricultural standpoint. President Cameron appointed the following .committees : Committee on Credentials: J. P. Mullen, Pocahontas Comity; H. C. Leach, Davis County; E. G. Strong, Page County. Committee on Resolutions : H. S. Stanberry, Blaekhawk County; E. W. Williams, Delaware County; S. D. Quarton, Kos- suth County. REPORT OF SECRETARY. A. R. COREY. 3Ir. President and Gentlemen of the Convention : I have prepared quite a lengthy report of the fair this year, but I am not going to read all of it to tlie convention. I found, after I had prepared this report, that it consisted of some sixty- seven printed pages, and I know it would be tiresome to hear it all read, because a good bit 'of i^- is statistics. However, there is a portion of it that I desire to bring to your attention. When we started preparing for this year's fair a good many people thought it would be a bad year for fairs and that Pairs generally would not be a success. However, our board made an extensive investigation of the condition of Canadian fairs and the information gained caused us to believe there was not much foundation for this opinion. We secured reports from the Cana- dian fairs for a period of one year before the war and three years during the war. While these reports indicated they were hit rather hard the first year of the war each of the following EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 39 years showed an increase in atlendanee. So with that inforaia- tion before us we went ahead with the usual extensive plans for the 1917 fair. "WTiile our live stock exhibits in previous years have been larger in some departments, especially the cattle and horse departments, yet our swine exhibit this year was the largest we have ever had, every pen in the swine pavilion was filled. The sheep exhibit was also the largest we have ever had on the grounds. Our ma- chinery exhibit was equal to anything we have had in five years. The tractor exhibit was the best we have ever had. As far as the attendance at the fair is concerned, it was the banner year and in fact far exceeded our expectations. As Mr. Cameron said, we had been anticipating some day reaching the 300,000 mark, but this year we passed it by a good margin and our official count showed an attendance of 349,298. The total receipts this year exceeded last year, which Avas our best previous year, by about 25 per cent and totaled $257,122.56. The expense of conducting fhe fair was naturally increased because of the increased cost of labor and material, and the fact that we paid out about $5,000 more in premiums. Another item of expense that increased the cost of fair this year was the forage which we handled ourselves, and that had increased about 33 1-3 per cent. Our music cos\ more, and our payroll throughout was quite a lot more. Labor was about double that of last year. The cantonment was responsible for that to a certain extent as they were pa^-ing $7 a day for carpenters and $3.65 a day for common laborers, and in order to get the men we had to meet these prices. There is just one other thing I care to say, and that is not only the fair management but every citizen of the State of Iowa should be proud of the success of the Iowa State Fair this year. The board started the year with an indebtedness of about $20,000 at one of the local banks ; the buildings at the fair grounds Avere all in need of repair and painting. We wound up the year's business with every building on the grounds painted and put in first-class repair, and after paying for all those improvements Ave had a balance of $35,000 left in the treasury, so we feel very happy over the year's Avork. NOTE — The complete printed report of the secretary, placed in the hands of those present, Avas as folloAA's: 40 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT. The activities of the State Board of Agriculture and the Depart- ment of Agriculture are defined and limited by statute. The prin- cipal duties imposed upon the board and department are to manage the state fair, administer the laws governing the enrollment of stallions and to issue certificates of enrollment and soundness for all stallions offered for public service, sale, exchange or transfer in the state; publish the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture annually, collect and tabulate farm and crop statistics, verify the reports of the county and district fairs, farmers' institutes and short courses making application for state aid, and to promote the interests of agriculture, live stock and other industries throughout the state. A complete report of this work will be published in the year book of agriculture and the supplement to the year book containing a report of the stallion registration division. Therefore only a short review will be included in my report to this convention. STALLION REGISTRATION DIVISION. During the year of 1917 the Department has issued 5,219 certifi- cates for pure bred stallions, 1,717 for grade stallions, 506 for pure bred jacks and 468 for grade jacks. In each instance it is a smaller number than last year, with the exception of pure bred jacks which show an increase. A decrease in the enrollment for this year is applicable not only to Iowa but to other states as well. Various conjectures have been advanced as to the reason for this, one of course is self evident, i. e., that the percentage of grades is being materially lessened due to the successful application of the stallion laws and the educational results emanating therefrom. On the other hand but few stallions have been imported during the past year. The total decrease this year is approximately 1,200 ; of this 430 was in grade certificates and 770 in pure breds. In comparison to the total number enrolled the decrease in grades is larger than in pure breds and the result is 75 per cent of pure bred stallions for 1917, the highest percentage of pure breds attained in this or any other state. The horse breeding situation for the past year has been un- stable in many ways ; as to what the future will bring forth re- mains to be seen. Motor trucks and farm tractors are becoming more numerous each year and are taking the place of a great many draft horses. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 41 The fact that there is a certain amount of farm and other work that cannot be done as economically, or as satisfactorily, with trucks or tractors, as Avith the draft horse should not be lost sight of and for this reason good heavy draft animals will be in demand for years to come. STATE PUBLICITY BUREAU. The publicity bureau, operated in conjunction with the depart- ment of agriculture and financed from state fair receipts and the fees received through the stallion registration division has re- vealed a wonderful field for work of this nature. The limited funds set aside by the board for this purpose, the lack of statutory authority, and the fact that the state makes no appropriation for the work places a handicap upon the bureau. The work so far has been limited to publishing a monthly publica- tion known as "Greater Iowa," the subscription for which is free. About 200,000 copies were published during the year and mailed to a selected list of 15,000. In addition to this news letters and items of interest to agriculture and live stock industries have been sent to the state papers from time to time. The Bureau wishes to thank the press of the state for the liberal use of these items and numerous articles used from "Greater Iowa." FARMERS' INSTITUTES AND SHORT COURSES. There is presented herewith two tables showing the number and location of institutes and short courses held during the 1916-17 season. The tables also show the number of sessions held by each organization, total attendance, state aid paid to each, cost of eon- ducting and data relative to receipts and expenditures. There was a total of 129 institutes and short courses held. The total attendance was 224,461. 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P«S ! .t; j3 tn "H a s d a'^ O O O 0.i4 gl^ ft o ?, S ? - 22a ^ o _. ,.1'^ "-,^,,2.^ XT o:s' -Hi' «m a o 01 O) c3 C3 C3 tj ^ Q , O S CJ oj ai *i S: (- K iOt^33S3c;c3C3 1 « rt pq M n fq o o p ^0; 5 o o „ „ „ t> .Si J t: 'O tH j- oogoooooQo rte^eoTl^lntot-Qoao^H<^4co;*loo^-co05g^H^lM;*lng^-•coo< I— trHi— )ipH»— IrHi-HiHrHrHWC^lC^C'lC^C^C^C-lC^C^t EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART It 42 MOQ-H- c6(!ocococ6cot-.i>i>i>£*i>f-^ i ! i i ! i ! i i 1 i in CO 1 1 1 1 1 1-- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CO 1 1 1 1 1 g 1 1 24.71 .21 O O irtl O CO rH ^ m ■* i;~ CO (M tt> CO gfegSSSSSSSg 1 128 oooco lOcomOMi OOt-tS lOCOrHTflrH 18§i 1 o> CO (N CO CO 1 m 1 Ml t^ -^i* Oi OT 1 -* CO 00 O M( t- CO e^ OOiCiC^CO'-'QOOOcOiM CO CO t^ r Ift t-t ^1 O lO »H t> 1 ^ CO Ci (M CO 1 o -* 1 in CO l8SS^g IS >cpoOC3i-*OOlC>Oi-tCD-iAi-iCOCOC>C>COCi( •^ 1 00 m O 05 in -"rt* c: lO < . i>.dO< t- (M i-H i-l C (N iH t> O VO C ) ift lo "^ "* lO CO CO S8SS )CO(N00mO05in-«rtl-H cioo pOi.-i(M:ocoooict>'^t^cot*-<*<( i 0> lO !>• (M ) O O t- CO ( ( IQ (N (M (N IC<)COCOCOrH(NTtiOO-«*< inoio^cooO'-tcoicoor-oocoioirtir^C'Ocooooio-o (MOOOC0OlO(MCit^C0OCC0OCM:0 COOit-COClCOCO-^lOCOrMCOCMCOCOO-^lOtMlftCOOb- ■* -•■— ■■ oq'-^COlNCOCO'=J>-»-*fM'*COO S'^l^lOOOrHMi-HCOQOX-QlCOOOOi-HMtr- O-^rHC0Or-iOt--C0C0i-HlJftl0a0C0'-"00C)0S i CO '^ irj (M rH < ) t> C5 CO CO b- e:i < Oil— I 03:Oai'<*lC0IM^'^C0^-^lrt(NCO s?: ■TtH O O lA 00 ■ >* t- rH i-H O lO lO t- O CO CO oa o Oi o M lo lO C35 -^ Oi CO ^ C5 O i-O Q rH in ici t;p o I < CO ^ CO CO b- ' *n* CO CO oi m lOlOOOLOlOCOO lO I^ CC 1^ rH CO lO (» rH rH CO Cr. r-l C: O rH rH CO IM rH r-l lo lO O O O c i'- 1> O o o < ) (M CO Oi 00 CO CD^vft(M5viOia5Cs'*OOr-HCi^COClOOC5DOI>QOO It- CO COlOCOOOCOCOlr-C-tCOlOCOCOCOOlOlOrHC^lOSCOOCO irHCO OlftOiOOCDOJlClOiOb-CO'tQlftCOrHmt^rH i>LraC0C0i>l--l>CiC0TjOC0lOT^I>l£5»O rHcoOogojOt^iniocrit-Cit^ioococ-iOioM^coLoa) iiooi ■^rH CM OOrHC^cOCOLOOiCOrHlOCO-*THrH-^m0i00rHC0OC0 rH-^cpCOCOClOliniOOCOCOCOOlf^rHc^irti OOOQCCiOiOlC-lr-CCOt^i— IrHCOrHCO-^lOCOO OlrHOl-^rHC'li-l-^OOCM rHrH'^ t- TjiCOCDrHlOC^COC^lrHCOCOI>l--I>lOb-l>JSl^COCOl>i>l>i:-i- ss t*m X>l>C0C0(M(MC-lt>COCOi>X>-C0C04>COCOt-COCO ooioiorHOLnc>oommoooO'<*ininoC'OOco if:icoi:*coai=pt-o»r:>cooocicocoir:)m(Mcoin?-ioi>rH Oi 00 O (M CO O fM If^ -+* C? ^14 rH O O Cl O O C-l O O (M iM CO (M rH i-H lO m in 1^ l— rM Id GO O !>• TP m CO C-J rH O rH CO Ln CD rH COCO rHooo'2-iomooO'^ii!5ini>*cooo OrHc^oo®(MOOcoinj>inint-cococoin^ 8N-00t--OC00i0im00C;lJ^COtr0i"^rHrHi-(c0 coincoincoc»'^i>wocOcooif-'iftcoOi(NOO TtfrHVn m(MGlr-< f-iiHCO ^"^ -rf' i~* CO C^ ) O <^ CO CO 1 o u^ in 00 ss 04>i>f-ininrHco CMCOCOCOCOOSCON rH CO rH r-t J> I iJs CO r-i Ci, ^ ( I l> (M* CM t;* i-H ( I rH -«:}i Tjl 00 Cinooc-it-inoi.--oocM "-t^aii.ooictiOrHOrHOt'-coiooSScoomoi i-CMTtit-OrHOit— rHOiO^OlCOOiOOOO-x^incOCOrHt-rooO t-COCOCOt-aiininrHinrHi-HCOO-'S^vOiOOt-CO r-i (M (M CO rH 1-- Oi -rji i^ I-- c-1 CO 1-- CO r-" 00 g: J co-*cocoofMtO'*r-' in-*cocoin-^t-»nt-^inCimcocou::inoiO--j>i I ! I I I I : I I i 5- I 1 I S^ 3 2 2 o S a i; J ."p o o^ P.g g c. ^-- o o " C3.2 tiSi-1 •a' rS a sQ ft 22:5 C^ !> ft & c3 E£^ cu 3 S r:=3 O no c3 « a .S -^ ^ ;^ SSGoQQft rj 03 O QR p:, fH p^ h P4 O W M -O I- ;h Fh C3 C3 WW isiij S^oo t; di^S« i 'Ho - .2 t>, S j2 ,i<: "dfe=Sg 03 a O 3 ES WWWW ■S-PSPh CO OJ c ^ " o '^ ;S^4«jp,0,p,a^dgaj,i^ Ml-Jl-Sl-Sl-Sl-Sl-Jl-J* ■^ o So S<^ ^^ — — o * "^ 0 g 5.C.C K o p s: cs c3 C-1 CO -n ift CO t> CO OS Q eg CO 00 CO CO ^ ICMCO"^inc01:-C0050rH(MCO'^incOt*CO 050rH(MCO'^incOt*CO OsOrHfMCO-^mcOh-COOiOi-ICNCO^iC^O^ TtHinminininmininin m«co«oco5Dco«o«>^cot^t-t-t-*»t*t*r- 44 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ^ •™- t-5-ooooi5oa)obooooooooooa>ro05C»05a>So50s& oooooo So SJJBjpjaAQ poBq uo qsBO sinam -BSJnqsip 38n3dX3 SnO9UB[[30S[p([ sain!tn3J- 00 O IS^SS 1 1 M CO 1 1 t^ 1 in 1 X> I-- 1 ^ <© Ig i-H r-< IN 1 CO i-H O CO 1-H rH O 1 t^ CD O •* CO lO ID 1 (M rH 1-1 r-. 1 ■>* OiCO-^Ot^Oii-HOlrHf i> W ■-* ITS O CO iftOOQ'^NCOt^OCOi (NCOlAiScOOi-lOCrHi oot>cocO(MoslA^^|^^^scicolAt:^I-^^-co( ^ . . — C> lO -^ Oi ! ii-*(Sajcoccoooo»-HCMcoaic<]t-t^coC-- . ■ (MrHCN i>(M COi-HLOU^r-lCOi— ((NlOtMCQ O :0 Ift CO t- :o t- O -^ 0:1 O -f r-H ■<* w CO :o OOjOlOeOCNCSi-llOOOOOCOOOOOtOOJtOlMt^CO 31.00 61.40 57.00 41.63 173.65 192.12 0 tH I-l « M inStNCoe>iHCni.otSi?iF.tMOr-irti^(Mioeo ) l> t-- CI (M ■ lOCi LDCOOOtOCOCO- I ID (M CO ID ID C'l -* CO ID CO Oi O I^ < (M CO CO O (M C X^C0-^O'-lDCOCDt--050 i-H ld CO i-H t- CO c-i 01 CO CO (M n r — ~- 1 CO CO CO CO CO I-l (N ^'^"^•i'l^OSC'lCO'-tlDCO 00{Mi>lDt»i-(-^00COCOi-l OC'COCTiCOC0001>lDTjiOD lDlDC0Cib--l:^lDt£ii?10ia)'*C*(NOWi^00OC0lOC0 ■ ^ ":i C5 CD 10 c-1 O f~ " ■ ■■ ' ~ ' "■ ■ ) 'rp C: 01 i-H ID t-H 05 00 CO 1-1 CiMCO00i-lC<^(NCOI> t^lD(M<;?Ot^-rf l> t- > in CO ) T-l o wocoinOcccom-*cciN >r-HcoM*coo5:moomocicot^»o • I-l tOiHCOt- C^i-li-llC?-<(Mi-l I>.005O3-rHmt»CO00C0XCi< rHa)COTj1r-tCNTJ<00>COCO-^l>T*1t-( r-l fc. to O 00 < )l>i-li-ICOQ0tO-^CD -^OOrHCOt^lMlHin CO Oi Cn r-^ ir. C/j CO t- 00 CO '^ c O CO »-i r-< 00 CD ^1 < 1-1 IN ■* o O o 5> in Q Q c > * t^ -W 01 CO O o c » e-l" r-l i-T IN i-T r 1 O O O (N o £ c:. O irr 0 O O CO C> (M O O O CO IN O IN CO CO rH r-l IN CO snoissas JO J3qnin>j OOCOCOOi tOCOCOCOt-t^' it-ciCfc^coo^iNt-coin O CC «0 CO o • .0 -2 !=i-H S§ 4J h O S CI aas fl a tn 33 o o sr "=8 « §•— w •O ,t H S ~ ~ ^ o a ■ « o o 2 g C3 03 C3 O O AsPhAhPhPh o S ^ 2 « 000 o CS Oj O o . ,^^ ft a ^ 03 a, E Wo na „ >. a o. aooo'Sgog>:S,£««3'S.S.HW o PnCOCCtBI/JCCCCH ■^^^^^^ ^ jsqoinx; »QTHC0 SSSSSS fe EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 45 jsqiunx , 1 o 1 1 SlJt!Jp.I3AO ! 1 CO 5^ ss in POBII (M '^ ■M uo iist'O i p IM CO sjnaui r-l O 05 a -ssjnqsip i:^ [Bioj, O ^ a. 1 g a ssaedxs Sn08UB[[BDS!I\i § 1 C-l 1 8S CO siunimajti 1 S33pnc puB ** CO o siBJiBads aoj CO c> ^ CO o ■^ lO CO sidjaaaj ib^oj, \a CI 1^ p, S^ ss CO o fc i" 5S « piB 3;u'js ■<*< i 3 CO O sjdisDaj i~ in § snosuBHSOsipi; h- o in PUBIJ 00 in CO no qsBO s O o CO sane CO pna^^B iBjoj, i snoissas in 03 JO isqninN ; c ss o c o a a W ^ =« a (D-a o O a o o t. o o H g " J3qnin>i •-I Q 2^ H < H H O o o m O ri -*cowt-ij:^oco( Jl-^r-tCOOsGOCOOiC^tNrHrHOOOOin': TUCiOOCOCCCiCOCM-rHlOC^OrH CO i~- CO O Q lO 00 W "-I i-H (N in '^ 1 ) 1ft C) CO t^ ^- S J lO t> o t* m i » i-H O -^ CD lA f^ TtH 00 CO - rH J> 1© CO < I CO C^ rH tJ>QpcOCOirCDlOo»oOO^ooioc^iiftioioOc ) '^ O C O (M 'CDC-It— (cocoooOOco-^coCb. I CO CO rH lO ^ m lO lO Ol i-l c i-l^i-HC-7i-tCOf-«'>JitO 1-1 in CO rH (N OiOiOloCilOCiO-t'i I'fMCOOt-'-lCOOOCO' co-^cocowioo-^-^mj )COl^01>C005'^OtX)l ICO rHCOCOCCrHOi-Tt^' • x--cOTticom-^i>-oom< > o o o <^ o o < I (M O c:? O C^ rH c smmcoioiftLftift-^io-^ooio ip O p ' 1 O O O 1 dOt^OCOCOlCC-llOC^JOmOOiOt'OCirHOtM ■^l"-(Mco©"^'^iot-OOOmC>coii^cic^Oi> COCOCOOlQlOCM-^t^'^CD'* J 11.^ t_j cTj li; C3 c^ ci; !>• *00COrHi^(MCOC000 jcooimcocoiQ-^-Tji O O Q 7-1 ip CO Tti in O (M C rH CO (N in t^ rH ca O I 00 rH r t- I I I i- (M I <© (M r rH i i i CO r-K I Tt< CO I in I I I rtl O O O O O <^ in ' O O p O m O rH ' 2 o in o CI in 3 in t- rH CO "^P i O rH CO in CD o in in o o o CO •* ift 00 CO in I CJ CO r-i rH r-« ,-. J C: Ci cc CD fM ! a 9 ! I^S J3 =3 ■ So ;i-l-" aS I S p. •P4 Sr i9 oo 1 2-^ log Pfi So. g^si^cs- G fnO^ '^ C3.-^ Oo«~ crCf^s^ i-H(MC0"*lft^J>00ClOrH(MC0'ffmCDI>00ClO I m (M (N -^ JC0i>inOl-C 201.10 7.58 476.30 653.05 603.61 695.48 ■4,785.28 15,727.43 1,110.36 92.11 $114,718.13 $ 74,341.91 $ 63,491.98 $ 5,697.37 $ 21,601.61 $ 9,769.19 ooo 000 000 ooo. 000. 000. 50O ooo. 000 000 800 000 500 000 500 619 000 ooo 000 500 OOO 000 000 000 500 000 ooo 000 000 6 25 20 14 10 200 $ 1,629 $ 1,588 3,000.00 22,000.00 3,650.00 162.41 10,000.00 2,500.00 4,300.00 712.67 900.00 3,100.00 4,179.25 2,000.00 7,450.00 900.00 1,400.00' 3,500.00 11,000.00 4,250.00 OOO. 00 5,170.00 000.00' 000. OOi 3,000.00 000.00, 4,500.00 000.00' ooo.oo' OOO.OOi _ 000. OOi 8,000.00 082.99i$320,743.84 885. OC, $261, 155. 40 128.44 ^7,299. 2e 54 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. 2 — RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF County and City or Town Tick Receipts et Sales C M p. .2 t« H C t- o a ft U s P ^ OS 1 2 3 Vdair, Greenfield _ Adams, Corning. Allamakee, Waukon. Vudubon, Audubon Bonton, Vinton 1 Black Hawk, Cedar Falls Bhtck Hawk, Waterloo $ 4,805.05 2,349.70 3,229.57 4,296.70 3,135.08 8,383.50 12,362.95 2,127.65 9,123.95 716.25 3,154.70 6,022.55 3,545.35 4,862.65 4,765.25 3,627.90 8,841.25 2,566.00 3,537.80 11,367.67 2,715.30 1,249.71 2,730.35 5,900.05 2,178.40 5,267.82 3,882.40 14,094.50 2,500.25 e,. 556. 60 115.00 3,889.10 2,945.36 3,853.35 2,612.12 5,522.75 3,420.30 8,542.45 1,067.25 3,787.10 2,074.84 2,371.70 5,657.15 3,073.44 3,613.85 3,670.70 3,192.25 8,412.42 1,758.75 1,641.17 3,542.20 3,375.59 5,674.80 2,817.90 $ 227.40 299.40 189.65 855.45 596.10 4,285.90 911.80 207.10 1,761.45 $ 585.0 '"•'eiiyoi 640.0* 225.01 550. 0( . 620.35 290.00 616.49 590.00 933.75 2,345.53 8,798.40 340.55 1,824.27 70.00 393.50 698.50 401.65 534.00 982.50 856.90 1,143.70 375.15 411.50 3,0.52.79 468.45 80.00 497.50 896.50 244.40 659. 0( 674.2', 3,130.0<. 277.35 1,562.05 $ - 170.00 4 5 6 7 126.78 646.48 1,144.25 1,602.68 220.00 1,443.72 423 20 8 9 10 Boone, Ogden Bremer, Waverly . Buchanan, Aurora Buchanan, Independence Buena Vista, Alta Butler, Allison 206.25 15.00 34.00 161.00 849.00 94.75 52.50 1,279.00 379.00 528.00 15.00 560.00 780.00 37.50 11 12 1R 375.65 586.50 388.95 307. SO 636.75 389.00 1,098.00 101.09 751.85 5,714.36 606.00 84.60 457.40 1,382.25 187.50 1,300.50 1,110.25 6,289.50 210.60 782.00 742.50 435.09 158.28 14 Calhoun, Manson 77.50 15 16 17 Calhoun, Rockwell City Carroll, Carroll Cass, Atlantic 931.47 897.00 921.10 IS Cass, Massena 19 9.0 Cedar, Tipton Cerro Gordo, Mason City 268.45 356.75 21 Clayton, p:ikader Clayton, National 139.50 375.50 23 24 25 Clayton, Strawberry Point Clinton, DeWitt Crawford, Arion 582.50' 396.00 290.25 829.00 275.00 1,250.00 373.11 1,473.44 72.85 26 Davis, Bloomfield-- 1,976.03 27 28 29 Delaware, Manchester Des Moines, BurL'ngton Dickinson, Spirit Lake 378.25 1,397.35 652.00 30 SI Fayette, West Union Fremont, Tabor Greene, Jefferson Grundy, Grundy Center Guthrie, Guthrie Center Hancock, Britt Hardin, Eldora 629.50 304.00 309.18 32 d3 S4 894.00 20S.95 48.75 172.50 149.50 210.00 820.00 644.50 659.15 1,143.05 697.55 1,028.66 398.70 1,460.00 55.00 423.00 264.00 388.56 689.00 475.14 699.00 597.30 415.97 1,430.55 20S.75 378.00 613.90. 547.00 681.75 506.75 390.50 202.90 196.75 35 S6 460.75 792.95 250.80 2,147.00 175.45 1,023.85 336.20 484.50 1,507.00 273.25 360.65 1,102.25 550.50 916.35 1,227.39 611.75 S7 Harrison, Missouri Valley Henry. Mt. Pleasant 155.40 SS 2,509.00 740.00 415.00 ""265 Too 250.00 1,774.00 1,621.07 39 Henry, Winifieia 276.60 40 Humboldt, Humboldt 85.75 41 Iowa, Williamsburg . 65.00 42 43 44 45 Jackson, Maquoketa Jasper, Newton Jefferson, Fairfield Johnson, Iowa City . . 518.20 370.31 206.75 46 47 48 49 Jones, Monticello Keokuk, What Cheer Kossuth, Algona Lee, Donnellson . .. 465.00 1,105.00 270.00 699.00 1,359.00 536.80 225.45 605.25 333.10 50 Lee, West Point ^ 907.04 ■il Linn, Central City Linn, Marion 1,431.50 1, .260.00' 851.40 685.35 52 941 10 53 54 Louisa, Columbus Junction.. Lucas, Chariton 770.00 1,290.70 475.12 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 55 COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS OF IOWA 1917. Disbursements 0 0 1-1 T 0 + '5 4J ft u '3 a ft 3 f- DQ 3 S -0.2 1° , 0 IH Eh lis "2 ^ S X =3 -1 0 s 1§ % %'s;ai $ 6,895.22 % 1,287.11 $ 975.00 % 1,195.00 % 1,933.20 $ 5,390.31 $ 1,504.91 + 1 401.04 3.510.14 668.40 785.00 1,102.20 463.39 3,018.99 491.15 + 2 527.79 5,177.50 879.65 1,500.00 675. CO 1,692.26 4,746.91 430.59 + 3 634.24 7,143.17 1,171.20 2,875.00 1,165.00 1,865.00 7,076.20 66.97 + 4 529.89 6,066.30 883.15 1,360.00 1,553.02 2,245.88 6,042.05 24.25 + 5 800.00 17,509.18 3,146.24 1,945.00 6,315.78 3,862.89 15,269.91 2,239.27 + 6 800.00 24,475.83 3,633.69 4,869.00 886.90 4, 094.. 55 9,776.16 18,739.71 5,736.12 + 7 532! 14 "'i"087'5O 1,045. CO 1,181.06 4,200.46 566.77 8 800.00 14,968.39 2,387.47 1,741.26 2,229.34 6,086.96 12,445.03 2,523.36 + 9 276.09 1,519.54 460.15 124.00 204.25 454.13 1,242.53 277.01 + 10 599.70 5,427.05 999.50 1,475.00 900.00 1,598.50 4,973.00 454.05 + 11 536.25 9,127.89 893.75 2,670.25 2,467.85 2,105.88 8,137.73 990.16 + 12 441.69 5,030.67 736.15 205.24 1,536.25 1,681.42 4,159.06 871.61 + 13 738.61 6,573.06 1,693.05 315.50 2,564.50 1,276.30 5,849.35 723.71 + 14 716.79 9,311.76 1,583.95 2,822.50 1,800.00 1,645.19 7,851.64 1,460.12 + 15 202.80 6,352.60 338.00 2,175.50 694.70 3,493.15 6,701.35 348.75 — 16 764.50 13,296.55 1,822.50 2,759.00 1,605.00 3,394.29 9,580.79 3,715.76 + 17 • 246.54 3,303.78 410.90 775.75 635.00 454.33 2,275.98 1,027.80 + 18 689.50 6,219.10 1,447.50 1,405.00 615.00 1,323.86 4,791.36 1,427.74 + 19 800.00 22,071.57 4,851.20 1,940.00 7,350.35 7,978.07 22,119.62 48.05 — 20 625.94 4,592.69 1,129.70 507.50 1,817.50 1,595.85 5,050.55 457.86 — 21 477.39 2,267.20 5,010.46 795.65 616.00 500.00 1,400.00 986.4? 1,090. OC 2,282.07 4,406.00 14.87 604.46 + 22 369.60 ""i^sooToo 23 800.00 10,848.24 2,207.40 1,880.00 650. CO 4,423.57 9,160.97 1.687.27 + 24 278.34 3,251.74 463.90 1,180.00 450.00 875. 6F 2,969.55 282.19 ^ 25 673.67 10,706.02 1,308.35 2,050.00 1,225.00 3,052.70 7,696.05 3,009.97 + 26 626.51 6,946.68 1,132.55 1,136.05 1,809. CO 1,317.96 5,395.56 1,551.12 + 27 800.00 26,961.35 8,189.00 5,1.56.20 3,373.75 7,356.68 24,075.63 2,885.72 + 28 579.00 4,219.20 965.00 400.53 1,185.00 1,300'. 11 3,850.64 368.56 + 29 639.80 10,473.95 1,199.00 1,490.00 2, 886. CO 2,318.57 7,893.57 2,580.38 ■4- 30 190.74 614.92 6,392.18 317.90 875.55 358.30 2,559.54 676.20 5,201.03 61.28 1,191.15 + 31 525.33 535^50 "'"1^23614 32 601.15 4, 790'. 01 1,005.75 905.00 1,035.00 1,083.83 4,029.58 760.43 + 33 622.38 5,965.03 1,111.90 1,611.50 1,662.90 1,131.00 5,517.30 447.73 + 34 412.35 5,620.16 687.25 1,135.00 1,3.55.00 1,133.84 4,311.09 1,309.07 + 35 6.59.00 9,435.11 1,295.00 2,440.00 2,011.50 2,086.21 7,832.71 1,602.40 + 36 615.18 4,840.38 1,075.90 1,160.00 1,502.44 3,738.34 1,102.04 + 37 SOO.OO 17,079.52 3,273.85 4,760.00 2,175.00 3,154.36 13,303.21 3,776.31 + 38 454.95 2,769.25 758.25 1,800.00 625.00 1,156.53 4,339.78 1,570.53 — 39 748.63 6,483.33 1,743.15 1,642.00 1,869.00 1,221.90 6,476.05 7.28 + 40 592.86 3,332.90 988.11 705.00 2,051.20 900.00 4,644.31 1,311.41 — 41 640.28 4,668.24 1,202.40 1,220.00 687.00 969.66 4,079.06 589.18 + 42 676.75 9,150.21 1,383.76 1,420.00 2,090.95 2,355.84 7,250.55 1,899.66 + 43 432.84 6,235.42 721.40 3,450.00 961.. 55 1,084.27 6,217.22 18.20 + 44 001.42 5,274.92 1,007.08 273.00 2,525.00 2,900.00 6,705.08 1,430.16 — 45 486.93 6,858.98 811.55 1,200.00 2,527.66 2,107.18 6,646.39 212.59 + 46 608.90 6,093.07 l,019.5f 2,575.00 1,0=0.00 700.04 5,344.54 748.53 + 47 770. 2f 12,404.82 l,851.2r 1,355.10 1,820.00 5,606.25 10,632.60 1,772.22 + 48 390. 6C 3,390.20 651.0 1,770.00 370. fO 732.96 3,524.56 134.36 — 49 603. 4r 4,888.66 1,017.2 2,540.0( 605.50 1,732.14 5,894.89 1,006.23 — 50 062.71 6,935.65 1,313.? 2,582.00 2,379.73 6,275.23 660.4: + 51 732.1'- 6,855.83 1,660.7 3,143.49 2,041.30 6,845.51 10.3-: + 52 698. 6' 9,967. .31 1,493.3 2,120.01 1,954.22 J 3,016.20 8,583.72 1,383.5! -t 53 613.21 4,413.06 1,066.4 1,959.40 , 1,487.79 4,513.61 ' 100. 5fc — 54 56 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE No County and City or Town Receipts Ticket Sales ■a p 40 a « o O O 2 _2 & Lucas, Derby Lyon, Eock Rapids Mahaska, New Sharon Mahaska, Oskaloosa Marion, Knoxville Marion, Pella Marshall, Marshalltown Marshall, Rhodes Mills, Malvern Mitchell, Osage Monona, Onawa Monroe, Albia Muscatine, West Liberty Muscatine, Wilton Junction O'Brien, Sheldon O'Brien, Sutherland Page, Clarinda Page, Shenandoah Pocahontas, Fonda Pottawattamie, Avoca Poweshiek, Grinnell Poweshiek, Malcom Sac, Sac City Shelby, Harlan Sioux, Orange City Story, Ames Tama, Toledo Taylor, Bedford Union, Creston Van Buren, Milton Wapello, Agency Wapello, Eldon Warren, Indianola Wayne, Corydon Winnebago, Forest City Winneshiek, Decorah Woodbury, Sioux City Worth, Northwood Wright, Clarion Totals 1917 Totals for 1916 Totals for 1915 768.11 ,089.35 ,584.00 ,103.20 ,209.50 614.36 ,059.25 767.05 ,345.83 976.30 610.95 593.95 ,273.25 ,725.51 ,877.75 ,813.85 ,316.47 ,420.85 ,950.00 ,930.62 ,025.10 ,144.00 ,663.25 ,581.40 231.00 ,475.35 ,581.80 175.15 ,532.19 ,441.80 221.40 ,602.60 568.34 813.60 ,385.22 806.19 838.50 345.50 191.50 ^35,182.48 $382,555.23 $308,720.82 2,060.50 800.00' 5,300.55 1,212.00 165.40 1,992.95 2,375.00 377.10 544.25 843.35 1,299.00 221.70 740.40 2.56.75 1,319.50 449. 3f 300. o< ; 1,199.1( 1,566.2^ 417.1 843.2 1,685.0 242.4. 1,115.00' 500.00 1,159.86 450.00 153.00 780.61 699.00 92.50 69.00 535.50 895.00 138.00' 1,947.50 1,023.00 490.10 849.50 193.95 391.00 798.55 989.00 900.00 885.00 7,459.00 102.40 533.40 360.00, 4.55. 25i 2,360.00 460.00 583.76 692.00 610.00' 560.00 173.70 585. no 1,143 292., 50 175.00 1,022.25 175.25 482.00 360.00 935.50 140.00 1,200.00 22.00 2,774.89 300.00 1,576.26 721.00 71.00 2,202.78 80.50 617.35 345.75 173.00 604.64 746.00 108.00 849.30 189. OO 1,308.65 1,742.17 1,050.50 765.17 1,031.61 301.00 1,164.50 1,155.10 130.00 141.20 667.20 526.00 496.37 101.00 48.50 521.6 514.35 818.40 612.15 1,305.78 5,577.56 143.37 601.00 $ 87,948.12 $45,179.93 $80,282.03 $ 77,470.19 $ 50,650. OC ^7,204.11 S37,242.95 $71,9S4.2e 3,592.11 6.56 749.90 330.00 1,597.39 421.49 442.20 335.80 107.85 341.50 920.25 786.95 769.85 390.85 1,102.39 685.34 1,851.89 842.32 695.. 50 983.75 798.03 359.87 96.44 1,021.24 414.10 1,031.50 790.20 219.75 424.55 499.75 117.10 141.70 193.15 286.60 412.21 754.35 5,793.28 398.55 157.00 $59,797.89 $67,259.95 $55,643.78 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 57 2— Continued Disbursements en T ft B 3 a -a o |o . o 2 'a CO £"3 O 0 3 ^ to Ah c'-3 3 a ^ t-4 o o o + S 3 531.12 1,327.7: 885.20 186.30 395.34 1,466.84 139.05 55 778.40 16,568.0 1,892.00 4,001.', 2,600.00 4,379.06 12,872.84 3,695.20 + 56 523.06 4, 037. ft- 871.80 730.t 1,425.00 400.00 3,426.80 010.28 + 57 800.00 24,537.2( 4,738.25 3,468.', 3,621.00 6,789.09 18,617.09 5,920.17 + 58 800.00 8,813.9b 2,728.60 2,104.9 l,850.CO 2,053.15 8,736.70 77.29 + 59 389.04 2,835.00 648.40 481.2. 960.00 880.36 2.970.01 135.01 — , 60 SOO.OO 17,171.39 4,240.85 3,082.5< 2,300.00 5,076.60 14,699.95 2,471.44 + 61 344.25 1,299.65 573.75 553. CO 335.31 1,462.06 162.41 62 626.75 10,005.43 1,133.75 1,780. a 1,950.00 1,159.^ 6,023.70 3,981.73 + 63 522.39 4,314.04 870.65 637.50 1,365.00 1,098.71 3,971.86 342.18 + 64 430.20 3,747.65 717.00 744.50 878.70 1,097.98 3,438.18 309.47 + 65 796.56 9,162.95 1,992.80 2,278.50 500.00 2,769.25 7,540.55 1,622.40 + 66 800.00 12,783.10 2,648.50 2,675.00 2,039.98 1,840.91 9,204.39 3,578.71 + 67 611.04 3,195.10 1,0,55.20 1,375.00 325. CO 1,105.94 3,861.14 666.04 — 68 661.70 11,179.04 1,308.50 4,150.00 1,600.00 2,431.82 9,490.32 1,688.73 + 69 337.62 6,282.56 .562.70 629.25 1,419.00 894.92 3,505.87 2,773.69 + 70 719.52 13,876.03 1,597.60 1,990.00 4,652.00 4,473.34 12,712.94 1,163.09 + 71 660.40 13,570.34 1,302.00 1,691.50 2,198.44 3,3S7.87 8,579.81 4,990.53 + 72 545.85 7,901.85 909.75 3,375.00 1,200.00 1,479.12 6,963.87 937.98 + 73 639.84 7,978.48 1,319.92 3,0.53.00 600.CO 893.03 5,865.95 2,112.53 + 74 725.50 8,730.25 1,627.50 2,163.80 2,571.55 2,089.43 8,452.28 277.97 + 75 463.11 3,377.15 771.85 1,470.00 505.95 1,128.43 3,876.23 499.08 — 76 699.84 8,077.28 1,499.20 2,987.86 2,600.00 1,701.14 8,788.20 710.92 — 77 666.44 10,669.23 1,332.20 2,300.00 2,064.95 2,051.00 7,748.15 2,921.08 + 78 383.58 3,574.83 639.30 550.00 725.00 802.60 2,716.90 857.93 + 79 634.. 50 3,282.55 1,172.50 .550.00 1,168.90 2,891.40 391.1' + 80 773.19 9,420.39 1,865.95 '"1^825^00 1,895.00 2,186.9B 7,772.90 1,647.4 + 81 189.09 5,743.84 315.15 2,550.00 1,720.00 1,204.93 5,790.08 46.2 — 82 429.84 7,024.95 716.40 1,236.25 3,165.22 1,998.16 7,116.03 91.0 — 83 636.90 3,048.40 1,045. OS 1,184.50 1,290.40 1,365.00 700.00 400.70 3,249.50 1,691.10 201. 1< 646.0; — 84 6io8.0S 85 47.5.50 5,154.70 792.50 2,307.50 1,035.00 1,101.57 5,236.57 81.8^ — 86 716.80 5,966.44 1,584.00 1,747.75 1,200.00 1,741.64 6,273.39 306.95 — 87 SOO.OO 9,771.60 2,195.55 3,064.75 1,590.60 2,445.12 9,296.02 475.58 + 88 579.06 5,891.64 965.10 3,700.45 l,ni.93 6,377.48 485.84 — 89 398.85 12,510.17 664.75 960.00 3,427.92 2,479.77 7,532.44 4,977.73 + 90 SOO.OO 52,403.84 7,521.35 4,816.00 6,325.00 14,612.16 33,274.51 19,129.33 + 91 347.05 2,476.87 578.42 500.00 470.00 499.12 2,047.54 429.33 + 92 419.13 7,102.03 698.55 2,833.20 1,175.00 1,415.31 6,122.06 979.97 + 93 $122,791.34 + $54,817.24 $763,207.69 $137,226.48 $148,359.47 $159,441.51 $206,611.35 $651,688.81 11,222.46 — $ 93,132.24 + $56,870.67 $703,344.41 $144,703.25 $149,285.42 $151,242.79 $181,638.68 $626,870.14 $ 16,657.97 — $ 62,230.80 + $48,085.98 $564,935.64 $117,439.10 $127,951.22 $115,227.34 $160,982.24 $521,599.90 $ 18,895.06 — 58 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. 3 — TOTAL NUMBER OF EXHIBITORS, NUMBER HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, SWINE AND POULTRY ON EXHIBITION County and City or Town ^ O m t< y. o OJ >« ^s a O m ^a ^~ S n~ S£ ?■ 3" S.Q'C ^ ^; Horses Cattle Adair, Greenfield Adams, Corning Allamakee, Waukon Audubon, Audubon Benton, Vinton Black Hawk, Cedar Palls Black Hawk, Waterloo Boone, Ogden Bremer, Waverly Buchanan, Aurora Buchanan, Independence Buena Vista, Alta Butlsr, Allison Calhoun, Manson Calhoun, Rockwell City Carroll, Carroll Cass, Atlantic Cass, Massena Cedar, Tipton Cerro Gordo, Mason City.. Clayton, Elkader Clayton, National Clayton, strawberry Point.. Clinton, DeWitt Crawfordj^ Arion Davis, Bioomfield Delaware, Manchester Des Moines, Burlington Dickinson, Spirit Lake Fayette, West Union Fremont, Tabor Greene, Jefferson Grundy, Grundy Center Guthrie, Guthrie Center Hancock, Britt Hardin, Eldora Harrison, Missouri Valley... Henry, Mt. Pleasant Henry, Winfield i.. Humboldt, Humboldt loAva, Williamsburg Jackson, Maquoketa Jasper, Newton Jefferson, Fairfield Johnson, Iowa City Jones, Monticello Keokuk, What Cheer Kossuth, Algona Lee, Donnellson Lee, West Point Linn, Central City Linn, Marion Louisa, Columbus Junction- Lucas, Chariton 210 116 375 210 122 516 685 135 920 211 42 109 335 237 215 51 285 133 830 1,765 137 86 226 744 91 245 111 608 159 40S 118 203 346 202 98 236 127 506 64 132 76 159 207 74 425 71 49 200 307 202 153 48 27 62 130 31 66 43 11 74 35 25 28 40 19 65 5 136 33 37 92 32 18 31 43 33 61 58 73 23 82 40 44 35 92 34 15 31 55 26 85 51 23 18 SO 20 31 97 17 7 45 103 22 52 27 84 24 56 39 44 71 80 8 111 19 59 211 30 44 17 34 19 47 73 220 20 131 53 58 65 47 18 84 S3 153 71 32 215.63 77.40 140.00 220.50 289.00 578.52 234.00 442.00 56.00 SS8.50 161.00 101.70 305.25 314. CO 496.50 64.80 420.50 908.00 166.50 152.00 92.00 321.00 63.75 454.00 284.00 4,340.00 87.50 266.50 58.00 217.00 159.50 143.09 116.00 211.00 164.00 559.00 .292.00 335.00 167.26 220.60 160.50 240.00 201.00 235.75 149.00 237.50 175.50 364.00 264.00 276.50 198.70 207.00 52 18 43 72 78 266 489 24 242 13 70 35 68 53 65 52 66 36 56 183 47 24 "52 12 S9 111 130 44 39 2 35 61 52 42 34 82 141 9 65 82 38 1 22 26 58 122 6 35 125 78 20 i 159.37 86.40 208.00 327.00 355. 00 948.00 4,674.00 259.00 732.65 47.00 237.50 142.50 141.10 286.50 505.00 240.00 277.50 113.60 312.00 1,073.00 286.00 59.00 369.00 53.00 223. 5C 408.00 1,087.00 112.50 74.00 32.00 112. Off 322.00 189.22 158.50 223.00 462.00 845.50 66.00 282.00 324.00 279. TO 118.00 8.00 315.00 91.00 208.50 513.00 39.00 285.00 455.00 521.98 68.00 169.00 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 59 EXHIBITORS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENT, NUMBER AND AMOUNT OF PREMIUMS PAID IN EACH DIVISION. Swine Sheep Poultry -M '^l -o •v T3 •o ^ s ■C ft -oS •a -o P-grt 'Stj ft s s +* 0. +^ ft 4J ft ums p try an len d< t ft "=^0, g S a s £ H 2«a H C3 s'^ 3 3 ^ '^ ft p +^ ^ fe s s P p 9 " S sgs S5 Fl o o o £.'■"« £° 3 2^ Oh y. Ph ^ ft^ oi &H Ah ;?; 136 $ 171.00 26'$ 37.75 $ 37.63 93 138.60 41 77.40 105 60.30 35 78. OO 23 82.00 128 24.00 300 206.50' 160 43.10 30 29.00 12 16.50 24 8.15 114 258.02 160 323.10 130 62.60 5 64.00 180.00 60 320 48.50 342 37 63.50 55.50 46 75.00 12 22.50 113 87.00 58 69.00 104.00 11 29 20.00 15.75 46 55 20.00 60 109.69 11 15.00 225 85.40 84 225.50 7 12.00 237 151.50 95 260.00 20 80.00 110 84.00 10 25.00 337.00 4 294 276 57 163.50 90.00 91 106.65 54 56.80 72 13.00 37 71.50 39 119.00 119 44.25 152 497.50 114 617.00 193 57.25 72 240.00 . 16 38.0C 44 35.50 31 81.00 25 34. 0( 27 9.00 25 79.50 6 22. 0( 45 26.00 161 365.00 36 82. 0( 244 118.00 50 80.00 3 11. 0( 3( 8.00 53 155.50 27 116.00 125 77.55 68 212. GO' 18 29.50 34 34.00 167 536.50 42 275.00 739 514.50 46 49.00 178.50 35 28 60.00 35.00 117 156 43.50 64 49.00 249.00 6 30 12.00 47.00 101 126 46.00 78 107.50 11 24.00 300 39.25 277 267.63 31 21.93 33.77 108 144.50 18 26.00 76 28.75 120 141.00 45 120.00 170 53.25 64 108.00 8 10.00 154 82.50 164 554.00 119 266.00 511 221.00 37 71.00 13 34.00 62 33.00 72 267.00 1 5.00 157 92.95 52.20 17.10 112.05 98 160.50 48 97.30 120 42.70 151 290.50 44 47.50 320 116.25 50 67.00 20 26.50 30 12.00 IS 122.00 11 64.00 30 78 17.75 16.75 89' 270.00 15 27.50 209 93.00 250 272.00 13.00 350 32 52.50 4 26 57.50 12.00 20 67.00 12 33.00 80 66.50 55 101. OO 25 35,00 145 37.00 104 212.00 16 36.00 1.59 47.25 74 300.00 12 36.00 eco 324.40 36 1 68.00 61 68.00 108 56.70 61.71 $ 48.50 $ 104.13 $ 451.39 65.48 40.05 20.78 95.99 93.25 113.40 103.60 141.00 42.40 120.80 107.30 70.06 21.70 63.00 30.75 140.75 62.00 117.25 656.00 195.00 27.25 71.70 30.75 151.70 114.40 88.25 184.90 526.27 110.00 12.00 45.65 5.00 32.25 302.25 206.50 37.50 64.25 142.25 71.21 24.30 90.75 97.00 104.05 120.00' 66.60 421.65 103.75 76.25 36.00 124.95 T3.00 155.30 83.50 109.25 109.75 30.00 26.05 110.25 133.00 141.20 ■ 95.80 336.60 142. 5D 379.90 839.40 113.10 77.75 172.85 99.55 69.55 .50.25 241.30 100.75 • 78.50 134. 5C 82.75 149.00 140.00 438. OC 225.40 75.50 55.40 74.00 117.25 40.80 93.00 134.00 67.05 98.00 155.50 615.50 205.30 459.70 173.25 3a. 00 39.75 412.00 152.50 64.10 120.25 264.65 84.50 47.90 56.50 34.50 79.50 37.55 31.00, 29.75 69.00 122.75 132.00, 177.26 113.00 82.50 166.00 62.25 52.25 16.50, 104.95 58.55 133.50 249.751 93.00 80.75 91.60 75.65 362.50 1 264.25 110.00. 28.50 66.75 105.50 61.50| 106.25 126.45 80.50 448. Ool 62.36 45.19 183.88 24.07 98.30 106.10 86.75 197.20 146.00 86.65 331.61 52.00 53.10 172.80 90.00 4.50 40.50 111.50 130.83 89.25 98.50 123.00 157.30 52.00 69.00 96.50 54.00 196.00 121.25 120.00 339.00 215.25 84.25 54. .50 40.75 28.00 95.75 37.25 83.50 55.00 112.25 170.75 333.40 70.22 112.37 51.00 69.25 290.00 66.00 206.95 108.00 79.50 244.25 60 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE No. County and City or Town ^ PC K 1 "^ W Kii*. -a •H 4^ "J2 o«S ,Q o" ° -St: ii III 3 ■^ s S-o o ^2; >^ ^ Cattle Lucas, Derby.. Lyon, Rock Rapids Mahaska, New Sharon Mahaska, Oskaloosa Marion, Knoxville Marion, Pella Marshall, Marshalltown Marshall, Rhodes Mills, Malvern Mitchell, Osage Monona, Onawa Monroe, Albia Muscatine, West Liberty Muscatine, Wilton Junction O'Brien, Sheldon O'Brien, Sutherland Page, Clarinda Page, Shenandoah Pocahontas, Fonda Pottawattamie, Avoca Poweshiek, Grinnell PowesSiek, Malcom Sac, Sac City Shelby, Harlan Sioux, Orange City Story, Ames Tama, Toledo Taylor, Bedford Union, Creston Van Buren, Milton Wapello, Agency Wapello, Eldon Warren, Indianola Wayne, Corydon Winnebago, Forest City Winneshiek, Decorah Woodbury, Sioux 'City Worth, Northwood Wright, Clarion Totals 1917 Totals for 1916 Totals for 1915.. 239 61 202 48 244 733 80 132 539 125 237 25 1,021 85 188 33 91 43 108 26 74 16 515 67 290 66 181 32 243 60 148 29 134 27 225 25 225 40 116 50 130 30 116 16 125 27 125 55 113 44 372 60 290 65 51 5 153 31 60 20 187 47 82 29 \m 34 321 59 95 24 95 29 928 328 250 31 124 21 24,218 4,459 23,955 4,454 20,687 4,144 67 50 46 169 77 64 163 30 65 17 124 100 46 72 34 111 35 63 10 55 21 39 85 90 140 60 52 35 44 25 98 75 40 11 156 21 27 5,552 6,836 6,036 208.00 411.00 169.50 ,099.00 400.00 251.50 610.00 79.00 304.00 116.00' 95.00 537.70 622.50 230.00 400.00 122.50 546.25 378.50 125.00 47.85 220.00 105.00 335.00 381.75 202.00 451.00 194.50 239.00 575.00 166.30 163.50 352.50 4M.50 196.50 39.00 940.00 88.63 108.50 $28,948.43 $32,877.66 $26,913.53 34 96 24 90 57 3 151 52 35 27 33 95 63 67 29 32 25 40 49 12 45 44 65 37 40 81 15 33 27 37 30 69 124 46 238 45 36 119.50 670.50 90.50 952.00 387.00 25.00 ,049.00 109.00 200.00 340.00 148.00 164.20 535.00 208.00 433.50 144. CO 216.00 183.00 100.00 824.40 72.00 256.00 481.30 359.00 203.00 164.00 567.50 69.00 97.00 175.00 246.30 188.00 294.50 586.00 271.25 2,931.00 95.16 153.00 5,689 $33,992.13 7,C 1 $37,440.65 5,270 $27,628.92 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART H 61 3 — Continued Swine Slieep Poultry 1 S '5 a 3 -a d .'2 *S ft g 3 S -a '2 d S5 ."S '5 ft a ■ 3 a 2 ftg a p h„ft Premiums paid pantry and kitclien depart- ment C3 T3 ft ass £!'■"« .^1 •^ft as 1° s 3 30 46.00 42 64.5 160 95.00 156.00' 74.20 82.00 40.00 55 133 388.50 40 77.0 182 28.25 59.25 50.2.^ 110.75 96.50 56 41 170.00 29 39.01 45 17.50 82.75 68.25 35.25 199.05 57 263 572.00 108 284.01 1,050 268.30 292.25 179.60 668.25 422.85 58 136 665.00 178 395.01 152 78.15 127.50 70.50 350.50 254.95 59 30 60.50 29 31.50 111 41.50 45.80 26.00 14.50 152.10 60 500 560.50 155 392.00 980 230.20 298.25 95.50 498.50 506.90 61 66 96.50 25 17.00 61 24.50 76.25 40.50 20.75 110.25 62 150 305.00 140.50 75 197 34.50 48.50 55.25 64.45 114.85 8.75 120.15 77.70 33?75 63 41.00 64 32 99.00 364.70 287.00 12 51 100 31.00 225.90 136.00 .36 724 500 17. CO 492.50 174.50 101.00 75.45 209.50 64.50 32.20 107.25 161.50 100.15 224.25 65 98 66 270 352.50 67 102 120.00 9 25.00 214 112.50 134.00 62.20 45.50 118.00 68 65 143.50 24 33. CO 126 30.50 75.50 45.25 16.25 131.00' 69 42 48.25 24 32.75 92 42.20 39.90 32.80 38.50 61.80 70 56 156.25 103 272.50 99 20.75 75.75 60.75 57.50 191.85 71 125 232.00 10 36.50 150 55.05 68.25 73.00 169.25 106.45 72 20 50.00 12 35.00 125 40.75 73.50 100.75 200.25 184.50 73 100 175.15 238.00 15 26.60 18.00 150 1,108 28.67 604.75 117.50 70.75 50.25 70.75 49.50 89.25 74 85 244. W 75 29 87.00 10 24.00 39 26.00 102.00 59.60 77.70 34.55 76 53 174.50 25 28.00 160 84.50 65.50 136.50 109.55 84.35 77 175 152.00 75 50.50 30.00 37.75 40.00 281.20 78 49 60.00 165.00 10 eo 14.00 70.00 111 160 27.25 45.50 50.65 67.00 59.40 61.50 23.00 85.75 79 150 62.75 80 206 220.00 117 317.50 76 29.15 93.25 105.50 210.00 128.55 81 24 68.50 136.00 110.00 38.25 85.65 60.00 33.25 49.00 65.00 33.25 14.25 110.00 72.90 86.00 25.00 S' 48 26 11 9.50 4.50 83 46 20 60.00 84 57 252.00 42 115.80 328.25 39.25 55.00 87.50 85 87 242.00 122.00 17 29 78.00 51.50 , 68 367 53.50 145.25 16.00 218. CO 11.75 79.75 39.75 231.50 86 107 89.00 87 140 232.00 75 175.70 122.50 173.00 176.40 50.70 184.75 88 37 133.50 23 33.50 65 28.25 112.80 28.50 78.60 82.20 89 6s 176.00 786.00 291 550 101.50 73.75 187.00 1,559.00 19.75 371.10 141.50 475.50 90 2,165 124 365.00 20.00 91 42 84.50 20 12.15 171 44.50 85.65 57.25 100.58 10. OO 92 44 157.50 8 26.00 64 15.00 31.. 50 34.00 152.05 21.00 93 10,695 $17,213.64 3,007 $ 7,120.03 16,184 $ 6,822.27 $11,685.07 $ 6,927.21 $11,251.14 $13,266.56 11,151 $17,435.45 2,897 $ 7,291.30 15,762 $ 6,678.76 $11,993.45 $ 6,611.62 $11,176.08 $13,122.53 9,377 $14,034.45 2,783 $ 6,140.77 14,317 $ 5,397.08 $ 9,534.51 $ 6,307.62 $ 8,710.29 $12,711.43 62 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. 4— TOTAL ATTENDANCE, TOTAL PAID ADMISSIONS AND ADMISSION FEES CHARGED AT COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS IN IOWA FOR 1917. County ana City or Town Outside Gate Grandsta Admission — ; > oS 'O x: rt •< > U Q H Adair, O'-eenfield-.. AdaTOJ. Jorning Allam!i„ce, Waukon Audubon, Audubon Benton, Vinton Black Hawk, Cedar Falls.-. Black Hawk, Waterloo Boone, Ogden Bremer, Waverly Buchanan, Aurora Buchanan, Independsncs Buena Vista, Alta Butlsr, Allison Calhoun, Manson Calhoun, Rockwell City Carroll, Carroll Cass, Atlantic Cass, Massena— Cedar, Tipton Cerro Gordo, Mason City.. Clayton, Klkader Clayton, National Clayton, Strawberry Point. Clinton, DeWitt Crawford, Arion Davis, Bloomfield Delaware, Manchester Des Moines, Burlington Diekin_son, Spirit Lake Fayefie, West Union Fremont, Tabor Greene, Jefferson Grundy, Grundy Center Guthrie, Guthrie Center Hancock, Britt Hardin, Eldora Harrison, Missouri Valley.. Henry, Mt. Pleasant Henry, Winfield Humboldt, Humboldt Iowa, Williamsburg Jackson, Maquoketa Jasper, Newton Jefferson, Fairfield Johnson, Iowa City Jones, Monticello Keokuk, What Cheer Kossuth, Algona Lee, Donnellson Lee, West Point Linn, Central City Linn, Marion.. Louisa, Columbus Junction. Lucas, Chariton Lucas, Derby Lyon, RocTf Rapids Mahaska, New Sharon Mahaska, Oskaloosa Marion, Knoxville Marion, PeUa 9,302 9,302 5.239 5,239 10,000' 9,000 14,400 14,000 S,6S1 8,681 35,200 28,230 52,500 34,791 6,079 6,079 22,486 16,963 3,127 2,787 12,000 10,510 14,627 14,127 12,000 10,000 11,162 10,912 18,000 10,500 7,396 5,896 19,951 19,951 5,545 5,412 14,000 10,108 37,572 23,272 8,620 7,817 2,758 2,758 12,000 11,000 18,000 14,500 5,997 5.825 31,000 21 , 225 20,000 12,078 34,eS5 31,473 8,804 7,888 21,000 20,963 700 640 12,522 12,522 16,000 12,.50O 11,000 10,563 10,000 6,000 :!5,000 13,538 12,000 9,770 31,700 19,228 3,119 3,119 9,354 9,537 9,500 7,166 21,000 17,413 15,000' 10,382 7,. 580 7,580 15,000 12,446 9,980 8,980 40,000 19,889 5,.50O 5,200 5,000 4,100 12,000 10,0'00 12,546 11,, 546 15,000 11,014 7,290 6,574 25,000 20,. 576 7,3.36 7,336 .36,346 31,006 19,000 16,640 6,C.50 5,0'53 15 1,016 15 790 25 800 25 2,876 25 2,400 25 11,958 25 10 797 25 5,411 1,200 2,271 1,750 1,442 2,547 1,556 4,392 1,011 5,012 11,361 1,312 431 2,650 5,525 750 8,670 2,434 16,336 621 2,748 3,016 1,394 2,000 2,663 1,840 5,122 1,169 2,442 1,938 5,134 1,822 1,215 2,630 2,200' 2,765 3,000 4,900 3,554 12,012 2,500 10,190 2,774 662 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 63 TABLE No. 4— Continued County ana City or Town Outside Gate Admissions Grandstand Marshall, Marshalltown Marshall, Rhodes Mills, Malvern Mitchell, Osage Monona, Onavva Monroe, Albia Muscatine, West Liberty Muscatine, Wilton Junction. O'Brien, Sheldon O'Brien, Sutherland Page, Clarinda Page, Shenandoah Pocahontas, Fonda Pottawattamie, Avoca Poweshiek, Grinnell Poweshiek, Malcom Sac, Sac City Shelby, Harlan Sioux, Orange 'City Story, Ames Tama, Toledo Taylor, Bedford Union, Creston Van Buren, Milton Wapello, Agency Wapello, Eldon Warren, Indianola Wayne, Corydon Winnebago, Forest City Winneshiek, Decorah Woodbury, Sioux 'City Worth, Northwood Wright, Clarion Totals 1917 Totals for 1916 Totals for 1915 38,619 3,000' 27,229 2,020 11,250 8,316 4,449 13,500 14,511 4,930 18,229 13,000 15,080 17,500 6,000 11,348 11,814 4,092 10,960 19,259 4,924 3,973 12,327 8,210 9,687 3,296 1,209 6,308 10,113 11,551 8,474 25,107 62,012 4,285 8,400 50 35 50 35 35 50 50 35 50 50 50 50 50 35 35 35 50 35 50 35 50 35 50 35 25 35 35 25 50 50 50 35 50 25 25 25 "25" 50 35 I5' 25 25 25 35 35 25 25 35 50 25 25 25 '35" 25 25 25 25 '25' 25 25 25 6,602 2,283 15,000 8,524 4,449 14,000 18,500 4,930 19,500 13,500 17,500 20,000 7,000 11,348 17,442 7,576 10,960 36,000 4,9*24 5,423 25 25 25 15 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 20 I5' 25 20 25 15 25 20 25 lo' 15 15 '25" 15 25 "25" 25 15 25 15 25 15 25 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 4,750 1,720 2,177 3,600 4,977 1,472 2,590 1,027 995 2,700 1,209 4,798 4,292 1,668 3,373 2,944 1,083 794 1^039 '"929 1^540 'i^608 14,162 9,000 9,687 3,450 1,629 25 15 15 10 2,378 1,800 1,605 1,940 1,760 7,000 25 25 25 25 25 50 15 25 12,000 12,896 8,474 30,000 70,012 5,500 10,000 3,500 3,959 1,951 2,352 19,329 685 2,500 1^649 1,188 1,345,259 1,004,968 270,991 91,766 1,272,479 991,057 .... ._. .... 279,714 66,600 1,115,605 838,047 Admission Fees Paid tn a 0 0 to s a 0 a 0 CO a Q a 6 0 m s 6 10 to g 6 0 0 0 S5 Gen. admis'n, outside gates: 44 6 3 1 40 20 1 6 50 50 57 30 14 Vehicles .., .... . 1 19 21 13 1 1 3 2 15 Children . 15 2 10 Quarter stretch admissions: Persons 48 Vehicles .. 2 1 75 64 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION. The sixty-third Iowa State Fair and Exposition not only set new records for attendance, receipts, etc., but n new record was achieved for fulfilling its real mission as an educational institution. The Iowa State Fair in former years has had a larger exhibit of horses and cattle, but at no previous fair were the exhibits of such a uniform good character. The barns were all well filled and the cattle exhibit necessitated using the old sheep sheds and a tent or two to house the overflow. The exhibit of sheep filled every pen in the new pavilion and set a new record for quality and number. The swine pavilion was taxed to its capacity with an exhibit of swine of the highest qual- ity. Measured by such material standards as attendance and financial returns the Iowa State Fair of 1917 was successful even beyond the dreams and desires of its most enthusiastic friends and managers. But in measuring the success of an institution of this character, attendance and financial remuneration are not enough to insure a full and proper estimate. Its influence upon the people who attend must be considered; also its general effect upon the agricultural and stock-growing interests of Iowa and the many other states that contributed so abundantly from their herds and flocks. Did the Iowa people find the fair good? Did they go back to their homes filled with pride in the beauty, strength and magnifi- cence of the fair as a whole ? Did they go away mentally strength- ened and invigorated and filled with new ambition for the future? Did they grasp the great, underlying and vital aim and principle of the fair, which is to point the way to better methods of farming, to make better and more efficient men and women and to develop a higher, cleaner citizenship ? If so, then indeed the fair was suc- cessful. All who made a careful study of the fair with minds unbiased and open to conviction are prompt to answer all such questions in the affirmative. The fair lived up to its advance notices. The peo- ple found it excellent and have not been backward in voicing their expressions of approval. Thousands of Iowa citizens returned to their farms imbued with new ideas and ideals, with revived enthusiasm and fresh stores of inspiration and a mighty pride in the state that can present such an extraordinary demonstration of agriculture and its allied industries, a demonstration that is the wonder of the entire countrj'. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 65 WEATHER MAN WAS KIND. The weather was of the made-to-order brand, ideal for fair pur- poses. Ten bright, late-snmmer days, neither too warm nor too cool for pleasure seeking, characteristic of Iowa in the closing days of August. Copious showers over central Iowa two or three days before the fair opened furnished pastures and cornfields with much- needed moisture, greatly mitigated the dust evil and made motor- ing to the fair vastly more pleasant than it would otherwise have been. NEW ATTENDANCE RECORD SET. All summer the fair management had been compelled to face unusual conditions, and more than a few hindering circumstances. Nevertheless, from the time the gates were thrown open it was evi- dent that a new attendance record was likely to be established, a forecast that grew plainer with every passing day until the final count Friday evening showed a grand total of 349,298, a handsome gain over the previous high mark in attendance, 291,972, the fig- ures for 1916. A FAIR OF SYMMETRY AND PROPORTION. It has long been the aim and ambition of the state fair manage- ment to preserve a happy balance between features and exhibits of educational value and those of purely recreative complexion. In other words, to keep the fair from growing lopsided. For the fair, great or small, that runs to either extreme travels a speedy way to unpopularity. To saMsfy the diversified tastes of 350,000 visitors in the brief space of ten days a fair must of necessity be comprehensive in conception and liberal in execution, for it has to cover a wide territory. From early morning until noon each day was devoted to stock judging, lectures, educational demonirtrations of various character and music. There was no lack of the last named. Go where he would about the grounds the visitor was seldom out of hearing of the harmonious strains of band or orchestra. The great stock pavilion was packed to capacity day after doy with interested spec- tators studying the fine animals and watching the distribution of the ribbons. Steady streams of humanity flowed through the broad aisles of the huge barns and pavilions that sheltered the choicest specimens of live stock from all parts of the country. The College Building and the Boys' and Girls' Club Building attracted those 5 66 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE interested in canning and food conservation. The Poultry Building and the Agricultural Building were centers of attraction according to the varied tastes of the visitors. The beautiful Women and Chil- dren's Building was thronged the day long with femininity, from tiny tots to tottering age, with more than few members of the stern- er sex, some frankly enjoying the programs, others obsessed with an air of uncertainty as if doubtful wliether even their boasted rights as lords of creation entitled them to enter. By midday the majority was beginning to weary of sightseeing, and with lunch disposed of there was a general movement toward the grandstand and bleachers to enjoy the afternoon program of racing, music, hippodrome acts of more than a dozen varieties, auto polo, etc., in unbroken succession till supper time. SOLDIERS ADDED TO INTEREST The presence of nearly 5,000 soldiers camped upon and about the grounds added greatly to the enjoyment of the days and stirred untouched wells of patriotism in the hearts of a people who have been finding it just a bit hard to get fully adjusted to the fact that the United States, so long a nation of peaceful pursuits, is at last actively engaged in the mighty war across the Atlantic. Friday, August 25, was signalized by a Flag Raising, conducted by the fair officials and the state troops. A splendid staff, 125 feet high, had been set in the centerfiield just across from the grand stand. After the customary military ceremonies and to the ac- companiment of the Star Spangled Banner by the band the "flag of our fathers" was run up to the top and its folds floated out in the free winds of heaven. It was followed by the English and the French flags, and throughout the fair the three splendid banners of red, white and blue made a beautiful and inspiring picture against the sky, emblems of the great international endeavor to establish a world-wide democracy and to bring about conditions which shall insure everlasting peace upon earth. The following day the colored troops, 1,200 strong, came in from the Officers' Training Camp at Fort Des Moines and put on a series of drills and maneuvers that demonstrated military training and efficiency in a way that very few of Iowa's two millions and more citizens had ever witnessed. On "Wednesday of the following week. State Day, Colonel E. R. Bennett tendered Governor Harding a review of the Third Iowa Infantry. Twenty thousand people packed the grandstand and EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 67 bleachers, while more than twice that number swarmed about the track and upon the hill east of the track, to watch the 3,600 swing past the governor's stand. It was an unusual sight for staid old Iowa, so long unaccustomed to the call of trumpet and beat of drum for war. It was a splendid exhibition of young HaAvkeye manhood. Most of the boys still wore the tan and bronze painted by the winds of Texas a year ago while they patrolled the border line between Uncle Sam's country and a condition approaching chaos. They looked fresh and fit and fine and as tough and hardy as an army of bull moose; and down in his heart every spectator knew that afternoon that, go where they will, Iowa will never have reason to be anything but proud of the Third Iowa, now listed as the 168th U. S. Infantry. On other days of the fair the ammunition train, under the com- mand of Col. Fred L. Holsteen, and Battery F, under the com- mand of Capt. G. W. Dulany, Jr., added a military touch to the program in front of the grandstand. The drills and maneuvers put on by these two organizations reflected great credit upon the officers and men. They executed the commands and drills like seasoned men, regardless of the fact that most of them had been in training less than thirty days. IOWA'S OWN SYMBOL OP PROSPERITY As the leading corn growing state of the Union, Iowa is entitled to a distinctive and appropriate symbol peculiarly her own. It was a happy thought that found consummation in the giant ' ' Horn of Plenty" that made the Iowa exhibit one of the cardinal centers of attraction at the Panama-Pacific Exposition in 1915. In that giant "Horn" Iowa found a fitting and tangible expression telling of the chief industry of the state and clinching the claim that "corn is king." This splendid exhibit was reproduced for the fair last year, down to the smallest detail, exactly as it appeared at San Fran- cisco. It was by all odds the most striking and popular exhibit on the grounds, and was plainly so productive of satisfaction that the management decided it would be an error not to present it again this year: The same constituency that enjoyed it in 1916 viewed it again this year — with a good many thousands added. Their satisfaction was so plainly unabated mth the passing of a year that one is led to the conclusion that it might be a good idea to continue it in- 68 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE definitely. Located as before in the center of the Agricultural Building it towered majestically over all other exhibits. It was the first object to catch the attention of visitors entering the build- ing, and the impression of Iowa's supremacy in corn growing was fixed instantly and for all time to com^e. It was interesting to watch the attitude of the endless throng of visitors passing through the building. All stopped to gaze upon the great outpouring tide of yellow corn. Some gazed in wonder, others in speculative mood. Out of state fair visitors overwhelmed attendants with questions, while thousands of native lowans lin- gered lovingly before it, passed on, and returned for a second and third feasting of the eyes upon its beauty. BOYS AND BEEF Probably the average fair visitor failed to fully grasp the real significance of the Boys' Baby Beef Contest. This movement, pro- moted jointly by the extension department of the Iowa College of Agriculture, the Iowa Beef Producers' Association, and the State Board of Agriculture, has stirred the keenest kind of interest among the farm boys of the state, and most of the fairs, great and small, have been favored with exhibits in the way of fine calves fed by the members of the club. The Baby Beef class at the state fair received sixty-four entries and no less than fifty-nine lads actually showed up in the ring with the tangible results of their labors. It was an unusual sight, and the spectator given to looking beyond the present hour found abundant food for thought and saw much that was not visible on the surface of things. The calves were an excellent lot. Some of them were manifestly of the choicest breeding and gave unmistak- able evidence of unusual skill and judgment in fitting. Professor Pew, of Ames, sifted out the winners and was liberal in praise of the good work done by the boys. Several that gained high places in the contest were reserved for other fairs and shows and finished the campaign at the Interna- tional Stock Show in Chicago. Forty-six head of the fifty-nine shown were sold at auction Thursday afternoon. A big crowd gathered in the Stock Pavilion to watch the sale. Several Chicago buyers were present, but showed little disposition to bid above ordinary market values. An enthusiastic representative of the Iowa Packing Company at Des Moines outbid the Chicago men on everything of high class and actually lamented the fact that they EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 69 did not compel him to 'bid higher for the sake of the boys who fed the calves and the good of the movement generally. Top price of the sale was $16.50 a hundred. YOUNG PEOPLE PROMINENT. It was good to see so many young people present, and better still to see them taking such an active part in the various depart- ments. Wednesday, August 29th, was Boys' and Girls' Club Day, and hundreds of club members from all parts of the state were present and contributed to the success of the day. This club work is assuming decidedly majestic proportions and influence in the state. There are twelve branches or divisions in all, with a com- bined membership of nearly 175,000. All the various divisions were represented — baby beef clubs, pig clubs, garden clubs, canning clubs, etc., and when the grand parade started at one o'clock more than 1,000 members from fifty different counties fell into line with their banners. It was a thrilling exhibition of youthful enthusiasm and ambitions, and many a gray-headed veteran watched them with quickened pulse beats and wished it were possible to turn back the pages of time and live life over again. EXTRAORDINARY EXHIBITS OP MACHINERY. Manufacturers of farm implements and labor-saving devices of all kinds in use in the world of agriculture have for many years past found Iowa a fat field for their operations, so fat, indeed, that the state is credited by their statisticians as purchasing more farm machinery than any other one state in the Union. The machinery show at the fair might well be accepted as Iowa's attitude toward the general use of labor-saving appliances. For certainly it was a marvelous demonstration of the application of power, gas and. electric, for the completion of tasks formerly achieved by muscular effort and mental perseverance. Nothing to equal it had ever been seen before in Iowa. The tractors were out in full force, with at least three times as many on exhibition as had ever been shown at any previous fair. They were in endless variety and were subjected to careful consid- eration and expert scrutiny by hundreds of Iowa landowners seek- ing to solve that increasingly perplexing problem of farm power in the absence of competent help. Iowa is a liberal buyer of trac- tors, according to the figures presented by the tractor builders, pur- chasing a little more than 11 per cent of the tractors distributed in this country last year. 70 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE In other years a large part of the space in Machinery Hall was devoted to biig^gies and other lighter horsedrawn vehicles. Even last year a considerable number were to be seen, but this year pretty nearly marked their passing, only a scant half dozen or so being shown along with a few farm wagons. In their stead the vis- itor found farm trucks, trailers and accessories in endless array. The auto show, made up of half a hundred different makes, oc- cupied the large show room under the grandstand and a temporary annex built along the south side of this room. The show was made up of 1918 models and included all the leading makes of pleasure cars. An excellent idea of the progress being made in dairy matters was presented in the exhibits of cream separators, churns and but- ter-making appliances of all kinds ; also in stable fixtures for dairy cows, which mean comfort and sanitation with increased milk pro- duction to correspond. There seemed to be no end to the number of engines, big and little, and of various types for the application of the power on the farm from running the chum and washing ma- chine to the thresher and road-grading machine. A wonderful and convincing demonstration of the revolution in m.ethods that enables the farmer to accomplish a maximum of results with a minimum of labor. LIVE STOCK SHOW SATISFACTORY If the stock show slumped slightly in numbers certainly there was no impairment of quality to be found in the thousands of choice animals on exhibition. The extremely high prices for feed which prevail in all parts of the country, together with the 'diffi- culty of obtaining competent help for fitting show animals, pre- vented a good many exhibitors from making the shows this fall and explains why most big fairs have fewer entries this year than in 1916. Even at that with more than 5,000 fine animals on exhi- bition in the various departments there was enough to occupy the average visitor's time to the limit. A very plain and gratifying fact, easily discernible to the most casual observer, was the in- creased number of Iowa exhibitors, mostly young men. MANY IOWA HORSES SHOWN. For obvious reasons many of the big importers formerly to be seen at the Iowa State Fair were missing. The hundreds of stalls EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 71 that used to be filled with choice specimens of the various draft breeds from across the Atlantic were occupied by home bred ani- mals, with Iowa-bred horses in the majority. There was a grand show of Belgians, the best by far that Iowa has ever seen. The younger animals in particular, almost without exception, were bred and grown in Iowa and are superior to any- thing the rest of the world can produce in that line. And they clinched forever the claim made by enthusiastic horsemen of the state that Iowa can be depended on to preserve the Belgian drafter for the future. And it might be added that Iowa will not only preserve but improve the Belgian, for the best specimens of this breed to be found in Iowa today are in many respects superior to the type originally brought into the Middle AVest from the other side. The Percherons were a splendid lot. An occasional aged animal could be found hailing from across the water, but the bulk of the exhibits were bred in the Middle West. And no man of unbiased judgment is willing to go on record as saying that they are inferior to the imported stock that formerly filled the stalls. A few were lacking in size and weight, but there were plenty of big ones. Class for aged stallions brought out twenty-three contenders and first, second and third monies were given to home-bred animals. Not many three-year-old stallions, but a big string of two-year-olds and a fair showing of yearlings. CATTLE SHOW UP TO STANDARD. Dairj^ cattle were out in fewer numbers than last year, but empty stalls were scarce in the barns that housed the beef breeds. In ad- dition to high-priced feed and scarcity of competent fitters there is another reason that undoubtedly kept some cattle exhibitors away this year, and that is the lack of suitable quarters for all the herds. The ancient wooden structures well back towards the rear of the cattle section are poor places to stable priceless animals, not to mention the fact that they are so far out of the way of the sight- seeing public that few visitors find them. The breeder who has to accept stalls in those dark old shacks has more reasons than one to kick. The crying need of the Iowa State Fair is a cattle barn in keeping with the annual exhibits and the cattle industry of the state. Without it exhibits in this department will surely slump in the future and the enviable reputation gained by the greatest of all state fairs suffer accordingly. 72 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE As usual in Iowa the Shorthorns took the lead. Local exhibitors were out in goodly numbers and more than held their own with many of the best herds in the country. Aged classes, both male and female, were not so strong in numbers as in previous years, but there was no lack of contestants in the younger classes. And quality of the entries was on a par with numbers. The expert who studied the yearlings with an eye toward the future could find nothing but encouragement. A REPRESENTATIVE IOWA SWINE SHOW. It was Iowa's own swine show, one typical of the high position held by the state in the list of pork-producing commonwealths. More than 90 per cent of the army of exhibitors listed are residents of Iowa. Nine breeds were included in the classification and nine states contributed to the show. In numbers the Duroc took a long lead and demonstrated once more the wnde popularity enjoyed by the breed. Poland China and Chester White breeds were out in goodly numbers and there was a cracking good show of Hamp- shires. One of the impressive features of this mammoth show was the remarkable uniformity of type shown in exhibits from so many different parts of the country. Another was the scale and tre- mendous weight shown by the contestants in the aged male classes. Thousand-pound boars were the rule, not the exception. Visitors gazed in amazement and computed values at prevailing market prices. Business was good and sales numerous. That many men made the trip to the state fair to serve both business and pleasure was amply demonstrated about the Swine pavilion, for more than 800 animals were sold and distributed to new homes during the week. As might be expected, prices ruled high. One breeder arrived on the grounds with twenty head. He had planned to visit three or four of the big state fairs before returning to his own vine and fig tree, but after selling nineteen of the twenty changed his plans and shipped the one animal left back home. STRONG SHEEP SHOW. The sheep show was undoubtedly the best ever seen in Iowa. Every pen in the fine new Sheep Pavilion was filled. Quality as a whole extremely high, which may be taken as a distinct compliment for Iowa sheep breeding interests, for the majority of the animals EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 73 shown are Iowa bred and owned. The extraordinary prices for mutton and wool that have prevailed the last few months have set Iowa landowners, thinking earnestly, a fact made very plain by the interest shown by the very unusual number of visitors that thronged the aisles of the pavilion. The Shrops, a general favorite in Iowa and the Middle West, were in the majority, and as like in type and character as peas from the same pod. A significant feature of the Shrop contests was the defeat of imported animals by Iowa sheep in the champion- ship events. Breeders from Nebraska, Wyoming, Wisconsin, Ohio and Kentucky sent their choicest flocks to compete with Iowa. Buyers seemed to be numerous, not only ram buyers but men looking for bands of ewes for foundation flocks. Evidently Iowa is taking notice. And while the state has never been listed with the heavy mutton and wool-growing commonwealths, it has, never- theless, continued the "even tenor of its way" and can plead not guilty of any such slump as marks the business in too many states. If the interest shown in the sheep department 'during the fair is to be taken as a criterion Iowa will enjoy a marked growth of inter- est in the production of mutton and wool in the near future. STATE INSTITUTION EXHIBITS. The exhibits prepared by the various penal and reformatory in- stitutions of the state were among the most interesting on the grounds. Regarded from an educative point of view they were exceedingly valuable and told an eloquent story of the efforts of the superintendents to furnish employment for the "shut-in" population of the state. One large tent in the live stock section was filled with a very creditable display of stock, chiefly cattle, in which the Holstein breed predominated. Another tent located at the foot of the hill on East Grand Avenue contained thousands of specimens of the handiwork prepared by the inmates of a dozen institutions. Humanity in general confesses to a sort of horror of all such in- stitutions, thinking of them only as places of forcible detention where the inmates are shut away from the great, busy world, even as the beasts of menagerie and zoo are deprived of their liberty. This is altogether an erroneous idea, as more than a few have dis- covered after visiting some of the institutions and learning some- thing of what the state does for its wards in the way of education and training, mental and manual. 74 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE At the Reformatory School in Eldora manual training very na- turally and logically occupies a large part in the curriculum. The exhibit from this school was fine and many articles of furniture made by the lads would be a credit to any furniture making estab- lishment. The Mount Pleasant home for insane and mentally af- flicted had one of the finest exhibits of the home canner's art that was ever prepared for any fair. It included every fruit and vege- table grown in Iowa — which means a pretty long list. Visitors gazed upon it in wonder and amazement, marveling at the ability of the workers that prepared it. The children at the Home for Feeble Minded at Glenwood sent a fine exhibit of fancy work of their own making, canned fruits and vegetables, and a display of basket ware so perfect in work- manship and beauty of design that it called for ciuite a stretch of the imagination to accept it as the actual handiwork of children supposedly mentally incapable of concentrated effort in any line. Fort Madison came with an abundant stock of woven rugs, and large numbers were sold to visitors. Knoxville had an exhibit of brick, tile, etc., that was as good and durable as can be found man- ufactured anywhere in the state. Twelve institutions in all were represented. To give up this annual exhibit, as was talked of at one time, would be an injustice to the inmates of the various insti- tutions and deprive the public of the one best method and oppor- tunity— outside of personal visits of inspection — of acquiring knowledge of the daily life and work of the inmates. PEOPLE ENJOY MUSIC. Fair visitors seemed to find a world of enjoyment in the music furnished by nearly a dozen bands, orchestras and other musical organizations. From eight o'clock in the morning until ten at night it continued with scarcely an interruption. Whenever one of the many bands and orchestras appeared it was the signal for a gathering of humanity eager to listen and enjoy. The cattle and horses were judged in the Stock Pavilion to the lively accompani- ment of orchestras. Visitors to the exposition and agricultural buildings viewed the exhibits and enjoyed the music at one and the same time. The fancy steppers and the high jumpers performed to music at night and the trotters raced to the strains of bands in the afternoon. The Thaviu Band with accompanying grand opera singers and Russian ballet dancing introduced a new and some- what novel note given to Iowa people only at infrequent intervals. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 75 The singers of the popular songs of the day, accompanied by the Henry Band, made a general hit, while the national drum corps, composed of veterans of the civil war, furnished a martial note entirely in keeping and harmony with the warlike aspect contrib- uted by the thousands of soldiers on the grounds. Probably no other one feature of the fair furnished such universal enjoyment as the music. BOYS' JUDGING CONTEST. It was a large and enthusiastic following of youngsters on the near side of twenty-one years that gathered to participate in the Boys' Judging Contest. The total number entered was 182, but a few fell by the way and 160 finished the contest with colors fly- ing according to points gained. The prizes were well worth striv- ing for, but we imagine a liberal proportion of the bunch of bud- ding stock growers would have been quite as keen for the trial if no prizes had been offered ; for the high standing of so many of the contestants indicated earnest study and careful observation that come from but one incentive — a love of fine animals. The boys were required to pass judgment on live stock and corn. There were two classes of each, and fifteen minutes' time was allowed for each class to study the subjects and write out reasons for positions assigned. First place was won by Geo. W. Halstead of Ames, who scored 684 out of possible 800 points; Aubrey Johnson of Creseo, was second with 681 points; Ray- mond McMillan, Mount Pleasant, stood third with 679 points; Harry Farrington, of Silver City, made fourth place with 673 and Carl B. Bates fifth with 672 points. The reader will agree that it was an exceedingly close and keen contest with only twelve points between first and fifth places. FOOD CONSERVATION. The Iowa College Building and the Boys' and Girls' Club Building were the strongholds of the food conservation forces during the fair and centers of interest from early mom till night. A radical departure from previous exhibits was noticeable in the College Building. While conservation and preservation of food- stuffs constituted the keynote, the exhibits did not stop with that feature, but showed in a hundred . ways how to conserve human strength and energy, and how to multiply the comforts and add to the welfare and happiness of farm workers. One of the most 76 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE interesting and instrnctive features in this line was the electrical exhibit, which demonstrated the application of electric power to practically every farm task, both outdoor and indoor. It was thor- oly educative and edifying, and sent many a visitor back to the farm with new ideas and a determination to put them into prac- tice. THE POULTRY SHOW. With hundreds of chanticleers crowing challenge to competitors and thousands of visitors voicing admiration for their feathered favorites the Poultry Building was a busy and noisy place. It was a grand display of what might be called the feathered resources of Iowa, by no means an industry to be overlooked when the annual output of poultry products reaches well beyond $30,- 000,000. The premium classifieation provided for more than one hundred varieties of the different breeds and strains, and judging from the bedlam of crowing and cackling they were all numerously represented. Farm flocks of choice breeding were much in evidence and went far to confirm the experience of travelers who cross the state with their eyes open, either by rail or auto route, that Iowa is a land of pure bred poultry. There were many practical demonstrations and object lessons in connection with the show for the benefit of poultry growers, caponizing, killing, dressing and packing; preservation of eggs, fighting lice and prevention of disease. NIGHT SHOWS POPULAR. The night shows were more liberally patronized than ever be- fore. With the exception of one night the Stock Pavilion was packed to capacity to enjoy the horse show. The programs varied from night to night, but were always of a character to interest lovers of fine animals and gay trappings. Missouri, as usual sent a large number of her splendid saddle horses to contribute to the gaiety of things; and while the average lowan prefers a car for pleasure riding, he enjoys the saddle horse contests immensely. The hunters and high jumpers were out in fewer numbers than formerly, but put up a fairly good show nevertheless. The grand stand and bleachers were packed with humanity night after night to witness the presentation of "Modem War- fare." As an attraction it fitted in perfectly with prevailing con- ditions and took on a new significance in connection with the war- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 77 like preparations visible on every side. The closing scenes of the pageant were decidedly beautiful and spectacular, and the splen- did tableau,. "The Call to the Colors," never failed to bring the great audience to its feet in a glorious burst of enthusiasm. AFTERNOON PROGRAMS ENJOYED. The afternoon programs of racing and more than a dozen hip- podrome and circus acts were thoroly enjoyed. The grand stand, bleachers and paddock were packed day after day. The weather was delightful, for one thing, and the amount and variety of en- tertainment offered permitted no lagging of interest. From 1 :30 to 5 :30 it was a continuous performance. A three-ring circus is a tame and colorless affair after an afternoon at the Iowa State Fair when the weather is right and the program in full swing. It is true the race track is what horsemen call a ' ' twice around. ' ' But it suits the Iowa people perfectly. They like to see the horses come around often and they enjoy watching the progress of the race thruout the entire mile, which is impossible to the unaided eye on a mile track. Besides it is the contest rather than the mere item of speed, that makes racing enjoyable; and when both are furnished, as they were at the Iowa fair, there is nothing more to be desired. Four harness races and twO' running races were included in every afternoon program, along with a lively bout of auto polo, drills by the soldiers and the previously mentioned hippodrome stunts, PEOPLE THE BEST SHOW. After all the Iowa people themselves were the best part of the fair. Think of 350,000 citizens of the state getting together in a single week for a general touching of social and industrial el- bows. Every county in the state contributed to this great annual demonstration. Standing upon some high point of vantage an observer might truthfully say: "Behold the population of Iowa!" for every walk in life and every line of endeavor were repre- sented. A clean, wholesome, prosperous people. A single compre- hensive glance over the great throng was a sufficient evidence that Iowa is indeed the "land of plenty." A law-abiding people that needed no policing. An occasional unintentional infringement of traffic rules by auto drivers constituted the sum total of trans- gression. A busy people, a progressive people, a bone-dry people, their two million souls filled with peace and contentment with 78 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE the passing of J. Barleycorn and his intimate associate, Disorder. Following the financial statement will be found a number of comparative tables showing the attendance at outside gates, grand stand and night horse show; also the number of entries in the various departments and the number head of live stock entered and exhibited. RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF THE FAIR. The total receipts of the 1917 fair were $257,122.56, exceeding the previous best year, 1916, by $55,740.60. Practically every department of the fair showed an increased income over last year. The concession and privilege department is credited with an increase of $8,250.00. A greater part of this is due to an unusually large patronage of the midway shows and riding de- vices, with only a slight gain in the amount received for general stands, etc. The speed department shows an increase of over $4,000, due to the added entry fees received in the tv/o $3,000.00 early closing events, which w^ere new features this year. The forage department shows an increase in receipts of $5,- 582.00 which simply represents the additional receipts in pro- portion to the additional cost of all forage. Ticket sales showed the most marked increase. The total in- crease being $35,659.45. This increase was divided as follows: Outside gates $21,203.45; day grandstand $7,581.50; night grand- stand $6,310.00 and night stock pavilion show $564.50. The 1917 fair cost $189,533.38. Of this amount $72,442.07 was paid out in cash premiums. The increased cost of conducting the fair was about $20,000 or 121/^ per cent more than last year. This increased cost oc- curred in practically all departments and especially in the grounds and other departments where a great deal of labor was employed. The other large increases were $5,381 in cash premiums ; $6,369.00 in the amount paid for forage ; $1,407 for advertising and $1,295 for music and attractions. The profit on the fair was $67,589.18. This enabled the board to pay off the indebtedness of $20,000, make a number of minor improvements and place all buildings in first class repair. The balance on hand, November 30th was $34,822.20. The itemized statement made a part of this report sets forth in detail the receipts and disbursements of the fair. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 79 IMPROVEMENTS. There was expended under the direction of the board for ad- ditional land, improvements and permanent repairs to buildings, $38,773.77. Of this amount $24,832.25 was paid from state appro- priation and the balance $13,941.52 was paid out of the profits of the 1917 fair. The state appropriation for additional land was used in pur- chasing seventeen acres east of the cattle barns for exhibitors' camp ground and five lots to square out the southwest corner of the grounds. The total cost was $12,332.25. This leaves a balance of $167.75 of this appropriation that has not been drawn from the state treasury. The state appropriation of $20,000 for repairing buildings and paving East Thirtieth street, was partially used this year. $12,500 was drawn and applied on the expense of reeoating the tar and gravel roof on the grand stand, swine pavilion. Dining Halls, Machinery Hall, "Women and Children's Building porches and Administration Building porches; also for repairs and painting practically every building on the grounds. The balance of $7,500 of this appropriation has not been drawn from the state treasury, but will be used to pay the paving assessment against the grounds. One of the noticeable improvements made at the grounds this year was the new entrance at the corner of Thirtieth and Walnut streets, which cost $1,296.00. The entrance provides three gates for vehicles and four turnstiles for pedestrians. This will relieve the congestion at the Grand avenue vehicle entrance as soon as Bast Walnut and East Thirtieth streets have been paved. The contract for this paving has been let and the work Avill no doubt start early in the spring. The board also built an addition to the poultry building 48 x 64 feet at a cost of $3,026.00, including the necessary cooping and flock pens to equip the new addition. The following itemized statement sets forth in detail the amounts expended for improvements and permanent repairs; also the amounts expended for maintaining buildings and grounds. 80 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ITEMIZED STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF THE IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1917. Cash balance December 1, 1916 | 3,998.17 Receipts from sources other than fair : Fees, stallion registration division | 8,676.60 State appropriation for land 12,332.25 State appropriation for repairs 12,500.00 State appropriation for support of Dept. of Agri 2,400.00 State appropriation for insurance 1,000.00 Stall rent speed barns 596.50 Pasture rent 96.81 Interest 276.16 Use of buildings for storage 347.50 Use of barns for horse and cattle sales 525.00 Sale of forage left over from 1916 fair 101.96 Corn from Horn of Plenty, sold 130.54 Rent for Wilkins' house 56.00 Rent for poultry cooping 100.00 Sheep sold 1,356.64 Refund, overpayment 1916 adv. account 43.25 Expense warrants — charged off books 45.73 Received for copy county fair proceedings 11.25 Special prize money 1916 sheep shearing contest 39.00 Advertising space 1916 premium list 2.00 Motor sold Des Moines Electric Co 150.00 From sale of old shed on Wilkins' land 15.00 Kindling sold 23.00 Old lumber sold 17.75 Old g-as pipe sold 8.50 Misc. sales by superintendent of grounds 15.25 Water furnished game farm 82.00 Received for labor account military camp 374.06 Received for painting private buildings 71.99 Received for water furnished military camp 778.72 Total receipts other than fair ? 42,173.36 Receipts of 1917 Fair: Stall rent, horse department Stall rent, cattle department Pen rent, swine department Pen, rent, sheep department Coop rent, poultry department Concessions, poultry building Machinery department : Floor space. Machinery hall $ 3,356.25 Floor space. Power hall 297.00 Floor space, auto show room 1,790.40 Oatside space contracts 133.00 Rent for plowing demonstration n-"und 101.00 1.362.00 1.203.00 1,139.00 196.00 408.50 230.00 Corcessions, Agricultural building Dairy department, ice cream sales Concessions and space, Exposition building Concession and privilege department : General concessions $ 20,052.81 Wortham Shows (per cent) 8.318.70 Grandstand concession (per cent) 2,037.39 Score card privilege (per cent).... 471.09 Giant coaster (per cent) 2,115.05 Delivery and baggage permits.... 672.00 Light and power sold Collections from telephone exchange Speed department, entry fees Western Breeders' Futurity fund Iowa State Fair Futurity fund Sale of forage 5.677.65 1.380.00 2,229.70 2,935.00 33,667.04 409.23 445.63 6,109.50 1,210.00 584.84 14,942.85 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 81 Association special premiums 7,225.79 Entry fees National Draft Horse Futurities 594.00 Advertising in premium list 1,175.00 Received on advertising caps 42.00 Receipts from day nursery 130.28 Receipts from napl?in machines 10.45 Refunds on pay rolls 14.90 Admission paid after close of fair 1.00 Total receipts of fair other than ticket sales..? 83,323.36 Ticket sales : Exhibitor's tickets sold by sec'y.-$ 3,318.00 Outside gates 110,534.95 Day grandstand 29.297.00 Night grandstand 26,971.25 Night stock pavilion ■ 3,678.00 Total ticket sales 173,799.20 Total receipts of fair Grand total receipts $257,122.56 $303,294.09 DISBURSEMENTS. Disbursements other than fair or improvements : Stallion or Registration Division : Salary, chief clerk $ 1,500.00 Salary, clerk and stenographer 900.00 Salary, extra clerks 422.50 Office supplies 20.70 Binding report 91.20 Stud books 22.40 Expense examining stallions 23.60 Dues National association 2.00 Seals for certificates 9.93 Expense attending meeting Nat'l assn. . 49.33 $ 3,041.66 Publicity Department : Salary, director, seven months $ 875.00 Salary, stenographer, seven months. . . 63 0.00 Printing Greater lovi^a 999.78 Postage, Greater Iowa 60.16 Mailing Greater Iowa 4.60 Drayage. Greater Iowa 14.50 Cuts and engravings 114.08 Making addressograph plates 33.49 Office supplies 9.26 Envelopes and wrapping paper 84.09 Newspaper clippings 36.00 Expense attending International Live Stock show 30.77 2,891.73 State Agricultural convention 568.23 Feed and caring for sheep 686.68 Expense 1916 fair paid during 1917 : Premiums paid $ 79.00 Advertising accounts 44.04 Fair ground supplies 87.66 Entry fees refunded 24.00 Binding 1916 award books 7.00 Miscellaneous expense 21.44 263.74 Bills payable 20.000.00 Interest on bills payable 930.00 Expense of live stock sales 246.85 Drayage on poultry cooping for winter show 53.50 Committee meetings spring show and sale 124.80 Insurance premiums on buildings 1,609.27 Clerical help on crop statistics 123.00 Labor opening fence for house mover 6.50 6 82 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Expense on account of military ca:np 1,050.72 Painting private buildings on grounds 105.96 Labor breaking up old arc lights and junk 31.50 Premium on secretary's bond 25.00 Dues Chamber ot Commerce 20.00' Dues East Des Moines Commercial association 10.00 City directory 7.00 Subscription for daily papers 13.80 Printing report of food conference 11.50 Expense attending St. Louis food conference 25.75 Expense attending Sioux City food conference 4.46 Auto hire, account legislative com. to fair grounds... 10.00 Freight and drayage 5.17 Wire for paper press 1.45 Banquet tickets Iowa Shorthorn Breeders' meeting. . . 12.00 Total expense other than fair or improvements. $ 31,880.27 Maintenance of Grounds and Buildings : Wilkins' house, papering $ 4.75 Water system, repairs and temporary extensions... 443.13 Superintendents and assistants and watchman 1,704.76 Mule and horse team, feed, shoeing, etc 524.51 Motor truck, gas, oil and repairs 285.46 Tools and implements, repairs 74.17 Repairs to gates, Grand avenue 15.12 Brick horse barn, painting roof and repairs 451.25 Water, except July, August and September 175.77 Harness, repairs 9.20 Streets, dragging and grading 138.00 Race track, resurfacing 512.25 Race track, working and sprinkling 532.40 Trimming trees 12.75 Seeding and resodding lawn 30.75 Cleaning buildings 85.45 Drainage system, repairs 71.94 Speed office, repairs 1.25 Cleaning grounds 87.00 Grading and filling barns 70.75 Hauling manure from speed barns 247.88 Glass, miscellaneous buildings 97.52 Farm house, paper and painting and repairing furnace 86.96 Drayage 212.25 Speed barns, repairs 32.25 Outside fence, repairs 112.50 Track fence, painting and repairing 93.75 Stock pavilion, painting roof and repairs 356.37 Exposition building, repairs 20.50 College building, repairs 34.50 Mowing grass and weeds 98.75 Bleachers, repairs 1.50 Street car station, painting roof 75.05 Cattle barn No. 1, painting roof 47.50 Cattle barn No. 2, painting roof 51.80 Cattle barn No. 4, painting roof 68.25 Administration building, painting roof 72.66 Machinery hall, painting metal roof 50.05 Cattle barn No. 3, repairs 5.00 Walks, repairs 34.40 Horse barns, 1-2-4. repairs 6.00 Agricultural building, painting roof 172.25 Transformer station, painting west end 14.90 Amphitheater, repairing chairs 97.80 Brick dining hall, painting front and roof 105.00 Blackpmith shop, painting 5.25 Turnstiles, repairs 24.50 Locks, repairing and fitting keys 11.55 Wells and pumps, cleaning and repairing 26.50 Butcher shop, painting 3.75 Floral hall, painting 3.75 Toilets, fly proofing and repairs 187.57 Repairing exhaust fan 23.55 Repairing dump wagons 25.00 Rope for flag poles on buildings 104.76 Repairing road grader 17.05 Cooling out paddock, repairs 26.55 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II Repairs to boilers in dining lialls Doctor bill for injured employes Nails and hardware for general repairs. Telephone exchange, repairs Total maintenance grounds and buildings. Improvements and permanent repairs : Light system extensions Streets, cinders and permanent grading. Walks and curbing Tools and implements : Little Wonder track harrow 5 Paper press Hammers, saws and squares Roof, jacks for painting Set of dies Ladders Miscellaneous small tools Pair Ground equipment : 47.50 15.50 17.05 3.00 4.40 16.00 102.85 Harness for mule team Three allied flags Napkin vending machines Ticket boxes Garden hose Cash register Large umbrellas for entrances Wheel barrows Steel cable, for staging Cots and mattresses, horse barn office. Water coolers Kitchen tables for stages Money tills, concession department.... 61.00 57.15 90.00 30.00 26.05 25.00 3.00 54.00 27.52 99.90 16.00 4.00 .90 Real estate purchased Women and Children's building : Oiling floors and painting Screening south porch Eave trough on high roof Repairing gravel roof Rubberoid matting for porches.... Plumbing, changes and repairs . . . . Table for baby health department. Light for art gallery 138.16 173.20 208.08 75.70 81.78 116.42 18.00 33.00 244.41 5.00 71.02 78.21 512.58 751.40 84.12 206.30 494.52 12,032.25 Ice house, new roof .■ Sewer system extensions Curb and gutter. Grand avenue Garden fence Cave for storing roots and bulbs Valley Junction dining hall, painting Bleachers, painting and new dressing room Culvert on camp grounds road Privilege superintendent cottage, new roof and painting Horse superintendent cottage, new roof and painting. . Swine supermtendent cottage, new roof and painting. Poultry superintendent cottage, painting Speed superintendent cottage, painting Filling at Walnut street entrance and poultry building Speed barns, painting 12 barns Administration building, paintmg and repairs Toilet No. 1, near speed barns, painting Vaudeville stages, new floors and ballet stage Toilet near transformer station, painting Amphitheater, painting steel and recoating roof Exposition building, painting Boys' and Girls' Club building, painting Stock pavilion, painting and repairs Machinery hall, painting and roof repairs Hurdles, painting Toilet No. 3, painting Mines and Mining building, painting Amphitheater ticket booths, painting Swine pavilion, painting and recoating roof 844.34 10.00 128.90 53.88 65.80 132.92 116.67 434.22 57.11 74.61 70.61 77.60 28.84 28.84 234.25 640.78 748.56 13.31 489.24 23.25 2,707.09 754.58 194.38 245.16 1,179.97 24.98 51.97 20.77 21.03 3,490.31 8,284.47 84 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE College building, painting and repairs Sliow cases. Exposition building, painting Subway, pump and pump house Brick dining halls, new roof and painting Poultry building, addition, ventilators and repairs. . . Poultry cooping, for new addition. Cottage, Supt. Exposition building, painting. Toilet No. 8, painting Fence, outside S. W. corner and camp grounds Agricultural building, painting Toilet No. 10, painting Farm house, painting ' Campers' headquarters, painting Meat market, painting Cattle barn No. 1, painting woodwork Cattle barn No. 2. painting woodwork Cattle barn No. 3, frame painting Cattle barn No. 4, painting woodwork Telephone central building, painting Brick horse barn, painting and repairs Signs on miscellaneous buildings, labor and paint... Postoi¥ice, painting Hospital painting Grocery store, painting Fire station, painting Street car station, painting structural steel Horse barns, frame, painting fronts Cattle barn No. 14, painting front Cattle barn No. 15, painting front Iowa Crop building, painting Band stand, painting Walnut street entrance, new Toilet No. 5, painting Bennett dining hall, painting front Barber shop, painting Grand avenue entrance, new gate posts Ticket booths. Grand avenue painting Portable bleachers, painting Garrison dining hall, painting and repairs Steel flag pole, new Toilets, miscellaneous painting and repairs Sheep barn, installing shower baths Garbage cans, new Water system, new pipe and fittings Oifice furniture Administration building furnishings Light system, carbon lamps Lumber for miscellaneous repairs Lumber used in seats and auto show taken to yard. . Speed barn office, shutters and paint Binding tree with large bolts , Garage of superintendent, painting ". , Telephone excliange, extensions , Total improvements and permanent repairs. Expense of Fair other than premiums : Executive committee meetings. . . Special committee meetings Express, telegraph and telephone. Postage Printing : 16,000 Boys' camp circulars $ 59.25 500 Christmas cards 30.00 800 blanks for list of exhibitors at fairs 5.00 11,300 1916 letter heads, patched 8.25 1,000 premium list adv. circulars 5.00 1,000 premium list adv. contracts 3.00 2,000 cattle barn circulars 19.75 450 plats of buildings and grounds. 4.30 4,000 educational premium lists 54.00 10,250 premium list envelopes 33.96 750 applications, outside machinery space 5.25 500 applications, floor space machin- ery department 4.45 627.29 10.65 395.04 961.13 2.674.49 351.75 12.92 63.79 475.94 472.54 7.00 86.15 37.28 27.86 53.49 51.23 142.59 49.73 43.06 704.16 16.01 37.11 67.61 43.38 26.68 116.04 198.97 9.92 9.92 25.18 53.00 1,296.94 40.98 1.75 20.43 100.50 10.50' 10.00 13.75 444.43 128.23 121.72 34.20 161.54 14.00 166.45 502.43 316.62 421.58 21.54 4.44 5.02 39.67 887.80 1.641.79 369.64 1,441.60 $ 38,773.77 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 85 2,000 boys' judging contest circulars. . 10.00 750 advance slieets, machinery dept. 3.15 2 entry books 24.75 1,000 gummed .strips of labels 6.50 3,000 speed programs 32.00 800 entry blanks and classification speed department 9.00 1,500 grandstand and outside gate ticket reports 11.40 3,600 premium statements 15.25 2 ledgers, machinery dept 17.00 4 contract books, cone, dept 11.35 13 contract books, machinery dept. 11.95 11,000 entry blanks and cii'culars draft horse futurity 38.75 10,000 entry blanks, all departments.. 45.00 2,500 premium warrants 26.25 2,000 expense warrants 21.00 14,350 race programs, one-half cost. . . . 70.31 2 check books, 500 to book 2.25 750 judging programs, horse dept... 27.50 500 record slips for turnstiles 4.20 250 plats, concession grounds 3.50 25 gatekeeper duplicate report books 6.00 75 feed barn, duplicate order books 12.50 1,000 exhibitor's certificates for refund of freight 3.90 500 classification Graphic & Plastic Arts department 6.75 1,000 entry blanks and classification baby health department 11.00 300 auto race cards 16.50 9,000 cards for making up catalog. . . . 14.75 300 booklets Iowa State Fair futurity entries 37.40 400 large daily programs 70.50 500 judge's sheets, swine and sheep departments 9.75 1,000 statement of premium account. . 4.25 24.450 entry tags 52.67 7,100 multigraph letters 43.60 1,000 judge's sheets, poultry dept 12.00 12,000 premium lists 1,238.00 1,250 report cards, account of painting 12.00 1,500 16 page list of words for spell- ing contest 42.90 1,000 list of entries, speed dept 50.00 1,200 index cards, live stock entries.. 5.00 600 index cards, machinery dept.... 2.50 1,000 sets of order blanks 7.00 400 warning placards 15.00 10 large 4 on receipt books 13.35 1 large record book 40.00 12,860 stall, ring and concession num- bers 130.00 1,000 grandstand ticket receipts 3.00 1,200 premium warrant enclosures.... 9.00 500 expense warrant enclosures 3.75 2,000 shipping tags 7.00 50 placards, cash admission 8.75 300 invitations, baby party 9.00 200 no parking placards 13.50 450 Invitations and envelopes 20.00 SOO newspaper news items 3.00 1 set poultry coop numbers 12.00 250 placards "notice to campers"... 12.00 300 boys' judging contest pads 8.50 5,000 variety cards, horticultural dept.. 5.00 500 receipts for exposition dept 3.00 500 entry cards, baby health dept... 3.25 1,000 bill heads 8.75 6,000 premium tags 24.00 100 small receipt books in duplicate. 9.50 11 treasurer's receipt books in dup- licate 16.00 2,000 20 page catalogs, B. H. dept 68.00 4,000 programs, Sunday music 26.00 100 race record cards 4.00 86 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE 3,000 programs, model Sunday school. 3 4.00 10,000 night horse show programs 50.00 500 coin bag tags 2.00 100 cards, business publicity dept. . . 1.25 Tickets for all gates and side shows... 902.20 3,747.09 Half tones and zinc etchings 61.92 Advertising : Country weekly papers $ 3,745.05 Plate matter for country papers 1,026.25 Daily papers outside Des Moines 388.30 Des Moines daily papers 3,578.15 Agricultural, live stock & breed papers. 1,475.14 Horse papers, adv. speed program 633.63 Misc. papers and magazines 106.50 Implement and machinery papers 142.00 Supt. advertising, salary 5 months.... 625.00 Stenograplier & clerk, salary 5 months. 450.00 Printing 90,000 Greater Iowa 778.57 Postage on Greater Iowa 4 5.12 Drayage on Greater Iowa 16.00 8,500 hangers and window cards 1,027.98 Billboard service 787.14 Billboard paper and dates 102.26 Distributing adv. matter 31.50 Cuts and electros 156.15 22,0'00 letter inserts 140.00 Membership Co-operative Pub. Bureau. 200.00 Advertising caps 40.00 Advertising in Western Breeders' sale catalog 25.00 Newspaper clipping service 36.00 Newspaper advertising contracts 8.85 Photos, 1917 fair 153.25 Total cost advertising 15,717.84 Office supplies, stationery, etc 412.26 Music and attractions : Night show, "War of Nations" $ 7,000.00 Thaviu's band and Russian ballet 3,700.00 Fischers' Burlington band 1,100.00 Henry and his band 1.320.00 Iowa div. national drum corp 3 40.00 Keota ladies' band 230.00 Unkrich's boys' band, Fairfield 228.00 Royal Kealakai Hawaiians 468.96 Graham's orchestra 178.00 Boys' band, Davenport, trans, only.... 91.00 Newton band, transportation only 42.00 Chicago grand opera quartette 400.00 Eight hippodrome acts 4,400.00 Auto polo 1,800.00 Tableau, "The Call to the Colors" 250.00 Transportation for soldiers 84.00 21,631.96 Auto races, prizes and bonuses 4,335.00 Light and power (current) 829.78 Light and power (labor) 758.59 Water 542.49 Refund stall rent, tickets, etc 208.25 Forage purchased 14,469.05 Salaries, secretary and assistants 7409.46 Board meetings, account of fair 302.10 Asst. and foreman, grounds dept 680.50 Sanitary department 1,014.50 Track work during fair . . 'l47.78 Streets, oiling and dragging 660.20 Cleaning and preparing grounds and buildings 2,088.59 Decorating all buildings and halls 907.48 Payroll, Public Safety department 4,729.94 Payroll, Admissions department 2.865.50 Payroll, Treasurer's department 1,504.50 Payroll, Concession department 2,155.25 Payroll, Speed department 765.65 Payroll, Horse department 1,710.70 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II Payroll, Cattle department ■'^'coo'Ik Payroll, Swine department ^oonn Payroll, Sheep department !ocoq Payroll, Poultry department ^f voa Payroll, Machinery department Ifoon Payroll, Agricultural department lo^no Payroll, Horticultural department Tooca Payroll, Floricultural department olo Payroll, Textile and China department 453.73 Payroll, Educational and Boys' and Girls' Club dept... 641.50 Payroll, Ticket Auditing department 392.35 Payroll, Graphic and Plastic Art department 212.50 Payroll, Publicity and Awards department 110.00 Payroll, Property men ^^n'oA Payroll, Boys' Judging contest „SS'^2 Payroll, Janitor's, Administration building 273.75 Payroll, Janitors, W. and C. building 610.50 Payroll, Baby Health department 906.54 Payroll, Child Welfare and Day nursery 216.63 Payroll, Program Committee and matron W. & C. bldg. 187.32 Expense Bovs' State Fair camp 1,725.81 Expense program W. & C. building o oa? Payroll, Dairy and Ice Cream department 1,293.91 Expense reproducing Horn of Plenty 1,260.45 Expense Rural School department ^ o Expense Cow Test Assn. exhibit 191.78 Expense of Sunday school oo'2c Panorama photos, moving pictures and framing noo Plants and flowers and gardener ^o^'ll r..abor on experimental garden oc Freight and drayage ^'^I'T. I'lowing demon.stration ground 150.00 Placing and removing amp. chairs 31.00 Water system temporary extensions to concessions... 101.30 Building and wrecking auto show annex 221.50 Sprinkling streets and midway 88.00 Hanging awnings on stock pavilion 22.50 Washing dishes, Agricultural and Horticultural halls.. 22.26 Miscellaneous labor during fair 1,422.95 Care of camp ground lights 46.50 Mechanic repairing locks and turnstiles 131.75 Firemen and coal for dining halls 305.99 Ring attendants, stock pavilion 60.00 Expense securing sheep for shearing contest 23.00 Closing buildings 213.20 Meals for guests and state day banquet 444.75 Premium ribbons and badges 1,238.02 Rental tents, cots, bedding, chairs, etc 1,347.25 Gasoline for autos and camp ground lights 104.41 Signs for buildings, night shows and exhibits 417.05 Feed for poultry on exhibition.. 165.60 Cups, medals and engraving 566.45 Typewriter rental, for press office 6.50 Expense of loan art exhibit 122.48 Laundry bill, club dining hall and day nursery 28.09 Membership American Trotting Association 100.00 Rent on field reserved for aviation 32.00 Damages paid to exhibitor in art department 10.00 Uniforms for propertymen 8.50 Expense sending circulars to gardeners 18.43 Annual dues American Association of Fairs 35.00 Brooms for cleaning barns, walks and buildings 163.00 Sanitary napkins , ^*^n2 Fly poison and tanglefoot 17.00 Lime for toilets 5-10 Toilet paper 197.50 Sweeping compound 11.25 Mantles for camp ground lights 17.28 Miscellaneous ground supplies 266.51 Office supplies for superintendents 110.11 Mimeograph paper and supplies 50.95 Bunting for decorating 94.17 Supplies for matron TV. & C. Building 6.85 Premium on Assistant Treasurer's bonds 49.00 Telephone exchange, labor installing phones 186.49 Expense of fair other than premiums 88 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Cash premiums paid : Horses $13,385.00 Cattle 15,618.25 Swine 6,433.00 Slieep 4,039.00 Poultry 1,200.00 Agriculture 6,360.50 Pantry and Icitchen 735.50 Honey and bees 414.00 Dairy 657.00 Horticulture 2,086.25 Floriculture 1.553.80 Textile and china 1,225.00 Graphic and plastic arts 648.00 Educational 1,442.00' State spelling contest 100.00 Speed premiums 16,544.77 Total premiums paid I 72,442.07 Total expense of fair $189,533.38 Grand total disbursements $268,471.89 SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS AND RECONCILIA- TION OP ACCOUNTS WITH TREASURER. RECEIPTS. Cash balance December 1, 1916 $ 3.998.17 Receipts from sources other than fair 42,173.36 Receipts of fair other than ticket sales $ 83,323.36 Receipts from ticket sales 173,799.20 Total receipts of fair $257,122.56 Grand total receipts $303,294.09 DISBURSEMENTS. Disbursements other than fair or improve- ments $ 31,880.27 Expense of fair other than premiums $117,091.31 Cash premiums paid 72,442.07 Total cost of fair $189,533.38 Cost of permanent improvements and re- pairs 38,773.77 Cost of maintenance of grounds and build- ings 8,284.47 Total disbursements $268,471.89 Balance on hand November 30, 1917 $ 34,822.20 Warrants outstanding '293!49 Cash balance in treasury November 30, 1917 $ 35,115.69 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 89 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF TICKET SALES AT OUTSIDE GATES, DAY AND NIGHT AMPHITHEATER AND STOCK PAVILION NIGHT SHOW FOR THE 191G AND 1917 FAIRS. 1917 Fair 19ie Fair General Admission |2 * 1^ p So 5 g o > F o > Ph :?; y Ph ^ Eh Outside Gates— . General admission Ggn. admis. after 5 p. m Children and half fares Di tn 43 p a o 3 ao aS a"" ^B O w < < W •^ ^ HARNESS KACES. *2-year-old trot 2:25 trot 2:20 trot 2:16 trot •2:15 trot 2:10 trot 2:15 saddle trot 2:12 team trot *2-year-old pace 2:25 pace 2:18 pace *2:15 pace 2:13 pace 2:10 pace Pree-for-all pace Frse-for-all team pace Total Futurities Iowa State Fair No. 2 (Trotting division). Iowa State Fair No. 2 (Pacing division).— W. B. Futurity No. 4 (Trotting division).. W. B. Futurity No. 4 (Pacing division) — Bonus, W. B. Futurity -. Total 500.00 SOO.OO 800.00 800.00 3,000.00 1,000.00 300.00 500.00 400.00 700.00 700.00 3,000.00 700.00 700.00 1,000.00 500.00 $15,400.00 1,116.38 478.45 980.59 229.41' $ 2,804.83 400.00 640.00 640.00 640.00 2,400.00 820.00 300.00 5CO.0O 320.00 560.00 560.00 2,400.00 560.00 525.00 775.00 $12,040.00 1,116.38 478.45 980.59 229.41 $ 3,154.83 5 245.00 216.00 168.00 168.00 1,650.00 180.00 120.00 126.00 147.00 2,400.00 189.00 63.00 120.00 5,792.00 416.38 178.45 980.50 229.41 155.00 424.00 472.00 472.00 750.00 640.00 300.00 500.00 200.00 434.00 413.00 371.00 462.00 655.00 $1,804.83 $6,248.00 $ 700.00 300.00 350.00 .$1,350.00 97 RTMN'ING RACES. 1 mile run , 1 mile run f 200.00 200.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 1.50.00 100.00 lOO.OO $ 200.00 200.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 100.00 lOO.OO $ 50.00 30.00 22.50 37.50 37.50 37.50 37.50 30.00 25.00 $ 150.00 170.00 127.50 112.50 112.50 112.50 112.50 70.00 75.00 5 3 3 5 5 furlong run 5 furlong run 5 furlong run 5 5 5 6 5 Total Totals for harness races $ 1,350.00 $18,204.83 $ 1,350.00 $15,194.83 $ 307.50 $1,042.50 $7,596.83 $7,598.00 42 108 Grand Totals $19,554.83 $16,544.83 $7,904.33 $8,640.50 150 *Early closing events. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 93 The following is the attendance of the 1917 fair, by days, compared with 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915 and 1916 fairs: 1917 1915 1913 1912 1910 Wednesday Thursday .. *Friday tSaturday . Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday .. Friday 6,098 10,435 38,079 29,771 28,719 43,&49 65,292 66,735 38,351 22,169 Totals 349,298 291,972 245,006 4,871 9,O0'4 30,671 29,853 24,236 46,983 59,936 49,033 24,270 13,115 3,112 7,610 27,722 17,15>S 14,190 35,085 47,501 44,103 31,955 16,630 4,537 9,886 27,613 27,999 22,200 41,229 39,612 46,496 31,523 21,978 3,849 8,608 33,020 26,861 25,211 58,045 66,465 40,972 17,431 3,000 7,503 27,957 18,902 40,602 60,379 58,643 38,831 16,116 273,073 280,462 272,023 270,082 231,233 4,074 6,063 27,957 17,612 37,309 64,699 60,580 34,117 18,173 4,956 30,512 16,062 25,355 62,208 57,918 31,854 12,368 *Children's day, 1913-1914-1915-1916. tChildren's day, 1910-1911-1912. ADMISSIONS TO GRAND STAND, AFTERNOON AND EVENING, 1917. COMPARED WITH 1914, 1915 AND 1916. 1917 Fair a J3t3 1916 Fair a 3 o o a «a >,-o ■?.'° c3 53 Q 'ic 1915 Fair 1914 Fair Friday Saturday .. Monday ... Tuesday _.. Wednesday Thursday . Friday 9,644 5,907 9,721 13,528 20,502 8,713 12,304 8,509 7,279 15,038 20,182 18,659 9,779 Totals — 80,319 79,446 55,658 58,616 46,253 47,795 3,824 8,084 11,432 13,161 10,596 3,055 5,506 6,005 6,660 16,574 16,844 12,533 3,237 2,164 8,227 10, Wl 9,381 6,552 6,691 4,202 1,021 10,328 12,546 11,248 8,450 3,570 5,406 10,883 7,92L 12,927 8,506 13,174 62,388 5,213 5,921 9,151 8,018 11,741 7,295 47,369 •Show called off on account of rain. ADMISSION TO LIVE STOCK AND HIPPODROME SHOW, 1917, COMPARED WITH 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915 AND 1916. 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 758 942 484 806 1,042 2,105 1,581 1,029 957 1,826 2,183 2,107 1,580 2,113 2,472 2,133 1,501 1,242 1,264 1,566 1,091 667 493 605 438 8,270 6,798 4,228 5,745 7,344 1912 Saturday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Totals _ 1,233 2,265 2,070 1,262 6,830 S4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The following table gives the number of exhibitors and the number of entries made in each department of the 1916 and 1917 fairs: 1917 Fair 19ie Fair Department O 1=5 m o a ■ X O 4) ^2; dS Horses — Cattl° 104 141 173 25 106 212 183 91 32 30 287 45 260 204 1,302 1,582 2,721 756 1,856 2,257 2,340 91 1,301 384 2,890 157 1,555 127 120 166 29 133 218 155 82 38 27 295 52 192 310 1,791 2,001 Swine Bhesp Poultry 2,663 605 2,458 2,197 2,215 Dairy — Horticulture — Floriculture 82 1,290 391 2,291 162 1,044 Machinery anQ Implements - Totals 1,983 19,192 1,954 19,19C The following tabulation gives the number of exhibitors and the num- ber of horses, ponies and mules entered, and the actual number shown at the 1916 and 1917 fairs: Breed 1917 Fair i S o o 2 ■^-o a •3 a ■w ■" ^^ o . t< • a ■ £i O O) O > ■a 61^ C3.Q O to O «H a » gg 'a a |1 ll o £ 6 fe h 1 o O 1896... $ 116.79 $ 36,622.10 $ 7,000.00 $ 6,710.22 $ 50,332.32 $ 50,449.11 $ 16,404.29 $ 15,351.06 1901... 28,616.55 50,712.91 1,000.00 2,753.82 54,466.73 83,083.28 19,203.83 13,925.87 1902... 34,244.93 63,084.71 38,000.00 3,037.06 101,121.77 138,366.70 21,736.31 20,073.34 1903... 30,372.25 59,838.56 1,000.00 3,140.79 63,979.35 94,351.60 23,813.13 21,989.56 1904... 28,963.11 66,100.36 48,000.00 2,622.03 116,722.39 145,685.50 24,691.68 28,485.42 1905... 29,6.57.23 84,786.25 1,000.00 2,840.92 88,627.17 118,284.49 28,730.89 34,408.62 1906... 39,976.34 110,929.85 1,000.00 3,717.16 115,647.01 155,623.35 31,703.94 40,315.60 1907... 50,294.87 104,356.75 76,000.00 5,452.34 185,908.09 236,103.96 35,504.79 43,647.20 1908... 35,227.90 138,764.66 1,000.00 3,262.95 143,027.61 178,355.51 38,744.56 55,848.65 1909... 25,328.73 137,307.40 101, 000'. 00 51,257.42 243,564.82 268,893.55 42,262.76 66,963.12 1910... 4,985.25 157,259.77 1,000.00 14,658.30 171,918.07 176,903.32 49,717.50 80,513.68 1911... 7,283.44 179,549.67 78,000.00 5,275.72 262,825.39 270,108.83 56,264.35 81,603.16 1912... 18,036.99 185,701.21 8,000.00 14,579.82 208,281.03 226,318.02 58,139.15 85,829.74 1913— 615.63 188,832.10 30,786.81 17,211.86 236,830.77 237,446.40 61,069.90 85,670.12 1914... 18,505.82 188,644.66 51,268.19 32,799.93 272,712.78 291,218.60 66,024.85 104,411.33 1915... 968.73 165,604.40 36,666.73 51,949.80 264,220.93 265,189.66 69,598.75 101,561.38 1916... 100.68 201,381.96 9,133.27 3,366.59 247,165.32 247,265.95 67,060.41 102,137.45 1917... 3,998.17 257,122.56 24,832.25 17,341.11 299,295.92 303,294.00 72,442.07 117,091.31 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 97 departments of the fair for a period of ten years. Horses Cattle Swine Sheep Poultry Agriculture Pantry and kitchen Dairy Horticulture Floriculture Textile and China Graphic and plastic arts. Educational Qepartment--. Scholarships Speed premiums Dog show *Baby health department. State spelling contest Total premiums. 1912 ,940.00 ,738.00 ,042.00 306.00 112.50 059.00 092.50 627.00 139.25 382.40 662.50 430.00 650.00 ,360.00 318.00 280.00 $ 58,139.15 14,184.00 12,061.00 3,640.00 2,388.00 1,042.00 3,524.00 856.50 627.00 1,115.75 1,278.60 1,744.50 493.00 850.00 12,310.00 1910 10,381.00 11,778.00 4,135.00 2,146.00 1,036.00 3,074.00 798.00 602.00 892.00 945.00 1,753.00 422.00 1,000.00 10,755.00 $ 56,114.35 $ 49,717.50 ? 41,927.76 1909 7,273.00 10,153.00 3,035.00 2,057.00 988. aO' 2,976.50 793.00 596.81 907.25 884.20 1,812.50 261.00 1,000.00 9,190.00 6,046.00 8,848.26 3,168.00 1,939.00 795.50 2,932.50 756.50 602.00 860.50 815.80 tt,786.50 500.00 9,360.00 $ 38,410.06 •Cups and medals given in place of cash prizes since 1912. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE FOR YEARS OF 1896 INCLUSIVE. Sources and Expenditures, together with Amount Expended for of Fair for Each of the Years Named. Disbursements Profits of Fair 4^ s «M a s 9 « P. to a lu 0 «;= 85 0 0 1. 0 .S23 la- M 0 tj 0 >> C8 0 0 "3 ^ 0, a A a y Q y y 1^ 1896— $ 7,471.95 $ 14,019.88 $ 58,247.28 $ 152.84 $ 36,622.10 $ 31,807.35 1 4,814.75 1901 - 13,378.73 2,313.44 48,821.87 34,244.93 50,712.91 33,129.70 17,583.21 1902— 63,457.12 2,608.69 107,875.46 30,372.25 63,084.71 41,809.65 21,275.06 1903— 17,855.77 1,704.83 65,363.29 28,963.11 59,838.56 45,802.69 14,035.87 1904 59,641.11 3,195.43 116,013.64 29,667.23 66,100.36 53,177.10 12,823.26 1905— 11,963.09 3,345.27 78,447.87 39,976.34 84,786.25 63,139.51 21,646.74 1906... •30,035.33 3,385.87 105,440.74 50,394.87 110,929.85 72,459.39 38,470.46 1907— 16,4.59.05 5,043.03 200,654.07 35,327.90 104,3.56.75 79,151.99 25,204.76 1908... 53,663.69 4,975.5)0 153,231.98 25,328.73 138,764.66 94,593.21 44,171.45 1909— 150,208.58 4,379.91 263,814.37 4,985.25 137,307.40 109,225.88 28,081.52 1910 .- 24,360.98 14,740.26 169,332.42 7,283.44 157,259.77 130,231.18 27,028.50 1911 - 109,755.04 4,429.29 252,071.84 18,036.99 179,549.67 137,867.51 41,682.16 1912— 71,056.56 $1 6,575.51 4,101.43 225,702.39 615.63 185,701.21 143,968.89 41,732.32 1913— 51,110.85 7,313.67 13,776.04 218,940.58 18,505.82 188,832.10 146,740.02 42,092.08 1914.- 100,649.13 7,564.86 11,599.70 290,249,89 968.73 188,644.66 172,113.92 16,530.74 1915... 46,138.60 6,770.91 41,019.39 265,089.08 100.63 165,604.40 171,160.13 *5,555.73 1916— 10,547.28 3,432.77 60,089.87 243,267.78 3,998.17 201,381.96 169,107.86 32,184.10 1917... 38,773.77 8,284.47 .31,880.27 268,471.89 34,822.20 257,122.56 189,533.38 67,589.18 "Loss. 7 98 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE STATEMENT OP INSURANCE IN FORCE ON PAIR GROUNDS BUILDINGS AND DATE OP EXPIRATION. a) 0 C3 0 0 3 d 0 a General form on frame buildings Brick horse barns Brick horse barns Brick cattle barn No. 1 Brick cattle barn No. 2 Transformer station and contents Women and Children's building Agricultural building Administration building and contents $ 58,000.00 ' 14' 500. 00 3,000.00 3,000.00 2, -000. 00 15,000.00 10,000.00 20,000.00 15,000.00 $ 58,000.00 ' 10,000.00 14,500.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 1,000.00 15,000.00 10,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 10,000.00 1,500.00 500.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 13,000.00 800.00 $ 2,320.00 50.00 412.54 85.00 68.25 43.00 367.50 250.00 435.38 378.69 75.00 75.00 95.50 21.87 7.13 101.66 10.00 39.00 12.00 1919 1919 1918 1918 1919 1919 1920 1920 1920 Stock pavilion 1920 Machinery hall 1920 Swine pavilion 1920 Grand stand . _ 1918 Farm house Farm barn 1,500.00 500.00 4,000.00 1919 1919 Brick dining halls Street car station.. 1918 1919 Sheep barn 1919 Wilkins' house 800.00 1920 Total insurance $ 147,300.00 $204,300.00 $ 4,847.52 REPORT OP TREASURER W. W. MORROW, APTON, IOWA. Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention : In accordance with the wishes of the State Board of Agriculture. I present herewith a report of receipts and disbursements for the fiscal year ending No- vember 30, 1917: Balance on hand December 1, 1916 $ 4,762.53 Received from sale of tickets and cash turnstiles as follows : Cash turnstiles $ 66,584.45 62,985 general admission 50c tickets 31,492.50 5,460 general admission after 5:00 p. m., 25c tickets.. 1,365.00 19,038 children and half fare, 25c tickets 4,759.50 6,477 round-up 50c tickets 3,238.50 7,275 campers' 40c tickets 2,910.00 37 auto for week tickets at $5.00 185.00 30.371 day grandstand (bleachers, 25c) 7,592.75 3.108 day grandstand (quarter-stretch, 25c) 777.00 38,598 day grandstand (reserved seats, 50'c) 19,299.00 2.171 day grandstand (box seats, 75c) 1.628.25 42,173 night grandstand (bleachers. 25c) 10,543.25 30.090 night grandstand (reserved seats, 50c) 15,045.00 1,844 night grandstand (box seats, 75c) 1,383.00 7,095 night stock pavilion (reserved seats, 50c) 3.547.50 522 night stock pavilion (standing room, 25c) 130.50 1,659 exhibitors' tickets at $2.00 (sold by secretary).. 3,318.00 Total ticket sales $173,799.20 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 99 Received from Secretary and Superintendents as follows : Secretary's Department : Fees stallion registration division $ 8,676.50 State appropriations 28,232.25 Interest on account 276.16 Miscellaneous receipts other than fair 3,956.68 Superintendent of grounds 1,031.77 Superintendent, Horse department 1,362.00 Superintendent, Cattle department 1,203.00 Superintendent, Swine department 1,139.00 Superintendent, Sheep department 196.00 Superintendent, Poultry department 638.50 Superintendent, Machinery department 5,677.65 Superintendent, Agricultural department 1,380.00 Superintendent, Dairy department (ice cream sales) . . 2,229.70 Superintendent, Exposition building 2,935.00 Superintendent, Concessions and privileges 33.667.04 Superintendent, Speed department 7,904.34 Secretary's department : Sale of light and power 409.23 Sale of forage 14,942.85 Association special premiums 7,819.79 Advertising in premium list '. 1,175.00 Miscellaneous receipts of fair 644.26 Total receipts other than ticket sales $125,496.72 Grand total receipts $304,058.45 DISBURSEMENTS. Expense warrants paid $196,433.62 Premium warrants paid. ., 72,509.14 Total disbursements $268,942.76 Balance on hand November 30, 1917 35,115.69 To balance $304,058.45 Respectfully submitted this 12th day of December, 1917. W. W. MORROW, Treasurer. December 1, 1917. To the Directors of the State Board of Agriculture. Gentlemen: This is to certify that there was on deposit in the Central State Bank, on November 30, 1917, to the credit of W. (W. Morrow, Treasurer of the Iowa Department of Agriculture, the sum of $35,115.69. Yours very truly, GRANT MC PHERRIN, Cashier. 100 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE INVENTORY STATE FARM PROPERTY. -, , Deprecia- NT OM ,n,.. tionDe- Nov. 30, 191* ducted 1917 Improve- ments Added 1927 Value Nov. 30, 1917 Real estate Real estate carrying account Light and telephone system Personal Property— Administration Building furnishings — Amphitheatre chairs W. and CI. Building furnishings. Building fixtures (general) Office furniture (general) Tools and implements Live stock (mule team and sheep) Supplies, lumber, etc. Scales Pumps Buildings- Administration building Agriculture, Horticulturei and (Dairy building Amphitheater . Art hall Auto garage Boys' and Girls' Club building Bleachers Band stand Barber shop College building 11 2- - 3. Cattle bam No. Cattle bam No. Cattle bam No. Cattle bam No. Cattle bam No. Cattle bam No. Cattle bam No. Cattle barn No. Cattle barn No. Cattle bam No. Cattle bam No. Cattle. bam No. IS- IS. U. 15.... 10. Cattle bam No. Cattle barn No. Cattle bam No. Cattle bam No. Cattle bam No. 17 Cattle bam No. 18 Cattle bam No. 19 Cattle bam No. 20 Cattle bam No. 21L Cattle bam No. 221 Cattle bam wash stands, etc Closet No. Closet No. Closet No. Closet No. Closet No. Closet No. Closet No'. Closet No. Closet No. Closet No. aoset No. Closet No. Closet No. Closet No. Closet No. Closet No. Closet No. Closet No. Closet No. 459,076.19 7,696.48 18,170.38 2,917.80 3,500.94 8,788.86 4,736.69 959.79 12,681.02 1,640.00 2,840.14 225.63 111.75 32,039.32 46,367.34 94,391.44 514.42 42.86 2,831.72 6,077.57 209.81 145.80 5,509.81 4,190.95 5,138.43 2,165.92 5,718.32 638.87 638.87 638.87 638.87 638.87 638.87 688.87 638.87 638.87 638.87 638.87 638.87 300.08 300.08 300.08 218.70 218.70 300.12 47.38 265.42 265.42 2,654.21 85.74 2,654.21 171.48 2,654.21 171.48 171.48 107.17 128.60 171.48 257.21 171.48 171.48 36.45 10.91 36.45 54.67 $ 1,110.53 147.39 175.05 189.44 187.86 47.99 634.05 1,200.00 142.00 11.28 5.58 480.59 695.51 943.91 25.72 2.14 84.95 182.33 10.49 14.58 165.29 62.86 77.08 64.98 85.77 19.17 19.17 19.17 19.17 19.17 19.17 19.17 19.17 19.17 10.17 19.17 19.17 15.00 15.00 15.00 21.87 21.87 30.01 4.74 10.62 10.62 106.17 4.29 106.17 8.57 106.17 8.57 8.57 5.36 6.43 8.57 12.86 8.57 8.57 3.65 1.09 3.65 5.47 14,378.87 1,554.68 166.45 m.oo 10.65 14.00 735.02 2,738.20 748.56 472.54 2,707.09 5'02 194.38 . 444.22 53.00 20.43 627.29 53.49 51.23 142.59 49.73 9.92 9.92 13.31 19.00 51.97 y.oo 40.98 12.00 63.79 12.00 7.00 9.00 23.25 12.00 16.00 12.00 12.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 2.23 459,076.19 22,074.35 18,614.53 2,966.86 3,325.89 3,650.42 4,559.48 925.80 12,781.99 440.00 5,436.34 214.35 106.17 32,307.29 46,144.37 96,154.62 488.70 45.74 2,941.15 6,339.46 252.32 151.65 5,971.81 4,181.58 5,112.58 2,243.53 5,682.28 619.70 619.70 619.70 619.70 619.70 619.70 619.70 619.70 619.70 629.62 629.62 619.70 285.08 285.08 285.08 196.83 196.83 270.11 42.64 268.11 273.80 2,600.01 90.45 2,589.02 174.91 2,611.83 174.91 169.91 110.81 145.42 174.91 260.35 174.91 174.91 37.80 13.85 36.80 61.43 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II INVENTORY STATE FARM PROAERTY— Continued. 101 Value Nov. 30, 1916 Deprecia- tion De- ducted 1917 Imorove- nients Added 1917 Value Nov. 30, 1917 Closet No. 21 - Dining haUs (4 brick) Dining hall on Grand Avenue , Dining hall west of track Kxposition building Farm house Farm baru Floral hall Forage barn Forage barn, camp ground Firo station Flag pole Qaiasi farm cottage Grocery store Grand Avenue entrance Horse bam, brick Horse bam No. 1 63.19 8.144.75 6,289.19 150.04 13,790.04 3,514.94 1,327.10 2,215.66 1,893.60 85.74 570.41 Horse bam No. 2' Horse bam No. 3 — Horse barn No. 4 Horse bam No. 5 Horse barn No. 0 Horse barn No. 7 . Hospital Ice house Judges' stand Judges' stand, show ring Lumber shed _. Machinery hall Moat marketi _- Mines and Mining building Office buiiaing No. 1 Office building No. 2 Office building No. 3 Office building No. 4 Office building No. 5 . Office building No. 6 Office building No. 7 Office building No. 8 Office building No. 9 Office building No. 10 Office building No. 11 Office building No. 12 Office building No. 13 -- Office building No. 14 Office building No. 15 Office building No. 16 Poultry building Power hall Post office — Police headquarters Police barn No. 1 Police bam No. 2 Paddock - Rock Island entrance Swine pavilion Stock pavilion Street car station Speed barn No. 1 Speed barn No. 2 Speed barn No. 3. Speed barn No. 4 Speed barn No. 5 Speed barn No. 6 Speed barn No. 7- Speed barn No. 8 — Speed bam No. 9 Speed barn No. 10— — Speed barn No. 11 Speed barn No. 12 754.62 428.60 1,398.49 49,493.42 1,825.35 1,369.01 1,825.39 1,642.81 1,642.81 1,551.54 1,251.26 730.14 300.08 251.47 16.20 342.95 77,923.61 208.32 461.04 85.74 325.66 171.47 85.74 85.74 214.34 214.34 257.21 85.74 257.21 128.60 182.16 309.00 227.59 34.30 148.88 5,422.26 3,994.63 332.13 428.69 36.45 72.90 9,305.04 287.88 73,751.05 37,552.82 8,036.60 1,000.21 1.095.21 1,096.21 1,095.21 1,095.21 1,095.21 1,095.21 912.67 912.67 912.67 619.32 575.08 3.16 162.90 188.68 7.50 551.60 140.60 58.08 221.56 75.74 4.29 17.11 30.18 21.43 20.90 742.40 54.76 41.07 54.70 49.28 49.28 46.55 37.54 21.90 15.00 2.51 1.62 17.15 1,168.85 20.83 13.83 4.29 13.08 8.57 4.29 4.29 10.72 10.72 12.86 4.29 12.80 6.43 9.11 12.39 11.38 1.72 7.44 216.89 159.78 13.28 21.43 3.05 7.29 186.10 14.39 1,100.27 568.29 80.37 32.86 32.86 32.86 312.86 32.86 32.86 32.86 27.38 27.38 27.38 24.77 23.00 961.13 116.67 13.75 754.58 86.15 26.68 444.43 43.38 100.50 704.16 32.67 24.54 32.67 29.57 29.57 27.93 22.02 67.61 10.00 1,179.97 27.80 20.77 12.92 74.61 77.60 28.84 70.61 28.84 37.28 25.18 3,026.24 37.11 3,490.31 245.16 116.04 60.31 60.31 60.31 60.31 60.31 60.31 60.31 50.25 50.25 50.25 35.19 32.67 59.99 8,942.98 6,217.18 156.29 13,998.02 3,460.49 1,274.02 1,994.10 1,817.86 81.45 579.98 444.43 724.44 450.64 1,473.09 49.455.18 1,803.26 1,352.48 1,803.26 1,623.10 1,623.10 1,532.92 1,235.73 775.85 295. 0« 248.96 14.58 325.80 77,984.73 215.35 467.98 81.45 334.17 162.90 81.45 81.45 216.54 278.23 321.95 110.29 314.96 151.01 210.33 322.45 216.21 32.58 141.41 8,231.61 3,834.85 355.96 407.26 32.80 65.61 9,118.94 273.49 76,135.69 37,234.69 8,072.33 1,122.66 1,122.66 1,122.66 1,122.66 1,122.66 1,122.66 1,122.66 985.54 985.64 935.54 629.74 584.75 102 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE INVENTORY STATE FARM PROPERTY-Continued. Value Nov. 30, 1916 Deprecia- tion De- ducted 1917 Improve- ments Added 1917 Value Nov. 30, 1917 Sheep bam Telephone statioQ Ticket booth No. 1 Ticket booth No. 2 Ticket booths Nos. 4 and 5 Ticket booths Nos. 6 and 7 Ticket booths Nos. 8 and 0 - Ticket booth, Grand Avenuei Ticket booth, Grand Avenue Ticket booth, quarter stretch - Ticket booth, amphitheater Ticket booth, amphitheater Ticket booth, amphitheater Ticket booth, amphitheatre Ticket booth, reserved seats Ticket booth, stock pavilion :. Ticket booth. Rock Island Ticket booth, Eoek Island Ticket booth, amphitheater paddock-— Vaudeville stages Women and Children's building Women and /Children's bldg. hospital- Walnut street entrance Building carrying account Total. 25,420. 638. 12, 12, 85, 85, 85. 64, 21. 8. 22, 44, 30. 44. 30. 30, 66. 22. 21. 1,452, 77,7131, lOO. 5S6.6S 50S.4O 19.17 .64 .64 4.29 4.29 4.29 3.21 1.07 .47 .88 1.77 1.24 1.77 1.24 1.24 2.65 .88 1.07 58.08 ,165.70 5.00 121.72 43.06 3.30 6.56 4.61 6.56 6.50 4.00 489.24 793.34 1.75 1,296.94 2.39.71 $1,1851,002.90 $ 16,025.98 $ 41,273.77 25,083.53 662.76 12.23 12.23 81.46 81.45 81.45 61.09 20.38 8.10 24.54 49.08 34.3^ 49.03 36.23 29.73 63.71 21.24 24.38 1,883.30 77,341.30 9e.75 1,296.94 826.39 $ 1,210,250.75 BALANCE SHEET, NOVEMBER 30, 1917. ASSETS. Real estate $ 481.150.54 Buildings • 676,078.38 Light and telophone plant 18,614.53 Personal property 34,407.30 Accounts receivable Cash balance in treasury, November 30, 1917 Total assets LIABILITIES. Accounts payable $ 287.81 State appropriation for frame buildings, 1885 50,000.00 State appropriation for additional real estate 30,443.72 State appropriation for permanent buildings since 1902 446,000.00 Surplus on account of increase in value of real estate and profits of fair invested in permanent improvements .'-. Total liabilities $ 1,210,250.75 80.57 34,822.20 $ 1,245,153.52 $ 526,731.53 718,421.99 $ 1,245,153.5: EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 103 The Chairman : We have a department in our fair known as the Boys' State Fair Camp, with which you are all familiar. We select a boy from each county in the state by competition, and those boys come to- the fair to the boys' camp. Of course we use them wherever we can but half their time is spent in hearing lectures and exercises in different departments of the fair. Then when the boys g"o home we ask them to write an essay on the Iowa State Fair. We have with us today the boy who wrote the first prize essay. It gives me great pleasure to present to you Herman W. Carlson of Blakesburg, the winner in the essay contest. WHAT I SAW AND LEARNED AT THE IOWA STATE FAIR. HERMAN W. CARLSON, BLAKESBURG. My trip to the Iowa State Fair and Exposition was truly very inter- esting and educational to me. Traveling by way of the C, B. & Q. route I saw part of Iowa's great farming land. Many were the fields of waving corn upon which I gazed as I passed through them on my way to the Boys' Camp at the Iowa State Fair and I was impressed as never before that our state was truly a great agricultural state. However, I also passed through numerous coal mining towns and this brought home to me the fact that Iowa has other valuable industries as well as farming and breeding live stock. Upon arriving in Des Moines I took a car direct to the fair grounds and was soon at my destination. I was directed to the Administration Building where I was enrolled as a member of the Boys' 1917 State Fair Camp. Here in camp I made many new acquaintances and friends, and spent"ten well-filled days of fun, recreation and work. Our work mostly consisted of ushering at the grandstand and stock pavilion, and this brought us in contact with all kinds of people and taught us that we all need to practice self-control in a place of that sort. However, we were always under the supervision of the camp leaders and they were always ready and willing to help us. The Chapel services at the camp each m.orning were a benefit to all of us I am sure. I for one will never forget the talk on "Habit" given us by one of Uncle Sam's Army Chap- lains. Surrounding the camp were many things of interest, among them the machinery exhibits. This exhibit was a delight to the farm boy for here he could see all the modern machinery, such as tractors, gasoline engines, ensilage cutters, etc., which every farmer boy is interested in. I visited the Poultry Building, the Agricultural and Horticultural Building and was greatly interested in the exhibits in both buildings. The "Horn of Plenty" in the Agricultural Building was wonderful and attracted the attention of thousands of people. The county exhibits and the individual farm exhibits naturally interested all farmer boys and I hope we gathered some valuable pointers for our home work from these exhibits. , 104 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Then, too, the live stock judging in the stock pavilion was one of the Interesting places on the grounds. Never before had I seen such a fine show of purebred live stock. I visited the barns also and learned many things concerning the care, feeding and judging of live stock. I saw thousands of Iowa's soldiers, of whom we are all very proud. To see them march and drill with "Old Glory" towering above them, made one's heart thump with patriotism. Thus I learned that our state has willingly given her share of young manhood for her country's sake. I am sure this was an incentive for us all to do our bit. I visited the navy exhibit and received valuable knowledge thereby. At the Women's and Children's Building I noticed the work and exhibits of the American Red Cross Association and this brought to me a fuller realization of what this association was doing to relieve the suffering of war. I am also glad that I saw the great electrical works by the world's greatest inventor, Thomas A. Edison. The many different kinds of automobiles and vehicles made me think how progressive our nation really is in the different modes of traveling, as well as in other industries. I saw my first auto race and my first auto polo game and thoroughly enjoyed them. I spent an enjoyable afternoon in the city of Des Moines. I visited the State House, Historical Building and the Y. M. C. A. I wished for more time to look over the relics, etc., at the Historical Building. The amusements at the fair were good and we were glad of the oppor- tunity to witness the horse racing, different vaudeville acts, the fireworks show and the music by the various bands was also appreciated. Many were the benefits derived from my trip to the Iowa State Fair and I certainly appreciate that I was given this wonderful opportunity. It was more than worth the effort I put forth and I was so well repaid that I shall always be a booster for the Boys' Camp, the Iowa State Fair, and the grand state of Iowa, "The Beautiful Land." Mr. J. Q. Lauer: I want to take this opportunity to suggest a matter that is of particular Interest to me and it seems to be equally so with the majority of people who were in attendance at the meeting yesterday — that is the attendance of the fair man- agers at this state agricultural convention. In view of the fact that we have ninety-four fairs in tlie State of Iowa, and all of them receiving state aid, it seems hardly right that there should be so few represented here this morning. In looking over the room I doubt if there are over thirty fairs represented here this morning. I want to mention particularly the matter discussed in the fair managers' 'convention yesterday with regard to advocating legis lation whereby we can compel all the county fairs receiving state aid to have at least one representative present at this agricultural convention. I have not as yet found a dissenting voice among those who have heard suggested the advisability/ of something being EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 105 done that will compel the different fairs having a representative at this meeting. As secretar^r of the fair managers' association I have received some very impertinent letters from different fair officials, conveying the idea that "we never did belong and ]iever will, and we will get our state aid just the same ' '. I made a trip this year to the southwestern part of the state and in talking with some of the officers I found that they had never heard anything from our asso- ciation. I have in mind two places in the southwestern part of the state where I sent literature with regard to our association and the annual meeting, where the matter had never been brought to the attention of the fair managers, for the secretary had confiscated the communications and had never brought the matter to the atten- tion of the fair oft'icials. Conse(]uently nothing was done. That being the condition in some places, I hope that everybody interested in fair w^ork will take that into consideration and see if it can't be arranged that every fair receiving state aid should have a repre- sentative attending the state agricultural convention. I have not drafted a law covering this particular feature, but I know that the legislative committee can prepare such a bill and present it to the legislature, and I feel sure that it can be passed without any trouble whatever. The Chairman : We have with us today an old-time fair man who never has lost his interest in fair work, or lost his interest in the agricultural interests of Iowa. If we have one proposition in the State of Iowa that is of interest to farmers, it is the matter of seed corn, and I am going to call upon my old friend John Cownie to give us a talk on seed corn. MR. JOHN COWNIE. 3Ir. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: I am always ashamed to talk r.eed corn ! It is a very humiliat- ing condition that we are placed in this year with regard to seed corn. It is over twenty years since I had an experience with seed corn and I will never forget, and from that time to this I have been writing and urging farmers to adopt my method of saving their seed corn that would make crop failure impossible. When I was connected with the state institutions of Iowa as a member of the Board of Control, I was informed that they al- ways had trouble with their seed corn and I told them that \}iqj were not going to have any more trouble now, I went around to the different institutions and advised them to select a place 106 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE for seed corn; but I wasn't satisfied to just tell them, I went around with the superintendent and selected a place in some of the buildings where there was steam heat, and good ventila- tion. We selected our seed corn in September, picking out the best ears just past the roasting-ear stage, and right over the boilers we had our seed corn strung where it would get the full benefit of that heat, and in the twelve years that T was a mem- ber of the Board of Control we did not have to replant a single hill of ■corn. I had patience with the men who had that work to do, and was rewarded by getting results. Gentlemen, we have had a great deal of erroneous teaching Avith regard to seed corn. I have tried time and again to con- vince farmers of low^a that there is only one place for seed corn to be kept and that is in a dwelling house. In the early days there was no harm in taking seed corn in the house^ but when we built modern homes we got a little toney and put the seed corn in an outbuilding. I got in the same fix one year. We had an outbuilding that was plastered and my wife said, "John, I don't want to keep seed corn in the house now." We had a carpet on the floor, while we used to have a bare floor, and so I put it in the outbuilding. The outbuilding had a shingle roof, but there was no heat, and the corn was a failure. I supposed it would grow just the same without any testing, and I did not test it. AA^e planted that corn that year three times and it cost me over $3,000. I called my wife's attention to it and she apologized and said, "I don't want trouble of that kind with the seed corn again." If every man here, and every man connected with the State Agricultural Society, and my friend here, Professor Curtiss, will get over the idea of not taking seed corn into the house, you will find no more difficulty in havin,^' satisfactory seed corn. At one time wlien I was advocating the ?,aving of seed corn by this method a newspaper reporter present wrote up an article in which he said I told them to take the corn into the best room in the house, take it right into the parlor with the piano, and m order to get best results it should have a tune once in a while. I have never gone quite so far as that, but if you will take your corn into the house and give it artificial heat, you will have no more corn failures. The Chairman : According to our program we have one more paper to be read before lunch, but Dr. Chappel has kindly con- sented to read it this afternoon, so it will be postponed until that time. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART 11 ' 1^7 If you have not handed in voul^ credentials, you had better do so in order that the credentials committee may make their report. Our program will connnence at 1 :30 this afternoon. AFTERNOON SESSION. The Chairman : The first we have on the proj-'ram for this after- noon is the unfinished business of this morning; that is the reading of the official crop estimate for 1917, by Dr. George M. Chappel, director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service. FINAL SUMMARY OF IOWA CROPS FOR 1917. BY GEORGE M. CHAPPEL,. Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the average yield per acre and total yields of staple soil products, and the average price at the nearest station, December 1, 1917. This report does not include or take into con- sideration live stock, poultry or dairy products. The crop season of 1917 was an exceptional one; most of the crops being produced under great handicaps. The winter of 1916-17 was cold and the precipitation was generally deficient, particularly in the southern portion of the state. The snowfall was about normal in the northern counties, but very deficient in the southern sections until March and April, When in the latter month it exceeded the total amount for the three preceding months. A glaze storm on the night of December 25-26 covered nearly the entire state with a heavy coating of ice; and another on March 12-13 covered the region from the Des Moines to the Mississippi rivers. April, May and June were abnormally cold and April and June were excessively wet. Cold weather continued until July 20th, after which it was hot and relatively dry until August 4th. The re- mainder of August was cool and the showers were light and scattered. Drought and grasshoppers became serious in some of the south-central and southeastern counties. September was cooler than normal with heavy frosts on the 11th, on the lowlands in the northern and eastern sections; there was, however, a warm period from the 13th to the 18th. Killing frosts occurred in some sections of the state on October 1st, in all but the southwestern portion on the 6th, and throughout the state on the 8th; and the entire month was cold, being the coldest of record, and 3.1° colder than October, 1895, which heretofore held the record. Sunshine was unusually deficient, particularly in the northeast portion where it was less than one-third of the possible amount. November was much warmer and drier than usual with about the normal amount of sunshine. The winter-killing of wheat was due to the following causes: First, the plants were not well established at the beginning of winter. In the cen- tral and southern divisions, which include the bulk of the winter wheat acreage, drought, August 16-31, September 13-24, and October 1-14, 1916, delayed plowing, seeding and germination. November was warm with 108 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE plenty of moisture, and the young plants got a fair start but were not sufficiently strong to resist the rigorous winter that followed. Second, the general glaze storm of Christmas night covered almost the entire area with a smothering coat of ice. Third, the snow covering was absent or generally deficient. In the central portion of the state there was con- siderable snow covering, but subsequent weather conditions reduced it to an impervious layer of ice equal in smothering properties to a covering of glaze. "Where the snow covering was absent the plants were subjected to unusual extremes of temperature. Fourth, drought prevailed through- out the winter. The last three causes were responsible for the winter- killing of grasses. In the northern portion of the state where the snow covering was deeper, more porous and continuous, grasses and the small acreage of winter wheat that was sown did not suffer so seriously. The warm and normally moist March and the cool and generally wet spring and early summer were especially favorable for oats, spring wheat and barley, all of which made large yields, barley making a record yield. The yield of winter wheat on the acreage that was considered promising enough to let grow was good. The corn acreage was greatly increased by plowing up the winte7- killed wheat fields and meadows. This, together with the cold, wet, un- favorable spring, started it out about two weeks late. Large areas in the southern portion of the state were washed out or drowned out and re- planted, some as late at the closing days of June. The abnormally cool weather of May, June and the first half of July did not give the corn a chance to catch up. About the only good corn weather of the season occurred from July 20th to August 4th. Two weeks more of good corn weather would have matured a phenomenal crop, but a cold and cloudy October caught it unprepared. The yield is good but the quality is un- usually poor. November, though much warmer and drier than normal, closed with the crop generally unfit for cribbing. Seed corn gathered since October Sth almost without exception shows very low germination tests. Con- siderable care will need to be exercised before another planting season to discover the unreliable seed, locate supplies of good seed and effect the proper distribution. Droughty conditions and grasshoppers during August, in some of the south-central and southeastern counties, made the I)astures brown and bare. The Iowa Weather and Crop Service was con- sulted by several cattle men seeking pasturage in more favorable sections of the state to avoid the use of high-priced dry feed or immature corn fodder. Looking forward to the winter wheat crop of 1918, it should be noted that in certain portions of the state, particularly the south-central and western, plowing, seeding, and germination were delayed by dry, hard soil and droughty conditions, and October was too cold, and in some sections grasshoppers kept it eaten down so that plants are not entering the winter in a resistant condition. There has been a great increase in the acreage sown as compared with the area harvested in 1917, but the acre- age is considerably below the normal, and in order that we may have a normal wheat crop next year it will be necessary to greatly increase the acreage of spring wheat. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 109 TABULATED CROP SUMMARY. Acres Corn 10,242.000 Oats 5,23S,500 Spring wheat 173,460 Winter wheat 133.930 Barley 258,775 Rye 35,275 Flax seed 7,430 Timothy seed 290,243 Clover seed 61,560 Potatoes 99,610 Hay (tame) 2,671,100 Jlay (wild) 524,912 Alfalfa 103,215 Pasture and grazing Ensilage Sweet corn Pop corn Buckwheat Fruit crop Garden truck Miscellaneou.s Average Average yield 40 Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. 4.5 Bu. 1.5 Bu, 109 Bu. 1.3 tons 1.2 tons 3.4 tons 46 18 18 3 5 20 11 price $ .97 .61 1.94 1.97 1.15 1.58 2.87 3.37 14.00 1.32 18.82 14.79 23.40 Total yield 409,667.000 239,416,200 3 199,820 2,397.560 9,111,590 722,410 80,810 1.306.093 92.340 10,793.600 3,584,400 636.947 353 830 Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Total value $397,376,990 146,043,882 6,207,652 4,723,193 10,478,328 1,141,408 231,925 4,401,533 1,292,760 14,247,552 67,458,408 9,420,446 8,279,622 100,000,000 16,686,000 5,800,000 900,000 370,000 7,000.000 8,000,000 12,000,000 Total value $822,059,699 The value of soil products for 1916 was $597,165,673 The Chairman : Gentlemen, we have with us today Mr. John Wallace, chairman of the Red Cross Christmas Membership Cam- paign, who would like to explain the Red Cross work. JOHN WALLACE. As we are sitting here in this comfortable room today, there are American soldiers in the trenches in France. They are standing shoulder to shoulder with the French and British who had been fighting our battles for the past three years — and now well into the fourth year. There are thousands of our boys in the training camps of France — we don't know how many thousand, for the government does not tell us; and there are thousands of the best of American manhood in the great training canton- ments all over this country. There will be thousands more selected during the coming months. These men are all being selected for the one big thing — the drive in the spring When spring opens up on the western front in France, we will see a battle such as we have never seen before — such as this war has not seen before. That means we will have a casualty list in Iowa so long that you men will be standing before the bulletin boards hoping and praying that the name of your boy is not there; but thousands of our boys will be wounded. The organization that takes care of the wounded soldier is the Amer- ican Red Cross. The American Red Cross is responsible for the first emergency treatment that is given for the care of the wounded. They have a first-aid hospital close back of the firing line where emergency treatment is given. Then the wounded boy goes back to the base^ hospital v^here our best and most skilled American surgeons will be in attendance and where operations will be performed to save that boy's life, and the number of lives that will be saved will depend upon what you do for the Red Cross. The war will be brought home to the people of this country 110 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE in the spring as it has been brought home to tlie Allies in the past three years. If the boy comes through all right in the emergency hospital, he is sent to the base hospital, and from the base hospital he goes to the convalescent hospital. The efficiency of this work is shown by the report that 70 per cent of the German wounded go back to the firing line; 68 per cent in the British army, and the lowest percentage, I believe, of any army is 58 per cent. The Red 'Cross will send many a boy home to us who would otherwise be lost. That is not alone the work of the Red Cross. Our American Red Cross has been furnishing supplies to 3,463 French hospitals. They have been furnishing surgical dressings to over 2,000 hospitals. These hospitals look to us to keep this work up. We must keep it up. In the past there has been such a scarcity of dressings that the hospitals were forced to use newspapers, and the printer's ink on the papers on coming in con- tact with the wound has caused gangrene. Some people say, "What are they doing with the surgical dressings that the women of the United States are making?" They aren't making too many, for there have been as many as 300,000 men put out of commission in a three-days' fight. You can imagine what that means! As an example of the work that the Red Cross is today doing I will say that last Saturday we received a requisition for 45,000 Red Cross surgical dressings, which will take $7,000 of material, and we have to deliver these pads by the first of January. Other chapters are being requisitioned for supplies in the same way, all of which are necessary for hospital work, and they are filling their requisitions just as rapidly The Red Cross does more work than that. They conduct the trench canteen, which is a restaurant. Those canteens provide the boys a place to buy food. For instance, for thirteen cents a boy will get soup, beef or lamb, coffee, and rice pudding, or something like that. All that for thirteen cents. That is actual cost. That is the only thing they charge for, the food. The system is to put the boys in the trenches for eighteen days at a stretch — six days there in the front line trench, six days in the secondary trenches, and the third six days back in the first line trenches. Those boys stand in the water to their hips, and they have only a dugout to sleep in. Soldiers tell me that it is an actual fact that the men get literally covered with vermin; they get caked with mud, and you cannot tell whether they are black or white after they have been in front-line service for a while. And so the trench canteens provide baths for the boys and a sterilizer for their clothes. And when a boy gets off the firing line he gets a bath, and has his clothes sterilized and gets a place to sleep. Some of these canteens are large enough to care for 5,000 people. They even have a place where a boy can get his mind off the horror of war in a bomb-proof movie theatre. We have no idea what the boys are subjected to, for we jump when a small cannon goes off, but think what it is where there are thousands. There is a cannon every six feet on that front. In addition to that there are many people homeless in the warring countries who are being cared for by the Red Cross. There are 1,500 villages, as well as the country in between, that has been totally destroyed by the Germans in their retreat — a section almost as large as the state EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 111 of Iowa. Imagine a tract of ground as large as this state wittiout a tree or fence or a house on it, and with great shell holes as big as this capital building, and you have a picture of a large part of the battlefield in France. The Red Cross is taking care of homeless children in Belgium. They have restored children to their parents, and parents to their families. In addition to that, the Red Cross is at work right here at home. Take the Halifax disaster. Within a few hours the Red Cross was there with great quantities of supplies and nurses and doctors to take care of the injured and homeless. There are 25,000 homeless people in Halifax, and the Red Cross organized that relief work and was on hand when their help was most needed. The Red Cross is the great humanitarian arm of our government. Take the Eastland disaster in Chicago, when hun- dreds of excursionists were drowned. The Red Cross was there promptly and at work. In the cyclones in Illinois and Indiana they were likewise efncient. But of course the war task overshadows all at this time, and that is the why of this Christmas campaign. There are four million members of the Red Cross in the United States at this time. We want to make the number fifteen million, and we ought to do it. I believe the popu- lation of Iowa is 2,-3.58,611, or thereabout, in round numbers. There are approximately 250,000 Red Cross memberships in Iowa, and we are going after a record in this state. Our minimum quota in Iowa is one for every four people, which would mean between six and seven hundred thousand. I have been talking over the telephone today with our friends from out in the state, and they say, "We are not going to be satisfied with that; we want one out of every two people in Iowa," and I hope that there are many counties in Iowa that will do that very thing. We. ask that every one who is a member of the Red Cross shall pay his annual dues. We want him to pay the dues in December of each year, unless you have joined within the past few weeks or month. Suppose we renew 250,000 memberships in Iowa this campaign, and are able to in- crease the number by five or six hundred thousand. That is what we v/ant. It is not the money that we want in this campaign so much as it is the interest of every man and woman and child in Iowa in this great work, but the money is a consideration, for fifty cents out of each dollar that comes in stays right at home in your local chapter. Say we get 600,000 members, that would mean $300,000, that can be devoted to the purchase of materials for surgical dressings, wool for socks, sweaters, hospital garments, etc. That is a considerable item in the aggregate. It means a lot to us, and that is the why of this Christmas campaign at this time. Some of us might say, "Why don't you put this off until next summer?" That was my first thought, and then I thought of the tre- mendous need and I made up my. mind that it would be almost criminal to put it off till next summer. Because we need the interest of the people in the Red Cross, and we need the money, and we are going to get both. It is simply a matter of passing the message along, and that is why I am here today. We are planning on a thorough organization in every county and in every township and in every city and in every town in the state of 112 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Iowa. We want to reach every home. We want to reach the head of every home, and we want to reach the wife, and we want to reach the children. We want every family to be 100 per cent efficient. That is, that you as the head of the family have a $2 membership, and that your wife have a dollar membership and each child a dollar membership. So that we want every family 100 per cent efficient in this campaign, and a part of the campaign is the service flag. The service flag is a Red Cross flag with a blue border wliich is to be hung in the window of your home or place of business when you join in this campaign, and it is to stay there until Christmas night." The Red Cross has suggested that you put a candle or light behind the flag so that it will show through, and as you drive along the road in town or country you will see this service flag. They have suggested that you put a Red Cross in that flag for every member in your family that has a membership. For instance, a big Red Cross signifies one membership, and if there are four other members in your family who are members, you put a small Red Cross sticker on the flag for each member of your family. The idea is to get a little bit of Christmas spirit for the Red Cross. The Red Cross means patriotism. It is not a time for you or for me to quibble about the time the campaign should be held, to which we are asking you to contribute, but it is up to us to get back of the Red Cross, and get back of the Liberty Loan, and get back of the Y. M. C. A., and get back of the President in the winning of this war. All these things are a means to an end, and our big business io to WIN THIS WAR. I think some of us would make pretty good fighters, but we are above the age and we can't all go to Europe to fight, but we can fight through the American Red Cross and the Liberty Bonds and the Y. M. C. A., and I ask you gentlemen when you go home to enlist for this Red Cross campaign and call up the chairman of your chapter. There are 172 chapters of the Red Cross in Iowa, and all of these chap- ters have branches. I will ask you to call up the chairman of your chap- ter and tell him that you want to get back of the Red Cross in this campaign and that you will do anything you can to help them along. If you have any doubts as to whether you should do it, and you think it is a very hard job, just think of the thousands of young men in our state who have given up their jobs on the farm, and who have given up good- paying positions in offices, to go out and fight for their country. It is your way of fighting. I don't think a family in Iowa should be able to gather around the fireside on Christmas day and say that they are not members of the American Red Cross. I don't believe that many homes in Iowa will be able to say that they are not 100 per cent efficient in this Red Cross campaign. If we get after this thing as we should, there is nothing that can stop us having one million members instead of six hun- dred thousand. The Chairman : We have a gentleman with us who is at the head of this great state of Iowa, whom I know to be intensely interested in everything pertaining to Iowa, and who is interested in every- thing that yon are interested in. He is a friend of the fair, and a friend of the people of the state. I take great pleasure in pre- senting to yon Hon. W. L. Harding, governor of the state of Iowa. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 113 REMARKS OF THE GOVERNOR. HON. W. L,. HARDING. Hon. W. L. Harding: Gentlemen: It was my privilege, and I felt it also a duty, to visit the troops down at Camp Cody. In fact, I am trying to visit the Iowa troops wherever they may be stationed in this country, once at least before they leave for across the water. (Applause). I saw 25,000 American soldiers on that parade ground on Sunday morning — 8,000 of them from Iowa — and when you look at that body of young men, the suggestion made by Mr. Wallace of what they are doing and how little we may be doing here at home as compared with what those young men are doing, comes home all the more strongly. It seems to me there ought not to be a single, solitary person in all this state that is not a member of the Red Cross. While at Camp Cody I visited the hospitals. The work that the Red Cross is doing there is remarkable. These boys are a long ways from home. They are just as far away from home there as if they were in France, because Nature never picked that place as a training camp. I understand that to be a brave man you must have a lot of "sand", and after you have been there for twenty-four hours you have plenty of it. I visited the hospitals, and one lad was very sick, but the smile that came over his face when he saw somebody from home was pathetic. Be- fore I left he turned on his pillow, and I know there were tears in his eyes (but nurses were about) as he told me of the good treatment he had received from the Red Cross. The money that we are going to give to this Red Cross is to see that the sick boys are taken care of, and I think if that message can be carried all over the state into every home there will be no question about the success of this campaign. Now, the thought I want to leave with the fair association — and I think' it is fhe thought that ought to be brought home to you people — is that it is not necessary for men to change their occupation in order to help win this war. Too many men and women think, now that we are at war, that they must change their occupation and get into some other line — some branch of the service in order to help their country in this hour of need. What we do need is every man with his shoulder to the wheel in his own business pushing harder than he has ever pushed before. If your business was important in the days of peace as a producer, then it is doubly im- portant in the time of war. These other matters that we take on, such as the Red Cross, the Liberty Bonds, and the Y. M. C. A. are simply additional burdens but it does not mean that a man should let up in his usual and ordinary avocation. We have a great deal of trouble in our office because of those who want to organize home guards or something of that kind. They think it would be nice to have a body of men training in their town. It would be, but we don't want men training as home guards when we have a war on our hands. They had better be training in home-gardens and home- farms rather than marching around with a broomstick trying to be a trained soldier. And the message that must somehow get to our people 8 114 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE in all its seriousness is that each man must now attend to his own busi- ness, provided the government has not called him to go into the service. Not five minutes ago I got through talking with a man who is past the age limit who says he wants to serve his country. I said "If you do and you mean it, get on a pair of overalls and go out and pick corn," but that didn't appeal to him. Now, we have that type of men, unfortunately, right here in Iowa, and it is up to those who are real patriots to carry this message: That every man should take the place that he can find that is open and get into it and work. That is the spirit of the true soldier, and I want to tell you it is. the spirit of the boys down there at Camp Cody. They are not complaining; they are feeling good. There are conditions that could be changed, no doubt, and that ought to be changed, and I have no doubt will be changed; but the boys are not say- ing anything about it, and you never would find it out if you had to wait for them to tell you. And we have got to have that same spirit right here at home. So far as the state fair association and the county and district fair association are concerned, what they can do to help win this war is to keep on in the business that you have been in, only intensify it 100 per cent, if possible. You have your organizations, don't abandon them; don't go out of the business; but, instead of having your organization active for a short time in the year, make it active for 365 days now. An agricultural association like this can do wonders, provided it is working. That, of course, is the hard thing. It is hard to get people stirred up to the place where they realize the task that we have before us, and how much they can do to solve that task. Personally, I am not optimistic about the outcome of this war, for two reasons: First: That we are getting into it late, and Second: That our people yet have not got into the spirit that is neces- sary to win a war, fighting against an enemy the like of which we are fighting. You cannot whip the Hun by slapping him three times on the wrist. They are organized; have been for twenty-five years preparing for this war. The date may not have been actually fixed, but approxi- mately it was. Now, we are going up against that sort of machine, that sort of an organization. It means that every man must about-face, get into the spirit of the war and be ready to fight at home, and you are not fighting at home unless you are doubling your energy in your own oc- cupation and then carrying these outside burdens that come along that are incident to the war. I spent more time at the state fair this year than I have ever spent at the state fair before. I think I missed only two days, I don't mean by that that I was there all the time, but I took opportunity to visir practically every exhibit. It was an education and a rest to me, and also an inspiration. The best of the state was exhibited on the fair grounds. It simply opened before one's eyes the possibilities of a rich, fertile state like Iowa, if our people will merely put their attention and their energy to the task. Iowa is rich beyond the dream of any of us who are here. We have only touched the top of the surface — scratched it, if you please. The state fair and the county fairs are designed to inspire the people to EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 115 do their best, and as I saw those people out there at the fair ground and saw them, tallying about it, I was more convinced tlian ever that organi- zations of this kind or worth while, that they fill a place and that they ought to be encouraged and increased. I want to congratulate the man- agers of the state fair association on the splendid exhibition that we had this year, and I want to encourage you to go on and make it even better and better as the years come and go. A year ago it Was my privilege to attend many of the county fairs. I didn't do that this year! ! ! But I have enjoyed attending the county fairs. It is a source of inspiration to attend them, and it gives one pride in his state, and I think there cannot be too much state pride cultivated in the breast of our people. A man who does not think well of his home doesn't make a very good father or a very good citizen, and the man who does not think well of his state is apt to be a very poor father and is bound to be a mighty poor citizen. It is up to us to encourage our people to have pride. in their state. It is one way of building citizenship; it is one way of building this state; it isi one way of building civilization, and all of the struggle we are now engaged in is for civilization. I know you are busy men. You are here to look after the matter-of- fact details of these organizations, not to listen to long speeches from me. It is a pleasure to be privileged to meet with you, to know that the citizenship of the state is responding to the call of the nation and of the world at this time. The responsibilities of the office which I hold are many and I haven't had opportunity to give as much attention to the work of this organization as I should like to do, but I know that you are performing the tasks in such a way that you can be commended on the progress being made. Mr. Wallace is right when he says that there is just one task before America to do, and that is to win this war. Every thought, every deed, every action of every individual should be to bring about that result. This organization can be mighty helpful. You are in touch with those who are producing, and food is essential. The labor problem is going to be a serious one, but it is not so big that the men of Iowa cannot solve it and produce more food-stuff on Iowa farms next year than she produced last year or any other year in the history of the state, barring some accidents of Nature, of course. To meet the problems growing out of this war may mean the entire re- organization of social conditions and social standards, and this organiza- tion must be leader in these new movements. You men who have been chosen to represent this' organization in your various communities can- not simply attend this^meeting and then go back home and wait for an- other annual meeting; but you must go out from this meeting evangelized for the cause of farming, for the cause of agriculture in this state, and expend your energy in bettering it every hour and every minute. You can do that! You have got to organize your communities. You have got to organize every community along that line of endeavor just the same as you do for the Red Cross. You have got to organize the county, the township and the school district, and it is up to this organization to lead. My message to you today is that you assume leadership with courage; don't falter; don't be afraid. You will have to break new 116 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ground, but those who are unwilling or afraid to break new ground or travel where no human foot has traveled before, never get very far. It is the pioneer who gets results, and this organization must do some pioneering. These problems that present themselves must be met, and you cannot wait for years to complete your task. You have got to win now, and your actioh will he approved, because the heart-beat, the calm heart-beat of the people of Iowa is back of this war for victory. And when you have the heart-beat of the people of Iowa back of you, you can take long strides in a very short time. So assume leadership and victory will come to our cause. The Chairman : We have with us today a gentleman whose early education in fair work was developed in Iowa, and who was called East to show those Eastern people how to conduct a fair. I v/ant to present to you your old friend, John C. Simpson, of Spring- field, Massachusetts. THE EAST AND THE WEST. JOHN C. SIMPSON. Mr. President and friends of Iowa: As I came down on the train this morning it seemed to me that Iowa land and Iowa cattle and Iowa hogs had never looked so good to me as they did then. Down in New England where I make my home at the present time, they have wonderful oppor- tunities for agriculture, but they forgot the art many years ago. There thousands upon thousands of acres of land there now that is grown up in young timber and brush that once produced abundant crops, and Mr. Escher and Mr. Curtiss, or any other cattle men, will tell you that that country used to be the home of beef cattle. I think the first Hereford cattle raised in this country were raised in New England. I have been pretty busy ever since the middle of last March in getting my work lined up. I believe it was the second Sunday in March that I loaded my family into my automobile for our first drive, and I don't think that we missed a single Sunday all summer in driving on those beautiful roads that radiate out from Springfield. And the thing that grew on me more and more was the absence of the hog. I was on the train at one time coming home from the northwest coast and an old gentleman and I got to talking. He seemed to be quite lone- some and in our talk he mentioned that he was from the state of Wash- ington. He said he was farming out there and he used to farm in Indiana. I remarked that Washington was a wonderful country to grow wheat and livestock, and all such things, and he agreed with me, but evidently he was wanting to get back to his old home and talk about things farther back East. Finally he turned to me and said, "Young man, let me lell you something about this farming business. I was raised in Indiana and I know all about Indiana and Illinois and Iowa, and I have lived out here and have been farming twenty-five years; but let me tell you, young man, when you want to farm, never go so far away from home that you can't hear a pig squeal." EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 117 I have ridden for hours and hours, covering miles and miles, and have never seen a pig; and it has got so that my little boys notice the absence of the hog, and if we see a hog it makes us feel almost like seeing an old friend walking down the street. That is the trouble with that sec- tion today — the absence of stock. They have dairy cattle, and they are advanced in truck farming, but they need at the present time more livestock, more hogs, more beef, cattle, and more horses, and they are waking up to that fact. And because we have all of those animals here in abundance is the reason I say that Iowa never looked so good to me before as it did this morning as I came down on the train. It seemed rather queer to me at first to think that these people should attempt to build a great exposition in a section that had been and is at the present time importing eighty per cent of what it consumes; but I can see a reason for this move, for I was brought up with the thought that an exposition is an educational institution. I suppose I have stated that, and restated it, and spoken it, and written it, until it has become shopworn to many of you, but nevertheless it is true. A fair or exposi- tion, the Iowa state fair or the county fair, if it has not a place as an educational institution, has no right to exist. I believe it has a right to exist, and it takes rank with any other educational institution in the country. I can remember when Gov. Harding was not governor of Iowa then (we were of about the same age) that he was not always interested in the state fair, but I suppose it was because Gov. Harding was not used to attending the fair. He couldn't get the viewpoint of the educational side of the show. In our part of the country where I am now engaged, of which I told you something last year, they have spent something like three-quarters of a million dollars, which has been procured through stock subscriptions. The states themselves do not maintain great organ- izations down there, as we do here, but the people who are doing this are the manufacturers. This may surprise you and you will ask, "Are they interested in agriculture?" They certainly are! They are interested in it to this extent, and you may call it selfish: Those men down there feel that they must reclaim and cultivate that land that once produced crops, in order to produce more of what the people are consuming, to reduce the high cost of living. The cost of living in the East is high. I have heard folks talk to the contrary, but don't let anybody tell you it doesn't cost any more to live in the East than it does out here. It costs laboring men more to live down there, and the laboring man must neces- sarily have a greater wage, and he receives a larger wage than he does here; and if he receives a greater wage, that means that the manufacturer puts out an article that costs more than his competitors farther west, and that is why the manufacturies are themselves slipping. At one time the entire boot and shoe industry of the United States was confined within the New England states, but it has been slipping and slipping and slipping. At the present time a large percentage of the boots and shoes are still being made in that section, but it is coming west, and St. Louis is now the center of the boot and shoe industry. The same is true of the machine-tool industry. Providence, Rhode Island, used to be the the center of this tool industry, and now it is Cincinnati, Ohio. And the thing that is back of it all is the high cost of living. 118 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE This organization that I am with not only built up this great plant, but they did something else; they built up a field department which has. a budget, raised by subscription, of $70,000 for the next year. In this field department we have a marketing division. This marketing division is divided into two bureaus, one a purchasing bureau and the other a marketing bureau; and then in addition we have a home economics department, and several others. And all for the purpose of educating the people along these lines. You must remember that down there state lines are very small, and it has brought us to this point, that the work must be dealt with as a whole and not as one state. Whatever problem interests the Connecticut man also interests the Massachusetts man, or the Maine or Vermont, or New Hampshire man. The college must confine its activities to the pur- poses of its own state, but this organization is working out plans which cover the entire section. This same group of men are in earnest about this proposition and they recognize the difficulties they have before them. A lot of those men at one time felt they couldn't see the actual value of the exposition, or the show side of the fair, as they called it. I didn't blame them much be- cause they didn't know a good show from a poor one. Massachussetts is the home of fairs. The first fair was held there 160 years ago, and they are holding the same fair there that they did then. Go down to this fair and you will find prizes listed for the best yoke of oxen. In making up our premium list last year I was asked, "Are you going to put in a work- cattle class?" and I said, "No; out in the country that I come from the only thing we know about work-cattle is the old yoke that my father had that we children fought over to see who got it. I think work cattle is probably responsible for some of the brush and timber that grows upon your land, so we are not going to start a work-cattle class." They didn't understand; they couldn't comprehend the magnitude to which the big shows have grown up in the middle west, and when they had been told something about it they apparently believed me, but can hardly compre- hend it. I talked to one man at Hampton Falls, N. H., who puts his name on for $10,000 a year, about this proposition, but he didn't see the use of the show side. I have gotten another man to do the same thing, but it is hard for them to understand this feature. I told them about this great field work that they had which was nothing new to me, and I said, "Listen here, gentlemen, the work of your field department will die aborn- ing if you don't get something back of it. You must get something to put inspiration in it if you want to continue that work," and so we want to bring the two together. I do feel that I ought to say this to you. I have spent a good many years of my life in Iowa and a few in Minnesota, and now I have been down East a year or so. In that time I have visited practically every large fair in America; have investigated about' them and written about them and know their present condition and. status. When I was in Minne- sota I probably wouldn't have admitted it, but I want to say to you, without throwing any boquets at the board of managers or the governor, that the Iowa State Fair is looked upon as the best conducted, the most worth-while organization of its kind in America. And why? There is no EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR' BOOK — PART II 119 more reason why the Iowa State Fair should be where it is today, than there is for the fair in Illinois or Indiana, or Wisconsin or Minnesota or Missouri being where they are, so far as the states themselves are con- cerned, for they are all equally good states. There is not one iota of reason why you should have a better fair than those states, but there is a difference, and the difference is that they have permitted from time to time politics to get into them. I mean politics to this extent — they have felt that the organization was running for the express purpose of giving somebody a job. And, gentlemen, that is the only thing in my opinion that has put the Iowa State Fair where it is today. You have tried to conduct it as a business proposition. And that is why I think you people in Iowa are to be congratulated and it is a fact which is recognized by the American fairs and exposi- tions, and it is the truth, that Iowa is looked upon as standing foremost of all the excellent state fairs and expositions in this country. I thank you! The Cliairnian : This completes our program. The next will be the report of the Committee on Credentials. Mr. Mullen is chair- man of that committee. The s?cretary will not read the report of the Credentials Committee and call the list of members who are entitled to vote. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS. We, your committee on credentials report the following- list of delegates entitled to vote at the State Agricultural Convention, December 12, 1917. JOHN P. MULLEN, H. C. LEACH, E. G. STRONG. FARMERS' INSTITUTES. Calhoun County B. E. Morton, Rockwell City Cerro Gordo County R. A. Holman, Rockwell Franklin County Earl Ferris, Hampton Franklin County T. W^. Purcell, Hampton Page County E. G. Strong, Clarinda Poweshiek County Ge3. T. Stone, Brooklyn SHORT COURSES. Madison County W. D. Patterson, Winteraet COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS. Adair County F. A. Gatch, Greenfield Adams County Agricultural Society F. G. Ree-se, Corning Benton County Agricultural Society J. W. Hanna, Vinton Black Hawk-Cedar Valley District Fair and Exp.. . H. S. Stanberry, Cedar Falls Black Hawk Dairy Cattle Congress E. S. Estel, Waterloo Bremer County Fair Association J. W. Bennett, Janesville Buena Vista County Agricultural Society Roy H. Wilkerson, Alta Calhoun County Fair Association C. G. Ka.skey, Manson Calhoun-Rockwell City Fair Association F. M. Griffin, Manson Cedar County Fair Association C. F. Simmermaker, Tipton Cerro Gordo-North Iowa Fair Chas. H. Barber, Mason City Olayton-Strawben-y Point District Fair Society. B. W. 'Newberry, Strawberry Pt. C!inton County Agricultural Society G. H. Christenson, DeWlitt 120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Davis County Agricultural Society H. C. Leach, Bloomfield Delaware County Fair E. W. Williams, Manchester Hardin County Agricultural Society W. R. Scholfield, Eldora Henry County Agricultural Assn F. B. Montgomery, Mt. Pleasant Henry-Wiafleld Fair Association Theodore Russell, Winfleld Kossuth County Agricultural Society S. D. Quarton, Algona Lucas-Derby District Agricultural Society Herman F. McCollough, Derby -Mahaska-Southern Iowa Fair and Exposition "W. I. Bean, Oskaloosa Marion-Knoxville Fair Association Seth 'Way, Knoxville Marshall County Fair Association W. M. Clark, Marshalltown Monona C'lunty Fair Association N. W. McBeath, Whiting Monroe County Fair Association W. B. Griffin Page-Shenandoah Fair Association H. H. Hatcher, Shenandoah Page-Clarinda Fair Association J. C. Beckner, Clarinda Pocahontas Big Four Fair O. A. Mullen, Jr., Fonda Poweshiek-Grinnell Fair Association I. S'. Bailey, Jr., Grinnell Sac County Fair Association W. F. Weary, Sac City Story-Central Iowa Fair Association B. H. Graves, Ames Union County Agricultural Society B. M. Breed, Creston Wayne County Agricultural Society F. B. Selby, Corydon Winneshiek County Agricultural Society R. E. Bucknell, Decorah Woodbury-Interstate Live Stock Fair Association Joe Morton, Sioux City Wright County Agricultural Society Ed Hood, Clarion COUNTIES IN WHICH NO FAIRS WERE HELD. Clarke County J. B. Daniel, Osceola Decatur County C. W. Hoffman, Leon Franklin County F. H. Dirst, Hampton Ida County Wm. McKay, Ida Grove Madison County W. H. Maxwell, Winterset Polk County j. A. Backman, Des Moines STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. Governor W. L. Harding, Des Moines State Dairy and Food Commissioner W. B. Barney, Des Moines OFFICERS. President C. E. Cameron, Alta Vice-President O. A. Olson, Forest City Secretary A. R. Corey, Des Moines Treasurer W. W. Morrow, Afton DISTRICT MEMBERS. First District '. C. H. Tribby, Mt Pleasant Second District E. T. Davis, Iowa City Third District E. M. Reeves, Waverly Fourth District E. J. Curtin, Decorah Fifth District Cyrus A. Tow, Norway Sixth District T. C. Legoe, What Cheer Seventh District C. F. Curtiss, Ames Eighth District F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr Ninth District Chas. Escher, Jr., Botna Tenth District J. P. Mullen, Fonda Eleventh District W. I. Pike, Whiting- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 121 Mr. Lauer moved the report of the Committee on Credentials ])e adopted. Seconded by Mr. Griffin. Report was tlien unanimously adopted by the convention, Mr. Curtin: It occurred to me that Mr. Lauer 's suggestion of this morning might be brought up at this time. I judge from the report of the credential committee that about thirty fairs responded out of the ninety-four fairs that receive state aid. If they don't take any more interest in this association than to get state aid, I believe they should be cut off from receiving state aid, and I think now and here would be a good time to ask the legislative com- mittee of the Iowa State Fair Association to get an amendment to the law whereby state aid will be handed out after this meeting. It is a shame that only thirty fairs should be represented here at this meeting and I would like to see something done along that line. If it would be in order, I move that the legislative committee of the State Board of Agriculture be asked to prepare a bill to the effect that the drawing of state aid by county agricultural societies be made contingent upon their being represented at the annual meeting here in Des Moines by at least one delegate. Mr. Morton : I second the motion. Mr. Stanberry: In the report of the Resolutions Committee I have already provided for that, and we will present that to the meeting here. Of course, that would not of necessity have to supersede this. Mr. Curtin : Then it had better come through the Resolutions Committee first. Mr. ]\Iorton : I think this is of sufficient importance to spend time on it now. The report of the Resolutions Committee would tend to bolster up the Governor and this association in the matter. If the Committee on Resolutions make the report as Mr. Stan- berry says it will, I think it will bolster up this proposition. The Chairman: Don't you. think in due respect to the Com- mittee on Resolutions that we should hear that report first? Mr, Morton: "What I say is that I think this motion is of sufficient importance to have a recommendation not only in the report of the Resolutions Committee, but also a separate motion by the association. Mr. Lauer: Would not that oe better to come under the head of new business? And then it would follow the report of the Resolutions Committee? 122 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The Cliairnian : I am sorry liiat you grot this (jnestioii in tliis condition. I shall have to follow the rules, in that it is new busi- ness, and order that this matter be presented following the reading of the report of the Resolutions Committee. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. To Members of the State Agricultural Association : After listening to the gratifying reports of President Cameron and Secretary Corey, we most heartily commend the management of the Iowa State Fair for the excellent showing made this year, which establishes a high mark, both in point of attendance and receipts, which will be an incentive for future emulation — and inspiration unmeasurable — for all co-workers in the worthy pursuit of presiding- over the destinies of county, district and state fairs. Therefore be it Resolved, That we extend our hearty thanks to the officers and dii'ectors of the Iowa State Fair for their untiring efforts and efficient man- agement, and pledge to them our co-operation and support to maintain the worthy standard set by the 1917 fair. We further believe that there should be greater interest shown by the county and district fair ^associations throughout the state by representation at these annual meetings. Therefore be it Resolved, That we recommend that such legislation be brought about as to require personal representation at the annual meeting of the State Agricultural Convention, and that this be made a part of the conditions for receiving state aid. We learn with deep regret of the death during the past year of G. S. Gilbert- son, form.er treasurer of the Iowa State Fair, and of W. H. Knight, long time secretary of the American Trotting Association. Therefore be 'it Resolvec"., That we extend to the relatives of the deceased our sincere sympathies and condolence and spread these minutes on our records. We realize the condition of our country at the present time in respect to war with other nations and pledge our most loyal support to President Wilson and our Nation, and extend our hearty co-operation by loaning the resources of our fairs to further the interests of this great conflict to the end of autocracy and a successful culmination of the United nations for democracy. Respectfully submitted, H. S. STAN BERRY. S. D. QUARTON, E. W. WILLIAMS, Committee on Resolutions. Mr. Kaskey moved the report of the committee on resolutions be adopted. Motion -seconded and the report as read was unani- mously adopted by the .convention. Mr. Chairman: Any further reports of special committees? Mr. Curtin: Would it be in order to take my motion up at this time 1 Mr. Chairman: Yes, sir, it would. Mr. Curtin: Then I repeat the motion T made before. That is I move the legislative committee of the State Board of Agriculture be asked to prepare, a bill to the effect that the drawing of state aid by county agricultural societies be made contingent upon tlieir being represented at the annual meeting here in Des Moines by at least one delegate. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 123 Mr. Morton : I second the motion. Motion was unanimously adopted by the convention. On motion the convention proceeded to elect officers, and mem- bers of the State Board of Agriculture. Vice President Olson took the chair and called for nominations for President. Mr. Morrow : I wish to place in nomination a gentleman who has been tried and not found Avanting; a man who has been at the head of the state fair managers of the country. I wish to place in nomination the name of Hon. C. E. Cameron of Bueua Vista County as president, to succeed himself. Nomination seconded by F. M. Griifin. Mr. Morrow moved if there were no further nominations that the rules be suspended and the vice president instructed to cast the votes of the delegates present for Mr, Cameron as president. Motion seconded and unan- imously adopted. The vice president cast the sixty-three votes of the convention for Mr. Cameron and declared Mr. Cameron duly elected president for a term of cue year. Mr. Cameron: Mr. Chairman, I don't know how to thank you for this continued confidence in me. When I spoke this morning of my dream of 300,000 to pass through the gates of the Iowa State Fair being realized I thought that now I could step down and give place to another man. But now that j^ou have re-elected me I don't kuow what my dream will be, for anything is possible with the assistance of the loyal people of this great state. I want to say to you that so far as I am concerned T will leave no stone unturned to keei) the Iowa State Fair at the head of all the fairs of the United States. Mr. Cameron in the chair called for nominations for vice presi- dejit. S. D. Quarton nominated 0. A. Olson of Winnebago county to succeed himself. Motion seconded by C. G. Kaskey and others. Mr. Kaskey moved if there were no other nominations that the rules be suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the vote of the organization for Mr. Olson as vice president to succeed himself. Motion seconded by Mr. Griffin and was unanimously adopted. The secretary announced he- had so cast the sixty-three votes of the convention and Mr. Olson was declared duly elected vice president of the State Board of Agriculture for the term of one year. Mr. Olson: Gentlemen, I thank vou. 124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Nominations for member of the board from the first district were next called for. Mr. Lauer nominated C. H. Tribby of Henry county to succeed himself. Motion seconded by Mr. Simmermaker. Mr. Purcell nominated Harry 0. Weaver of Louisa county. Motion seconded by Mr. McBeath. There beingi no further nominations the president declared nominativ^ns closed and instructed the dele- gates to prepare their ballots. The president named as tellers "W. S. Beam of Mahaska county and Earl Ferris of Franklin county. The count of ballots resulted as follows: Harry 0. "Weaver 41; C. H. Tribby, 22. The president declared Mr. Weaver elected for a term of two years to represent the first district. For member of the board fro.ui the Third District C. H. Barber placed in nomination Mr. Elmer Reeves of Bremer county. Motion sccondad by Earl Ferris. On motion of Mr. Stanberry, seconded by Kaskey, the rules were suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the full vote of the convention for Mr. Reeves to succeed himself as member for the Third District. The secretary an- nounced he had so cast the sixty-three votes of the convention and Mr. Reeves was declared duly elected member of the State Board of Agriculture from the Third District for the ensuing two years. Nominations for member from the Fifth District were next called for. Mr. McBeath nominated Cyrus A. Tow to succeed himself. Motion seconded by Mr. Mullen. Motion was made by Mr. Clark, seconded and unanimously adopted that the rules be suspended and the secretary directed to cast the vote of the con- vention for Mr. Tow to succeed himself as member from the Fifth District. The secretary so cast the votes and the president declared Mr. Tow duly elected member of the State Board of Agriculture from the Fifth District for the ensuing two years. For member of the board from the Seventh District Mr. Gr^ives placed in nomination C. F. Curtiss of Ames, Story county. Mr. Davis seconded the motion. Motion was made by Mr. Mullen, seconded and unanimously adopted that the rules be suspended and the secretary directed to east the vote of the convention for C F. Curtiss to succeed himself as member from the Seventh District. The votes were so cast by tha secretary and Mr. Curtiss was declared duly elected member of the State Board of Agricultare from the Seventh District for the ensuing two years. Nominations for member of the board from the Ninth District were next in order. The name of Chas. Escher, Jr., of Shelby county was placed in nomination by Mr. Davis. J^-Iotion seconded EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART H 125 by Mr. Barney. Mr. Davis moved if there were no other nomina- tions that the rules be suspended and the secretary directed to cast the vote of the convention for Mr. Escher to succeed himself as member from the Ninth District. Motion seconded and unani- mously adopted by the convention. The secretary so cast the votes and the president declared Chas. Escher, Jr., duly elected member of the State Board of Agricultare from the Ninth District for the ensuing two years. For member of the board from the Eleventh District Mr. Mor- ton placed in nomination the name of Harold Pike of Monona county. Seconded by Mr. Sheldon. Motion was made by Mr. Shel- don, seconded and unanimously adopted that if there were no further nominations that the rules be suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the vote of the convention for Mr. Pike to suc- ceed himself as member from the Eleventh District. The secretary announced he had so cast the .jixty-three votes of the convention and Mr. Pike was declared duly elected member of the State Board of Agriculture from the Eleventh District for the ensuing two years. There being no further business motion was made and seconded, and unanimously adopted, that the convention adjourn. PART III Excerpts From the Report of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Iowa Association of County and District Fair Managers. December 11 and 13, 1917. *flie Chairman: Now, gentlemen, we will please come to order, I have been coming to this meeting for the last six or seven years and it is a great pleasure to me to see so man}' familiar faces, as well as the new ones. We have a topic this afternoon that looks very interesting. Round- table Talks, I think, is the most interesting part of the program, and the first subject v/ill be, "Are Fairs Drifting to Amusements?" by Luther Aasgaard, leader. ARE FAIRS DRIFTING TO AMUSEMENTS? Luther Aasgaard: Mr. President and Fellow Fair Managers of Iowa: Our president has just said this is a most interesting subject. Our good secretary assigned me this subject a few weeks ago, but on reading the Des Moines Register on Sunday morning I learned for the first time that I was here to talk on the interesting subject of "Are fairies drifting to amusement?" Of course, I am a bachelor and I am supposed to be a good bachelor, consequently not supposed to know anything about "fairies." However, a good fairy told me last night before leaving home that to insure the success of our fairs, it might be well to devote more time and attention to cattle and liogs and thereby stay closer to the pre- amble of our constitution. I would like to talk about fairies, but I think it better to speak on a subject more in line with what I consider a great problem. Are we drift- ing to amusements? I think the question is "What is the proper ratio of amusement to the great object?" I don't believe there is one of us here that would pretend he could get by with a pumpkin show as they did years ago. If you want to get a typical fair, you have to go to the old countries; but we are an entirely different people than those in the old countries. We have got to be amused. This would be a good time to appeal to the patriotism of the people, and by responding to the desires of our patrons you greatly enhance your' chances for success. Under EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART III 127 those circumstances, who is going to stalce his plant and reputation on running purely an agricultural fair? For that is precisely what you do, because if you don't run a purely agricultural fair you are going to drift to amusement. The question then arises' as to how far the fairs of Iowa are willing to go to attract the people, as an advertising proposition, to see their horses and cattle and hogs. I think it is an undeniable fact that we are drift- ing to amusement, but there is no one stronger for amusements than I am. Now, of course, I don't want you to understand, or to infer from what I may say, that this meeting couldn't run without me, for I am not like the story that my father told me years ago of a certain private in the ranks during the Civil War, named John O'Flaherty. Private John O'Flaherty was a member of the famous fighting 13th Wisconsin, and he was one of a few Irishmen in a Norwegian regiment. The story goes that before the siege of Vicksburg, the 13th Wisconsin was assigned to assist in the work. The regiment was lined up ready for action, and word was being awaited from the commander to go into action, when General Grant hurried down in front of the regiment and asked, "Is Pri- vate John O'Flaherty in the ranks?" and the captain said, "No, General," and the General walked back and forth a while and then again asked about Private John O'Flaherty, with the same reply from the Captain. The General was becoming impatient and soon again asked: "Is Pri- vate John O'Flaherty in the ranks?" and the Captain shouted, "John O'Flaherty is here, General," and then General Grant said, "Then let the battle proceed at once." So, as I said before, I do not feel that I bear that relation to this meeting. Are fairs drifting to amusements? Last fall I- visited a great many fairs in southern Minnesota and northern Iowa. I would not call on the secretaries, but just dubbed around seeing what I could. I would go to some fellow and say, "How is this fair?" and in that way got my in- formation from patrons. I went to one fair and when I inquired around I found that the people were not satisfied; they said, "They have a few old horse races here, and that's about all," and then the question came to my mind as to whether it is really worth Vv^hile to run a strictly agricultural fair. The question comes back to this, "Are we fooling our- selves when we run an agricultural fair?" I think the question for us is, "Is the proposition 50-50 or 4-1?" Our agricultural program cost us $1,000 and our amusement program cost $4,000. Mj' business is the newspaper business, and I like to come here and mingle with you and get your ideas, but if you want to make a success of the newspaper business or any other kind of business, don't give them what you think they ought to have, but give them what they tvant. As I said before, this is a good time to appeal to the patriotism of our people to limit our amusements. This is war time, and as you know if we ever were a serious-minded people we are now, and yet normally we are not a serious-minded people. The question then comes right down to this point, "How much or how little shall we spend for amusements?" I believe that is the topic that should be considered, and that is all I have to say. I thank you. 328 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE The Cliairman : Gentlemeu, this is your leader on this subject. We would like to have some more talks along this line. Draw out the subject of what you think about this idea of drifting to amuse- ments. Who shall we hear from first? Let's hear from Mr. Mullen. J. P. Mullen: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: I have not given this subject much consideration because I have not had time for preparation, nor can I give you much from practical experience in the conduct of fairs, for even that is limited. If I was a singer I might sing something, but I can't even qualify in that direction. Now, I think that the gentleman here made one very pertinent state- ment, one that I think can be emphasized, and that is give the people what they want. In analyzing that proposition, you run into this con- dition; one community will want one particular kind of attraction and another will want another; one community is in for sports, light amuse- ments and laughing features, and another community is more serious and takes more kindly to the development of animal husbandry or the agri- cultural exhibits, or possibly the educational exhibits. So it is quite a problem after all for the secretary and the management of a fair to satisfactorily determine the ratio of amusements with relation to other features. I realize that in the community where I live, the demand has hereto- fore been largely for free attractions and lighter features of a fair; also horse races, to a large extent. During my tenure as secretary I made a strong effort, partially successful too, to bring out the exhibit of cattle, horses, hogs, grains, etc., and I especially was quite successful in inducing the county" superintendents' to take charge of and put on good educational exhibits, which we have retained since that time. I did that because of the incentive it was to the school children and the parents in the town and country, and while it was an educational feature it still attracted so many people that it was noticeable at the box office, and that is something to be looked after. It is also true that our fair is a good horse-race association, and in the horse-race meets we have been very successful, and of course that attracts. So, as I said in the beginning, it is quite a problem for the secretary to determine what ratio the light amusements should bear to the proposition to entertain the public. Different communities want dif- ferent attractions, and it seems to me that the secretary in the com- munity should judge what that community wants. The Chairman : This looks to me like too good a subject to pass. Let's hear some more discussion along this line. I dislike to call on any one. I would like to have you all feel free to discuss the matter like in a good old-fashioned Methodist camp meeting and tell what you tliink about it. I would like to Icnow if any one here is of the opinion that one can run a strictly agricultural fair. That means cutting out everything except exhibition features. We EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART HI 129 have that under consideration at my place — running a purely agri- cultural fair. I would like to kuovv' if any one else thinks it can be done. R. T. Hetwold: I am connected with the Farmers' Institute at Brook- lyn in Powesliiek county. We have no amusement whatever at Brooklyn — a strictly agricultural fair. We have 150 horses and colts, hogs and cattle and poultry; we make no charges to get exhibits, and no charges for stalls or entries. All the charges made is 25 cents admission to the spelling contest held during our institute, and we have a large attendance that is drawn from all over. I would say that the opinion of folks who have attended our institute is that it goes ahead of many county fairs. We have no w^ay of getting expenses, it is all subscribed. We meet some expenses by getting badges and selling them above cost, and we have very great success with our institutue there; it is getting larger every year, and our corn exhibit in particular is getting better every year. The Chairman: Is there any more discussion along this line? Mr. Bennett: I want to say just one thing along this line. Years ago I belonged to a fair association in Bremer county, and at that time they got the notion that they must have a purely agricultural fair. They did, and it dwindled and dwindled until it had only two exhibitors left. One fellow brought a pumpkin and the other fellow brought a cow, and the cow got loose and ate the pumpkin, and that ended the fair. I notice that the more attractions you have, the bigger the crowd, and the only danger is that we are going to drift too far that way. i think each fair should settle that question for itself just how far it ought to go in this matter; but I think vv^e never can get back to the old strictly agricultural fair. Seth Wade: I am from Marion county, and we had about the earliest fair in the state. We dwindled along for a while and then started out on the Sunday school basis and ran an agricultural fair until now we have no fair whatever. This year we organized and have a real fair, with horse races and amusements of all kinds, and had good success. I am of the opinion that we cannot run a practical agricultural fair in Iowa. The Chairman: Anybody els-? Let's hear from Mr. Stanberry cf Cedar Falls on that subject. H. S. stanberry: This question of trying to run a strictly agricultural fair can best be answered by asking any one in the state of Iowa, or any other state for that matter, if they ever conducted a strictly agricultural fair and succeeded. I don't believe any one in the state of Iowa ever tried to run a strictly agricultural fair and succeeded. Some of them have kidded themselves for a year or two that they were getting by, but eventually they died out. You cannot- run a fair without making the features act as a balance- wheel one for the other, and the fair as a whole should be a magnet that will draw the people. A strictly agricultural; or a strictly educational 9 130 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE fair will not draw all the people, though it will draw some. I am sorry to say that the American people are looking for amusement, and in- cidentally they will look at the educational feature after they get there. There are only a few who go for strictly educational reasons, so that to cater to them alone would spell failure to your institution. The limit of amusements, as set out by Mr. Bennett, is measured only by the community and the drawing powers you have within your juris- diction. I think that the entertainment end of a fair should be figured out in a scientific way, or in a common sense, business way, so that you spend a certain amount of your receipts for amusements and attractions, a certain percentage for your exhibits, and a certain percentage for your overhead, and so on through. In that way, when you get it properly fig- ured out, you will find a profit at the end of the year. "We can all have our personal views, but the proof of the pudding is in the eating of it, and at the end of the week when you count up your money in the sack is the thing that proves your success or failure. Mr. Gamble (Knoxville) : My experience as a fair manager has been limited. It has been on probation, so to speak, for just this year. We have come out victorious, paying all premiums and paying debts, and all things of that kind. The question of amusements came up several times :n our meetings of the board of directors. Of course, the farmers thought we had better look to the agricultural society, and the town people looked at the other side of the matter, so we compromised and split 50-50, spend- ing about $2/000 for amusements and $2,000 for exhibits. If we had just depended on the agricultural society feature, at the end of the week we would have been in the hole some $3,000 or $4,000. If you can get what the people want most, you can bet your life at the end of the fair you will have 2. profit. Another thing; you can advertise all your exhibits, your fine stock and hogs ^nd cattle, having an abundance of exhibits w-ith every stall in the barns and sheds full, but you will notice that after your patrons see them they go out to the grand stand and see the horses go by. The Friday or Saturday night at the close of the fair is what counts. I am in favor of attractions and amusements, and if you give the pcuple what they want you are going to succeed. The Chairman-: The next number on the program is entitled, "Various Methods to Build up a County Fair," by Mr. F. A. Gatch, leader. VARIOUS METHODS TO BUILD UP A COUNTY FAIR. Mr. F. A. Gatch, Greenfield: Mr. President and Fellow Fair Mem- bers: The subject assigned to me, "Various Methods to Build up a Coun- ty Fair," makes me think of an old-timer in Adair county who one day told me of their first fair. He said that when they had their first fair in Adair county, he drove up in front of the hitch-rack before the only store in town, tied his horse, and not seeing anybody about asked the merchant, "I thought this was fair day; Where's the folks?" And the merchant said: "Well, we was going to have it today, but we postponed EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IH 131 it to tomorrow because we didn't have any buildings up." So he waited around and the next day he attended the fair, at which, he said, there were sixteen or eighteen people present. All the grains and vegetables and other exhibits they had were placed in the bottom of a wagon box, and the stock was in a rail pen. This was the first fair in Adair county. In taking up various methods of building up a county fair, it is a pretty hard proposition for me to get up and try to tell men of your age and experience, who have had probably ten, fifteen, twenty-five, thirty or forty years' experience, how to build up a county fair, and if I did know how I probably wouldn't be here today; I probably would be up in Bremer county. The first thing that I put down in my book is to keep down the ex- pense. I am going to give you a topic and will want to hear discussion on some such subject as this, "The length of a fair and how it is deter- mined." As of course, it makes a lot of difference whether you are put- ting on a three or a four-day fair, or a fair of any length. When I say a two-day fair, I mean Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday, because lues- day is entry day; and a three-day fair is Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and, Friday. It makes a lot of difference whether you have a town of 3,000 population, or whether you have a town of ten or fifteen or twenty, thirty, or forty thousand population. The length of the fair depends upoji the number of people you can draw on, and you have got to get the people there to make your fair a success. If yoii( have only a limited number of people to begin with, and can get them there in two days, it is to your advantage to make the fair short. In this day and age of rapid transportation you have no difficulty in getting the peo- ple in, and if you try to put on the same sort of program as would be used in a large town, you are going to have your troubles. Along the same line of reasoning is the matter of special features. If Mr. Brown goes today and enjoys the fair, when he returns home he says to Mr. Jones, "Go tomorrow; they are putting on a good program." A good first day Is good advertising, and if you can change your program for tomorrow, you have an added advantage; but it's a pipe that if Brown goes home on the first day and tells Jones, "Nothing doing; only a few horse races," there is not much encouragement or inducement there for Brown to go back, and no Incentive at all for Jones to go. If you have a good thing, put it on the first day, and then Brown will tell Jones what It was and they will both be there for the next day. Now, gentlemen, I will begin at the big gate and follow right through to the end. I want to start this argument for you people to follow up, beginning at the big gate. I don't care, gentlemen, if you have a $20,000 or a $100,000 gate, or if you have a two-day, a one-day or a four-day fair, Vi^hen the gates are closed at night and you check up the money, that's the proof of your success or failure.' If there is a leak in the bottom somewhere your bank account is not going to fill up very fast. If you have a leak at the big gate, I don't care how many boosters you have got, there is something going wrong, and one of the greatest leaks to the county fair is the pass-out ticket. This pass-out ticket is a ticket similar to that used in Savannah, Clarinda, Burlington, Shenandoah, Greenfield, Maryville, and many other 132 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE places. Nine out of ten of you use the same form of passes all the way through, and if any man wants to beat them in your fair he can beat you at every turn. When a man is busy at the gate he hasn't time to examine to see whether a ticket has the name of your fair stamped on it, or not, and there is the biggest loss — the privilege ticket. As I said before, nine out of ten use the same privilege ticket, and nine out of ten people the country over are looking for something for nothing. At fair time they want to get in for nothing. I don't care how good a friend he is of yours, he is not an extra good friend or he wouldn't ask you Tor a ticket; but they are mooching for those tickets and they are looking for a chance to get in cheap. The first day of the fair a concession man from Creston came to me, and I had never seen him before, and he said, "Gatch, I always believe in having a square deal," and I said, "What have I done to you?" He said, "Nothing, but these fellows are raiding you here and stealing you blind, and it's not right, and I am sorry to say it, but some of our boys from Creston are in the game," and I said, "What's the deal?" and he said, "They're taking the privilege tickets and bringing fellows in here at 25 cents apiece." He said, "I'm coming to you as a friend; I know these boys are doing it, and I think you ought to stop it." I went to Mr. Foster, the president, and told him the trouble, and he said, "How are you going to stop it?" I said I didn't know but I would stop it. When I got to the gate I stood there and watched the procession of privilege tickets going in, and the longer I stood there and thought of it the madder I got. If a concessioner said he had four men, there were no questions asked and he got four tickets, and so it went. Several days after that, in cleaning up the grounds, I picked up a check which had a stamp on it marked, "Paid." I looked at it and said, "I wonder why a man can't take that stamp and figure the thing out." I went to Guthrie Center a few days after that, and the first thing I said to Mr. Edwards up there was, "Bill, beat the pass, and if you don't they'll clean you out." He said,* "How will you beat it?" and I said, "Go out and get a bank stamp and stamp them on the arm." So we got the First National Bank stamp for one day and when they came up and wanted passes I said, "No passes here; nothing doing," and picked up the bank stamp and told them to hold out their arm so that I could stamp them, and they said, "Nothing doing, we don't want that." The next day I got another stamp and stamped them on the hand. Any fair that is using these tickets and throwing them to the wind, as we did in the past, is bound to get stuck. But with this stamp, whenever a man comes to the gate you stamp him on the arm or stamp him on the hand, and I'll say that no man got by that gate unless he was stamped. There, gentle- men, I consider is one of the best points, because you have got to get the money at the big gate. I have been secretary three years and have had only three years' ex- perience, but I am giving you my experience from observation. When I A\'as elected secretary I said, "I would like to be secretary just once, just to show you fellows that a man can get exhibitors there if he will get out and ask them," and, gentlemen, I asked them. Take the Chester-White pen; Mr. Thornburg, professor of animal husbandry at Ames, said that EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IH 133 he went out judging in July and judged until the fair season was over, and he said Adair county had the best exhibit of hogs of any fair that he had attended, outside of the state fair; and that, gentlemen, was sim- ply because we went and asked them to come and participate in the fair and bring their stuff to exhibit. Another thing that helped to build up our fair was we never promised any concession man, or any horseman, or any exhibitor anything that we didn't iigure on fulfilling. If we said, "John, we'll use so-and-so, no matter what it costs," we would absolutely abide by our agreement. Another point is fair treatment to the exhibitor, the concession man, and the horseman. When I read the account relating how Mr. Lauer had banqueted his concession men, I said, "I'll take off my hat to you," and in a conversation with the Mt. Pleasant man he said, "We banqueted about 350 horsemen," I said, "I'll take off my hat to you, too," because they had never done a better thing in their life. Gentlemen, you are not buying any better amusement or any better attractions than when you spend three or four dollars to get Mr. Horseman to come out to the races. When the bell taps at half past one, go look in your Midway, and on the race track, and in the grand stand, and see where the people are. When Mr. Free- act man comes out and sets up on your center field and says, "We've got to get a tent for a dressing-room," you get him one and it's all right, and you never charge him a cent; but when Mr. Horseman comes in there's nobody to care for him, the track has not been cleaned up since last year, he is charged $2 stall rent, a man comes in and holds him up for hay, the drayman jumps the price of draying 50 per cent, and the auto man hauls him out and holds him up — why? because he is not a free-attraction man, Or anything of that kind. You are paying your free-attraction man $1,200, he takes the $1,200 and goes home with it; but you pay the horseman $1,200 and the town gets 40 per cent of it back again. And I say, treat these men all alike hereafter. Another thing that we have is a loving-cup proposition, or prize cup. We went to the banks — we have three — and each one of the banks gave us a cup worth about $25. We had three large cups and we offered them for the best cow or heifer, the best sow or colt, and the other for the best horse or bull, and any one winning a cup twice in succession would hold it permanently. The rivalry developed among the breeders there has been an inspiration and incentive to them to improve their stock, and has been of advantage to us in getting out the exhibits. Last year the Duroc- Jersey's won it; this year it was a battle between the Durocs and the Poland China's, and then it centered on the Poland China's, and then among the men of that breed there was competition until the winner was chosen. In the cow class, the Angus man won the cup last year and again this year, so that next year we will have to get another cup. Our cups given by the banks have been one of the best events that we have ever pulled olf in the county fair. Another thought I would like to have you take up is the 50 cent ticket. We charge 50 cents at the gate and that takes you in everywhere, except that we charge 15 cents at the grand stand; but 50 cents is charged at the gate for one ticket. You are not held up here and there after you get into the ground; you just pay your price at the gate and that takes you 134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE everywhere. If you want to go in at 10 o'clock in the morning, you can stay in until tomorrow morning at daylight, if you want to. We consider this a good thing in cutting out objectionable features, in keeping the concession people in line with the crowd and in keeping them in line with the fair. The baby-health contest. There is a proposition that any one of you can afford to take up, for it is as good a feature as anything we have. I have watched it around at all the fairs I have attended, and I figure it is one of the best of the new features. I don't believe any of them are over three years old, and they have been very successful. Then there is the matter of night shows. Good night-shows are a fea- ture that attract many people. A man pays 50 cents to get in the grounds in the morning, and as long as he stays on the ground he stays for the night show. We don't say that from six o'clock on it will cost this man 25 cents more; but that 50 cents entitles him to the day and night show, and he goes and comes as he pleases; but if he goes down town after 3 or 4 o'clock then he pays to come back in. Our pig clubs, our corn clubs, our baby beef contests, and features of that kind I think most of you have taken up. But one thing that has been the most encouraging to us has been the sheep proposition. We have forty-two acres in our fair grounds at home, and the most income we have ever gotten out of it heretofore has been $125 a year. Last year we thought we would take a shot at the sheep proposition, so we went out and brought fifty natives and fifty westerners. The fifty natives were without lambs and the 50 westerners were with lamb. We put them out at the fair ground about the first of March. We bought fifty bushels of oats and some clover hay, and hired a man at $25 a month to take care of them until September. Before I get ahead of my story I want to say this: Heretofore when I went out and commenced to get the grounds in shape about September 1, I would find the race track about shoulder high with weeds, all corners of the grounds grown up in weeds, and around the barns and stable was all weeds, and as I would look over that sea of weeds I would say to my- self, "Here's where I want to quit;" but this year I went out on the first day of August and it looked just like somebody had mowed it, for there wasn't a weed in sight, and the fair grounds were never in better condi- tion. When we checked up after disposing of that 100 sheep and their in- crease, and after paying our man $25 a month, paying for the hay and feed and everything, we had a balance of $500 to our credit. Now, I would like- to have you fellows give more discussion to this than we had on the other subject. The Chairman: Mr. Reeves, let's hear from you Mr. Reeves: In building up a county fair the first thing you want to consider is keeping it well-balanced. Unless a fair is well-balanced it will interest only a small part of the community. If it is well-balanced every one is interested in something and that will bring everybody there. If you want your fair to be interesting, you will have to have stock of all classes represented, and you cannot have stock represented without per- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IH 135 sonally soliciting stock from the owner. The secretary or the committee must notify owners long enough before the fair to allow them to pick the animals for the fair and get their promises to show them at the fair. Often you can interest farmers who never thought of exhibiting stock at a fair and get them to come. A great many of them will promise to come and not show up, but some new men each year will show up if they are properly solicited. Then you want your farm products, and that has to be looked into in the same way. The managers of the fair can make all arrangements for attractions of all sorts that are necessary, and that is one thing that they can arrange almost positively. If you buy your attractions of the right man, he can furnish you just what you buy, and you can know beforehand that it is satisfactory and will balance up the amusement side of your fair. You don't want your racing to overbalance the other things, but you do want some good racing. I never saw a crowd that didn't appreciate good racing. If you can work in some sort of home talent in the racing, so much the better. You can have a mule race. At our fair last fall two little girls, twins, daughters of one of our officers, rode in a pony contest, and the race was so close that the judges were unable to decide between them, so they were asked to change ponies, and again he was unable to decide the winner. Then the judge thought he would set a stunt that v/ould settle the money proposition, and he had them get off of their ponies and then run and jump on their ponies, and the one that would get on the pony first would be the winner, and they got on the ponies at abso- lutely the same time, so he divided the premium. This competition among those girls interested the crowd and they were well satisfied with the ar- rangement. A great many little things like that can be worked in to add to the enjoyment and interest of your patrons. One thing we have found in our fair to be a good feature is the matter of music. We have had some outside bands at our fair that have given us excellent music, but the crowd at a county fair is not looking so much for high-class music as for other things. If the people in a township know that their band is going to play on a certain day, they will be there to hear it. It is not so much the muBic that the other hand is playing as it is the fact that the home band is the official band of the day. So by changing around and getting different bands in your county you can get the different people in different parts of the county interested and get them to attend the fair. One thing that I find very short in the shows at the county fairs I have attended is fruit and flowers. There should be work on these features, so that these exhibits will make a creditable showing to balance up the other departments. They can be worked, up by advertising in the news- papers or asking people to prepare exhibits, or asking people to look up and see what they have to exhibit that might win some premiums. And I find that when once you get an exhibitor, you usually have that exhibitor year after year. One thing that can be done at the time of the fair is that the secretary and his helpers should look after the people and their welfare. That is something that wins their special attention and that helps to make the fair popular. 136 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Another thing, the schools should have a large share of attention, some contest like the contest in arithmetic or spelling, or a contest in some other line will bring representatives from all parts of the county. It is virell to have a free ticket to the school children on a certain day. We have found that to be a great help in building up a fair and getting attendance. We would not think of running our county fair without a baby-health contest. You know that was started at the state fair only a few years ago, and it became very popular. at once all over the country, and every fair that has been able to install the facilities has done so. I believe that is one of the most important movements that was ever made in the handling of a fair, whether state or county or district fair. Now, one of the main requisites in building up the fair is to do every- thing on the square. Always give the people a little more than you promise to them in the way of accommodations, in races, free attractions, and all that. You must charge enough admission at the outside gate to pay your expenses, and you should count on a profit each year. People are satisfied and pleased to help with an institution that is prosperous, but if you place your admission fees at a rate which makes no profit people become dissatisfied and their dissatisfaction soon affects your whole fair. The Chairman: Anybody else on this subject? Mr. Jones (Linn). One thing that has not been touched on that we consider an attraction at our fair is exhibits put on by country clubs. The country clubs in our vicinity, Linn county, number probably twenty- eight or thirty, and last year we had I think fourteen exhibits from country clubs. These were all farm exhibits, and I think it was one of the most attractive features we had at the fair. It not only interested the people participating, but others as well. Those country clubs consist of from probably fifteen to thirty families to each club. Members of clubs exhibiting were of course very much interested, and the more persons you can get interested in a fair the more you can get at. The exhibits from these clubs practically are everything that can be raised upon farms. As a rule, from the time they are in place until the close of the fair, they are drawing attention all the time. The Chairman : Anybody else wish to contribute to this subject ? Mr. Bennett: With regard to these country-club exhibits, I don't think the average county fair gives premiums enough for their farm and garden exhibits. I heard one woman ask another yesterday what premium she got at the county fair for her exhibit, and she replied that what she got didn't begin to pay her for the time and work she put on it. They have to plant the seed in the early spring and they have to be on the job every day in order to care for their exhibit. The fairs don't pay premiums enough for the work that the exhibitors have to do, and they will have to pay better for that branch of exhibits if they want to have success and encourage exhibitors. The Chairman: The next subject for discussion is "The Effect of a Show or Carnival in Town Prior to or During- Week of Fair — Legislate Against", by George W. Haynes, leader. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART HI 137 Mr. Schofield: I regret that I have not looked that matter up at all, and I will take just a minute. Take it from our own experience, you remember that before the night show went into effect, we used to do a great deal of advertising for the opera house. Since the night shows have come into being these people who have followed these fairs still like to follow and reap part of the benefit of our advertising. Up in Hardin county we have had one company in there for some ten years. The last three or four years we have had night shows and they still come, and of course hurt our night shows to a certain extent. We have tried every way possible to keep them out, but owing to one of our leading citizens being interested in the opera house and the opera house controlled this tent show, we had some trouble until last year. We got together with the tent people and they showed on our free stage at night. That is, their tent show gave our free attraction on the fair grounds and it proved a big success, but in regard to the show for the fair ground I think that last year Mr. Barber went into it as far as the legislative end of it was concerned and if I am not mistaken I believe he found Illinois had some law with regard to that. We took it up at that time and tried to see if a law couldn't be made in this state to cover shows coming into the community during the week of the fair, and I don't think the matter ever went very far, but I believe that if a law could be passed in this state the same as Illinois it would be a great benefit to the towns or cities that are bothered with that sort of thing. As I understand it, the city ordinances cannot keep them out, according to law, on account of the claim that you cannot keep one out without keeping them all out. We had it looked up pretty thoroughly and as I understand it they couldn't do it. The only way it could be done was by state law, and if the legislative committee of this body could take that matter up I believe it would be a benefit to all fairs that were bothered that way. The Chairman : Now, gentlemen, I believe rhis topic is one that appeals to all, and I would like to hear more discussion along- that line. i Mr. S. D. Quarton: In North Carolina there is a law to the effect that no circus or carnival company can come within a certain distance — I don't know how many miles it is — of the exhibit of the fair association. It has been on the books of North Carolina for a long time. I happened to be over there two or three years ago when Miller Brothers' 101-Ranch were going to play eight or nine miles from there, and this law prevented their showing it, and the fair association compelled them to come inside the fair grounds and got their percentage for it. Several southern states have such a law that no attraction of that sort can be held within three or four weeks of the time for the holding of the fair without the consent of the fair association. Mr. Schofield: I believe that every fair in time to come is coming to the night show. It is a success and I believe it could be made at the dis- cretion of the fair association, and those that don't have a night show at this time before very long will be coming to it. After you have advertised for this show for a number of years they are going to stick by you whether you have a night show or not. 138 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Rigby: I don't think there is anything that can be added to wliat has already been said. There is no question but what it is a detriment to the fair to have these counter attractions on tlie streets in competition with the night shows, and the only way in the world to keep them out is to stand in with the mayor. I know that so far as our town is concerned, while we have not made a special effort at all to have anything go on at the opera house or have dancesi downtown, as a rule our night fairs have been strong enough that it has not been profitable for those counter- attractions to stop in town at that time. I know that has been the effect, because this year the company that was there last year, when they found that we were going to have a night fair, refused to rent the opera house. I don't know how to prevent this competition downtown if you want to pull it off, and 1 think the best policy for the fair association is to make night shows strong enough to override this kind of competition. I think to quite a large degree this will be true where the ticket privileges are as liberal as were outlined here today, where a man is entitled to see everything on the ground until he leaves, and then make the night ad- mission liberal enough to draw the crowd. I don't doubt that a great many fairs would find it advisable to give everybody on the ground a night-show ticket, a free ticket to the night show and then charge, say, ten or fifteen cents, or whatever the regular charge is, at the grand stand. I think that will catch the people who have remained on the ground. I believe that is a good proposition, because if a man buys a ticket at the outside gate and gets a free ticket to the night show, it will be a comeon and he will use that ticket. Mr. H. C. Leach: We don't put on a night show at our fair. We have talked .a little about it at different times, but our merchants are very loyal toward the fair and we want to give them a chance too. While we don't bother them, as has been talked about here, our merchants are being hounded to death with one thing and another and I don't believe they should be asked to contribute to the maintenance of the fair. I happened to be mayor of the city a few years ago when a circus man wanted to know what we thought of putting on a street fair during our fair, and I said, "According to our ordinance we can't refuse you, but I'll say this much; we can make it so objectionable that you won't enjoy the occasion," and I found from experience that they can't come to town unless they are wanted. I believe this law we are talking about would be a good thing, but this is a big country and it is a loyal country. I believe we are hearing too much about passing a law to help this man oi' to help that man. I am not personally in favor of legislating too much for one class of people. V/e must make our laws so that each thing that you put on can stand un- der its own weight. Our merchants close at eleven o'clock in the morning and come to the fair. They work for it and boost for it, and then in the evening they open up and we let them have the crowd. There is one theatrical troupe that has come to our town year after year and the boys come to me two or three months ahead and want to know if a certain troupe is going to come back to the fair, and it draws people from ten to fifteen miles. I believe that each locality can control those things themselves better than if they take it up under a state law. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART HI 139 Mr. C. E. Cameron: I am very much interested in the discussion of our members here this afternoon, and I certainly have heard some very help- ful remarks and suggestions about conducting fairs. I had my connection with county fair work at one time, and I know from experience what must be contended with. I was for sixteen years secretary of our county fair at home, and the biggest asset I found to the county fair was the loyalty of the people in the vicinity in which the fair was located. Take up the question this gentleman spoke of, the question of counter attractions downtown. That can be regulated by the loyalty of the town. If the town does not believe in a fair, the county fair cannot be made a success. Take, for instance, Des Moines. When I first became connected with the Iowa State Fair, we used to have counter attractions; they used to open up the streets of the town and let in carnivals and have that kind of things here in Des Moines. When we commenced to put on night sho^s at Des Moines, we found we couldn't make a success if they put on a free attraction downtown. We went to the city council and talked the matter over with them. We said, "If this fair is not of more benefit to the people of Des Moines and to the business interests of Des Moines than this carnival company, then one or the other of us will quit." And I am very glad to say that the business interests of the city of Des Moines and the city council have shut out any attractions that interfere with the fair. We haven't asked them to close their opera houses because our fair runs eight or ten days and people who come and see our night shows two or three nights want to come downtown and see the other attractions. As you all know, our night shows consist largely of fireworks. I don't think you can carry on a night show successfully without some portion of fireworks attractions. We have had them at Alta for four or five years. We tried at first to carry them on without putting any curtains around the fireworks show, but we have found that people who come up to pay at the gate in the day time would run their autos as close as they could and not go inside, and would in that way see as much as the people who paid to go inside. The first year we barely took in enough to defray expenses of the show. We went to the people and told them it was im- possible to put on that night display unless they paid their money. The next year we put up an eight-foot canvas fence around the grand stand, and shut out the people who tried to take in the night show from their autos. While our fair charges 50 cents ,at the gate, we give a passing-out check which protects the holder. The larger fairs cannot do that, but the smaller fairs it seems to me must do that. If we have eight or ten thousand people at the county fair in the day time, we are getting to the limit and we are getting all the people that are coming. So we have a pass check good up until 5 o'clock in the evening, and after five o'clock an evening ticket is sold for 25 cents with a coupon attached. When they buy that they have the coupon attached which is good at the grand stand. If people who attend in the day time want to go up town to get their supper or visit their neighbors or friends, they can do so, but when they come down in the evening they must pay 25 cents but that includes coupon to the grand stand, which is detached at the grand stand gate. Since we have tried that method we have increased receipts at our night show over 300 per cent. NoW, people of course hollered a great deal be- 140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE cause we put up the canvas, but we told them it wasn't possible to carry on the fair without money, and we couldn't get the program unless we had this money to pay for it, and after one or two seasons of putting up ^his canvas the people were willing to pay. My friend Mr. Mullen here, when he first put on his night show at Fonda, I asked him, "How are you going to work it?" and he said, "We are going to drive them out after the afternoon show." He tried it and almost had a riot. They didn't want to go out and they didn't go out, and you can't drive them out. The next best thing is to clear your grand- stand after the races, put up your canvas, and if your grandstand is not big enough and you have fireworks, they would rather sit in on the bleachers than in the grand stand, because if they get high up in the grand stand, with the roof on it they can't see a sky rocket go up. We can put up those bleachers, and then the only expense will be the renting of planks that we get from the lumber yard, and those bleachers along- side of the grandstand add a great deal to your income. As this gentle- man said, the night show is the coming features of your fairs. I have tried it and I know people will come to it. Another thing we do up there is this: We sell the season ticket for the entire fair and charge $1.75. We sell that season ticket before the fair, and you would be surprised at the number sold. We sell from five to six hundred season tickets each year. This ticket is good for one ad- mission at the gate each day; it is good for one admission at the grand stand each night, and it sells for $1.75. If it happens to rain, nobody ever asks for a rebate or rainchecks, so that we are seven or eight hundred dollars to the good and have that much money to start with, while it is a great reduction to the people who buy. Speaking about the matter of concessioners beating you through privi- lege tickets. I would suggest that you offer them a card that is to be punched one, two, three or four times, or simply have a coupon ticket for each one of your concessioners so that that coupon is torn off for that day, and if they have to go out give; them a passing-out check tor their return. This pass-out return is all right for the average county fair. A man who pays 50 cents and wants to get out and back again without a check, and fails, is sore because he cannot come back. If he had a return check he will be satisfied. EVENING SESSION The Chairman : Now, gentlemen, we will eome to order. The address of welcome was to have been given by the Hon. John MacVicar, mayor of Des Moines, but on account of his being out of the city, Mr. H. W. Byers, corporation counsel, has consented to extend to us the welcome from the city administration. Mr. H. W. Byers: Mr. President and Members of the County and District Fair Managers: It is to be regretted that our good mayor is not here tonight, but what is your loss in that respect and his, too, is my gain. It gives me an opportunity to meet you and spend a few minutes with you. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IH 141 If I were going to give my notion of your business, or give you a new name, I would say that you are the advertising agency of what has now come to be recognized as the greatest industrial enterprise in the world, and that is the business of producing what men and women and soldiers must have to eat and wear. You know, I suppose, that it would be impos- sible just now, here or anywhei-e in the world, for that matter to have any- thing like even a moment's greeting in an address of welcome without some word or expression about the great contest that is on in the world, and out of that there has just come to me since I sat here this thought — that the greatest benefit that will come to this country, and to every person in it, and every community in it, out of this great world's war, will be the unifying and harmonizing of every element in American life. You know that once and for all, and now perhaps for the first time in the history of this country, we are going to be united, man for man, and every man that lives under the Stars and Stripes, no matter where he is or what his business may be, is going to stand four-square for Uncle Sam. PATRIOTISM is the order of the day, and, if you will pardon me for just a moment at that, I want you to know that I believe (and I know jou do) that the patriotism of the men of this country, whether they be interested in county or district fairs, or commercial affairs, whether they be interested in consumption or production, or whatever it may be, will be not measured by the contributions that may be made to the thou- sand-and-one things that we must keep up, and that we must give our money to, nor will the patriotism of the individual be measured by any- thing like lip service; but the patriotism of every man in this country now is going to be tested by his every-day conduct and his every-day activities in pushing forward and advancing every important interest of American business life and American social life. Because if we are going to win out in this fight, if we are going to get any certainty of compensation, men, for these thousands of splendid boys that we are giv- ing up, many of us a great houseful of them — I say, if .we are going to get any compensation out of the sacrifice of the boys and the money and the thousand-and-one other thiols that we are going to have to contribute to this contest, it must come in the way of a rebuilding and a solidifying of the American people into one grand forward-march for the best there is in the world. Now, it is greatly to the interest of every man interested in farming in Iowa, and greatly to the interest every man interested in county and district fair management, as it is greatly to the interest of every man and woman in this capital city, to have the right kind of understanding with the people of the state of Iowa and the right sort of relation between the people — the farming interests, the business interests, the stock in- terests, and with the capital city of the state. It is wonderfully important that any sort of prejudice against the capital city, any sort of notion that there is any sentiment here is contrary or repugnant to or in opposition of the welfare of the best interests of the men and women of Iowa out- side of the city. I say, it is important that that sort of thing be wiped out. And so the people of the city of Des Moines are to be congratulated that you men are here once a year to hold your annual meeting, and they 142 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE are to be congratulated because out of that gathering will come that under- standing and that relation that must exist if we are going to go forward as one great, united force for the best thing in the state. And so I deem it an unusual distinction and pleasure to speak to you for a few moments this evening. My relation to the city is simply to do its legal work, but I say I deem it an unusual pleasure and distinction to have this appor- tunity to stand here before you as a representative of this city and to say these few words of greeting, and to have the opportunity to show to you that the best that we have here is open to you. We want you to know all about Des Moines. I tell you, men, it is today the most thrifty and livest and nearest up-to-date city, in my judgment, west of Chicago. We are growing, we are developing, we are trying here to get a clear grasp of the wonderful resources of the most wonderful state in all the Union, and you men, while there is of course always in connec- tion with these associations and these meetings an element of pleas- ure, and an element of recreation and all that sort of thing, over and above all that, as I said in the beginning, you represent the advance guard of the greatest enterprise in the world. And as I said before, the world is coming to understand and to recognize the fact that out here in states like Iowa, where we have farms and soil and men and women and boys and girls that are big and clean and strong, we have a civilization in v.'hich we can produce not only everything that we need for our material comfort and happiness, but out of which we can produce the best and cleanest and strongest men and women produced anywhere. And so I say, we want you to know that the city itself is open to you and we wel- come your association and all of you individually, and I only regret that our worthy, up-to-date and much-alive mayor was not here so that he could let you into some of the secrets, that I myself do not quite know as yet. I thank you, men. The Chairman : The next subject for discussion is entitled "Benefits of Annual Meetings" by L. II. Piekard of Harlan. Mr. Lauer: Mr. Piekard was unable to be present, and I will read his paper here. Brother Fair Secretaries and Fair Managers: When Secretary Lauer notified me that I had been assigned the above subject, I could not under- stand why he should call upon me to handle so important a subject. I finally decided that he did so for the same reason that the farmer put three dozen eggs under the setting hen — he said that he knew she couldn't cover them but he just wanted to see her spread herself. The benefit of annual meetings all depends upon the individual. It is much the same as attending college: if one attends for the sole purpose of just having a good time and go out with the boys, he may not get much that would be of interest in making him a better fair secretary; but if his object is to learn what he can from those who possibly have had the benefit of greater opportunity and more years of experience, he surely can take home to his fair people many things that will be of value in conducting a fair. I have always contended that a man can usually find what he is looking for. There is no question but our annual meetings are a great benefit to a fair secretary and fair manager. I have not missed an annual fair meet- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART HI 143 ing or an Iowa State Fair meeting for over twenty-five years, and I never have attended an annual meeting that I did not learn something of im- portance to the fair interests. However, much as I regret it, I am obliged to miss the annual meeting this year on account of my wife's health. We are obliged to spend the winter in California. I am sure if the secretaries who do not attend the annual meetings knew of the benefit they would receive they would never miss a single meeting. I believe that I am willing to ^o on record favoring a law that would not allow a fair to draw the state appropriation who did not send a representative to the annual meetings. The state has a perfect right to demand this in return for their money. The prime object in the state's donation to the county and district fairs is for the purpose of improving not only the fairs of our state but also branches of industry as well. I often compare fairs of our state to a graded school. Some you will find in the high school, while others are still in the kindergarten. "We have compulsory education in our schools so why not in all that which is promoted by a well-balanced fair? A fair, to the animal kingdom, is the same as our colleges are to our boys and girls (possibly barring foot- ball). Did you ever realize that the breeders of registered stock would never get anywhere if it was not for the fairs and stock shows of our country? "We have in Shelby county a greater number of breeders of registered stock than any other county in the United States. Mr. Chas. A. Saunders of Shelby county had in Cumberland Type the greatest Shorthorn bull in the world. "Why do I say this? Simply be- cause he has been shown in the show ring thirty-six times, and won thirty-six grand championshps (was never defeated), and had it not been for the publicity he got at the fairs the world would have never known cf this bull or his breeder, Mr. Saunders. Charles Escher, Jr., also of Shelby county, is the largest breeder and importer of Angus cattle in the world. His publicity and success came largely through the fairs and stock shows of our country. Mr. Escher is president of the National Angus Association of America, and is also a member of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture. He is conceded to be one of the best judges of Angus cattle in the United States and his serv- ices as a judge take him to all parts of the world. I simply mention these facts not for the purpose of advertising Shelby county, but to show you the great work and importance of the fairs of the county which has done so much for the great state of Iowa. One can readily see the importance of a fair secretary and the duties he is called upon to perform, and he owes it to the state of Iowa to make himself as efficient as possible, consequently he should not only attend the annual meetings but take an active part as well. There should be no slackers among the fair secretaries of Iowa. In closing I wish to say that Shelby county contributed to the Red Cross $635 in cash and also took a $1,000 Liberty Bond, and still has a good bank account. Gentlemen, I thank you. The Secretary: Tlie next topic is "How to Prevent Fairs From Being- the Same Old Thing- From Year to Year, and My Best Feature for 1917", hv Mr.- H. H. Eosebrook of Oskaloosa. 344 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. H. H. Rosebrook: Gentlemen of the Convention: I thought I was going to get out of the fair game this year and I guess Mr. Lauer thought the same thing, so he Avanted me to bid you farewell and the best way to do it was co make a speech. But I haven't had time to give it much thought, having been engrossed with other things. In fact, I had for- gotten about it, and when I was going by the Savery hotel I saw some members of the association and was reminded that I was to make a speech. I don't take the position that I am able to dictate to the worthy secre- taries of the different fairs of Iowa, because I am getting out of the game, and there is no reason why I should tell you how to run your fairs. But if you will take what I have to say with a grain of salt, and not swallow it in a lump, perhaps there will be no hard feelings. If you get into a rut you will always be there until you get out, and you cannot get out unless you improve, and that is the way with fairs. Unless you improve your fair from year to year you will not grow; it will be the same old fair, you will lose in attendance and everything else. The first thing to make your fairs better is satisfaction. The Ameri- can people have to be satisfied, and of all things the fair is one of the greatest places for people to .find fault that I know of, and the poor secre- tary has to take the blame. There are several ways in which you can give satisfaction. The first thing is as a patron approaches the gate, he should be well received by the gateman. If there is a gruff, short-speak- ing gate keeper, it puts a dark brown taste in the patron's mouth and he is not able to spit out all day. It takes all the joy out of life so far as the patron is concerned. Second, your exhibits and your exhibitors. If there is any part of your exhibits, or any department that you can see was weak last year, put a special effort on that one exhibit or that one department. Keep a little closer touch or tab on the superintendent of that department and see that he brings that exhibit up to standard, because every exhibit brings in a proportion of the admissions at the gate. That is one of the principal things looked after at our fairs, is the exhibitor. Third, the so-called "holdup". This has been a year of holdups. No doubt some of the fairs have taken advantage, like lots of other people, of the war and have charged exorbitant prices for everything. I noticed one of the things that was resented quickest and hurt our fair more than anything else that happened during our fair was one afternoon in our grand stand the report came to me that the peanut butchers were selling peanuts and ice cream cones and pop at ten cents. They had only been doinng it for an hour or so, but it created a regular storm and you could hear all over the grounds that it was being called a "holdup." I stopped it immediately and had it announced from the judge's stand that it was a misunderstanding and that we would not let it occur again. It had its effect. The same way with our lunch counters and with our dining hall. We saw to it that they furnished a meal that was satisfactory at a rea- sonable price. People went away feeling that they had got their money's worth; that they weren't held up, and Lhave yet to hear of the first dis- gruntled person being overcharged. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART III 145 The fourth point is the police system and the parking of automobiles. Anything that will make a man disgruntled is to try to get his car out in the middle of the afternoon and find 150 or 200 cars backed up against it where he can't get it out. It is just as easy to systemize the parking of your cars as it is to run them in haphazard. We handled about 1,400 cars a day, and on the largest day we handled 1,600, but there wasn't a time during the day or night that any man couldn't go and get his car and take it out without disturbing any car around. It is just simply system. It wasn't any harder to handle them than a year ago, but we had a system and we followed it. Another thing is your police system. If you have a policeman that tries to show his authority and tries to give people to understand that he is running the fair, he is going to cause dissatisfaction. Another thing is the entertainment. Have your entertainment whole- some, and have entertainment for everybody. Don't let your fair run to horse races; don't let it run to amusements of other sorts; don't let it run to a strictly fat-stock show; but have something lor everybody. If you find that your exhibits are going to be heavy on one end, get some- thing on the other end to offset it, and have a fair for everybody. I believe that we are not careful enough with our concessions. We look at the dollar too much instead of the class. I believe fairs are damaged more by the professional concessioner than by anything else that comes on the ground. They are out for anything to make a dollar or to make a diamond, and who pays for it but the fair? Every ten cents the people are robbed by illegitimate or unworthy concessioners comes right home to the fair, because the concessioner is gone and they have to blame somebody. One of the most important parts of our coming fair is to be the edu- cational features. It does me good to see the interest that is being taken in the different state departments and the government departments in agricultural fairs, for the purpose of aiding these institutions. »pen- ing contests, arithmetic contests, and getting the fairs to offer prizes that will be an inducement to participate. The foundation of the fairs of the future is being built today through the children and through the educa- tional department. The last part of my subject is my best feature for 1917. Mr. Lauer no doubt did not understand my attitude when he asked me to talk on that subject, because I don't believe in features. I think the farther away we get from the big day and the big feature idea, the more successful our fairs will be. You all know that m reference to country fairs that fea- ture certain days. One neighbor will say to another, "What is the best day to attend the fair?" and the reply will be, "Better go Wednesday cr Thursday." My theory is, men, to make Tuesday, and to make Friday equally interesting days, and if you do, Wednesday and Thursday will take care of themselves. But put your special programs, if you are go- ing to have special programs, on the first and last days, for they will get your home people and Wednesday and Thursday will take care of them- selves. That will equalize your fair more. If you don't take care of 10 J 46 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Tuesday, and Wednesday and Thursday are rainy, you won't get your people out on Friday. That is the main talking point along the line of s'pecial features of the fair, and the only idea I have in a special feature at our fairs is specializing those two days — not specializing the days, but getting away from the old idea that there are to be two big and two small days at the fair. ""Mr. Chairman: We "will now have a talk entitled, "An Old Newcomer," by Mr, E. W. Williams of Manchester. Mr. E. W. Williams: Mr. President and Brother Secretaries: Before going into this subject which has been assigned to me, I want to say that it has given me a great deal of pleasure to be a member of this organiza- tion. I have always been interested in amusements in more ways than one, and I am glad to be in this game at this time. I consider it not only a privilege but a duty as an American citizen to do everything I can to further the interests not only of my community and county and state, but of my country as a whole, in any way that I can lend assist- ance. In traveling around visiting fairs last year, making twelve of them before and after our own fair dates, I was surprised to see the lack of patriotism manifested, and yet if there ever was a trying time in the history of man, it confronts us at this present time. We are up against the real thing, and I don't believe there is a man in any occupation or in any office that can do more for the betterment of the cause than the secre- tary of a fair. Many of the secretaries are below the age limit prescribed in the conscription act, and some will not be here to fill their dates. They will be doing more for their country than we are, and I therefore feel that we men who are left at home to enjoy our livelihood and our friends and our loved ones should increase our efforts to make this association everything that it should be. I don't blame, but commend, the men who are at the head of this organization when they urge upon us to be here and attend this meeting and the meeting of the agricultural society, and I believe and heartily agree that every secretary here today ought to take away with him the purpose of urging upon his directors that a representa- tive of each fair in the state receiving state aid should be in attendance here. Every secretary is governed by his board of directors. Surely one of them can be sent to Des Moines to attend these gatherings. But I know what some men are up against for I have been connected with one of the rottenest fairs in the state of Iowa. We must clean out our di- rectorate before we can hope to clean out our fairs and make them a suc- cess, and I believe the first move and the first thing to do is to put before the men the matter of patriotism. And if you have a director in your board who is not willing to come out fiat-footed and say where he stands, he has no right to be on the board, nor has he a right to be a member of this or any other association; he is a detriment to it. I want you to understand that I am not here to tell you what to do, for* you are all older heads that I am, but I do believe, men, and I think you all have had experience enough when traveling from one fair to another to have noticed — a condition I am ashamed to admit — that EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART HI 147 practically the only bunting displayed or flags flying over our fairs are those put up by the concession men. I do not say that all fairs are that way, but -a great many of them are indifferent on that score, and I tell you that "with the trying conditions under which we have been working, it has been my observation that the concession men have* been a darn sight more loyal than the directors. It has been said with reference to the fair that the more the war, the more the work for the secretary to do, the more that he works, the more that the ground will put forth; and yet the secretaries are putting forth more effort and getting less results than any other class of men living. Take the matter of an old worn-out fair like we had/ in Delaware county, my home town. I don't want to go into statistics, but if you cau picture in your minds a fine, prosperous county with a population of some 19,000, you will say that there is no excuse for not having a good county fair. If we haven't a good county fair in every county in the state, it's our own fault, for we ought to have one. I will give you a little history of what the fair was. For years the Delaware County Fair pros- pered in a mild way; for years there v/as a meeting place for the people of the county, a home-coming event, and that is all it was. Bill brought his largest pumpkin and Tom brought his tallest stalk of corn, and John brought his best heifer; and each year when I was a kid one certain gen- tleman brought his black horse that, I thought, had won more money than any other horse that ever ran. And so it went, year after year. The buildings had not been repaired for fi^fteen years; it was run-down-at-the- heel, and the whole thing was at the end of its string, both physically and morally. "What was the excuse for it? Poor management. What caused the poor management? The secretary was a man who worked without salary. It was the same old thing, as in running for political office, the honor ceased the minute he got the badge of secretary. During the last fifteen years, and up to the year 1914, there were just two men that made a success of that fair. One of them was Senator Hoyt, now our state treasurer. He put his heart and soul into it; he went out and visited farmers and put his money in it. He made the thing a suc- cess, but only after great effort. But .the success was short-lived. And what was the cause? The board of directors. Simply because the board of directors was composed of men who were not educated to amusement or'the productive world. And I say if you have a fair that is running down, and if you have a board of directors that cannot get together and talk things over in a business-like way, they are doing an injury to the state of Iowa and to the United States. It is up to us to pull things through vvith the help of organizations of this kind. But going back to the old fair: They didn't make money enough to even keep up expenses, and towards the last few years the better class of men got tired of it. The business men had been asked to contribute in order to make ends meet, and they did; they deemed it a necessity and a matter of civic pride, and they were willing to go to the farthest limit to help, but even they became disgusted. What was the board of directors composed of? Men who Avere interested in agriculture, it is true, but they were mostly interested in the production of the land that they them- 148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE selves owned. When the secretary called a meeting of the board, how many would be present? About two. And when some matter would be brought up for consideration by the secretary, Bill would say "What do ypu think about this, John?" and John would say thus and so, and Bill would say, "Yes, that's nay idea," and that settled it. They didn't go out to visit other fairs; they didn't attend these meetings here in Des Moines; they didn't ask for or get other men's ideas; they didn't go into propositions thoroughly or investigate; they didn't study matters presented; and my remembrance is that when I asked Mr. Hoyt if they took a publication of any note, he replied that they might have taken the Horse Review, be- cause Bill had the fast horse. They didn't advertise; they didn't study propositions, and they didn't do anything that business men should do and as a consequence the fair went down and down until in 1914 the business men were so disgusted that they quit. The fair was $5,000 in debt, amphitheatre was poorly and cheaply constructed and inadequate, the track was a track in name only, for the weeds had grown over it and had so obstructed the space that three horses couldn't run abreast, and the other buildings were in equally bad shape. The last year that the fair was run the management paid enough for one act alone to have put on a good, well-balanced program. They didn't know anything about the game, and that was one of their greatest faults. My own inclination is for free acts and amusement, and under amuse- ments I class bands, ball games, and free acts of all kinds. I believe in selecting novelties that the fellow twelve miles away from you hasn't got. These men would get together and put on the same old stuff time and again, until the business men in 1914 threw up their hands and said, "Let it die. If a bunch of men have hold of it and won't let go, we'll just give it up." It wasn't because they were not interested, it was because they were not posted that the management made such a failure of it. If you are a doctor or a lawyer and you are going to take a vacation for thirty or sixty days, the thing farthest from your mind is to go out and get a substitute who is not educated in your line of work. And the same applies to fair work. When you choose a secretary for your fair, you get a man that knows the business and takes an interest in it. To- day I think a man's duty first is to be patriotic, and the fair secretary as well as the board of directors must be patriotic; the next thing is, if you have men on your board of directors that are small and cannot see beyond the end of their nose, you cannot run a fair. That's all there is to it. In 1915 the business men got together, under the leadership of the Commercial Club, and began to talk fair. I say that the greatest thing in any community or any city is a live commercial club. It has got anything else you can think of backed off the map. And in running a fair you have got to have men who take an interest in and work for it. We had a commercial club which was organized in 1910, and they wanted to take hold of the fair that year. They came to me and asked nie if I would act as secretary, and I was foolish enough to get into it. I had been interested in amusements all of my life and when they organized the Commercial Club they asked me to take hold of the Amusement Com- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART III 149 miltee, and that included the procuring of circuses and such other enter- tainments. Prior to that time we hadn't had a circus in town for years, but I got busy and brought the Hagenbeck-Wallace show' to town, and I got some otlier good shows, and they proved a wonderful thing for the town. Another thing, if you don't have a good band of your own in town, or in the country, make it an inducement to the farmers to organize a band which can be used at various entertainments; get a circus one month and a Chautauqua the next month, but gi've the people entertainment. I be- lieve that you can't give them too much. Make out all these programs so that it furthers the interest of your fair and advertises it. I believe that the circus furthered the interest of the people of Delaware county in our fair. And in this method of entertainment, I wanted to instill into the minds of the newspaper men and the people generally that we were trying to get our fair back on the map, but if I went to some of our little towns around and asked for space in the paper, the first question asked was, "Who's going to pay for it?" The old fair had so broken down public confidence that the first year I couldn't get a free act and I couldn't get a band anywhere. The business men wanted to take hold of the fair in 1915, and when they came to me I said: "Gentlemen, I think the best thing is to bury it deep and give it all the flowers and water than you can." But in 1916 they decided that they would put on a fair and called for the directors. They had some time in getting the old committee together and getting things started. When they went into the matter they found one of the biggest detriments to be the fact that there were 125 life-membership tickets and fifty 25-year membership tickets out, which had been given out by the old management. I won't attempt to give the. number of five and ten-year tickets, but there was a proportionate number of them. If any one can tell me how a fair or theatrical business can exist on that kind of paper, I want to hear something about it. If we talked about re- juvenating the old fair, some of the older heads would get busy in order to protect their tickets. The last year the old company operated I stood at the gate, and, gen- tlemen, these passes you have talked about aren't in it with a 25-year or a life-membership ticket. That's a fact. If you have a number of 25-year or life-membership tickets outstanding in your association, you have a piece of crape hanging around your neck right now. I stood at the gate in the year 1914 and looked after that matter. I had experi- mented in the amusement business, and let me tell you if you have an amusement business you are going to get skinned. I stood at the gate and I counted one rig in particular, old Dobbin and the surrey, con- taining the holder of a life-membership ticket, a young man driver and some women folks. Understand, I had nothing to do with the fair other than being an interested spectator at the gate. We were trying to fur- ther some plans for the fair at that time and I was there to get data for the use of the business men. Then came that life-membership pass, held by a nice old man, and in the rig drawn by a poor old black horse was 350 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE seven passengers. The man at the gate courteously inspected the pass and let the rig and passengers in. The rig drove out after a bit and in about twenty minutes returned with the driver and six girls in it! Well, to make a long story short, twenty-one persons went in on that life mem- bership ticket that afternoon. You may talk all you please about the passes issued to concession men, but if you come right down to bed-rock you will find that the people in your own town give you more dirty work than the concession people. I am not here to deride anybody or stick up for anybody, but I am telling you what we had to contend with, and I believe that is what you want. Take the concession people today, and there is not a fair in the state of Iowa that can cut them out and come out on top. I mean everything that goes in the concession line, and there is not a fair in the state of Iowa, figuratively speaking, understand, that can cut them out and show figures on the good side of the ledger. The concession is an asset to the fair, and if you treat them right and show them that you have a real fair, they will do you a lot of good. The concession men, the free-act people, and the race horse people will do more for you today outside of your own boosters than any other people. They come to get.and I will admit they don't always get it honestly, but if you treat them square they will do the same, for I believe there is good in every man. But returning to the fair. Mr. Hoyt was elected to take charge of the old fair association's matters, and he tried in every way to arrange a meeting where we might congenially work things out, but there was nothing doing. It wasn't for the good of the country or of the state of Iowa, or for the good of their sons and daughters that they fought, but for that almighty pass, and we had some hot meetings. It was the Man- chester Commercial Club that backed us up and we all stuck together, and when the old crowd wouldn't be reasonable we just decided to let the dead remain buried, and so we simply said, "Gentlemen, we believe it is time to show you up; we believe we have got the products; we have got the men; we have got the population and we have got a railroad cen- ter, and everything else, and we're going to put on a fair." We had a fight, but we got started and the balloon strings were cut on the first day of the fair. When the old-timers came along and tried to get through on the old paper, we won out nicely, not by harsh treatment, but simply by showing them how it would be impossible to maintain a fair without money, and we won through courteous treatment. So we got our directors elected and started to do business, but we couldn't put on a stock show the first year. I will show you what we were up against and what we put on by honest dealing. I believe that one of the greatest faults of fair managements is dishonesty — they mis- represent what they are going to put on at the show; they misrepresent what is going onto the grounds, and what is the result? When the puolic finds you have misrepresented, you are the first fellow that catches the blame. If we were to go down to the theatre tonight because of some certain advertisement which attracted your attention, and after you had paid your money you find that it was not at all what was represented, you would be the first man to holler. And so it is with the patron at the EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART III 151 fair. It is nothing but the American idea of fair play, and so I say that I believe that the first thing every fair secretary today should do Is to say that he is going to advertise anything that he cannot produce, if it lies in his power to do so. We all admit that sometimes acts cannot appear, for one reason or another, but I believe that every fair secretary will get along belter if he will produce everything that he has advertised. And if you set your price at 50 cents at the gate, do not raise it, or don't put it at 35 cents for Thursday and Friday and then raise it to 50 cents. Let there be one price and let that price stand throughout the fair. After we got going in 1916 we put on a carnival. I didn't have time to go out and get people, but we got a noted speaker and we got along very nicely, and we came out on top, and with the exception of the year that Mr. Hoyt put his shoulder to it and worked his head off, this is the first time that we had split even in a long time. We didn't have any animal exhibition because we didn't have any buildings. But after the close of our 191G fair we were able to pay three years' back interest on the main indebtedness; we had cleaned up the grounds and paid our ex- penses for that one year. With such results we were winning back the confidence of the people, and we ourselves were much encouraged. We had the confidence of the farmer because we did just what we had agreed to do. Before the fair we went to the livery barns and the stores and the hotels, and to the farmers themselves, and asked them not to raise their rates to the people coming in to the fair, and they didn't increase their rates. I did the best I could with our little funds that first year in ad- vertising, and we tried it out by not using the county papers, but in my estimation it was a failure. In 1917 they turned it over to me and said to use my own judgment. One thing I wanted to try out, and which I think proved to be a good thing, was this: Under the conditions we had previously worked, be- cause of the lack of funds, the farmers hadn't been paid premiums and the bands had gone without their money. When We started out anew the first thing that our board of directors heard when they got together was this: "There's no use trying to work without funds, and I need money," so the board authorized the expenditure of $9,000 in buildings and better- ments. There wasn't a building on the grounds that wasn't moved or torn down completely, or fixed, up; there wasn't a fence post on the ground that wasn't in need of resetting or paint, and so we painted and repaired, and in addition we widened the race track. Another thing: I believe that you cannot expect men of the free-act to do themselves justice without proper facilities. If you will stop and consider the free acts that you see in the summer time in parks and out- door pavilions, I think you will find that they are the same acts that you go to the theatre and pay 50 cents or 75 cents to see. In the theatre they have the orchestra and the scenery, and that makes their act more effective, while we put them out in the open air without any scenery be- hind them, and half the time the music is very poor, and we expect them to do you justice. Nine times out of ten it is not as good as you saw it before, and you kick; but the truth is that as we compel them to produce 152 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE it, the act is the hardest thing in the world to present with justice to the company and to you. I am speaking of my own county now when I say that I do not believe that we could put on a stock show and get by with it. We have got to get the music and the free-act and other features to entertain our patrons. We are situated between two large cities, Waterloo on the west and Dubuque on the east, and it is not difficult to get good free acts, so we went to work and built a good free-act platform. It is raised from the ground, with eight dressing rooms belo\^ ground is cemented, and in the rear there is a toilet. We have the band- stand next to the free-act platform. I don't believe that a band across the track can do the work of playing for the free-acts in justice to them- selves or the perfornxers. We have an amphitheatre 220 feet long, with a front rail six feet high instead of two feet. There wasn't an inch but what was gone over. Some of the farmers doubted the idea that we could ever bring back the stock show, but we did. I went down with men ol the city and picked up two farmers and talked things over; then we went out and visited every stock raiser that is registered in the county, and went after them just as hard as we could. What was the result? We had as good an exhibit as one would want. We built new buildings. That has been done because we have the confidence of the people back of us. As long as I am secretary I will not try to talk what I cannot produce. If you treat your people white, I believe the fair will succeed, and I be- lieve we can do the business, and my motto this year is " simply PATRIOTISM and PRODUCTIVENESS. The Chairman : The next matter on the program is a paper entitled "Publicity and How I Handle It," by Mr. E. S. Estel of Waterloo. MRl E. S. ESTEL: Mr. President and Members of the Fair Associa- tion: In sitting here at this late hour and watching the interest that you men have in this discussion, I cannot help but call your attention to a meeting I attended just a few night ago. The mercury was down around 16 below'. Of course, we fellows are all interested in the dairy game in Iowa, and I had a man along with me who was very much in- terested and was very anxious to talk. We went out to a little school house in a small town' where we were to hold a meeting. We waited around quite a while for the people, but no audience came to listen to us, only one man. I thought the best thing to do was to give up the meeting entirely, but the other man, as all of these older fellows want to do, was very anxious to talk, so he started out to talk about the dairy cow and the very great advantages of her, and went on for an hour and a half, hard and long, and then I came on with my talk for three-quarters of an hour (don't worry, I ain't going to give that tonight), and after we got all through, as we usually handle these meetings, we say: "Are there any questions' you wish to ask us?" and the man there said: "Yes, there is just one thing 'I would like to know, when will you get through? If you are through, I want to know it, because I am the janitor here of this school house and I want to lock up for the night." EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART HI 153 When I told Mr. Lauer I would come down here and say a few words about publicity, I didn't know that Mr. Corey was going to be here, or Mr. Cameron, or Mr. Whitted, of the State Fair Association, for if I had knowli that I believe I would have declined. It might be well to give just a little history of the show I am con- nected with. It is a little bit different from the fair business; it is a dairy show, exclusively a show for dairy cattle, dairy products, and dairy machinery and supplies. It originated about eight years ago on pure air. Some fellows got together and thought they would like to offer the breeders of dairy cattle of the west an opportunity to congregate in this state; they also thought they would like to offer to the manufacturers of dairy equipment an opportunity to exhibit their goods and thereby build up the dairy industry of Iowa. They organized their proposition and offered about $4,000 in premiums the first year. It happened that the Lord was with them and they came out all right. The second year there was a big show organized at Milwaukee; they chose the same dates that we had, and we went in pretty heavy and offered about $10,000 in pre- miums. The Lord wasn't quite so favorable that year and we ran behind $7,500. Since that time, although we have had six shows, and four times out of the six of them were rainy, we have come out quite well. In talking of the publicity end of the dairy show in particular, I want to say that it is different from the county and district fair in that we try to advertise as widely as possible all over the United States, and we are limited in the funds we have to work with. The publicity end, as I see it, in fair work is one of the most important parts of the fair. It is im- portant because it brings the attendance, and it is important because it brings our exhibitors. I want just to divide this subject into three dif- ferent parts. I will take only just a very few moments. The first is publicity before the show, and I might say that we have already started the publicity for our 1918 show. We have sent out the announcement of the dates of the show to all of the agricultural papers in the United States, and we are going to keep on sending out little arti- cles in regard to the 1918 show from now until the opening of that show. We have found every newspaper that we approached anxious and willing to get behind a movement that is worthy, a movement that will develop the agricultural features of our county, because of the fact that they know the farmers are the real men in this old state of ours, and they know if they cater to the wants of the farmer and foster his development, why, it means progress to them. So we have found the newspapers and the agricultural papers very willing to help us, and in advertising the dairy cattle congress we have sent out news items right along to our newspapers. We have found that in some instances the item didn't take very well, while in others, especially if they had a very catchy heading to them, they were very successful. I remember one heading that went all over the state and outside of the state, which read: "Baccilli will be in large numbers at the dairy show," and that item with that heading was run all over the country and gave us more publicity than any other article we had. And that article just referred to the germs that would be in some of the samples of milk that we expected to have to show the public what poor and good milk was. 154 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE We have used news items and we have used plate material, and handled both through the newspaper press and the Western Newspaper Union. We have found that the plate material, in order to secure the best results, ought to be accompanied by a great many picture cuts; and if any of you gentlemen use the plate material, I would suggest that right on the picture itself you put the name of your fair, the dates of your fair, and the place it is to be held, and use that as part of the cut rather than to let the subject of the cut go in the printed matter only, because in many instances where this is used they will cut off the heading and the picture will be there, but the name of the fair dates or the place of the fair will not appear. We have also found that it is good business to use an advertisement In a paper about thirty days before the show starts. That is simply to show the newspapers that we are not asking too much of them; that we are willing to pay them for a part of the work, and we have found after we have sent the ad out to the newspapers about thirty days before the show opens that they are more willing to print the news items that are sent later, and I believe that is a very good idea to send out an advertise- ment about thirty days ahead of the show. We have divided up our advertising in newspapers, in agricultural papers, on bill-boards and road-signs, and every one of those have given us good service. I believe I would class them for the dairy show, as follows: 1. The agricultural papers, 2. The newspapers, 3. The bill-boards, 4. The road-signs. By road-signs I mean all the road-signs you men use; the automobile banners, the pennants, and all those things. We have found this, in the case of bill-board advertising: I have noticed it and I have a notion to tell Mr. Corey about it. If we use 8-sheet posters, we usually get an awfully poor place for them. I have seen State Fair advertising that Mr. Corey had sent to men that he thought would place them in good positions, out in the alley. I have seen other fair advertising in out of the way places, and simply because it must have been 8-sheets and they simply placed it any old place. But in sending out these billboard pos- ters, we have found that the 24-sheet stands get much better places. They can't stick them off behind the other bills, and 24-sheets have given us much better service in fewer numbers than a large number of 8-sheets, and we have consequently used that class of bill-board advertising. We have also used the depots in the railroad stations. We have found that every one of the agents of the railroads are more than anxious to help us in advertising our shows, and we have sent them attractive posters, which they have placed for us without charge. With regard to the cost of this advertising to us in relation to our gate receipts, I might say that our advertising during the past year (and I am not in a position to know how it compares with fair advertising, be- cause I don't know very much about handling fairs, so I don't know whether this is high or low), but it has been 10 per cent of our gate re- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART HI 155 ceipts — the cost of our advertising during the past year — and it has been 6 per cent of the total receipts of the entire fair or show. I am not pre- pared to say, because I don't know enough about it, whether that is the right proportion in your business, or not. Now, publicity during the show. We didn't know how to handle a show when we started and we are learning all the time, of course, buti we found out during the past two years that it is very good business to send out articles every day. Sometimes we have gone to the expense of having those sent by wire to the leading papers in the state. We did that for the purpose of trying to keep up the interest in the fair, or in the show, and we tell of the awards on the cattle that were given on the day before ; we mention the free-acts that we had, and other things of interest; we give the program and the contests, and give the names of those winning the contests, and we find that a vefy good means of keeping up the in- terest in the show. Now, there is another matter that has been mentioned here by other speakers very much better than I can discuss it in the portion of time that I have; but I want to say that I believe one of the best ways of advertising is to treat the exhibitors absolutely right. You know, I Went up to Brother Barber's fair at Mason City and I noticed that the ex- hibitors were well pleased. Later a few of those exhibitors of dairy cattle came to our show, and I want to say to you that every one or those exhibitors that attended the Mason City fair were publicity agents that Mr. Barber couldn't have gotten in any other way. And do you know the reason they are boosters? Because the secretary of that fair — I mention this because it applied to the county or the district fair, it couldn't be applied to the larger fairs — but the secretary of that fair went through the barns every day and talked with them and asked them if they were satisfied, and all that, and do you know that helped the Mason City fair a great deal? And then in regard to the concessioners and the free-acts. I remem- ber just before the show opened there was a free-act man that came to the office and wanted to know if any of our acts wouldn't appear. He had just come from Waverly and he remarked about the treatment that he had gotten at Waverly, and do you know that fellow couldn't say enough for the Waverly fair? And for that reason I say if we treat our exhibi- tors right; if we can get time to go out and see them and visit with them, ask them if things are coming along all right that helps a fellow a great deal. Another thing that was mentioned here tonight, and which might be of interest to you, is that we have a feed dealer in Waterloo that handles the feed problem for us. We tried to handle it ourselves, but we found it cost us more to deliver and handle the feed than it did for one man to handle it alone, so that we make arrangements each year for the lead- ing feed dealer at Waterloo to handle the feed for us, and that man has a tent at the ground and he has all kinds of feed and takes orders and delivers without delay. We compel him to publish prices of all the feeds that he has, and those lists of feed prices are tacked on the doors in the cattle barns so that every exhibitor knows he Is being treated just the 156 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE samp as other men. We don't get any commission on the feed sold, ^t all, and we have found that to be a mighty good way of having the men go away from the dairy cattle congress well satisfied, and acting as ad- ,'er Using agents for us. There is one other thing to encourage the exhibitors. We have given prizes to those who keep their cattle and who keep the bam in the best shape. We award those prizes on the cleanliness of the herd, the courtesy of those showing the cattle, the courtesy of those leading out the cattle- for Inspection when requested, and we offer fifteen gold medals and as a sweepstakes prize we give a watch. It is a small matter, but it keeps those men advertising the fair for us. The third division is publicity after the fair. We have always found that it is a good plan to have a photographer on the ground all the time. It costs money, but if we can get snapshots of anything that is on the ground of particular interest, of the exhibits, or cattle, or the exhibits themselves, and if we can supply those to the papers after the show, it pays. For instance, during the past year we by this system secured in in six agricultural papers three full pages of written material, with pic- tures on the show days; we secured in eight agricultural papers two pages of written material and pictures; we secured in thirteen papers one-half pages of material about the show, and we secured in thirty-two papers one or more columns of advertising that will help us in the next show. Those are just a few things I have gathered together. I don't know as I have covered the subject which was assigned to me thoroughly, but there is just one thing I want to call your attention to, if you will pardon me for just a moment. We had a very sad accident happen at the dairy cattle congress on the Sunday before our show opened, and it set us to thinking. I was asleep, as the manager of the show, I will admit, and I thought possibly that it might help some of you men who are here. There was a wagon leaving our grounds — very heavily loaded, high wagon, and it happened to pull down the sign that we had hanging over our gate. We were doing all in our power to safe- guard the public, but I guess the wind came soon after that, when it was broken from its fastenings, and it fell down and killed a little boy. And while the dairy cattle congress was doing all things in its power in trying to safeguard the public, and our guards even carried the boy back to keep him away from the gate, yet we are now sued for a large sum. We are endeavoring to settle that case as best we can, but liability insurance I believe is what we should have had. I thought possibly a word along this line, because we have had this accident, might remind you men of the thing that you ought to have. We are going to carry liability insurance next year. I have the figures on it, and, gentlemen, it costs only a dollar for every $100 of gate receipts, and I believe that it is an investment that is good and sound, and I thought I would just leave that word with you in order that you might safeguard your fair by carrying insurance. The Chairman : Gentlemen, it gives me great pleasure to intro- duce to you this afternoon Hon. W, L. Harding, governor of the greatest state in the Union. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART HI 157 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: As I recall It, I spoke to practically this same crowd yesterday. I don't know what the chairman has against you that he should inflict me upon you again. It is a pleasure, of course, to meet with this organization. You are men who are willing to take a chance, and I suppose that is the reason you come in spite of the pro- gram. Running a fair, working a year for a week's entertainment, going up against the weather, as you have to, and smiling even though it Is against you; going down in your pocket to make up the deficit, if you have to, surely ought to make brave men of you. The state and county fairs, of course, are educational institutions. I think as yet our people do not thoroughly understand that, but they will learn to understand it, and the better they understand it the more interest is going to be taken in the fair and the more money you are going to receive as support from the state. I am a thorough believer in the home organization of the county fair, or district fair, which ever you are pleased to call it. My experience in state work so far has demonstrated to my mind that it does not pay to concentrate all of your energies in a state organization. The state organization is necessary, is vitally im- portant if you expect to make out of these entertainments what they really ought to be for the state. In other words, we are coming to a place in this country where we have got to go to the people with these things, rather than expect the people to go" very far to thes;e institutions. I tave the same feature in mind with reference to education. I be- lieve that the extension work of the Agricultural College accomplishes far more than we realize. That work which we take out to the public — and I want to see the time come when more of it is done. I think we ought to send the professor to the people rather than asking the few to go to the professor. Of course, we could not lay any charge against the Dean, because he goes, arid it is right that he should. The message should be carried out to the people where they live, through the medium of the school, and it is surprising how much can be accomplished in a very short time in a community by a short course where the people are them- selves interested. Now, I am not going to take your time this afternoon to talk along that line to you, because there isn't anything I can tell you that you don't already know. The most I can do is to encourage you in the work you are doing and commend you for it. I know when you have gone through a campaign to get a fair started, get the people interested, and pull it off, you are pretty tired, and then when you look back over it you will probably say: "That represents a lot of hard work, and I wonder whether the people appreciate it?" and in addition to your other troubles the ex- chequer is probably pretty thin. But you get together at one of these meetings and talk things over, become enthusiastic over the possibilities of success and start again at another, and the best encouragement I can give you today is that you should go back and make the next year better than the past one. The opportunities here in Iowa are unlimited. We have only just touched the surface — the mine is there ready to be opened up, and it will produce. Some of you men have spent your life, almost, in this line of work. If you go into communities where they don't have fairs, you will 158 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE soon find what a fair means to the community. It is hard to judge the value of a fair in a community where you always live, but you go to some other community where they haven't a fair and by comparison you can tell what it does. I am sure that the state is more and more going to aid these county fairs and district fairs than they have in the past. It is up to you men to create the sentiment. I have for some time (I don't know but I men- tioned it some three or four years ago to this organization) believe that something ought to be done toward making a permanent record in the form of moving pictures of these entertainments and then using them during the dull season as advertisements and as education. I know that the fair is a stimulant to the producer of livestock, for I have been about the judging pens when they were giving the ribbons, and the pride that a man has in his herd — and a just pride it is — is very evident at such a time. So I say the fair is a stimulant, and we need that in this state. Nature has been very kind to us in Iowa, though we haven't accom- plished as much as we ought to have accomplished. We have overcome that situation. I know a fellow who went out to California or Washington and bought land to grow apples on, and he paid $500 an acre for it, and he sold just as good land right here in Iowa for $40 an acre. Some years ago, this was. Went out there and paid $500 an acre for it to grow apples, and all they furnished him was a valley and sunshine, and he had to furnish the water and the soil. But here in Iowa we have the sunshine, the water, and the soil, and it is so easy that there has to be some sort of stimulant to get the people to actually produce as they can produce in this state. State pride is a vitally important thing, and we need to cultivate that. So the thought that I want to leave with you is, go back, even though there is discouragements, as there are, go back to your community, make up your mind that you are going to make your fair the best that it has ever been — better than it has ever been before, and make it the best in the state. And I find that is true among secretaries. I most always visit the secretary when I visit the fair, and I find that he says: "Have you ever found a better fair in Iowa than ours?" and I have to tell him that I have not. I have never quarreled with the fellow whether his fair was better than others, but that spirit should prevail. It is the right spirit. Unless a man has pride in the thing he is doing, he has lost the incentive to do. I saw one secretary where he had a building about 10x12 and a couple of cans of fruit and a hen and a duck in it and he took me in there with as much pride as a man could and he said: "We have just started but we think it is fine." It was. They had made the start but, that was the spirit that was necessary. If he had gone to apologizing to me he would have been apologizing to the public. I don't know anything about fairs except that I like to go to them and like to get a pass, but if I don't get a pass I will pay my way in. I un- derstand that this pass costs somebody money, but I do know from my contact with the public, and my contact with communities where they do have no fairs, that they are an educational institution, that they are EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART III 159 worth while, that they should be encouraged, and that there should be more of them and better ones, and that the state doesn't make any mistake when it puts money into this kind of educational institution. I want to congratulate you men on the fact that you are orgg,nized in such a way that you can go out and create sentiment along the line of the interest that you represent. I thank you. The Chairman: The next on the program is an address by J. F. Deems of Burlington, Iowa, on '"County Fairs' Part in Food Con- servation." Mr. Deems Avas unable to be here, as has been an- nounced heretofore, so we will j)ass onto the next subject, which is an address by Dr. J. I. Gibson of Des Moines, state veterinarian, entitled "Live Stock Sanitation at Gountj^ Fairs." Here is a letter addressed to Mr. J. Q. Laaer from Dr. Gibson, which I will read: "I received notice this morning of the death of my uncle Frank Gibson, at Denison, Iowa, and will leave Wednesday morning to attend the funeral. I fear I will not be able to get back in time for your banquet Thursday noon, as I had hoped to be present and talk to you about Live Stock Sanitation in connection with State, District and County Fairs. ■ "I believe it is of the greatest importance that there be care- ful sanitary supervision of the barns, stalls and pens at all fairs and that the cattle exhibited be healthy and free from tubercu- losis as shown by the tuberculin test, also that the hogs be healthy and that they be immunized against cholera. It is also of the greatest importance that all live stock be examined on entering a fair ground to see that no evidence of contagious or communi- cable disease such as influenza or shipping fever in horses, cholera in hogs, and the various skin diseases affecting all the species. "In regard to carrying out this work properly there should be a competent veterinarian in attendance to examine all live stock before being passed to barns, stalls and pens. These requirements should apply to such animals as are shown at fairs and sold to be delivered on new premises after the fair. "I regret exceedingly that I cannot be present to talk to you on this subject." The Chairman : Now then, -we have been promised and will be grateful for a talk by Dean Curtiss of Ames on a subject that he will himself select. Mr. Curtiss. Mr. C. F. Curtiss: Mr. Toastmaster and Gentlemen: Your toastmaster didn't give me any subject and I don't know what the subject is, but I want to say that I have great admiration and respect for the county and district fair managers. They are live, wide-awake, progressive bunch, and they are doing a great work. I am heartily in favor of the strongest and biggest state fair that we can have in every state, but I am just as much in favor of the right kind of district and county and local fairs in every community. I believe that they serve just as important a place as the larger fair, and that the one supplements the other. 160 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE One of the gratifying features of the situation in this state is the harmony and teamwork that prevails upon the part of all of the fair managers. I think that one of the best features that comes out of these annual meetings is the coming together of the fair men that attend these meetings* I am glad that you are considering ways and means by which a larger representation can be brought here from year to year, and hope that every fair management in the state will be represented here. I don't think there has ever been a time in this or any other country where the county and local fairs were as important a factor in the com- munities they serve as they are today. Instead of letting up on the fair program, or postponing them as has run through the minds of some at the beginning, the fairs have demonstrated their place and they have demonstrated they are a most important factor in protecting the interests of the country in this great crisis. And my prediction is that next year you will have greater support than ever before. I think you ought to go home and prepare for an intensive program of the best methods that the fair can bring out in aiding production. This country is face to face with a great crisis. The greatest in the his- tory of the nation, and we are proud of the young men that are going into the army and into the navy. Next spring we will have a million men over in Europe in uniform, and we know as we see those young men going out from the various communities, and as we see them going into the camps, there is no question as to what they will do when they get "over there," and there is no question of. whether they will be true, or not. The great big problem we are going to have to face in this country is what we are going to do to support and fit those armies and furnish them munitions in order to make their work most effective, and if we don't do that, we had a thousand times better never send them there. This country is just now coming to the real test on the part of the people that are at home. This past year emphasis was not made on the communities and upon the matter of production as it will be in the year to come, and the real test is coming upon the country this coming season. We talk about in- creasing production, and I hope we may, but I am very much afraid un- less we have more than normal conditions, more favorable conditions than normal, that we will have a very hard task to maintain production on both crops and livestock, and especially on livestock. There will be such a shortage of labor on the farms that the tendency will be to re- duce the labor of growing livestock to a minimum and to apply the energy upon the fields, and unless a strong effort is put forth there will be a great many acres of land in this state and every other state very poorly cultivated, if it is cultivated at all, and there will be great difficulty in saving the crops. Therefore our part is to do at home the part that devolves upon us, while the young men who are wearing the uniform are bearing their difficulties on the firing line. I picked up a magazine in an Indian school a few weeks ago, and on the first page of the magazine were the words, "The Government expects every Indian to do his duty." This is a slogan for us — The Governent expects every one of us to do his duty. And the man who fails to do his EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART III 161 best is a slacker. The time will come when every able-bodied man will have to get into active service of some kind, and it will be a sacrifice on the part of some of us. Last summer I said something about the retired farmers getting back into service, and a friend of mine up in northwestern Iowa, himself a retired farmer, got the paper when he arrived downtown and showed it to some of his friends on the street, and he said: "See here, you have all got to go back and get to work; see what Curtiss says?" And then some of them looked at the paper and said: "Who is that Cur- tiss?" We have been inclined to take it in a, light and jovial manner, but I don't believe we are going to be able to man the farms and maintain pro- duction unless we put forth the most strenuous effort that possibly can be made, and even then we will have great difficulty. The fairs have an important part to do. I think that the fairs and the fair managers ought to cooperate with every organization in their community to help solve the problem of stimulating production and help raaintain force upon the farms in order to furnish the food products that are needed and absolutely necessary. One of the marks of a progressive civilization is organized and cooperative work — team-work, and the fair is a good illustration of that. The community that has a live, progres- sive fair, that is well supported and backed by its people, is more able to do things than the community that has not. And that community profits by it immensely. It tends to increase the value of farm lands and the entire resources of that community, and there is no better illustration of the temper of the community than the manner in which it supports the fair. I listened a few days ago to the rendering at a public meeting of that famous production, "A Man Without a Country," and I thought it was one of the most pathetic things I had ever heard, and in some way I couldn't help associating the fate of that man with that of the mayor of one of the great cities of this country — but not in this state, I am pleased to say. And then this pleasing contrast came to my mind of a mother with three sons of military age, and a friend of hers said: "Will you permit your sons to enlist in the army and risk their lives by going to France?" and this noble mpther replied: "All that I have and all that my sons have belongs to this country, and God forbid that I should find it in my heart to keep them from meeting their obligations to this country in its time of need." It is that kind of support that gives this country a fine army, and while it formerly was said that this was a rich man's war, you don't hear that any more. The rich men's sons, in . common with others, have met their responsibility and are going forward with us, and the thing to do, as President Wilson has said, is for every citizen of the United States to get into line and stay there till the end. This is not a war of the army or the navy alone. We sometimes hear it said that this or that will win the war, and that the farm products will win the war, or even that the producer can win the war, or that industry can win it; but it is not going to be won by one of these things alone. It will be won only by all of them working together; it is teamwork on the part of the entire nation that will win this war. It is not my work any more than it is work that you are engaged in that will win. I am satis- 11 162 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE fied that as long as this war lasts, the work that is being done by this effective organization of district and county fairs will be an important factor. The Chairman: The next will be the report of the Resolutions Committee, which we didn't have this morning'. Mr. H. S. Stanberry: Mr. Mullen is chairman of the Resolutions Com- mittee, but being a good Indian I consented to be his secretary and wrote the resolutions, and he now says that he can't read my writing, so I will have to read the report myself. RESOLVED, That the Iowa Association of County and District Fair Managers, in convention assembled, tender our hearty thanks to the officers of this association for their untiring efforts in pro- curing legislation which has been so beneficial to our members, and other efficient service rendered by them. Realizing further the importance of cooperation and organiza- tion, we further RESOLVE and recommend that the legislative committee of this organization cooperate with the legislative committee of the State Board of Agriculture in procuring an amendment to our present laws pertaining to state aid to fair associations, making it a requirement that in order to procure such aid each fair asso- ciation must have representation at the annual meeting of the State Agricultural Convention. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That in this great conflict of war with other nations, that we pledge our allegiance to our Gov- ernment and offer all our resources to the end of winning this great war against autocracy, and the ultimate victory for a united democracy of all nations. Scene on Grand Avenue at the 1917 Iowa State Fair. The auto has brot independence of railroads to the Fair visitor. PART IV Livestock Awards and Press Reports of the 1917 Iowa State Fair and Exposition. HORSE DEPARTMENT Superintendent C. F. Curtiss, Ames PERCHERONS. Exhibitors : Chas. H. Babcock, Moville, Iowa ; Geo. Baker, Newton. Iowa ; J. Hill Barnes, Oskaloosa, Iowa ; Don L. Berry, Indlanola, Iowa ; Wm. Bolilander, Altoona, Iowa ; Casey Bros., Iowa City, Iowa ; Fred Chandler, Charlton, Iowa ; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa ; B. H. Dennis, Killduff, Iowa ; John Don- howe, Story City, Iowa ; Dunhams, Wayne, 111. ; H. W. Gossard, Chicago, 111. ; J. M. Gross, Adel, Iowa; S'. M. Hague, Earlham, Iowa; Wm. B. Hays, Lenox, Iowa ; R. W. Hoit, Beacon, Iowa ; F. A. Huddlestun, Webster City, Iowa ; Hurdcroft Farm, Monticello, Minn. ; Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa ; J. T. Judge, Carroll, Iowa ; Lennabarg & Stonebarger, Done Tree, Iowa ; W. A. Mark, DeSoto, Iowa; M. J. Nelson, Cambridge, Iowa; J. B. Sheehy, Jamaica, Iowa; J. O. Singmaster & Sons, Keota, Iowa ; W. T. and U. I. Sinnard, Indianola, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111.; R. P. Wait, ReynoULs, III.; Douis E. Wheeler, Sibley, Iowa. Judge A. L. RobinsoA, Jr., Pekin, 111. Stallion Four Years Old or Over — l.st, J. O. Singmaster & Son on Philix, 9348S; 2d, Chas. H. Babcock on Ivan, 108146; 3d, Wlm. Crownover on Jour, 789S9; 4th and 5th, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Naif, 130826 (112786) and Narguile, 130832 (113939). Stallion Over Three, Under Four — 1st, J. O. Singmaster & Son, on Keota Jalap, 106186 : 2d, Dunhams, on Dunham's Champion, 118330 ; 3d, J. O. Sing- master & Son, on Orie, 118283 ; 4th, J. O. Singmaster & Son, on Eugene, 118355 ; 5th, F. A. Huddlestun, on Medallion 113127. Stallion Over Two, Under Three — 1st, 7th and 8th, Dunhams, on Arago, 122656, Invincible, 122824, and Black Ben, 119401 ; 2d, 3d and 9th, J. O. Sing- master & Son, on Jock, 113436, Model, 121261, and Dagnon, 120920; 4th, Hurd- croft Farm, on Promoter, 122101; 5th, J. Hill Barnes, on Sultan, 125605; 6th, Don L. Berry, on Pompey, 121691; 10th, Chas. H. Babcock, on Jumbo, 125751. Stallion Foal— 1st, Geo. Baker, on Maltais,' Jr. ; 2d, W. M. Bohlander, on Majorat. Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st, J. O. Singmaster & Son, on Keota Jalap, 106186 ; 2d, Chas. H. Babcock, on Dehiner, 93532. Stallion Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st, J. T. Judge, on Sir Cyclone, 124301; 2d, J. O. Singmaster & Son, on Maple Grove Ledgerdemain, 131616; 3d, J. Hill Barnes, on Sultan, 125605; 4th, G. L. Berry, on Carot, 131095. Yeld Mare Four Years or Over — 1st, Dunhams, on Trinquante, 103335; 2d, Geo. Baker, on Nena, 105602. Mare and Foal — 1st, Iowa State College, on Ellen, 65954, and foal; 2d, J. T. Judge on Jarange, 79525 (87521), and foal; 3d, R. P. Wait, on Ique and foal; 4th, S. M. Hag-ue, on Logan, 67548, and foal. 164 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Filly Over Three, Under Pour — 1st, Hurdcroft Farm, on Pearl, 11-1S47 ; 2d, Chas. H. Babcock, on Adalaide, 118885. Filly Over Two, Under Three — 1st, Dunhams, on Sylphide ; 2d, Dunhams, on Kathleen, 122828; 3d, Chas. H. Babcock, on Libelle, 125177; 4th, Wm. Shultice, on Orpha, 122994. Mare Foal — 1st, low-a State College, on The Princess; 2d, J. T. Judge, on Jarnett ; 3d, J. M. Gross, on Mabel ; 4th, Chas. H. Babcock, on Iverne. Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st, Dunhams, on Trinquante, 103335; 2d, Geo. Baker, on Nena, 105602. Mare Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st, Hurdcroft Farm, on Sarah Belle, i31957; 2d, Dunhams, on Sylphide; 3d, R. P. Wait, on Ruth Lucile, 122571; 4th, Chas. H. Babcock, on Minnie, 125437. Senior Champion Stallion — J. O. Singmaster & Son, on Philix, 93488 ; Reserve, J. O. Singmaster & Son-, on Keota Jalap, 106186. Junior Championj Stallion — Dunhams, on Arago. Reserve — J. T. Judge, on S'ir Cyclone, 124301. Reserve Grand Champion stallion at the 1917 Iowa State Fal(. Owned by Singmaster & Sons, Keota. Grand Champion Stallion — J. O. Singmaster & Son, on Philix, 93488. Reserve —J. O. Singmaster & Son, on Keota Jalap, 106186. Senior Championi Mare — Dunhams, on Trinquante, 103335. Reserve — C. H. Babcock, on Majoret, 113499. Junior Champion Mare — Hurdcroft Farm, on Sarah Bell, 131957. Reserve — Dunhams, on Sylphide. Grand Champion Mare — Dunhams, on Trinquante, 103335. Reserve— Hurd- croft Farm, on Sarah Bell, 131957. Champion Stallion Owned in Iowa — J. O. Singmaster & Son, on Philix, 93488. Reserve — J. O. Singmaster & Son on Keota Jalap, 106186. Champion Mare Owned in Iowa — Geo. Baker, on Nena. Reserve — Chas. H. Babcock, on Adalaide, 11SS85. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 165 Get of Sire — 1st, R. P. Wait; 2d, John L.. Berry; 3d, C. H. Babcock. Produce of Mare — 1st, Jolin L. Berry; 2d, J. T. Judge; 3d, Dunliams ; 4th, Geo. Baker. Stallion and Four Mares — 1st, Dunhams ; 2d, C. H. Babcock. Five Stallions Owned by Exhibitor — 1st, J. O. Singmaster & Son ; 2d, Dun- hams. SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE PERCHERON SOCIETY OF AMERICA, ALL CLASSES BRED AND OWNED BY EXHIBITOR. Stallion Three Years Old or Over — 1st, J. O. S'ing'master & Son, on Keota Jalap, 106186; 2d, Chas. H. Babcock, on Lehiner, 93532. Stallion Under Three — 1st, J. T. Judge, on Sir Cyclone, 124301 ; 2d, J. O. Singmaster & Son on Maple Grove Ledgerdemain, 131616 ; 3d, J. Hill Barnes, on Sultan, 125605. Champion Stallion — J. O. Singmaster & Son, on Keota Jalap, 106186. Re- serve— J. T. Judge, on Sir Cyclone, 124301. Mare Three Years Old or Over — 1st, Dunhams, on Trinquante, 103335; 2d, Geo. Baker, on Enena, 105602. Mare Under Three — 1st, Hurdcroft Farm, on Sarah Belle, 131957 ; 2d, Dun- hams, on Syl.phide ; 3d, R. P. Wait, on Ruth Lucille. Champion Mare — Dunhams, on Trinquante, 103335. Reserve — Hurdcroft Farm, on Sarah Belle, 131957. Get of Stallion— 1st, R. P. Wait; 2d, D. L. Berry; 3d, Chas. H. Babcock. Produce of Mare — 1st, D. L. Berry; 2d, J. T. Judge; 3d, Dunhams. Champion Stud (Stallion and Four Mares) — Dunhams. Five Stallions, Owned by Exhibitor — 1st, J. O. Singmaster & Son ; 2d, Dun- hams ; 3d, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. Champion Stallion (Open Class) — J. O. Singmaster & Son, on Philix, 93488. Reserve — J. O. Singmaster & Son, on Keota Jalap, 106186. Champion Mare (Open Class) — Dunhams, on Trinquante, 103335. Reserve — Hurdcroft Farm, on Sarah Belle, 131957. Best Stable Decoration (Draft a,nd Harness Horse Exhibit) — 1st, O. J. Mooers ; 2d, Dunhams; 3d, J. O. Singmaster & Son; 4th, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. NATIONAL PERCHERON BREEDERS' FUTURITY. Yearling Stallion — 1st, J. T. Judge, on Sir Cyclone, 124301 ; 2d, J. O. Sing- master & Son, on Maple Grove Ledgerdemain, 131616 ; 3d, John Donhowe, on Anton D., 129235; 4th, 6th and 12th, D. L. Berry, on Caret, 131095, Nealson, 131094, and Berif, 131096; 5th and 11th, J. L. Barnes, on Bataclau 2d, 125295; 7th, Dunhams, on Lowden, 128659 ; 8th, Champlin Bros., on Lord Te.sako, 133120; 9th, R. P. Wait, on Arpee, 127146; 10th, J. B. Sheehy, on Guthrie's Pride, 13 2341. Yearling Filly — 1st, 10th and 11th, Hurdcroft Farm, on Sarah Bell, 131957, Monticello Maid, 131960, and Koinotte, 131958; 2d and 3d, Dunhams, on La Mascotte, 128660, and Lycette, 125279; 4th and 7th, H. W. Hoit, on Marguerite, 131162, and Amorita, 128082; 5th, S'. M. Hague, on Roxie ; 6th, R. P. Wait, on Ruth Lucile, 122571 ; 8th and 12th, Geo. Baker, on Queen Maltais, 132989, and Quality, 132215; 9th, J. T. Judge, on Ivraiess, 124585. CLYDESDALES. Exhibitors: G. Andrews & Son, Cambridge, Neb.; Barron Bros., Elkton, S. D. ; H. Harris Foi'd, Storm Lake, Iowa ; Haney & Santee, Danbury, Iowa ; W. V. Hixon, Marengo, Iowa ; Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa ; G. W. Merna, Wyoming, 111. ; James Pedley, Britt, Iowa ; J. P. Peterson, Herman, Neb. ; Walter Rollo, Stockham, Neb. ; John Skinner, Herman, Neb. ; L. C. Tice, Sully, Iowa. Judge Andrew McFarlane, Palo, Iowa. Stallion Four Years Old or Over — 1st, G. W. Merna, on Samuda, 15165 (15386); 2d, Barron Bros., on The Pinnacle, 13860; 3d, H. Harris Ford, on Prince Cedric, 16656 ; 4th, Haney^ & Santee, on Highland Duke, 15820 ; 5th, ■Tas. Pedley, on Tamerlane, 18960. 166 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Stallion Over Three, Under Four — 1st and 2d, H. Harris Ford, on Prince Ulysses, 18749, and Alexander, 18750; 3d,i G. W. Merna, on Georg'e, 18405; 4tlT, Barron Bros., on The Harvester, 18555 ; 5tli, G. Andrews & Son, on King's Topaz, 20094 (18796). Stallion Over Two, Under Tliree — 1st, H. Harris Ford, on Prince Fickland, 19354; 2d, Barron Bros., on Arcadia Prince, 19205; 3d, G. W. Merna, on King Cole, 19208. Stallion Foal — 1st, G. W. Merna, on King Diamond; 2d, J. P. Peterson, on Highland Pride ; 3d, John Skinner, on Agitator. Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st and 2d, H. Harris Ford, on Prince Ulysses, 18749, and Alexander, 18750; 3d, Barron Bros., on The Harvester. 18555. ags Grand Champion Clydesdale stallion at the 1917 Iowa State Fair. Owned by G. W. Merna, Wyoming, Iowa. Stallion Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st and 2d, H. Harris Ford, on Proud Archer, 20041 ; and Prince Fickland, 19354 ; 3d and 4th, Barron Bros., Arcadia Prince 19205, and Davidson's Heir, 19923. Yeld Mare Four Years or Over — 1st, H. Harris Ford, on Una; 16194 (25422) ; 2d, G. W. Merna, on Samuda Violet. 17936. Mare and Foal— 1st, G. W. Merna, on Molly, 17291 ; 2d, H. Harris Ford, on Baroness Alexander, 16785 (28929) ; 3d and 4th, John Skinner on Bessio McCloud and Stout, 14028. Filly Over Three, Undeii Four — 1st, J. P. Peterson, on Eastlawn's Flash, 2d, 18622; i,d, Barron Bros., on Elmona, 18557; 3d, J. P. Peterson, on Maggie, 19622. Filly Over Two, Under Three — 1st and 2d, Barron Bros., on Arcadia Flower, 19204, and Primrose, 19203 ; Sd, G. W. Merna, on Hazel, 19555 ; 4th, John Skinner, on Garnet. Mare Foal — 1st, H. Harris Ford; 2d, John Skinner, on Sunbeam ; 3d, Jas. Pedley, on A'^^lcome Lady. ' EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 167 Mare Three Tears or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st, G. W. Merna ; 2nd, Tohn Slcinner; 3d, Barron, Bros., on Elmona, 18557. Mare Under Three Years, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st and 2d, Barron Bros., on Arcadia Flower, 19204, and Primrose, 19203 ; 3d, W. V. Hixson, on Favorite, 2000 ; 4th, H. Harris Ford. Senior Champion Stallion — G. W. Merna, on Samuda. 15165 (153S6). Re- serve— H. Harris Ford, on Ulysses. Junior Champion Stallion — H. Harris Ford, on Proud Archer, 20041. Reserve — H. Harrisi Ford, on Prince Ficlvland, 19354. Grand Champion Stallion — G. W. Merna, on Samuda, 15165 (15386). Reserve • — H. Harris Ford, on Proud Archer, 20041. Senior Champion Mare — G. W. Merna, on Samuda Violet, 17936. Reserve — H. Harris Ford, on Una, 16194 (25422). Junior Champion Mare- — L. C. Tice on Bonita, 19895. Reserve — Barron Bros., on Arcadia Flower, 19204. Grand Champion Mare — L. C. Tice, on Bonita, 19895. Reserve — G. W. Merna, on Samuda Violet, 17936. Champion Stallion Owned in Iowa — H. Harris Ford, on Proud Archer, 20041. Reserve — H. Harris Ford, on Prince Fickland, 19354. Champion Mare Owned in Iowa — K C. Tice, on Bonita, 19895. Get of Sire — 1st, H. Harris Ford ; 2d, Barron Bros. ; 3d, G. W. Merna ; 4th, John Skinner. Produce of Mare — 1st, H. Harris Ford ; 2d, J. P. Peterson ; 3d, Barron Bros. ; 4th, H. Harris Ford. Stallion and Four Mares — 1st, Barron Bros.; 2d, G. W. Merna; 3d, John Skinner. Five Stallions Owned by Exhibitor — H. Harris Ford. NATIONAL CLYDESDALE BREEDERS' FUTURITY. Yearling Stallion — 1st, H. Harris Ford, on Proud Archer; 2d, Barron Bros., on Davidson's Heir; 3d, Walter Rollo, on Fast Freight; 4th, L. C. Tice, on Prince Alexander. Yearling Filly — 1st and 7th, L. C. Tice, on Bonita, 19895, and Bethene, 19894; 2d, G. Andrews & Son. on Shy Ann, 19863; 3d, Iowa State College, on Pearl Queen, 19664; 4th, W. V. Hixson, on Favorite, 20000; 5th and 8th, Bar- ron Bros., on Arcadia Rose, 19924 and Flower of Arcadia, 19925; 6th, G. W. Merna on Samuda Annie, 519977. SHIRES'. Exhibitors: R. Connor Co., Auburndale, Wis.; Fred Chandler, Chariton, Iowa ; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa. ; J. M. Gross, Adel, Iowa ; J. L. Howard, Elkhart, Iowa ; F. A. Huddlestun, Webster City, Iowa ; Chas. Miller, Lostant, 111. ; Tom Skola, Slater, Iowa ; C. H. & V. A. Summers, Malvern. Iowa ; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111. Judge Prof. W. H. Rew, Ames, Iowa. Stallion Four Years Old or Over — ;lst, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Kirtling Bold Lion, 16769 (30593) ; 2d, C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Stubbing Court Manners 2d, 14557 (31132) ; 3d, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Royai Friar 2d, 15716 (32782); 4th, R. Connor Co., on Royal Patch, 14188; 5th. Crawford & Griffin, on College Nailstone, 13606. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — 1st and 2d, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Eaton Guardsman, 16770 (33174), and Eastwood Insurgent, 16810 (33171). Stallion Over Two, Under Three^lst, 2d, 4th and 6th, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Buchen's Boro Bluster, 16314, Wrydeland's Drayman, 16064 (34476), Boro Shamrock, 16069 (33752), and Weybread Don 16813 (33660) ; 3d, Tom Skola, on Starlight S. King, 15903 ; 5th, F. A. Huddlestun, on Edgewood Major, 16284 ; 7th, C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Tom Lindelwood, 16251 ; 8th, Chas. Miller, on Thunderbolt Bob, 16481 ; 9th, Fred Chandler, on The Shunter, 17378 ; 10th, R. Connor Co., on Lumberman's Dray King, l,"i973. 168 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Stallion Foal — 1st, R. Connor Co., en Eoro"s Fuchsia; 2d, Crawford & Grif- fin, on Dunsmore Laddie. Stallion Under Tliree Years, Bred by Exliibitor — 1st, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Truman's Blusterer, 17002 ; 2d and 3d, F. A. Huddlestun, on Edge v.-ood Major, 16284,_ and Edgewood Baronet; 4th, C H. & V. A. Summers, on Tom Lindelwood, 16251. Yeld Mare Four Years or Over — 1st, J.\ L. Howard, on Ankeny Starlight, 10529. Mare and Foal — 1st and 2d, Crawford & Griffin, on Cawsbon Ebony, 14583 (70158), and Lassena, 14579 (67595) ; 3d, R. Connor Co., on Fuchsia, 14571. Filly Over Three Under Four — 1st and 2d, R. Connor Co., on Dray King Fashion, 15389, and Dray Queen Star, 15388. Filly Over Two, Under Three — 1st, C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Ciceter Blossom, J 6485; 3d, R. Connor Co., on Queen of Fashion, 16566; 4th, C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Sherwood Queen. Mare Foal — 1st, Crawford & Griffin, on Dunsmore Princess. Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st and 2d, R. Connor Co., on Dray King Fashion and Dray Queen Star, 15388. Mare Under Three Years, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st, 2d and 4th, C. H. & v. A. Summers, on Rampton Clara, 16486, Ciceter Blossom, 16485, and Sher- wood Queen; 3d, R. Connor^ Co., on Queen of Fashion, 16566. Senior Champion Stallion — Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Kirtling' Bold Lion, 16769 (30593). Reserve — C. H. & V./ A. Summers on Stubbing Court Manners 2d, 14557 (31132). Junior Cham^^ion Stallion — Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Truman's Blus- terer, 17002. Reserve — Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm on Buchen's Boro Blus- terer, 16314. Grand Champion Stallion — Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Kirtling Bold Lion, 16769 (30593). Reserve — Truman's Pioneer Stud Fann, on Truman's Blusterer, 17002. Senior Champion Mare — Crawford & Griffin, on Lassena, 14579 (67595). Reser\'e — J. L. Howard, on Ankeny Starlight, 10529. Junior Champion Mare — R. Connor Co.. on Dray King Fashion, 15389. Re- serve— C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Rampton Clara, 16486. Grand Champion Mare — R. Connor Co., on Dray King Fashion, 15389. Champion Stallion Owned in Iowa — C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Stubbing Court Manners. Reserve — Crawford & Griffin on College Nailstone, 13606. Champion Mare Owned in Iowa — C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Rampton Clara, 16486. Reser\'e — Crawford & Griffin, on Lassena, 14579 (67595). Get of Sire — 1st, R. Connor Co. Produce of Mare — 1st, R. Connor Co. ; 2d, J. L. Howard. Stallion and Four Mares — C. H. & V. A. Summers. Five Stallions, Owned by Exhibitor — Tnunan's Pioneer Stud Farm. SPECIALS OFFERED BY SHIRE HORSE SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Best Shire Stallion — Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Kirtling Bold Lion, 16769 (30593). Best Shire Mare — R. Connor Co., on Dray King Fashion, 15389. SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY AMERICAN SHIRE HORSE ASSOCIATION. Champion Shire Stallion, Any Age — Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Kirt- Ung Bold Lion, 16769 (30593). NATIONAL SHIRE BREEDERS' FUTURITY. Yearling' Stallion — 1st, Truman's Pioneer StudI Farm, on Truman's Blus- terer, 17002; 2d, F. A. Huddlestun, on Edgewood Baronet; 3d, Chas. Miller, on Sambo ;! 4th, J. L. Howard, on Prideland's Patton. Yearling Filly — 1st, C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Princess Manners, 17413 ; 2d, J. M. Gross, on Isabell Darling, 16778. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 169 BELGIANS. Exhibitors: H. V. Caldwell, Kanawha, Iowa; Champlin Bros., Clinton, Iowa; Fred Chandler, Chariton, Iowa ; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa ; Wm. Crownover, Hudson, Iowa ; W. C. Estes, Packwood, Iowa ; C. G. Good, Ogden, Towa; Chas. Irvine, Ankeny, Iowa; H. Lefebure & Sons, Fairfax, Iowa; Markey Bros., Reynolds, 111. ; C. W. McDermott, Wiota, Iowa ; W. T. & U. I. Sinnard, Indianola, Iowa ; I. W. Van Nice, Garrison, Iowa. Judge W. J. Kennedy, Sioux City, Iowa. Stallion; Four Years Old or Over — 1st and 3d, Chas. Irvine, on Irvinedale Rowdy, 8428, and Canon, 8775 (91416) ; 2d, 4th and 5th, Champlin Bros., on Paul de Roosbeke, 7786, Caesar, 7779, and Prince, 7833. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — 1st, C. G. Good, on Jupiter, 8805 ; 2d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Indigene, 9487; 3d, Markey Bros., on Hamlet Boy, 9250; 4th, Fred Chandler, on Wilson, 9130 ; 5th, I. W. Nice, on Reve d'Or II, 9079. Stallion Over Two, Under Three — 1st,- Champlin Bros., on King de Roos- beke, 10094 ; 2d, Chas. Irvine, on Jupiter's Hero, 9738 ; 3d and 6th, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Sultan, Jr , 9597, and Duke of Elmwood, 9957; 4th, Fred Chandler, on Dilla, 9500; 5th and 7th, C. G. Good, on Farceur, 10402, and Oakdale Ben; Sth, Wm. Crownover, on Kaout, 9652 ; 9th, W. C. Estes, on Dutch Boy, 9515 ; 10th, I. W. Van Nice, on Duke Lavante, 10131. ■'*'1WW?^i''^il^1'9^*'"*'' First ptize two-year-old and Grand Ch2mpion Belgian mare at the 1917 Iowa State Fair. Owned by Wm. Crownover, Hudson, Iowa. Stallion Foal — 1st. Chas. Irvine, on Irvinedale Daniel ; 2d, C. W. McDermott ; ?d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Fairfax Bunny; 4th, Chas. Irvine, on Irvinedale Rob Roy. i ^ I Stallion Three Years Old or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st, Chas. Irvine, on Irvinedale Rowdy, 8428; 2d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Indigene, 9487; 3d, Mar- key Bros., on Hamlet Boy, 9250. 170 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Stallion Under Three Years, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st, Champlin Bros., on King de Roosbeke, 10084; 2d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Clarion de Balcan ; 3d and 4th, C. G. Good, on Ruben and Mengor, 2d, 10403. Yeld Mare Four Years Old or Over — 1st and 2d. Mai'key Bros., on Revuse de Marehe, 2 442, and Bijou de Lcke, 2448. Mare and Foal — 1st, Chas. Irvine on Suzette, 4031 ; 2d, Champlin Bros., on Sadie; 3d, W. C. Estes, on Bay Beauty, 3379; 4th, Ch:is. Irvine, on Dora, 4397. I'lrst Prize Belgian mare and foal at the 1918 Iowa State Fair. Owned by Charles Irvine, Ankeny Iowa Filly Over Thiee, Under Four — 1st, Wm. Crownover, 'm Lista, 4869; Sd end 3d, Wm. Crownover, on Salome, 4S7J. and Rosette, 4870; 4th, H. Lefjbure & Sons, on Radius 4th, 4703. Filly Over Two', Under Three — 1st and 2d, Wm. Crownover, on Paramount Lola, 4987, and Cora, 5208 ; 3d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Nanette 2d, 4938 ; 4th, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Paulette, 52S7. Mare Foal — 1st, Chas. Irvine, on Cecil ; 2d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Fairfax Fudge; 3d, W. C. Estes; 4th, Champlin Bros., on Sadie de Roosbeke, 6066. Marc Three Years Old or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st and 2d, Wm. Crown- over, on Lista, 4869, and Salome, 4871 ; 3d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Radius 4th, 4703; 4th. W. C. Estes, on Bay Beauty, 3379. Mare Under Three Years, Bred by Exhibitor — 1st, \Vm. Crownover, on Para- mount Lola, 4987; 2d and 3d, Wm. Crownover, on Paramount Lulu, 6014, and Paramount Delsant, .5318 ; 4th, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Nanette 2d, 4938. Senior Champion Stallion — Chas. Irvine, on Irvinedale Rowdy, 8428. Reserve — C. G. Good, on Jupiter, 8805. Junior Champion Stallion — Champlin Bros., en King de Roosbeke, 10094. Re- .serve — H. Lefebure & Sons, on Clarion de Balcan, 10431. Grand' Champion Stallion — Chas. Irvine, on Irvinedale Rowdy, 8428. Re- serve— Champlin Bros., on King' do Roosbeke, 10094. Senior Champion Mare — Wm. Crownover, on Lista, 4369. Reserve — Wm. Crownover, on Salome, 4871. Eighteenth annual year book— part iv 1?! Junior Champion Mare — Wm. Crownover, on Paramount Lola, 49S7. Reserve — Wm. Crownover, on Paramount Lulu, 6014. Grand Champion Mare — Wm,. Crownover, on Paramount Lola, 4987. Reserve — Wm. Crownover, on Salome, 4871. Champion Stallion Owned in Iowa — Chas. Irvine, on Irvinerlale Rowdy, 8428. Reserve — C. G. Good, on Jupiter, 8805. Champion Mare Owned in Iowa — ^^''m. Crownover, on Paramount Lola, 4987. Reserve — ^Wm. Crownover. on Salome, 4871. Get of Sire — 1st and 2d, Wm. Crownover; 3d, Chas. Irvine. Produce of Mare — 1st, 2d and 3d, Wm. Crownover; 4th, W. C. E.^tes. Stallion and Four Mares— 1st, Wm. Crownover ; 2d, Chas. Irvine ; 3d, W. C. Estes. Five Stallions Owned by Exhibitor — 1st, Champlin Bros. ; 2d, C. G. Good. SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THIE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF IMPORTERS AND BREEDERS OP BELGIAN DRAFT HORSES'. Stallioni Four Years Old or Over — 1st, Chas. Irvine, on Irvinedale Rowdy, 8428 ; 2d, Champlin Bros., on Paul de Roosbeke, 7786 ; 3d, Chas. Irvine, on Cannon, 8775 (91416) ; 4th and 5th, Champlin Bros., on Cesar, 7779, an.l Prince, 7833. Stallion Three Yesrs, Under Four— l.st, C. G. Good, on Jupiter, 8805; 2d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Imogene, 94S7 ; 3d, Markey Bros., on Hamlet Boy, 9250; 4th., Fred Chandler, on Wilson, 9130 ; 5th, I. W. Van Nice, on Reve D'Or 2d, 9079. Stallion Two Years, Under Three — 1st, Champlin Bros., on King de Rocseke, 10094 ; 2d, Chas. Irvine, on Jupiter Hero, 9738 ; 3d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Sul- tan, Jr., 9597 ; 4th, Fred Chandler, on Dilla, 9500 ; 5th, C. G. Good, on Far- ceur, 10402. Stallion One Year, Under Two — 1st and 2d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Clarion Du Balcan, 10431, and Fairfax Jean, 10421 ;' 3d, Fred Chandler, on Bruno; 1th and 5th, C. G. Good, on Dragon and Ruban. Mare Four Years Old or Over — 1st and 2d, Miirkey Bros., on Revuse De Marche, 2442, and Bijou De Leke, 2 448. Mare Three Years, Under Four — 1st and 2d, Wm. Crownover, on Lista, 4869, and Salome, 4871 ; 3d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Radius 4th ; 4th, W. C. Estes, on Bay Beauty, 3379. Mare Two Years, Under Three — 1st, 2d and 5th, Wm. Crownover, on Para- mount .Lola, 4987, Cora, and Paramount Delssant, 5318 ; 3d, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Nanette 2d, 4938 ; 4th, Chas. Irvine, on Irvinedale Paulette, 5287. Mare One Year, Under Two — 1st and 3d, Wm. Crownover, on Paramount Lulu, 6014, and Paramount Selma, 6015 ; 2d and 4th, C. G. Good, on Princess B., and Oakdale Girl. Champion Stallion Under Three Years — Champlin Bros., on King de Roos- beke, 10094. Reserve — H. Lefebure & Sons, on Clarion Du Balcan, 10431. Champion Stallion Over Three Years — Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Rowdy, 8428. Reserve — C. G. Good, on Jupiter, 8805. Grand Champion Stallion — Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Rowdy, 8428. Reserve — ^Champlin Bros., on King de Roosbeke, 100.94. Champion Mare Uxider Three Years — Wm. Crownover, on Paramount Lola, 4987. Reserve — Wm. Crownover, o'n Paramount Lulu, 0014. Champion Jlarei Over Three Years — Wm. Crownover, on Lista, 4869. Re- serve— Wm. Crownover, on Salome, 4871. Grand Champion Mare — Wm. Crownover, on Paramount Lola, 4987. Re- serve— Wm. Crownover on Salome, 4871. NATIONAL BELGIAN BREEDERS' FUTURITY. Yearling Stallion — 1st, 2d and 9th, H. Lefebure, on Clarion Balcan, 10431, Fairfax Jean, 10421, and Expert, 9715; 3d and 4th, C. G. Good, on Dragon, and 172 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ruban ; 5th, II. M. Caldwell, on Majence, 10414; 6th, Chas. Irvine, on Irvine- dale Romer; 7th, "Wm. Crownover, on Prince, 10250; Sth, W. C. Estes, on Mon- arch, 10320; 10th, C. W. McDermott, on Duvois, 10197. Yearling Filly — 1st, 3d, Sth and 6th, Wm. Crownover, on Paramount Lulu. 6014, Paramount Selma, 6015, Paramount Neoma, 6016, and Paramount Maveri, 6013; 2d and 4th, C. G. Good, on Princess B., and Oakdale Girl; 7th, Champlin Bros., on Alice de Roosbeke, 6066 ; Sth, H. M. Caldwell, on Alice, 6071 ; 9th, Chas. Irvine, on Irvinedale Neva; 10th, H. Lefebure & Sons, on Lola Betty, 5509. DRAFT. Exhibitors: Champlin Bro.?., Clinton, Iowa; C. Courtney Couch, Adel, Iowa; W. G. Farlow, Ankeny, Iowa; J. L. Hildreth & Sons, Elkhart, Iowa; J. S. Hildreth, Elkhart, Iowa ; J. L. Howard, Elkhart, Iowa ; Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa ; C. H. & V. A. Summers, Malvern, Iowa ; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111. Judge R. B. OgilviEj Chicago, 111. IOWA SPECIALS. Gelding or Mare Four Years or Over — 1st, W. V. Hixson, on Victor; 2d, H. Harris Ford, on Dan ; 3d, C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Red Cloud ; 4th, Chas. Irvine, on Prince; 5th, Champlin Bros., oru Delia. Gelding' or Mare Three Years, Under Four — 1st and 2d, Iowa State College, on American Prince and American Pride ; 3d, C. H. & V. A. Summers, on The Friar; 4th, C. G. Good, on Mack; 5th, J. S. Hildreth, on DaisJ^ Gelding or Mare Two Years, Under Three — 1st, J. S. Hildreth, on Molly ; 2d, C. H. & V. A. Summers, on George ; 3d, C. Courtney Couch, on Dick ; 4th, Crawford & Griffin, on Babe. Gelding or Mare One Year, Under Two — 1st and 3d, W^. G. Farlow; 2d, J. L. Hildreth & Son, on Ankeny Ruthton. Horse or Filly Foal — 1st, J.' S. Hildreth, on Topsy. Farmer's Team — 1st, J. L. Howard; 2d, C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Reel Cloud, and The Friar; 3rd and 5th, Chas. Irvine; 4th, Crawford & Griffin, on Lassie and Ebony. OPEN CLASS. Gelding or Mare Three Years Old or Over — -1st, Iowa State College on Ameri- can Priner ; 2d and 5th, C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Jim, and Red Cloud ; 3d, W. V. Hixson, on Victor ; 4th, H. Harris Ford, on Dan. Champion Gelding or Mare — Iowa State College, on American Priner. Re- serve— W. G. Farlow. Draft Team in Harness — 1st, C. H. & V. A. Summers, on Red Cloud, and The Friar; 2d, Chas. Irvine; 3d, Geo. Baker. SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY R. B. OGILVIE, CHICAGO, ILL. Best Gelding or Grade Draft Mare, Bred and Owned in Iowa — Iowa State College on American Priner. HARNESS AND SHOW HORSES. Exhibitors : F. E. Barton, Des Moines,* Iowa ; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa ; First Cavalry Riding Academy, Chicago, 111.; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; W. H. Hanna, Waterloo, Iowa ; John Hemingway & Fred Martin, Hampton, Iowa; Holmes' Bros., Milton, Iowa; F. M. Kattenstroit, Chicago, 111.; Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo. ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo. ; Oakland Stable, Oskaloosa, Iowa ; T. J. Shaw, Stuart, Iowa ; C. R. Wells & Bruce Robinson, Washingtoi, Iowa. f E. B. Clancy^ Guelph, Canada. Judges -i. W. A. Dobson, Sioux City, la. I Henry Cullins, Devon, Pa. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 173 ROADSTERS. Stallion, Mare or Geldir.g — 1st, Loula Long, on Anticipation; 2d and 3d, Hamilton Bros., on Buster Bezant, 59463, and Peggy Bloom, 13359 ; 4th, Thomas Bass, on Homer Denison. Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings — 1st, Loula Long, on Aspiration and An- ticipation, 2d, Hamilton Bros., on Buster Bezant, 59463, and mate; 3d, Oak- land Stable, on Hester Prince, and mate. RUNABOUTS. Stallion, Mare or Gelding — 1st, 2d and 3d, Mr. & Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Ad- vance Guard, The Dainty Miss, and Liza Jane ; 4th, Thomas Bass, on Homer Denison. Pair of Stallions, Mares or Geldings — First, second and third, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Troublesome Tommy and mate. Advance Guard and mate and The Dainty Miss and mate; fourth, Hamilton Bros., on Buster Bezant and mate. LADIES' TURNOUT. Single Mare or Gelding — First and second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Lady Wundemiere and Liza Jane ; third, A. L. Champlin, on High Ball. Pair of Mares or Geldings or Mare and Gelding — First and fourth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Pick of the Basket and The Dainty Miss, The Spring Maid and mate and unnamed ; third, A. L. Champlin, on May Maiden and mate. HIGH STEPPERS AND PARK HORSES. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, 15 to 15-2 — First, second, third and fourth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on The Pick of the Basket, unnamed, Adora and The Dainty Miss. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, 15-2 and over — First F. Marshall Kattenstroth, on General Jeffrey ; second and third, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Gallant Lad and Liza Jane ; fourth, A. L. Chapman, on High Ball. Pair of Stallions, Mares or Geldings, 15 to 15-2 — First, second, third and fourth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Advance Guard and mate. The Pick of the Basket and m.ate, Lady Wundermere and mate and Adora and mate. Pair of Stallions, Mares or Geldings, over 15-2 — First and second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Bit of a Devil and mate and Eliza Jane and mate ; third and fourth, A. L. Champlin, on May Maiden and mate and Fair Eliza and mate. Stallion, Mare or Geldinf, any height, horse alone considered — First, second, third and fourth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers. Gig Horses Not Exceeding 15-2 — First, second, third and fourth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on The Spring Maid, Pick of the Basket, unnamed and The Dainty Miss. Gig Horses over 15-2 — First, second and third, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Gallant Lad, Bit of a Devil and Liza Jane ; fourth, A. L. Champlin, on High Ball. Tandem Team T\^ieeler under 15-2 — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Bit of a Devil and mate ; second, A. L. Champlin, on Fair Eliza and mate. Tandem Team Wheeler under 15-2 — First and second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Lady Wundemiere and mate and Adora and Advance Guard ; third, A. L. Champlin. Tandem Team, any size — First and second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Adora and mate and unnamed ; third, A. L. Champlin. Champlin. Unicorns — First. Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers ; second, A. L Champlin. Four-in-Hand Road Four — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers; second, A. L. Champlin. Champion Harness Stallion — Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Advance Guard. Champion Harness Mare or Gelding — Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Maid in America. 174 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MILITARY HORSES. Stallion Suitable to Sire Cavalry Remounts, shown to halter — First and second, Hamilton Bros., on unnamed and Buster Bezant ; third, Holmes Bros., on Redlac Howe 5214 ; fourth, Morgan Horse Farm on Tommy Deane 6S73 ; fifth, Oscar Smith, on Dandy 5881. Gelding Suitable for Officer's Mount — First, W. H. Hanna, on Nigger Denmarlv ; second, First Cavalry Riding Academy, on Gray Cloud ; third, Cak- dale Stable ; fourth, Hamilton Bros., on Purity. HUNTERS AND HIGH JUMPERS. Light Weight Hunters, Carrying up to 150 Pounds, to Hounds — First, second and third. First CavaliT Riding Academy, on Gray Cloud, Alston and unnamed ; fourth. Wells & Robinson, on Duke 58615. All other awards in the hunter and jumper classes went to the First Cavalry Riding Academy. STANDARD BRED. Judge W. A. Dobson^ Sioux City, Iowa. Yeld Mare Four Years Old or Over — First, O. J. Mooers, on The Spring Maid ; second, Oakland Stable ; third, F. E. Barton, on Marie Look Sir. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, T. J. Shaw, on Red Mako 4 2694 ; second, Hamilton Bros., on Bu.ster Bezant 59463 ; third, Hamilton Bros. Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, E. A. Elliott, on Bingen's Best. Champion jNIare — Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on The Spring Maid. SADDLE. Judge Henry Culuns, Devon, Pa. Exhibitors: Thomas Bass, Mexico, Mo.; H. C. Downing, Des Moines, Iowa; Dr. T. F. Duhigg', Des Moines, lov/a ; First Cavalry Riding Academy, Chicago, 111. ; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa ; F. M. Kattenstroth, Chicago, 111. ; H. B. Kinnard, Des Moines, Iowa ; Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo. ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo. ; F. D. McDonell, Tulsa, Okla. ; Oakland Stable, Oska- loosa, Iowa; C. F. StoiTn, Dexter, Iowa; C. R. Wells and Bruce Robinson, Washington, Iowa. FIVE-GAITED. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Loula Long, on Easter Cloud 4128 ; second, Hamilton Bros., on Kentucky Champ Clark 5602 ; third, Thomas Bass, on Golden Courier 6590 ; fourth C. R. Wells and Bruce Robinson, on Rex Ortiz of Denmark 5813. Stallion Three Years, Under Four — First, C. R. Wells and Bruce Robinson, on Lonnie McDonald 7114 ; second, C. F. Storm, on Iowa King 6987. Stallion Two Years, Under Three — First C. F. Storm, on Astral McDonald 7519. Mare Four Years or Over — First and second, Loula Long, on LaFrance 9049 and Sally America; third, Thomas Bass, on Bohemian Music 9888; fourth and fifth, F. M. Kattenstroth on Sunny Wild Rose and Glen Glory. Mare Three Years, Under Four — First, Hamilton Bros., on Virginia Lear 13355 ; second Loula Long, on Rexie Dare 12299 ; third, Oakland Stable, on Golden Butterfly. Gelding Four Years or Over — First, Laula Long, on Prince of Melbourne ; second, Thomas Bass, on The Southerner ; third and fourth, Hamilton Bros.,, on Johnnie Walker and Sterling Silver. Gelding Three Years, Under Four — First, Oakland Stable, on Dandy Dugger. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 175 WALK, TROT OR CANTER. Mare or Gelding, any age — First, Loula Long, on Chloe Malone ; seconci, Hamilton Bros., on Patria ; third, Loula Long, on Nance O'Neill; fourth, F. M. Katten.stroth, on General Pershing ; fifth. Thomas Bass, on Nickel Plate. Mare or Gelding' of Suitable Type, Ridden by Lady — First, Thomas Bass, on Nickel Plate ; second, Captain DeLaney, on Artillery Girl ; third, H. B. Kinnard, on Princess Charming 5913; fourth W. H. Hanna on Nigger Denmark; fifth, First Cavalry Riding Academy. Best Lady Rider — First, H. B. Kinnard, on Princess Charming' 5913 ; second, Mrs. G. W. DeLaney ; third, W. H. Hanna. COMBINED HARNESS AND SADDLE HORSES. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age, Five-Gaited — First and fifth, Loula Long, on Maurine Fisher 10882, and Prince of Melbourne; second, F. M. Katten- .stroth, on Columbia Chief 5437; third. Thomas Bass on Bohemian Music 9888; fourth, Hamilton Bros., on Sterling Silver. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Ag'e, Three-Gaited — First, Loula Long, on Nance O'Neill; second, F. M. Kattenstroth, on General Pershing; third, Ham- ilton Bros., on Kentucky Champ Clark 5602 ; fourth, Oakland Stable, on Golden Butterfly ; fifth, W. H. Hanna, on Beauty. HIGH SCHOOL HORSES. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — Fir.st, Thomas Bass, on Belle Beach ; second, C. R. "Wells and Bruce Robinson, on Rex Ortiz of Denmark 5813 ; third, Oakland Stable, on Dixie Dew ; fourth, C. R. Wells and Bruce Robinson, on Duke 58615. IOWA SPECIAL FIVE-GAITED. Mare or Gelding Three Years or Over — First, H. C. Downing, on Cigaret ; second, Hamilton Bros., on Peggy Bloom ; third. Wells and Robinson, on Castlo- wood Bell 11946: fourth. Miss DeLaney on Artiller>' Girl. Stallion Three Years or Over — First, Hamilton Bros., on Kentucky Champ Clark 5602 ; second. Wells and Robinson, on Lonnie McDonald 7114 ; fourth, C. F. Storm, on Iowa King 6987. SPECIAL OFFERED BY AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. Stallion or Mare Three Years or Over, Shown to Hand — First, Hamilton Bros., on Virginia Lear 13355. MORGANS. Exhibitors: James C. Brunk, Springfield, 111.; Rev. H. F. Buettner, Hampton, Iowa ; Harry D. Hograve. Plainfield, Iowa : Mdrgan Horse Farm, Plainfleld, Iowa ; Oscar Smith, Plainfield, Iowa. Judge W. A. Dobson, Sioux City, Iowa. Stallion Four Years or Over — First Morgan Horse Farm, on Tommy Dean 6873 ; second. Oscar Smith on Dandy 5881. Stallion Two Years, Under Three — First, Morgan Horse Farm, on Jack Hulme 5670. Stallion — Over One, Under Two — First and Second Morgan Horse Farm, on Jiggs 5650 and Dick Dean, Vol. 4. Mare Four Years or Over — First, Morgan Horse Farm, on Ruperta, Vol. 3. Filly Over Two, Under Three — First. Harry D. Hograve, on Lady Jane Bay, Vol. 4 ; second. Rev. H. F. Buettner, on Flossy Hudson. Filly Over One, Under Two — First, Morgan Horse Farm on Village Belle, Vol. 4. 176 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Stallion or Mare Foal — First Morgan Horse Farm, on Daisy Dean, "Vol. 4. Champion Stallion— Morgan Horse Farm, on Tommy Dean. Reserve — Oscar Smith on Dandy. Champion Mare — Morgan Horse Farm, on Ruperta. Reserve — Morgan Horse Farm, on Daisy Dean. Get of Stallion — First, Morgan Horse Farm. SPECIAL PREMIUM OFFERED BY THE MORGAN HORSE CLUB. Morgan Horse Farm, on Tommy Dean. HACKNEYS'. Exhibitors : C. B. Bunn, Peoria, 111. ; A. L. Champlin, An'.es, Iowa ; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111. Stallion Pour Years Old or Over — First, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Romping Flash 1740 (12150) ; second, A. L. Champlin, on Wilcox Mathias 1335. Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, C. E. Bunn, on Umpire 1918. Stallion Foal — First, A. L. Champlin. Yeld Mare Four Years Old or Over — First A. L. Champlin, on Fair Eliza 3182. Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, A. L. Champlin, on Prince of Greenhill's Lady 3184. Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, C. E. Bunn, on Moonbeam 3067. Mare Foal — First, A. L. Champlin, on Lady Greenhill. Champion Sta,llion — Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Romping Flash 17 40 (12150). Resei-ve — A. L. Champlin, on Wilson Mathias 1335. Champion Mare — A. L. Champlin, on Fair Eliza 3182. Reserve — A. L. Champlin, on Lady Greenhill. Produce of Mare — First, C. E. Bunn. Grand Display, Five Animals Owned by Exhibitor — A. L. Champlin. SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN HACKNEY HORSE SOCIETY. Champion Stallion — Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Romping Flash 1740 (12150). WELSH PONIES. Exhibitors: C. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111.; Mi's. Adam Stirling, Des Moines, Iowa. Judge W. J. Rutherford, Saskatchewan, Canada. Stallion Four Years Old or Over — First and Second, C. E. Bunn, on King Cole 197, and John Brown, 884. Stallion Three Years, Under Four — First and Second, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Royal Regent and Top Notch 740. Mare Four Years Old or Over — First, C. E. Bunn, on Llwyn Bess 481 ; second and third, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Edith and Forest Park Dina (4102). Mare Three Years, Under Four — First, C. E. Bunn, on Taler's Gift 881. Mare Two Years, Under Three — First, C. B. Bunn. Stallion in Harness — First and second, C. E. Bunn, on King Cole 197 and John Brown, 884 ; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Royal Regent. Gelding or Mare in Harness — First and Second, C. E. Bunn, on Bess and Taler's Gift 881 ; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Edith 223. Pair of Ponies in Harness — First, C. E. Bunn, on John Brown 884 and Taylor Gift 881; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Edith 223 and Dinah. Tandem Team — First, C. E. Bunn, on John Brown 884 and Bess; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Edith 223 and Dinah. Pony Under Saddle — First, C. E. Bunn, on Ucinda ; second and third, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Dinah and Walsh Giil. Four-in-Hand — First, C. E. Bunn ; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling. Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding in Harness — C. E. Bunn, on King Cole. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 177 SHETLAND PONIES. Exhibitors : Mrs. Adam Stirling, Des Moines, Iowa ; Bridgford Farms, Joy, 111. ; George Briedson, Panora, Iowa ; C. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111. ; Welty Shetland Pony Farm, Nevada Iowa ; Hugh Hall, Des Moines, Iowa. Judge W. J. Rutherford, Saskatchewan, Canada. Stallion Four Year.s Old or Over — First, C. E. Bunn, on Prince Patten 17205 ; second and third Bridgford Farms on Harum's Sensation and Sensational Larig; fourth, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Belle Meade Faultless 14459. Stallion Three Years, Under Four — First and second, C. E. Bunn, on Best of All 17200 and Prince Charming 11782 ; third and fourth, Bridgford Farms, on Piper Heidseick and Famum. Stallion Two Years, Under Three — First, Bridgford Farms, on Marvin ; second, Welty Shetland Pony Farm, on Locust Jack 16600 ; third, C. E. Bunn, on Model 16314. Stallion Over One, Under TwO' — First, C. E. Bunn, on Vesuvius 17203 ; second, Bridgford Farms, on John Manly. Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Hugh Hall ; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling ; third, George Brideson ; fourth, Welty Shetland Pony Farm. Mare Four Years Old or Over — First and second, C. E. Bunn, on Ovilta 10620, and Quapho 14346; third and fourth, Bridgford Farms, on Eunice and Queen of the May. Mare Three Years, Under Four — First, Welty Shetland Pony Farm, on Fancv Gem 15596 ; second, C. E. Bunn, on Theolita 16258 ; third, Bridgford Farms, on Josephine ; fourth, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Black Bird. Mare Two Years, Under Three — First and second, Bridgford Farms, on Miss Bonnie and Mildred; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Silver Spring Princess 26578; fourth, C. E. Bunn, on Ultimatum 17783. Mare Over One, Under Two — First, Welty Slietland Pony Farm, on Kancetta ; second, C. E. Bunn, on Vesta 17201; third and fourth, Bridgford Farms, on Miss Bly and May Blossom. Gelding Mare in Harness — First and third, Bridgford Farms, on Eunice and unnamed; second, C. E. Bunn, on Ovilta 10620. Stallion in Harness — First and third, C. E. Bunn, on Prince Patton 17205 and Best of All 17200 ; second and fourth, Bridgford Farms, on Sensational Larigot and unnamed. Pair of Ponies in Harness — First, C. E. Bunn. on Prince Patton 17205, and Quapho 143 46; second, Bridgford Farms; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Blackbird and mate ; fourth, C. E. Bunn, on Princess Charminrg and Best of All. Four-in-Hand — First, C. E. Bunn ; second Bridgford Farms ; third, Welty .Shetland Pony Farm ; fourth, Mrs. Adam Stirling. Tandem Team — First. C. E. Bunn, on Prince Patton and Quapho ; second and third, Bridgford Farms ; fourth, Welty Shetland Pony Farm. Pony Under Saddle — First, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Florence W ; second, Welty Shetland Pony Farm ; third. C. E. Bunn, on Patricia ; fourth, Bridgford Farms, Four Colts, Get of One Sire — First and Second, C. E. Bunn ; third Bridgford Farms ; fourth, Welty Shetland Pony Farm. Five Animals Bred by Exhibitor — First and third, C. E. Dunn ; second, Bridg- ford Farms ; fourth, Welty Shetland Pony Farm. Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding in Harness — C. E. Bunn on Prince Patton. Pony in Harness, Iowa Special — First, Welty Shetland Pony Farm ; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling. Pony Under Saddle — 1st and 4th, Welty Shetland Pony Farm ; 2d, Hugh Hall, on Topsy; 3d, Mrs. Adam Stir-ling, on Florence W. Fair Ponies in Harness — 1st and 2d, Welty Shetland Pony Farm; 3d, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Black Bird and mate. 12 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 179 HACKNEY PONIES AND OTHERS'. Exhibitors : Frank Briedson, Bayard, Iowa ; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa ; Oakland Stable, Oskaloosa, Iowa ; Mrs. Adam Stirling', Des Moines, Iowa ; C. R. Wells & Bruce Robinson, Washington, Iowa. Stallion Three Years Old or Over — 1st, C. E. Bunn, on Delight ; 2d, Mrs. Adam Stirling, on Imported Dammermoor King, 1859 ; 3d, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, on Huneston Tom Tit, 1895 (12671). Mare Three Years Old or Over — 1st, C. E. Bunn, on Tissington. Pony in Harness — 1st and 2d, C E. Bunn, on Delight and Tissington ; 3d, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Imported Lammermoor King, 1859. Pony Under Saddle — 1st, Wells & Robinson, on Duke, 58615; 2d, Oakland Stable, on Pretty Baby. Tandem Team — 1st and 2d, C. E. Bunn, on Delight and Umpire, and Tissington and Brown Bell. Four-in-Hand — 1st, C. E. Bunn. Pair Ponies in Harness — 1st and 2d, C. E. Bunn, on Tissington and Brown Bell, and Delight and Umpire MULES AND JACKS. Exhibitors: Wyatt Carr, Collins, Iowa; Neild Bros., Osden, Iowa. Mule Four Years Old or Over — 1st, 2d and 3d, Wyatt Carr, on Topsy, Molly and McConnell. Mule Over Three, Under Four — 1st, 2d and 3d, Wyatt Carr. Mule Over Two, Under Three — 1st, 2d and 3d, Wyatt Carr. Mule Over One, Under Two — 1st and 2d, Wyatt Carr. Mule Colt Under One Year — Ist and 2d, Wyatt Carr. Fair Mules Over 2,400 Pounds, to be Shown in Harness — 1st, 2d and 3d, Wyatt Carr. Pair Mules Under 2,400 Pounds, to be Shown in Harness — 1st and 2d. Wyatt Carr. Five Mules, Any Age — 1st, 2d and 3d, Wyatt Carr. Champion Mule, Any Age — Wyatt Carr on Topsy. Reser\'e — -Wyatt Carr. Champion Pair Mules, Any Age — Wyatt Carr. Reserve — Wyatt Carr. Four-Mule Team — 1st, Wyatt Carr. Jack Three Years Old or Over — 1st, Wyatt Carr ; 2d and 3d, Neild Bros. Jack Two Years, Under Three — Ist, Wyatt Carr. Grand Display, Five Jacks — 1st, Neild Bros. Champion Jack, Any Age — Wyatt Carr, on McHannibal. CATTLE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent H. L. Pike, Whiting SHORTHORNS. Exhibitors : W. C. Anderson, Norwalk, Iowa ; A. J. Andrews, Melbourne, Iowa; Anoka Farms, Wjaukesha, Wis.; Bellows Bros., Maryville, Mo.; G. H. Burge, Mt. Vernon, Iowa ; Carpenter & Carpenter, Bai-aboo, Wis. ; Claverburn Farm, Colo. Iowa; F. H. Ehlers, Tama, Iowa; Claus Ehlert, Bennett, Iowa; W. F. Graham & Sons, Prairie City, Iowa ; Wm. Herkelman, Elwood, Iowa ; Homewood Stock Farm, Carroll, Iowa ; D. A. Joy, Blakesburg, Iowa ; Eben E. Jones, Rockland, Wis. ; Owen Kane, Wlsner, Neb. ; J. B. Kennedy, Janesville, Wis. ; C. W. Kirtley & Son, Bagley, Iowa ; C. D. McClellan, Lowden, Iowa ; T. W. McDermott, Kahoka, Mo.; Theo Martin, Bellevue, Iowa; Maasdam & Wheeler, Fairfield, Iowa ; Jos. Miller & Sons, Granger, Mo. ; S'. A. Nelson & Sons, Mal- colm, Neb. ; C. A. Oldsen, Wall Lake, Iowa ; J. F. Prather, Williamsville, 111. ; H. Pritchard & Son, Wa-lnut, Iowa ; Rapp Bros., St. Edward, Neb. ; R. Rees & Sons, Pilger, Neb. ; Rookwood Farm, Ames, Iowa ; Earl Sparboe, Ellsworth, Iowa ; Frank Toyne & Son, Lanesboro, Iowa ; Uppermill Farm, Wapello, Iowa ; Fred C. Wiley Mt. Union, Iowa. 180 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Judge William Hartnett, North Muskogee, Okla. Bull Three Years or Over — 1st, Wm. Herkelman, on Cumberlanrl Standard, 403027; 2d, Frank Toyne & Son, on East Lawn's Champion, 419060; 3d, J. E. Kennedy, on Maxwalton Amateur, 414027; 4th, Carpenter & Carpenter, on Imp. Lord Cullen, 425335 ; 5th, Theo Martin, on Woodlawn Villager, 409698 ; 6th, C. W. Kirtley & Son, on Homewood Marshall, 429525. Bull Two Years and Under Three — 1st, H. Rees & Sons, on Violet's Dale, 424602 ; 2d, Bellows Bros., on Parkdale Rex, 424166 ; 3d, Rookwood Farm, on Night Avon 3d, 43S984 ; 4th, Rapp Bros., on Thaxton Masters, 421980; 5th, W. C. Anderson, on Irvinedale Ideal, 104365. Bull, Senior Yearling — 1st, Uppermill Farm, on Villager's Coronet, 176743; 2d, Jos. Miller & Sons, on Dale Cumberland, 487928; 3d, W. D. Graham & Sons, on Royal Victor, 458136; 4th, S. A. Nelson & Sons, on Nelson's Type, 511095; 5th, D. A. Jay, on Orangeman ; 6th, Carpenter & Carpenter, on Collynie Cullen 2d, 472725; 7th, Homewood Stock Farm, on Wayward Marshal, 472985; 8th, Frank Toyne & Son, on Silver Dale, 475723. Bull, Junior Yearling — 1st, Bellows Bros., on King Baron, 49053 ; 2d, J. W. McDermott, on Cumberland Marshall 4th, 495896 ; 3d, Owen Kane, on Proud Dale; 4th and 5th, Rapp Bros., on Omega Secret, 564904, and Pride's Renown 526418 ; 6th, Eben E. Jones, on Collynie Cumberland, 488836 ; 7th, Uppermill Farm, on Imp. Marksman, (195803); 8th, C. A. Olson, on Imp. Hall MarK; ; 9th, H. Rees & Sons, on Ruberta Goods Model, 562990. Bull, Senior Calf — 1st and 2d, Anoka Farms, on Anoka Champion, 555857, and Mary Stamp, 555855; 3d, J. W. McDermott, on Cumberland Marshall 5th: 4th, Bellows Bros., on Supreme Choice, 555628 ; 5th, Uppermill Farm, on Vil- lager's Cardinal, 556784 ; 6th, Jos. Miller & Son, on Superior Cumberland. 568936; 7th, J. E. Prather, on Village President, 565226; 8th, S. A. Nelson & Sons on Lovely Knight; 9th, Anoka Farms, on Royal Stamp, 555856. Bull, Junior Calf — 1st, H. Pritchard & Son. on Dale Discount, 583934 ; 2a, Frank Toyne & Son, on Eastlawn's Champion Junior, 576165 ; 3d, Anoka Farms, on Rosebud Champion, 576046; 4th, Bellows Bros., on Parkdale Emblem, 576170; 5th. Jos. Miller & Son, on Cumberland's Choice, 576192; 6th, J. W. McDermott, on Cumberland Gift ; 7th, Theodore Martin, on Cumberland's Pride ; 8th, Jos. Miller & Son, on Oakdale's Choice, 576193 ; 9th, Claverburn Farm, on Orange Stamp Second, 576266. Cow Three Years or Over — 1st, Carpenter & CaiT^enter, on Maxwalton Queen, 127524 ; 2d and 3d, Frank Toyne & Son, on Bonnybell 14th, 180802, and Villai/e Lassie 2d, 127925; 4th, J. E. Kennedy, on Baroness Lady 2d; 5th, Uppermill Farm, on Cuckoo Beauty, 172503 ; 6th, C. W. Kirtley & Son, on Choice Dearie, 182622 ; 7th, H. Rees & Sons, on Susie Goods, 109098 ; 8th, Eben B. Jones, on Verbena of Oakdale, 149617 ; 9th, Theodore Martin, on Roan Julip. Heifer Two Years and Under Three — 1st, Bellows Bros., on Brandsby's Jinnv 19th; 2d, H. Rees & Sons, on Lady Violet 8th, 199786; 3d, W. C. Anderson, on Roan Louise, 489924 ; 4th, Frank Toyne & Son, on Lovely Goods, 470506 ; 5th, Carpenter & Carpenter, on Collynie's Best, 199377 ; 6th, J. E. Kennedy, on Windsor Belle 23d Imp., 121802; 7th, Wm. Herkelman, on Village Venus 2d, 199757; 8th, Theodore Martin; 9th, Homewood Stock Farm, on Homewood Duchess, 205947. Heifer, Senior Yearling — 1st, J. E. Kennedy, on Miss Lovely, 506941 ; 2d, J. F. Prather, on Village Blossom 8th, 472916 ; 3d, Carpenter & Carpenter, on Anoka Clipper 3d; 4th, S. A. Nelson, on Parkdale Gloster, 498483; 5th, Jos. Miller & Sons, on Village Mayflower, 471940; 6th, Wm. Herkelman, on Lady Sultan, 473298 ; 9th, Frank Toyne & Son, on Eastlawn's Baroness, 510234. Heifer, Junior Yearling' — 1st, Jos. Miller & Sons, on Choice Mayflower, 497342 ; 2d and 3d, Bellows Bros., on Parkdale Victoria 8th, 495054, and Clara 70ith, 471882; 4th, H. Pritchard & Son, on Victoria 73d, 543367; 5th, Uppermill Farm, on Villager's Graceful 2d, 476752; 6th, J. W. McDermott, on Ruberta Cumber- land; 7th, Rapp Bros., on Butterfly Lady, 514698; 8th, H. Rees & Sons, on Cedar Lawn Lady, 497573 ; 9th, S. A. Nelson & Sons, on May Queen 2d. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 181 Heifer, Senior Calf — l-st and 2d, Bellows Bros., on Lovely of Parkdale 16th, 555631, and Beauty 36th; 3d, J. F. Prather, on Village Blossom 11th, 565229; 4th, Anoka Farms, on Fanny Anoka; 5th, Owen Kane, on Betty Dale 4th, 555624 ; 6th, Bellows Bros., on Lovely of Parkdale 15th, 555630; 7th, S. A. Nelson & Son, on Lady Augusta 9th ; 8th, Anoka Farms, on Columbia Anoka, 555860 ; 9th, Theo Martin, on Village Rosemere, 560684. Heifer, Junior Calf — 1st, Owen Kane, on Rosewood Lady, 576314 ; 2d and 4th, Anoka Farms, on Augusta Anoka 5th, 576047, and Clipper Anoka 7th, 577142 ; 3d and 6th, Uppermill Farm, on Villager's Lassie, 576172, and Villagers Clara; 5th, H. Pritchard & Son, on Victoria 74th; 7th, Theo Martin, on Bampton Leaf, 575996; 8th, Maasdam & Wheeler, on Golden Bloom 3d, _575810 ; 9th, Wm. Herkelman, on Miss Evangeline 3d, 576306. Champion Bull Two Years Old or Over — H. Rees & Sons, on Violet's Dale, 424602. Junior Grand Champion bull at the 1917 Iowa State Fair. Owned by Uppermill Farm, Wapello, Iowa. Champion Bull Under Two Years — Uppermill Farm, on Villager's Coronet, 476743. Champion Cow Two Years Old or Over — Carpenter & Carpenter, on Maxwal- ton Queen, 127524. Champion Heifer Under Two Years — Bellows Bros., on Lovely of Parkdale 16th, 555631. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Uppermill Farm, on Villager's Coronet, 476743. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Carpenter & Carpenter, on Max- walton Queen, 127524. Graded Herd — 1st, Bellows Bros.; 2d, H. Rees & Sons; 3d, J. E. Kennedy; 4th, Frank Toyne & Sons ; 5th, Carpenter & Carpenter ; 6th, Wm. Herkelman. Breeder's Young Herd — 1st, Bellows Bros. ; 2d, Uppermill Farm ; 3d, J. F. Prather ; 4th, Jos. Miller & Son ; 5th, Owen Kane ; 6th, J. W. McDermott ; 7tli, Rapp Bros. ; 8th, H. Rees & Sons. 182 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Breeder's Calf Herd — 1st, Bellows Bros.; 2d, Anoka Farms; 3d, J. F. Prather ; 4th, Uppennill Farm ; 5th, H. Pritchard & Son ; 6th, Owen Kane ; 7th, Jos. Miller & Sons ; 8th, Maasdam & "Wheeler. Get of Sire — 1st, Uppennill Farm ; 2d, J. W. McDermott ; 3d, Anoka Farms ; 4th, Bellows Bros.; 5th, J. F. Prather; 6th, H. Pritchard & Son; 7th, H. Rees & Sons ; 8th, Jos. Miller & Sons. Produce of Cow — 1st, Uppermill Farm; 2d, Carpenter & Carpenter; 3d, J. F. Prather; 4th, J. W. McDermott; 5th, Bellows Bros.; 6th, Wlm. Herkelman ; 7th, Frank Toyne & Son ; Sth, Carpenter & Carpenter. GRAND NATIONAL SHORTHORN BREEDERS' FUTURITY. Bull Senior Calf — 1st and 2d, Anoka Farms, on Anoka Stamp and Royal Stamp, 555856; 3d, J. W. McDermott, on Cumberland Marshall; 4th, Bellows Bros., on Supreme's Choice, 555628 ; 5th and 15th, Uppermill Farm, on Vil- lager's Cardinal, 556784, and Villager's Admiral, 556783; 6th, Jos. Miller & Son. on Superior Cumberland, 568936 ; 7th, J. F. Prather, on Village President', 565226; 8th, Maasdam & Wheeler, on Marshall's Favorite, 567236; 9th, Car- penter & Carpenter, on Collynie Cullen ; 10th, Wm. Herkelman, on True Goods, 558847 ; 11th, Theodore Martin, on Village Leader, 560683 ; 12th, H. Pritchard & Sons, on Dale Reliant, 543357; 13th, Rockwood Farm, on British Count 2d; 14th, Rockwood Farm, on Count Glary 2d. Bull Junior Calf — 1st, H. Pritchard & Son, on Dale's Discount, 583934 ; 2d, Frank Toyne & Son, on Eastlawn's Champion Junior, 576165 ; 3d, Anoka Farm, on Rosebud Champion, 576046 ; 4th Bellows Bros., on Parkdale Emblem, 576170 ; 5th, Joseph Miller & Sons, on Cumberland's Choice, 576192 ; 6th. J. W. Mc- Dermott, on Cumberland Gift, 575C19 ; 7th, Theodore Martin, on Tulip's Pride, 575995; Sth, Joseph Miller & Son, on Oakdale's Choice, 576193; 9th, Claverburn Farm, on Orange Stamp 2d, 576266 ; 10th, Wm. Herkelman on Prince Cumber- land, 576304. Heifer Senior Calf — 1st and 2d, Bellows Bros., on Lovely of Parkdale 16th, 558631, and Queen of Beauty 36th, 555634; J. F. Prather, on Village Prather 11th; 4th, Owen Kane, on Bettydale 4th, 555624; 5th, Bellows Bros., on Lovely of Parkdale 15th, 555630 ; 6th, Anoka Farms, on Columbia Anoka, 555860 ; 7t:i, Theo Martin, on Village Rosemary, 560684 ; Sth, Jos. Miller & Son, on Cumber- land Flower 2d, 568938; 9th, H. Pritchard & Son, on Misie 3d, 543366; 10th, J. F. Prather, on Rosie Queen 6th, 565228 ; 11th, Uppermill Farm, on Villager's Maurine, 556786; 12th, Jos. Miller & Sons, on Cumberland Queen, 568937; 13th, Howell Rees & Sons, on Lady Ruberta, 562992 ; 14th, Eben E. Jones, on Hill- shade Duchess, 558029 ; 15th, Frank Toyne, on Village Lassie 3d, 55520'6. SPECIAL BY AMERICAN SHORTHORN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. For best bull calf calved after September 1, 1916, bred and owned by ex- hibitor who has not previously exhibited Shorthorns at State Fair or National Show — Fred C. Wiley, on Villager's Admiral. Best HeifCT Calf — Claude Ehlert, on Diamond's Butterfly. IOWA SPECIALS. Bull Three Years Old or Over — 1st, Wm. Herkelman, on Cumberland Standard, 403027 ; 2d, Frank Toyne & Son, on East Lawn's Champion, 419060 ; 3d, Theo Martin, on Woodlawn Villager, 409698 ; 4th, C. W. Kirtley & Son, on Homewood Marshall, 429525. Bull Two Years and Under Three — 1st, Rookwood Farm, on Knight Avon 3d, 438984; 2d, W. C. Anderson, on Irvindale Ideal, 104365. Bull Senior Yearling — 1st, Uppermill Farm, on Villager's Coronet, 476743 ; 2d, W. E. Graham & Sons, on Royal Victor, 458136 ; 3d, D. A. Joy, on Orange- man ; 4th, Homewood Stock Farm, on Wayward Marshall, 472985; 5th, Frank Toyne & Son, on Silver Dale, 475723 ; 6th, Earl Sparboe, on Dale's Monarch, 513389. , EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 183 Bull Junior Yearling — 1st, Uppermill Farm, on Imported Marksman, (195803) ; 2d, C. A. Olson, on Imp. Inverness Hallmark, 530143 ; 3d, Wm. Herkelman, on Cumberland's Goods 2d, 495511 ; 4th, Frank Toyne & Sons, on Crescent Dale, 497579; 5th, C. L. McClelland, on Commodore Galnford, 578092; 6th, W. E. Graham & Sons, on Champion Ch;ef, 548783. Bull Senior Calf — 1st, Uppermill Farm, on Villager's Cardinal, 556784 ; 2d, Maasdam & Wheeler, on Marshall's Favorite, 567236 ; 3d, Wm. Herkelman, on True Good, 558847 ; 4th, Theo Martin, on Villag'e Leader, 560583 ; 5th, H. Pritchard, on Dale Reliance, 543357 ; 6th, Rookwood Farm on Count Glary 2d, 546340. Bull Junior Calf — 1st, H. Pritchard & Son, on Dale Viscount, 583934; 2d Frank Toyne & Son, on Eastlawn's Champion Junior, 576165 ; 3d, Theo Martin, on Tulip's Pride, 575995; 4th, Claverburn Farm, on Orange Stamp 2d; 5th, Theo Martin; 6th, Wm. Herkelman, on Prince Cumberland, 576304. Cow Three Years or Over— 1st and 2d, Frank Toyne & Son, on Bonnie Belle 14th, 180802, and Village Lassie 2d, 127925; 3d, Uppermill Farm, on Cuckoo Beauty, 172503 ; 4th, C. W. Kirtley & Son. on Choice Dairy, 182622 ; 5th, Theo Martin ; 6th, Wm. Herkelman, on Colony Rosewood, 175045. Heifer Two Years and Under Three — 1st, Frank Toyne & Son, on Lovely Good, 470506 ; 2d, Wm. Herkelman, on Village Venus 2d, 199757 ; 3d. Theo Martin; 4th, Homewood Stock Farm, on Homewood Duchess, 205947; 5fh, D. A. Jay, on Princess of Avondale, 200447 ; 6th, Frank 'Toyne & Son, on Cressie Bell 3d, 470505. Heifer Senior Yearling — 1st, Wm. Herkelman, on Gypsy Maid ; 2d, Homewood Stock Farm, on Nonpareil Dona, 487684 ; 3d, WIm. Herkelman, on Lady Sultan, 473298; 4th, Frank Toyne & Son, on East Lawn Baroness, 510234; .5th, Maasdam & Wheeler, on Augusta Maid, 476599 ; 6th, F. H. Ehlers. Heifer Junior Yearling — 1st, H. Pritchard & Son, on Victoria 23d; 2d, Upper- mill Farm, on Villager's Graceful 2d, 476752 ; 3d, Claverburn Farm, on Sunny Maid 10th, 557043 ; 4th, Uppermill Farm, on Villager's Graceful, 489525 ; 5th, Earl Sparboe, on Graceful Beauty, 513393 ; 6th. Wm. Herkelman, on Lady Cumberland, 495514. Heifer Senior Calf — 1st, Theo Martin, on Village Rosemary, 560684 ; 2d, H. Pritchard & Son, on Misie 3d, 543366 ; 3d, Upperaiill Farm, on Villager's Maurine, 556786 ; 4th, Homewood Stock Farm, on Snow Flake ; 5th, Glaus Ehlert on Diamond's Butterfly, 566966 ; 6th, Uppermill Farm on Villager's Lavender, 576163. Heifer Junior Calf — 1st, Uppermill Farm, on Villager's Lassie, 576172 ; 2d, H. Pritchard & Son, on Victoria 74th; 3d, Uppermill Farm, on Villager's Clara 2d ; 4th, Theo Martin, on Bampton Leaf, 575996 ; 5th, Maasdam & Wheeler, on Golden Bloom 3d, 575810- 6th, C. L. McClelland, on Bonnie Butterfly, 581803. Graded Herd — 1st, Frank Toyne & Son ; 2d, Wm. Herkelman ; 3d, Theo Martin. Breeder's Young Herd — 1st, Uppermill Farm; 2d, Wm. Herkelman; 3d, Frank Toyne & Son; 4th, Theo Martin; 5th, Maasdam & Wheeler; 6th, Homewood Stock Farm. Breeder's Calf Herd — 1st, Uppermill Farm; 2d, H. Pritchard & Son; 3d, Maasdam & Wheeler; 4th, Theo Martin; 5th, Frank Toyne & Son; 6th, C. L. McClelland. Get of Sire — 1st, Uppermill Farm; 2d, H. Pritchard & Son; 3d, Maasdam & Wheeler; 4th, Wm. Herkelman; 5th, C. L. McClelland; 6th, Homewood Stock Farm. Produce of Cow — 1st, Uppermill Farm ; 2d, Wm. Herkelman ; 3d, Frank Toyne & Son ; 4th, Theodore Martin ; 5th and 6th, Maasdam & Wlieeler. SPECIAL PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE IOWA SHORTHORN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATiqjST. Best Senior Bull Calf — Uppermill Farm on Villager's Cardinal. Best Junior Bull Calf — H. Pritchard & Son, on Dale Viscount. Best Senior Heifer Calf — Theo Martin, on Village Rosemary. Best Junior Heifer Calf — Uppermill Farm, on Villag'er s Lassie. 184 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HEREFORDS. Exhibitors: Wm. Andrews & Sons, Morse, Iowa; M. W. Beatty, Valley Junction, Iowa; j. H. Bereman, Aurora, 111.; Bielil & Sidwell, Queen City, Mo.; E. M. Cassady & Son, Whiting, Iowa ; Jesse Engle & Sons, Sheridan, Mo. ; La- Vernet Stock Farm, Jackson, Miss. ; D. C. Maytag, Laurel, Iowa ; Carl Miller, Belvue, Kan.; F. W. Schnoor, Perry, Iowa; L. J. Smith. Kansas City, Mo. ; E. H. Taylor, Jr., Prop. Hereford Farms, Frankfort, Ky. ; H. P. Tonsfeldt, Remsen, Iowa ; W. K Yost, Kansas City, Mo. ; Enochs & Worthman, Jackson, Miss. Judge W. H. Roe, Shelbyville, Ky. Bull Three Years or Over — 1st, W. L. Yost, on Ardmore, 566000; 2d, Enoch & Worthman; 3d, Henry Schnoor, on Admiration, 4S2334 ; 4th, B. C. Maytag; 5th, H. P. Tonsfeldt, on Ito's Perfection, 440675. Bull Two Years and Under Three — 1st, E. H. Taylor, Jr., on Beau Rosemont, 600652 ; 2d, J. H. Bereman, on Perfect Donald 2d, 484082 ; 3d, W. L. Yost, on Woodbird 1st, 500001; 4th, E. H. Taylor, Jr.. on Fairfax Knight, 510431; 5th. Carl Miller, on Laredo Boy ; 6th and 7th, LaVernet Stock Farm, on Vernet Prince 31st, 494961, and Vernet Prince 36th, 504473; 8th, Carl Miller, on Larry, 523106. Bull, Senior Yearling — 1st, E. H. Taylor, Jr., on Roehampton 19th, 537961 ; 2d and 4th, Wl L. Yost, on Fairfax 3d, 553962, and Duke Real 8th, 545726; 5th, Wm. Andrews & Sons, on Bonnie Brae 104th, 536778. Bull, Junior Yearling — 1st, E. H. Taylor, Jr., on Woodford 9th, 559720 ; 2d, W. L. Yost, on Arran More, 634000 ; 3d, Jesse Engle & Sons, on Beau Blanchard 33d, 565357; 4th and 7th, Carl Miller, on Echo Lad 16th, 584277, and Mischief .Mixer 7th, 590252; 8th, Enoch & Worthman; 9th, J. H. Bereman, on Parader Perfection, 594156; 10th, H. P. Tonsfeldt, on Meadow Lord 2d, 631814. Bull, Senior Calf — 1st and 5th, Jesse Engle & Sons, on Beau Blanchard 53d, 623114, and Beau Blanchard 52d, 623113; 2d and 4th, E. H. Taylor, Jr., on Premier 4th, 609667, and Premier Gaston, 609672; 3d and 6th, J. H. Bereman, on Don Disturber. 621441, and Albany Columbus, 594157; 7th, Biehl & Sidwai:, on Earl Disturber, 611628; 8th, Wm. Andrews & Sons, on Bonnie Brae 3d, 613817; 9th, LaVernet Stock Farm, on King Vernet 2d, 611385; 10th, Biehl . Waltemeyer ; 4th, Kramer & Son ; 5th, Brookwater Farm. Produce of Dam — 1st, J. E. Waltemeyer: 2d, Cramer & Son; 3d, Brook- water Farm ; 4th, J. S. Golden ; 5th, Peterson Bros. NATIONAL DUROC JERSEY FUTURITY. Boar Pig — 1st and 2d, Cramer & Son ; 3d, J. P. Jorgenson ; 4th and 5th, J. H. Latta ; 6th, Urbanside Farm; 7th, D. Nauman & Son; 8th, C. A. Zellmer. Sow Pig — D. Nauman & Son ; 2d, C. Cramer & Son ; 3d, C. A. Zellmer ; 4th, J. S. Golden; 5th, Peterson Bros.; 6th, J. P. Jorgenson; 7th, D. Nauman & Son. Litter of Four — 1st, C. Cramer & Son ; 2d, D. Nauman & Son ; 3d, Peterson Bros. ; 4th, J. P. Jorgenson ; 5th, J. D. Waltemeyer & Son ; 6th, D. Nauman & Son; 7th, C. A. Zellmer; 8th, J. H. Latta. SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN DUROC JERSEY SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. Young Herd, Farrowed on or After March 1st, Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — J. W. Cart Wright (Iowa special). Best Aged Herd, Bred by or Farrowed the Property of the Exhibitor — Brookwater Farms. Best Young Herd, Bred by or Farrowed the Property of the Exhibitor — • 1st, Brookwater Farms ; 2d, J. "W. Cartwright. CHESTER WHITES. Exhibitors : B. B. Nelly, Selma, Iowa ; Alden Anderson, Story City, Iowa ; Charlie & Mildred Barr, Ames, Iowa; M. J. Bolger, Menlo, Iowa; B. M. Boyer & Sons, Farmington, Iowa ; Byron T. Calking, "Webster City, Iowa ; W. R. Crawford, Libertyville, Iowa; J. L. Dickerson, Knoxville, Iowa; F. O. Dicker- son, Knoxville, Iowa ; Louis Dickerson, Knoxville, Iowa ; W. H. Dunbar, Jeffer- son, Iowa; E. R. Hem, Selma, Iowa; F. E. Humphrey, North English, Iowa; Gertrude Humphrey, North English, Iowa ; Helen Humphrey, North English, Iowa ; Geo. A. Lasley, Selma, Iowa ; J. H. Lachmiller, Webster City, Iowa ; J. H. Mahannah, North English, Iowa ; Chas. Mitchell, "Webster City, Iowa ; Will Michael, Selma, Iowa ; Geo. M^iller, Algona, Iowa ; E. L. Nagle & Son, 202 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Beep River, Iowa; D. H. Sleichter & Son, Riverside, Iowa; Guy E. Smith, Little York, 111. ; Geo. Steel, Algona, Iowa ; E. L. Waring, Reasnor, Iowa ; R. E. Williams, Iowa City, Iowa ; Wm. Whitted, Monroe, Iowa ; Leonard Willey, Menlo, Iowa. Judge Wm. A. Hooveh, Oskaloosa, Iowa. Aged Boar — 1st, D. H. Lewis, on Prince Again, 30497 ; 2d, B. M. Boyer & Sons, on Rajah, 32749 ; 3d J. E. Phelps, on Col. Chester, 44053 ; 4th, Alden Anderson, on Battle, 33773; 5th, Guy E. Smith, on White Prince, 24421. Senior Yearling Boar — 1st, W. T. Barr, on Hiland Improver, 39041 ; 2d, J. H. Lackmiller, on Combination Giant, 37983 ; 3d, Aldeu Anderson, on Chief's Corrector, 45237 ; 4th, Will Michael, on Golden Thistle, 40277 ; 5th, D. H. Lewis, on Elmo Duke, 45157; 6th, George Miller, on Master James, 40493; 7th, Wm. Whitted. Junior Yearling Boar — 1st, E. L. Nagle & Son, on Preparedness, 18353 ; 2d, B. M. Boyer & Sons, on Prince Big Bone, 43569 ; 3d, E. L. Nagle & Son, on Chief, 18577 ; 4th, "W. T. Barr, on Pershing, 45179 ; 5th, W. J. Bolger, on Bolger's Prince, 41849 ; 6th, Guy E. Smith, on Loure R., 44617 ; 7th, Alden Anderson, on Investor, 42657. Senior Boar Pig — 1st, E. L. Nagle & Son, on Longfellow, 18575 ; 2d, E. L. Nagle & Son, on Wm. A., 18585; 3d, George Steil, on Model Select, 45223; 4th, B. M. Boyer & Sons, on Big Bone Prince, 43567; 5th, Guy E. Smith, on King Prince, 45055 ; 6th, F. E. Humphreys on Acme King's Improver, 44895 ; 7th, l'". G. Dickerson, on Industry's Big Bob, 50172. Junior Boar Pig — 1st, J. H. & Duke Mahannah, on Supreme Judge O. K. ; 2d, J. H. Lackmiller; 3d and 5th, George Steil; 4th, F. E. Humphreys, on Acme Frank, 44897; 6th, Charlie & Mildred Barr; 7th, J. H. & Duke Ma- hannah. Aged Sow — 1st, W. T. Ban-, on Hiland Belle, 84776; 2d, W. T. Barr, on Our Maid 3d, 86502; 3d, Guy E. Smith, on White Miss, 91900; 4th, F. E. Humphreys, on Beauty E., 72804; 5th, E. L. Nagle & Son, on Myrtle B., 92654; 6th, Guy E. Smith, on Fancy, 84822 ; 7th, D. H. Lewis, on Alm.a 2d, 100728. Senior Yearling Sow — 1st, B. M. Boyer & Sons, on Big Beauty 2d, 99116; 2d, Guy E. Smith, on Grace 1st, 95630; 3d, W. T. Barr, on Lenora's Gem, 100766; 4th, E. L. Nagle & Son, on Queen Again, 31634; 5th, Alden Anderson, on Miss Chief, 100836; 6th, J. H. Lachmiller, on Beauty, 91734; 7th, D. H. Lewis, on Mamie, 100722. Junior Yearling Sow — 1st, Guy E. Smith, on Lady Smith, 100526 ; 2d. E. L. Nagle & Son, on May, 32298; 3d, W. T. Barr, on Hiland Frankie 2d, 100776; 4th, W. T. Barr, on Lenora's Prize, 100770; 5th, E. L. Nagle & Son, on Phylis, 32352; 6th, D. H. Lewis, on Ruby 1st, 100724; 7th, Alden Anderson, on Hawkeye Belle, 100848. Senior Sow Pig — 1st, E. L. Nagle & Son. on Harriett. 32304 ; 2d, Chas. ■Mitchell, on Sunlight, 100572; 3d, Alden Anderson, on Chief's Gem, 100844; 4th, J. H. & Duke Mahannah, on Jannito O. K. XX ; 5th, Guy E. Smith, on Princess Belle, 100534; 6th, J. H. Lachmiller, on Foney May, 99432; 7th, W. T. Barr, on Hiland Pride 3d, 100780. Junior Sow Pig — 1st, R. E. Williams; 2d, Gertrude Humphrey; 3d, Alden Anderson ; 4th, Chas. Mitchell ; 5th, J. H. & Duke Mahannah, on Iowa O. K. ; 6th Helen Humphrey; 7th, Charlie & Mildred Barr. Senior Champion Boar — D. H. Lewis. Senior Champion Sow — B. M. Boyer & Sons. Junior Champion Boar — J. H. & Duke Mahannah, on Supreme Judge O. K. Junior Champion Sow — E. L. Nag'le & Son. Grand Champion Boar — D. H. Lewis. Grand Champion Sow — B. M. Boyer & Son. Aged Herd Owned by Exhibitor — 1st, W. T. Barr; 2d, Guy E. Smith; 3d, E. L. Nagle & Son ; 4th, D. H. Lewis ; 5th, Alden Anderson. Aged Herd Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — 1st, W. T. Barr; 2d, D. H. Lewis ; 3d, Alden Anderson. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 203 Young Herd Owned by Exhibitoi' — 1st, E. L. Nagle & Son ; 2d, Guy E. Smith ; 3d, D. H. Lewis ; 4th, Chas. Mitchell ; 5th, J. H. & Duke Mahannah ; 6th, Alden Anderson ; 7th. Charlie & Mildred Barr. Young Herd Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — 1st, E. K Nagle & Son ; 2d, Guy E. Smith ; 3d, D. H. Lewis ; 4th, Chas. Mitchell ; 5th, J. H. Mahannah ; 6th, Alden Anderson. Get of Sire— 1st, W. T. Barr; 2d, E. L. Nagle & Sons; 3d, Guy E. Smith; 4th, J. H. Lachmiller ; 5th, D. H. Lewis ; 6th, Chas. Mitchell ; 7th, Alden Anderson. Grand Champion Chester White Sow at the 1917 Iowa State Fair. Owned by E. M. Boyer & Sons, Farmington, Iowa. Produce of Dam — Ist, E. L. Nagle & Son; 2d, Guy E. Smith; 3d, W. T. Bower ; 4th, D. H. Lewis ; 5th, Chas. Mitchell ; 6th, Alden Anderson ; 7th, Charlie & Mildred Barr. SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY THE IOWA CHESTER WHITE BREEDERS" ASSOCIATION, LIMITED TO BOYS AND GIRLS UNDER SIXTEEN YEARS OP AGE. Best Chester White Pig Under Six Months of Age — 1st, Harlow Lachmiller ; 2d, Gertrude Humphreys; 3d, Helen Humphreys; 4th, Mildred Barr; 5th, Charley Barr. BERKSHIRES. Exhibitors : Brae-Burn Farm, Lake Forest, 111. ; W. S. Corsa, White Hall, 111. ; Nelle Fabyan, Geneva, 111. Judge N. H. Gentry, S'edalia, Mo. Aged Boar — 1st, W. S. Corsa, on Duke's Fearnaught, 218000; 2d, Nelle Fabyan, on King James of Riverbank, 229201. Senior Yearling Boar — 1st, W. S. Corsa, on Lassie's Matchless Emblem, 226241; 2d, Nelle Fabyan, on Kingston of Riverbank, 239968; 3d, Nelle B'abyan, on Czarina's King, 239961 ; 4th, Brae-Burn Farm, on Brae-Burn Rival Emperor, 231804. 204 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Junior Yearling Boar— 1st, W. S. Corsa, on Superb Fearnaught 2d, 239827 ; 2d, Rookwood Farm, on Rookwood Rival 6th, 229700 ; 3d, Brae-Burn Farm, on Brae-Burn Lee 2d, 229450; 4th, Sutton & Patrious, on Lees Robinhood 2d, 239017; 5th, Nelle Fabyan, on Kingdon of Riverbank, 239963; 6th, Brae-Burn Farm, on Brae-Bum Master Rival, 229449. Senior Boar Pig — 1st, Nelle Fabyan, on Viscount A of Riverbank, 239967 ; 2d, W. S. Corsa, on Superbus Winsome Lad, 239979 ; 3d, W. S. Corsa, on Superbus Winsome Lad 2d, 239980; 4th, Rookwood Farm, on Ames Rival, 154; 5th and 6th, Brae-Burn Farm; 7th, Sutton & Portious, on Sutton's Combina- tion, 239024. Junior Boar Pig — 1st, Sutton & Portious, on Robinhood's Successor ; 2d and 3d, Brae-Burn Farm. Aged Sow — 1st, Sutton & Portious, on Classy Stumpy, 224887 ; 2d and 3d, Brae-Burn Farm, on Brae-Bum Schoolmistress, 222381, and Brae-Burn Duchess, 220278. Senior Yearling Sow — 1st, Nelle Fabyan, on King's Marchioness, 229209 ; 2d and 3d, Brae-Burn Farm, on Brae-Burn Grand Duchess, 226645, and Brae- Burn Grand Duchess 2d, 226646 ; 4th, W. S. Corsa, on Rival's Matchless Bar- oness, 226827 ; 5th, W. S. Corsa. Junior Yearling Sow — 1st. W. S. Corsa, on Fearnaught Gem 2d, 239829 ; 2d and 3d, Nelle Fabyan, on Queen of Riverland, 239969, and Queen of River- bank, 239970; 4th and 5th, Brae-Burn Farm, on Brae-Burn Model Lad.v Hth, 229442, and Brae-Burn Model Lady 10th, 229443 ; 6th, Sutton & Portious, on Robinhood Silver Tips, 239021. Senior Sow Pig — 1st and 2d, Nelle Fabyan, on Viscountess A. of Riverbank, 239964, and Viscountess B. of Riverbank, 239965 ; 3d and 5th, W. S. Corsa, on Superbus Winsome Lady, 239981, and Superbus Winsome Lady 2d, 239982 ; 4th and 6th, Brae-Burn Farm; 7th, Sutton & Portious, on S. & P. Jewell 4th, 239026. Junior Sow Pig — 1st land 2d, Brae-Burn Farm, 3d and 4th, Sutton & Portious, on Robinhood Lee and Jewell Keep On. Senior Champion Boar — W. S. Corsa, on Duke Fearnaught, 21800. Senior Champion Sow — W. S. Corsa, on Fearnaught Gem. Junior Champion Boar — Nelle Fabyan, on Viscount A. Junior Champion Sow — Nelle Fabyan, on Viscountess A. Grand Champion Boar — W. S. Corsa, on Duke Fearnaught, 218000. Grand Champion Sow — W. S. Corsa, on Fearnaught Gem. Aged Herd Owned by Exhibitor — 1st, W. S. Corsa ; 2d, Nelle Fabyan ; 3d, Sutton & Porteous ; 4th and 5th, Brae-Burn Farm. Aged Herd Owned and Bred by Exhibitor — 1st, W. S. Corsa; 2d, Nelle Fabyan ; 3d, Sutton & Porteous ; 4th, Brae-Bum Farm. Young Herd Owned by Exhibitor — 1st, Nelle Fabyan; 2d, W. S. Corsa; 3d and 5th, Brae-Burn Farm ; 4th, Sutton & Porteous. Young Herd Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — 1st, Nelle Fabyan ; 2d, W. S. Corsa ; 3d and 5th, Brae-Burn Farm ; 4th, Sutton & Porteous. Get of Sire — 1st and 2d, Nelle Fabyan; 3d, W. S. Corsa; 4th, Brae-Burn Farm ; 5th, Sutton & Porteous. Produce of Dam — 1st and 2d, Nelle Fabyan ; 3d, W. S. Corsa ; 4th, Brae- Bum Farm; 5th, Sutton & Porteous. HAMPSHIRE S. Exhibitors : C. S. Bratt, Arapahoe, Neb. ; T. C. Cole, Thurman, Iowa ; G. S. Erb, Pleasantville, Iowa ; E. L. Henke, Atlantic, Iowa ; Harry Hopley, Atlantic, Iowa ; Isom J. Martin, Kahoka, Mo. ; Clayton Messenger, Keswick, Iowa ; C. P. Paulsen, Nora, Neb. ; R. L. Pemberton, LeGrand, Iowa ; F. F. Silver, Can- tril, Iowa; Art Shaw, Oskaloosa, Iowa; Turner Bros., DeWitt, Iowa. Judge Chas. A. Marker, Auburn, 111. Aged Boar — 1st and 3d, C. P. Paulsen, on Cherokee Pattern, 23091, and Cherokee 3d, 28745; 2d, Wickfleld Farm, on Lookout Chin Chin, 27703; 4th, EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 205 R. L. Pemberton, on Big Boy, 3G729 ; 5th, T. C. Cole, on King of Meadow Brook, 28195; 6th, Art Shaw, on Iowa Dude, 5439; 7th, Turner Bros., on Belted Boy, 27313. Senior Yearling- Boar — 1st, Clayton Messenger, on Peerless Boy, 43739 ; 2d, Scudder Bros., on America, 36111 ; 3d, Wickfleld Farm, on Lookout Per- fection, 45283; 4th, T. C. Cole, on Paulsen's Star 99th, 34653; 5th, C. S. Bratt, on Good Model, 33799; 6th, R. L. Pemberton, on Concillio, 33645; 7th, Turner Bros., on Pleasant Ridge King', 36423. Junior Yearling Boar — 1st, Wickfleld Farm, on Wickware Favorite, 37245 ; 2d, Clayton Messenger, on Hawkeye Star, 45245 ; 3d, T. C. Cole, on Everette True, 38099 ; 4th, E. E. Wilcox, on Princess Boy, 36767 ; 5th, G. S. Brb, on Jim Lookout, 46297 ; 6th, Turner Bros., on Jess Willard, 35353 ; 7th, R. L. Pem- berton, on Sunny Brook Duke 3d, 36397. Senior Boar Pig — 1st, Harry Hopley, on Homestake, 43111 ; 2d and 5th, Clayton Messenger, om Liberty Loan, 45243, and Sioux Lad 2d, 45271; 3d, Isom J. Martin, on Gem Tipton's Masterpiece, 45727 ; 4th, Wickfleld Farm, on Look- out Meteor, 45279 ; 6th, C. P. Paulsen, on Paulsen's Choice, 45539 ; 7th, E. L. Heuke, on Jimmie Correct, 43469. Junior Boar Pig — 1st and 4th, C. P. Paulsen, on Nora's Cherokee 1st. 45225, and Cherokee's Star 1st, 45187 ; 2d, Clayton Messenger, on Hawkeye Junior, 46377; 3d, Isom J; Martin; 5th and 6th, Wickfleld Farm; 7th, A. S. Bratt. Aged Sow — 1st, Wickfleld Farm, on Polly Lookout, 92152 ; 2d and 3d, Clayton Messenger, on Lady Dawson 4th, 56566, and Sioux Queen 3d, 3S996 ; 4th, R. L. Pemberton, on Susan, 48316 ; 5th, Scudder Bros., on Scudder's Allen 2d, 55592 ; (ith. Turner Bros., on Isabell 3d, 91234 ; 7th, Dr. T. C. Cole, on Silver Queen 18Sth, 75956. Grand Champion Hampshire sow at the 1917 Iowa State Fair. Owned by Wickfieid Farms, Cantrill, Iowa Senior Yearling Sow — 1st and 2d, Wickfleld Farm, on Lookout Girl, 77194, and Roxy Lookout 2d, 77172 ; 3d and 4th, Clayton Messenger, on Mayflower Lady 1st, 69394, and Mayflower Lady 2d, 69396 ; 5th, Scudder Bros., on Edna Girl, 84588; 6th, C. S. Bratt, on Alfalfa Queen 18th, 85100; 7th, R. L. Pem- berton, on Dolly, 68954. 206 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Junior Yearling Sow — 1st and 4th, Wickfield Farm, on Cherokee Pearl, 80802, and Fairy; 2d, Clayton Messenger, on Flora, 92020; 3d, T. C. Cole, on Lady Sig-net 4th, 72094; 5th and 6th, G. S. Erb, on Lady Lookout, 94190, and Empress Lady, 94192 ; 7th, R. L. Pemberton, on Sioux Queen 4th, 68936. Senior Sow Pig- — 1st and 2d, Wickfield Farm, on Lookout Starlight, 92094, and Lookout Twilight, 92092; 3d and 4th, Sioux Lady, 92024, and Sioux Lady 2d, 92022; 5th and 7th, Scudder Bros.; 6th, G. S. Erb, on Lady Bess, 94196. Junior Sow Pig — 1st and 3d, C. P. Paulsen, on Lady Cherokee 1st, 92954, and Cherokee Beauty, 91948; 2d, T. C. Cole; 4th, Scudder Bros.; 5th, Clayton Messenger, on Scottish Girl 10th, 92026 ; 6th and 7th, Wickfield Farm. Senior Champion Boar — Wickfield Farm, on Wickware, 37245. Junior Champion Boar — Harry Hoppley, on Homestake, 43111. Junior Champion llaiiipshiii; boar at the 1917 Iowa State Fair. Owned by Harry Hopley, Atlantic, Iowa. Grand Champion Boar — Wickfield Farm, on Wlickware Favorite, 37245. Senior Champion Sow — Lookout Girl, 77194. Junior Champion Sow — C. P. Paulsen, on Lady Cherokee 1st, 91954. Grand Champion Sow — Wickfield Farm, on Lookout Girl, 77194. Aged Herd — 1st and 3d, Wickfield Farm ; 2d and 4th, Clayton Messenger ; •5th, Scudder Bros.; 6th, R. L. Pemberton; 7th, Turner Bros. Aged Herd Bred by Exhibitor — 1st and 3d, Clayton Messenger; 2d, Wickfield Farm; 4th, R. L. Pemberton; 5th, Scudder Bros.; 6th, Turner Bros. Young Herd — 1st and 5th, Clayton Messenger; 2d and 6th, Wickfield Farm; 3d, C. P. Paulsen; 4th, S'cudder Bros.; 7th, T. C. Cole. Young; Herd Bred by Exhibitor — 1st and 4th, Clayton Messenger; 2d, C. P. Paulsen; 3d, Scudder Bros.; 5th, Wickfield Farm; 6th, T. C. Cole; 7th, R. L. Pemberton. Get of Sire — 1st and 3d, Wickfield Farm ; 2d and 4th, Clayton Messenger ; 5th, C. P. Paulsen ; 6th, Scudder Bros. ; 7th, R. L. Pemberton. Produce of Dam — 1st and 2d, Clayton Messeng-er; 3d, C. P. Paulsen; 4th, Wickfield Farm ; 5th, Scudder Bros. ; 6th, R. L. Pemberton ; 7th, T. C. Cole. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 207 HAMPSHIRE ADVOCATE SPECIAL. For Best Pair Pigs (Boar or Sow) Owned in Iowa — Clayton Messenger. AMERICAN HAMPSHIRE SWINE RECORD ASSOCIATION SPECIAL. AND IOWA HAMPSHIRE SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION SPECIAL. For Best Four Pigs Under 6 Months, Any Sex, Bred and Owned in Iowa — 1st, T. C. Cole ; 2d, Wickfield Farm ; 3d, E. L. Henke. IOWA HAMPSHIRE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION SPECIAL. For Best Boar Under 6 Months, Shown by Resident of Iowa — R. L. Penv berton. IOWA HAMPSHIRE SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION SPECIAL. For Best Sow Pig Under 6 Months, Shown by Resident of Iowa — Art Shaw. MULE FOOT. Exhibitors : J. W. Cox & Son, Arapahoe, Neb. ; F. S. Taylor, What Cheer, Iowa ; R. G. Long, Arcadia, Ohio. Judge N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo. Aged Boar — 1st, J. W. Cox & Son, on King A'ttractor, 60981 ; 2d, R. G. Long, ?d, F. S. Taylor, on Taylor's Corrector, 61593. Grand Champion Hampshire boar at the 1917 Iowa State Ftat. Owned by Wickfield Farms, Cantrill, Iowa. Senior Yearling Boar — 1st, F. S. Taylor, on Chief 2d, 61597 ; 2d, R. G. Long. Junior Yearling Boar — 1st and 2d, F. S. Taylor, on Col. Corrector, 61639, and Dairy Corrector, 62968 ; 3d, J. W. Cox & Son, on Chieftain, 61503. Senior Boar Pig — 1st and 2d, F. S. Taylor, on Corrector 3d, 61643, and Cor- rector 4th, 61641 ; 3d, R. G. Long; 4th and 5th, J. W. Cox & Son. Junior Boar Pig — 1st and 2d, F. S. Taylor; 3d, J. W. Cox & Son. Aged Sow — 1st, J. W. Cox & Son, on Big Giantess, 61242 ; 2d, R. G. Long ; 3d and 4th, F. S'. Taylor & Son, on Summer Beauty, 62932, and Sarson's Queen, 60818. 208 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Senior Yearling Sow — 1st, F. S. Taylor, on Darkness, 627SS ; 2d, J. W. Cox & Son ; 3d, R. G. Lonff. Junior Yearling- Sow — 1st and 3d, F. S. Taylor, on Corrector Lady 1st, 62958, nnd Corrector Lady 2d, 62956 ; 2d and 4th, J. W. Cox & Son, on African Lady, 62544, and Rose A., 62540; 5th, R. G. Long. Senior Sow Pig — 1st and 2d, F. S. Taylor, on Darkness Again, 629 60, and Black Bess, 62962; 3d and 4th,' R. G. Long; 5th, J. W. Cox & Son. Junior Sow Pig — 1st and 2d, F. S. Taylor; 3d, J. W. Cox & Son; 4th and 5th, R. G. Long. Senior Champion Boar — F. S. Taylor, on Col. Corrector, 61639. Senior Champion Sow — J. W. Cox & Son, on. Big Giantess, 612 42. Junior Champion Boar — F. S. Taylor, on Corrector 3d, 61643. Junior Champion Sow — F. S. Taylor, on Darkness Again, 629 60. Grand Champion Boar — F. S. Taylor. Grand Champion Sow — J. W. Cox & Son, on Big Giantess, 61242. Aged Herd Owned by Exhibitor — 1st and 3d, F. S. Taylor ; 2d, J. W. Cox ?r Richards, on A. Y. G. ; 4th, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2601. Ewe Under One Year — 1st, Richards & Richards, on W. N. Cook & S'on ; 2d, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2634 ; 3d and 4th, Watson Lovett. Ram, Any Age — Watson Lovett. Champion Ewe— Richards & Richards. Flock — 1st, Richards & Richards; 2d, Watson Lovett; 3d, A. J. Blakely & Son. Get of Sire— 1st, Watson Lovett ; 2d, A. J. Blakely & Son ; 3d, F. F. Warner &■ Son. IOWA SPECIAL, CLASS B. Ram Two Years or Over— 1st, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2450. Ram One Year Old, Under Two — 1st and 2d, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Etekely, 25C4, and A. J. Blakely, 2548 ; 3d, F. P. Warner & Son, on F. F. Warner. Ram Under One Year — ^Ist and 2d, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2618, and A. J. Blakely, 2620; 3d, F. F. Warner & Sons, on F. F. Warner. Ewe Two Years or Over — 1st and 2d, A. J. Blalvely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2458, and A. J. Blakely, 2459 ; 3d, F. F. Warner & Sons, on F. F. Warner. Ewe One Year Old, Under Three — 1st and 2d, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2601, and A. J. Blakely, 2574; 3d, F. F. Warner & So^s, on l'\ F. Warner. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 2d, A. J. Blakely & Sons, on A. J. Blakely, 2634, and A. J. Blakely, 2629; 3d, F. F. Warner & Sons, on F. F. Warner. Champion Ram — A. J. Blakely & Son. Champion Ewe — A. J. Blakely & Son. Flock — 1st, A. J. Blakely & Son ; 2d, P. F. Warner & Sons. Get of Sire — 1st, A. J. Blakely & Son ; 2d, F. F. Warner & Sons. CLASS C. Ram Two Years or Over — 1st and 2d, Watson Lovett ; 3d, A. J. Blakely «& Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2453 ; 4th, Joe W. Edgar, on Rail's 119. Ram One Year, Under Two — 1st and 2d, Watson Lovett ; 3d, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2542 ; 4th, Richards & Richards. Ram Under One Year — 1st and 3d, F. F. Warner & Sons, on F. F. Warner, and F. F. Warner ; 2d and 4th, Watson Lovett. Ewe Tvv'o Years or Over — 1st and 2d, Watson Lovett ; 3d, Richards & Rich- ards; 4th, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2461. Ewe One Year, Under Two^ — 1st and 4th, Watson Lovett ; 2d and 3d, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2578, and A. J. Blakely, 2575. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 2d, Watson Lovett ; 3d and 4th, A. J. Blakely & Son, on 2660, and A. J. Blakely 2628. Champion Ram — Watson Lovett. Champion Ewe — Watson Lovett. Flock — 1st, Watson Lovett; 2d, A. J. Blakely & Son; 3d, F. F. Warner & Sons. Get of Sire — 1st, Watson Lovett ; 2d, A. J. Blakely & Son ; 3d, F. F. Warner & Sons. 212 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IOWA SPECIALS. Ram Two Years or Over — 1st, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2453; 2d, Joe W. Edgar. Bam One Year Old and Under Two — 1st and 2d, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2542, and A. J. Blakely, 2570 ; 3d, F. F. Warner & Sons, on F. F. Warner. Ram Under One Year — 1st, F. F. Warner & Sons, on F. F. Warner ; 2d and 3d, A. J. Blakely & Sons, on A. J. Blakely, 2622, and A. J. Blakely, 2619. Ewe Two Years or Over — 1st and 3d, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2461, and A. J. Blakely, 2460 ; 2d, F. F. Warner & Sons, on F. F. "Warner. Ewe One Year Old, Under Two — 1st and 2d, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2678, and A. J. Blakely, 2575; 3d, F. F. Wamer & Sons, on F. F. Wiarner. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 2d, A. J. Blakely & Son, on A. J. Blakely, 2660, and A. J. Blakely, 2628 ; 3d, F. F. Warner & Sons, on F. F. Warner. Champion Ram — A. J. Blakely. Champion Ewe — A. J. Blakely. Flock — 1st, A. J. Blakely & Son; 2d, F. F. Warner & Sons; 3d, Joe W. Edgar. Get of Sire — 1st, A. J. Blakely & Son; 2d, F. F. Warner & Sons; 3a, Joe W. Edgar. RAMBOUILLETS. Ram Two Years or Over — 1st and 2d, F. S. King Bros. Co., on Wyo. Boy Jr., F. S. K. Co., 2471, and Welch 135, 82325. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — 1st and 2d, S. King' Bros. Co., on F. S. K. Co., 3051, and F. S. King Co., 3092. Ram Under One Year — 1st and 2d, F. S. King Bros. Co., on F. S. K. Co., 3760, and F. S. K. Co., 3759. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — 1st and 2d, F.. S. King Bros. Co., on F. S. K. Co., 1834, 78589, and F. S. K. Co., 1302, 71334. Ewe One Year Old, Under Two — 1st and 2d, F. S'. King Bros. Co., on F. S. K. Co., 3056, and F. S. K. Co., 3061. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 2d, F. S. King Bros. Co., on F. S. K. Co., 3780, and F. S. K. Co., 3782 ; 3d and 4th, C. S. Bratt. Champion Ram — King Bros. Co. Champion Ewe — King Bro.s. Co. Flock — F. S. King Bros. Co. Get of Sire — 1st, F. S. King Bros. Co. ; 2d, C. S. Bratt. COTSWOLD, OPEN CLASS. Ram Two Years Old and Over — 1st and 4th, Alex W. Arnold ; 2d and 3d, Richards & Richards, on Ferguson's 116, 79670, and Burton's 530, 81802. Ram One Year, Under Two — 1st, Alex W. Arnold ; 2d, Richards & Richards, on NewTTian 106; 3d and 4th, Joe Edgar, on Edgar's 226, 82937, and Edgar's 227, 82938. Ram Under One Year — 1st and 2d, Alex W. Arnold; 3d, Richards & Richards, on Badger Lad, 86596; 4th, Joe Edgar, on Edgar's 243, 86511. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — 1st, Richards & Richards, on A 15, 82996 ; 2d, Alex W. Arnold; 3d and 4th, Joe Edgar, on Edgar's 210, 79020, and Edgar's 206, 79016. Ewe One Year Old and LTnder Two — 1st and 3d, Alex W. Arnold; 2d, Rich- ards & Richards, on Campbell's 305, 83490; 4th, W. A. Taylor & Sons, on Maple Grove's 269, 83092. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 4th, Richards & Richards, on Game 8, and Campbell's 345, 86488; 2d and 3d, Alex W. Arnold. Champion Ram — Alex W. Arnold. Champion Ewe — Alex W. Arnold. Flock — 1st, Alex W. Arnold ; 2d, Richards & Richards ; 3d, Joe Edgar. Get of Sire — 1st, Alex W. Arnold; 2d, Joe Edgar; 3d, W. A. Taylor & Sons. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 213 IOWA SPECIAL. Ram Two Years Old or Over — 1st and 2d, Joe W. Edgar, on Edgar's 219, 81225, and Edgar's 214. Ram One Year Old, Under Two — 1st and 2d, Joe W. Edgar, on Edgar's 226. 82937, and Edgar's 227, 82938 ; 3d, W. A. Taylor & Son, on Maple Grove's 260, 83091. Ram Under One Year — 1st and 2d, Joe W. Edgar, on Edgar's 243, 86511, and Edgar's 238, 86506 ; 3d, W. A. Taylor & Son, on Maple Grove's 299. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — 1st and 2d, Joe W. Edgar, on Edgar's 210, 79020, and Edgar's 206, 79016; 3d, W. A. Taylor & Son, on Maple Grove's 225, 80285. Ewe One Year Old, Under Two — 1st and 3d, W. A. Taylor & Son, on Maple Grove's 269, 83092, and Maple Grove's 250, 83090 ; 2d and 4th, Joe W. Edgar, on Edgar's 230, 82941, and Edgar's 228, 82939. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 2d, Joe W. Edgar, on Edgar's 239, 86507, and Edgar's 245, 86513; 3d, W. A. Taylor & Son, on Maple Grove's 300., Champion Ram, — Joe W. Edgar, on Edgar's 226, 82929. Champion Ewe — Joe W. Edgar, on Edgar's 210, 79020. Flock — Joe W. Edgar. Get of Sire — 1st, Joe W. Edgar; 2d, W. A. Taylor & Sons. SPECIAL, PRIZE BY THE COTSWOLD REGISTRY ASSOCIATION. Get of Sire, Consisting of Four Lambs, Either Sex, Get of One Sire, Bred by Exhibitor in Iowa — 1st, Joe W. Edgar, on Edgar's 239, 86507 ; 2d, W. A. Taylor & Son, on Maple Grove 299. LINCOLNS AND LEICESTERS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — 1st, Alex W. Arnold, on 32047 ; 2d, E. Crall & Son, on Maclntyre's 5, 27646. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — Alex W. Arnold, on 32048. Ram Under One Year — 1st, Alex "W. Arnold, on 32051 ; 2d, Alex W. Arnold, on 32052. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — 1st and 2d, Alex W. Arnold, on 26421, and 26422 ; 3d, E. Crall & Son, on 23630. Ewe One Year Old, Under Two — 1st, E. Crall & Son, on Maple's 29730 ; 2d and 3d, Alex W. Arnold, on 32049, and 32054. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 2d, Alex Wl Arnold, on 32044, and 32050 ; 3d, E. Crall & Son, on Crall's 323. Champion Ram — A. W. Arnold, on 32048. Champion Ewe — A. W. Arnold. Flock — 1st, Alex W. Arnold ; 2d, E. Crall & Son. Get of Sire — Alex W. Arnold. HAMPSHIRE DOWNS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — 1st and 2d, Walnut Hall Farms, oni 17079, and 13894; 3d, E. L. Bitterman, on Ritchie Bros. 235, 18468; 4th, John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 1051, 17408 ; 5th, Alex W. Arnold. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — 1st and 2d, Walnut Hall Farms; 3d, Iowa State College, on I. S. C. 441, 19676; 4th, Alex W. Arnold; 5th, John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 1044, 18862. Ram Under One Year — 1st and 2d, Alex W. Arnold ; 3d and 4th, Walnut Hall Farms, on 21072, and 21140; 5th, E. L. Bitterman, on Bitterman's 100. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — 1st and 3d, Walnut Hall Farms, on 46267, and 33894; 2d and 5th, Alex W. Arnold; 4th, Iowa State College, on I. S. C. 337, 47218. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — 1st and 3d, Alex W. Arnold; 2d and 4th, Walnut Hall Farms, on 50142, and 50138 ; 5th, Iowa State College, on L S. C. 450, 47223. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 4th, Walnut Hall Farms, on 51579, and 51680 ; 2d, Iowa State College, on L S. C. 511; 3d and 5th, Alex W. Arnold. 214 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Champion Ram — A. W. Arnold. Champion Ewe — -Walnut Hall Farms, on 46267. Flock — 1st, Walnut Hall Farms ; 2d, Alex W. Arnold ; 3d, Iowa State College ; 4th, E. L.. Bitterman. Get of Sire — 1st, Walnut Hall Farms ; 2d, Alex W. Arnold ; 3d, John Graham & Sons ; 4th, E. L.. Bitterman. SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN HAMPSHIRE SHEEP ASSOCIATION. Flock Consisting of Two Yearling Ewes, Two Ewe Lambs and Ram, Any Age — John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 1042, 46408, Graham's 1041, 46407, Graham's 1163, 52349, Graham's 1162, 5234S, Graham's 1051, 17408. SHROPSHIRES, OPEN CLASS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — 1st and 3d, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfield's 198, 406831, and Eddingfield's Best Yet, 391747; 2d, C. W. Chandler, on Robin- son, 341276; 4th, A. T. Jones & Sons, on Bibby's Sensation, 439179. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — 1st, A. T. Jones & Sons, on 439183 ; 2d and 4th, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Valley Home Mine, 429289, and Biddy 7 ; 3d, C. W. Chandler. Ram Under One Year — 1st, Iowa State College, on I. S. C. 546, 438504 ; 2d and 4th, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfield's Major, 438420, and Eddingfield'gi Unicorn, 438422 ; 3d, J. S. Faucett & Son, on Faucett's Disturber, 4S9394. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — 1st and 3d, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfield's 218, 443913, and Shield's 440, 418992; 2d and 4th, A. T. Jones & Sons, on F. B. 382, 429392, and Choice Butter 300, 406470. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — 1st and 3d, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Valley Home Mischief 315, 423727, and 423729 ;' 2d and 4th, A. T. Jones & Sons, on F. B. 11, 448507, and A. T. Jones 253, 423823. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and, 3d, A. T. Jones & Sons, on Jones 473, 448519, and Jones 492, 448522; 2d, Iowa State College, on I. S. C. 548, 447705; 4th, E. L. Bitterman, on East View's Min. B. 908, 447613. Champion Ram — H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld 198, 406831. Champion Ewe — H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld 218, 443913. Flock — 1st, H. H. Eddingfleld; 2d, A. T. Jones & Sons; 3d, C. W. Chandler; 4th, E. L. Bitterman. Get of Sire— 1st, J. S. Faucett & Son; 2d, Iowa State College; 3d, H. D. Eddingfleld; 4th, C. W. Chandler. IOWA SPECIALS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — 1st, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld Best Yet, 391747 ; 2d, A. T. Jones & Sons, on West Minister Royal, 406469 ; 3d, C. W. Chandler, on Chandler's Rewarder, 437358 ; 4th, E. L. Bitterman, on Snow Down, 431119 ; 5th, J. S. Faucett & Son, on Spring Dale Model, 405967. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — 1st, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Valley Home Mine, 429289; 2d and 4th, C. W. Chandler, on Chandler's 1875, and Chandler's 1874; 3d, A. T. Jones & Sons, on A. T. Jones 418, 439179; 5th, J. A. Taylor, on J. A. Taylor 324, 428837. Ram Under One Year — 1st and 3d, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld's Major, 438420, and Eddingfield's Unicorn, 438422; 2d, J. S. Pawcett & Son, on Fawcett's Disturber, 439394; 4th and 5th, A. T. Jones & Sons, on Jones 493, 448523, and Jones 495, 448520. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — 1st, A. T. Jones & Sons, on Choice Butter 300, 406470; 2d, C. W. Chandler, on Chandler's Waucoma, 445948; 3d, J. L. Fawcett & Son, on Fawcett's 285, 376650; 4th, E. L. Bitterman, on East View 817, 431103; 5th, W. A. Taylor & Son, on Maple Grove 228, 392376. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — 1st, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Valley Home Mischief, 423727; 2d, A. T. Jones & Sons, on Jones 253, ,423823 ; 3d, J. A. Taylor, on J. A. Taylor 294, 428815; 4tli, C. W. Chandler, on Chandler's 1873, 447592; 5th, E. L. Bitterman, on East View Lottie, 422051. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 215 Ewe Under One Year — 1st, A. T. Jones & Sons, on Jones 492, 448517 ; 2d, E. L,. Bitterman, on East View's Miss B. 90S ; 3d, C. W. Chandler, on Chand- ler's 1860 ; 4th and 5th, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld's 510, 447629, Edding- field's 505, 44726. Champion Ram, Any Ag-e — H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld's Best Girl, 391747. Champion Ewe, Any Age — H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld's 307, 423729. Flock — 1st, H. D. Eddingfleld; 2d, E. L. Bitterman; 3d, A. T. Jones & Sons; 4th, C. W. Chandler; 5th, J. S. Fawcett & Son. Get of Sire — 1st, H. D. Eddingfleld; 2d, C. "W. Chandler; 3d, E. L. Bitter- man ; 4th, A. T. Jones & Sons ; 5th, J. A. Taylor. AMERICAN SHROPSHIRE REGISTRY ASSOCIATION SPECIAL. Ram Two Years Old or Over — ^Ist and 2d, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Edding'- fleld's 198, 406831, and Eddingfleld's Best Yet, 391747; 3d, A. T. Jones & Son, on West Minster Royal, 406469 ; 4th, C. W. Chandler, on Chandler's Reward, 437359 ; 5th, E. L. Bitterman, on Snow Down, 431119. Ram One Year, Under Two — 1st, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Valley Home Mine, 429289; 2d, C. W. Chandler, on Chandler's 1875, 438389; 3d, A. T. Jones & Sons, on A. T. Jones, 439179; 4th, C. W. Chandler, on Chandler's 1874, 438390; 5th, J. A. Taylor, on J. A. Taylor's 299, 422094. Ram Lamb — 1st and 3d, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld's Major, 438420, and Eddingfleld's Unicorn, 438422; 2d, J. S. Fawcett & Son, on Fawcetfs Dis- turber, 439394; 4th and 5th, A. T. Jones & Sons, on Jones 493, 448523, and Jones 495, 448520. Ewe One Year, Under Two — 1st and 2d, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Valley Home MLschief, 423727, and Valley Home Faye 423729; 3d, A. T. Jones & Sons, on Jones 253, 423823; 4th. J. A. Taylor, on J. A. Taylor 294, 428815; 5th, C. W. Chandler, on Chandler's 1873, 447592. Ewe Lamb — 1st and 2d, A. T. Jones & Son, on Jones 473, 448519, and Jones 492, 448517; 3d, E. L. Bitterman, on Earl Van Min. B. 90S, 447G13 ; 4th, C. W. Chandler, on Chandler's 1860, 447603; 5th, H. D. Eddingfleld, on Edding- fleld 505, 447629. Champion Ram — H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld's Best Girl, 391747. Champion Ewe — H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld's 307, 423729. Pen, Four Lambs — 1st, J. S. Fawcett & Son, on 447610, 438394, 438398. 438396 ; 2d, H. D. Eddingfleld, on 438420, 438422, 447629, 447626; 3d, C. W. Chandler, on 438529, 447604, 438528, 447603; 4th, E. L. Bitterman, on 447613, 447615, 447614, 447612; 5th, A. T. Jones & Son, on 448517, 448519, 44S515, 448520. Pen, Three Yearling Ewes — 1st, H. D. Eddingfleld, on 423727, 423929, 429292; 2d, E. L. Bitterman, on 422053, 422015, 422055; 3d, J. A. Taylor, on 428840, 428831, 428815; 4th, C. W. Chandler, on 447592, 447594, 447596. Pen, Three Yearling Rams — l.st, H. D. Eddingfleld, on 429289, 438415, 43S414; 2d, C. W. Chandler, on 438492, 438384, 438390; 3d, G. L. Bitterman, on 422050, 422057, 422046; 4th, J. A. Taylor, on 422099, 428830, 428837., Best Show of His Own Breeding to Exhibitor Never Having Exhibited at the Iowa State Fair — Holmes Bros. SPECIAL OFFERED BY IOWA SHROPSHIRE ASSOCIATION. Ten Shropshire Ewes, Any Age, Owned and Bred by Exhibitor — H. D. JSd- dingfleld, on Valley Home Mischief, 423727, Valley Home Missie, 423728, "Valley Home Faye, 423729, Valley Home True, 429290, Valley Home Violet, 423725, Eddingfleld 303, 447630, Eddingfleld 322, 447634, Eddingfleld 324, 447631, Ed- dingfleld 352, 447633, Valley Home Margy, 429292. IOWA SWEEP STAKES. Best Ram, All Mutton Breeds — H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld 198, 406831. Best Ewe, All Mutton Breeds — H. D. Eddingfleld, on Eddingfleld 218, 443913. 216 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OXFORDS, OPEN CLASS. Ram Two Years or Over — 1st, Iowa State College, on Bruce 65 of 1915, 70881 ; 2d, John Graham & Son, on Graham's 994, 69665 ; 3d and 5th, C. C. Croxen, on 75358, and 71401 ; 4th, John Graham & Son, on McKerrows Rumbo, 69133. Ram One Year, Under Two — 1st and 4th, John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 1055, 75304, and Graham's 1130; 2d, Richards & Richards, on W. H. 281, 79761; 3d, C. C. Croxen; 5th, P. H. Osen, on Osen's 101, 75649. Ram Under One Year — 1st, C. C. Croxen, on 79779 ; 2d and 3d, John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 1143, 80037, and Graham's 1144. 80035; 4th and 5th, iRLchards & Richards, on R. of S. 1389, 79765, and R. of S. 14O0, 76766. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — 1st and 4th, John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 1023, 71470, and Graham's 990, 68265 ; 2d and 3d, Iowa State College, on I. S. C. 108, 69813, and I. S. C. 109, 69817; 5th, Richards & Richards, on R. of S. 1198, 75450. Ewe One Year Old, Under Two — 1st and 4th, Iowa State College, on I. S. C. 408, 76573, and I. S. C. 453, 76568; 2d, C. C. Croxen; 3d, John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 1140; 5th, Richards & Richards, on R. of S. 1355, 79762. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 3d, John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 1145, 80034, and Graham's 1146, 80033; 2d and 5th, C. C. Croxen on 79780, and 79781; 4th, Richards & Richards, on R. of S. 1382, 79763. Champion Ram, Any Age — Iowa State College on Bruce 65 of 1915, 70881. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Iowa State College on I. S. C. 408. 76573. Flock — 1st, Iowa State College; 2d, John Graham & Sons; 3d, Richards & Richards; 4th, C. C. Croxen. Get of Sire — 1st, John Graham & Sons ; 2d, Richards & Richards ; 3d, C. C. Croxen ; 4 th, F. H. Osen. IOWA SPECIALS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — 1st and 3d, John Graham & Sons, on Gra- ham's 994, 69665, and Graham's 974, 68271 ; 2d and 4th, C. C. Croxen, on 75358 and 71401. Ram One Year, Under Two — 1st and 4th, C. C. Croxen, on 75364 and 75353 ; 2d, John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 1055 ; 3d, F. H. Osen, on Osen's 101, 75649. Ram Under One Year — 1st and 2d, John Graham & Sons, on Graliam's 1143, and Graham's 1144; 3d and 4th, C. C. Croxen. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — 1st and 4th, John Graham & Sons, on Gra- ham's 990, 68265, and Graham's 1023, 71470; 2d and 3d, F. H. Osen, on Simenton 183, 75644, and Osen's 43, 75632. Ewe One Year, Under Two — 1st, John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 1140'; 2d, F. H. Osen on Osen's 91, 75646; 3d and 4th, C. C. Croxen on 75359, and 75365. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 3d, C. C. Croxen ; 2d, John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 1145; 4th, F. H. Osen on Osen's 117. Champion Ram, Any Age — John Graham & Son. Champion Ewe, Any Age — John Graham & Sons, on Graham's 990, 68265. Flock — 1st, John Graham & Son ; 2d, C. C. Croxen ; 3d, F. H. Osen. Get of Sire — 1st, C. C. Croxen ; 2d, John Graham & Sons ; 3d, F. H. Osen. SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY OXFORD RECORD ASSOCIATION. Best Yearling Ram — 1st, John Graham & Son, on Graham's 1055, 75304 ; 2d, C. C. Croxen, on Maple Grove 113, 75364. Best Yearling Ewe — 1st, John Graham & Son's, on Graham's 1140, 80028 ; 2d, F. H. Osen on F. H. Osen 99, 75646. Best Pen Four Lambs, Either Sex — 1st, John Graham' & Sons, on Graham's 1145 80031, Graham's 1136 80034, Graham's 1138 80037, Graham's 1135 80033; 2d, C. C. Croxen, on Maple Grove 422 79779, Maple Grove 127 79769, Maple Grove 146 79781, Maple Grove 147 79780. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 217 SOUTHDOWNS. Ram Two Years Oid or Over — 1st, Iowa State College on L. D. R. No. 3 of 1915, 33800; 2d, R. F. Fantz on Fantz 57, 31003; 3d and 5th, J. A. Taylor, on Goodwood 411, 31634, and J. A. Taylor 4, 32754; 4th, Alex W. Arnold. Ram One Year, Under Two — 1st and 3d, E. L. Bitterman, on Fantz' 110, 33926, and Fantz' 108, 33924 ; 2d, J. A. Taylor, on J. A. Taylor 6, 33936 ; 4th, Alex W. Arnold; 5th, R. F. Fantz, on Fantz 109, 33925. Ram Under One Year — 1st and 2d, Iowa State College, on I. S. C. 516, and I. S. C. 512; 3d, J. A. Taylor, on J. A. Taylor 14; 4th, Alex W. Arnold; 5th, E. Li. Bitterman, on Bitterman's 28. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — 1st, Iowa State College, on Chivetry 700 of 1914, 31536 ; 2d, E. L. Bitterman, on Fantz 102, 31008 ; 3d. Alex W. Arnold. Ewe One Year Old, Under Two — 1st, Iowa State College ; 2d, Iowa State College, on I. S. C. 399, 34425 ; 3d, Alex W. Arnold ; 4th, E. L.. Bitterman, on Fantz 102, 33928 ; 5th, E. L. Bitterman. Ewe Under One Year — 1st, Iowa State College, on I. S. C. 509, 35403; 2d, Iowa State College, on I. S. C. 508, 35402; third, Alex W. Arnold; 4th and 5th, E. Li. Bitterman, on Miss Sweetness and Sweet Miss. Champion Ram, Any Age — Iowa State College, on L. D. R. No. 3 of 1915, 33800. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Iowa State College, on I. S. C. 509, 35403. Flock — 1st, Iowa State College ; 2d, Alex "W. Arnold ; 3d, E. L.. Bitterman. Get of Sire — 1st, Iowa State College ; 2d, E. L. Bitterman ; 3d, Alex W. Arnold. DORSETS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — E. Crall & Son, on Mohr's 458, 17801. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — E. Crall & Son, on Crall's 183. Ram Under One Year — 1st, E. Crall & Son, on Crall's 318 ; 2d, E. Crall & Son, on Crall's 319. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — E. Crall & Son, on Miner's 1749, 17554. Ewe One Year, Under Two — E. Crall & Son, on Crall's 181. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 2d, E. Crall & Son, on Crall's 322, and Crall's 321. Champion Ram, Any Age — E. Crall & Son. Champion Ewe, Any Age — E. Crall & Son. Flock — E. Crall & Son. Get of Sire— E. Crall & Son. CHEVIOTS. Ram Two Years or Over — 1st, W. A. Taylor & Son, on Illingtonian 480, 8930 ; 2d, E. Crall & Son, on Crall's 243, 8509 ; 3d, A. W. Arnold. Ram One Year, Under Two — First, E. Crall & Son, on Crall's 271. 9646; 2d, A. W. Arnold; 3d, W. A. Taylor & Son, on Maple Grove's 270, 9460. Ram Under One Year — 1st, W. A. Taylor, on Maple Grove 293 ; 2d, A. W. Arnold; 3d, E. Crall & Son, on Crall's 337. Ewe Two Years Old, or Over — 1st, W. A. Taylor on Lady Illingtonian 468, 8927; 2d, A. W. Arnold; 3d, E. Crall & Son . Ewe One Year Old, Under Two — 1st and 3d, W. A. Taylor and Son, on Maple Grove's 236, 9459, and Maple Grove's 235, 9458 ; 2d, E. Crall & Son, on Crall's 272, 8548. Ewe Under One Year — 1st and 2d, E. Crall & Son, on Crall's 325, and Crall's 326 ; 3d, A. W. Arnold. Champion Ram, Any Age — W. A. Taylor & Son, on Illingtonian 480, 8930. Champion Ewe — W. A. Taylor & Son. Flock — 1st, W. A. Taylor & Sons ; 2d, E. Crall & Son ; 3d, A. W. Arnold. Get of Sire — First, E. Crall & Son; 2d, W. A. Taylor & Son; 3d, A. W. Arnold. ANGORA GOATS. All awards won by J. A. Taylor. 218 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE WOOL EXHIBIT. Long Wool Fleece — 1st, 2d and 5th, W. A. Taylor & Son; 3d and 4tli, Joe W. Edgar. Medium Wool — l.?t and 2d, C. C. Croxen ; 3d, L. F. Randolph ; 4th and 5th, W. A. Taylor & Son. Fine Wool — 1st and 2d, F. F. Wiarner & Sons; 3d and 4th, J. F. Warner; 5th, L. F. Randolph. S'weepstakes— F. F. Warner & Sons. SHEEP SHEARING CONTEST. With Power Machine by Professional — 1st, Carl Brady, Knoxville, Iowa; 2d, Fred Peasley, Indianola, Iowa ; 3d, E. C. Pyles, Union, Iowa. With Hand Shears by Professional — 1st, E. C. Pyles, Union, Iowa; 2d, Earl Brady, Knoxville, Iowa. With Power Machine by Amateurs — 1st, Edward G. Uhl, Ames, Iowa; 2d, John Graham & Sons, Eldora, Iowa ; 3d, Chas. Brown, Des Moines, Iowa ; 4th, Paul Spotts, Nora Springs, Iowa. With Hand Shears by Amateurs — 1st, J. P. Graham, Eldora, Iowa ; 2d, W. A. Taylor & Sons, Ames, Iowa ; 3d, Edward G. Uhl, Ames, Iowa. With Power Machine by Boy Under Fifteen Years — 1st, Day Peasley, In- dianola, Iowa. POULTRY DEPARTMENT. Superintendent C. H. Tribby, Mt. Pleasant. AMERICAN BREED. AWARDS. ( F. H. Shellabaroer, AVest Liberty, la. J Joseph Dagle. Richland, la. •^"""'^^ I D. E. Hale, Chicago, 111. L Glen Richards, LeGrand, la. Best Cockerel American Class^Silver Loving Cud. White Wyandotte Cockerel — Beatrice Mansfield, Altoona, la. Best Pullet American Class — Silver Loving Cup. White Plymouth Rock — C. F. Stanghton, Cambridge, 111. ; Geo. F. White, Altoona, Iowa. Flock — 1 — (96, 498, 487, 403, 457, 490, 444, 784, 476, 497, 461). Flock — 2 — Wyandottes, Any Variety — 1st, V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; 2d, Beatrice Mansfield, Altoona, Iowa. Flock, Rhode Island Red — 1st, J. H. Hemmerling, Waterloo, Iowa; 2d, Red- bird Farms & Hatchery, Des Moines, Iowa. Barred Plymouth Rock, Cockerel Bred Cock— 1st, F. J. Rettenmaier, Carroll, Iowa, (73) ; 2d, Carpenter & Anderson, Indianola, Iowa, (34) ; 3d, Crescent Poultry Farm, Des Moines, Iowa, (53). Barred Plymouth Rock Cockerel, Cockerel Bred — 1st, F. J. Rettenmaier, Car- roll, Iowa, (75) ; 2d, J. H. Dwight, Des Moines, Iowa, (21) ; 3d, J. F. Harsh, New Virginia, Iowa, (106). Barred Plymouth Rock Hen, Cockerel Bred — 1st, J. H. Dwight, (30) ; 2d, M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa, (47) ; 3d, Carl Wiggins, Prairie City, Iowa, (40). Barred Plymouth Rock Pullet, Cockerel Bred — 1st, E. W. Collins, Mt. Pleas- ant, Iowa, (62) ; 2d, Carl Wiggins, (43) ; 3d, Carl Wiggins, (42). Barred Plymouth Rock Fowls (Pen), Cockerel Bred — 1st, Carpenter & Ander- son, Indianola, Iowa, 56, 163, 347, 167, 149 ; 2d, Carl Wiggins, 33, 34, 30, 31, 32 ; 3d, Adolph Richti, Newton, Iowa, 10, 17, 19, 2 5, 16. Barred Plymouth Rock Chicks (Fen), Cockerel Bred— 1st, Allenberger Bros., Ankeny, Iowa, 2, 8, 16, 20, 24; 2d, Carl Wiggins, 38, 39, 35, 36, 37; 3d, Allenberger Bros., Ankeny, Iowa, 9, 13, 17, 21, 23. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 219 Barred Plymouth Rock Cock, Pullet Bred — 1st, John Peterson, Randell, Iowa, 990; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farm, 99; 3d, M. H. Buck, 56. Barred Plymouth Rock Cockerel (Pullet Bred) — 1st and 3d, John Peterson, Randall, Iowa, 982, 983 ; 2d, L. E. Wilson, Eagle Grove, Iowa, 250. Barred Plymouth Rock Hen (Pullet Bred) — 1st, L. E. Wilson, 245; 2d, Allen- berger Bros., 6 ; 3d, F. J. Rettenmaier, 64. Barred Plj-mouth Rock Pullet (Pullet Bred) — 1st, Adolph Ruchti, Newton, Iowa, 6; 2d, L. E. Wilson, 126; 3d, John Peterson, Randall, Iowa, 235. Barred Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen Fowls, Pullet Bred — 1st, Adolph Ruchti. 40, 2, 14, 42, 50 ; 2d, Harley Hunt, Woodbine, 20, 21, 17, 18, 19 ; 3d, J. F. Harsh, New Virginia, Iowa. 163, 178, 3.93, 100, 177. Barred Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen Chicks, Pullet Bred — 1st, Adolph Ruchti, Newton. Iowa, 12, 21, 20, 10, 11 ; 2d, J. F. Harsh, 140, 117, 158, 193, 189 ; 3d, John Peterson, 239, 240, 985, 237, 238. WHITE PLYMOUTH ROCK. Cock — 1st and' 3d, C. F. Stoughton, Cambridge, 111., 180, 176 ; 2d, N. C. Lu-sk, Des Moines, Iowa, 40. Cockerel — 1st and 2d, C. F. Stoughton, Cambridge, 111., 173, 161 ; 3d, J. R. Griffieon, Mitchellville, Iowa, 2. Hen — 1st, John C. Ingwersen, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, 13 ; 2d, Scudder Bros., 116 ; 3d, C. F. Stoughton, 184. Pullet — 1st and 2d, C. F. Stoughton, 185, 198; 3d, N. C. Lusk, 104. Pen Fowls — 1st, Scudder Bros., Doniphan, Neb., 149, 145, 101, 1296, 141; 2d, J. C. Ingwersen, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, 16, 1, 18, 4. 14. Pen ChickS' — Scudder Bros., 126, 134, 144, 102, 135. BUFF PLYMOUTH ROCK. Cock — 1st and 2d, Crescent PouUry Farm, 938, 739 ; 3d, Peter Hove, Stanhope, Iowa, 50. Cockerel- — 1st, Hanson Farms, Dean, Iowa, 198 ; 2d, Peter Hove, Stanhope, Iowa, 457. Hen — 1st, Peter Hove, 25 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farm. 309. Pullet — 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms 80, 78 ; 3d, Peter Hove, 408. Pen Fowls — Peter Hove, 431, 429, 19, 26, 447. Pen Chicks — Peter Hove, 44, 466, 40, 474, 0. PARTRIDGE PLYMOUTH ROCK. Cock — 1st and 3d, Taylor Bros., Cambridge, III., 2, 4 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farm, 505. Cockerel — 1st and 2d, Taylor Bros., 9, 13. Hen — 1st and 3d, Crescent Poultry Farm, 516 and 532 ; 2d, Taylor Bros., 9. Pullet — 1st and 2d, Taylor Bros., 718, 16. SILVER WYANDOTTE. Cock — 1st, A. & E. Tarbox, Yorkville, 111., 296 ; 2d, V. G. Warner, Bloomr field, Iowa, 28 ; 3d, Mrs. A. J. Palmer, State Center, Iowa, 450. Cockerel — 1st and 2d, V. G. Wlarner, 99, 98 ; 3d, J. H. Todd, Villisca, Iowa, 56. Hen — 1st, V. G. Warner, 97 ; 2d, A. & E. Tarbox, 303 ; 3d, M. H. Buck, 162. Pullet — 1st and 3d, V. G. Warner, 94, 95 ; 2d, A. L. Anderson, Indianol'a Iowa 148. . Pen Fowls — 1st, V. G. Warner, 92, 93, 56, 90, 91; 2d, A. & E. Tarbox, 307 309, 308, 305, 306 ; 3d, Crescent Poultry Farm. Pen Chicks — 1st, A. & E. Tarbox, 313, 314, 310, 311, 312; 2d, V. G. Warner, 87, 88, 89, 85, 86; 3d, Mrs. A. J. Palmer, State Center, Iowa' 487 408 474 484. 485. ■ ... 220 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE GOLDEN WYANDOTTE. Cock — 1st, A. L. Anderson, 137 ; 2d, V. G. Warner, 28. Cockerel — 1st and 2d and 3d, A. L. Anderson, 132, 143, 146. Hen — 1st and 3d, A. L. Anderson, 105, 106 ; 2d, V. G. Warner, 64. Pullet — 1st, 2d and 3d, A. L. Anderson, 135, 136, 150. Pen Fowls — 1st, Crescent Poultry Farm; 2d, V. G. Warner, 71, 72, 32, 60, 79 ; 3d, A, L. Anderson, 128, 126, 145, 144. Pen Chicks — 1st, A. L. Anderson, 140, 133, 131, 147, 127. WHITE WYANDOTTE. Cock — 1st, C. H. Frame, Villisca, Iowa, 14 ; 2d, Beatrice Mansfield, 94 ; 3d, Crescent Poultry Farm, 546. Cockerel — 1st, Beatrice Mansfield, Altoona, Iowa, 65 ; 2d, M. L.. Boat, Pella, Iowa, 71. Hen — 1st, Beatrice Mansfield, 15 ; 2d and 3d, M. L. Boat, 37, 10. Pullet — 1st and 2d — Beatrice Mansfield, 428, 372. Pen Fowls — 1st, M. L. Boat, 69, 95, 101, 79, 37 ; 2d, Beatrice Mansfield, 22, 24, 20, 42, 21. Pen Chicks — 1st, Beatrice Mansfield, 375, 344, 66, 347, 374. BUFF WYANDOTTE. Cock — 1st, V. G. Warner, 37. Hen — 1st, V. G. Warner, 70; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farm, 256. Pen Fowls — 1st, V. G. Warner, 83. BLACK WYANDOTTE. Cock — 1st, Hanson Farms, Dean, Iowa, 76. Hen — 1st, Hanson Farms, 88. PARTRIDGE WYANDOTTE. Cock — 1st and 2d, Crescent Poultry Farm, 521, 523 ; 3d, F. E. Fifield. Wood- bine, Iowa, 122. Cockerel — 1st, F. E. Fifield, Woodbine, Iowa, 24. Hen — 1st, V. G. Warner, 88 ; 2d and 3d, Crescent Poultry Farm, 504, 25. Pullet — 1st and 2d, F. E. Fifield, 18, 16. Pen Fowls — 1st, Crescent Poultry Farm. SILVER PENCILED WYANDOTTE. Cock — 1st and 2, V. G. Warner, 44, 73. Cockerel — 1st, Hanson Farms, 27 ; 2d and 3d, V. G. Warner, 65, 66. Hen— 1st, 2d and 3d, V. G. Warner, 71, 72, 70. Pullet— 1st, 2d and 3d, V. G. Warner, 69, 68, 67. COLUMBIAN WYANDOTTE. Cock — 1st, Claus Gode, Williamsburg', Iowa, 9 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, Dean, Iowa, 62 ; 3d, Crescent Poultry Farm, 549. Cockerel — 1st and 2d, Claus Gode, 81, 25 ; 3d, Hanson Farms, 7. Hen — 1st, Crescent Poultry Farm, 331 ; 2d and 3d, Claus Gode, 126, 127. Pullet — 1st, Hanson Farms, 67. BLACK JAVA. Cock — 1st, Crescent Farm. Cockerel — 1st, Crescent Farm. Hen — Crescent Poultry Farm. MOTTLED JAVA. Crescent Poultry Farm, all awards. Cock, 511; Hen, 1st, 282; 2d, 315. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 221 ROSE COMB DOMINIQUES. Crescent Poultry Farm, all awards. 1st, Cockerel ; Hen, 1st, 0 ; 2cl, 529 ; Pullet, 1st, 288. SINGLE COMB RHODE ISLAND RED. Cock — 1st, W. W. Moore, Pleasanton, Iowa, 84 ; 2d, Dana Wagner, Des Moines, 243 ; 3d, Hull & Price, Des Moines, 7. Cockerel — 1st, J. B. Thomas, Hampton, Iowa, 78 ; 2d, G. F. Wisecup, Wood- ward, Iowa, 200; 3d, Hull & Price, 11. Hen — 1st and 2d, Hull & Price, 10, 9 ; 3d, F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa. Pullet — l.st, J. H. Dwight, Des Moines, 1 ; 2d, J. B. Thomas, Hampton, Iowa, 74 ; 3d, G. F. Winecup, Woodward, Iowa, 190. Pen Fowls — 1st, H. J. Hemmerling, Waterloo, Iowa, 7010, 7100, 2276, 7016, 8594; 2d, B. S. Long, Little Sioux, Iowa, 73, 27, 63, 55, 44; 3d, J. C. Ash, Nor- walk, Iowa, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. Pen Chicks — 1st, Hull & Price, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ; 2d, W. W. Moore, Pleasanton, 72, 47, 58, 53, 28. ROSE COMB RHODE ISLAND RED. Cock — 1st, C. A. Romigh, Omaha, Neb., 6742 ; 2d and 3d, Mrs. Blanch Dougherty, Norwich, Iowa, 20, 19. Cockerel — 1st and 3d, C. A. Romeigh, 8, 6 ; 2d, Mrs. B. Dougherty, 77. Hen — 1st and 2d, Roy D. Brown, Sheffield, Iowa, 300, 997; 3d, Mrs. B. Dougherty, 85. Pullet — 1st. Roy D. Brown, Sheffield, Iowa, 804; 2d, C. A. Romigh, 17; 3d, Mrs. B. Dougherty, 93. BUCKEYE. All awards to Hanson Farms, Dean, Iowa. Cock, 28, 29 ; Cockerel, 42, 56 ; Hen, 43, 70; Pullet, 66, 46. ASIATIC CLASS NO. 73. Best Cockerel — Crescent Poultry Farm, 701, Silver Loving Cup. Best Pullet — Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa, 69, Silver Loving' Cup. LIGHT BRAHMA. Cock — 1st, Crescent Farm, 924 ; 2d, Weir Hart, 44 ; 3d, Hanson Farm, 72. Cockerel — 1st, Crescent Farm, 701. Hen — 1st, Weir Hart, 50 ; 2d and 3d. Crescent Farm, 1, 749. Pullet — 1st and 2d, Weir Hart, 75, 69. Pen Fowls — Weir Hart, 77, 80, 72, 79, 96 ; 2d, Crescent Farms. Pen Chicks — l.st and 3d, Chas. R. Daniel, Ridgeway, Mo., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. DARK BRAHMA. Cock — 1st, 2d and 3d, Crescent Farm, 744, 915, 0. Cockerel — 1st, Crescent Farm, 941. Hen — 1st, 2d and 3d, Crescent Farm, 525, 746. Pullet — 1st, Hanson Farm, 69. BUFF COCHIN. Crescent Poultry Farm, Des Moines, Iowa, all awards. Cock, 1st, 914; Hen,. 1st, 2d and 3d; Pen Fowls, 1st. PARTRIDGE COCHIN. Cock — 1st and 2d, Crescent Farm, 929, 946. Hen — 1st, Hanson Farms, 75; 2d and 3d, Crescent Farm, 540, 544. WHITE COCHIN. Cock — 1st and 2d, Crescent Farms, 928, 949. Hen — 1st, Hanson Farms, 74 ; 2d and 3d, Crescent Farm, 522, 542. 222 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLACK CQCHIN. Hen — 1st and 3d, Crescent Farms, 588, 537 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 5. BLACK LANGSHANS. Cock — 1st, Geo. W. Garvin, Mt. Pleasant, 36 ; 2d, Crescent Farms, 423. Cockerel — 1st and 2d, Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa, 68, 84 ; 3d, Geo. "W. Garvin, 90. Hen — 1st, Crescent Poultry Farm, 562; 2d, Geo. W. Garvin, Mt. Pleasant, 95; 3d, Weir Hart, 94. Pullet — 1st, Geo. W. Garvin, 85. Pen Fowls — 1st, Geo. W. Garvin, 94, 50, 89, 163, 10. Pen Chicks — Weir Hart, 83, 78, 91, 52, 46. WHITE LANGSHANS. Cock — 1st, Weir Hart, 62 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 48. Cockerel — 1st, 2d and 3d, Weir Hart, 20, 55, 74. Hen — 1st, Weir Hart, 24; 2d, Hanson Farms, 2613; 3d. Crescent Farms, 34. Pullet — 1st and 3d, Weir Hart, 71, 68 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 2. ORIENTAL GAMES AND BANTAMS. GOLDEN SEABRIGHT. Cock — l.st, Crescent Fanr^s, 63 ; 2d, R. E. Roup, Ames, Iowa, 2. Cockerel — 1st, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Hen — 1st, Crescent Farms, 52 ; 2d, R. C. Roup, Ames, 7. Pullet— 1st, F. L. Reinhard & Sons. SILVER SEABRIGHT. Cock — 1st, Erie Smiley, 22. Hen — 1st,. Erie Smiley, 8. WHITE ROSE COMB. All awards Earl Smiley, Utica, Neb. Cock, 41, S2 ; Hen, 43, 79. BLACK ROSE COMB. Cock — 1st and 2d, Frank Harris, Des Moine-s, 45, 46. Cockerel — 1st and 2d, Frank Harris, 35, 84. Hen — 1st, Frank Harris, 97 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farm, 8. Pullet — 1st and 2d, Frank Harris, 6 and 9. WH:ITE BOOTED. Erie Smiley, all awards. Cock, 11665, 52; Hen, 435, 26. LIGHT BRAHMA. Cock — 1st, Erie Smiley, Utica. Neb., 252 ; 2d, Crescent Farms, 305. Hen — 1st, M. H. Buck, 59 ; 2d, Crescent Farms, 192. DARK BRAHMA. All awards to Erie Smiley. Cock, 79, 94; Cockerel, 286, 271; Hen, 76, 1331; Pullet, 269, 251. BUFF COCHIN. Cock — 1st, Hanson Farms, 25 ; 2d, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Cockerel — 1st, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Hen— 1st, Hanson Farms; 2d, Crescent Farms, 217. Pullet — 1st, Hanson Farms, 32 ; 2d, F. L. Reinhard & Sons. PARTRIDGE COCHIN. Cock — 1st, Hanson Farms, 77 ; 2d, Crescent Farms, 30fi. Hen — 1st, Beryl Parks, Des Moines, Iowa; 2d, Crescent Farms, 163. Pullet— 1st, Hanson Farms, 34. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 223 WHITE COCHIN. Cock — 1st, Hanson Farms, 7 ; 2tl, Crescent Farms, 302. Hen — 1st, Hanson Farms, 20 ; 2d, Crescent Farms, 191. BLACK COCHIN. Cock — 1st, Hanson Farms, 13 ; 2(3, Crescent Farms, 328. Cockerel — 1st, Hanson Farms, 5 ; 2d, Frank Harris, 28. Hen — 1st, Hanson Farms, 69 ; 2d, Reinhard & Sons. Pullet — 1st, Hanson Farms, 66. BLACK TAILED JAPANESE. Cock — 1st and 2d, Crescent Farms, 156, 186. Cockerel — 1st, Hanson Farms, 91. Hen — 1st and 2d, Crescent Farms, 181, 72. Pullet — 1st, Hanson Farms, 18. WHITE JAPANESE. Cock — Isti Hanson Farms, 47 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 179. Hen — 1st, Hanson Farms, 3922 ; 2d, Crescent Farms. BLACK JAPANESE. Cock — 1st, Hanson Farms, 100. Hen — 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms, 8, 35. BEARDED WHITE POLISH. Cock — 1st and 2d, Hanson Farm, 71, 59. Hen — 1st and 2d, Hanson Farm, 98, 5. BUFF LACED POLISH. All awards Hanson Farms. Cock, 1, 33 ; Hen, 43, 3. NON-BEARDED POLISH. All awards Hanson Farms. Cock, 1st, 54 ; 2d, 77 ; Hen, 30, 7G. WHITE PEKIN DUCKS. Old Drake — 1st and 3d, V. G. Warner, 67, 39 ; 2d, Scudder Bros., 8131. Young Drake — 1st, V. G. Warner, 40 ; 2d and 3d, Scudder Bros., 110, 147. Old Duck — 1st, Scudder Bros., 8148 ; 2d, C. D. Warren, Altoona, 21 ; 3d, V. G. Warner, 64. Young Duck — 1st and 3d, V. G. Warner, 29, 38 ; 2d, Scudder Bros., 136. WHITE AYLESBURY. All awards to Hanson Farms. Young Drake, 44, 60 ; Young Duck, 89, 38. COLORED ROUEN. All awards to Hanson Fanns. Young Drake, 26, 50 ; Old Duck, 36 ; Young Duck, 34. 55. BLACK CAYUGA. Old Drake — 1st, R. C. West, 4 ; 2d and 3d, Hanson Farms, 82, 35. Old Duck — 1st and 3d, R. C. West, 50. 20; 2d, Hanson Farms,' 36. GRAY CALL All Awards to Hanson Farms. Old Drake, 27, 28; Young Drake, 32, 34; Old Duck, 33, 30; Young Duck, 37, 46. WHITE CALL All Awards to Hanson Farms. Young Drake, 34 ; Old Duck, 42, 26 ; Young Duck, 49, 48. 224 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLACK EAST INDIA All Awards to Hanson Farms. Old Drake 50, 45 ; Old Duck, 43, 47. WHITE CRESTED All Awards Hanson Farms. Old Drake, 31; Young Drake, 41; Old Duck, 275, 277; Young' Duck, 39, 38. COLORED MUSCOVY. Old Drake — 1st, R. E. West, 21 ; 2d, M. C. Buck, 154 ; 3d, Hanson Farms 40. Old Duck, — 1st, M. H. Buck, 87 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 44 ; 3d, R. E. West, 2. WHITE MUSCOVY All Awards — Hanson Farms. FAWN AND WHITE INDIAN RUNNER Old Drake — 1st and 2d F. L. Reinhard & Son, 41, 33 ; 3, W. W. Moore, 46. Young Drake — 1st and 2d, F. L. Reinhard & Son; 3d, W. W. Moore, 37. Old Duck — 1st and 2d, F. L. Reinhard & Son ; 3d, W. W. Moore,. 16. Young Duck — 1st and 2d, F. L. Reinhard & Son; 3d, Mrs. C. D. Hunt, 14. WHITE INDIAN RUNNER Old Drake — 1st. Hanson Farms, 284; 2d and 3d, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Young Drake — 1st and 2d, Reinhard & Son. Old Duck — 1st and 2d, F. L. Reinhard & Son; 3d, C. D. Warren, 124. Young Duck — 1st and 2d, F. L. Reinhard & Son. BLUE SWEDISH All Awards to Hanson Farms. Old Drake, 50 ; Young Drake, 49 ; Old Duck, ; Young Duck, 43. GRAY TOULOUSE GEESE Old Gander — 1st, Hanson Farms, 45 ; 2d, City View Farm, 20 ; 3d, Crescent Poultry Farms. Young Gander — 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms, 37, 36 ; 3d, City View Farm, Des Moines, 19. Old Goose — 1st, Arthur Dearinger, Reasnor, la., 63 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farm; 3d, Hanson Farms, 33. Young Goose — 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms, 40, 41. WHITE EMBDEN GEESE. Old Gander — 1st and 3d, O. C. Bierma, 171, 153 ; 2d, Crescent Farm. Young- Gander — 1st and 3d, Scudder Bros., 119, 123 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 39, Old Goose — 1st, Scudder Bros., 124 ; 2d and 3d, O. C. Bierma, 164, 39. Young Goose — 1st and 3d, Hanson Farms, 35, 38 ; 2d, Scudder Bros., 128. GRAY AFRICAN Old Gander — 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms, 32, 28. Young Gander — Hanson Farms, 1st, 27. Old Goose — Hanson Farms, 2d and 3d. 1st, R. E. West, 45. Young' Goose — 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms, 26, 92. Brown Chinese. BROWN CHINESE. All Awards to Hanson Farms. Old Gander, 97, SS ; Young Gander, 91 ; Old Goose, 90; Young Goose. WHITE CHINESE. Old Gander — 1st, F. L. Reinhard & Son; 2d and 3d, Hanson Farms, 397, 17. Young Gander — 1st, Hanson Farms, 83 ; 2d, F. L. Reinhard & Sons. Old Goose — 1st, Hanson Farms, 398; 2d, F. L. Reinhard & Sons; 3d, Crescent Poultry Farms. Young Goose — 1st, F. L. Reinhard & Sons ; 2d and 3d, Planson Farms. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 225 GRAY WILD OR CANADIAN GEESE. All Awards to Hanson Farm. Old Gander, 406, S2, 100; Young Gander, 70, 78 : Old Goo.se, 393, 403. MEDITERRANEAN. Best Cockerel — Silver Loving Cup, 1st, H. & H. Kinley, Florence, Neb., 119 Best Pullet— 1st, H. & H. Kinley, 157. Flock, Any Variety — 1st, J. M. Williamson, Des Moines, la., (255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266) ; 2d, C. D. Joslin, Holsteln, la., (8, 9. 10, 11, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) ; 3d, Albert R. Rice, Waverly, la., (7, 2, 27, 35, 3, 6, 7, 5, 1, 15, 26). SINGLE COMB BROWN LEGHORN COCK. 1st, W. O. Coon, Des Moines, la., 1 ; 2d, TV^ O. Coon, Des Moines, la., 3 ; 3d, W. O. Coon, Des Moines, la., 2. SINGLE COMB BROWN LEGHORN CKL. 1st, Hanson Farms, Dean, la., 24 ; 2nd, W. O. Coons, 6 ; 3d, Bonnie H. Lun- non, Des Moines, la., 9. SINGLE COMB BROWN LEGHORN HEN. 1st, Bonnie H. Lunnon, 2 ; 2nd and 3d, Bonnie H. Dunnon, 8, 1. SINGLE COMB BROWN LEGHORN PULLET. 1st, Hanson Farm.s, 82 ; 2d, Albert R. Rice, 11 ; 3d, Bonnie H. Lunnon, 12. SINGLE COMB BROWN LEGHORN PEN OF FOWLS. 1st, W. O. Coons. (10, 11, 12, 13, 14; 2nd, Frank Keats, Des Moines, Ta., (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); 3. W. O. Coons, (15, 16, 17, 18, 19). SINGLE COMB BROWN LEGHORN PEN OF CHICKS. 1st, Bonnie H. Lunnon, (14, 15, 16, 17, 18). ROSE COMB BROWN LEGHORN COCK. 1st, Albert R. Rice, 381; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, Des Moines, la., 535; 3d, C. D. Joslin, 17. ROSE COMB BROWN LEGHORN COCKEREL. 1st, C. D. Joslin, 12; 2d, Albert R. Rice, 28; 3d, Albert R. Rice, 29. ROSE COMB BROWN LEGHORN HEN. 1st, 2d, and 3d, Albert R. Rice, (467, 456, 452). ROSE COMB BROWN LEGHORN PULLET. 1st, 2d and 3d, Albert R. Rice, (39, 41, 46). SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN COCK. 1st, H. E. Williamson, Dubuque, la., 122 ; 2nd, Hyperion White Leghorn Farm, Des Moines, la., 6 ; 3d, H. & H. Kinley, 107. SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN COCKEREL. 1st, 2d and 3d, H. E. Williamson, 186, 166, 150. SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN HEN. 1st and 2d, Heylig'er De Windt, Oconomowoc, Wis., 454, 452 ; 3d, A. G. Thompson, Central City, Nebr., 7. SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN PULLET. 1st, H. & H. Kinley, 157; 2d, H. E. Williamson, 54; 3d, Hyperion White Leg- horn Farm, 15. 15 226 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN PEN OF FOWLS. 1st, H. & H. Kinley, 111, 141, 143, 145. 147; 2d. .1. M. Williamson, 2.')4, 269, 251, 252, 253; 3d, Hyperion Wliite Lesliorn Farm, IG. 17, IS, 19, 20. SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN PEN OF CHICKS. 1st, H. & H. Kinley, 119, 193, 195. 197, 199; 2d, Hyperion Wliite Leg- horn Farm, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25; 3d, A. G. Thompson, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. ROSE COMB WHITE LEGHORN COCK 1st, Hanson Farm, 292 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 742. ROSE COMB WHITE LEGHORN COCKEREL 1st, 2d and 3d, Hanson Poultry Farms, 281, 77, 87. ROSE COMB WHITE LEGHORN HEN. 1st, Hanson FaiTns, 264; 2d and 3d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 203, 222. ROSE COMB -WHITE LEGHORN PULLETS. 1st, 2d and 3d, Hanson Farms, 280, 287, 95. SINGLE COMB BUFF LEGHORN COCK. 1st and 3d, Clifford A. Barr, Lincoln, Nebr., 4, 5 ; 2d, O. E. Ingle, Bondurant, la., 25. SINGLE COMB BUFF LEGHORN COCKEREL. 1st and 3d, Mrs. H. Hoskins, Fairfield, la., 40, 43 ; 2d, Otto Timm, Ben- nington, Nebr., 75. SINGLE COMB BUFF LEGHORN HEN. 1st and 2d, O. E. Ingle, 26, 28 ; 3d, Otto Timm, 22. SINGLE COMB BUFF LEGHORN PULLET 1st, Clifford A. Barr, 15 ; 2d, Otto Timm, 9 ; 3d, Mrs. H. Hosking, 50. SINGLE COMB BUFF LEGHORN PEN OF FOWLS. 1st, Clifford A. Barr, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. SINGLE COMB BUFF LEGHORN PEN OF CHICKS 1st, Otto Timm, 14, 20, 14, 81, 19; 2d, Mrs. H. Hosking, 34, 33, 32, 39, 36; 3d, Otto Timm, 77, 18, 12, 19, 17. SINGLE COMB BLACK LEGHORN COCK. 1st Hanson Farms, 79 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 327. SINGLE COMB BLACK LEGHORN COCKEREL. 1st, Hanson Farms, 92. SINGLE COMB BLACK LEGHORN HEN. 1st, Hanson Farms, 9 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 199 ; 3d, F. L. Rein- hard & Sons, Ottumwa, la. SICILIAN BUTTERCUP HEN. 1st and 2d, Grace M. Heald, Des Moines, la, 5, 6. SINGLE COMB BLACK MINORCA COCKEREL 1st and 3d, G. Groom, Altoona, la., 21, 22. SINGLE COMB BLACK MINORCA HEN 1st, A. B. Porter, Mt. Pleasant, la., 199 ; 2d, G. Groom, 20. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 227 SINGLE COMB BLACK MINORCA PULLET 1st and 2d, G. Groom, 24, 23 ; 3d, T. L. Jones, Boone, la., 52. SINGLE COMB BLACK MINORCA PEN OF FOWLS. 1st, T. L. Jones, 4, 19, 6, 71687, 20. ROSE COMB BLACK MINORCA HEN. 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms, 137, 82. ROSE COMB BLACK MINORCA PULLET 1st, F. L. Reinhardt & Sons. SINGLE COMB WHITE MINORCA HEN. 1st, Hanson Farms, 42. W. F. BLACK SPANISH COCKEREL. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms . BLUE ANDALUSIAN COCK. 1, Hanson Farms, 100; 2d and 3d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 526, 214. ist, Hanson Farms, 71 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 325. BLUE ANDALUSIAN COCKEREL. 1st, Hanson Farms, 71 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 325. BLUE ANDALUSIAN HEN. 1st and 3d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 341, 194; 2d, Hanson Farms, G4915. MOTTLED ANCONA COCK. 1st, Mrs. W. O. DeMoss, Des Moines, la., 6 ; 2d, Mrs. H. H. Mugge, Des Moines, la., 77. MOTTLED ANCONA COCKEREL. 1st and 2d, Mrs. H H. Mugge, 74, 75 ; 3d, Mrs. W. O. DeMoss, 186. MOTTLED ANCONA HEN. 1st, Mrs. H. H. Mugge, 76 ; 2d, Mrs. W. O. DeMoss, 136 ; 3d, Hanson Farms, 83. MOTTLED ANCONA PULLET 1, Mrs. Mugge, 72 ; 2d and 3d, Mrs. W. O. DeMoss, 155, 157. SILVER CAMPINE COCK. 1st, O. L. Beeks, Des Moines, la., 61. SILVER CAMPINE COCKEREL. 1st, O. L. Beeks, 1. SILVER CAMPINE HEN. 1, O. L. Beeks, 67; 2d and 3d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 319, 295. SILVER CAMPINE PULLETS 1st, 2d and 3d, O. L. Beeks, 4, 6, 8. ENGLISH CLASS. BEST COCKEREL. Silver Loving Cup — 1st, Dr. G. H. Humphrey, Woodbine, la.. Black Orping- ton Cockerel, 22. BEST PULLET. Silver Loving Cup — 1st, Dr. G. H. Humphrey, Woodbine, la., Black Orping- ton Pullet, 20. 228 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WHITE DORKING COCK. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms,—. WHITE DORKING HEN. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, — . SILVER GREY DORKING HEN. 1st and 2d, Handson Farms, 65, 135. ROSE COMB RED CAP COCK. 1st and 3d, Crescent Poultry Farms, — ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 11. ROSE COMB RED CAP HEN. 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms, 52, 71. ROSE COMB RED CAP PULLET 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms, 58, 91. RED SUSSEX COCK. 1st, A. & E. Tarbox, Yorkville, 111., 315. RED SUSSEX COCKEREL. 1st, A. & E. Tarbox, 316; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 713. RED SUSSEX HEN. 1st, A. & E. Tarbox, 317. RED SUSSEX PEN OF CHICKS. 1st, A. & E. Tarbox, 327, 328, 324, 325, 326. SPECKLED SUSSEX COCK. 1st, A. & E. Tarbox, 329 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 4. SPECKLED SUSSEX COCKEREL. 1st, A. & D. E. Tarbox, 330. SPECKLED SUSSEX HEN. 1st, Geo. W. Garvin, Mt. Pleasant, la., 82 ; 2d, A. & E. Tarbox, 331. SPECKLED SUSSEX PULLET. 1st, A. & E. Tarbox, 332. SPECKLED SUSSEX PEN OF FOWLS. 1st, A. & E. Tarbox, 336, 337, 333, 3^4, 335. SPECKLED SUSSEX PEN OF CHICKS 1st, A. & E. Tarbox, 338, 339, 440, 441, 442. SINGLE COMB BUFF ORPINGTON COCK. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 911 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 1 ; 3d, B. C. Pyles, Union, la., 37. SINGLE COMB BUFF ORPINGTON COCKEREL. 1st, O. M. Brown, Slater, la., 397. SINGLE COMB BUFF ORPINGTON HEN. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 510; 2d and 3d, O. M. Brown, 363, 354. SINGLE COMB BUFF ORPINGTON PULLET. 1st and 3d, P. L. Scott, Mason City, la., 15, 16; 2d, O. M. Brown, 353. SINGLE COMB BUFF ORPINGTON PEN OF CHICKS. 1st, W. C. Dow, Davenport, la., 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 229 SINGLE COMB BLACK ORPINGTON COCK. 1st and 2d, O. M. Brown, 388, 395; 3d, Dr. G. H. Humphrey, 21. SINGLE COMB BLACK ORPINGTON COCKEREL 1st, Dr. G. H. Humphrey, 22; 2d, O. M. Brown, 374 ; 3d, F. L. Reinhard & Son — . SINGLE COMB BLACK ORPINGTON HEN. 1st and 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 501 ; 3d, O. M. Brown, 360. BLACK ORPINGTON PULLET. 1st, Dr. G. H. Humphrey, 20 ; 2d, F. L. Reinhard & Son, 169 ; 3d, O. M. Brown, 386. SINGLE COMB BLACK ORPINGTON PEN OF FOWLS. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms — . SINGLE COMB WHITE ORPINGTON COCK. 1st, W. M. Servis, Garden Grove, la., 59179 ; 2d, City View Farms, Des Moines, la., 13. SINGLE COMB WHITE ORPINGTON COCKEREL . 1st, Walker Orpington Yards. "Wliat Cheer, la., 10; 2d, W. N. Servis, 59168; 3d, W. H. Dunn, Altoona, la., 27. SINGLE COMB WHITE ORPINGTON HEN. 1st, W. N. Servis, 3761 ; 2d, City View Farm, 73. SINGLE COMB WHITE ORPINGTON PEN OF CHICKS. 1st, W. N. Servis, 3793, 3769, 3753, 59181, 37923; 2d, Howard Sage, 654, 685, 652, 661, 4 ; 3d, City View Farm, 17, 16, 18, 19, 20. SINGLE COMB BLUE ORPINGTON COCK. 1st, Walker Oi-pington Yards, 1. SINGLE COMB BLUE ORPINGTON HEN. 1st, Walker Orpington Yards, 2; 2d and 3d, Crescent Poultry Farm.s, 343, 334. DARK CORNISH COCK. 1st, Hanson Farms, 27; 2d and 3d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 548, 339. DARK CORNISH HEN. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 349 ; 2d and 3d, Hanson Farms, 80, 98. DARK CORNISH PULLET. 1st, Hanson Farms, 13. DARK CORNISH PEN OF FOWLS. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms. WHITE CORNISH COCK. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 530. WHITE CORNISH HEN. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 31 ; 2d and 3d, Hanson Farms, 11, 49. DUTCH CLASS. GOLDEN PENCILED HAMBURG HEN. 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms, 99, 94. 230 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SILVER SPANGLED HAMBURG COCK. 1st and 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms. 866, 865. SILVER SPANGLED HAMBURG HEN. 1st and 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 868, 867. SILVER SPANGLED HAMBURG PULLET. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 157. WHITE HAMBURG. Hanson Farms, all awards; leg band Nos. 86, 46, 87. BLACK HAMBURG. Crescent Poultry farms, all awards, 348, 188. MOTTLED HOUDAN COCK. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 322 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 42. MOTTLED HOUDAN COCKEREL. 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms, 40 and 41. MOTTLED HOUDAN HENS. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 14 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 38. POLISH CLASS. W. C. BLACK POLISH COCK. 1st, Hanson Farms, 81. W. C. BLACK POLISH HEN. 1st and 2d, Hanson Farms, 76, G 5087. BEARDED GOLDEN POLISH. All awards, Hanson Fanns, 6, 79, 35, 91. BEARDED SILVER POLISH. Hanson Farms, all awards, 78, 88. BEARDED WHITE POLISH. Hanson Farms, all awards, 95, 7, 99, 98, 6, 84. BUFF LACED POLISH. Hanson Farms, all awards, 65, 98, 82, 4. NON-BEARDED GOLDEN POLISH. Hanson Farms, all awards, 90, 96. NON-BEARDED SILVER POLISH. Hanson Farms, all awards, 31, 83, 63, 73, 230. NON-BEARDED WHITE POLISH. Hanson Farms, all awards, 93, 34, 56, 39, 89, 87. ORIENTAL GAMES. BLACK SUMATRA COCK. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 313 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 39. BLACK SUMATRA HEN. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 174 ; 2d, Hanson Farms, 51. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 231 BLACK BREASTED RED MALAY. Hanson Farms, all awards, 520. 92, 99, G 70S3, 47. GyVME BANTAMS. BLACK BREASTED RED GAME COCK. 1st, Mrs. Frank Harris, Des Moines, 183 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 195. BLACK BREASTED RED GAME COCKEREL. 1st, Mrs. Frank Harris, 2. BLACK BREASTED RED GAME HEN. 1st, Erie Smiley, Utica, Neb., 59; 2cl, Mrs. Frank Harris, 17. BLACK BREASTED RED GAME PULLETS. 1st and 2d, Mrs. Frank Harris, 3, 4. BROWN RED GAME HEN. 1st, Erie Smiley, 16. GOLDEN DUCK WING COCK. 1st and 2d, Erie Smiley, 63, 49. GOLDEN DUCK WING COCKEREL. 1st and 2d, Erie Smiley, 23, 12. GOLDEN DUCK WING HEN. 1st and 2d, Erie Smiley, 5, 97. GOLDEN DUCK WING PULLET. 1st, Erie Smiley, 50 ; 2d, Siie Smiley, 17. SILVER DUCK WING COCKEREL. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 152 ; 2d, Erie Smiley, 83. SILVER DUCK WING HEX. 1st, Erie Smiley, 2; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 173. BIRCHEN BANTAMS. Erie Smiley, all awards, 75, 15, 87, 48, 22. RED PYLE. Erie Smiley, all awards, 59, 10, 37, 81. WHITE GAMES. Erie Smiley, all awards, 84, 60, 90, 21. BLACK GAMES BANTAM COCK. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms, 155. BLACK GAME BANTAM HEN. 1st, Erie Smiley, 94 ; 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms, 21. TURKEYS. BRONZE TURKEY COCK. 1st, Mrs. Jesse McMahan, Black Wfater, Mo., 1. BRONZE TURKEY COCKEREL. 1st and 2d, Mrs. Jesse McMahan, 174, 163. BRONZE TURKEY HEN. 1st, Mrs. Jesse McMahan, 59. / 232 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUFF TURKEY COCK. 1st, W. F. Lyon. Pleasantville, la., 3; 2d, J. U. Walker, Swan, la., 1. BUFF TURKEY HEN. 1st, J. U. Walker, Swan, la., 1. MISCELLANEOUS. WHITE SILKIES. All awards, Crescent Poultry Farms, 297, 29S. WHITE SULTAN. All awards, Hanson Farms. ANY VARIETY OF CAPONS. 1st, Hanson Poultry Farms, 79; 2d, C. D. Warren, ■ Altoona, la., 12; 3d. C. H. Frame, 25. PIGEONS. PAIR OF HOMING. 1st and 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms. PAIR OF FANTAILS. 1st, Crescent Poultry Farms; 2d, Virginia' Wagner, Des Moines, la. PAIR OF POUTER PIGEONS. 1st and 2d, Crescent Poultry Farms. PAIR OF SWALLOW PIGEONS. 1st, F. L. Rinehard & Sons. PAIR OF TURBET PIGEONS. 1st, F. L. Rinehard. AGRICULTURAL AWARDS. Superintendent F. E. Sheldon, Mount Ayr CORN. Judge Willard Zeller NORTHERN DISTRICT. Ten Ears Yellow — 1st, J. Fred Brunk, Sheldon : 2d, W. N. Wayne, Nashua ; 3d, J. W. Bennett, Janesville ; 4th, Ellsworth Harker, Spirit Lake ; 5th, Isaac Johnson, West Union ; 6th, H. U. Arthur & Son, Spirit Lake. Ten Ears White — 1st, R. W. Butterfield, Irvington ; 2d, J. Emmet Laughlin, Waukon ; 3d, Frank Harker, Milford ; 4th, R. B. Brown, Inwood ; 5th, H. U. Arthur & Sons ; 6th, A. M. Avery, Mason City. Single Ear Yellow — 1st, J. Fred Brunk; 2d, Ellsworth Harker; 3d, H. U. Arthur & Sons ; 4th, Isaac Johnson. Single Ear White — 1st, E. R. Maudsley, Burt ; 2d, J. Emmet Laughlin ; 3d, H." U. Arthur & Sons ; 4th, Wm. McArthur, Mason City. NORTH CENTRAL DISTRICT. Ten Ears Yellow — 1st, H. E. Brown & Sons, Salix ; 2d, J. W. Eral, Fort Dodge ; 3d, Emanuel Peterson, Harcourt ; 4th, John Kramer, Elkader ; 5tli, W. J. Irving, Webster City ; 6th, I. M. Holder. Laurens ; 7th, E. B. Glenny. Union ; 8th, Eral Bros., Pocahontas. Ten Ears White — 1st, J. W. Eral ; 2d, Emanuel Peterson ; 3d, Eral Bros. ; 4th,. C. K. Grier, Monticello ; 5th, W. J. Irving ; 6th, V. E. Gustafson, Harcourt ; 7th, P. M. Peterson; Sth, E. B. Glenny. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 233 Single Ear Yellow — 1st, R. W. Wilson, Newell ; 2.1. P. M. Peterson : 3d, John Kramer : 4th, Eral Bros. ; 5th, Emanuel Peterson ; 6tli, E. B. Glenny. Single Ear White — 1st, C. K. Grier ; 2d, Eral Bros.: 3d, W. J. Ir\-ing ; 4th. P. M. Peterson : 5th, J. W. Eral ; 6th, Henry George, West Union. SOUTH CENTRAL DISTRICT. Ten Ears Yellow — 1st, Thos. Finnigan, Guthrie Center ; lid, John H. Allman, Altoona ; 3d, John Justice, Ankeny ; 4th, F. E. Proudflt, Altoona ; 5th, Victor Felter, Des Moines ; 6th, Carl Holden, Williamsburg ; 7th, S. L. Farlow, Ankeny ; 8th, W. O. Knapp, Guthrie Center; 9th, C. G. Seiberling, Mitchellville ; 10th, Roy E. Proudflt, Adelphi. Ten Ears White — 1st, W. F. Otcheck, Grinnell ; 2d, W. O. Knapp, Guthiie Center ; 3d, John Justice ; 4th, Earl Knapp, Monteith ; 5th, Paul Kern, Dallas Center; 6th, Matt Baker, Mitchellville: Tth, Mrs. N. J. Harris, Des Moines; 8th, Wm. Danner, Dallas Center; 9th, Victor Felter; 10th, N. Leon Harris, Des Moines. Single Ear Yellow — 1st, E. L. Peterson, Mitchellville; 2d, Matt Baker; 3d, F. E. Proudfltt ; 4th, F. J. Horning, Slater ; 5th, Carl Holden ; 6th, Harry N. Webster, Runnells ; 7th, John H. Allman ; eighth, John Finnigan ; 9th, J. D. Hays, Persia; 10th, W. F. Otcheck. Single Ear White — 1st, John Ju.stice ; 2d, W. O. Knapp: 3d, Paul Kern: 4th. W. F. Otcheck ; 5th, Earl Knapp : 6th, W. R. Smith ; Tth, Mrs. M. J. Harris ; 8th. Victor Felter. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Ten Ears Yellow — 1st, Elmer Reed, New London ; 2d, Wayne W. Polk, Sid- ney ; 3d, J. Leslie Reed, Olds ; 4th, Mack Utterback, Sigourney ; 5th, Arch Huston, Olds; 6th, Krizer Bros.; 8th, John Nau & Son, Middleton ; 9th, J. A. Mason, Carlisle ; 10th, Ray Redfern-, Yarmouth. Ten Ears White — 1st, Elmer Reed; 2d, W. W. Ettleman, Percival ; 3 1, Ludarl Bengf ton. Essex ; 4th, Wayne W. Polk, Sidney ; 5th, Mintle Bros., Glenwood ; 6th, Amos Bailey & Son; Tth, J. Leslie Reed: 8th, Lenus Hagglund ; 9th, John Nau & Son. Single Ear Yellow — 1st, J. A. Mason ; 2d, Arch Huston : 3d, J. Leslie Reed ; 4th, Mack Utterback ; 5th, Krizer Bros. ; 6th, Carl Head, Danville : 7th, AmiOS Bailey & Son; 8th, Ray Redfern; 9th, S. A. Shetterly, Hartford: 10th, Elmer Reed. Single Ear White — 1st, Ludard Bengston. NORTHERN AND NORTH CENTRAL DISTRICT. Ten Ears other than Yellow or White — 1st, Emanuel Peterson ; 2d, P. M. Peterson ; 3d, Ellsworth Harker ; 4th, J. W. Bennett ; 5th, Henry George. Single Ear other than Yellow or White — 1st. Henry George ; 2d, Emanuel Peterson ; 3d, Isaac Johnson ; 4th, F. A. Van Antwerp, Garrison ; 5th, P. M. Peterson. SOUTH CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Ten Ears other than Yellow or White — First, Guy Coon, Carlisle ; 2d, yV- F. Otcheck ; 3d, P. M. Parson, Carlisle ; 4th, J. W. Coon. Single Ear other than Yellow or White — 1st, Wayne W. Polk, Sidney; 2d, W. F. Otcheck; 3d, Ray Redfern; 4th, John Justice; 5th, P. M. Parsons. SWEEPSTAKES. Ten Ears Yellow — Thos. Finnigan. Ten Ears White — Elmer Reed. Ten Ears other than Yellow or White — Guy Coon. Single Ear Yellow — J. A. Mason. Single Ear White — John Justice. Single Ear other than Yellow or White — Henry George. 234 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GRAND SWEEPSTAKES. Ten Ears, Any Variety — Thos. Finnigan. Single Ear, any Variety — J. A. Mason. SWEET CORN AND POP CORN. Ten Ears Small Early Sweet Corn — 1st, J. L. Todd, Des Moines; 2d, Clifford Cornwell, Ankeny ; 3d, Elmer Reed, New London ; 4th, J. E. Cornwell, Ankeny ; 5th, Lee S. Magill, Atlantic. Ten Ears Late Sweet Corn — 1st, Elmer Reed ; 2d, J. T. McCannon, Ames ; 3d, Stouder & Douglass, Ames ; 4th, Arch Huston ; 5th, J. L. Todd, Des Moines. Ten Ears White Rioe Pop Corn — 1st, D. W. Bruns ; 2d, E. R. Maudsley ; 3d, Ray Redfern ; 4th, J. L. Todd : 5th, Elmer Reed. Ten Ears, Any Other Variety, Pop Corn — 1st, J. L. Todd, 2d, J. M. William- son ; 3d, E. E. Wilcox; 4th, J. U. Walker: 5th, Elmer Reed. GRAIN AND SEEDS. Judges L. C. Burnett and H. L. Eichling Winter Wheat — 1st, Harry Graves, Williamsburg; 2d, W. F. Otcheck ; 3d, Paul Peters ; 4th, B. F. Howard, Ankeny ; 5th, Robert H. Griffith ; 6th, Ed Stuart. Spring Wheat — 1st, C. K. Greer; 2d, Carl Holden ; 3d, E. M. Wtilson, Panora ; 4th, Ray Redfern ; 5th, J. E. Fosher, Pleasantville ; 6th, W. F. Otcheck. Small Early Oats — 1st, J. M. Maxwell & Sen, Crawfordsville ; 2d, Fred McCulloch ; 3d, O. A. Decker, Adelphi ; 4th, Emanuel Peterson; 5th, John Nau & Son ; 6th, Carl Holden. Swedish Type Oats — 1st, Harry Graves; 2d. W. P. Otcheck; 3d, Elmer Reed; 4th, Roland Hildreth, Alleman ; 5th, W. J. Irving; 6th, Emanuel Peterson. Large Colored Oats^ — 1st, W^. F. Otcheck; 2d, E. E. Wilcox, Rolfe ; 3d, J. F. ■^''arner, Bloomfleld ; 4th, C. E. Malone, Atlantic. Silver Mine Type Oats — 1st, Harry Graves ; 2d, W. F. Otcheck ; 3d, Ray Redfern; 4th, B. F. Howard; 5th, W. J. Snider; 6th, J. U. Walker. Rye — 1st, Ray Redfern ; 2d, J. U. Walker ; 3d, E. E. Wilcox ; 4th, W. W. Freel. Barley — 1st, W. F. Otcheck ; 2d. Fred McCuHoch ; 3d, E. M. Wilson ; 4th, Ray Redfern ; 5th, W. W. Freel. Speltz — 1st, E. M. Wilson; 2d, E. E. Wilcox; 3d, W. F. Otcheck. Buckwheat — 1st, J. L Todd: 2d, Mrs. Geo. M. Grinstead ; 3d, Ed Stewart. Timothy Seed — 1st, J. E. Cornwell; 2d, Carl Holden: 3d, W. F. Otcheck; 4th, J. F. Warner; 5th, Ray Redfern. Red Clover Seed — 1st, D. W. Bruns ; 2d. A. E. Johnson ; 3d, Harry Graves ; 4th, C. E. Malone; 5th, Bruns & Sons. Millet Seed — 1st, J. L. Todd ; 2d, D. W. Bruns : 3d, C. E. Malone. Flax Seed — 1st, E. E. Wilcox ; 2d, J. L. Todd ; 3d, C. E. Malone. GRASS AND FORAGE. Judges L. C. Burnett and H. L. Eiohling Timothy Sheaf (hay) — 1st, A. L. Plummer ; 2d, W, F. Otcheck; 3d, E. E. Wilcox. Red Top Sheaf (hay) — 1st, Carl Holden; 2d, E. E. Wilcox; 3d, Joe Kramer. Medium Red Clover Sheaf (hay) — 1st, Ray Redfern; 2d, Carl Holden; 3d, Elmer Reed. Mammoth Red Clover Sheaf (hay) — 1st, Carl Holden. Alsike Clover Sheaf (hay) — 1st. F. L Reinhart & Son. Ottumwa ; 2d, W. F. Otcheck ; 3d, C. E. Malone. Alfalfa Clover Sheaf (hay) — 1st, A. L. Plumriier ; 2d, John Justice; 3d, W. F. Otcheck ; 4th, E. E. Wilcox. Millet Sheaf (hay) — 1st, A. L. Plummer; 2d, W, F. Otcheck ; Sd,^ W, S. MathewB, Danville, EIGHTEENTFI ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 235 Blue Grass Sheaf (hay) — 1st, W. F. Otcheck ; 2d. J. U. Walker; 3d, S. H. Stamm, Aurelia. SHEAF GRAIN. Judges L. C. Burnett and H. L. Eichling W,heat in Straw (spring) — 1st, Elmer Reed; 2d, Ray Redfern ; 3d, W. F. Otcheck ; 4th, John Justice ; 5th, M. F. Sims. Wheat in Straw (winter) — 1st, W. F. Otcheck; 2d. E'.mer Reed; 3d, C. E. Malone. Barley in Straw — 1st. Ray Redfern ; 2d, W. F. Otcheck ; 3d, S. H. Stamm. Oats in Straw (early) — 1st, Fred McCulloch ; 2d, Ray Redfern; 3d, W. F. Otcheck. Oats in Straw (late) — 1st, W. F. Otcheck; 2d, Fred McCulloch; 3d, S. H. Stamm. Rye in Straw — 1st, Elmer Reed : 2d, W. F. Otcheck ; 3d, C. E. Malone. Flax for Seed — 1st, E. M. Wil.son ; 2d. E. E. Wilcox ; 3d, W. F. Otcheck. Ripe Millet for Seed — 1st, E. M. Wilson; 2d, A. H. Bakehouse, Sigourney ; 3d, C. E. Malone, Atlantic. Speltz — 1st. W. F. Otcheck ; 2d, C. E. Malone ; 3d, J. U. Walker. Timothy Sheaf (for seed) — 1st, F. L. Rinehart & Son; 2d, Joe Kramer; 3d, Walter H. Plows, Chariton. Blue Grass Sheaf (seed) — 1st, Ray Redfern; 2d, W. F. Otcheck; 3d, J. U. Walker. POTATOES. Judge Walter H. Plows Early Ohio — 1st, W. R. Smith. Dallas Center ; 2d, O. Osborn Maxwell ; 3d, W. F. Otcheck ; 4th, Chas. N. Pink ; 5th, Bruns & Son. Bliss Triumph — 1st, A. L. Plummer ; 2d, Seister Bros., Des Moines ; 3d, James Heathershaw, Des Moines ; 4th, J. U. Walker ; 5th, Chas. N. Pink. Irish Cobbler — 1st, A. L. Plummer ; 2d, Bruns & Sons ; 3d, C. H. True, Edgewood ; 4th, Wilford McClannahan, Mitchellville ; 5th, Seister Bros. Seneca Beauty — 1st, Seister Bros. ; 2d, James Heathershaw ; 3d, W. F. Otcheck; 4th, Chas. N. Pink; 5th, W. E. Utterback. Bonanza — 1st, Seister Bros. ; 2d, Chas. N. Pink ; 3d, Jas. Heathershaw ; 4th, W. E. Utterback ; 5th, Cyrus E. Harvey. Rural New Yorker — 1st, W. E. Utterback ; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3 J, Chas. N. Pink ; 4th, A. L. Plummer ; 5th, Stouder & Doublass. Any Meritorious Variety Not Listed Above — 1st, Chas. N. Pink ; 2d, O. Osborn ; 3d, W. F. Otcheck. SWEEPSTAKES. Best Tray Potatoes, Any Variety — W. R. Smith, Dallas Center. MISCELLANEOUS. Collection to consist of at Least Ten Varieties — 1st, Chas. N. Pink ; 2d, W. E. Utterback ; 3d, Seister Bros. ; 4th, Bruns & Son ; 5th, A. L. Plummer. SWEET POTATOES. Red Jersey — 1st, James Heathershaw ; 2d, H. RolUnson, Des Moines ; 3d, Chas. N. Pink. Yellow — 1st, Seister Bros. ; 2d, Jas. Heathershaw ; 3d, G. T. McCannon. White — 1st, H. Rollinson. Best Tray Each Meritorious Variety not Listed Above — 1st, Chas. N. Pink. FIELD OR STOCK VEGETABLES'. Judge Walter H. Plows Beets, White Sugar (six specimens) — 1st, A. L. Plummer; 2d, James Heather- shaw ; 3d, H. Rollinson. 236 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Beets, Mangel-Wurtzels (three specimens) — 1st, A. L. Pluinincr ; 2d, H. Rollinson ; 3d, Jas. Heathershaw. Beets, Golden Tankard (six specimens) — 1st, H. Rollinson; 2d, James Heath- ershaw ; 3d, Seister Bros. White Carrots for Stock (six specimens) — 1st, A. L. Plummer ; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, Jas. Heathershaw. Pumpkins, Ripe Field (six specimens) — 1st, A. L. Plummer; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, Ed Stewart. Rutabagas, for Stock, Any Variety (six specimens) — 1st, A. L. Plummer;' 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, Jas. Heathershaw. Squash for Stock (three specimens) — 1st, Seister Bros. ; 2d, Cyrus E. Har- vey ; 3d, H. Rollinson. Turnips for Stock (six specimens)— 1st, J. U. Walker; 2d, Seister Bros.; 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey. Largest Pumpkin — 1st, A. L. Plummer ; 2d, P. S. Brunk ; 3d, J. U. Walker. Largest Squash — 1st, J. U. Walker; 2d, H. Rollinson; 3d, Seister Bros. Largest White Carrot — 1st, A. L. Plummer; 2d, Edwin H. Rodell, Des Moines ; 3d, James Heathershaw. Largest Beet, Mangel Wurtzels — 1st, H. Rollinson ; 2d, A. L. Plummer ; 3d, J. U. Walker. Largest Turnip — 1st, J. U. Walker ; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, H. Rollinson. VEGETABLE ROOT CROPS. Judge Walter H. Plows Red Globe Onions, one dozen — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, J. L. Todd ; 3d, A. L. Plummer. White Globe Onions, one dozen — 1st, Lee S. Magill ; 2d, H. Rollinson ; 3d, J. M. Williamson. Yellow Globe Onions, one dozen — 1st, C. E. Malone ; 2d, Chas. N. Pink ; 3d, Lee S. Magill. Twelve Largest Onions, Any Variety — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, Chas. N. Pink ; 3d, E. T. McCannon. Best Dozen Onions not named above — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, S'estier Bros. ; 3d, J. L. Todd. Turnips, one-half dozen — 1st, Chas. N. Pink ; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, H. Rollinson. Rutabaga Turnips, one-half dozen, yellow flesh — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey; 2d, C. E. Malone ; 3d, J. U. Walker. Parsnips, one-half dozen — 1st, Seister Bros.; 2d, A. L. Plummer; 3d, Edwin H. Rodell. Carrots, for table use, one-half dozen — 1st, Mrs. E. W. Freel ; 2d, J. T. Mc- Cannon ; 3d, L. Williams, Pleasantville. Commercial Sugar Beets — 1st, Jas. Heathershaw; 2d, H. Rollinson; 3d, Seister Bros. Beets for Table Use, one-half dozen — 1st, Seister Bros. ; 2d, Jas. Heather- shaw ; 3d, G. T. McCannon. Vegetable Oyster, one-half dozen — 1st, Seister Bros. ; 2d, Arthur Wright ; 3d, G. T. McCannon. TABLE VEGETABLES. Judge Walter H. Plows One Quart Shelled Ground Cherries — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, E. Heydon, Mitchellville. Beans, Pole Lima, shelled (one quart) — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey; 2d, H. Rollin- son ; 3d, Seister Bros. Beans, Henderson's Lima, shelled (one quart) — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey; 2d, A. L. Plummer; 3d, J. T. McCannon. Beans, White Navy, shelled (one quart) — 1st, Seister Bros. ; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 3d, Chas. N. Pink. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 237 Cabbage, Early Jersey Wakefield (three heads) — 1st. C. E. Malone ; 2d, Chas. N. Pink ; 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey. Cabbag-e, Late Plat (three heads) — 1st, Seister Bros.; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey; 3d, J. L. Todd. Cabbag-e, Red (three heads) — 1st, W. W. Free! ; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey; 3d, Seister Bros. Cabbage, Savoy (three heads) — 1st, G. T. McCannon ; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey; 3d, H. Rollinson. Cabbage, three heaviest heads — 1st, Jas. Heathershaw ; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, H. Rollinson. Cabbage, round, any variety (three heads) — 1st, G. T. McCannon; 2d. Jas. Heathershaw ; 3d, Seister Bros. Cauliflower (three heads) — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey; 2d, Mrs. C. W. Viggers, Des Moines ; 3d, Seister Bros. Cucumbers, Ripe, three specimens — 1st, Sestier Bros. ; 2d, Mrs. H. A. Corn- well ; 3d, H. Rollinson. Cucumbers for Slicing' (three specimens) — 1st, Seister Bros.; 2d, Jas. Heathershaw ; 3d, Edwin H. Rodell. Celery, Red, roots attached (six stalks) — 1st, Seister Bros.; 2d, H. Rollin- son ; 3d, Jas. Heathershaw. Celery, White, roots attached (six stalks) — 1st, Seister Bros. ; 2d, H. Rollin- son ; 3d, Jas. Heathershaw. Egg Plant (three specimens)— 1st, J. L. Todd; 2d, H. Rollinson; 3d, Seister Bros. Kohl Rabi (three specimens) — 1st, G. T. McCannon; 2d, Seister Bros.; 3d, Mrs. N. Muron, Altoona. Musk Melons, green fleshed (three specimens) — 1st, H. Rollinson; 2d, Chas. N. Pink ; 3d, J. L. Todd. Musk Melons, salmon fleshed (three specimens) — Ist, H. Rollinson; 2d, Jas. Heathershaw; 3d, J. L. Todd. Peppers, green Mango (twelve specimens) — 1st, Seister Bros.; 2d, H. Rollin- son ; 3d, Lee S. Magill. Peppers, red Mango (twelve specimens) — 1st, James Heathershaw; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, H. Rollinson. Peppers, Red (twelve specimens) — 1st, James Heathershaw; 2d, H. Rollinson; 3d, Seister Bros. Peppers, Red Cayenne (twelve specimens) — 1st, H. Rollinson; 2d, Jas. Heath- ershaw ; 3d, G. T. McCannon. Pumpkin, Ripe Sweet (on© specimen) — 1st, J. U. Walker; 2d, Cyrus E. Har- . vey ; 3d, H. Rollinson. Rhubarb, for table use (six stalks) — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey; 2d, Lee S. Magill ; 3d, Seister Bros. Squash, Boston Marrow (three specimens) — 1st, Seister Bros.; 2d, H. Rollin- son ; 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey. Squash, Crook Neck (three specimens)— 1st, James Heathershaw; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey. Squash, Essex Hybrid (three specimens) — 1st, Seister Bros.; 2d, H. Rollin- son ; 3d, James Heathershaw. Squash, Hubbard (three specimens) — 1st, H. Rollinson; 2d, Seister Bros.; 3d, Chas. N. Pink. Squash, Marble Head (three specimens) — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, H. Rollinson. Squash, Mammoth (one specimen) — 1st, C. W. Packer, Adelphi ; 2d, J. U. Walker ; 3d, H. Rollinson. Squash, Sibley (three specimens) — 1st, Stouder & Douglass; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey. Tomatoes, Red (twelve specimens) — 1st, J. L. Todd; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey; 3d, A. W. Hitchcock. 238 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Tomatoes, Purple (twelve specimens) — 1st, Chas. N. Pink; 2d, Seister Bros.; ?,(!, J. L. TocUl. Tomatoes, Yellow (twelve specimens) — 1st, Edwin H. Rodell ; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 3d, H. Rollinson. Tomatoes, Largest, any variety (twelve specimens) — 1st, J. L,. Todd; 2d, G. W. King, Des Moines ; 3d, Chas. N. Pink. Watermelons (two specimens) — 1st, Ed. Stuart, Adelphi ; 2d, J. U. Walker; 3d, H. Rollinson. VEGETABLE DISPLAYS. Judge Walter H. Plows Display of Onions to consist of not less than five varieties of five specimens each — 1st, H. Rollinson ; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, James Heathershaw. Display of Tomatoes to consist of not less than five varieties of five speci- mens each — 1st, Chas. N. Pink; 2d, H. Rollinson; 3d, Seister Bros. Display of Peppers to consist of not less than five varieties of five speci- mens each — 1st, H. Rollinson ; 2d, Seister Bros. ; 3d, Jas. Heathershaw. VEGETABLE SWEEPSTAKES. Judge Walter H. Plows 1st, Seister Bros. ; 2d, H. Rollinson ; 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 4th, A. L. Plum- mer ; 5th, Chas. N. Pink. INDIVIDUAL FARM EXHIBITS. Judge Victor Felter Exhibit from Farm containing' eighty acres or less — 1st, C. E. Malone ; 2d, A. H. Bakehouse ; 3d, J. T. Wasson, Panora ; 4th, W. F. Lyon ; 5th, Walter H. Plows; 6th, F. L. Rinehart & Son. Exhibit from Farm containing over eighty acres — 1st, W. E. Utterback ; 2d, W. F. Otcheck ; 3d, Ray Redfern ; 4th, E. M. Wilson ; 5th, J. U. Walker ; 6th, Willis S. Mathews; 7th, J. A. Mason; Sth, Bolick Bros.; 9th, W. W. Freel ; 10 th, P. M. Peterson. Exhibit within Polk County — 1st, H. A. Justice; 2d, Chas. O. Garrett; 3d, 1:. L. Plummer ; 4th, J. E. Cornwell. COUNTY EXHIBITS. Judge Fred Hethbrshaw Northern District — 1st, Kossuth, 865. North Central District — Buena Vista, 869. South Central District — 1st, Jasper County, 939; 2d, Polk County, 932; Greene County, 895. Southern District — 1st, Des Moines County, 934 ; 2d, Cass County, 911 ; 3d, Marion County, 899; 4th, Wayne County, 897; 5th, Lucas County, 884. Sweepstakes for the highest scoring county exhibit — Jasper County. Sweepstakes, most attractive, best decorated and best arranged exhibit— 1st, Jasper County; 2d, Des Moines County; 3d, Polk County; 4th, Wayne County. FRUIT AWARDS. Superintendent Elmer M. Reeves, Waverly. APPLES — NORTHERN DISTRICT. Judge J. H. Allison Collection, not less than twenty varieties or more than fifty — 1st, C. H. True, Edgewood ; 2d, O. O. Lomen, Decorah ; 3d, Isaac Johnson, West Union. Four varieties, summer — 1st, C. H. True ; 2d, P. M. Peter.son, Cherokee ; 3d, O. O. Lomen ; 4th, Isaac Johnson. 3d, E. O. 3d, M. J. 3d, M. J. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 239 Six varieties, fall — 1st, C. H. True ; 2d, O. O. Lomen ; 3d, Isaac Jolmson ; 4 til, P. M. Peterson. Six varieties, winter — Ist, C. H. True ; 2d, O. O. Lomen ; 3d, Isaac Jolinson ; 4th, P. M. Peterson. CENTPvAL DISTRICT. Judge J. H. Allison Collection, not less than twenty varieties or more than fifty — 1st, E. O. Wiorth, Mondamin ; 2d, F. O. Harrington, "Williamsburg ; 3d, M. J. Worth, Mon- damin ; 4th, Clayton Worth, Mondamin. Four varieties, summer — 1st, M. J. Worth ; 2d, F. O. Harrington Wiorth ; 4th, Clayton Worth. Six varieties, fall — 1st, E. O. Worth ; 2d, F. O. Harrington ; Worth ; 4th, Clayton Worth. Six varieties, winter — 1st, F. O. Harrington ; 2d, E. O. Worth ; Worth ; 4th, Clayton Worth. CAPITAL DISTRICT. Judges R. S. Herrick and J. H. Allison Collection, not less than twenty varieties or more than fifty — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey, Altoona ; 2d, Robert M. Clark, Mitchellville ; 3d, Chas. O. Garrett, Des Moines ; 4th, John C. Hoi, Des Moines. Four varieties, summer — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, A. L. Garrett, Adel.phi ; 3d, Chas. O. Garrett ; 4th, John C. Hoi ; 5th, Robert M. Clark. Six varieties, fall — 1st, A. L. Garrett ; 2d, Robert M. Clark ; 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey; 4th, Chas. O. Garrett; 5th. John C. Hoi. Six varieties, winter — 1st, Chas. O. Garrett; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey; 3d, John C. Hoi ; 4th, A. L. Garrett ; 5th, Robert M. Clark. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Judges C. C. Wiggans and R. S. Herrick Collection, not less than twenty varieties or more than fifty — 1st, Thos. En- right, Patterson ; 2d, A. R. Soder, Hartford ; 3d, K. R. Gwimm, Hartford ; 4th, W. W. Gwimm, Hartford. Four varieties, summer — 1st, Thos. Enright ; 2d, A. R. Soder; 3d, W. W. Gwimm; 4th. J. F. Wellons, Indianola ; 5th, K. R. Gwimm. Six varieties, fall — 1st, A. R. Soder ; 2d, W. W. Gwimm : 3d, Thos. Enright ; 4th, J. F. Wellons. Six varieties, winter — 1st. Thos. Enright: 2d, A. R. Soder; 3d, W. W. Gwimm ; 4th, J. F. Wellons ; 5th, K. R. Gwimm. HOME ORCHARD COLLECTION. Judge J. H. Allison NORTHERN DISTRICT. 1st, C. H. True ; 2d, O. O. Lomen ; 3d, Isaac John.«on : 4th, P. M. Peterson. CENTRAL DISTRICT. 1st, F. O. Harrington ; 2d, M. J. Worth ; 3d, E. O. Worth ; 4th, Clayton Worth CAPITAL DISTRICT. 1st, Robert M. Clark: 2d, Chas. O. Garrett: 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey; 4th, A. L. Garrett ; 5th, John C. Hoi. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. 1st, Thos. Enright; 2d, A. R. Soder; 3d, J. F. Wellons; 4th, W. W. Gwimm; 5th, K. R. Gwimm. PACKAGE COMMERCIAL APPLES. Judge J, H. Allison 240 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NORTHERN DISTRICT. 1st, C. H. True on two varieties ; O. O. Lomen on one variety ; E. M. Peter- son on two varieties. 2d, O. O. Lomen on three varieties ; C. H. True on one variety ; Isaac Jolin- son on one variety. 3d, O. O. Lomen, on one variety. 4tli, C. H. True, on one variety. CENTRAL DISTRICT. 1st, E. O. Worth, on six varieties ; M. J. Worth, on three varieties ; Clayton Worth, on one variety. 2d, M. J. Worth, on three varieties ; E. O. Worth, on four varieties ; Clayton Worth on three varieties. 3d, Clayton Worth, on six varieties ; M. J. Worth, en three varieties. CAPITAL DISTRICT. 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey, on five varieties; Robert M. Clark en five varieties. 2d, John C. Hoi, on two varieties ; A. L. Garrett, on one variety ; Robert M. Clark, on one variety ; Chas. O. Garrett, on three varieties ; Cynas E. Harvey, on two varieties. 3d, Robert M. Clark, on two varieties ; Chas. O. Garrett, on two varieties : John C. Hoi, on one variety ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on two varieties. 4th, Chas. O. Garrett, on one variety ; A. L. Garrett, on one variety ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on one variety ; John C. Hoi, on one variety. SOUTHERN .DISTRICT. 1st, A. R. Soder, on three varieties; W'. W. Gwimm, on four varieties: C. D. Wright, on one variety. 2d, W. W. Gwimm ,on three varieties ; A. R. Soder, on two varieties ; C. D. Wright, on one variety. Third, J. F. Wellons, on two varieties ; A. R. Soder, on one variety. APPLES STORED P'ROM PREVIOUS YEAR. Best box of apples stored from last year's crop — 1st, Chas. O. Garrett ; 2d, A. L. Garrett ; 3d, A. R. Soder. Next best plate of each of five varieties stored as above with method of storing stated, premium on each variety — 1st, Chas. O. Garrett, on four varieties ; A. L. Garrett, on one variety. 2d, A. L. Garrett, on four varieties ; Chas. O. Garrett on one variety. 3d, A. R. Soder on five varieties. UNNAMED SEEDLING APPLES. Judge S. A. Beach Six specimens to constitute plate — Cyrus E. Harvey. Best fjchlblt seedling apples — 1st, Isaac Johnson ; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 3d, O. O. T,omen; 4th, J. T. Wellons. PLATES. NORTHERN DISTRICT. Jt;dge S. A. Beach 1st, C. S. Halderman, Hartford, on two varieties ; C. H. True, on seventeen varieties ; O. O. Lomen, on eight varieties ; Isaac Johnson, on two varieties ; P. M. Peterson, on one variety. "d, P. M. Peterson, on five varieties ; C. II. True, on five varieties ; Isaac .Tohnson, on nine varieties ; O. O. Lomen, on nine varieties. 3d, C. H. True, on six varieties ; Isaac Johnson, on thirteen varieties ; P. M. Peterson, on five varieties ; O. O. Lomen, on five varieties. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 241 CENTRAL DISTRICT. Judges J. H. Allison and R. S. Herrick First, M. J. Worth, on twelve varieties; F. O. Harrington, on six varieties; Clayton Worth, on three varieties ; R. O. Worth, on seven varieties. 2d, E. O. Worth, on thirteen varieties ; F. O. Harrington, on five varieties ; M. J. Worth, on seven varieties ; Clayton Worth, on two varieties. 3d, F. O. Harrington, on twelve varieties ; M. J. Worth, on seven varieties ; E. O. Worth, on seven varieties ; Clayton Worth, on one variety. CAPITAL DISTRICT. Judge C. C. Wiggans 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey, on eight varieties ; A. L. Garrett, on four varieties ; Ella PlunTmer, Des Moines, on one variety ; Chas. O. Garrett, on nine varieties ; Robert M. Clark, on five varieties ; John C. Hoi, on, one variety. 2d, Chas. O. Garrett, on five varieties : John C; Hoi, on five varieties ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on eight varieties ; A. L. Garrett, on six varieties ; Robert M. Clark, on four varieties. 3d, A. L. Garre*t, on six varieties ; Robert M. Clark, on two varieties ; John C. Hoi, on seven varieties ; Chas. O. Garrett, on seven varieties ; Cyrus E. Har- vey, on four varieties. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Judge C. C. Wiggans 1st, Thos. Enright, on nine varieties ; A. R. Soder. on nine varieties : W. W. Gwimm, on six varieties ; J. F. Wellons. on two varieties ; A. R. Gwimm, on two varieties. 2d, A. R. Gwimm, on six varieties ; A. R. Soder, on nine varieties ; W. W. Gwimm, on seven varieties ; J. P. Wellons, on three varieties ; Thos. Enright, on three varieties. 3d, W. W. Gwimm on six varieties : J. F. Wellons. on nine varieties : A. R. Soder, on three varieties ; K. R. Gwimm, on five varieties ; Thos. Enright, on two varieties. CRABS. Judge C. C. Wiggans NORTHERN DISTRICT. 1st, P. M. Peterson, on 3 varieties; C. H. True, on two varieties; Isaac Johnson, on one variety ; O. O. Lomen, on one variety. 2d, C. H. True, on four varieties ; P. M. Peterson, on one variety ; Isaac Johnson, on one variety. Third, W. W. Gwimm, on three varietie-s ; O. O. Lomen, on one variety. CENTRAL DISTRICT. 1st, F. O. Harrington, on four varieties ; M. J. Worth, on three varieties ; E. O. Worth, on one variety. 2d, M. J. Worth, on five varieties ; Clayton W^orth, on three varieties. 3d, P. M. Peterson, on seven varieties ; F. O. Harrington, on one variety. CAPITAL DISTRICT. 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey, on five varieties ; Jolm C. Hoi, on three varieties ; Chas;. Garrett, on one variety. 2d, John C. Hoi, on two varieties ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on four varieties ; Rob- ert M. Clark, on one variety ; Chas. O. Garrett, on one variety. 3d, John C. Hoi, on three varieties ; Chas. O. Garrett, on thi'ee varieties. SOUTHERN. Thos. Enright, on four varieties ; J. T. Wellons, on two varieties ; E. R. Soder, on two varieties. 2d, J. T. Wellons, on three varieties ;. Thos. Enright, on two varieties. 3d, A. R. Soder, on one variety ; W. W. Gwimm, on one variety. 16 242 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIVE OR HYBRID CRABS. NORTHERN DISTRICT. 1st, P. M. Peterson. PLATE DISPLAY. Judges J. H. Allison and R. S. Herhick Best ten plates Wealthy — 1st, Robert M. Clark ; 2d, Chas. O. Garrett ; 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 4th, J. F. Wellons ; 5th, John C. Hoi. Best ten plate exhibit, each of three other varieties to be selected. Jona- than— 1st, Chas. O. Garrett ; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 3d, John C. Hoi ; 4th, Rob- ert M. Clark ; 5th, O. O. Lomen. Grimes — 1st, Robert M. Clark; 2d, Chas. O. Garrett; 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey; 4th, O. O. Lomen ; 5th, John X:. Hoi. N. W. Greening — 1st, Robert M. Clark ; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 3d, Chas. O. Garrett ; 4th, John C. Hoi ; 5th, J. W. Patterson, Des Moines. Sweepstakes — 1st, John C. Hoi, on one variety ; Robert M. Clark, on one variety ; M, J. Worth, on two varieties ; F. O. Harring-ton, on two varieties ; E. O. Worth, on two varieties ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on one variety. 2d, A. R. Soder, on three varieties ; E. O. Worth, on two varieties ; Chas. O. Garrett, on one variety ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on one variety ; M. J. Worth, on one variety; M. F. Wellons, on one variety; F. O. Hai-rington, on one variety. 3d, Clayton Worth, on three varieties; Cyrus E. Harvey, on two varie- ties; Chas. O. Garrett, on one variety; J. F. Wellons, on one variety; Robert M. Clark, on one variety. 4th, E. O. Worth, on three varieties; Chas. O. Garrett, on one variety; Rob- ert M. Clark, on one variety ; M. J. Worth, on two varieties ; Thos. Enright, on one variety ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on one variety. 5th. Robert M. Clark, on two varieties ; Thos. Enright, on two varieties ; E. O. Worth, on two varieties; Chas. O. Garrett, on one variety; M. J. Worth, on one variety. DISPLAY OF FRUITS. Judges J. S. Allison and R. S. Herrick 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey; 2d, Chas. O. Garrett; 3d, John C. Hol ; 4th, E. O. Worth ; 5th, J. T. Wellons. ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS IN FRUIT. Judge WtaSLEY Green Best and most artistic basket of fruit — 1st, Mrs. Frank Stuart, 82% ; 2d, Mrs. O. A. Decker, Adelphi, S17c ; 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey, 80^% ; 4th, John C. Hol, 807o ; Alma Grinstead, 79%, 6th, Hazel Plummer, Des Moines, 78% ; 7th, Chas. O. Garrett, ■ 7714% ; 8th, Cyrus E. Harvey, 77%; 9th, Cyrus E. Harvey, 76%; 10th, Mrs. John Justice, Ankeny ; 75;,'<% ; 11th, Ella Plummer, 75%,; 12th, A. R. Soder, 74%. PEARS. Judge J. H. Allison Collection of pears, not less than fifteen varieties — 1st. B. A. Mathews, Knoxville; 2d. M. J. Worth; 3d, E. O. Worth. Plates, any worthy variety — 1st, B. A. Mathews, on five varieties : E. O. Worth, on five varieties ; M. J. Worth, on one variety ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on three varieties ; John C. Hol, on one variety. 2d, John C. Hol, on two varieties ; B. A. Mathews, on three varieties ; M. J. Worth, on four varieties ; E. O. Worth, on one variety ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on one variety. Largest and best collection per plate distinct varieties — 1st, B. A, Mathews ; 2d, M. J. Worth. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 243 GRAPES. Judge J. H. Allison Best and largest collection of grapes (four bunches to plate) — 1st, John C. Hoi; 2d, Chas. O. Garrett; 3d, Cyrus E. Harvey. Campbell's Early- — 1st, F. O. Harrington ; 2d, John C. Hoi. Pocklington — 1st, Chas. O. Garrett; 2d, John C. Hoi. Concord — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, John C. Hoi. Worden — 1st, W. A. Pickering, Des. Moines; 2d, John C. Hoi. Delavi^are — 1st, Chas. O. Garrett ; 2d, John C. Hoi. Eaton — 1st, John C. Hoi. Woodruff Red — 1st, F. O. Harrington; 2d, John C. Hoi. "Wyonning Red — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, John C. Hoi. Duchess — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; Chas. O. Garrett. Moore's Early — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; Chas. O. Garrett. Moore's Diamond — 1st, John C. Hoi ; 2d, F. O. Harrington. Niagara — 1st, John C. Hoi ; 2d, Wl A. Pickering. Ag'awan — 1st, Chas. O. Garrett ; 2d, John C. Hoi. Brighton — 1st, F. O. Harrington ; 2d, John C. Hoi. Pour bunches of grapes of varieties not named above, limited to five vari- eties— 1st, F. O. Harrington, on three varieties ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on one variety ; John C. Hoi, on one variety. 2d, John C Hoi, on two varieties ; O. O. Lomen, on one variety ; Chas. O. Garrett, on one variety ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on one variety. Four bundles most promising seedling grapes — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey. PLUMS. Judge S. A. Beacm NORTHERN DISTRICT. Largest and best exhibit of plums, not less than fifteen varieties — 1st, O. O. Lomen ; 2d, Isaac Johnson. PLATES. Hawkeye — 1st, Isaac Johnson ; 2d, O. O. Lomen. Wolf — 1st, Isaac Johnson ; 2d, O. O. Lomen. Wyant — 1st, O. O. Lomen ; 2d, Isaac Johnson. Miner — 1st, O. O. Lomen ; 2d, Isaac Johnson. Hunt — 1st, Isaac Johnson. Surprise — 1st, O. O. Lomen. Lombard — 1st, O. O. Lomen ; 2d, Isaac Johnson. Best plate domestic plums — 1st, Isaac Johnson ; 2d, O. O. Lomen. Best plate not named on list not exceeding five varieties — 1st, C. H. True, on one variety ; Isaac Johnson, on three varieties ; O. O. Lomen, on one variety. 2d, Isaac Johnson, on two varieties ; O. O. I.iomen, on three varieties. Best domestic plums, not less than five varieties — 1st, Isaac Johnson ; 2d, O. O. Lomen. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Judge S. A. Beach Largest and best exhibit of plums, not less than fifteen varieties — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, Chas. O. Garrett ; 3d, J. P. Wellons. PLATES. De Soto — 1st, Chas. O. Garrett. Forest's Garden — 1st, Chas. O. Garrett ; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey. Hawkeye — 1st, Chas. O. Garrett ; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey. Wolf — 1st, Chas. O. Garrett; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey. Wyant — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, Chas. O. Garrett. Stoddard— 1st, Cha.s. O. Garrett ; 2d, J. T. Wellcns. 244 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Miner — Ist, Cyrus E. Harvey; 2d, Chas. O. Garrett. Wild Goose — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2t1, J. T. Wollons. Hunt — 1st, Chas. O. Garrett. Surprise — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2a, Chas. O. Garrett. Terry — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, F. O. Harrington. Lombard^ — 1st, Cyrus E. Han'ey ; 2d, J. T. Wellons. Best plate of domestic plums — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, J. T. Wellons ; 3d, Chas. O. Garrett. Best plate not named on list not exceeding five varieties — 1st, J. T. Wel- lons, one one variety ; Chas. O. Garrett, on two varieties ; Cyrus E. Harvey, on two varieties. 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey, on three varieties ; Chas. O. Garrett, on two varieties. Best exhibit domestic plums, not less than five varieties — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey. Best exhibit Japan Plums, not less than three varieties — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey. Best plate Japan or Hybrid plums, not entered in collection — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, Chas. O. Garrett. NATIVE PLUM SEEDLINGS. 1st, A. R. Soder; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey; 3d, M. J. Worth; 4th, John C. Hoi. NATIVE FRUITS. PLATES. Elderberry — 1st, John C. Hoi ; 2d, S. D. Whinnery, Des Moines. Juneberry — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey. Fresh Strawberry progressive — 1st, John C. Hoi ; 2d, Cyrus B. Harvey. Fresh Strawberries, other varieties — 1st, W. A. Pickering ; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey. Plates of each other native fruits — 1st, J. T. Wellons, on three varieties ; S. D. Whinnery, on two varieties. 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey, on five varieties ; John C. Hoi, on one variety ; S. D. Whinnery, on two varieties. EDIBLE NUTS. Black Walnuts — 1st, W. A. Pickering; 2d, Chas. O. Garrett. White Walnut or Butternut — 1st, W. A. Pickering; 2d, J. T. Wellons. Shell Bark Hickory Nuts — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, S. D. Whinnery. Hazel Nuts — 1st, S. D. Whinnery; J. T. Wellons. Sweet Chestnut — 1st, J. T. Wellons ; 2d, John C. Hoi. Japan Chestnut — 2d, John C. Hoi. Hybrid Chestnut — 2d, John C. Hoi. Peanuts — 1st, J. T. Wellons ; 2d, John C. Hoi. Each other nuts grown in Iowa — 1st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, John C. Hoi. Best Collection of Nuts — 4st, Cyrus E. Harvey ; 2d, John C. Hoi. Best Collection of Native Fruits — 1st, J. T. Wellons; 2d, Cyrus E. Harvey. THE LIVE STOCK SHOW AT THE IOWA STATE FAIR. From the Breeder's Gazette. It happened as expected. Indeed it always happens so in Iowa. Com- manding the field at the opening of the campaign, officered by experi- enced fair managers personally in close touch with the stock breeding industry, considerate in providing accommodations and enterprising, lib- eral and just in treating writh exhibitors, quite naturally the Des Moines shew attracts to its stock department leading exhibitors from a wide stretch of country. And with the richness of Iowa soil and the intelli- gence and industry of its tillers exactly such an aggregation of products EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 245 and implements and farm and farmstead accessories as is annually gath- ered within the walls of this exhibition would be expected. Facing the untoward conditions of war the Iowa farmer believed in preparing him- self for it by study in the greatest school of farm and home instruction a state ever instituted. It therefore fell out that at the end of Wednesday of last week the total attendance had exceeded that of last year by nearly 35,000 people and the total receipts by nearly $30,000; and the show was "going strong" down the home stretch. Measuring success with such tangible standards, the 1917 Iowa State Fair wrote its record most agreeably. Agricultural Iowa awaits merely the climax of its seasonal activities. Last year Dame Nature turned a frowning face and sent the blasting breath of the frost king over the waving fields of maize on Aug. 31, and the resultant calamity was great. Again the possibility of such a fate is faced, as the corn lingers belatedly, having failed of encourajgement the past two weeks by any forcing heat to hasten it toward maturity. But thei Iowa farmer sees by faith feedlots filled with cattle, hogs and sheep, and cribs bursting with their garnered ears of golden corn. The state can only wait, as all opportunities for cultural stimulating of ma- turity are past. The time of average frost is yet three weeks distant, and the bulk of the crop will need all of that leniency. Meanwhile ideal harvest weather has attended the small crops and barring some dry spots in the central south Iowa has probably never come to the final harvest with such a wealth of yield from the bosom of Mother Earth. The fair gave ample evidence, supported by the oral testimony of those who came to see and learn. In material development the fair has little more than marked time. War's disturbance caused legislators to deny the request for a $90,000 ap- propriation for a needed new cattle barn, and the compromise offer of $25,000 was declined good naturedly with the statement that it could not be economically expended, and that it would be the part of wisdom to wait until the full sum would in good conscience be tendered by the leg- islature. From the $20,000 given for maintenance during the next two years about 19 acres, .piost of which already lie within the fence, were bought and a new automobile entrance opened near the Rock Island sta- tion. This land cost $12,000. An extensive re-roofing and painting cam- paign was executed, and thei appearance of a number of the buildings materially freshened. With an addition of 48 by 64 to the poultry building the outlay ceased. A cattle barn and a dairy building are among the im- mediate needs of the grounds. It was the banner year for sheep in the magnificent new sheep barn. Every pen was occupied, and despite the presence of a number of sale sheep, which readily found new homes, the quality was gratifyingly high, provoking unqualified compliment from the judges. Swine have rarely, if ever, excelled in numbers, and certainly not in merit. All available accommodations were occupied, and never a vision of $2.50 corn could be conjured up from the ripened artistic finish of these porkers. Each breed apparently finds part in this comment on the superior show condition in which entries were presented. Cattle filled the barns and some of the old sheep sheds, but supplementary shelter tents were not required as last year. The leading breeds were capitally shown, entries coming from a wide stretch of country, but the dairy section showed some numerically weak spots. Horses have) been in view in greater totals but the Iowa breeder of a stallion or two and a few mares is making himself increas- ingly prominent on the prize lists, proving that the investment in this edu- cational institution is attaining that whereunto it has been sent. Har- 246 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRIOULTURE iiess horses were in somewhat lii;lit fntiy for the nisht shows, but cred- itable in quality and enough in numbers to lend interest. The saddle horses always hold high places in importance and pleasure at Des Moines. The sum of it is that in view of the hesitancy of the stock industry, the ab- normal conditions consequent on war ;nul the discouragement in some quarters of such exhibitions thi.s fall, the Iowa State Fair realized quite high anticipations in its stock department. Conservation was the keynote up on tiie liiU. In the women's building it shared place with the manifold and practical forms of education of peculiar appeal to. the women and girls. The baby health contest, at the basis of all conservation, was more popular than ever, holding entries which had materially increased to 43.5. The boys' and girls' clubs made lasting impression on the fair through their food preservation demonstra- tion. A speaker from Washington in pursuance of the systematic cam- paign sought to make clear the necessity for the utmost utilization of the products of the land, and alongside were illustrated the means of giving practical form to such exhortation. The agricultural college changed its customary appeals to the attention. Whereas heretofore most interesting indications have been given of the lines of instruction followed at the college, now almost the entire exhibit iii its building was devoted to the means of preserving farm production. In apparent con- trast to this dominant idea and yet fundamental to it, the central display suggested tangibly the- various labor-saving forms which the farm-gen- erated electric current may be readily made to take. Farm lighting plants are in plentl-'ul supply at reasonable prices, and a vast develop- ment looking towaru comfort and conservation of the taxed strength of farm women may be expected from the skillful inventions which harness this wonderful force and lead it captive for beneficent uses on the farm. A special platform appeal was made to leaders in county uplift work in a meeting held on Monday morning in the tent provided, for public assembly. Extension Director Bliss presented Wilbur W. Marsh as chair- man, a man of national eminence in political life, in the dairy and dairy cattle industry, and in council of defense work, and his introductory com- ments held no less pith and importance than the eloquent address of Gov. Harding, Duncan Marshall, minister of agriculture in Alberta, and J. D. Deems, the representative of the Food Administration in Iowa. The statements of the obligations of loyal citizens could not be more clearly set forth than was done by the governor, and the exposition of the un- derlying causes of the world's conflict could not be more stirring and eloquent than that given by the gifted leaden of Alberta's agricultural forces, while the practical application was earnestly driven home by Mr. Deems. And there is plenty to conserve from the Iowa farm this year. The huge horn of plenty, the spectacular feature of the Panama-Pacific agri- cultural hall, made its second appearance as the centerpiece of the agri- cultural building, now completely redeemed from the proselyting booths of other states and countries and devoted to amazing displays of county and individual farm resources, worked out with such artistic wizardy as to make laggard the steps of the wayfarer through this building. Fruits ■were in abundant evidence and grains and vegetables, but while Iowa is a state flowing with honey, the milk was noticeably absent. A dairy building is badly needed, but the dairy department emphasized its exist- ence this year by a limited display of products in its refrigerator, in which was presented a fac-simile in golden butter of the first creamery builded in Iowa, in 1872, by a pioneer of vision recently gone to his reward after life's journey had approached the century mark. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 247 The state institutions, penal, reformatory and charitable, brought home visually the humanitarian work done under state auspices to make society safe and to lighten the burdens of the unfortunate. Under a tent a lot of creditable stock from such institutions was on view and under other canvas a very impressive exhibition of the handiwork of inmates, ranging from lace-making up through all the forms of needle and loom work to brick and tile burning. The public schools made their accustomed display, lending crowning touch to the superstructure of this fair which rests solidly on its educational function in state life. Never have so many exhibitors of machinery knocked at the doors of this institution. Significant shiftings of farm interest are mirrored in these' exhibits. Increased space was demanded for the exhibit of auto- mobiles, and the accessories were moved over into the machinery hall. Formerly buggies had occupied two long rows in this shed, numbering into the hundreds. Now six buggies were on view. The space formerly filled by them was taken by light trucks, truck bodies, trailers, rubber tires, and motor car accessories. Consistent with former years the appeal in this building is made to the Iowa farmer for the improvement of home and barn, and the lightening of labor for himself and his family. Varied were the exhibits along this line, including house lighting, heating and ventila- tion, dairy equipment, and the application of power to housework. The open air exhibit of machinery was comprehensive, illustrating the marvel- ous strides invention has made toward solving the perennial, perplexing and burdensome farm labor problem. The tractors and the trucks were there, and the attachments which make trucks and tractors of automo- biles, and the cultural implements conveniently harnessed to gas power were numerously in evidence. A liberal education in farm fittings and appliances could be acquired by the studious man at Des Moines. The silo city grows, as also grow the sales of this preservative receptacle of stock foods — never so badly needed on every cornbelt farm as this fall. Attractions in plc-nty were afforded. The shows are kept as clean as such shows can be, but their superfluity on such a fair ground, with its attractions of fast racing and horse shows in front of the grandstand, and a thrilling illustration of modern war at night, seems plain. Verily the devoted managers of the Iowa State Fair labored diligently and en- tered this year into their abundant reward. THE CATTLE SECTION. In this banner year of trade in purebred beef cattle it was to be ex- pected that a great showing would be made at the principal fairs. Some disappointment was therefore expressed when the judging began with only a few of the older bulls in evidence. However, the barns were filled with almost as many cattle as ever, so something was certain to happen. It was the show of calves and yearlings for which every breeder seemed prepared. Those classes were large, and they were good. The futurity lists drew some of these numerous entries; trade conditions accounted for others. Pedigree beef cattle have been selling like hot cakes and breeders have closely disposed of their older animals excepting those kept on maintenance rations in the breeding ranks. The three principal beef breeds did justice to their showring reputations. There was only one herd of Galloways and two herds of Polled Durhams, while Red Polls were not largely represented. Beef steers made the be.st exhiljition they liave ever staged here. This was due to the boys' baby beef contest. Steers fed by boys in this contest and judged by Prof. W. H. Pew, Ames, la., in a special class, were freely entered in the open classes. There they won their full share of money and added much to the glory of their youthful feeders. This baby beef contest has aroused the enthusiasm of farm boys all over the state. Each boy kept account of the feed costs and these data appeared on placards 248 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE over the stalls of their steers. In moulding the thought and developing the skill of the Iowa boys this feeding and showing contest must be rated as one of the princial agricultural events of the year in the state. It will mean additional cattle feeders in Iowa years hence. Incidentally it was clearly demonstrated that a very small boy can become a very expert cattle feeder. The enterprise enlists an intense interest and that develops skill and seasons the judgment. It makes manly boys. THE SHORTHORNS. Famous Shorthorn herds met in the arena to match mainly their younger animals. Iowa, Wisconsin, Nebraska and Missouri contributed most of the herds. The discussion about the ringside centered around the relative merits of different sires and of their sons in the breeding ranks. The study of blood lines and of family relationships in general among Short- horn breeders. Several men were encountered searching for suitable sires to use on the choicest of females. Splendid material to pick from was presented in the yearling and calf classes, youngsters of the most popular families and sired by bulls that have already created breed history and individual reputations. The classes of young heifers were equally im- pressive. There was plenty of foundation material in sight to supply a large and exceedingly exacting demand. The big responsibility of ranging the entries in line for their many prizes was laid upon Wm. Hartnett, Muskogee, Okla. There was much favorable comment about his work. He executed a hard task with credit to himself and the breed. THE BULLS. A line of half a dozen aged bulls had as head the big white Cumberland Standard shown by Wm. Herkelmann. He was brought out carrying plenty of flesh to show that he is a meatmaker of the first rank. A smoother back and very pleasing shape and quality all over are pos- sessed by the second bull, the roan Eastlawn's Champion, owned by Toyne. A larger and very thick red-and-white bull Maxwalton Amateur came in third for Kennedy, beating Carpenter & Carpenter's imp. Lord Cullen. There were five two-year-olds, and a real fashionable quality stamp was found for the first place. This roan, Violet's Dale, of Rees & Son, is one of the smooth straight-lined cattle popular with discriminating breeders. His finish is worn without a ripple on the surface, and withal he is a vigorous bull, and a suitable senior champion. The white Bellows bull Parkdale Rex is larger and very thick everywhere, with great hind- quarters and a thoroughly covered back. He was followed in line by Rookwood Farm's white Knight Avon 3d. This, son of Count Avon is not fat but his pleasing character, well-knit form and hide like satin bespeak a genuine show bull. A thick one came fourth for Rapp. Numbers began to increase in the senior yearling class, and there the "bell ringer" of the bull show was found in the roan son of Villager named Villager's Coronet, shown by Uppermill Farm. He is very close to the ground, straight of line above and below, meaty over the top, bulging at the thighs and smooth everywhere, and with his beefiness he possesses a masculine front. The exceedingly smooth roan-and-white Dale' Cum- berland carried off the red ribbon for Miller. The third bull, the white Royal Victor, was scarcely so smoothly fleshed. Fourteen junior yearlings' were topped successfully by Bellows Bros.' roan King Baron by Parkdale Baron. He is large for the age and very level, with a great heart girth and beautiful quality. The roan McDermott entry Cumberland Marshal 4th is particularly low-set and long, packing- lots of beef into small space. Kane's red Proud Dale looks young but he is exceedingly smoothly fleshed. The fourth one is also red. This Omega Senet, shown by Rapp, is a mossy-haired small, meaty bull and yet is not fat. Some larger ones followed in line. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 249 And still the numbers grew. The senior bull calves fairly crowded the ring with their forty-five head, constituting the open class and the futurity show. A pleasing- Anoka pair of roans won the blue and red ribbons. The darker one Anoka Champion by Sultan Stamp is accounted about the best, ever produced at Anoka. He has much width, very smoothly-laid thick flesh and a perfectly straight topline. In the latter respect he excels Merry Stamp. These two are somewhat lower to the ground than the third roan Cumberland Marshal 5th, and they have a superior quality of flesh. The fourth one Supreme Choice is also roan, and is smaller, very thick in thighs and covered with a mossy coat. A wealth of promise developed throughout the prize-list. Eleven junior calves found leadership in Pritchard's small nugget of beef Dale Viscount, done up in a roan hide. It would be hard to put more weight into so young a bull, and his bulging thighs bespeak a wealth of muscle mixed with the fat. He is smooth as an egg and carries a well- bred head. A growthier roan came second for Toyne, sandwiched in ahead of a very neat white Anoka entry. The Bellows calf is a little higher set and oame fourth. THE cows. Eleven aged cows with their little calves portrayed the matronly qual- ities of the red, white and roan. The sensation of this clas^ was the queenly roan Maxwalton Queen which easily won pride of place for Car- penter & Carpenter. She is big, wide, very level and very smooth from end to end, and has a motherly front and nurses a young calf. She is wonderfully sappy and fresh for a five-year-old, and a credit to the female- siring reputation of Avondale. Toyne's roan Bonnie Belle 14th is similarly thick but not so smooth, although a year younger, and his roan "Village Lassie that won third carries a lot of beef, especially over the back and loin. She is smoother of rump than the big red Baroness Lady 7th shown by Kennedy in fourth place. A highly attractive imported roan with accurate lines, very thick cov- eiing and ample hindquarters won the blue ribbon for Bellows among the two-year-olds. She has abundant quality but less scale than the second-prize roan Lady Violet 8th shown by Rees, which has remarkable spring of rib. McDermott had one of his thick Cumberland Marshal heifers in third. She is white and already has a calf. Among seventeen senior yearlings there were three mossy roans sorted out for the higher places. The Kennedy entry Miss Lovely possesses dis- tinctive character and her long rump and square corners set off to ad- vantage an altogether pleasing" beef form. The Prather heifer Village Blossom 8th that followed is similarly thick-fleshed and very smooth. She beats the Carpenter & Carpenter entry especially in smoothness over the rump. The fourth heifer is also a roan. She does not show so much quality as the first three but carries a world of thick flesh. About twenty-flve junior yearling heifers made a strong class. The growthy meaty roan Choice Mayflower annexed a blue ribbon for Miller. It was a close contest because the Bellows roan which came next is sweeter of face, although not so near perfect in form. Another heifer of char- acter, and from the same herd and by the same sire Radium, is the Bel- lows entry Clara 70th, much like her mate, only not quite so smooth. She won third, and a big roan came fourth. There were thirty-four senior heifer calves, making an excellent ^'uturity class in which four outstanding roans secured the principal positions. One of the Bellows daughters of Radium led this lineup and became junior champion and futurity champion. She is a sweet-faced model of beef form, lower set and thicker than the other Radium calf which won second. The winner is well named Lovelly of Parkedale 16th and her mate is Queen of Beauty 36th. The Prather third-prizewinner is of much the same stamp and so is the Anoka fourth-prize calf. Bellows had another Radium heifer that stood in sixth place. 250 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Junior heifers likewise numbered tliirty-four. A very precocious white beef-maker named Rosewood Lady won the class for Owen Kane and the Anoka herd supplied the; next one, a thinner but very neat roan. The Uppermill roan Villager's Lassie that won third bore her sire's resem- blance but was not fat. Some sensational displays were made in the group classes. For in- stances, there were sixteen entries for breeders' young herds, making al- together eighty head of the very best young Shorthorns, mostly roans, in the ring at one time. The keenest of rivalry was felt over the get-of- sire award. This went to Uppermill Farm on the get of "Villager. J. W. McDermott's Cumberland Marshal sired the second group. THE HEREFORDS. Like the other beef breeds the Herefords made a large and magnificent display of the younger animals and only a few of the older bulls and cows. The aggregation was gathered from as far away as Kentucky and Mississippi as well as Iowa, Missouri and Illinois. Uniformity in size and breed-type prevailed to an unusual degree in each class. It was a show of top animals in the yearlings and calvesy and the various ex- hibitors were matched evenly in the selection and fitting upon which their favorable consideration depended. Trade has been brisk and in- sistent, so that there was a scarcity of aged and two-year-old animals. All that could be spared have been sold to breeders who are increasing their producing operations. High feed and scarce farm help were also factors in cutting down fitting operations and confining attention to the younger animals which require the least grain and labor. The pirncipal positions in the prize list were won by the cattle from three or four herds which brought out a wealth of merit corresponding to the very highest ideals of the breed. Blue, red and white ribbons could only be won by animals of the sort which really set whiteface fashion. The alignment of cattle was entrusted to W. H. Roe, Shelbyville, Ky. In two or three classes he had assistance because animals were entered which he had bred. He picked the popular type unhesitatingly and made a line of graduated merit easy for onlookers to comprehend. There was such an abundance of beef and good breeding that the actual placing of animals depended much upon their quality of flesh. THE BULLS. A massive masculine type was picked to lead off the aged bulls — W. L. Yost's Ardmore, popularly acclaimed one of the great show bulls of the breed. He is a very thick, low-set fellow with great rounds, loin and back. He is exceedingly smooth and free from any tendency to roll, although shown very fat. The second bull, Enoch & Worthman's entry, is smaller. There were five in the class. Eight two-year-olds made a most interesting and closely contested event which uncovered the senior champion, E. H. Taylor's Beau Bosemont by Dictator Fairfax. He is one of the short-legged straight-lined sort, having a very long wide rump. He carries abundant flesh in all parts. The red ribbon was carried off by J. H. Bereman's bull Perfect Donald 2d. He is smaller and he takes no discount on the score of thick mellow flesh on back, loin and ribs, and his character is suitable. The big Yost bull Woodford 1st stood third. Among the eight senior yearlings an evident winner was found in the Taylor entry Roehampton 19th. He is a long bull, very deep in chest and flank, well finished and well carried either standing or walking. The Yost bull T. Fairfax 3d is also very thick fleshed and an attractive breeding sort. The third bull Beau Blanchard 25th is conspicuous for his short leg^ and great rounds of beef. Frank W. Van Natta helped judge this class. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 261 Junior yearling- bulls numbered ten, and they proved to be tlie best of the male classes. An appropriate winner was the Taylor entry Wood- ford 9th, sired by Woodford and out of a cow Belle Donald 108th. It would scarcely be jjossible to lay covering more smoothly onto a carcass or to draw an outline of more accurate proportions for a bull of the breed. From his well-bred front to his meaty rump and thighs he fills the ad- mirer's eye, whether he be judge, breeder or casual observer. The grand champion ribbon rested naturally on this bull. Another good block of beef with a prepotent appearance is the Yost entry Arranmore, also out of a Belle Donald dam. Both of these were more fully fitted than the third bull shown by Engle, a short-legged, muscular masculine fellow. A group of sixteen senior bull calves brought out much promising material for sires later on. The Engle herd was successful this time with Beau Blanchard 53d, a calf so nearly perfect in lines at top, bottom and sides that he attracts immediate attention. He is compactly made up of thick cover of the elastic kind. A very burly, aggressive head confronts one who looks at Taylor's Premier 4th in second place. He is a growthy youngster and well proportioned to mature nicely. Two compact bulls came third and fourth in the class. Half a dozen junior bull calves were shown. The best one was considered to be the Taylor entry Woodford 16th. This calf is a beautiful type of the breed and fitted to a most exacting taste. The next calf, shown by Yost, has considerable stretch but is thin and so seems narrow. A natur- ally wider and thicker fleshed calf won third for Biehl & Sidwell and might have stood a notch higher but for a weakness of topline. THE cows. An abundance of heft was carried into the ring by the nine aged cows. A pair from the Taylor herd won first and second. The blue ribbon cow Clive Iris 3d is big and very fat, with a great expanse of back and loin finished off as smoothly as one would wish. She is particularly full in the thighs and twist and free from patches. In these, respects she is distinctly superior to Matron Donald, the second prize cow. Less condition was displayed by the rest of the cows. Two heifers of superior quality brouglit up the front of the line of nine two-year-olds. The larger of the two is the Taylor heifer Woodford Lady 5th by Gray Lad 9th. She is also the thickest and smoothest of them all and her short legs set off her merit to advantage. A smaller but very sweet fine animal from Mississippi wore the red ribbon. Then followed a couple of others not quite so smooth in flesh but possessing desirable breed type. i There were also nine senior yearlings and they included the junior cham- pion Dorothy Hampton 23d shown by Yost. Even at that she had no easy victory over the second and third heifers, both from Mississippi and bearing evidence of skillful feeding as well as good breeding. The winner is large for her age and feels the weight of a load of beef neatly spread over her back. The light red Vernet Princess 38th wearing the red ribbon is a model for her size, and her darker mate lost nothing m esti- mation by being beaten in such/ company. W. N. Collier, Fulton, Mo., helped to decide places in this class. An outstanding pair of heifers appeared among the seventeen younger yearlings. Another of the Woodfords won first place and she leaves little to be desired by the critic of youthful merit. Next to this Taylor entry stood the light red Bereman heifer Columbia March On conspicuous for very thick thighs. She is smaller but more successfully finished over the rump' tlian the Andi'ews yearling, winning third Eighteen senior heifer calves gave the judge plenty of work. The first two ribbons fell to Taylor calves, the Princess H securing preference by reason of extreme sweetness of countenance and pleasing proportions. The Princess T heifer, taking second money, was pushed closely by a third Princess — T 6th — similarly well covered over the back and loin and very long in rump. 252 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The classes for single animals were ended with: twelve junior heifer calves. TheYost herd scored a victory with a short-legged straight-backed sweet little thing named Bonnie Augusta. She is plump in the thighs and twist, and so is^ the second heifer, a larger one from the Taylor herd. Greater width and a smoother tailhead made an easy decision between second and third positions. A smaller heifer came fourth in the line-up. The group classes brought out a great display of Hereford perfection in its precocious development of beef form and the extraordinary smooth- ness with which such thick backs and rumps can be finished. Eight young herds filled all available space in the ring and the calf herds, get and produce classes emphasized the real breeding work of the exhibitors. THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS. The Angus contest was about as keen as it could be made. Three promi- nent herds sent the best of their animals into the ring, and the classes were swelled by splendid entries from other quarters. Of course the positions of animals depended much upon fitting. One exhibitor answered a query as to why his cattle did not carry more flesh, and he merely answered, "Two-dollar corn." The Congdon & Battles herd from far away Washing- ton state, and the Oklahoma herd of L. R. Kershaw deserve credit for part of the fine showing. The rest of the cattle were from Iowa and Missouri. Kenneth McGregor, Brandon, Mantioba, tied the ribbons after the first few classes which were judged by \V. J. Kennedy, Sioux City, Iowa. Mr. McGregor is experienced with Angus cattle and he worked carefully over the difficult classes. He had the Angus ideals well in mind and measured up to them very closely. THH BULLS. Four aged bulls appeared and the real rivalry lay between the first two, which were splendidly fitted and are of unusual natural merit. The Cald- well bull Blackcap Bertram is very close to the g'round and his thick cover from shoulder to thigh is worn as smoothly as the outside of an egg. He is as free from angles, too. The Congdon & Battles entry was primed for just such a contest and lost by only a narrow margin. The winner made good championship material. Half a dozen two-year-olds required some little shifting about. The decision was cast on the side of quality. The Pacific Coast entry is a very nugget of plump, solid beef, bedecked with the front of a prospective sire. The next two are larger and except in less degree than the winner they are stamped all over with the quality demanded in the breed. The second prize-winner is farther from the ground and not so long-ribbed or so wide as the third one but possesses a straighter back. Escher & Ryan scored a victory among the five senior yearlings when they showed Blackcap Poe, a very good son of Black Peer, and followed him up with another of the same pattern sired by Irwin C. These are meaty bulls from end to end and readily stood ahead of all the others, even though the very last was a good one. The junior champion was found among the six younger yearlings. This very big son of Oakville Quiet Lad is starting out to live up to family precedents under Battles' showing. His precocious development is remark- able, and with all his superior size he also surpasses the others in the smooth way with which the meat is packed away under his glossy coat. A stretchy thin bull of m.uch probable outcome secured second place for Gardner, beating a pair of smaller Escher & Ryan entries. These two were not highly fitted. A praiseworthy type was brought to the front of the eight senior calves. The youngster is not so large as some of less age but his quality is outstanding and he carries his back more strongly than the red-ribbon calf. Both are from the Caldwell herd. Third and fourth prizes went to a pair of medium sized Escher & Ryan calves as alike as could be, and wfery smooth but not fat. A very tidy little fellow shown by Battles had ■it be content with fifth place. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 253 Five calves constituted the last of the bull classes in which first place was closely contested. It was largely a question of size against extreme quality. The larger calf shown by Caldwell is not so level of rump but is very wide and otherwise acceptable. The little Battles bull, nicely fitted, beat the thin but beautifully stamped Escher & Ryan entry. One could not go far wrong by picking any one of these three. THE FEMALES. Scale and quality combined brought a blue and two purple ribbons to Caldwell's three-year-old cow Queen Milly of S. D. 3d. She was the tallest in her class of seven and looked a bit up in the air but her ends, back, loin and sides are laid so smoothly and firmly that she could not be passed by. More flesh would deepen her. The Escher & Ryan cow winning second prize is not so level of back. The Battles cow came third. She is the heaviest and most' thickly-fleshed of all, but is hardly so firm as desired. The same type as in young bulls was chosen for the heifers, excepting of course, that feminine refinement was added. Battles was first and third and Caldwell second in two-year-olds. Their entries were sired by famous bulls and were fitted and shown befittingly. Even more distinction char- acterized the next class in which the senior yearling heifer Blackbird Gift 13th not only won a blue ribbon for Escher & Ryan but went on to the junior championship. She is the smoothest in the class of five, and also the plumpest in thighs. A very deep-bodied one won second place for Caldwell, and a straight topline secured third place for an Escher & Ryan entry in preference to those following. There were eight junior yearlings. A sweet dainty feminine youngster won the blue ribbon for Battles, but with little margin to spare over the very good Caldwell heifer. Much the same well bred appearance dis- tinguished the next three heifers, all from the Escher & Ryan herd and none of them fat. Eleven senior heifer calves included some hard decisions to make and the judge took a long time to make up his mind finally about the same as at first he had indicated. A very sweet breedy deep-chested, short- legged little heifer seemed entitled to the blue ribbon for Escher & Ryan. Rosenfeld had an entry of very similar stamp excepting a bit rough at the tailhead. For this reason she was set down below a considerably larger Caldwell calf. The big calf looked a little out of place between the smooth-backed little heifers, and yet she is not quite equal to beat- ing the better one that stood first in line. Caldwell won the last class of calves with a growthy, rneaty daughter of Blackcap Star. A typical Escher & Ryan entry sired by Earl Marshall won second, fitting in ahead of a Caldwell calf that is also of the sweet refined sort. The younger classes both of bulls and heifers were generously praised by admirers of the tidy doddies. Much show material was brought out which needs only a little more fitting to give it great prestige anywhere. THE POLLED DURHAMS. Two herds of Polled Durhams furnished keen rivalry for premier hon- ors. The quality of the cattle was excellent. Hultine, showing the larger herd, won the majority of the bull classes, including the grand champion- ship on his two-year-old bull Roselawn Marshall. In the female classes the tables turned, and Achanbach won the championships as well as the majority of the firsts. Fatima, a promising senior yearling heifer of beautiful type, was the junior champion, while her stablemate. Sultana, an aged cow with plenty of scale, finish and quality, was awarded the senior and grand championships. In the groups Achenbach won on the get of sire and produce of cow, the only classes in which competition pre- vailed. The judge was F. W. VanNatta, Fowler, Ind. 254 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE THE RED POLLS. The forty-one Red Polls did not approach, the number of last year's exhibit, although the quality of the cattle was commendable. As in pre- vious exhibits, the blood of Teddy's Best predominated and was a favorite with the ringside. Nearly all of the first prizewinners were either first or second-generation descendants of that bull. Teddy's Charmer won the aged class with his brother Teddy's Perfection second, and ascended to the senior and grand championship. His son Homer, a junior' yearling of quality and scale, won the junior purple, having for competitors other progeny carrying the blood of Teddy's Best. In the female classes com- petition was keen. Constant, shown by Hill, headed a lot of capital aged cows, and won premier honors among the cows. Bessy Charmer, a senior yearling grand-daughter of Teddy's Best, was awarded the junior purple. As the inevitable result of line-breeding, judiciously practiced, the classes were remarkable for their uniformity. The exhibit creditably represented the breed. Elliott Davis, Lincoln, Neb., made the awards. THE GALLOWAYS. The only herd of Galloways on exhibition was sent by H. & G. Croft, Bluff City, Kans. THE STEERS. Sixty-four steers were shown in the Iowa boys' calf-feeding contest, and furnished the closest competition of the show. Most of these also entered in the open classes, which greatly augmented the number shown as well as noticeably stiffened the competition. Clifford Tague, Kirkman, la., was first in the boys' division on a well-flnished grade Shorthorn that was good enough to win the yearling class in the grade Shorthorns. Prof. \V. H. Pew made the awards. THE FAT SHORTHORNS. Thirty-five steers furnished an excellent group of steers in this class, in which Arthur Barrow won championship on a high-quality yearling. In the grade classes McDermott's two-year-old was awarded the purple over the boys' winner and Bidder's calf. The largest entry was in tlie yearling class, where twelve steers were shown. THE FAT HEREFORDS. E. M. Cassady & Son won all the firsts in the pure-bred classes except the yearlings, in which Taylor took first on Bondsman's Boy, a deep- bodied blocky steer, and Cassady ranked second. In the grades Cassady also took the two-year-old class while Hill's entry in the boys' work copped the yearling class. In the calves Yost's entry was a slightly bet- ter-conditioned calf than Cassady's entry, which was second. THE FAT ANGUS. In the Angus classes Caldwells and Kershaw divided the honors, witli the latter taking the two-year-old class, while Caldwells won the cham- pionship on their yearling and took the calf class. Kershaw showed a close second in the yearling, the best class of this; breed. Congdon & Battles won the champion in the grades on their calf Doc Yak, an ex- cellent individual. THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIANS. Holsteins led the dairy breeds in numbers, five strong herds from Iowa and Minnesota being represented. Prof. H. H. Kildee of Minnesota made the awards, and from the time the five aged bulls were placed until the showing was completed the ratings reflected his seasoned judgment. Piebe Laura Ollie Homestead King, a son of Oak DeKol Ollie Homestead, grand champion, defeated last year's purple winner. King Segis Johanna Ormsby, because he is more dairy in type, has greater scale and more EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 255 capacity. The Maywood bull Juhanna Ondine Grahambohm Lad, excellent in front, has not the hindquarters to rank above third. Messer Farms won the other bull classes, save the senior calves, where they ranked below Oak Dale Sprink DeKol and the Maywood entry. The winner here was a strong-lined calf of beautiful type and won the purple, leaving the grand championship to the senior claimant. The aged cow class was dif- ficult to adjudicate. Springbrook Darkness lacks type in her head and also in capacity, while Jewel Walker Gerben lacks scale and strength, but she is wonderfully well-veined and has plenty of quality. Drooky Sadie Vale Cornucopia was the be.st-bodied cow in the class, but deficient in her udder, which is pendulous. Bracelet Clothilde Korndyke won handily, while last year's junior champion Nellie Segis Pontiac won the two-year class from Rose DeKol Wayne Butter Boy, the state champion m butter production, and later the senior and grand championships. Cul- ver showed the junior champion. THE JERSEYS. It was a most imposing show of Jerseys. In quality it excelled some former years by a good margin, and the five herds showed a total of sev- enty-five animals. The breed was fortunate in having no inferior stock shown. Prof. H. H. Kildee, St. Paul, Minn'., made the awards. Golden Fern's Silver Thread, embodying dairy form and temperament with, the pronounced Island type, ranked above her stablemate. Fairy Lad's Wolff. Toronos Iris, a large cow with lots of strength and capacity, was forced into third place because she had not the type and quality of the first two. Longview Farm also showed the first-prize three and two-year-old heif- ers, but could take only one first in young females, that on the junior calf. W. S. Dixon & Son showed the other firsts in the female classes, winning junior champion on Oxford Majesty Maid, a junior yearling with wonderful lines and quality and an udder remarkable for its symmetry. She was compelled to cede the coveted purple in the female classes to the aged cow; largely because the old cow shows her worth. In the bull classes Longview Farm was generally successful. Its aged bull Viola's Majesty's White Sox was placed over Stockwell's Champion because he was cleanercut and straighter-topped. Later he won the highest honors. Mrs. Fabyan won first in the two-year-old class on her lone entry. Combination Premium, Jr. Poet's White Heart headed the six yearlings and later won over his stablemates the junior champion- sliip. One of the sensations of the show was the senior calf Jolly Snow- storm, marked like a\ Holstein save for his head. He won fifth in his class. Competition was spirited and Jersey ribbons won at Des Moines this year were coveted and prized. THE AYRSHIRES. The Ayrshire show, though somewhat smaller than in previous years, was of uniform quality. Only three herds were present. The bull classes, except those under two years of age, were hardly up to the standard of the other classes. The most outstanding bull was Seitz's senior ye.arling calf Cavalier's Lord Rosebery. He is a growthy youngster of exceptional promise. In the aged cow class seven good entries were uncovered. Old- hall Beauty 8th, an; imported cow that won the grand championship, is an outstanding individual. The first prize two-year-old Nona Spence is living up to the promise of success she gave in previous years, although the junior championship was wrested from/ her by her full-sister Good Gift's Nona. The Ayrshire show was altogether highly creditable. Will Forbes, Waterloo, la., was the judge. THE GUERNSEYS. The Guernsey exhibit was disappointingly light in numbers and not notable in quality. One of the features was the senior bull calf Rookwood Cherub, a youngster of much promise, which Prof. C. F. Curtiss raised 256 • IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE from a cow to be sent to be bred to Ladysmith's Cherub. The unfortu- nate death of Hayes Cherub left Mr. Marsh without an aged show bull, and he did not send a herd. It also left the breed poorer by the removal of that famous show bull and sire. Dairyland Farm had entries through- out the classes with only Rookwood Cherub as a competitor. He was the grand champion bull. THE BROWN SWISS. Ira Inman, Beloit, Wis., was the sole exhibitor of Brown Swiss. They were judged by H. G. Van Pelt, Waterloo, la. THE SWINE SHOW. Twenty-five hundred hogs were in the pens of the big barns. All who passed through seemed to be impressed with the high degree of perfection attained by exhibiting breeders, and the value of the show. Breeders of nine herds were filled with enthusiasm for their favorites. They seemed to have been particularly careful in selecting only the best, and the shew throughout was a struggle for supremacy among top-notchers. The num- ber of young breeders showing was gratifying, and most of them were there with the goods. The massiveness and scale of the aged animals halted many a passer-by for a more careful inspection. There was a good deal of barter and exchange among breeders, as well as a friendly exchange of ideas, and few people passed through the hog barns without having learned a lesson. There was a greater uniformity of type than has previously been shown, and the quality was also first-rare. The futurity show was popular; it brought out some remarkable specimens. The judging was done by experienced men. Poland-China breeders made a show that was highly satisfactory to adherents of the breed and the general public. Numbers were slightly reduced over last year, but the type was more uniform than at previous shows. It was gratifying to note the large number of new exhibitors this year. The fitting was about on a par with that of last year, despite the high cost of feed. The big type of pig was exhibited without ex- ception. In. the futurity show Iowa won all ribbons with full classes. Probably the strongest class was the aged boar class, with ten speci- mens averaging about 1,000 pounds. The ranking was close in this class, and on the whole the balance and. carriage of the heavyweights were remarkable. The junior and senior pig classes developed sharp compe- tition among many tip-top Individuals. The senior and grand champion boar represents a high ideal in Poland-China type. The junior and grand championship went to a senior sow pig, a beauty to behold. W. Li. McNutt, Ord, Neb., made the awards. Berkshires were not shown in as large numbers as at previous fairs. The quality and type were good, and the fitting was satisfactory. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo., tied the ribbons. This breed was represented by a few more animals than were shown last year. No more uniform exhibit has ever been shown in Des Moines. The type represented was the big, smooth type. Only a few aged boars were shown, but all other classes were well filled. The aged sow class was large and the younger sow classes did not lack) in numbers. The awards were well distributed. The judging was done by W. A. Hoover, Oskaloosa, la. Hampshire breeders were on the ground with 255 representatives of this breed. The Hampshire sow classes were all good, there being strong competition in the yearling and p:g classes. The type shown was good and on the whole the animals were well fitted. The grand championship in the boar class went to an outstanding junior yearling boar. Charles Marker, Auburn, 111., judged. The Duroc-Jerseys led in number, there being 882 in the pens. The type was fairly uniform and the tendency to maintain scale was much EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 257 in evidence. There was no noticeable lack of fleshing-. The numVjer of entries in the pig- classes far exceeded that of the older animals, and there v,'ere fewer older boars and sows than last year. The junior year- ling classes in both sexes were filled to overflowing-. There was a goodly number of senior pigs, and a fair number of junior pigs. The futurity show brought out a good lot. W. T. Harris, Morganfield, Ky., awarded the prizes. THE SHEEP SHOW. Iowa staged one of the best shows of sheep ever held in the state. The exhibit was interesting and instructive for both the exhibitors and visitors. Every p^en was filled and some crowding -was necessary in order to accommodate the fiocks. Before the sheep were comfortably arranged in the pens the buyers were on hand and a great many sales were made. Never' in the history of the show has there been sucli a demand for breeding sheep, from not only men who desired to purchase breeding rams, but men who were looking for seventy-five to 100 ewes. Many flocks will be started from foundation stock purchased. Sales were made in many distant states. Practically all of the sheep shown by Iowa exhibitors were home-bred and in excellent breeding conditions, none being overdone. Most of the sheep show was made by Iowa exhibitors. The condition of the sheep evidenced considerable improvement over that of former years, indicating that Iowa breeders are gradually learning the proper methods of fitting. In most of the breeds competition was keen and in many instances there was little difference in the individual merit of the winners. A very interesting and instructive farm sheep demonstration exhibit was made by the Department of Agriculture in charge of " Prof. E. L. Shaw of the bureau of animal industry. The exhibit consisted of charts illustrating the oppoi-tunities and reasons for sheep raising and the im- portance of using good sires. Enlarged illustrations with descriptions of the leading breeds of sheep in this country and models of sheep sheds, hay racks, feed troughs, lamb creeps and hurdles were also shown. En- larged illustrations were used to show the process of manufacturing wool into cloth, samples of the market grades of wool, a mill sort of an in- dividual fleece and; various instruments used for docking, marking and specimens of parasites affecting sheep all attracted considerable atten- tion. A model farm of 160 acres was plotted off for handling a flock of from 60 to 75 head of! sheep in connection with general farming, with charts showing the Iowa dog law and methods for flock protection. It was surprising to see the large number of people who were inter- ested in this exhibit. Many new ideas were secured by the visitors which will be of great benefit to them in flock management. Much praise was heard for the exhibit. Many traveled flockmasters pronounced this the best exhibit of its kind they had ever seen. Representatives of other state fairs were especially anxious to secure this exhibit. Considerable interest was created by the wool show this year. Some excellent fleeces were on view, indicating that breeders know what a good fleece should be like. The slieep shearing contest was a decided improvement over that of last year. The contestants were judged on time, method of shearing, condition of fleece and condition of sheep. Classes were held for both professional and amateurs in machine and hand shearing. Great crowds showed their interest by remaining during the entire contest. Robert Miller, Stouffville, Ont., judged the mutton breeds In a very painstaking manner and his awards were well received. Prof. W. L. Bliz- zard, Stillwater, Okla., passed on the fine-wool breeds in a very satisfac- torj'- manner. Prof. E. L. Shaw awarded the prizes in both the wool ex- hibit and shearing contest in agreeable fashion. The Shropshires made a remarkable show. In fact Mr. Miller pro- nounced it the best Shropshire show he had ever seen at a state fair. 17 258 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE The winning- animals were of remarl-cablo quality and type, the cham- pions being- American-bred. The three leading winners were H. Y). Ed- dingfield, Mt. Pleasant, la.; A. T. Jones & Sons, Everly, la., and C AV. Chandler, Kellerton, la. The competition was very keen throughout the entire show. A very represent.-itive exliibit was made by the Hampshire breed by Walnut Hall Farms, Donerail, Ky., and A. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wis., Walnut Hall taking the lead with an especiariy well fitted flock. While the Oxford show contained a number of excellent individuals the exhibit as a whole wa^ not quite up to the usual standard. The leading exhibitors were: John Graham & Son, Bldora, la.; Iowa State College, Ames, la.; C. C. Cropen, West Liberty, la., and Richards & Rich- ards, Lodi, Wis. The Southdowns made a very creditable shewing, much better than in foimer years. Iowa State College won most of the awards on an especially well fitted flock. Only one flock of Dorsets were exhibited but tliis flock was worthy of strong competition. Three exhibitors furnished competition in the Cheviot breed. An excellent lot of Cotswolds and Lincolns were exhibited, most of the prizes going to A. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wis. As usual there was an excellent lot in the fine-wool division. The fol- lowing exhibitors furnished the competition: Watson Lovett, Zanesville, O.; Richards & Richards, Lodi, Wis., and A. J. Blakely & Son, Grinnell, la. An excellent flock of Ilambouillets was exhibited by King Bros., Lara- mie, Wyo., and it is to be regretted that such a flock did not have com- petition. THE DRAFT HORSE SHOW. Some speculation had been indulged in as to the extent to which the horse department would measure up to the precedents of previous shows. The mare classes of draft horses were judged first, and they were not heavily filled, so some pessimistic comment could be heard. But the stallion classes came out in much strength, especially in Percherons and Belgians. The Belgians never made a better show. Considering the absence of inferior horses, it may be said that the whole draft horse show proved just as interesting and instructive if not quite so extensive as ever. Excellent grade mares and geldings also filled the iftility classes Mules added considerably to the numbers of animals for exclusive work use and some very big- "nervy" mules were shown. A few well-made big jacks rounded out that part of the show. Light horses and ponies in numbers and variety were sliown before the grandstand daytimes and in harness and under saddle in the Coliseum at night. In addition to some of the veteran campaigners in these classes there were a number of unfamiliar names belonging to first-class young horses. The harness and saddle lots were particularly brilliant and popu- lar, from the larger horses down to the wee Shetlands. The classes were taken up in rotation by a printed schedule, and the judges kept to the hours with surprising fidelity, even in handling bulky groups. It was a successful plan and eliminated much delay' and con- fusion that usually have occurred. Excepting for complaint about costly feed and insufficient farm help, the horsemen seemed pleased with the trend of their business. Orders were on hand to buy especially meritorious horses of several ages and of the different breeds. The principal difficulty with that part of it was the extremely exacting requirements as to perfection of type, legs, feet and action, on the part of would-be buyers. THE PERCHERONS. It was altogether a very high-class show of Percherons. Of course the ■distribution of animals was different from old-time precedents, and num- bers were smaller than usual. Excepting in the aged classes where a EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 259 few imported horses appeared it! was distinctly a display of American- bred animals. Surprise on all sides was expressed because of the very good and well-g-rown young- stallions brought out. Dealers undoubtedly scouted the breeding sections of America very thoroughly to find so many. As the prizelist indicates, there was a large representation of new and little-known breeders who had the courage to fit and show the likely- looking animals they had raised. Several large operators who formerly imported most of the Percherons stated that they could readily find in this country as many as their trade requires if farmers would only feed more liberally. Most of their search is necessary merely to find sufficient size. There are plenty of good little ones tared from large enough percentage. This indicates what a good market is missed by those who argue that one cannot afford to throw high-priced grain into colts, especially when they are running on pas- ture. Prices mentioned were twice as high for the big yearlings and two- year-olds as for the smaller ones of similar make-\ip. The corn crib cross is thus a 50-50 affair with high-priced foundation breeding animals. The corn can be figured in as high as tlie market goes and still it will pay out. Some of the stallions were shown just as big as they have ever been grown even in France. Two-year-olds weighed a ton and more. There was extraordinarily fine quality of bone and correct setting of legs, tak- ing the breed as a whole. In some instances the need of larger bone was plain but that is always true when quality is outstanding. Rarely are the largest of bone and the finest fiber done up in the same package. High-priced feed, scarcity of capable grooms and the abundance of buyers for the very best horses were all named as reasons why various exhibitors either remained at home altogether or else showd a smaller number than usual. The chronic cry was the impossibility of finding men who know how to fit and handle horses. The judging was capably done by A. L. Robison, Jr., Pekin, 111., for the third year in succession. He piclced the big serviceable stylish pat- tern with legs of the very best sort, and stuck right to it consistently. The line-up in class after class was instructive for the breeder. Numbers considered, the worlj went rapidly. THE STALLIONS.. Twenty-three, aged stallions proved something of a surprise to tliose who have loudly regretted the cessation of importations. American-breds stood one, two, three. The black Philix has kept in obscurity until six years old and his initial presentation by the Singmasters at the head of this line-up gives promise of great things in future. He won the championship. He is a horse of balanced build, extraordinary bone an 1 tremendously powerful hocks, and he has the style, character, quality and step of a real show horse and prepotent sire. He has to be a good one to beat the light-spotted dark gray Ivan which led the three-year-old class at the last International and was brought back in good condition. Much praise was accorded the well-preserved tight-made black Jour shown as fit as a fiddle by "Wm. Crownover. Although eight years old, this vigor- ous horsal has the hardest of legs and a finish of form and a style of bearing which stamp him as a wonderful horse for his size. He looked right in third place, even though It requires a really high-class horse to stand in front of Trumans' thick-muscled big-boned finely-tempered black four-year-old imported Naif. Three-year-olds numbered only seven. Among them were candidates to try the strength of Singmaster's famous light gray Keota Jalap, a re- peated and consistent winner. This colt has not developed as much as some colts during the past year, yet he s-^emed clearly entitled to con- tinued decoration with the blue ribbon. His sloping shoulder, straight back, level croup and fine quality are as distinctive as ever. The black Dunham's Champion, is larger, more burly of build and withal possessing 260 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE a pleasing pattern and style both standing and going. He looks like a real show horse with an outcome. Singmaster won third place on a tall blue-gray named Orie, not large of bone but exquisite in quality. His stablemate Eugene is also a big one. The two-year-old class recalled the days when single exhibitors almost filled the ring with colts weighing right at a ton each. Two dozen an- swered the call and most of them were big ones. The best-balanced of them all ap'peared to be Dunhams' black Arago. He is not so tall as some but is powerfully built with a masculine head, strong shoulder and back, long wide croup and superior underpinning. His unusual excellence in important points of make-up brought him ahead of Singmaster's dark gray Jock, the tallest of the lot. Another tall gray colt from the Sing- master stable is Model, of distinct quality stamp but not so large of bone as the two above him. A promising black came fourth. Yearling stallions constituted a futurity class with fourteen entries and twelve shown. J. T. Judge secured the chief honor on Sir Cyclone, a dark gray colt of compact build, muscular quarters, attractive head and ample bone, but not so springy as might be desired in pasterns and step.- A more upstanding growthy colt named Maplegrove Ledgerdemain won the red ribbon for Singmasters. He possesses the back, croup' and style one expects to find in a Jalap colt. The third colt Anton D, shown by John Donhowe, is smaller and thinner but is beautifully turned over the back and croup, and he has the very sharpest of cannons and stands better than either of the first two. Don L. Berry had a big-boned good-legged muscular gray that came fourth, beating another good gray shown by J. Hill. There were no culls in the class and some very good ones were left on down the line because they did not quite measure up to the exact- ing standard of character, quality and joints. In the stallion foal class a couple of creditable youngsters appeared and George Baker's entry won the blue. THE MARES. Mare classes were small. This is considered as indicating that the very best mares are busy doing farm work and raising foals and so could not generally be put in shape for their best showring appearance. Much in- terest centered about the black four-year-old mare Trinquante shown by Dunhams. She is a half-sister to the famous three-year-old Turquoise and plainly shows a relationship. She is a big mare of rare grandeur, strong back, long croup, big bone and hard texture, an easy first-prize- winner; and slie won the grand championship. Baker's second prize black Nena is smaller but is also set up' on serviceable and seasoned timber. In the class for mare and foal Iowa State College won distinction with a rugged drafty black named Ellen and her gray foal The Princess. This youngster is sired by Jalap, and displays the expected head, back, croup and legs which that sire stamp's on his get. A couple of three-year-old fillies constituted the whole show in their class, although they could have borne considerable competition.. The Hurdcroft entry Pearl had the better of the argument against Babcock's Adelaide. There was a little more spice to the next class in which Dun- hams made a successful show with a well-balanced filly named Sylphide. She had to be a real good one to beat her mate Kathleen, a dark gray with round rib, long croup , and powerful legs of the- best quality. A couple of other likely fillies brought up the rear of this class. Hurdcroft Farm showed a sweet beautifully-made, deep-chested and nicely-finished black yearling filly named Sara Belle that took the honors in the filly futurity. Dunhams were right after her with La Mascotte, a daughter of Lysee, large, well-proportioned and clean-cut. They also won third on another filly by the same sire and named Lycette. Fourth prize went to Hoit's gray Marguerite, a daughter of Jalap and conspicu- ous for her strong back, well-proportioned hindquarters and serviceable- looking legs. Like all the others that got a look at the money in this 'EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 261 class, the fifth one is another with a splendid quality of underpinning. The Iowa State College Jalap foal The Princess beat the other little fillies. She has the making- of a shapely and durable mare. Judge had a young- ster of pleasing pattern in second place, and a couple of others of a de- sirable sort wound up the list. The special classes extended the Percheron show considerably and the groups proved instructive to students of breeding. The whole display swept away any doubt about American breeders being on the right track. Eight mares were represented in the produce class. The four groups of five stallions each included twenty of the best stallions put together in a long time. Singmaster's lot headed by Lagos easily won first, and the Dunham group came second. Most of these are American-breds. The Truman group winning third was conspicuous for the big bone which characterized the lot. THE CLYDESDALES. There was an artistic little display of the Scottish draft horse, adhering strictly to the ancestral precedents as to pattern and performance. The breed has not usually been numerous at this fair but seldom have there been such uniformly typical legs, feather and action. The blood of horses that won honors in the great show.s a few years back fiows through the veins of most of these entries and accounts for their excellence. The capable veteran Judge Andrew McFarlane Palo, la., exercised due discrim- ination in picking the winners. THE STALLIONS. G. W. Merna's grand old show horse Samuda came out in the class of sires and made a wonderful show. He is nine years old and is familiar as one of the most massive and big-boned Clydesdales in this country. He is a genuine draft horse and also displays plenty of quality, so that he looks about as fresh now as he did when a colt. The ten-year-old horse The Pinnacle was not shown in quite so good form by Barron Bros, and he is not so large as the winner, but he has very powerful timber and ia a worthy rival in good company. The neat stylish Prince Cedric won third for Ford, beating the smaller compact horse Highland Duke. A big stylish three-year-old Prince Ulysses, a son of Prince Cedric, brought Ford addi- tional honors in the next class. He is of Scottish make-up, and so is his mate Alexander which won second place. A powerful black son of Samuda came third. Three light-colored colts constituted the two-year-old class in which Prince Cedric's fame as a sire was still further extended by the victory of a son named Prince Fickland. A well-balanced entry from the Barron stable came second and beat a tall colt of nice quality shown by Merna. Only five colts appeared in the yearling futurity class. Prince Cedric again got credit through' a bay son called Proud Archer shown by Ford. He is rather strong- of head but stands beautifully on the best of legs bo1,h as to fashioning and furnishing of feather. He is also quite a muscular youngster. The second colt shown by Barron Bros, is sired by another famous show horse General Davidson. He is named Davidson's Heir and looks the part. He is better turned over the croup than the winner and has more of the desired Clydesdale stamp and style than the third colt. Polio's Fast Freight. A good light bay came fourth for Barron and a big thin rangy brown of much promise came fifth for Tice. Samuda got the credit for siring the best stallion foal, a tastefully-made young- ster shown by Merna. A couple of foals sired by Stately Chief stood sec- ond and third. THE MARES. The mare classes were likewise small but instructive as to the Ideals of Clydesdale breeders. A bay daughter of Samuda named Samuda Violet beat a worthy competitor in the yeld class. She is a splendid mare, of drafty proportions lilve her sire and good both above and at the iround. 262 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Mr. Merna also won the mare-and-foal class, scoring- this time with the roomy and typical flve-year-old IMolly by Lord Albert and her bay stal- lion foal by Samuda, which won the foal class. Ford showed a brood mare type in second place and a good thin black mare and her foal came third for Skinner. Among th'e three three-year-old fillies Peterson's very drafty bay East- lawn's Flash 2d, by King Charming, was undeniably the best. With all her quality she possesses an unusual degree of bone, in contrast to her neat black-gray mate which won third. Barron Bros, secured second money on an admirable type named Elniona. In the two-year-old class a pair of daughters of The Pinnacle came in first and second places for Barron Bros., by reason of pleasing pattern all over. The third one Hazel, shown by Merna, is another of the substantial daug^hters of Samuda, and she possesses abundant quality, although scarcely such extreme silki- ness of feather as the chestnut Garnet which won fourth for Skinner. The best class of the breed from a popular standpoint was the col- lection of futurity yearling fillies, about a dozen of which were shown in excellent form. The principal honor here went to Tice on Bonita, a wonderfully-backed, beautifully-made bay daughter of Langwater Sultan. It required genuine merit and all-around adherence to the points a Scotch- man loves in order to win among so many good ones, and this filly is about as good as they are ever made. Another neat bay named Shy Ann won the red tie for Andrews & Son. Quite an upstanding sort secured third place for Iowa State College. i?he is named Pearl Queen, is sired by Gray Pearl, and is as beautifully turned over the top as she is superbly furnished below. On down the line the pleasing appearance tapered off gradually from one to another, a creditable showing for the breed and for the judge's appreciation of his task. In the filly foals Prince Cedric annexed more glory through a little miss sired by him. She beat two other good mares. It is apparent that the Clydesdale show was mainly made up of Ameri- can-bred animals, even in the older classes, so the substantial drafty type combined with acceptable quality is doubly commendable. The sensa- tion of the Clydesdale show was the filly futurity winner Bonita, owned by Tice. Gray-headed Scotch-bred breeders asserted that no such degree of perfection in head, neck, back, loin, croup, legs, feet, quality and action had ever been produced in this country. THE SHIRES. Shires were even less numerous than their companion British breed, the Clydesdales. At that, enough animals were on hand to fill most of the classes and represent the breed's better features. Those horses which were shown are real Shires of the most up-to-date quality in joints, bone and feather. Prof. W. H. Pew, Ames, la., did careful work in the capacity of judge. He stuck strictly to the horses with bone that is hard as well as big. A good breed type was presented in the aged class of stallions, when Trumans' entry the dark bay Kirtling Bold Lion fairly overshadowed the others in size and all-around balanced excellence of conformation, charac- ter, bone and silky feather. A rather more compact, level-topped, big- boned bay won second for Summers, and third went to a strong-jointed black shown by Trumans. The R. Connor Co. won fourth on Royal Patch, a smaller horse with very big bone and considerably patched with white. Trumans showed a couple of three-year-olds without opposition. The two-year-old class was the best filled and numbered eleven. Trumans won first as usual, this time on a chestnut of outstanding excellence as a Shire pattern. He has abundant thickness and is massively built; his bone is generous and his quality of the best. Big bone distinguished the whole class but none more so than the burly black that won second prize. A rather compact bay won a third prize for Tom Skola, and Trumans came EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 263 in fourth with an upstanding gray. The futurity class only drew four yearling- stallions. The conspicuous winner was the roan Trumans' Blus- terer, a thick colt standing on tremendous bone of hard texture and trotting straight and easily. A bay of excellent quality came second and another bay of less size but very strong back and level croup won third. The last in line is the largest of the lot and possesses the accept- able type of the breed but his legs were not set so truly nor tempered so hard as those above him. Two rugged stallion foals were shown, each having big bone and much muscle. A very drafty bay mare was shown by J. L.. Howard as the sole rep- resentative in the yeld mare class. She is a desirable type nevertheless with breadth of beam, a powerful back, long level croup and bone of clean and ample cut. Crawford & Griffin secured the leading positions v/ith mares and foals on two substantial brood mares and their likely- looking youngsters. Even the tliird-prize mare, the gray Fuchsia, shown by Connor, is a very desirable and drafty type, a hard sort to beat, and she has a good foal. Only two three-year-old fillies reported, a pair of good bays from the Connor stable. The heavier-boned and very typical Dray King Fashion beat the rangier neat-legged Dray Queen Star. More competition added interest to the next class, and Summers won the blue decoration on a bay having wonderful chest and back as well as the desired make-up below. This one named Rampton Clara is more attract- ive in pattern than her second-prize mate Ciceter Blossom by the same sire Brown Tom 2d. Connor's entry that won third is perhaps chiefly distinguished by the excellent shape and tempering of her bone and joints. The futurity judging was a light affair among the yearling fillies, as only two appeared. These were attractive bays. Six more prizes totaling $94 would have been awarded if enough fillies had been entered. Shire breed- ers did not take advantage of their opportunity. A single good filly foal was shown by Crawford & Griffin. Group classes were also lightly filled. THE BELGIANS. The greatest draft horse show was made by the Belgians. Especially is this true considering the present event in comparison with the small numbers of real show horses which represented the breed in years past. The Belgian has undoubtedly made a good impression in the state, and its breeders are fully awake to the advertising value of the state fair. Classes were large and most of the entries were bred in Iowa. Some of the favorite old show horses have made a remarkable record as sires of show winners at this year's fair. Chiefly through their influence a high standard of quality and correctness has been set for Belgian legs, feet and action. Adherents of all breeds praised the Belgian display. Perhaps the famous feeding ability of the breed had something to do with encouraging owners to bring their animals on to a sufficient finish for showing. Certainly the Belgians were well-fleshed. Prof. W. J. Kennedy, Sioux City, I.a., assigned positions in the prize- list with rapidity and accuracy. He agreed with current comment that it w^as the best show in many of the classes that the breed ever made at this fair, and in some cases was the best display ever made by the breed in America. THE STALLIONS. Seven aged stallions came out. A darkly spotted chestnut four-year- old named Irvinedale Rowdy put up a dashing display of style and accu- rate action. He is not fat and so lacked somewhat in massiveness of ap- pearance, but he has plenty of frame, stands on magnificent timber, both as to the cut and the polish of! it, and has a well-bred stallion's front. Chas. Irvine owns him and also the third-prize horse, a roan called Canon, which has been heard from before. He is a big horse but seems to have been neglected somewhat in legs and feet. Champlin Bros, showed their well-known big bay Paul de Roosbeke, very hard in the 264 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE legF and well-fitted. This six-year-old is a hard one to beat anywhere but he is not) so bold In manner nor so free in action as the winner. Champlins had in three good stallions, and their brown was fourth and the chestnut fifth. C. G. Wood took the blue tie on his three-year-old chestnut stallion Jupiter, not fat but possessing a nicely-balanced build from top to bottom. He is stronger of back than the big-chested deep- flanked chestnut Indigene which the Lefebure brothers showed in second place. A smaller bay Hamlet Boy won third for Markey Bros. The two-year-olds, sixteen in number, made a class of stallions whose superior has probably never been produced by the breed in America. Champlins won first on a big thin colt whose bone is extraordinary both for its measurement and density. He has the appearance of growing on to a great size and still preserving the long neck, powerful back and level croup which give present distinction. Chas. Irvine's roan Jupiter's Hero, big and balanced in build and action, gave the winner plenty of competition. Both of these are considerably larger than the third-prize Lefebure entry. There were sixteen yearling stallions in the futurity class. The Lefe- bure Brothers are continuing the business of their father the late Henry Lefebure, and it was a source of satisfaction to see them win the first two places in the futurity. Their first colt is a very large chestnut, extra strong iJi the back, and he has heavy muscle and bone. In these respects he beats) the second-prize colt. This one is also chestnut in color and compactly built and has legs, that stand more steadily and possess more elasticity in action. Both of these colts are more attracive in character and outlines than the chestnut and the roan with which Good won third and fourth prizes. The stallion foals were good ones. Irvine had the honor of winning the class on a well-made youngster sired by his Inter- national champion stallion Alfred de Bree Ecyke. Excellent legs and feet Sire this colt's conspicuous qualities. McDermott had a thick heavy-bonea bay that won second. THE MARES. Few mares were brought in. Markey Bros, met no rivals for their pair of blocky chestnut dray mares, both eight years old. The larger of the two won first prize. There was a larger number of mares with foals and the mares in this class were far better individuals. Irvine sent in a fine pair of chestnut mares, each boasting a lusty chestnut foal. Suzette is somewhat superior herself and her foal is straighter and larger, so she led the class. Two other mares slipped in ahead of her mate, and this shows how good the lot was. The Champlins had a big drafty roan named Sadie, very matronly and level of lines, and she had a meritorious bay foal, so these two took second place. Estes had a big bay mare and foal that came third. At the last International show Wm. Crownover won the grand champion- ship on a chestnut two-year-old filly that was praised unstintingly by all who saw her. Her name is Lista and she has developed admirably. Seldom has so perfect a draft type been produced among the mares of any breed, and she has a sweet femininity that marks her for special approval. She easily won first here as a three-year-old. Her mate Salome, right off the same pattern, won second, and a roan from the same stable came third. These three are all sired by the famous Farceur whose get have added much in the last few years to the fame of Wm. Crownover as a breeder. An outstanding roan, another Farceur filly, secured the blue ribbon among seven two-year-olds. She is made just like the others of that breeding, a typical Belgian of the most up-to-date sort, with substance, bone, big feet, style and the finest of quality. A chestnut, also shown by Crown- over, came next by reason of her very strong back and roomy build as well as underpinning of the right kind. The Lefebures had a creditable third-prize winner and Irvine had to be content with fourth in this very good class. 1 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 265 There were ten candidates for futurity honors and Crownover won first, third, fifth and sixth on four roan fillies as tastefully made and finely- mannered as only four Farceur sisters could be. The first one. Para- mount Lulu, is the largest and there is not one serious fault in her make- up. It took a really balanced and promising one to slip in among these four, as the two roans did which were shown by Good in second and fourth places. His red ribbon filly Princess B Is exceedingly deep-chested, a brood mare kind and a serviceable appearing youngster also. Her mate that won fourth is not so neat and well turned, over the tips as the smaller Crownover filly that came just ahead of her. Eight filly foals made an unusually large class for a state fair. One of Irvine's youngsters sired by Alfred won first place. This is the same one that won first with her dam Suzette as mare and foal. Her combination of pleasing lines and acceptable bottoms stamp her as one to be reckoned with in future. The Lefebure red-ribbon filly is well grown and of fine quality. The most wonderful feature of the Belgian exhibition and of the whole draft horse department was the remarkable excellence and similarity of eight fillies which Crownover showed in two groups as the get of Farceur. They were all typical Belgians of their sire's pattern and every one stood on the kind of legs and feet sought continually by all draft horse users. It was the universal comment that this show proves Farceur to be a great and tremendously prepotent sire. THE PONY SHOW. This state fair maintained well its reputation for overflowing classes of Shetland Ponies, with some capital representatives of the Welsh and Hackney Ponies. Shetlands were shown by Mrs. Adam Sterling, Des Moines, la.; Bridgeford Farms, Joy, 111.; George Briedson, Panora, la.; C. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111.; Welty Shetland Pony Farm, Nevada, la., and Hugh Hall, Des Moines, la. Hackney Ponies and others were shown by Frank Briedson, Bayard, la.; A. L. Champlin, Ames, la.; Oakland Stable, Oskaloosa, la.; Mrs. Adam Sterling, Des Moines, la.; C. R. Wells and Bruce Robinson, Washington, la., and Welsh Ponies by C. E. Bunn and Mrs. Adam Sterling. Prof. W. J. Rutherford of Saskatchewan did the judging. Mr. Bunn was the leader in ribbon-winning among the Shetlands in the breeding classes and in harness, and Mrs. Sterling's pony won under saddle. The prizes were well divided among the Welsh in the breeding classes, but Mr. Bunn was most prominent with ponies in harness. IOWA STATE PAIR BREAKS ALL RECORDS. From Wallaces' Farmer. The Iowa State Fair for 1917 set a new high-water mark, exceeding in total attendance all past high records by over 50,000 visitors. Total re- ceipts also made a new high total of about $50,000 more than last year, which itself set a new record for the fair. During the entire ten days, the fair was favored with ideal weather — warm enough to be bringing the corn crop along to maturity and cool enough to be pleasant for camp- ing and to spend the days and evenings in the open air. A little shower early in the week settled the dust and added to the comfort of the visitors. The management will be able to clear off all indel)tedness and leave a surplus in the treasury for improvements and emergencies next year. The total attendance was just a few short of 3-50.000 for the ten days. Iowa has been wonderfully blessed this year with good grain crops, which are bringing profitable prices. With the exception that corn is a couple weeks late, Iowa crops were never better, Iowa farmers are feeling- prosperous, and they came to the fair in goodly numbers for a few days of rest and to study the exhibits, with a view to growing better live stock and to using more up-to-date machinery, which will enable them to spread the work of a single man over a larger acreage, and in this way cope in a measure with the serious shortage of farm help that already exists. 266 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Naturally, the war and the new conditions it is creating, was one of the chief topics of conversation among the state fair visitors. The farmer is intensely interested in the operation of the draft law. There is already a serious shortage of farm labor. If farm boys generally are called to the colors, this shortage will be very serious, indeed, before the crops are gathered, and even more serious next spring, when it is time to put in the new crops. Many farmers feel that the boys who have had special training on the farm, and especially those who are actively managing farms, or, as it sometimes happens, are the owners of farms themselves, arc more valuable to the nation raising live stock and grain than they would be in the trenches. It is uncertain as yet just what steps the gov- ernment will take, but the tendency so far has been not to excuse farm boys from military service except in some cases until the crops are gathered this fall. Other industries are also complaining because their workmen are being taken, and it seems likely now that the government will not excuse the farm boys from military service except possibly in very unusual cases. The presence of some 5,000 soldiers on the fair grounds gave to it a distinctly military atmosphere. Patriotism was pronounced, but not noisy. TVhen the splendid troops of the IGSth infantry passed in review before Ciovernor Harding and some 70,000 lowans on Wednesday, there was plenty of enthusiasm, but of a quiet and determined kind. This indicated to the careful observer that Iowa people idealize that we have a serious job on hand — one that will require intelligent cooperation on the part of all, and possibly great sacrifice on the part of many; but it is a job that is neces- sary, one that we can not honorably avoid, and lowans are practically unanimous and quietly determined to see it through. The hotels and restaurants of Des Moines were heavily taxed to accom- modate the tremendous crowds of visitors. Many private homes were opened for the accommodation of those w^ho wished rooms in the resi- dence section, and the Commercial Club, through its information bureau, in that way took care of many thousands of visitors. There were accom- modations on the fair grounds to feed the multitudes, who came without pif.nic baskets, and who looked with enviovis eyes at their more thoughtful neighbors who did provide such baskets, and enjoyed the appetizing con- tents while seated on the thick grass beneath the trees. Boys' and girls' club work during the past year has been centralized largely in the production and preservation of food products. An idea of w^hat has been accomplished by club activities could be had by visiting the club building on the hill. There were canned products of all kinds and descriptions. During the summer, members have been sent literature urging them to keep up their work. That many of them responded to these appeals from the government for more food was evident. While the quantity which individuals were able to produce and preserve was small, the aggregate is large, and the total value would be astonishing. There are more than 50,000 members in Iowa alone, and their work includes twelve branches. At the club building, latest improved methods for can- ning, drying and other methods of saving food products were demon- strated by the extension department of Iowa State College. "Wednesday was special club day, every member of a club being admitted free. Prizes were awarded the clubs that made the best exhibits. The boys' judging contest always is an event of interest. Some of the fair's best cattle, horses, swine and corn were brought before the boys to be judged. Each boy had to pass on two classes of each kind of stock and on two varieties of corn. The time allowed to look over each class and to write reasons for the placing was fifteen minutes for each member. Prizes for those whose judgment corresponded most closely to that of the expert Judses wp.re scholarships in the regular agricultural CBUrses at EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 267 Amos, valued at $200. $150, $100, and $25, respectively. Competition was limited to boys under twenty-one years of age and to those wlio had not been classified in college work or those who had never won above fifth place in any previous state fair judging contest. Their work as a whole was highly commendable. The total number of possible points to be gained was SOO. The awards follow: 1 — George W. Halstead, Ames 684 2 — Aubrey Johnson, Cresco 681 3 — Raymond McMillan, Mount Pleasant 679 4 — Harry Farrington, Silver City 673 5— Carl B. Bates, Newell ". 672 The model garden plan worked out near the College Building, was a new feature of the fair. Professor C. L. Fitch, of the Iowa Agricultural College, had given supervision to the garden during the summer. It was calculated to be of about the proper size for a farmer's family, and to include the vegetables and small fruits which should be grown in every farm garden. Hundreds of plans of the garden were distributed. Those who failed to see the garden or to get a copy of its plan should write to the college for one before planting next spring's garden. At the rear of the garden, a cave for storage was erected, and a pit for storing vege- tables suggested practical ideas. Gardens on most farms are managed in a haphazard way, largely because farmers have given the subject little at- t ntion. The idea of the worked-out-model plan was to encourage more system and to show just about how much of each product should be pro- duced to supply the family's needs as well as the arrangement of the Viiious plats in the garden. A farm sheep demonstration exhibit in the sheep barn attracted a great deal of favorable attention. It was put on by the United States Department of Agriculture, for the purpose of interesting more farmers in keeping sheep. The war has brought about high prices for wool, and there has been money in mutton. The demonstration showed how a 160-acre farm could be arranged to accommodate a flock of about sixty breeding ewes, and it pointed out the acreage of various crops the sheep would need. The exhibit gave in a nutshell the history of the different breeds, and fundamental principles of sheep management. The model sheep barn, sheds and feeding troughs gave sheep breeders practical ideas, which many will adopt. Attention was called to the new Iowa dog law, which should make sheep raising in Iowa more profitablo. One of the essentials in sheep breeding which was emphasized was to provide fresh pasture for lambs frequently during the spring and summer. The demonstration rounded out the sheep show in a splendid way. The school exhibit in the Exposition Building continued to be of in- terest. It showed how each year more and more attention is being given to industrial education along with the book material. The individual school displays of sewing, fancywork, drawings, art work, etc., made a strong collective exhibit, which drew its share of attention. Every year an increasing number of folks travel to the fair in auto- mobiles, 'inhere were literally thousands of cars on the grounds every day. Quite a number of thesei came from adjoining states, and every county and neighborhood in Iowa was represented. In years past, special excursion trains were put on by all railroads,' which hauled immense crowds, but nowadays a few extra coaches on the regular trains are sufficient to handle the state fair crowds who come by rail. Except for the splendid police work done by the soldiers of the Iowa Ammunition Corps, there would have been serious congestion in the automobile traffic. These men, however, were all experienced automobile drivers, and there 268 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE were enough of them to thoroly police all main roads and crossings, with the result that there was very little congestion and delay at any time, and no serious accidents on the grounds during the entijre ten days. This was a remarkable record in view of the thousands of automobiles on the grounds daily, and the large numbers of pedestrians who were constantly crossing and re-crossing the driveways. From an educational standpoint, nothing at the Iowa State Fair sur- passes the machinery exhibits. As labor becomes scarcer and higher, the corn belt farmer Is obliged to spread out his available labor by the use of the latest modern machinery, which; enables one man to do the work of several under the old system. The immense Machinery Hall was full to overflowing, and all the available space outside was covered with tents, housing the tractor and threshing machine exhibits and others. . In all the odd corners, exhibits were made by a large number of Arms, of every type of modern farm machinery. Every implement that the Iowa farmer could use to advantage was on exhibit somewhere at the Iowa State Fair. Gasoline engines were out in the usual numbers. Cement mixing and handling machinery were more conspicuous than ever be- fore, showing the increasing use of cement as a building material, and its growing popularity for this purpose. The average farmer can con- struct a great many different improvements, and do it with comparative ease by the use of cement. The small mixing machines adapted to farm conditions were especially noticeable, and attracted much attention. In many cases, the Iowa farmer is able to use electrical luachinery in his home and for lights around the buildings. A number of firms showed electrical machinery, and there were several farm electrical plants on exhibition, where tne power is manufactured right on the farm, and can be used for lighting purposes and also for operating the family washing machine, cooking utensils, and all houseliold and light machinery which can be operated by a small motor. The tractor exhibits increase in numbers and interest every year. While the show was not as large as the national exhibit at Fremont, yet the Des Moines exhibition compared very favorably with it in complete- ness and in the number of farm tractors on exhibition. The farm tractor has demonstrated its thoro economic value to the corn belt farmer, and there is a rapidly increasing market in tlie corn belt for tractors suit- able for the quarter and half-section farm. There is also a keen interest in motor trucks for light and heavy hauling, and a large number of these were on exhibition. One entire end of Machinery Hall was well filled with various makes of commercial trucks. There was also a large number of automobile truck attachments on display. By means of these attachments, an ordinary automobile can be converted into a light farm tractor, some of whicli are claimed to give entire satisfaction, not only for liglit hauling, but for the light tractor work around the farm. A great number of automobile and tractor accessory firms were represented, exhibiting various attachments and improvements in carburetors, tires, lubricants, standard makes of tires, tire repair outfits, etc., etc. The section set aside for the silo men was about as full of silos and silo machinery as it could be. Most of the silage cutters were shown in actual operation. The silo has become a part of the standard equip- ment on every well-organized stock farm in the corn belt. With the average visitor, it is no longer a question whether or not he should put up a silo, but, provided he has the stock to justify it, what type of silo he should select — wooden stave, concrete, cement block, or clay block. The silo men, lilie the manufacturers of tractors and other lines of EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 269 motk-in fai-ni macliinery, are largely past the educational stage of their business, and the demand is now constant. The manufacturer who has a product of real merit finds that his business is more of a manufacturing problem than a sales problem. As feed increases in price, the silo, with its possibilities as a conservator of feed for live stock, will become more and more popular. The automobile show was located in the large space under the amphi- theater, and was well filled with exhibits of the latest types of cars. More firms were represented than for several years, and dealers univer- sally reported satisfactory inquiries and sales. It was noticeable that the higher class and higher priced cars are every year becoming more com- mon among Iowa farm owners. Many prosperous farmers, indeed, own two or more cars, keeping a light one for "knocking around" in bad weather, or when going to town for light hauling, and a big car; for family driving. Many 1918 models were shown at Des Moines for the first time. It is noticeable that the models of most manufacturers change but little from year to year in essential particulars. There is, of course, minor improvement in body lines and design, and in little refinements that add to the convenience of operation or comfort of the driver. Iowa has the record of owning more automobiles in proportion to population than any other state, and, judging from present prices of farm products, and the growing importance of the automobile to successful farm man- agement, the state will continue to furnish the best market of all for the manufacturers of both large and small types of automobiles. Farmers took considerable interest in the exhibits of the Iowa State Highway Commission, especially in the improved roads, bridges and culverts. Several types of roads were built at the rear of 'the tent, to show the various kinds made in Iowa. There was the plain dirt road with its mudhole. Then there were oiled dirt roads, oiled gravel, gravel, asphalt macadam, concrete, brick and asphalt. Illustrations showed per- manent bridges and culverts constructed throughout the state during the last few years. The automobile, which is almost as common on the farms as horses, is bringing interest in good roads to a climax, and farmers are beginning to want roads which they can use the year around. The Highway Commission, which has general supervision of all per- manent road and bridge work, has eliminated thousands of dollars' worth of excess profits that tax-payers formerly paid to private contractors. Now improvement work is reduced to a system, and fair contract prices are assured. The College Building, which, is always one of the best places on the ground to get real information concerning farming problems, is this year devoted to conservation, and might have been planned by Mr. Hoover him^self. The educational appeal is directed more toward the women folks this year than ever before, and domestic science girls hand out recipes on making different kinds of corn bread, oat meal bread, cottage cheese roast, peanut loaf, etc. In view of the present meat shortage, skim-milk and cottage cheese (which is really nothing more than con- densed skim milk) are peculiarly valuable as suppliers of cheap yet high- quality protein. The dairy people, therefore, are demonstrating in their booth palatable ways of making soft cheese. They point out that cheese of all sorts is not eaten to a sufficient extent in the United States; that in Iowa they do not make over one-tenth of the cheese consumed. We feel that the college exhibit will have been well worth while this year if it leads to a more extensive appreciation of cheeses, both hard and soft, on the part of Iowa people. Splendid entertainment was provided for state fair visitors, and of a widely varied character. In addition to the educational features, the 270 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE management recognizes the fact that the visitors at the fair also seek recreation and relaxation from a strenuous summer's work on the farms and in the factories. In addition to the exhibits and the stock judging, there was an abundance of music by bands and orchestras and drum corps and chorus singers. There were tlirilling- auto races, and hotly contested horse races, which, tho not so dangerous and thrilling, still maintain the keen interest of the crowd, and, in the opinion of many, "beat the auto races a mile" in furnishing clean and enjoyable sport. There were high-class vaudeville acts all afternoon in front of the amphitheater, and again in the evening. There was auto polo, too, which, for real thrills, has auto racing- far outclassed. A big horse show was staged in the stoclc judging pavilion each evening. At the same time, a splendid display of up-to-date fireworks was given in front of the amphitheater, which was attended by thousands. There were merry-go- rounds of many kinds for the kiddies, and roller coasters for those who felt more daring. A midway of a dozen or more sideshows offered many inducements to catch the dimes of visitors. Refreshment stands and souvenir dealers and the inevitable balloon inan confronted one at every Lurn. The inan, woman or child who attended the Iowa State Fair' in 1917 and failed to have a good time and clean recreation, had only him- self to blame, for there was variety to satisfy all. Undoubtedly one of the greatest of farm losses is that which results from the deterioration of eggs. The poultry department, therefore, in the center of the building, has an exhibit on the best ways of preserving eggs. Saveral methods are illustrated, but preference is given to the water-glass method, wrhich is a composition of nine parts of water and one part of sodium silicate commionly called water-glass. Mr. Bitten- bender was in charge of the poultry exhibit, and was glad to answer all questions concerning any phase of poultry work. Every year in Iowa, tuberculosis claims an ever-increas-ng death-toll among hogs and cattle. The percentage of hogs and cattle affected with tuberculosis, as revealed by slaughter tests, is higher in Iowa than in the United States as a whole. And worst of all, the infection has been grow- ing at a very rapid rate. In 1907, only 1.69 per cent of the hogs of Iowa seemed to be affected, but in 1916 about 15 per cent were affected. Among cattle, the rate of infection increased during the same period from .45 of 1 per cent to 3.89 per cent. All this is brought out very clearly in exhib- its in one corner of the College Building, and the exact character of the disease is portrayed by specimens of affected animals. The engineering people of the college distribute pamphlets on the best way to save coal. The conservation of labor is illustrated by the num- ber of uses to which electricity may be put. The best thing about the college exhibit is that there are people in charge who have the best of really reliable information, and are willing to impart the same to any- one who asks. The Cow- Testing Association exhibit has come to be an established feature at the Iowa State Fair, and each year it attracts more and more attention. It was in charge of the extension division of the Iowa Agri- cultural College, and college men were on hand daily to give lectures and explain the value of cow test work. This year the exhibit included nine cows from the West Branch Association, one of the more recent organizations, but an average, typical association. The most profitable cow was a fair-sized grade Holstein, which produced 13,463 pounds of milk during the year, returning a profit of $82.12 above a feed cost of $68. The least profitable, cow also was an under-sized grade Holstein, which produced only 1,890 pounds of milk. She lacked 57 cents of pay- ing for her feed, valued at $31.95. Two of the cows were grade Short- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 271 liorns from the same herd. At a public auction, one would have sold for as much as the other, but the Cow Test xVssociation record showed one had made $48.20 profit, while the other made only $7.07 profit. One pure-bred cow made a profit of $.62.80, while another similar grade cow of the same breed made a profit of $63.93, but which the former cow, it was pointed out, her calf was worth at least $50 more money than the grade calf. Each cow was there to illustrate some point in profitable dairy farming, and to emphasize the importance of keeping herd records. At the present time, there are thirty-two active associations in Iowa. J. C. Cort, agent in dairying, of Ames, has charge of them, and he^ is anxious to send assistance to any community willing to take up the work. At the end of the first year, 28 per cent, or 99 out of 410 cows, enrolled in the West Branch" Association, were sold because their rec- ords showed them to be unprofitable in the dairy herd. Many of their places have been filled by more profitable animals. This year's exhibit called the attention of hundreds of cow owners to the value of Cow Test Associations, and if should lead to the organization of more. The Iowa State Dairy Association, maintained its usual headquarters booth in the Agricultural Building. Activities of the association include the organizing of boys' and girls' dairy calf clubs, operation of dairy demonstration trains, holding of dairy meetings, cow shows, judging con- tests, milk record competitions, dairy farm tours, creamery patron pic- nics, dairy breeders' exchanges, and similar efforts to boost the dairy industry of the state. Attention of dairymen and farmers was called to the annual Dairy Cattle Congress and Show, to be held at Waterloo, Octo- ber 1st to 7th. Final plans for this great dairy exposition are fast rounding into shape, and those in charge predict as great or a greater show than has ever been held at Waterloo. While many dairy cattle are being sold as beef, the selling, say officials of the Dairy Association, is confined largely to inferior stock which the farmers are better off without. They say high beef prices will weed out much of this stock which is not profitable from a dairyman's standpoint. The butter exhibit by the State Dairy Department was in honor of Iowa's first butter-rhaker, Mathew Van Deusen, who died a few months ago. Molded in butter was Iowa's first creamery, run by Mr. "Van Deusen. It was located near Manchester, and was started' back in 1872. Four years later, Mr. Van Deusen won first prize on butter exhibited at the Philadelphia exposition. The sculptor who molded butter to represent this creamery did a creditable piece of work, and the display was the center of much admiration by all who visited the Agricultural Building. Mr. Barney, pure food and dairy commissioner, called attention. In a display, to greater possibilities in cheese production. One pile of cheese bricks depicted the quantity of cheese sold by Iowa wholesalers, while another pile represented the quantity made in the state. The former pile was several times larger than the latter. Mr. Barney believes it is to the interest of Iowa dairymen to make more cheese. Unscrupulous dealers still continue tlie use of scales and measures which do not measure or weigh out the standard quantities. A collec- tion of such scales and measures, which have been condemned and seized! by Mr. Barney's department, was on display in the Agricultural Building. Each year the exhibit grows larger, but there is displayed only a fraction of the scales and measures which are seized annually. Mr. Barney says there is less willful violation of this law than formerly, before his department got busy enforcing the statutes. He handed out printed slips, which gave the legal weights of most foods sold as vege- , tables or fruits, and urged fhat every consumer Insist on getting full weight. It is Impossible with the limited force, available, however, to Inspect every establishment or dealer handling produce, and he asks 272 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE for the cooperation of the buying- public in seeing- tliat the law is lived up to. Whenever any fraud is noticed, it should be reported to the state pure food and dairy department at Des Moines. Food conservation and utilization lessons were in evidence in many places about the grounds. It was logical that the state pure food and dairy department pay some attention to this matter, which is demanding world-wide attention. The exhibit showed the relative economy of dif- ferent food products, how much a dime would buy of the various foods commonly used, and the food value of such commodities. Special em- phasis w^as put on milk and cottage cheese as being economical, very nourishing, and good substitutes for meats. Cottage cheese at 20 cents a pound headed the list, while cream cheese, at 35 cents a pound, was second in providing protein or muscle-building material. The food booth urged more system in saving fruits and vegetables for future use, and emphasized the saving in cash outlay that can. be made by buying in quantity instead of in small packages. The showing of fruits, vegetables, small grains, etc., is not quite up to the usual standard in the point of quantity, except in the case of vege- tables. The small grain is of superb quality. The apples and fruits, how- ever, on the whole, are somewhat below the usual standard. Perhaps the hard winter was to blame, and also the late spring and dry July. Few people appreciate the extent and importance of Iowa's state in- stitutions— the work that they are doing and their value to the public. For the second time, a cooperative display of twelve of the state insti- tutions brought thousands of fair guests into closer acquaintance with their good work. In all of these institutions, the old idea of simply con- finement and isolation is giving way to a policy intended to mold crim- inals and useful citizens, to restore to health the inentally unbalanced, and to teach the unfortunate and deficient how to earn a living and become independent of public and private charity. These inmates are taught trades, given an education, and an opportunity. Among the in- stitutions represented were tha State Hospital for Inebriates, at Knox- ville; the State Sanitarium for Tuberculosis Treatment, at Oakdale; the Girls' Training School, Mitchellville; Men's Reformatory, at Anamosa; the Glenwood Institution for Feeble-Minded; Clarinda State Hospital for the Insane; the Cherokee Hospital; Soldiers' Orphans' Home, at Davenport; State Penitentiary at Fort Madison; Boys' Training School, at Eldora; the Independence and the Mt. Pleasant institutions! for the insane and various mental di.seases. At the latter place, 1,025 acres yielded $142,382 worth of farm products^ and $60,000 worth of garden stuff during the last two-year period. Inmates of all the institutions have been taught industrial trades, and a highly creditable display of their accomplishments was worth visiting and studying. If the state institutions exhibit were given up, the Iowa State Fair would be lacking in an important feature. The splendid Women and Children's Building was headquarters for a large number of exhibits of particular interest to the women folks. This inagnificent building, with its wide, cool porches and comfortable seats, is a veritable haven, of rest for the tired mother w^ith small children. There is the day nursery, in w^hich babies can be left in care of compe- tent nurses, while the mothers see the fair or rest. Thei'e is the play- ground for the larger children, where they are safe from any possible danger, and where they are in charge of ladies who understand child .nature and who know how to keep little folks interested and entertained — - all this for a nominal fee. The Red Cross Association, in charge of the Red Cross workers, ex- plained the work they are doing for our own soldiers and for the deserv- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 273 ing- soldiers and civilians of foreign countries as well. Visitors from other fowns were told how they could help organize Red Cross clubs and help in this worthy work by furnishing- supplies or making bandages or knitting sweaters and mufflers for distribution where they are needed. The public health department had a large exhibit, explaining how one may avoid many infectious and contagious diseases. By lectures, charts and graphic illustrations, they impressed upon the attention of visitors the necessity for more thoro study of preventive measures for both chil- dren and adults. There were daily lectures on health subjects, food conservation, canning demonstrations, and numerous otlier topics of in- terest to the mother and home-maker. Lovers of art and flowers found much to enjoy in the exhibits of paint- ings, drawings and statuary in the art exhibits. The Floral Hall was nicely, filled, the showing being- especially strong- on gladioli. There are a number of florists and suburban farmers near Des Moines who make a specialty of this attractive flower, and who put on large and very beautiful exhibits of the different varieties. The Exposition Hall was well filled with exhibits of merchants, and also with fancywork competing for prizes, and exhibits of many articles dear to the feminine heart. The fair wound up Fi-iday with a big crowd which came to witness the automobile races. These races were held on the first Friday of the fair and again on the last Friday, and brought in many out-of-town visitors, as well as a large number from Des Moines. Some of the best dirt-track drivers of the country were on hand. Fast time was the rule, and a large number of Interesting races resulted. No, serious accidents v/ere reported, but there werei several wrecks, and plenty of thrills in every race for the folks who like that sort of thing. On Thursday afternoon, the prizewinning horses and cattle paraded thru the grounds and in grand review past the amphitheater. It was advertised as a "million-dollar live stock parade," and it was undoubtedly that, and perhaps more, in view of the present prices of pure-bred stock. This parade of the prize-winners has come to be one of the features of the Iowa State Fair every year, and many visitors attend on that day of the parade in order to witness it. Iowa is not noted .as a mining state, but the Geological and Survey Department had figures showing mine products to have a total annual value of approximately $27,000,000. Coal was credited with a valuation of $13,577,608; clay products with $6,749,088; stone and lime with $577,295; gypsum with $12,781,128; mineral water with $18,534; sand and gravel with $720,795 ; cement with $4,119,952, and other products with $19,300. The exhibit showed the different kinds of products both in the raw state and in the finished form, as well as the process of Tnanufacturing-. The Iowa mines and mining industry department called attention to the extent of the coal mined in the state, and the economy in using it In preference to shipped-in coal. The product is mined in twenty-three counties, and 17,000 men are employed at Iowa mines. A total of $15,- 000,000 annually is paid in wages, while* the total tonnage amounts to nearly 8,000,000 tons. It was pointed out that United States government tests show Iowa coal to be equally as good or superior to much shipped- in coal, and that tests at the Agricultural College, at Ames, show it to be exceptionally high in heat units. 18 274 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Seven years ago, when M. W. Keating assumed management of the camping ground, he said he could sit at his desk in the headquarters building and count up campers' wagons as far as the eye could' reach. Time has changed the perspective. Now it is a line of automobiles from all parts of Iowa, and not only from adjoining states, but from dozens of more distant states. The population of the tented city varied between 5,000 and 6,000 persons, most of whom were registered in the camp direc- tory. This year, part of the regular camping space had to be turned over to the soldier boys, but room was found for all who applied. Those v/ho take advantage of the camping privilege have the best opportunity to get the most out of the fair. They do not have to waste two or three hours daily in getting to and from city homes or hotels, and thus they are on the grounds early each day. The campers had access to a well- supplied grocery store, and every convenience possible was placed at their disposal. The individual farm exhibits this year were unusually good, there oeing twenty-threei altogether, more than have ever been on exhibition before. The quality is excellent. Practically every farmer now arran'^ej his exhibits in a simple, yet artistic fashion. No longer do they pile up vegetables, fruits and grain sheaves in a huge conglomerate. Judge Heathershaw expressed himself as belter pleased with the farm exhibits this year than ever before. In the SO-acre class. City View Farm won first; in the ISO-acre class, Autunin Leaf Farm first, and in the Polk County class, Greenwood Farm first. Ten county agents this year exhibited the products of their counties. Mr. Hoover, the food controller, and Secretary of Agriculture Houston have been keeping the county agents so busj' that they have had very little time to make a suitable showing. We believe that the county exhibits are well worth while, because they encourage the feeling of local patriotism and Simulate the farmers to get behind their agents and boost. It is good advertising for counties to be represented at the fair. The exhibits this year were good, but we hope that next year the qual- ity not only will be maintained, but that the number will be increased. Jasper county, with 939 points, won sweepstakes. The other awards follow: Northern District — First, Dickinson county, 865 points. North-Central District — First, Buena Vista county. 869 points. South-Central District — First, Jasper county, 939 points; 2, Polk county, 932; 3, Greene county, 895. Southern District — First, Des Moines county, 934 points; 2, Cass county, 911; 3, Wayne county, 897; 4, Marion county, 899; 5, Lucas county, 884. PRODUCTION VIES WITH PATRIOTISM. From the Iowa Homestead. With, Old Glory flying from a thousand flagstaffs, with troops every- where, and with such a martial spirit prevailing as was never seen on the grounds before (and not in the state' for over fifty years) the 1917 Iowa State Fair, held at Des Moines this week, goes intol history as a combination of agricultural prosperity and patriotic ardor the like of which was never known in Iowa, or any other state. Not only were the agricultural and industrial products of Iowa on display at Des Moines; the loyal patriotism of the people, now literally at fever heat, was likewise on display. If the 1917 Iowa State Fair had to be summed up in one sentence it would read something like this: "The greatness of a people manifest in the products of their heads and hands and the loyal patriotism of their hearts." Iowa is producing bumper crops this year. It has virtually completed the harvesting and the threshing: of an EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 275 oat croji the like of wliicli was nover seen in Iowa before, 25i),00(),(iO(» busliels of oats of a splendid (luality, bringing 60 and even 65 cents a bushel. It hopefully awaits a corn yield which may pass the 400,000,000- bushel mark and, at 8S to 90 cents a bushel, bring- to Iowa fai'mers well past a third of a billion dollars for their summer's work. In live stock the prospects of profits were never better, nor was there, ever such a determination to make Iowa forge still further ahead as the premier stock state of the nation. Farming enthusiasm is at a white heat. Yet farmers are not thinking of their immediate or future profits alone; they are patriotically dedicated to do whatever the nation may have need of them to do. It was with this spirit that they came to Des Moines, in this spirit that 'they mingled with the thousands of soldiers, saluted Old Glory aloft on the thousands of flagstaffs and talked the foreign situa- tion over, sometimes with bated breath, to be sure, but always with the feeling that the country and the flag which have never been whipped were still the grandest on earth and that no sacrifice was too great to keep them preeminently in the vanguard of liberty, democracy and civi- lization. Production and patriotism were the keynotes of the 1917 Iowa State Fair. Something like 10,000 soldiers are encamped in Des Moines this week. Two thousand of these are colored troops, training to be officers. Over 4,000 are former National Guard troops, now in the federal service, ordered to leave shortly for Mineola, Long Island, to be a part of the next detachment sent to France. Several hundred are guarding* the immense cantonment which is being built near Des Moines, where 35,000 to 40,000 boys and men from Iowa and nearby states will be trained in soldiering. Several other hundred are members of various companies, ranging from the signal corps to the ammunition train. Des Moines is practically an armed camp. These soldiers were given the run of the fair: grounds; several thousand of them were encamped there, awaiting orders to leave for the front. Altogether they made an attraction greater than any the fair has ever known. Friends and relatives flocked to the grounds to see them. Patriotic Iowa looked them over, some for perhaps the last time. There were soldiers everywhere. Every day a different detachment drilled before applauding thousands. They went through the most intricate maneuvers with hardly a flaw. Bugle calls were constantly being heard, tlie tread of armed men sounded above other noises; flags were every- where, the fair had such a martial air as made every heart beat faster. Khaki, khaki everywhere and Iowa paying homage to a soldiery upon which history relies for the world to be kept safe for democracy. With the exception of Monday forenoon the weather was ideal. Heavy clouds obscured the sun on Monday morning and ominous rumblings of thunder forecasted a bad day. By noon, however, the skies had cleared and save for the fact that it was unseasonably cold the day was a good one. Tuesday and Wednesday — always the big days of the fair — were ideal for fair visitors, a little too cold to make good corn, but just right for the arduous task of seeing everything the fair had to offer. The result was that on Tuesday the attendance reached 65,917, which was 6,000 above the corresponding day last year and within 500 of the largest attendance the fair ever knew, Tuesday of the 1913 exposition. When the gates closed Tuesday night the total attendance was 220,877, which was 15,000 above last year's figures. Wednesday dawned ideally clear and pleasant, soi that by Friday night the attendance should pass the third of a million mark, without doubt. This year's fair will make money, as it amply deserves. Not only were the crowds larger, but they were more liberal than ever with their money, so that almost each day's re- ceipts showed a gain over last year. Admission prices were not raised and there were no incidents of overcharge, either on the grounds or down town, officially reported. 276 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Live, stock prospects were never belter in Iowa. Prices are at the top notch. Farmers who never went in for feeding operations before are seriously considering- their possibilities and profits. The United States Department of Agriculture has launched a campaign to restock Ameri- can farms with cattle, sheep and hogs. Kvery farmer who has roughage or feed going to waste or who can feed stock will be asked to cooperate. The government proposes to do its part by arranging for a distribution of feeders and help in extending credit to farmers. It has been pointed out that every farmer who can feed stock should do so; first, as a pa- triotic duty to help' relieve the meat situation; second, because of the fact that it offers him a better chance of a fair return than in years past. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that the stock exhibits attracted more than usual attention at Des Moines this week. The entries in all departments were large and of a high quality of excellence. In some de- partments the entries were not as heavy as in former years, but the Iowa fair will continue to maintain its supremacy as the paramount live stock exposition of all the grain-belt fairs this year, as heretofore. Farm- ers leaned across the pens and discussed the new conditions which have grown out of the war. They arranged to enlarge their stock operations. The fair this week was a clearing house for farm needs and problems, an incentive to do still better work in the future. Present conditions and lessons learned at this year's fair cannot help but give an impetus to the stock business in Iowa such as nothing else has done in many years past. An unusual exhibit, and one which attracted much interest and at- tention, when the public finally found where it was located, was that showing the manner of conducting trench warfare nowadays. The ex- hibit consisted of a barbed-wire entanglement, such as the soldiers are forced to fight their way through in Europe, and a series of first, second and third line trenches, with communicating trenches and flrst-aid shel- ter pit, showing the manner in which troops are zigzagged from the rear to the firing line and are returned and, cared for when they are wounded. The trenches were so deep that visitors could pass back and forth far out of sight, except from aeroplanes and balloons above, and were built on exactly the same plan on which the real trenches in north- ern France are built and maintained. Warfare has ceased to be an open affair, charging one another, or picking out an enemy and firing at him. Today it is a matter of digging in and awaiting the artillery bombard- ments and barrages. No matter how many splendid articles one may have read describing trench warfare, it is doubtful if as accurate an idea of trench conditions was to be had as from the trenches shown at the fair this week. The soldiers who dug these trenches and w^ho explained their operation deserve a great deal of credit. We may abhor war, we may believe that this war was thrust upon us, we may pray for peace, but the fact remains that the war Is on and that we should understand conditions the very best we can. This exhibit helped us to do this. A striking exhibit showing the number of varied uses to which elec- tricity can be put on the farm, and the low cost thereof, was made at the state college building. A number of appliances, ranging from a churn to a curling iron, were operated by the electric current, while above each was a placard showing the cost. According to this display, 4 or 5 cents' worth of electricity will do any one of the following chores around the farm: Separate 1,400 pounds of .milk, churn twenty pounds of butter, do two large washings, clean all the rugs in the house, sharpen an ax or a scythe six times, pump enough water to last a family two days, run the sewing machine six hours, light a thirty-two-candle-power lamp an hour a day for five days, heat an electric iron half an hour, make five slices of toast every morning for four days, make cof^e for a family of six, run a twelve-inch fan four hours, heat a heating pad from four to eight EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 277 hours, heat an electric curling iron once a day for a month. Electricity is coming-, more and more, to be the handy choreman around the farm anC the college proved to the thousands who studied the exhibit that it is a cheap as well as an efficient worker. With generating machines now within the cost of the average farmer and storage batteries per- fected to a high degree, electricity is coming to be more and more pop- ular on the farm. No exhibit at the college building was more striking or conclusive than this one. The tented exhibit of the Cooperative Cow-Testing- Association at- tracted the usual attention and proved in conclusive manner that it pays to cull out the unprofitable "boarders" and systematically to determine which cows are producing the most milk and butter fat. Nine cows were exhibited by m.embers of the West Branch Cow-Testing Association, their records for the year ending June 30, 1917, being as follows: Josie, a grade Holstein, 13,463.2 pounds of milk; 36S.7 pounds of butter fat; value of product, $140.15; cost of feed, $68.03; net profit, $82.12. Imp. Daisy II of La Marie, 6,166.6 pounds of milk; 374.2 pounds of butter fat; value of product, $141.66; cost of feed, $51.09; net profit, $90.57. Kicker, a grade Short-horn, 7,436 pounds of milk; 313.5 pounds of butter' fat; value of product, $119.54; cost of feed, $46.44; net profit, $73.10. Clumsy, a grade Short-horn, 5,634 pounds of milk; 265.8 pounds of butter fat; value of product, $92.19; cost of feed, $43.99; net profit, $48.20. Goshen Cardone, a pure-bred Holstein, 7,811.2 pounds of milk; 322.7 pounds of butter fat; value of product, $123.57; cost of feed, $60.77; net profit, $62.80. Laurie, a grade Short-horn, 2,956 pounds of milk; 110 pounds of butter fat; value of product, $41.62; cost of feed, $34.55; net profit, $7.07. Poney, a grade Holstein, 1,890 pounds of milk; 87.1 pounds of butter fat; value of prod- uct, $30.95; cost of feed, $31.52; net loss for the year, 57 cents. With these animals was shown Lily, a grade Guernsey, which in seven months produced 3,762.2 pounds of milk; 189.4 pounds of butter fat, value of product, $80.15; cost of feed, $34.17; net profit, $43.98. When one cow produces a profit of $43.98 in seven months and the other a loss of 57 cents in twelve months, while their feed cost is practically the same, the value of weighing the product and eliminating the unprofitable cows is most conclusively shown. There are now thirty-one cow testing associa- tions in Iowa and the movement is gaining favor every day. This year's exhibit was most conclusive and will go a long ways toward further popularizing the campaign. Practical advice on how to organize an as- sociation is given herewith: "Get in touch with your county agent and your buttermaker, then make a list of all the farmers in your com- munity who are milking seven or more cows and who might be interested in such an organization. Send this list to the agricultural extension de- partment, Ames, Iowa, with the address of each man, and bulletins deal- ing- with the cow-testing association and dairying will be sent to each address. Talk the proposition over with your neighbor. Call a meet- ing, advertise it well and invite every man who milks to come. Write the agricultural extension department, Ames, Iowa, and they will send you a speaker to explain the purpose, plans and benefits to be derived from such an association. After this meeting get all those interested to sign the membership agreement. If the twenty-six are not secured at the meeting it will be necessary to complete the list by making personal calls. When enough members are secured another meeting is called, to elect the officers and adopt the constitution and by-laws. As soon as a competent supervisor is secured the association starts work." Splendid advice on the care and preservation of market eggs was given by means of object lessons and placards at the State College Building. A table was displayed showing the approximate loss in marketing eggs, a loss which might easily be reduced to the vanishing point if sufficient care were taken. According to this table, the average loss in marketing 278 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE is as follows: Dirties, 2 per cent; breakage. 2 per cent; chick development, 5 per cent; heat and shrunken, 5 per cent; rotten eggs, 2.5 per cent; moldy and badly flavored eggs, '^ per cent; total loss, 17 per cent. Experts were present to show how each of these losses might be dispensed with, the following being the main hints for producing better eggs: Do not keep mongrel stock; keep the nests clean; do not market small or inferior eggs; separate the males from the females as soon as the breeding season is over; keep all eggs in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place; never wash the eggs. The poultry products being one of the chief sources of revenue for the farm woman, this display was inspected with Interest by thou- sands, while the advice was listened to avidly and the literature which was offered taken eagerly. The college authorities are hopeful that such striking object lessons will minimize the poultry loss on the farm and add materially to a side source of income, the possibilities of which can hardly be overestimated. Visitors to thq country from the city marvel at the number of fine, new farmhouses which are being built literally by the thousands, these days. In most cases these fine, new, modern structures are placed im- mediately in front of the old, outgrown and dilapidated building, show- ing the improvement stages in farm life. That all tliis farm home build- ing is warranted and that it is costing the farmer little more to build a modern, up-to-date house, with every desired convenience, tlian it did to erect a much poorer, smaller structure in the old days, was proved by the exhibit of one of the principal firms which sells ready-made houses and general building materials direct to the farmer. This concern ex- hibited a very neat and home-like house, with a large placard announcing that in 1914 it took 2,103 bushels of corn to pay for the place, while this year it takes only 904 bushels. The fact is, the farmer was never in a better condition to enjoy the conveniences and luxuries of life, hence the great increase in farm-home building within the last few years. The cheese-making energies of the state college of agriculture were well set forth in a display at the state' college building. The value of cheese as a food, as well as its financial profits to the maker, are com- ing to be well realized. At this exhibit literature was given away show- ing the food value of soft cheese, and the manner in which it is made, in its various forms. The food value of cottage' cheese was shown by placards. For supplying protein, one pound of cottage cheese equals 1.27 pounds sirloin steak, 1.09 pounds round steak, 1.37 pounds chuck rib beef, 1.52 pounds fowl, 1.46 pounds fresh ham, 1.44 pounds smoked ham, 1.58 pounds loin pork chop, 1.31 pounds hind leg of lamb, 1.37 pounds breast of veal. On the basis of energy supplied, one pound of cottage cheese equals; 8 1-3 ounces sirloin steak, 11^/4 ounces round steak, 11^/4 ounces chuck rib beef, 10% ounces fowl, 51/2 ounces of fresh ham, 5 ounces smoked ham, 6 ounces loin pork chop, 7 1-3 ounces hind leg of lamb, 12% ounces breast of veal. It is seldom that the state college exhibit has 'been more varied, more instructive, more valuable or more interest- ing to the general farm visitor. The farmers of Iowa now have more than $125,000,000 invested in farm machinery. They are the best customers the manufacturer and jobber have. They are the quickest to discern the need of labor-saving devices and the quickest to buy these, once their worth has been practically demonstrated to them. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that the machinery exhibit of the Iowa State Fair sliould stand second to none and that it should attract thousands of farmers every day, who spend hours inspecting the various devices and appliances, watching their prac- tical working and arranging for their installation on their own farms. The machinery exhibit is by all odds the busiest place on the fair grounds. It is a scene of industry which is eloquent testimony to the efficiency EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV 27& and progressiveness of manufacturer, jobber and farmer alike. Entire families wander from one exhibit to the other, comparing fine points and good qualities, asking eager and intelligent questions and taking literature literally by the pound. Never were labor and time-saving mechanical aids in such demand as on Iowa farms today. Never was the machinery exhibit larger, better or more interesting than at Des Moines this week. Iowa is the foremost state in the Union in the matter of automobiles proportionate to population, having one motor car for every eleven per- sons, a record better than that of any other state. It was fitting, there- fore,, that the automobile show at the fair this year should have been larger and better than ever. Not only were more cars shown and more space occupied, but the exhibits were striking proof that Iowa farmers are buying a better grade of cars and are i,n the market for the very best accessories. Something like 100 makes and styles were shown and the automobile exhibit was always thronged with interested onlookers. Car prices are expected to| rise in the fall, so that the market is now quite keen, and many of the big concerns have difficulty keeping up with the demand. Iowa has over 250,000 automobiles registered so far and it is a safe guess that the show at Des Moines this week will increase sales very materially, especially among farmers. Clifford Tague, of Kirkham, with a yearling Short-horn baby beef, was the winner of the baby beef contest among boys of the Iowa baby beef clubs. Donald Heil, of Corning, with a Hereford, finished second. George Rosenfield, of Kelley, with an Angus, finished third. A total of fifty-six beeves were entered by as many boys from all parts of the state. Other winners in the order of their awards, were as follows: Homer Town, of Oskaloosa ; Howard Anderson, of Ross ; Raymond McMillen, of Mount Pleasant; Richard Siberling, of Mitchellville; Harold Labought, of Ne- vada; Charles Strothman, of Yarmouth; Theodore Fricke, of State Center; Earl Bickland, of Mapleton; Elmer McMillen, of Mount Pleasant; Neal Bixter, of Corning; Ray Longfellow, of Elkton; Tom Evans, of Roscoe; Otis Rash, of New Providence; John Field, of Paton; George Housman, of Gilbert. The contest was spirited and the quality of the entries was uniformly good, testifying to the interest taken by the boys and their general efficiency. The usual statue or figure, molded of butter, which has adorned the dairy exhibit for many years, was supplanted this year by a reproduction, in butter, of Iowa's first creamery, located near Manchester, in 1872, by Matthew Van Deusen, who passed away during the last year. The ex- hibit was in the nature of a memorial to Mr. Van Deusen and was well deserved. That splendid pioneer in the dairy industry in Iowa took first prize on butter at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 and was active in the dairy work until his death. It is well to give such credit to such men and to keep historical facts alive in the minds of the young, as this reproduction of Iowa's first creamery can hardly fail to do. PART V State Dairy Commissioner's Report for Year 1917 W. B. BARNEY, Commissioner Never since the organization of this department in 1886 has it heen confronted with problems more ditficnlt of solution than it was this year. With grain and all kinds of agricultural products selling at un- heard of prices, it is difficult to convince the farmer-dairyman that he should be patriotic enough to keep his cows, feed them ensilage made from corn that would sell for $1.20 per bushel, oats worth 60 cents per bushel, bran costing $37.00 per ton, oil cake $56.00, gluten feed $56.00, cotton seed meals $55.00, and all other feeds in proportion and then sell his dairy products for less money, per- haps, than he would have received had he marketed his products in their raw state. It is perfectly natural that the dairyman should feel that he should have fair compensation for his labor, but it is a physical impossibility for him to do so if he does not get an increase in the price for his milk, butter, cheese and other dairy products somewhere in proportion to the extra cost of feed he has used. The following from Wallaces' Farmer, October 5, 1917, has bearing on this point. "Butter averaged 43 cents for September, 1917, which is by far the highest September price on record. But with corn at $2.10, the corn price of butter was 83 cents, leaving a loss of 40 cents a pound. This is unquestionably an exaggeration. Corn, which is ordinarily our best live stock food by which to measure production costs, has temporarily lost all sense of balance. Just as a matter of interest, we have used something altogether different from corn as a measure of butter values, namely Dun's Index Number. On the basis of the standard ratio between Dun's Index Number and butter during the past ten Septembers, we find that butter 282 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE sold (luring Septeinher, 1917, for 1) cents per pounfl less than the composite price of wheat, corn, oats, hogs, cattle, sugar, steel, copper, cotton, lumber, paint, etc., etc., would warrant. "From whatever ba.sis you approach the business of feeding cows for butter production, you find a record of a period of four years (late 1913 to late 1917) of unusually discouraging condi- tions. It is to be hoped that before the winter of 1917-1918 is over, the dairy business will be so thoroughly liquidated that there will again be fair profit in butter production. Can it be that in times like these the world is unalile to pay a fair price for any higher class fat than lard, cottonseed oil and oleomargarine? "When feed costs decline, however, as they certainly will, to some extent at least, dairying should find itself on a very profit- able basis." Farmers are not and may never be organized to protect them- selves as well as are the labor interests. The most they know about the eight hour law or eight hour day, is how they can get two of these days into twenty-four hours. The public has be- come so much in the habit of buying milk at less than its real food value is worth, that they resent any increase in price, though to the individual of ordinary common sense it should be apparent that milk with all other food products must bring an increased price in proportion to the increased cost of production. When you pay 14 cents per quart for milk, you would be re- quired to pay for the same amount of food value in beef steak 23 cents, in eggs 26 cents and in oysters $1.20. There appears to be little complaint or talk of trusts or combinations when the big interests put round steak at 35 cents per pound, yet you should pay 26 cents per quart for milk to get the same amount of food value. On page 283 of this report I present a chart showing the part of a dollar required to purchase as much food value as is con- tained in one quart of milk. It is easy to understand that the dairyman is not going to feed high priced feed products to cows and sell his products out of proportion to other food products. As commissioner of this great commonwealth, I am interested and have been using every effort to get the farmers to keep their cows and retain their heifer calves so that this country may be able to supply the necessary amount of fats for the army that this war may be brought to a successful conclusion. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 282 Good authorities tell us that six and eight-tenths pounds of com fed to a good beef steer will produce one pound of live weight worth 12 cents. / MUTTON \ ® / SALMON \ / CODFISH \ / HAM \ / EGGS \ w vl^ W Chart showing the part of a dollar required to purchase the same amount of food value as is contained in one quart of milk. This same feed or its equivalent in cost will produce a pound of butterfat worth 46 cents when fed to a good dairy cow. You must sell the steer before you get the 12 cents and you have nothing left. After receiving 46 cents for the butterfat you have the cow left to go on and produce her like and continue to act as a source of income. The ditference between the price that the steer returns for the feed and what is received for the butterfat is 34 cents. We think this fair compensation for your labor. There is no question that the dairy industry is the leading ani- mal and food producing industry of our country. It makes no dif- ference from what angle you look at the matter, the conclusion is always the same. The dairy cow is the greatest producer of human food w^e know of. One of our agricultural experiment stations has made the comparison between the food produced by a good dairy cow in one year and the carcass of a fat steer weigh- ing 1,250 pounds. The total amount of dry matter in the milk was 2,218 pounds, all of which is edible and digestible. The steer, with a live weight of 1,250 pounds, contained 5G per cent of water in the carcass, leaving a total of 548 pounds of dry matter. In this dry matter of the steer is included hair and hide, bones and tendons, organs 284 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of digestion and respiration; in fact, the entire animal, a consid- erable portion of which is not edible. The analysis of the steer's carcass was made from samples taken after grinding together one- half of the complete carcass. The figures are as follows: 18,405 pounds Steer, weight milk 1,250 pounds Proteids '. 552 172 Fat 618 333 Sugar 920 Ash 128 43 Total 2,218 548 The cow produced proteids sufficient for more than three steers ; nearly enough fat for two, ash enough to build the skeleton for three, and in addition produced 920 pounds of milk sugar, worth as much per pound for food as ordinary sugar. To win the present war our Food Administrator has asked every one to assist in the conservation of all foods but more especially of those most needed by our allies. He strongly urges the house- wives of this country to "buy with thought, cook with care, use less meat and wheat, buy locally" produced foods, serve just enough, use what is left and waste nothing." The dairy cows of this state afford the housewives of Iowa the means of complying with the Administrator's request without much inconvenience. At the same time they afford the housewife an opportunity to feed the family more cheaply and with foods better adapted to the needs of the body. Milk can be purchased in quantities sufficient to replace some of the more expensive and less valuable foods. Milk may be con- sumed as a beverage or used in the cooking of vegetables, special dishes and desserts, for no matter how it is prepared, it has lost none of its food value and ease of digestion. Milk and the various kinds of cheese are the most perfect and valuable substitutes for meat and cost about one-half as much money as the cheaper cuts of meat. Milk is a locally produced food and is one of the few finished food products obtainable in any locality. In its raw state it is a perfect food for man. There is no waste to milk; the last drop is just as nutritious as the first. There is no husk, bone, skin or shell to discard; each particle is digestil)le. Even the last portion of a previous day's supply is valualile in cooking or bak- ing even if it may be sour. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 285 I wish again to lay emphasis on the value of milk as a food. As will be seen from the following cuts milk, common with all other foods of animal source, is relatively rich in protein. This food constituent, present in milk chiefly in the form of casein, is indispensable for the formation of body tissues and fluids. Al- though the other food constituents (fat, carbohydrates and ash) Spring Branch, Iowa's first creamery located near Manchester, Iowa, in 1872 and in which Matthew Van Deusen made the butter which toolt first prize at the Centennial Exposition in 1876. are also present in good proportions, it is chiefly as a protein food that milk and milk products find their logical place in the diet; an easily digestible and economical substitute for meat and fish. If the food constituents of milk are compared with those of other animal foods, it will be observed that milk contains more earbo- h.ydrates and is free from waste. Reports coming to the dairy and food department indicate that there will be a marked falling off in the make of creamery butter this year as compared with last. (Note — The data on the produc- tion of butter, given elsewhere in this report, is for the year end- ing July 1, 1917, and not for the calendar year.) This may be partly accounted for as the farmer dairyman is disposing of part of his cows, not l)cing willing to feed them on high priced grain. If the herd is to be decreased in numl)er, the elimination should 286 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE come after the use of the Babcock test and s.cales so as to be rid of the unprofitable boarders. It should be remembered that it takes several years to replenish our dairy stock. It is my predic- tion that all kinds of dairy cows will very soon bring better prices. I 'do not feel that my appeal to save the she-stuff need necessarily be from the standpoint alone of its being a patriotic duty, but for the reason that dairymen will find it profitable. I have used my best efforts to induce the dairymen of the central west to save all the heifer calves that they have reason to believe will make profit- able dairy cows when grown. Many of the old countries are suffering now on account of their short-sightedness early in the war. Let us profit by their mistake and do all we can to keep our herds intact, thereby rendering a service to humanity. Many valuable lessons will come to our people and the nation on account of the war. Besides having learned how to manufacture dyes, toys and many other articles of commerce, formerly im- ported, the large amount of agitation and talk of food conserva- tion will bring and has brought home the lessons of thrift and economy. It has come to my personal knowledge that there are many families whose grocery bills are no larger than they were a year or two ago, though all proiducts have advanced in price, but the garbage pails in the city and the swill pail on the farm have not been so well filled. The use and saving of everj^thing in way of food products has enabled the housewife to get along with a less quantity than formerly. To my mind this is true conservation. ADVANTAGES OF DAIRYING Dairying maintains the fertility of the soil. Dairying furnishes a steady income. Dairying furnishes a steady employment of labor. The market for dairy products is steady. Dairying utilizes unsalable roughage. Dairying afifords opportunity for increased income. Dairying utilizes waste land. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 2S'i U.S. Department of Agriculture States Relations Service A C True: Director Prepared by CFLANGWORTHY Chief. Office of Home Economics COMPOSITION OF FOOD MATERIALS. Fat Carbohydrates Ash Water Fuel Value 1. 5q. In. Equals 1000 Calories WHOLE MILK SKIM MILK -Water: 87.0 ^ater:90.5 Fat-.^.CU-,^^^^— FVotein.- 3.3 Fat:0.1^_. J_R-otein:3A Carbohydrates: J.U Carbohydrates-.5.1 C D Fuel VAUJE:315 calqrieis per pound Fuel value:! 6 5 calories per pound BUTTERMILK. CREAM Fat:0.5. Ash:0. ater:91.0 FVotein:3.0 Fat:l8. Carboh5clrates:4.8 ^^^'•^- Fuel value:160 calories per pound Water: 74-.0 •— FV-otein: 2.5 Carbohydrates: ^.5 ■ Fuel value:881 calories per pound It wi:l le . edii from the above chart that while whole milk possesses an average fuel value of 31C calories per pound, skim milk has a value of 165 calories, or nrrrcximately one-half the value of whole milk. This results from the removal of the fat which Las a fuel value of 4,080 calories per pound. 288 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTITRE U.S. Department of Agriculture States Relations Service AC. True: Director Prepared by CriANGWORTHY Chief, Office of Homo Economics COMPOSITION OF FOOD MATERIALS. Prote,n Fat Carbohydr'. Fuel VALUE ■ ^Ash:9.1 8 1 0 CALORIES PER POUND The meats, eggs and milk-products serve as the principal sources of protein on the average American table. The various cuts of meats differ in their protein content and their total fuel value, in proportion to the fat content and the amount of bone or other refuse material that they contain. 19 290 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE U.S. Department of Agriculture States Relations Service A.C.True: Director FVepared by C.FLANGWORTHY Chief, Office of Home Economics COMPOSITION OF FOOD MATERIALS. Prot-in COD Lean Fish Fat Carbohydrates Ash Full VALUE: -Waler:82.6 | 300 CALORIES PER POUND Protein. -15.8 Water ruE.L VALUE: Fuel Value 1 Sq In Equals 1000 Calories SALT COD c Water: 53. 4-00 CALORIES PER POUND Protein: 21.5- Water:86 Carbohydrates = 3. Ash: 1.2 SMOICED HERRING Mi FVotein:6.2 at:1.2 sh:2.0 MACKEREL Fat Rsh Fuel value: c Water: 34.6 230 calories per pound Water: 73.4. ^otein:36.4 Protein: 18.^ "UEL VALUE: Fuel Fat:l5._ Ash:l3.T n 1305 calories per pound 620 CALORIES PER POUND at:7.1 sh-.1.2 ^hr- -extremely low food value of oysters as compared with the other sea foods should be noted. Oysters should be valued for their flavor and not £or their food value. It requires about three pints of oysters to contain the amount of nutritive material contained in a quart of milk. Fish, in gen- eral, however, is a useful and economical food. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 291 DAIRY EXTENSION. It is my opinion that southern Iowa farmers do not appre- ciate the possibilities of dairying- as a means of increasing the re- turns from and the value of their farms as do the farmers of the northern section of this state. It has been my desire for some time to carry on an educational campaign, in southern Iowa, having for its object the stimulating of interest in dairying, but our activities in other sections have made it impossible, until this fall, to go into this work on a scale that would insure success. Recently plans have been formulated to do some constructive work in soutliern Iowa. Co-operation or rather concerted action on the part of the related organizations has been assured and an organization perfected which I feel will be able to get results. The campaign will be made in the four southern tiers of counties of Iowa beginning November 5th. The forces behind the move- ment are: Dairy and Food Commission, State Dairy Association, E. S. Estel, dairy expert; Iowa State College, Prof. M. Mortensen, dairy department ; United States Department of Agriculture, J. C. Cort, agent in dairying, Ames, Iowa; Association of Commercial Clubs of Iowa, R. H. Faxon, secretary ; Chamber of Commerce, Des Moines, and commercial clubs of southern Iowa counties where the campaign is to be held. There are twelve county agents among the southern Iowa county tiers who will be active in the campaign, as well as local bankers, business men and farmers. The chief object of the campaign is to organize and to develop co-operative creamery associations, and where there are not suffi- cient cows to supply milk for a creamery, cheese factories will be encouraged. To encourage a better grade of milk cows as a basis of profit, cow testing associations will be organized. Thirty cow testing associations have already been organized in the state by the dairy extension department, Ames, and the results show the great value of this plan for developing profitable dairy herds. Through this channel the unprofitable cows are eliminated and turned into meat. To build up the gra'de of cattle in various communities, bull clubs will be organized. The idea being to begin with the stock that is on the farm and build it up. In other localities calf clubs will be organized among the bo.ys and girls on the farm. Where 292 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE financial aid is needed or desired, bankers and others will be asked to co-operate. Many calf clubs have been already organized in some sections of the state. The plan of the campaign will be to call meetings in the various localities through local commercial clubs. At these meetings and lunches, business men, bankers and farmers will be invited to meet with the various state organizations to consider the best plan of promoting the dairy and livestock industries in a given com- munity. After these preliminary meetings have been, held and meetings arranged for the work throughout the county, two teams of speak- ers representing the various state and other organizations will be sent out according to the programs arranged. Autos will be used Burt Co-operative Creamery, Burt, Iowa. in conveying the speakers to all parts of the county. These meet- ings will be held at school houses, county seats and other points convenient to the farmers and their children. Among the speakers will be E. S. Estel, G. M. Lambert, J. P. Eves, Dr. 0. P. Thompson and representatives of the various dairy and livestock associations will be asked to co-operate. Southern Iowa is especially adapted to dairying and livestock, and it is con- ceded that no section of the country can prosper indefinitely without livestock in some form. Mr. Faxon has assured the state organizations that lie will co- operate to the fullest extent. In liis opinion whatever helps one part of the state, helps all, and nothing will be left undone by the commercial organizations to make a success of this campaign. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 29c The headquarters of the campaign will be at the Dairy and Food Department. All inquiries pertaining to the campaign, its management, speakers, etc., should be directed to this office. I am enthusiastic about the matter as I have realized for several years the opportunity and need of developing the dairy and live- stock industry in southern Iowa. The aim of the speakers will be to emphasize all subjects dis- cussed from the standpoint of practical farming— not from the standpoint of the use of money — because anyone can farm if he has plenty of money. A stereoptieon lantern will be used to illus- trate the subjects discussed, and the meetings will not only be in- structive, but entertaining as well. It is a well known fact that much Iowa land has been cropped 3^ear after year without attempting to maintain the fertility of the i''armers' Creamery, aImimI. Iowa. soil, and all authorities agree that diversified farming is abso- lutely essential if farming pays or if the soil fertility is to be main- tained. COST OF PRODUCING MILK. The setting of a fixed price for some of the more important and necessary foodstuffs has naturally raised the question, "What is a fair price for milk?" During the past month I have gone into this matter in an exhaustive manner and collected all facts both in this state and elsewhere which I thought would be of any value in reaching a conclusion, fair alike to producer and con- sumer. 294 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The task lias been a rather difficult one owing to the fact that very few milk producers keep books and are compelled to rely upon memory for the cost of operating their dairies. A few dairymen, however, do operate their establishments in a businesslike manner and know the amount and cost of each item of expense and the number of pounds of milk produced by each cow. It has been from such dairies that I have been able to arrive at the cost of producing milk. The yearly average of all types of dairies, data from which are available, shows that in the production of 100 pounds of milk (11.88 gallons) the following items, feed, labor, etc., are required: Grain, 44 pounds. Hay, 50 pounds. Silage, 188 pounds. Bedding, 39 pounds. Man hours, 2.42 hours. Clear Lake Creamery, Clear Lake, Iowa, 1st prize in landscape beautifying contest. Prize by Pro'fessor M. Mortensen. In addition to the above, horse labor, interest, buildings, equip- ment and miscellaneous costs. These items must be credited with increase in stock, manure, and miscellaneous items. Investigation shows that these credits just about offset the various additional debits, leaving the above as representing cost of production, per 100 pounds. Using the above formula and knoAving the cost of the feeds the producer chooses or is compelled to feed, it is pos- sible to get at a figure very close to the average annual cost of production of milk in any section of Iowa. The cost of produc- tion during any one month has been estimated to be the follow- ing percentages of the average annual cost based upon the above formula. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 295 January 119. % July 83.7% February 114.3% August 94.2% March 106.5% September 96.7% April 94.2% October 109.2% May 73.2%, November 118.3%o June 70.6% December 120.3% I believe this method of estimation to be reasonably accurate and acceptable. It has been used as a basis of adjusting the price of milk in several dairy sections. Based upon a method similar to the above the producers and distributors in the vicinity of Chicago have recently agreed upon a temporary winter price of $3.22 per 100 pounds. Paying this price the Chicago distributors will deliver milk in Chicago at a price of 12 cents per quart. . From all of the data I have been able to secure it would seem that a fair average annual cost of producing market milk in Iowa is between $2.75 and $3.00 per 100 pounds. There are, of course, many producers who are able to produce market milk at a lower cost and others who cannot afford to sell their milk on the basis of this cost. So long as the quality of the dairy herds and kind of management they receive vary over an extreme range from good to bad, the cost of producing milk with any individual herd or on any individual farm will remain an individual problem. Bet- ter herds, cows that will produce more milk in return for the feed consumed, and labor expended, is the principle factor in produc- ing milk at a low cost. The following table shows the cost price of producing 100 pounds of milk based upon the above percentage table and an annual av- erage cost of $2.75 to $3.00 per 100. Min. January 3.27 February 3.14 March 2.93 April 2.59 May 2.01 June 1.94 July 2.30 August 2.59 September 2.66 October 3.00 November 3.25 December 3.31 Annual average 2.75 The above table shows the cost price. It is of course appreciated that the producer is entitled to a reasonable profit. Assuming that a reason- able profit is 10% then the selling price for December milk based on an average cost of $3.00 would be $3.61 plus 36c, or $3.97 per 100 pounds. Max. Average. 3.57 3.42 3.43 3.28 3.19 3.06 2.83 2.72 2.20 2.10 2.11 2.03 2.51 2.41 2.83 2.71 2.90 2.78 3.28 3.14 3.55 3.40 3.61 3.46 3.00 2.875 296 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE This investigation has been made for the purpose of answer- ing the many inquiries we have received during the past few months. We have not attempted to state what may be considered a reasonable profit for the producer or what milk should sell for, but to reach a fair conclusion as to the cost of producing market milk. IOWA HERDS WiIN AT NATIONAL DAIRY SHOW. For several years past the National Dairy Show has offered a special prize for the best twelve animals of the folloAving breeds owned in any state or foreign country: Ayrshire, Guernsey, Hol- stein and Jersey. It is rather unusual for one state to win two of these prizes in one year. It is still more significant for the same state to win two of the awards two years in succession. Last year contributions from the herds of Geo. W. French, lowana Farms, Davenport, and the Galloway-lMesser Farms Com- pany, Waterloo, Iowa, won the special prize for the Holsteins, w^liile the herd of W. W. ]\Iarsh, Waterloo, won for the Guernseys. Cattle from these same herds were shown at Columbus, Ohio, where the 1917 show was held and W'On again. When you take into consideration that the National Dairy Show is the world's greatest show of dairy cattle and that all of the best herds from IMaine to Washington and Texas to Minne- sota, as w^ell as many imported cattle of the various breeds are shown it would appear that it was not worth while to go beyond the boundaries of our state for high class dairy cattle. A win- ning of this kind is of no small value. MARKET MILK. The market milk situation during the past year has presented many new problems which were 'given very little consideration dur- ing the pre-war years. Common with all articles of foods, food for man and feed for domestic animals, the market price of milk has climbed steadily upward. Previous to the present war the creamery was the controlling factor in the price of market milk, in Iowa, and the condensary, except in its immediate neighborhood, was not a factor. Today owing to the unusual and heretofore unparalleled demand for condensed and evaporated milk, the condensaries are using every effort to obtain all available milk and are able to and do pay prices EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 297 practically double that paid before the war and more than can be paid by the creamery or cheese factory at the prevailing prices for butter and cheese. This increase in price, however, has not stimulated increased production owing to the fact that the price of a cow's feed has advanced more than has the price of her products, and farm labor is -scarce and demands higher wages. Cows are also selling for such a high price for beef that many farmer-dairymen are of the opinion that they can make more money selling their surplus cows for beef and selling their grains, hay and ruffage on the open market than they can by feeding these products to the cow and selling her output. Noticeable evidence that this opinion prevails among the farmer-dairymen in several sections of the state was seen this fall while visiting producing districts and finding such a small percentage of the silos filled. Practically all Iowa cities have experienced a shortage of milk during the past year. And while these shortages have in most cases been temporary, the distributors have been compelled to pur- chase milk in a new territory or buy it in competition with those willing to pay a high price. This situation has not only increased the original cost of milk to the distributor but there has been added an increased buying expense and greater transportation charges to bring the milk from newer and more remote districts. It has been our experience in the past that strong competition in buying milk has a tendency to result in the production of lower quality milk and it has been a surprise to us to see the quality of the milk continue to be as good as that sold before there was so much competitive buying. This year we continued the Market ]\Iilk Contest, as inaugurated last year at the Dairy Cattle Congress at "Waterloo. Samples of milk were secured by the local inspectors in their respective cities, forwarded to this laboratory for official scoring and exhibited at that show. It is gratifying to us to note that the average score of all these samples for this year was about 3.65 points higher than were the averages last year. It is also a noticeable fact that the higher average scores by cities and the highest increased scores over last year were found in those cities having milk inspectors who devote their entire time to inspection work and are paid adequate salaries. 298 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The Department this year has not found any dairy situation needing correction that it could not handle under the present Dairy and Sanitary Laws. The Iowa Dairy Law has been enforced by the Dairy and Food Commissioner since 1892 and in its present amended condition seems to meet the emergencies as they arise. The basic principal of our law, that the state rather than the mu- nicipal authorities should set. standards for the purity of market milk, has been embodied in the recent dairy laws of several states. This feature of the law is proving itself more valuable each yeai? and states which grant to cities the power to adopt their own standards for quality are finding such plan undesirable. The milk supply of our cities has been showing a gradual im- provement, particularly the product of the larger city milk plant. Several modern city plants have been put in operation this year and there has been the normal amount of improvement of older plants. There has not been a single out-break of any disease in any of our cities which has been attributed to the milk supply. The location of one of the largest army cantonments at Des Moines has been a tax on the already short supply of milk in the vicinity. The Department is co-operating with the Federal Public Health officials in the inspection of the cantonment supply and the dairies supplyi]ig it. The following regulations govern the sale of milk at the Camp : RULES AND REGULATIONS EFFECTING SALE OF MILK AT CAMP DODGE. GENERAL. 1. MiUt shall conform to the requirements of all the State Laws of Iowa. 2. All milk dealers before offering milk for sale shall obtain a milk dealer's license from the State Dairy and Food Commissioner. 3. Licenses will be issued only after an inspection under the supervision of the State Dairy and Food Commissioner. PRODUCTION. 1. All milk shall be obtained from healthy cows at least five days after and not less than fifteen days before calving. 2. Cows shall be kept clean and their flanks and udders shall be brushed or otherwise cleaned before milking and the cows shall be milked with clean, dry hands, or by clean, mechanical apparatus. 3. Milk shall be removed from the stable to a suitable place immedi- ately after milking each cow and shall be Immediately cooled to a tem- perature of or below 50 degrees F. and kept at or below said temperature until delivered. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 299 4. All utensils and receptacles used as containers of milk shall be tnor- oughly cleaned and sterilized, preferably with steam, and shall be pro- tected from contaminating conditions until used. 5. The proprietor of a dairy producing- milk shall immediately give no- tice to the State Dairy and Food Commissioner of the presence of any communicable disease upon the premises or among his employees. No per- son having any communicable disease shall be permitted to handle milk. TRANSPORTATION. 1. Milk shall be so transported that it shall not be liable to contamina- tion from external conditions. 2. Milk shall be transported under conditions which will maintain a temperature of or below 50 degrees F. 3. No person having any communicable disease shall be employed In the handling of milk during transportation. DISTRIBUTION. 1. No milk cotaining more than 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, or any pathogenic bacteria, or having a temperature above 50 degrees F. shall be sold or offered for sale to the consumer. 2. All cans, bottles, or other containers used in the distribution of milk shall be thoroughly cleansed and sterilized before use and shall be kept from contamination until used and all dealers engaged in the distribution of milk shall possess proper appliances for the cleaning of utensils. 3. All premises upon which milk is pasteurized and all appliances used in pasteurizing shall be so constructed that they can be easily cleaned and all such premises and appliances shall be kept scrupulously clean. 4. No can, bottle, or other container intended for use in the distribution of milk shall be filled with milk elsewhere than upon t-he premises main- tained and equipped for that purpose. The department is also co-operating with the office of the Fed- eral Food Administrator in securing data relative to the cost of producing milk. CITY MILK LICENSES. Table showing the number of milk licenses issued to city milk dealers for each year from 1908 to 1917. In each caso the year ends on July 4th. Tear 1908 1,078 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 2,1S9 1915 1919 1917 Number 1,149 1.106 1,310 l.SOS 2,038 2,365 2,729 2,858 ' LOCAL STATE MILK INSPECTORS OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Cities Inspectors Boone Maurice Healy, M. D. Burlington .W. F. Schroeder Cedar Rapids Phillip Pray Council Bluffs W. M. Hendrix Davenport H. J. High Des Moines W. B. Barney, Jr. Clinton J. H. Spence, D. V. S. 366 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Dubuque J. N. Graham, D. V. S. Ft. Dodge Francis Ludgate, M D. C. Iowa City C. S. Chase, M. D. Keokuk Geo. R. Narrley, M. D. Marshalltown R. M. Allen, D. V. S. Mason City A. L. Wheeler, M. D. Muscatine C. J. Hackett, D. V. S. Ottumwa B. W. Van DerVeer Sioux City. W. D. Hayes, C. P. H. Waterloo N. A. Talty, Ph. C. Oskaloosa , SAMP'LES OF MILK EXAMINED BY LOCAL STATE MILK INSPEC- TORS WORKING FOR THE STATE DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSION. Boone 174 Burlington 945 Cedar Rapids 861 Council Bluffs 454 Clinton 573 Dubuque 524 Davenport 585 Des Moines 1,262 Fort Dodge 404 Iowa City 441 Keokuk 390 Marshalltown 46 Mason City 665 Muscatine 415 Ottumwa 673 Oskaloosa 247 Sioux City 979 Waterloo 985 Total 10,123 CREAMERY BUTTER. Iowa's creamery butter for the year ending July 1, 1917, was made in 451 factories. This is the first year since I have been com- missioner that there has not been a decrease in the number of creameries. The make of butter for the year was 94,269,685 pounds or about three million pounds less than last year. If Iowa is to keep up the record made during the past few years strenuous effort will have to be put forth during the coming year by all forces for the up-building of the creamery industry. Although reports for the EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 301 past year do not show a large decrease in the amount of butter made, the fact remains that during the summer months there has been a decrease and with the high prices offered for feed and the large number of farmers who have discontinued to milk, it does not seem that there will be any possibility that the rest of the year will make up for the loss sustained during the summer months. We believe that the quality of Iowa butter is improving and we know that the conditions under which it is manufactured are each year becoming more acceptable. Our inspectors and buyers on the market report an improvement in the quality of butter made during the past year. Scoring contests also indicate an im- provement. Butter manufactured at Burt, Iowa, by Mr. Paul Macauley won first at the Convention of the National Creamery Buttermakers' Association at Milwaukee in competition with butter exhibited from fifteen states. The score on this butter was 98. Mr. Macauley again demonstrated his ability as a buttermaker by winning first prize at the Iowa Buttermakers' Convention in Mason City one month later. The score at this convention was 97^2- We note, with a great deal of satisfaction, that the Burt Creamery is one of the creameries making Iowa Trade-Mark Butter. The executive committee having control over Iowa Trade-Mark Butter has been criticised because of the fact that it has not been more liberal in allowing the use of the trade mark and the results of the scoring at the last buttermakers' convention show that the work of the board, while slow, has been very effective in se- curing makers of butter for the brand the highest class to be had. Butter entered by each of the five creameries which have been allowed the use of the trade-mark scored 95 or above at Mason City. Iowa Trade-Mark butter is not made by as many creameries as we had hoped, but the butter that does bear the trade-mark is the best butter to be had in this country. Iowa creameries are improving each year. Since November 1, 1916, twenty-four new creameries, some of these costing as much as $15,000, have been built in new localities or to replace old creameries. The creameries which are being erected are not only ideal from the standpoint of convenience and sanitation, but they are credits to the communities in which they are located, when considered from the standpoint of their permanency of construc- tion. 302 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CHEESE AND CONDENSED MILK. Particular emphasis lias been placed upon the conservation of meat and wheat by the National Food Administration. These products being foods which contain not only elements necessary to the building- up and developing of body tissues, producing heat and energy, but are products for which there is means of trans- portation. Cheese being one of the best, if not the best, meat substitutes, we urged the housewives early in the season to adopt the policy of serving cheese in the place of meat at least one meal each week. In order that our department would be in a position to be of assistance to those desiring information concerning the manu- facture of soft cheese which could be made from skimmed milk, our dairy force was sent to Ames for instruction in soft cheese- making. Instructions were received in the making of cottage* cheese from skimmed milk and buttermilk, also in the making of various types of soft cheese from sweet milk. Our reasons for advocating cheese as a substitute for meat are based on the figures shown below : CHEESE AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR MEAT. Protein is the body-building material of our food. It is the most ex- pensive food constituent. T> • „ Fuel Value Amount of lOo Worth FOOD T^ T K Per Lb. Protein Will Contain rer i.d. Calories In 1 Lb. Protein Cream Cheese 35c 1885 4.15 oz. 1.18 oz. Beef Steak 30c 1090 2.30' oz, ,77 oz. Pork Chops 35c 1535 2.70 oz, .77 oz. Chicken Broiler 38c 305 2.05 oz, ,54 oz. Ham 45c 1875 2.60 oz. .58 oz. Leg of Mutton 30c 890 2.40 oz. .80 oz. Eggs 35c doz. 635 2.10 oz. 1.00 oz. Cottage Cheese 20c 495 3.35 oz. 1.65 oz. Calculated from retail prices August, 1917. Cards like tiie above were circulated at the State Fair and "Waterloo Dairy Cattle Congress, Iowa is falling considerably short of "doing her bit" insofar as her make of cheese and condensed milk is concerned. Reports from the wholesale houses of the state show that they bought last year over 2,785,579 pounds of cheese and only 6^2 per cent of this amount was bought within the state. These same houses report the purchase of nearly 300,000 cases of condensed milk and pur- chased only about 5 per cent of this in Iowa, This does not neces- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 303 sarily mean tliat the factories of loAva manufacture only 5 per cent of the milk consumed, but the fact remains" that our whole- sale houses are at present buying 95 per cent of their condensed milk outside the state. Figures compiled by the United States Food Administration show that the United States is now export- ing sixteen times as much condensed milk as during the three years before the war and over sixteen times the amount of cheese. The significance of these figures to Iowa dairymen is that if Iowa is to do her share in helping to furnish dairy products, she must not only increase the production of milk so that she can supply her own demands, but she must also increase production so that she can help supply milk for the ever increasing demand for ex- port purposes. This means that Iowa will have to put forth an effort to secure enough milk to operate fifty additional cheese factories and a sufficient number of condenseries to turn out 285,000 cases of condensed milk before she can attempt to furnish surplus cheese and milk for export. The manufacture of cheese in this state is not gaining as fast as we had hoped. In fact, the make is less than it was for the same period last year. The total make for the year being 596,639 pounds. Due to the advance in the price of the product the value is considerably more. We are pleased to note an increase in the number of factories. However, some factories had discontinued operating. New factories not starting until later in the season explains in a measure the decrease in make. The increase in the number of cheese factories is due to the efforts of D. J. Murph}^ of "Waukon, Iowa, who has established ten new factories in Allamakee county. Mr. Murphy's idea in establishing factories in this county is that he considers the hilly portion better adapted to dairying than any other line of agriculture. We believe Mr. Murphy's idea is a good one and hope during the coming season to be able to use his undertaking as a good example to be worthy of the careful consideration of various communities in Southern Iowa which are especially well suited to pasture and dairying. In communities where there are not enough cows to support a creamery (less than two hundred, there are a number of these communities in Southern Iowa), we hope to see cheese factories located and will do everything possible to help them. 304 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE ICE CREAM. The ice cream manufacturers are to be con^atulated on the showing they have made during the past year. Despite the fact that raw materials have increased in price, 15 to 80 per cent, they have been able to make a remarkable showing in the gross output of ice cream for the year ending October 1, 1917. The output for the year amounts to 4,227,397 gallons, or about one million gallons less than last year. In looking tlirough our list of fac- tories, we find that 493 factories were licensed, during the year. Seventy-two of these have discontinued business. We have had very little trouble during the year in enforcing the butter fat standard, having found it necessary to institute less than six cases for violations. Last year we had twenty-two successful prosecutions. We are glad to note also that dealers are giving more attention to cleaning ice cream containers before returning them. Eighteen paid fines for neglecting to attend to this detail. We believe that paying attention to the detail of cleaning cans is partly responsible for the present status of the ice cream business. Before attention was paid to cleaning these containers, the presence of dirty cans in places where the product was sold and on depot platforms had a tendency to discredit the sanitary conditions at the ice cream factories and their methods. The department expects to do some work during the coming year wliieh will enable us to be of service to the ice cream manu- facturer who desires to reduce the bacterial count of his product. ANALYSES. During the year ending November 1, 1917, the laboratory has analyzed the usual number of samples with the exception of agri- cultural seeds which were large during the preceding year owing to the poor quality of seed corn. The chemists have spent 42 days attending court cases brought by the Attorney General, County Attorneys and United States District Attorneys. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 305 The following samples were analyzed during the year : Cream and Milk 1611 Ice Cream 188 Paints and Oils 25 Miscellaneous Food Products 293 Samples for Attorney General and County Attorneys 273 Samples for Pharmacy Commission 30 Stock Foods 221 Seeds 102 Bacteriological Analyses 365 Total 3108 The general results of the analyses made in the laboratory show that there is a disposition among manufacturers to make their products comply with the law. Adulterated linseed oil is practic- ally eliminated from the state except in cases where the dealer has purchased from mail order houses, who with rare exception sell adulterated oil. The analyses of stock foods, especially cotton seed meal, showed that many were falling below the guarantee of the manufacturer. This information led to a proper adjustment with the purchaser in practically every case. Several thousand dollars were collected as rebates by Iowa farmers as a result of our activities. The following is the list of Condimental, Patented, Proprietary or Trade-marked Stock Foods analyzed by the Department during the past year, Avith the findings of the analyst : Economy Hog and Cattle Powder manufactured by Economy Stock Food Co., Shenandoah, Iowa. Composed entirely of drugs. S. C. Hog Remedy, L. E. Southwick, Kalona, Iowa. Composed entirely of drugs. Newton's Heave & Remedy Cure. Composed entirely of drugs. Biglers Tonic Powder. Composed of drugs mixed witli feed. Lee's Egg Maker, manufactured by Geo. H. Lee Co., Omaha, composed of drugs mixed with feed. Arco-To-Ni, manufactured by Walker Medicine Co., Fayette, Iowa. Composed of drugs mixed with feed. "Sapo" manufactured by Sapo Chemical Co., Dubuque, Iowa. Composed entirely of drugs. "Santifuge" manufactured by C. W. Busby Co., Washington, Iowa. Com- posed entirely of drugs. Stock Powder manufactured by Fox Chemical Co., Des Moines, Iowa. Composed entirely of drugs. Gold Coin Cattle Tonic. Composed of drugs mixed with considerable quantity of feed. Lee's Conditioner, manufactured by Geo. H. Lee Co., Omaha, Nebr. Com- posed of drugs mixed with a large per cent of feed. Stock Food manufactured by Wilson's Stock Food Co. Composed en- tirely of drugs. Heave Powder, manufactured by Standard Stock Food Co., Omaha, Nebr. Composed entirely of drugSi 20 306 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Iowa Worm Powder. Composed entirely of drugs. Fletcher's Stock Powder, manufactured by W. G. Fletcher, Williams- burg, Iowa. Composed of drugs mixed with feed. Hog Tonic, manufactured by Dr. David Roberts. Composed of drugs mixed with feed. Lee's Worm Powder, manufactured by Geo. H. Lee Co., Omaha, Nebr. Composed entirely of drugs. Poultry Remedy,. Kolosick Remedy Co., Washington, Iowa. Composed entirely of drugs. "Uproco" Poultry Tonic, manufactured by Universal Products Co., Fair- mont, W. Va. Composed of drugs and large amount of feed. "Salyx" Medicated Salt, The Salyx Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Composed en- tirely of drugs. Egg Producer, Pratt Food Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Composed of drugs mixed with feed. Annual Regulator, Pratt Food Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Composed of drugs mixed with feed. Stock Food, Furst-McNess Co., Freeport, 111. Composed of drugs mixed with feed. Stock Tonic, Dr. Hess & Clark, Ashland, Ohio. Composed of drugs mixed with feed. Poultry Pan-a-cea, Dr. Hess & Clark, Ashland, Ohio. Composed of drugs mixed with feed. Condition Powder, J. J. Fleck, Tiffin, Ohio. Composed of drugs mixed with feed. Stock Powder, Iowa Stock Powder Co., Washington, Iowa. Composed entirely of drugs. Sheep Remedy, Kolosick Stock Remedy Co., Washington, Iowa. Com- posed entirely of drugs. Horse Remedy, Kolosick Stock Remedy Co., Washington, Iowa. Com- posed entirely of drugs. Hog Fatner, Kolosick Stock Remedy Co., Washington, Iowa. Composed entirely of drugs. Cattle Remedy — Kolosick Stock Remedy Co., Washington, Iowa. Composed entirely of drugs. Stock Powder, Scientific Stock Raisers & Veterinarians Assn., Kansas City, Mo. Composed entirely of drugs. Iowa Conditioner, Iowa Stock Remedy Co., Jefferson, Iowa. Composed of drugs and feed. Western Hog Powder, Western Stock Remedy Co., Burlington, Iowa. Composed entirely of drugs. Western Horse Powder, Western Stock Remedy Co., Burlington, Iowa. Composed entirely of drugs. Poultry Conditioner, Great Western Remedy Co., Davenport, Iowa. Com- posed of drugs mixed with feed. Cattle Conditioner, G. W. Remedy Co., Davenport. Composed of drugs mixed with a feed. Hog Conditioner, G. W. Remedy Co., Davenport, Iowa. Composed en- tirely of drugs. Horse Conditioner, G. W. Remedy Co., Davenport. Composed of drugs. Standard Horse & Cattle Regulator, Standard Stock Food Co., Omaha, Nebr. Composed of drugs mixed with feed. Prussian Hog Worm Powders, Prussian Remedy Co., St. Paul, Minn Composed of drugs mixed with a feed. Diamond Worm Medicine, T. E. Welch, Ft. Dodge, Iowa. Composed entirely of drugs. In addition to the above list a large number were analyzed for users, but as the brand of the product was not given their analysis is omitted. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — I'ART V 'MVi INSPECTIONS. During tlie year ending November 1, 1917, our inspectors have inspected a total of 22,107 establishments as follows: Grocery 3,873 Meat Market 2,661 General Store 3,273 Bakery 809 Slaughter House 198 Restaurant 1,485 Coal Dealer 960 Elevator 1,320 Feed Store 540 Ice Cream Factory 661 Creamery 1,493 Dairyman 687 Farm Dairy 333 Confectionery 507 Wholesale Grocer 221 Seed Dealer 71 Bottling Works 64 Cream Station 2,182 Product 590 Miscellaneous 179 Total 22,107 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. "HELP WIN THE WAR." Every real American is subordi- nating all other matters these days. Our President through Mr. Hoover is impressing the citizens with the importance and prime necessity for conserving the food supply. We should, therefore, study carefully conditions around us, and especially within our own field of endeavor, with a view to ascertaining the most effective way of helping the Nation and our Allies. Weights and Measures departments throughout the United States, striving to do their bit, are more closely than ever before checking the weights and measures of the thousands of commodities so sold. Few people realize the importance and wide scope of the weight and measure inspector's field. Iowa's billion dollar crop must be weighed. Her thousands of cattle and hogs and sheep must all be driven over the scales before being sent into the mar- kets. The dairy and poultry products, garden truck, orchard crop, wool and the dozens of other rich products of Iowa are sold by the pound. Seven million tons or more of coal and thousands of 308 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE tons of gypsum rock mined in Iowa are weighed over scales whose accuracy is determined by state weight and measure inspectors. And still we have not mentioned the countless millions of dollars worth of groceries and dry goods purchased by Iowa citizens an- nually nearly all of which are sold by weight or measure. Scarcely any items are sold but that come under the jurisdiction of the in- spector at some point in the distribution. During the year ending November 1, 1917, the department in- spected 2,660 "heavy" scales, that is scales used by grain ele- vators, coal mines, retail coal dealers, railroad stock scales, etc. Of this number 326 were condemned for repairs or consigned to the junk heap as unfit for use in the trade. More than 300 were adjusted or the operators were instructed to make changes that would render them accurate. Since the law became operative hundreds of scales and meas- ures of various types have been confiscated. The educational dis- plays made of them have served to awaken communities to a realization of the true importance of securing accuracy. Dairy inspectors have seized scores of Babcock Test scales and weights. Scale owners almost without exception welcome an examination of their scales since they know so well that inaccuracies favoring either the patrons or themselves are fatal to business. The department does not have a complete record of counter scales inspected but many thousands have been examined by the general inspectors. Scale salesmen, anxious to dispose of their wares but nevertheless honestly desiring to improve Iowa scales, have called dealers' attention to defects. This has in many in- stances facilitated the w^ork of the department. Merchants should understand, however, that there are still some unscrupulous con- cerns attempting through deception to secure orders for scales. The Iowa department still is in its infancy as compared with departments in many other states. We have had much to learn and are only now fairly begun. The department has, however, done more than some of the states older in weight and measure law enforcement to take care of the small town and country com- munities. We have gone to every station and hamlet and even to the inland points where scales were being used in the purchase and sale of products. Inspectors have also gone to the farms when requested to do so. They have endeavored earnestly to improve the scales in use in every section of the state. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 309 It is feared that in the past Iowa has been made a dumping ground for some worthless and many poorly constructed scales. It appeared necessary to draw the reins tighter. Accordingly, the department adopted in full the "Specifications and Tolerances for Weights and Measures and Weighing and Measuring Devices as adopted by the eleventh annual conference on the weights and measures of the United States, held at the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C, May 23 to 26, 1916, and recommended by the Bureau of Standards for adoption by the several states." The adoption of these rules, which must be complied with by those wishing to do business in Iowa, has worked a marked improve- ment, and Iowa very soon will have an average for accuracy not excelled by any state. As competition has grown keener and prices risen higher the number of requests for scale inspections has doubled and trebled. The department has 'had one more inspector of "heavy" scales during the past year but it is still impossible to answer requests as promptly as should be done and it now appears that a fourth man will be necessary with the opening of spring. That the cheapest device is often the most expensive is a fact well known by most merchants. A grocer, coal dealer, miller, farmer or other merchant or individual whose entire business or return for labor depends upon the scales employed should cer- tainly invest enough money to secure a good instrument. But after purchasing a thoroughly good scale he is only started. Proper installation, including a substantial foundation and proper drain- age are absolutely necessary. These things 'done, the operator should give the scale the attention it so well deserves. x*Iany a man has found too late that his profits were gone because his scale did not weigh accurately. If the writer were operating an Iowa farm entailing as is re- quired an investment equal to that of the average bank, he would certainly buy from some responsible concern the best scale to be found. If this seemed not to be practicable he would demand that the elevator scales, stock scales, or others over which he bought and sold, be constructed as the law provides, that they be prop- erly installed and cared for, and that they be examined frequently by a representative of the state department. What is said con- cerning the farmer applies with equal force to every one who buys or sells any commodities the price for which is determined by 310 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE weight or measure. "The average citizen buys an auto and builds a shed over it but when he buys a scale he digs a hole in the ground and buries it," Housewives should have scales and check the weight of every purchase. This will detect errors of honest merchants and find the crooks of whom there are still a few even in Iowa. Not the least effective branch of the department's work is the weighing of various commodities to determine the accuracy of the label or of the weigh ticket. The statutes authorize inspectors to "enter or go in or upon any stand, place, building or premises ; or to stop vender, peddler, junk dealer, coal wagon, ice wagon, or any dealer whatsoever, for the purpose of making the proper test." The irregularity of such inspections makes it impossible for dishonest dealers to know when their loads may be reweighed and this uncertainty makes them more cautious and renders the work of the inspector more simple. The department is anxious to serve the needs of the people and solicits requests for assistance and suggestions as to how condi- tions may be improved and every buyer and seller insured full weight and measure. lowans almost without exception wall count it a duty, yes a privilege, to be conservative, thrifty and honorahle in every trans- action dealing with food stuffs, ammunition w^hich America will need in abundance to bridge the greatest crisis in the nation's his- tory and make the world in truth safe for democracy. THE WORK OF THE IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCI- ATION, 1917. The work of the Educational Department of the Iowa State Dairy Association has been changed to a considerable extent during the past year. Since the Association received its first appropriation eight years ago most of its work has been devoted to the prelim- inary and very necessary task of creating an interest in dairying among all of the farmers of the state. This work was accomplished by the operation of seventeen special dairy trains. These tours have covered every railroad in the state and have provided dairy meetings of some kind in practically every town. That this preliminary work has brought results is indicated by the increased demand ,for speakers on dairy subjects to attend EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 311 farmers' institutes, short courses, and other community gather- ings. It has also resulted in an increased interest in the organiza- tion of farmers' co-operative creameries, cow testing associations, breeders' associations, and calf clubs. During the year ending November 1, 1917, representatives of the association met 198 audiences in 51 counties. The records of attendance show that 31,600 people were reached. Of the 198 audiences 43 were in attendance at farmers' institutes, 51 at dairy and creamery meetings, and the remaining 104 at meetings con- ducted by the Dairy Association directly. The Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company co-operated with the Dairy Association in the operation of a special dairy institute train over its line in northwestern Iowa during the month of February. The equipment of this train included a baggage ear and a coach which were used to carry specimens of the leading dairy breeds and exhibits of products, dairy machinery, charts, etc., to illustrate the importance of dairying and the most up-to- date methods of feeding and breeding for the economical produc- tion of milk. This equipment, as in previous years, was fur- nished by the railroad company to the Dairy Association without charge. Full day meetings were held at the majority of the toMiis vis- sited. In addition to the regular lecture work, community dairy shows, boys' and girls' judging contests, milk record contests, etc.. were conducted. ' ORGANIZATION OF CALF CLUBS. As a means of starting dairy herds in especially the southern half of the state, the organization of grade dairy calf clubs was begun in March. The purpose of organizing these clubs was to get the younger generation interested in the dairy business by supplying a means whereby they could own a dairy heifer as the foundation for a future herd on their farm. It was realized in the beginning that the calves introduced into the community would become the foundation stock for many herds and that the very best type should be used. Eight clubs have thus far been organized — for these more than 600 calves have been purchased and allotted. Four hundred of these were heifers from six to nine months of age, while 200 have been young calves av- eraging from four to six weeks of age. They were bought by representatives of the Dairy Association and a representative from each, community in which the clubs were organized. 312 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The organization of these clubs is made possible by the broad- minded constructive policies that many of our banks and com- mercial clubs are adopting. They, with the assistance of the State Dairy Association, advertise the plan of organization thor- oughly in the community and get in personal touch with those whom they believe have children of the age that would or should be interested in the movement. Very little trouble has been ex- perienced in any communities in securing enough members to take one carload of calves. Holstein Calf Club of New Sharon. In this organization work every precaution was taken to safe- guard the members. The calves were sold to the boys and girls at the actual purchase price plus the cost of insuring against any possible loss by death for the period of the club, which varied in length from six months to one year. Each bank accepted the child's note for this amount. These calves varied in age from six months to a year. They were all tuberculin tested and great care was taken to select them frem clean, high producing herds. The breeds used in these clubs varied so that all four of the leading dairy breeds were represented. The club at What Cheer, which was the first to be organized, was made up entirely of Hol- steins. The northwestern part of Iowa is represented in this movement by a large club at Sutherland in O 'Brien county which is made up of Holsteins and Ayrshires, The clubs at Barnes City and New EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 31?. Sharon, both in the southeastern part of the state, are also made up entirely of Ilolsteins. At Brighton, in Washington county, the club is composed of Guernsey calves exclusively. The club organized at "Waterloo, having a membership of 170 and having all four breeds — the Guernsey, Holstein, Ayrshire and Jersey, represented has the distinction of being the largest in the state. The clubs at Wellman and Iowa City are composed of the younger Holstein calves, while the one at Gilmore City is com- posed of both Holstein and Guernsey calves. The plan which the Dairy Association is working upon is to develop herds from these heifer calves l>y introducing pure-bred bulls of the breeds represented. One of the agreements entered into by the child signing a membership application is that the heifer calf shall be bred to a pure-bred bull of the same breed but not before the heifer is sixteen months old. The purpose of this ruling, of course, is to prevent crossing and mixing of breeds as well as to further the grading up of these heifers. At the end of the club's duration, the members have their choice of two plans. They may either pay the amount of the note and -*» . ~ ^ ^ Guernsey Calf Club of Brighton. keep the calf as their permanent property or sell it at public auction and receive the difference between the selling price and the amount of the note as their profit. One purpose of the club is to arouse in the boy and girl sufficient interest that they will pre- fer to keep the heifer for a milk cow rather than to sell her and 3x4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE let some one else reap the benefits. It is encouraging to find that at least three-fourths of the mem])ers have taken these calves with that purpose in mind. A show will be held in connection with the sale at the end of the period. Many premiums are to be awarded to the boys and girls who have made the greatest development and improvement in their calves during this time. COMMUNITY DAIRY SHOWS. In order to make the work as practical as possible; community dairy shows were conducted wherever the business men and farm- ers would co-operate in making such shows a success. At most places the merchants and commercial clubs gave their hearty co- operation and offered attractive cash and merchandise prizes for the best animals exhibited. The dairymen and farmers also contributed their share by bring- ing in representative cows from their herds. All breeds of cattle, whether grade or pure bred, were shown which gave an opportunity for the comparison of the different breeds and types. The cows were placed in accordance with their milking qualities and the premiums awarded after every animal had been gone over and full explanation made of the defects and good points. The community dairy shows have been a means of bringing home to the owners of the cows shown the difference between the profit- able and unprofitable animal. Those who took part were encour- aged to determine further the real value of their herds by weigh- ing and testing the milk. Considerable friendly rivalry was cre- ated among the exhibitors, which will undoubtedly in many in- stances lead to better feed and care for the average herd of milk cows, CARE FOR THE AVERAGE HERD OF MILK COWS. Boys and girls between the ages of 12 and 18 years who could weigh and test milk from three or more cows for three consecutive months were again given an opportunity to enter the third milk record contest conducted by the Association. Although the num- ber of contestants was smaller than usual, there was a great deal of interest in the work and many commendable reports and essays were received. Each contestant was required to compile a monthly report of the production, cost of feed, and net profit of every cow tested. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 315 In some instances members kept records on as high as 18 cows. An essay explaining the work was prepared at the end of the three months. The manner of grading the reports was based upon the efforts put forth by the contestants and not upon the production of the cows. Any changes which improved the rations, or made the pro- duction of milk more economical were reeo^gnized, but it was re- alized that the contestants had no opportunity to select the cows with which they were required to work. Eight pure bred dairy bull calves, two of each of the Ayrshire, Holstein, Jersey, and Guernsey breeds, were awarded to those standing highest in the work. Twenty additional cash prizes were awarded. SCHOOL PROGRAMS AND CONTESTS. At all the meetings promoted by the Association itself school programs were held. In many instances the rural schools were dismissed and the students attended the assembly meetings which were held in the largest town schoolhouse. At these, general lec- tures on the importance of agricultural training with special ref- erence to dairying were given. At the completion of the lectures at the higli school, the students accompanied by the instructors, were taken to the bam where the cattle for the community dairy shows were kept, and instruc- tion given in judging. The cow demonstration was given first to explain the characteristics of the correct type of dairy cow. Then the boys and girls were supplied with directions and all required to compare the class of animals brought before them. After in- specting the animals for twenty minutes, the students wrote their placing together with the reasons for same on the direction sheet and these were handed to the lecturer in charge. Discussions were then held and all questions answered. The business men at the various towns gave prizes for the boys and girls who excelled in judging. The students generally were very much interested in the work and expressed a desire to study their agricultural work in school in a similar way. During the winter of 1916-1917 nearly 5,000 boys and girls were reached in this manner. OTHER WORK. During the spring and fall months when the work is urgent on the farm and it is therefore difficult to hold meetings, bulletins are sent to the local newspapers. These contain timely suggestions 316 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE which assist the farmer in solving the problems which confront him with reference to his dairy herd. They are written with the idea of assisting the creameries in improving the quality and quan- tity of raw product. The newspapers are lending their assistance by giving the information a prominent place in their columns. A service department to assist the man just entering the dairy business to locate and purchase foundation animals for his herd was also conducted. The object of this department is to bring the man who has dairy cattle for sale in contact with the man who wishes to buy. A large number of farmers have taken ad- vantage of this service and many of them have been enabled to purchase the animals they desired at a much smaller expense than if they had attempted to locate the stock themselves. It has been a means of encouraging the purchase of pure bred dairy sires to head herds of ordinary type in many sections of the state. One of the important features of the work has been the estab- lishment of the Dairy Cattle Congress in conjunction with the annual convention. This year the show was unsurpassed by any similar event. It brings dairy cattle breeders with their choice animals from every part of the United States and offers the farm- ers of not only Iowa, but the Mississippi Valley an opportunity to become acquainted with the various breeds. Premiums are of- fered for butter, cheese, and milk, which in addition to the dis- play of dairy api^liances and farm implements, bring thousands of prosperous farmers. The convention proper is held in a build- ing on the grounds, the subjects of interest to the buttermakers. creamery men and dairymen are discussed by authorities of na- tional reputation. The Iowa State Dairy Association in all of its work has been assisted in a large measure by the other dairy interests of the state. Chief among these is the Dairy and Food Department which had a number of speakers on the trains throughout the tours and also co-operated in all of the other work. The individual dairy- men have also sacrificed portions of their time to educating their brother farmers in better methods of and giving them the benefit of valuable experience. The Dairy Department of Iowa State College and the State Veterinary Department have also given a great deal of assistance from time to time. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 317 HUMAN FOOD PRODUCED BY FARM ANI- MALS FROM 100 POUNDS OF DIGESTIBLE MATTER CONSUMED: Edible Solids Animal Produced Cow (milk) 18.0 pounds Pig (dressed) . . ... . 15.6 pounds Calf (dressed) 8.1 pounds Poultry (eggs) .... 5.1 pounds Poultry (dressed) . . . .4.2 pounds Lamb (dressed) .... 3.2 pounds Steer (dressed) . . . .2.8 pounds Sheep (dressed) .... 2.6 pounds aay.aaiaBeniiuiiiii'imn.M.-aa 318 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPENSES YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 31, 1917. Name W. B. Barney m. C. Oiff - tP. W. Ctowley E'. !>. Eedfern R. E. Olemons H. W. McElroy F. W.' iStephenson B. O. BrowTilee T. A. Clarke G. M. Lambert O. P. Thoimipson H. E. Porrester L.. I/. Plickinger L. P. Anderson E. O. Lytton M. E. Plynn J. W. Milnes m. Ottosen S. O. Van de Bogart J'. IS. Bittner O'. Si. Bogle O. O. Prazer A. B. Briggs E. J. Nolan Wm. H. Harrison G. H. Chittick A. W. Day B. V. DMurphy Margie Garrity Elma Schnack tVera Acklin tPlorenctt Gallarno J. W. Lytton Laboratory Expense Weight and Measure Expense Inspection Fee Tags Milk Agent's Expense Milk Agent's Fees - Miscsllaneous Office Expense Telephone Telegraph Electricity ^ Drayage Express Total - ^6,6S2.8e Salary $ 2,7( ,700.00 222.60 825.00 400.00 500.00 500.00 400.00 470.82 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 COO.OO 600.00 SOO.OO 600.00 600.00 480.93 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600. OO 600.00 817.08 3991. 30 233.32 0.33.31 900.00 900.00 787.50 112.50 800.00 Expenses $ 386.67 165.44 28.89 937.67 834.47 879.28 1,012.33 993.70 1,004.58 1,336.82' 1,189.18 1,039.72 868.92 92.08 766.70 7V5.90 961.47 488.58 682.19 892.35 951.06 1,360.04 1,919.90 65.83 918.70 607.37 4,004.42 1,792.60 636.03 4,124.00 1,679.46 79.21 25.48 19.89 144.78 136.52 $32,942.27 Total $ 3,086.67 222.60 990.44 2,428.89 2,437.67 2,334.47 2,279.28 2,483.15 2,506.70 2,604.58 2,986.82 2,789.18 2,689.72 2,468.92 1,892.08 2,366.70 2,375.99 2,442.40 2,088.53 2,232.19 2,422.35 2,551.0e 2,970.04 3,519.90 1,882.91 1,498.00 1,233.32 1,033.31 900.00 900.00 787.50 112.50 800.00 607.37 4,004.42 1,792.60 6Se.03 4,124.00 1,679.46 79.21 25.48 19.89 144.T8 136.52 $79',624.63 tEmployed less than a year. DEPARTMENT FINANCES. PEE® :KElOElIVED TEAIB ENDING OCT. 31, 1917. Inspection Pee Tags $19,625.31 Seed Analyses -• . 24.50 Feeding Stuffs Analyses - -. 57.00 Stock Pood Licenses _ 3,825.00 Babcock Test Licenses _ — - 6,40e.5C scale Tag Licenses 4,185.00 Scale Inspection Fees — : — 7,897.03 Sanitary Law Licenses 13,080.00 Milk Licenses _ 3,130.00 Cold Storage 275.00 Commercial Fertilizer Licenses 260.00 Butter Trade-Mark Expense of Wrappers and Labels 54.14 $58,815.48 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 519 CREAMERY STATISTICS OF IOWA. SHOWING POUNDS OF MILK AND CREAM RECEIVED, POUNDS OF BUTTER MADE AND DISPOSITION OF SAME, FAR AS REPORTED. County 3 o i-. a to > o ^ fi s ^ 3 C OS'S §^^ o T3 3 d o a. PL, o go S 3 =3 O O M Pi h Adair 2 1 7 1 8 5 13 3 2S 7 5 10 4 S 3 6 7 1 10 372,9S1 1,602,664 326,880 6,836,325 17,600 2,492,638 703,869 2,677,328 605,751 736,436 2,239,979 1,480,430 3,071,677 548,050 2,041,814 1,146,798 3,303,075 6,866,224 ■ 21,723 6,702,575 642,673 126,220 1,763,658 6,127 943,673 367,501 2,515,793 217,446 3,611,588 2,366,267 505,474 2,415,520 399,079 828,328 819,906 992,405 2,246,833 69,875 2,160,925 30,941 10,780 59,203 57 70,796 4,365 131,338 14,393 308,809 124,801 27,408 114,136 24,595 29,156 1,882 57,351 48,368 1,670 176,286 540,168 95,643 11,216,871 1,014 820,399 126,564 1,564,308 83,289 2,835,538 2,247,641 384,351 1,110,847 346,272 464,930 470,993 651,321 2,172,829 66,860 2,153,532 71,564 19,797 147,033 Appanoose Audubon -. Benton Black Hawk .— 155,742 93,378 180,000 17,857,791 5,056 61,242 63,250 823,290 119,729 Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista _— Butler 82,690,124 11,993,965 289,530 0,830,050 12,137 189,197 169,909 138,678 100,561 135,773 Calhoun 28,201 313,00'1 159,693 Oedar -- - 10,341 706,887 297,771 Oerro Gordo _— 81,829 1,345 Chickasaw Clarke 7,385,719 191,445 Olay - 8 14 5 1 1 125,000 14,859,465 239,714 108,890 1,000 1,580,065 5,450,642 2,921,147 486,175 2,000 682,530 2,532,851 1,036,560 228,271 44,180 133,429 16,333 178 569,084 2,196,465 861,526 222,787 79,888 Clayton Clinton i Ctawford Dallas 240,977 120,490 11,250 Delaware IS 1 4 13 2 20 4 8 12,617,872 4,408,189 1,862,243 163,842 1,428,726 124,198 Dickinson Dubuque Emmiett Fayette Floyd .. -- — 1,500 6,495,343 1,937,324 25,495,010 10,340 23,825 819,568 4,062,017 1,138,588 9,350,815 1,125,681 2,327,798 846,262 4,155,957 427,480 3,029,063 651,173 929', 272 16,121 117,137 38,721 206,355 49,024 55,803 727,506 1,572,089 373,321 2,434,373 4,968,971 723,343 102,835 1,287,606' 15,418 264,771 155,752 Franklin 71,995 Greene 2 4 4 5 7 11 1 1 9 5 2 5 9 2 124,390 491,828 202,810 959,862 37,061 503,491 221,955 1,440,900 972,846 1,539,845 3,465,729 3,843,148 S(i,742 815,025 354,737 197,891 1,132,110 1,838,556 10,447 51,244 18,565 25,253 54,807 102,649 62,543 741,616 268,286 117,878 996,465 1,527,855 53,852 Grundy 37,050 Guthrie . __ - 68,886 Hamilton Hancock M,760 79,993 224,298 400,000 1,711,068 475,834 76,427 2^515,554 1,390,613 75,491 36,400 4,288,228 1,196,763 525,000 1,450,378 3,472,301 204,580 1,030,843 18,950 500 29,234 29,413 72,845 1,545,303 323,583 '55,927 161,953 1,158,744 2,646 103,657 Hiimboldt Ida - - 166,442 101,275 10,000 65,367 Jackson 143,437 100,926 72,845 Jefferson 1 7 2 14 1 1,118,010 6,639,275 801,217 4,493,511 27,702,850 401,915 2,110,002 318,396 1,516,924 1,206,120 300,000 1,752,260 264,386 1,231,841 1,110,518 100,000 Jones - 838,052 49,195 179,686 21,870 118,712 1,000 151,084 38,992 Keokuk Kossuth Lee — 53,000 150,187 106,665 320 TOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CREAMERY STATISTICS OP IOWA— Continued. County S It III 3 tH 43,057 Mitchell Monona .. 670,425 8,192,984 Montgomery ... Muscatine O'Brien Osceola - - _-. S'53,104 57,559 109,800 54,750 241,140 1, 402,947 478,670 375,334 1,802,786 810,572' 596,689 3,228,243 279,081 512,664 8,5'72,814 1,153,400 524,376 255,756 172,071 911,139 365,487 5,741,639 2,059,925 923,549 3,247 14,378 14,935 39,428 110,940 7,141 Fag's 9,000 Palo Alto 147,250 2,981 5,009 109,242 94,000 Pocahontas Polk 156,000 155,204 775,146 1,173,600 90,570 17,399 136,387 136,387 137,565 1,601,550 498,088 4.35,185 403,4.59 769,389 666,391 36,647 3,914,553 269,950 221,433 15,000 Ringgold Sac _ 421 13,382 53,286 55,750 378,247 1,020 Scott Shelby - — 15,310 56,807 80,811 2,683 16,125 768,508 5,237 Sioux Story — — 403,555 440,162 110,792 126,275 Tama — . - - 143,977 56,250 70,185 Union - 307,317 825,6^8 Wapello 17,500 10,682,800 Warren . .. -. Washington _ 1 1 4 8 11 3 8 4 9,875 736,849 388,966 '',206,662 2.160,959 12,188,977 1,103,121 334,074 6,400 3,47o 365,000 1,407,794 2,239,513 768,990 3,765,515 6,703,192 30,161,086 3,051,147 1,777,803 156,955 9,492 262,031 5,704,768 1,800 70,805 31,668 Webster Winnebago Winneshiek 89,453 1,129,687 1,997,889 1,255,080 969,611 207,192 290,021 205,867 129,61? Woodbury Worth . 3,177,086 60,862 43,S44 465,444 62,665 Wright 96,219 Total 451 205,420,165 242,378,361 94,2199,685 4,285,135 81,311,017 8,673,543 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 321 21 322 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE PART VI Excerpts From the Proceedings of the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Dairy Association. ADDRESS OF WELCOME BY THE MAYOR. Ladies and Gentlemen : It is rather an unusual experience when the same man has the same privilege of delivering the same address to the same fellows at the same time of the year, for two years, but that is the privilege I have today. I, personally, am glad of it. I don't think you will be so glad after I get through because my personal experience has been — at least I claim it's my personal experience — that I have only about one speech on any one subject and must admit at this time that it is a rather difficult task to give you a brand new speech. However, you gentlemen are here and the people of Waterloo are glad you are here. We are glad you are here. We are glad that you have been coming into this community for all these years and we hope the time will never come when you will change your place of meeting. If you do continue to come here, I'll promise you this : that if I am still mayor, once each year I will find time to come out here and give you the same address of welcome. We realize that every patriotic citizen of Waterloo takes great pride in this annual Dairy Show; at least they tell us that a Waterloo man is always talking about his town. It has come to be that in this city this is our big show. It's the one entertain- ment which attracts the manufacturer, business man, merchant, laboring man and every person around Waterloo, and we recog- nize that it is to this association we owe the things we are having here at this time. I suppose you know that the first Daiiy Show in Waterloo was put on by this association. The reason for this was that the association was holding its annual meeting here. The people of Waterloo have developed it year after year until it has reached its present proportion, and underlying it all is the fact that it is your organization which it is representing. 224 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Now we have in the city of Waterloo a community of people who are not so different from the average community in every section. We are people who are interested mainly in successful agriculture in our country. We take particular pride in our re- lationship to agriculture. The manufacturing industries of Water- loo make machinery that is used almost entirely by farmers. The most substantial institution in the world is that of agricul- ture and we are a people who take pride in our close connection with it. We have two sides of the river and if some of you have not already had the experience of telling which side of the river you like best, on the wrong side, I wish you would tell me. We are a people loyal to the state and to the country at large. We like to boast of ourselves in a way that is not objectionable. We believe in loyaltj'. We believe that if you are not satisfied with your business or the place in which you live, in justice to yourself you should change. Into this community of homes, of manufacturing industries which relate to the agricultural industries and which represent the garden spot of the world — into this community which is recognized as being of great value to the dairy industry and which is making dairying better for the farmer each year, I wel- come you all. It is a distinct pleasure to stand here this afternoon and tell you that you are welcome and I do it with confidence, because I know the people of Waterloo. If there is anything the city can give you, let me know and I will see that you are taken care of. I haven't the slightest idea that such will be the case, but if you are molested by those distinguished looking gentlemen on the street with blue coats, stars, helmets, and clubs, refer the matter to me. I say I do not believe you wall be molested, but if you should and will advise me, I shall be very glad, in my dual ca- pacity as mayor and attorney at law, to see that you are legally convicted and it will not cost you a cent to have it done. Again, gentlemen, I welcome you. Mr. Stephenson : Is Mr. Cole present ? Mr. Cole was on for the response. Inasmuch as he is not here, it gives me pleasure at this time to introduce to you, Mr. A^an Pelt. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 325 THE FUTURE OF DAIRYING. By Hugh G. Van Pelt. Ladies and Gentlemen: I really became very envious of Mr. Law when he started to talk to you and said he had only one speech; I thought how fortunate I would be if, like him, I had one speech. I have been very unfortunate in that respect. On one occasion I was going to make a speech and I decided I would write it out and read it, so I took a great deal of time to prepare it. Just before I got to the meeting I lost it. The next time I wrote it out and committed it to memory and when I got on my feet, I forgot it; so ever since that time I have been com- pelled to say what was on my mind. I am here today without a speech. Like the preacher who went before his congregation, "I have been so busy this week I have not had time to prepare a sermon. I hardly know what I am going to say. I'll have to depend on the Lord this time, but next Sunday I promise you I'll come better prepared." So some time I hope to come before you better pre- pared. I remember some years ago when the State Dairy Association held its meeting on these grounds, we had a tent some five times as large as this and the seats could not hold those in attendance. I really believe that this convention -should mean more to the dairymen and buttermakers of Iowa than it seemingly does. It seems to me that at this particular time, in this particular period we are going through, this tent should be full. I realize there is much going on in the grounds and I realize it is difficult to listen to dry speeches when cattle are showing, etc. Never- theless I believe that the program which has been prepared should be sufficient so that at this time, as in past years, you should fill up this tent and get the good out of the program. I believe that the State Dairy Association has performed a remarkable mission for the Mississippi Valley and the United States. It was the State Dairy Association that founded the Dairy Cattle Congress. In 1906, the first time I appeared before this meeting, there was a large attendance but there were only two bona fide dairymen present as I found when I analyzed the crowd afterward. IW. B. Barney was there and, because he is not here today, I am sure the reason he was there then was because he was president of the association. The only other dairyman present was a breeder of Red Polled cattle from Central City, Iowa. The rest of the audience was made up of buttermakers, railroad men and commercial travelers, so that the State Dairy Association at that tim<) had but two real cow men present. When I went back home I threatened to go back east where men who milk cows attend meetings. Instead, however, I prevailed upon the association officers to permit me to put on a cow demonstration the following year. The Holstein-Friesian Association paid the expenses of bringing some of Mr. Barney's cattle from Hampton and the Ameri- can Jersey Cattle Club paid the expenses of a choice consignment of Jer- seys from northwestern Missouri. S26 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The event was advertised well and men who milked cows came by the score to learn the essential points to be observed in selecting, breed- ing and feeding real dairy cattle. So successful was the plan that the next year a regular dairy show was staged in connection with the Iowa State Dairymen's convention and the great show you are attending now is that Infant growing and developing in its start toward maturity. I can say without fear of contradiction, that this show is. one of the two largest and most important dairy shows of the world and the Iowa State Dairy Association founded it. I am certainly glad to speak to you who are present today, because I am sure that there are many messages which you can and should take home with you. Today the dairy sections of the world are in a critical condition, but not more so than other interests dependent upon live- stock. At this time there is being held in Waterloo a meeting for the purpose cf encouraging the Iowa farmer to raise more hogs. There are only 80 per cent as many hogs in Iowa this year, in spite of high prices, as is our normal crop. We are feeding less beef cattle also, and just what is to beoome of the meat supply of this world, when the state of Iowa, Where more meat is fed for market than in any other state, fails us as it has during the last few years, is hard to tell. The allies are crying for fat. Von Hindenberg cried for fat months ago. This war will be decided by the supply of fat. It will be the side which can supply this fat that will eventually win. There are two great fat-producing animals — the hog and the cow'. Of all animals the dairy cow is the most economical; she is the largest producer of fat, not from corn only, but from corn and feeds fed in conjunction with it. Mr. Hoover recently made the statement that the allies would begin to purchase fat from this country just as they now do the wheat, that is, the fat will be purchased through the hands of one man. Today in the state of Iowa it is being proposed to the farmers that the price of pork be fixed by way of tying it to corn. The packers have been licensed and they will be asked to pay for one hundred pounds of pork the value of a certain number of bushels of corn. All other ani- mals will then be placed in competition with the hog because corn will be based upon the price of hogs. We know absolutely that the cow is the most economical producer of fat for mankind, but when we make that statement we must realize that there are cows and cows, and to com- pete with a steer, a cow must be a good cow. More than ever before, it is going to be necessary to make the dairy industry of this country profitable by encouraging the milking of good cows. I wish to send this message home with those of you who milk cows, those who handle the product from cows, and also those of you who deal directly or indi- rectly with the man who handles cows. Disseminate it as broadcast as you can because it is the most important message that can be spoken at this lime. We know there has been a tremendous slaughter of dairy cattle this year. In the state of New York alone there are 75,000 less yearling heifers today than is their normal crop and in other states the loss of young animals is comparatively as great. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 327 The cheapest beef in New York city today is six-weeks'-old-beef. In the face of this we cannot expect men to raise calves that are not going to be profitably productive when they reach cowhood. So you see that the high price for beef, for veal and for feeds is working adversely to the dairy interests. We are entering a period when the buttermaker will have a hard time to get a sufficient amount of butterfat; we are approaching the time when the farmer is going to begin wasting the fertility of his farm. We will then, as they were twenty years ago, be on a one-crop basis and I fear that in a country like ours it would be very detrimental to get back on that basis, because, remember this: it takes some time to encourage a man to begin milking cows and when he does begin it takes three years for him to breed, raise and de- velop a good cow. Patriotism is good while it lasts and I know that there are some who will milk cows at a loss for some time. We know that a soldier is patriotic in the trench until the blood is drawn from his body. It is the same with the farmer. He will be patriotic until his finances are drawn from his possession. In conducting the dairy farm today we are paying the highest price for food stuffs, labor and supplies that we have ever paid, and I regret to admit it to you today that it is only the good cow, cared for by the good caretaker and fed as she should be that is making money. I believe that every patriotic man connected with the dairy industry today should realize that the basis of the dairy indus- try and of agriculture and the basis of civilization and progress is the cow. And when it is just as easy and cheap to raise a good cow, as cheap and easy to milk a good cow, as it is to raise and feed a poor cow, I believe that we should speed up our efforts to improve the cattle of the country. The educational propaganda that was put on in Iowa a few years ago has done much toward eliminating the poor cow from our herds. We should breed up our cattle so that even as we need them, we will have th€m. And at this point I would say; when the agriculture of any country reaches a point where it is impossible to make a profit from the dairy cow, then there is no way possible to make money from any branch of farming and agriculture has started to decline. We have a real problem before us at the present time. Upon the way we conduct the dairy industry at this time depends very largely the char- acter of the dairying and therefore the agriculture we are going to have in the future, and it is going to test our patriotism. Our world is short of fat at the present time. In Europe they have slaughtered up to date more than one hundred million producing animals and of these at least one-third have been cows. When the embargo was placed upon the exportation of food stuffs, Holland ordered one-half mil- lion cows slaughtered with one-half million to be slaughtered later on. France is in the market for one million cows when the war is over. Only in American can cows be secured and if we slaughter our cows, we will not be able to supply the demand. There is no better business proposition we can go into on the farm today than that of raising dairy cattle providing we raise good ones. People will not export poor cattle and let me tell you that when this 328 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE war is over, our country will be stripped of every good cow we possess unless we fill the stalls with good cows now. I believe this so thoroly that altho we started with a little herd we are making arrangements to have just as many good cattle, sired by good sires and from good dams as we can possibly own when this war is over. There never was a poorer demand for poor cattle than there is today and in all of my experience of a score of years there has never been such a good demand for good cattle at high prices as there is now and this demand will not cease until the European nations are restocked as they were before the war. And furthermore, I thought I knew the im- portance of the dairy cow but I have just come to the realization of her real worth. I knew that if she was properly cared for she was a cash producing animal that made communities prosperous. But there was something about the dairy cow I did not know. Since the war began in Europe we have been reading of the terrible slaughter that has been going on in the trenches and we are appalled. We are now becoming so accustomed to it that we read thoughtlessly, but when we sit down in our calmer moments and think what it really means, it seems beyond comprehension. The slaughter in the trenches is not large however as compared with the slaughter in the homes of Europe today. If you have looked over your papers you will notice that the infant mortality of all nations en- gaged in the war has ranged from 40 to 98 per cent — in other words, 40 to 98 per cent of the infants born during the past three years have died. England has been buying our condensed milk and our butter and her mortality is only 40 per cent. In France it is 58 per cent. In Servia they have no cows, and generally speaking there are no children in that nation under three years of age. That's what the dairy industry means. If, at this time, we permit our good cows to go to slaughter, then I say to you that we are not far away from the time when we are going to increase very largely our infant mortality. But about this time we begin to learn something of the value of butterfat. Experiments carried on by certain investigators, particularly McCollum, show that butter fat possesses a certain unknown soluble which is essential to the mainten- ance of the human being. In countries which have few dairy cows and where little or no milk, or the few other foods which contain this sub- stance are fed, the effect is plainly shown by the stunted appearance of the people. India and parts of China are examples. In Denmark when they first put in the cream separator and the farmer wished to sell largely of his butterfat, they began to live on skim milk. Then disease attacked the people in the rural communities. Wlien whole milk was again placed in the diet normal conditions were restored. Personally, from the standpoint of patriotism, I believe that every man on a farm in the state of Iowa should begin building up the livestock of his farm. The man who milks cows cannot do a more patriotic thing than to head his herd with a good sire and build up the productive pow- ers of his herd, knowing that in one generation it is possible to build up the herd production one hundred pounds or more. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 329 Every creanieryman and every buttermaker should encourage his pa- trons to do this. The owner of a creamery should make it his business to secure in some way or other, wherever they are procurable, good sires, bring them into his community and sell them to his patrons at cost or on time, if you please, and take the cost price out of the milk checks gradually and build up, by his own efforts, the cattle in his community. I became acquainted with a man from Texas who wished me to come and see his ranch. He told me what he was trying to do; he didn't say anything about trying to get rich, but his whole conversation centered around what he was going to do with one community of the United States. He had seen a large portion of the United States come into agriculture and become robbed of its fertility. He desired to have a hand in build- ing up instead of wearing out his part of the country. I think his was a great ambition — to bring one section of this great country into agri- culture, to begin at the beginning and build it up instead of tearing' it down. I Was impressed with that man and visited his farm. He had secured 390,000 acres of land in one of the worst sections of the United States which could be found. He went into that section where fifteen or twenty years ago it was said of the land that nothing would grow on it except rattlesnakes and cactus. It was mostly sand land and suf- fered from great drouths. He began buying dairy cattle. iWhen I was there on the fifth of November a year ago, I saw them getting twelve tons of feterita per acre. Now that man went there and spent his money to disclose the value of that land before he would sell an acre. When he sold his first, and his tenth, and his fiftieth, and his hundred and fifty-sixth farm, he said to the buyer, "I Will sell you this land under one condition, and that is that you take with it some cows because you can't live in this country without cows." He took me around and showed me the prosperous farms on that sand land, the men build- "ing up homes, men who were prosperous even though they had suffered occasional drouths. That's what one man with the right idea in his mind has done for his community, and he was surprised to find that because he had done this for his community the value of the land increased from 50c to $35 an acre. He woke one day a millionaire and it came simply by trying to build up a community and help the people in the community — and I commend this thought to the buttermaker. That man went into a country where there was nothing but the long- horned Mexican steer. He bought dairy cows and put them where men said they couldn't live. I saw the report of his creamery yesterday, for the 27th of September. In that little creamery he made on that date 1,781 pounds of butter and last year from that creamery the out- put sold for the second highest price of any creamery in the United States. His ambition, and it looks as if he is going to be successful, is that this year he will pay his patrons the highest price for butterfat of any creamery in the United States. This is being done in the land "where only rattlesnakes and cactus ' grew twenty years ago. The entire world is being denuded of live stock, especially dairy cows. Three years are required to grow a producing cow, and if we are going 330 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE to have cattle three years hence (when I promise you that the demand will be world-wide), you must remember that those whose cattle will be good then are the ones who are building up their herds today. I wish to thank you kindly for the attention you have given me and I wish you all success. Mr. Stephenson: There is a matter I wish to bring before the convention at this time and that is this : Possibly you men are aware of the fact that, in order for the Iowa State Dairy Associa- tion to get the appropriation that is set aside for it by the state, we must have five hundred bona fide members. There have been sent out from Mr. Estel's office this year about sixteen hundred letters. Mr. Barney also sent out about sixteen hundred. I sent out nearly the same from my home to the dairymen of the state, and in re- sponse to that effort, we have something like 250 who have taken out membership and nearly all of these are dairymen. I think that we have received at my home something like be- tween 220 and 230 memberships. These are for the most part from dairymen who feel thta it is to their interest to build the member- ship of the Iowa State Dairy Association up to the number re- quired to receive the appropriation that has been given us by the state. You know Mr. Estel and his assistant are paid from that fund, and you men are nearly all in close touch with the work that has been done and it has been mighty effective, especially in the southern part of the state and we cannot afford ta allow our mem- bership to dwindle. We have something over 464 creameries in the state of Iowa. There are eighty-four tubs of butter exhibited here this year and that means eighty-four buttermakers out of the' 464 who are en- titled to a membership in the Iowa State Dairy Association. I want to urge upon you the necessity of every butter-maker in the state of Iowa taking out a membership. It costs you a dollar and it is a dollar mighty Avell spent, and I certainly hope that if there are any buttermakers here who have not a membership be- fore you leave, you will take one, because we certainly need your help. Mr. Stephenson : We will at this time have the privilege of listening to Mr. Barney, our State Dairy Commissioner. ADDRESS BY MR. BARNEY. Now I am not going to keep you a great while. I believe I am the man who said that I thought that people would rath^^r look at EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 331 a cattle show than to hear long-winded addresses by Mr. Van Pelt and myself and I think I have good evidence here this afternoon that I was right when I made that remark. I am going to tell you something of the plans for the winter cam- paign in southern Iowa. It has seemed to me that we should de- velop southern Iowa better than in the past few years, but for some reason or other no one seems able to get up interest enough to get action such as we should have in a country that is as well- suited to dairj'ing as that is. Upon the invitation of the ex-treasurer of the state, Mr. William Morris, I have attended three meetings at Afton. We had rather small crowds. However we have a plan which we believe is a good one. Now this idea isn't my own, but the ex-treasurer's. He said : "Now Mr. Barney, if you will come down again, I think I have a plan that Mall get out a bunch of people who will be interested in the dairy development of southern Iowa, ' ' and this was the plan : He went to every member of the Commercial club and asked them to fix an evening when we could invite me down and they would have a little lunch at the hotel. Each member of the Commercial club was to invite in two or three farmers. They made the arrange- ment and of course the merchants of that town were glad to take advantage of the opi3ortunity to do the nice thing and each of them invited about two or three of the influential farmers in that neigh- borhood, as it was to the interest of the merchants as well as to the dairy industry. We had about 150 at that meeting and I don't know that I ever talked to a crowd which was more interested than that one was, and I really think that we got something started there that will mean something, and the department is going to take up that work this winter and we are going to go into southern Iowa and ask the Commercial Clubs to co-operate with us, and we are going to ask the Association to furnish men to help us. The De Laval Separator Company will furnish a man — Mr. D, L. Har- court. Now, as a general thing, the department tries to fight shy of co-operation with commercial companies of that kind, but after an experience of about three or four years with these people and knowing the work they are doing, I want to say frankly that we would be glad to have their man help us and I would be glad to arrange with any other institutions of that kind. I believe most of you know that southern Iowa is just about as well-adapted to dairying as the northern part of the state. We are going to have Mr. Lambert take charge of that work and have 332 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE him i>ay almost his entire attention to it this winter, and it is our hope that where we tind it is impossible to organize creameries, to build up the dairy industrj^ by organizing cheese factories. There are eight or ten cheese factories in the northern part of the state that are wonderfully successful and are very profitable, and we are going to encourage that sort of work where we find that there isn't sufficient milk to organize a creamery. Now I think that is a plan that will result in considerable good down there. The dairy train has done wonderful work in Iowa, but we can't expect very great results from the use of the dairy train from now on. Now briefly that is the most important thing the department has in mind for the winter and I desire the co-operation of all the people in Iowa who are interested in dairy work. Now this question of conserving the cow. When you take into consideration that the milk of one cow is equal in food value to three 1,500-pound steers, isn't it worth Avhile that you should look at it from the angle of economy? If a cow will produce the food value of the beef of three steers, isn't it much better to conserve the cow? Because after she has produced that milk during the year, you still have the cow to go on and do the same thing over again. When you have killed the steers you have nothing left. No\v there 's another consideration that we should keep in mind ■ — -that six or eight pounds of corn, or any other product of that kind, will produce a pound of butterfat. Butterfat is worth around forty cents at this time, and that same feed fed to a steer would produce only a pound of beef. The average price of beef now as it comes to market is somewhere around ten cents a pound. That is its usual price. That leaves you a difference of about thirty cents for your work, and it seems to me that it is well worth while to do that work for the thirty cents that you get. Then when you have sold that steer what have you left to produce an- other calf ? Nothing. I have every confidence in the dairy game at this time. I know that a good many are getting weak-kneed and are selling their cows. I do know this : That dairy cattle are going to be worth more money in the next two, three or four years, than they have ever been before. I think that if we are going to do away with any of our cows, it should only be the star boarders. Be sure before you sell them that you are getting rid of the worthless ones. If there's anything I pretend to know a little something about it is a cow. If a fellow could fool me on a cow, he would be wel- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 333 come to what he got out of me for it. ''A thing of beauty is a joy forever" doesn't apply to a cow, for I don't think that a man could go into my herd or any other herd and pick out a good cow without using the Babcock test and scales, although I know there are certain general characteristics about all good cows and that in a measure you .can tell some of the good ones from the poor ones. I have a farm up north here and I go up occasionally and tell them what I think about things and what I think such and such a cow would do. I remember a year ago last winter we were putting on some tests. We had the cows lined up there in the stanchions. One made an official record of a little over thirty pounds of butter in seven days. "Well boys," I said, "if that cow can make thirty pounds in seven days, there are four or five others that should make thirty-five pounds of butter. ' ' This only goes to prove how easily" a fellow can be fooled. They didn't find another one that winter that could come up to this one and I didn't know as much as I thought I did. You may have noticed that some of the breed papers have been carrying articles regarding show ring type versus production. Judging in the show ring is a good thing, but I want to warn you not to depend on what you think you know but find out what you want to know by the use of the Babcock test and scales. Now we have a few men here who are interested in creameries and I w^ant to tell them that I am not at all satisfied with the way we are getting on with this trade mark proposition for butter in Iowa ; we are not getting enough out of this proposition. I think I can explain one of the reasons why there has not been a greater interest taken in it. The time the trade mark was adopted, (and I think it is the best trade mark of any state ; several of the eastern states have made inquiries regarding it), was not opportune. Dairy farmers could get more from ice cream factories for the same cream which was necessary to produce butter to meet the requirements of the state brand. Creameries began to get a lot more for their butter and the ice cream people began to enlarge their business. I got sixty cents a pound for butterfat and I felt that I could hardly patronize a creamery when I could get that price. Now I know from my personal experience that it doesn't take much trouble to produce cream wdiich will sell for top price. We haven't an ice house on our farm but we have a well which contains very cold water, and an aerator which is cooled by water from this well. I was up there one Sunday and 334 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE went out and watched the cream as it .passed from that aerator. I took a quart of the milk with me to Des Moines and after I got there I put it in cold water and was able to keep it sweet for five days simply because the separator had been washed every time it had been used. It is just as important to wash our separator after every milk- ing as it is to wash our dishes after every meal ; if we didn 't wash our dishes what would company think? It is a good habit to get into and after it becomes a habit we will no longer find it an un- pleasant task. Now there is no question but what you know, gentlemen, that we should increase our products here in Iowa during the next ten years, so that we will be turning out double what we are now and the thing to do is to take better care of the stock we have now. It is a time when we must all give our best efforts to the nation; it falls to our lot to see that our country and our allies are pro- vided with sufficient food and I feel sure that Iowa and Iowa farmers will respond nobly. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION. Mr. Stephenson : The first number on the program this morn- ing wull be an address by Professor Sammis of Madison, Wiscon- sin, on "A Comparison of Advantages of the Cheese Factory and Creamery to the Farmer." ADDRESS BY PROP. SAMMIS. The farmers of Iowa have in past years marketed their milic mainly through creameries, and liave had little or no experience in the pro- duction of cheese. In Wisconsin, we have over 2,500 cheese factories, as well as about 900 creameries. Besides the well-known American cheese, made in fifty-seven counties, there are about twenty other varie- ties of cheese made in Wisconsin, of which the most important are the Swiss, brick and Liinburger. In comparing the creamery and the different kinds of cheese fac- tories as means for marketing milk, many points of interest are met with. The advantages are not all on one side. Under some conditions, a cheese factory is preferable, and in some localities a creamery is to be preferred by the farmer. After the choice has been made, and the creamery or factory is once established in a community, it usually pays best to continue one line of manufacture, and not to shange back and forth frequently from cheese making to butter making. During part of the* year, butter prices may be higher, and in summer time cheese EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 335 prices may bo higher, but in tlie long run, the cheese factory value of milk averages just about the same as the value at the creamery, in- cluding the by-products in each case. I would not advise you to equip a small, new factory for making butter in winter and cheese in summer, under ordinary circumstances, for several reasons. First, there is the extra cost of buying the double equipment. Also, more floor space or storage room must be provided to hold the equipment. The unused part is likely to be damaged through neglect. Second, your butter makers are not usually able to make cheese also, and it is difficult to hire either a good butter maker or a good cheese maker for part of the year only. Third, having found a good market and buyer for your butter, it is necessary to look for a satisfactory cheese buyer, when the cheese is made. It is well known that buyers will give more consideration to factories running the year around than to those that run only for part of the year. Thus, in several ways there is disadvantage in changing a factory from cheese to butter and back again. Therefore having made a choice, it is generally best to stick to it. In a new dairy territory, where the number of cows and the avail- able milk supply is limited, the cheese factory offers certain advantages. A cheese maker can keep very busy handling 5,000 pounds of milk, and a cheese factory can be started and run for a time with only 200 cows or 2,500 pounds of milk, if there is good prospect of an increased sup- ply. But in general about twice as many cow's and twice as much milk are required to successfully run a creamery. This great advantage is in favor of the cheese factory in newly settled regions. The ice supply and refrigerator which every creamery should have is not required at a cheese factory, although a few factories have ice houses, when convenient. If necessary, it is possible to start a cheese factory with self-heating vats, and without any boiler or engine, thus reducing the first cost of equipment. However, the advantages of steam heat and power at a cheese factory are now generally recognized. 'With steam, it is easily possible to steam all utensils, to have plenty of hot water for washing and scrubbing, to pasteurize milk for making starter. Nearly all cheese factories now have whey separators, run by steam turbine or with a belt from the engine. The skimming of whey and sale of whey cream has often paid $1,000 extra income to the farmers in a year, and every cheese factory should skim the whey. Not need- ing ice, a cheese factory can often be established in a locality where ice is not easily obtained, and a creamery would be unsatisfactory. In territory where there is an abundance of milk and cows, the choice betvreen the creamery and the cheese factory depep.ds largely upon the kind of cows kept. If the production and sale of pure bred stock is the main feature of yeur farm busines:^,, then practically every calf is worth raising, and in such cases an abundant supply of skim milk is required, and the local creamery is the preferable market for your cream. 336 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE On the other hand, at many dairy farms where low grade or scrub cattle are now kept, several years must be spent in cow testing, select- ing and breeding up the herd, before the calves will be worth more than their value as veal. Only a few calves are raised each year, to keep the herd up to its proper size. The whole milk is therefore pref- erably delivered at the cheese factory and whey is hauled back and fed to hogs on the farm. Besides maintaining and enlarging the dairy herds, the main pur- pose on the dairy farm is the production of milk for human food, in the largest quantities possible, without injury to the fertility of the soil. Under the emergency conditions attending the present war, it may be necessary in some cases to disregard the loss of fertility and to sell more whole milk from the farm to the condensary, returning no by-products to the soil. But under ordinary peace conditions, the demand for condensed milk is far less, and in choosing between the cheese factory and the cream- ery, the source of milk fat, milk casein, etc., should be considered. Fat consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, while casein consists of these elements together with nitrogen. All four of these, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are taken from the air during plant growth, and later converted into milk by the dairy cow. Since nitrogen is readily added to the soil by growing alfalfa, clovers, beans, or other legumes, there can be no objection to the sale of casein in milk at the cheese factory. The advantage of supplying nitrogenous food for man in one? form of casein and cheese offsets the disadvantage of selling part of the mineral matter of milk which enters the cheese. Arguments against the cheese factory heretofore have been based mainly on objections made to the sale of casein, and these objections are seen to have little weight, where legumes are raised abundantly on the farm. Recognizing that the supply of nitrogen in the soil can be main- tained by use of legumes without feeding skim milk or casein to farm animals, the two important mineral fertilizers potash and phosphorus remain to be considered. Nearly all of the potash in milk is present in either the skim milk or in the whey, so that with respect to potash, the cheese factory and the creamery alike return most of the potash to the soil. About half of the phosphorus in milk may remain in cheese, so that skim milk contains nearly twice as much phosphorus as does whey. However, a ton of cheese robs the soil of only seven or eight pounds of phosphorus, Avorth formerly about 4 cents a pound. All over Wisconsin, thousands of hogs are being raised and fat- tened on cheese factory whey, fed along with a little grain. Creamery patrons accustomed to feeding skim milk to farm animals sometimee think of whey as consisting almost entirely of water, and having little or no feeding value. One hundred pounds of whey properly fed to hogs will produce as much gain in weight as will one-fourth of a bushel of corn. With corn at $2 a bushel, the whey is worth 50 cents per 100 pounds for hog feeding. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 337 One hundred pounds of whey from American cheese contains about one-fourth of a pound of butterfat which can be recovered as whey cream, by means of a whey separator. At present, practically all cheese factories run the whey through a separator as it comes from the cheese vat. The skimmed whey is run into the whey tank to be hauled back by the farmers, and the whey cream is sold. The one- fourth pound of whey fat sells readily for 10 or 12 cents, and is used in making butter or ice cream. One hundred pounds of whey contains about 7 per cent of solids, and the removal of the whey fat takes out only about one-twentieth of the solids, or one-tenth of the feeding value. Moreover, by adding one pound of grain costing about 2 cents to 100 pounds of skimmed whey, the farmer restores it to its original feeding value, making a gain of 8 cents. After paying the expense of running the separator, the patrons at a moderate-sized cheese factory may receive about $1,000 a year from the sale of whey cream. Creamery patrons accustomed to the use of the hand separator, and to the feeding of skim milk at home to hogs and calves, sometimes think of cheese factory whey as a dangerous feed, likely to bring in tuberculosis or other diseases from one farm to another, through the factory whey tank. Danger from this source has existed in the past, but is now avoided through the pasteurization of whey at the factory. For this purpose, the cheese maker runs steam into the whey in the tank, heating it up to 155 or 165 degrees, and after standing hot for an hour or more, the disease germs are entirely killed, if any were present. Minnesota has long had such a law requiring pasteurization of creamery and cheese factory by-products before they are hauled away to feed to livestock, and a similar law was recently passed in Wisconsin. Factory patrons prefer the pasteurized whey after they have tried it, /as it is warm and sweet and is better feed than the cold sour whey which they would receive if it. were not pasteurized. In this way, cheese factory whey becomes a warm, sweet and satisfactory feed for hogs. Some of the advantages in making American cheese, sometimes called Cheddar cheese or ordinary cheese, are that it can be sold soon after it is made as it is usually shipped from the factory to the buyer when three days to one week old. Also there is no difficulty in finding a buyer for this kind of cheese, as practically all grocers handle it. American cheese can also be put in cold storage and kept six months or more, if market conditions require. As there are already several thousand factories in operation in th« United States making this kind of cheese, it is not so difficult to find a maker when starting a new factory. The Wisconsin Dairy School has about 160 students in its three-months course every winter and turns out a large class of cheese makers each year. When beginning to make either brick, Swiss or Limberger cheese, it should be remembered that these cheese require to be kept in the curing rooms at the cheese factory for some time, several weeks or 22 338 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE months, before they are ready to be sold or shipped. Also the num- ber of dealers handling these varieties of cheese is smaller, and it is well to locate a market for these products before beginning to make them. The Swiss cheese which requires several months to cure also sells at a higher price, if of good quality. It is necessary however that patrons at a Swiss cheese factory shall haul the milk to the factory both morning and night, while it is fresh and warm, while milk for making American cheese is cooled and kept over night at the farms, and hauled to the factory only once a day in the morning. Before attempting to make any of the less common varieties of cheese, such as Edam, Neufchatel, Camembert, Roquefort, or even the well- known cottage cheese, it is absolutely necessary first to locate the market in which they are to be sold, as only a few dealers handle them. Some of these cheese varieties as Neufchatel and cottage cheese must be sold and eaten within two weeks after they are made, and while they are not all difficult to make, it is sometimes hard to market them promptly, before they have spoiled. A skilled and experienced cheese maker should be hired, enough milk provided to keep him busy, and a market found before beginning manufacture. If the farmers who patronize a factory will co-operate in the build- ing and ownership of the plant, and also pay close attention to its business management, to see that the cheese is properly made, sold and paid for, and if they will each take care of the milk properly at the farm, so that it reaches the factory in good condition, the principal requirements for a successful factory will be attained. Member : I would like to ask the processor why the factories in Wisconsin send their cheese to a central point to be paraffined instead of paraffining it at the cheese factory? Prof. Sammis : They do that because that is the most con- venient thing to do. It's what the trade demands. The cheese makers might parraffin their cheese and in some instances they have done so, but you get very uneven results in that way. If you are going to make up a carload of cheese to ship, you like to have it uniform, to make it look alike. Now if that cheese was paraffined at a dozen different factories, the jobs would be all different and there would be no uniformity, so the buyer likes to paraffin all the cheese. Another thing, the cheese is shipped from the factory when i-t is quite young and it can be paraffined better at the warehouse when it is a little older. Another thing, if you paraffin the cheese at the cheese factory, the paraffin gets cracked in handling, while examining and weighing it. Member: Would you recommend a cheese factory in hill dis- tricts where they have the white onion? EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 339 Professor Saramis : We don't especially recommend the white onion as a food for the dairy cow. A few years ago we had a question like this when they began to spread silos around. Some thought they couldn't make cheese out of silage milk. After a few years that objection disappeared, and there isn't a farmer anywhere who doesn't have silos. Member: How can that be eliminated? Prof. Sammis: I don't know exactly because we advise that they do not areate the milk and if they can't keep the white onion out, I don't know what we can do with it. Member: Why do they have trouble with white clover in making cheese when it does not bother in making butter? Prof. Sammis: It's not the white clover that's causing trouble so much as pond water. We don't recommend pond water. I have heard of a case where a man's well went dry and he had to haul water from a pond to wash the milk cans and they began to have trouble at the cheese factory right away. They used that old reliable curd test, and they haven't had any trouble since. The reason his milk was bad was because he was using pond water to wash his milk cans in. If he had simply poured the whey out and put the milk in the cans without washing them, his milk would have been better. If the cows wander around and get dirty, it is likely to cause gassy cheese. White clover does not give trouble along that line. It's milking with dirty hands, etc., that causes trouble. Member. Isn't it a prevalent opinion among cheese makers that white clover causes this trouble? Prof. Sammis : Yes it is. Member: What is the fat content of cheese? Prof, Sammis : The ordinary fat content of cheese is about 37 per cent ; moisture not over 40 per cent, and New York has a 29 per cent law and I see the standard adopted by a committee of officials uses 39 per cent as the moisture limit. The solids are made up of casein and fat — 'about one-third casein. Member: About 10 per cent? Prof. Sammis : Out of the 63 per cent of solids in the milk, you have about 35 per cent fat and 25 per cent casein. We usually do not refer to the percent of fat in cheese, but to the percent of fat in solids. Member: Is there any difference in the quality of cheese ob- tained from the Jersey milk and the Holstein milk? 340 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Prof. ►Sammis. Tlie cheese market is not able to distinguish be- tween the cheese made from Holstein and Jersey milk, and there is no difference in the price. Member. What is the comparative yield of cheese from milk of different richness? Prof. Sammis : The yield of cheese is sometimes said to be 2.7 cheese to a pound of fat. It's like saying we have an "average American." If you take thin milk, you will get more cheese per pound of fat than out of rich milk. You take 4 per cent milk for example and you'll get about 10.6 pounds of cheese containing 37 per cent of moisture. In using 3 per cent milk instead of 10.6 pounds you'll get 8.3 pounds of cheese. THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION. Mr. Stephenson : The first speaker this afternoon wull be Prof. Mortensen, w^ho will speak on the subject of "Standardizing Butter." ADDRESS BY PROF. MORTENSEN. The greatest need of the creameries of this state and in fact the entire country today is the need of uniformity. If we were to go to Denmark to a fair, for instance, we would alwaj's find a uniform quality of butter. I assisted at several conventions in Denmark three years ago and the flavor of all the butter was practically indistinguishable except to experts. People in general could not detect any difference in the flavor. We have 450 creameries in this state and we have about that many different brands of butter. Each creamery here is a sepa- rate unit; each is working on its own problems and there is no co-operation among the co-operative creameries. We understand that there is co-operation only in this way: That there is co- operation between the patrons or owners of each creamery. We are getting ready to bring about a closer co-operation among the creameries of the state and in July, I believe it was the 11th, I brought the matter up at one of our board meetings this year at Ames ; I called it to the attention of Judge Quarton and Mr. Barney. We must produce a quality of butter that will be uniform. They have been doing considerable work along this line up in Canada and so it was suggested that I make a trip up there and EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 341 see something of the methods which were being followed. We find that there they had begun to standardize the product. When the task was first undertaken it was found that they had a good market in England, but it was a question whether they would be able to produce butter that would satisfy the people over there as they are very critical. What we are trying to do now is much along this same line. I called a meeting and recommended that we do this : That we have a grading station in Des Moines and one in Mason City. Mason City is right in the center of the dairy district of Iowa and Des Moines is also centrally located. Then I recommended that we have an expert in each place to grade the butter. In addition to that we should ali get busy in the state of Iowa or- ganizing district associations — say a county or more than a county — get two counties together and have an expert for each three or four hundred pounds of butter that is graded. If each expert will see that everything in his territory is stan- dardized and will work together with the other experts then we will be able to get all the goods standardized. Then we will try to work for the co-operation of the butter dealers and of the creameries. It is up to the creameries if they want to take ad- vantage of this grading station. Now you may well say, "Can we afford to spend this money?" because it will cost the state about $10,000 a year. It strikes me that with this state manirfacturing, as it does, 100,000,000 pounds of creamery butter a year, it should certainly be able to afford to hire these two men, when Alberta which manufactures but 7,- 000,000 pounds a year can conduct two stations, one at Calgary and one at Edmonton with three men at each station. In New Zealand they have nine grading stations and one ex- pert, Mr. Wright, in London, and they manufacture about sixty or seventy million pounds of butter as compared with our one hundred million. We can never afford to stay in our position. We should try also to have a committee from the National As- sociation which would look after the creameries throughout the United States. I feel that the department at Washington will be willing. to help. It will possibly take a great many men and in- volve the expenditure of a great deal of money in order to have these products standardized in the way which we have outlined. This is a step which favors all and it is the duty of every creamery to co-operate in this matter. 342 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE After they began to grade the butter in Canada, they sent a shipment to England and it was pronounced equal in quality to the butter there. The excuse that some men in this state may be tempted to offer, that the climatic conditions vary widely in Canada and Iowa, will hardly hold, for if any disadvantage exists, considering the fact that in Canada the temperature frequently falls in the winter to as low as sixty dgerees, wdiile in Iowa it sel- dom drops below tw^enty, it is Canada and not Iowa which suffers, I think it is up to every creamery man to consider this proposi- tion and to decide for himself and I hope as many creameries as possible wall take a step in that direction of producing uniform quality once we are read.y to work it up. Mr. Stephenson : I take pleasure in introducing to you at this time Mr. Kraege of Wisconsin. Ladies and Gentlemen : I am pleased indeed to extend to you the greetings and the good will of the dairymen of Wisconsin. In Wisconsin w^e have a keen interest in the work that is being done in the state of Iowa by your State Dairy Commission. We have learned to have a very high opinion of that great educational institution w-hich you have at Ames and we have a great deal of respect for the state of Iowa as an agricultural state and once in a while some of us from Wisconsin come over into Iowa, and I have at this time, for the purpose of listening and learning rather than that of imparting. I wonder, however, if you realize the greatness of the oppor- tunity that is 3"ours. Daily w^e are told that this great and terri- ble war is to be one more of bread and butter rather than of the bayonet and bullet. We are beginning to realize, that the nations in Europe at war are getting closer and closer to the point of starvation. The ra- tions of the men at the front are being reduced from time to time and also the ration of those at home. Within the past six weeks the King of England has urged the people of England to reduce their rations at home 25 per cent. Twenty-eight million cattle have already been slaughtered in the nations over there for meat pur- poses. Only three weeks ago, the government of Holland ordered the slaughter of 500,000 cattle for meat purposes — Holland, the nation of the Holstein cow is forced to slaughter 500,000 cattle and this isn't going to be the end of it and that means to the people of America that whereas we formerly imported our dairy cattle from these nations we must now export. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 343 We will now have to provide foodstuffs for our allies, as well as cattle to give those nations a chance to start over again. The people of the United States have an opportunity here such as has never come to them before — the opportunity to become the leaders in animal husbandry. We must be more economical in the use of food. The government tells us that we are wasting seven hundred million dollars worth of food stuffs annually. Mr. Houston says this would provide the French armies at the front. Preach the doctrine of economy all over the world, but don't ask the women to be more economical in their dresses, because they are now too economical at both ends. To the corn-growing sections and the wheat-growing sections the appeal of the nation today is "Raise wheat as never before," and by so doing, you will help contribute the largest amount of food stuffs to the couutiy ; the appeal of the nation now is, "Raise corn as never before" and those likewise will be contributing to the nation's supply. The same thing is true in the dairy business — extend it. You are extremely fortunate here in Iowa because of the natural op- portunities you have for growing corn and crops of all kinds. There is no state in the Union that averages better than Iowa does in this respect, but I fear that a great many of the citizens of Iowa do not fully appreciate this. There is no state in the Union that has better natural opportunities than the state of Iowa. You already rank among the leading states in the Union in dairying, and we in Wisconsin do not envy you — we would be glad to help you. We would be glad to hear that there was another state that could excel us in this matter of dairying. Dairy products are needed at home and abroad just as truly as our corn crops. In 1916, eighteen million dollars worth of condensed milk was exported to the allies. The exportation of other dairy products is increasing in about the same ratio. Last month twenty-one million pounds were shipped from the port of New York alone. It is the dairy cow that builds up the bank account big and strong; it is the dairy cow that supplies butter for our board; it's the dairy cow that supplies the clothes for the boys; it's the dairy cow that always leads. When winter comes, does she jump the job? No ! She pays for her keep every day that she eats and is never classed among the farmer's deadbeats. Then, friends, let us take good care of the dairy cow. 344 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REPORT OF RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Forty-first Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Dairy Association convenes under most inspiring circumstances, State and National. The war into which Germany plunged Europe three years ago has gradually involved the nations of the Western Continent and our people are witnessing the far-reaching preparations for American participation. The withdrawal of millions of Europeans from the field of production to protect life, home and honor from the inhumanities of the Hun has caused demands for our products which have advanced prices to points never before reached. The continuation of the war inevitably means the continuation of abnormal demand and prices. For a decade after its close the responsibility of the dairyman to furnish the world its foundation herds of dairy cattle 'will maintain prices at a high level and we consider it the duty of every American to exert every effort in order to meet this demand with herds which will honor the breed and the breeder. It would seem no appeal for co-operation would be necessary; patriot- ism and selfish interest are here interlocked; those indifferent to their duties to family and regardless of their obligations of citizenship are ever at the front in the sordid chase for money; that they are alive to the opportunity of being demonstrated daily. To the patriot the opportunity to give the best he has to support those who engaged in other service are tendering life if need be to protect the integrity of the nation, the honor of the flag and the se- curity of the home is welcome. » We pledge our support to all who, regardless of race, creed or na- tionality are allied in the effort to make this world a fit and decent place in which to live. PART VII Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association Held in Des Moines December 11-12, 1917 ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT SYKES. The past year has been one of unprecedented activity on the part of your association. It will be remembered that at the time of our last annual meeting the Iowa legislature was in session, and during the period that followed the meeting, we made a vigorous effort to secure the passage of a number of important measures affecting your inter- ests. Among them was a bill requiring the railroads to attach a bunk car or sleeper to all trains carrying ten or more stockmen; the Torrens land title bill; the stock yards bill, and others. After considerable op- position on the part of the railroads, and much unnecessary delay by the house committee on railroads, to whom the bill had been referred, we succeeded in getting the bunk car bill before the house for considera- tion, and it was passed by an almost unanimous vote. But I am sorry to say that it fared very differently in the senate. There the railroads did a very smooth, diplomatic job, by having the bill called up in the senate committee when its friends were mostly absent; and, without giving the association any opportunity to be heard, a vote was taken and the bill killed by indefinite postponement, thus ending its consid- eration in the thirty-seventh general assembly. The stock yards bill required the railroads to furnish adequate facilities for yarding, loading and watering live stock at local shipping points, and provided that upon the complaint of five or more shippers, filed with the State Railroad Commission, averring the inadequacy of their local yards to accommodate the shippers, it is the duty of said Railroad Commission to visit the yards conjplained of and make inves- tigation, and order in on their owti motion all needed improvements or repairs. I am pleased to report to you that after much unnecessary de- lay and sparring back and forth, this bill was passed by both houses and signed by the governor, and is now in force. So the members will please take notice, and, if the facilities at your local stock yards are not sufficient to accommodate the shippers, write the officers of this association and they will advise you how to proceed to obtain relief. In regard to the Torrens land title bill, the members of the legisla- ture were so divided as to the sort of measure that should be passed 346 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE that it was impossible to secure any concentrated effort on any one bill. Perhaps a dozen or more bills along the same line were intro- duced, and every fellow thought his own the best, and none seemed to be quite sure just what was needed. The declaration of war by this country also made it very difficult to secure the consideration of out- side measures, as all minds were deeply concerned about that momen- tous question, and other matters were looked upon as merely side issues. Now, we should not get discouraged and lose heart, but should profit by past experience and prepare to make a more determined effort than ever to secure the passage of such measures as you may deem wise to have presented to the next general assembly. The past ten months have witnessed the greatest activity on the part of the railroads to secure rate advances. We are astounded at the way in which they have tenaciously and almost doggedly pestered and nagged (if you will permit me to use that expression) the Inter- state Commerce Commission and the state railway commissions on this subject. I am glad to inform you that so far these increases, as applied to farm products and live stock, have been defeated. The ink had hardly dried on the decision handed down by the su- preme court of the United States, declaring constitutional the Adamson eight-hour law, which gave the train men ten hours' pay for eight hours' work, when the railroad presidents and general managers from the east, west, north and south, were down in Washington soliciting and imploring the Interstate Commerce Commission for a horizontal in- crease of 15 per cent in freight rates on all roads, to go into effect on May 1st, without suspension or investigation. If this increase in rates had been granted, it would have increased the freight bill of Iowa shippers some six million dollars or more annually, and would have placed an additional burden upon the citizens of this nation of some three hundred million dollars annually — quite a snug little sum indeed. The situation grew steadily more alarming, as the presidents and managers continued to visit Washington and importune the commission for the advances. Finally a mass meeting composed of the officers and representatives of the different organizations and individual ship- pers was held in Chicago, April 13th, to consider the ways and means of protecting the interests of the shippers in this important case. At this meeting, your very able secretary was chosen permanent presi- dent. A national organization was formed and plans perfected for de- fense. A committee composed of four of our ablest rate attorneys, headed by Clifford Thorne, the attorney for your association, had charge of the case for the shippers, and Mr. Thorne directly represented the Iowa farmers and stockmen. To his untiring efforts and the skill and ability with which he prepared and prosecuted the case, we feel that large credit should be given for the result. The investigations and hearings lasted some six weeks, and were all held in Washington, thus entailing a heavy expense upon all the organizations participating in the expense; but I am sure that you will heartily endorse and approve of the action of your officers in spending this money for the protection of your interests. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 347 It was clearly proven to the satisfaction of the commission that the revenues of the railroads were ample for their needs and for the suc- cessful operation of their business; hence the commission decided that the advances were not justified, and denied the carriers the right to put them into effect, thus saving to the shippers of Iowa six to eight million dollars per annum. When this decision was given out, June 29th, we all heaved a sigh of relief, and breathed easier for a short spell. But a short spell cer- tainly expresses the time for inside of ninety days the eastern roads were again scrambling for advances, and in August renewed their appli- cation to the commission for a 15 per cent advance in rates east of Chicago. This situation again brought us into action, as these rates indirectly affect us, and have a direct bearing and influence on our rates west of Chicago. These advances were suspended until Decem- ber, and the case was tried out in November. Mr. Thorne, Judge Cowan and Mr. Cary, three of the ablest rate attorneys we have, conducted the defense for the shippers, and we wish to assure you that everything possible was done to win this case, and that your interests were well represented. While this case was being tried put at Washington, the roads oper- ating west of Chicago also became restless for advances, and about November 10th filed a petition with the Interstate Commerce Com- mission, asking for a reopening of the 15 per cent advanced rate case, and an increase of 15 per cent in the rates on all these lines. These increases, if granted, would directly affect every member of this associa- tion and every farmer and stockman in Iowa; therefore, it is very apparent that your organization has a very big job confronting it. The commission has set December 17th as the date for opening the hearing and investigation, and We cannot afford, in my judgment, to take a back seat in the defense and protection of our membership in this very important case, involving many millions of dollars to Iowa shippers, believing, as we do, that these advances are not justified. The railroads declare they are facing a crisis; that they can not borrow money for betterments and to buy new equipment; that their stocks have depreciated far below their value, and that they are, in fact, squarely up against it if they do not secure advances in rates. Mr. Patterson, speaking for the eastern lines, declared at the close of the hearings recently held, that if those advances were granted, the roads would soon ask for others. So it seems that there is to be no limit to their efforts to increase their rates. It occurs to me that if this situation really exists, and the railroads must have more money to conduct their business efficiently, the government should lend them this money at a reasonable rate of interest until conditions again be- come normal and they are able to borrow elsewhere. It seems like very bad policy to permit these public carriers to continue to advance their rates in order to buy more equipment, build more terminals, and otherwise increase their holdings, and then capitalize all this increase in value and make the public pay dividends on it. In my judgment, such a policy is not only wrong, but dangerous, and should not be toler- 348 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ated. The lending of money by the government to the railroads has been advocated by some of our ablest financiers, and it impresses me as the best solution of the present embarrassing situation. If such a plan as this cannot be satisfactorily worked out, then the government should direct the operation of the railroads during the war, and put a stop to this persistent and endless contention by the rail- roads for higher rates. In accordance with a resolution passed at the last annual meeting, your officers co-operated with the officers of the State Live Stock As- sociation of Illinois in securing a reduction of the amount of dockage on stags. After several conferences with the packers on the subject, on July 10th, at a conference in which all the big packers or their rep- resentatives were present, we secured a reduction of ten pounds on stags, and on July 16th the dockage was reduced from eighty to seventy pounds. We made every effort to have the dockage reduced to fifty pounds, but were obliged to compromise on seventy. This seems like a small item, but it will save to Iowa swine raisers about $100,000 annually. Another matter in which this association has played a very impor- tant part is in the securing of fair and equitable prices thru the Food Administration fixing the minimum price on hogs. After Mr. Herbert Hoover took up his duties as Food Administrator, he at once began investigating the live stock and meat situation, and in August he and his direct representatives held a prolonged conference and inquiry in Chicago, in which both your secretary and president took an active part. Following the Chicago conference, another was held in Wash- ington, D. C, lasting some three or four days. At this meeting, Mr. Wallace represented your interests, as your president did not feel that he could take so much time from his work of canvassing for member- ships and funds with which to finance the association and provide for the heavy expense being incurred. At the Washington meeting, Mr. Hoover appointed your secretary as a member of the Animal Industry Committee of the Food Adminis- tration, and made him chairman of the Swine Committee, thus placing this organization in a position to become a strong factor* in determin- ing the questions that vitally affect not only your interests but the welfare of the nation, and also of our allies, and that no doubt will assist greatly in winning the war. Following that meeting, a number of other conferences and meet- ings were held at Chicago, Washington and other places, at which this association was represented by Mr. Wallace alone or with me. At the beginning of these investigations, it was very evident that Mr. Hoover had no practical knov/ledge of what it costs to produce hogs and cattle under existing conditions, and it was only by persistent and continued effort on the part of all concerned that we were able to secure the minimum price of $15.50 per cwt. on hogs. We felt that if the govern- ment would allow a fair price, there would be no difficulty in securing a substantial increase in the production of hogs another year. We feel that the price of $15.50, and a price per cwt. equal to the value of thir- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 349 teen bushels of No. 2 corn is a very liberal provision, and that it is the patriotic duty of every farmer and hog raiser to feed the hogs he now has on hand to a good finish and make them fat and heavy, as it is lard and fats that our allies need, and we must supply them. In addi- tion, we should plan to increase the 1918 pig crop as much as we can with the corn in sight, by breeding more sows and taking good care of the pigs after they are farrowed. I believe that we are confronted by a very serious crisis on account of the pronounced hog shortage, so it behooves each one of us, as loyal American citizens, to bend every effort to assist our government to overcome this situation. In regard to the fixing of prices on fat cattle, up to the present the government has done nothing along this line except to license the pack- ers and define their profits, and issue a statement thru the Food Ad- ministration to the effect that it would do all in its power to maintain prices at a level that will be remunerative to the feeders. Just to what extent the cattle feeder is going to be benefited by this plan is hard for us to say. The fact is that everything now indicates that the cattle feeder is scheduled to take a loss. An unfortunate combination of cir- cumstances has overtaken him. High-priced feeders, soft corn, high- priced protein feeds, and meatless days inaugurated by the Food De- partment, all tend toward lessening the feeder's profits. In my judg- ment, the inauguration of two meatless days per week by our Food Administration was the hardest blow that the cattle feeders have re- ceived for some time. This has no doubt prevented the consumption of millions of pounds of beef and mutton, and allowed the supply to far exceed the demand. I believe that these meatless days should be con- fined to pork only, and that a strong appeal should be sent from this organization to the Food Administrator to release beef and mutton for every-day consumption, and that meatless days apply to pork only. Reviewing the field work of your association in securing member- ships during the past year, I will say that it has been one of unusual prosperity. Your president has worked overtime ever since the roads were hard enough to run an auto in the spring, and I am certainly grat- ified to be able to report that mi)re old members have renewed their five-year pledges, and more new names have been added to the list, by far, than in any year since we adopted the five-year pledge system. In all my experience in this work, it never was as easy to secure mem- bers as during the past year. Everywhere we worked, the membership was materially increased, and in many counties and localities it was doubled. Hundreds more could have been secured had there been time and opportunity to get to them. But there is always a limit tp human accomplishments, and we could only do so much. The one thing that impressed me most and was so gratifying in my field work was the very large percentage of splendid young farm- ers, from twenty-five to thirty-five years of age, wh^o joined the as- sociation. This is certainly a good omen, and bids fair for the future, as it is the young men of the state who must soon take over this or- ganization and direct it, if it is to be maintained in the years to come. There are thousands of young men scattered over the state who could be gotten into this organization if only they could be reached. 350 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE For your encouragement, I just wish to refer tp our successes in the Holstein local association, in Ida county. We made the canvass for renewals and new members during the summer, and when we had gotten them we had 110. I believe that 60 per cent of these were young men, as many of the older men had moved to t^own. What was done at Holstein could be repeated in many places if the proper effort was put forth ana the local people would take more pride in building up their membership. I was also able during the summer to collect some $600 or $700 on old pledges that were past due. On account of our badly depleted treas- ury, this certainly came in at an opportune time. In closing, I would feel ungrateful did I not refer to those loyal men who, during the past year, have sacrificed both time and money tp build up this organization. You are so numerous that I cannot name you, and time alone will reveal the results of your sacrificing efforts. But let me say to you, one and all, that words cannot express my ap- preciation of your friendship and loyal support, and I assure you that the memories pf those days will always be to me a most happy and pleasant recollection. Soon after holding your last annual meeting, our country declared a state of war to exist, because of the ruthless submarine warfare in- augurated by Germany, and other acts of hostility, and since that time our state ana nation have been engaged in the greatest activity in pre- paring ^or war and assisting our allies. Our boys have been called from their homes to join the colors and protect Old Glory (God bless our flag! ) and fight for democracy. We have been called upon to buy Liberty bonds, to contribute t>o the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., and other war relief orders. Thus we begin to realize that we are reaTly at war, and farther along we shall realize it much more keenly. And let me say to you as your president that this is now our war and our fight to see that democracy is made safe to the world, and that it be made impossible for any nation ever again to force upon humanity such a tragedy as this. It makes no difference what our views were concern- ing this war prior to the declaration made by our country thru its con- gress; we are now in it; congress and our president have spoken, and we must subjugate our personal views and support our giovernment in the most loyal manner. The charge has been made by some, and heralded to the world by the public press, that the farmers are not loyal and patriotic to their country. I want to call upon the members of this association everywhere to refute this charge by tendering every pos- sible aid to our beloved country in these perilous times. Let us not be slackers in any sense. We must win, and win we will, and God will smile upon us for redeeming the world from the tyranny of Prussian militarism. I wish to recommend that this lorganization adopt strong and stirring resolutions, affirming our loyalty and pledging our hearty support to our president and the government. And may we all pray that the God of Washington and Lincoln, who watched over fOur be- loved country in those dark and threatening days, abide with and guide and protect our president and our army and navy, and give us a swift and lasting peace. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VH 351 President Sykes then introduced Professor J." M. Evvard, of Iowa State College, who addressed the convention as follows: HOW ABOUT THOSE BROOD SOWS? Members of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, and Friends: It certainly is inspiring to come before men such as you, who have won your spurs in the hard, practical fight of life thru the hard knocks of experience. That is the real way and the right way to learn. In this world-wide conflict, about the only way we can win the laurels which belong to us is to fight for them, and that means to fight for them on the fields iof our farms as well as on the field of battle. The subject assigned to me this morning is, "How About Those Brood Sows?" The brood sow, as you know, is the foundation of the swine pi^oduction business — the foundation of all swine business, as it were — because in her originates the spark of life that later develops into that 250 or 300-pound hog which eventually produces the hams and bacon and lard and ribs, and so on, for our tables. This means, then, that if the brood sow is the foundatipn, she should be given the best kind of treatment. It also means that she should first and primarily be selected upon the right basis. We don't want to select fat hogs pri- marily fit for market to go into our brood sow pen. Now, what shall we pay attention to when we select our brood sow? First, I am going to take up the question of treatment, because that is more important than anything else. In the first place we want to have these sows healthy and free from lice and mange. By healthy, we mean preferably that they should be immunized against cholera, so that we will not carry the heavy risk that we would naturally carry if these sows were susceptible to that dreaded and terrible disease. When we realize that a new-born pig costs us at present, just for feed alfone, at least a dollar, and that the sow will bear on an avera7:e something like eight or nine, it makes a total of eight or nine dollars wrapped up in this sow in addition to her real value, which, if she weighs 300 pounds, and is worth $15 per cwt., which is low, would be $45 plus $8, which is quite an investment pom- pared to a number of years ago, when a brood sow was not worth more than $20 to $35. Twenty dollars was a pretty high price five years ago. 'We must take care of the lice, and the best remedy is simple crude oil as it comes /out of the ground. It can be bought very cheaply; it has not gone up in p^portion to other things and a liberal applica- tion of tnat, winter or summer, is enough to drive the lice to their last heaven. It is fine in winter because it does not contain water to evap- orate and chill the sow. In summer, you can place it in your hog wal- low in an old can, get your pigs up in a corner, and with an old broom rid your sows of lice. Of qourse, you will get pretty well spattered up. Once in a while we are troubled with mange in hogs, and you can notice it by the hard, scaly legs, and by the red patches which appear on their under sides. What can we do for that? If you go to select a bunch of sows, and find them scratching their bellies, you want to 352 ' IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE k)ok out. The best thing we have found is a lime-sulphur solution — the same thing that you put on your trees to kill scale. We buy this from a horticultural house and mix it with about eight parts of water, and dip the sows in that. Two or three applications usually are suffi- cient to rid the hogs of that trouble. Crude toil is good; nicotine is good. You can buy this black leaf nicotine from tobacco companies and mix it with a sufficient amount of water, and put your hogs in that. The nicotine is prisonous to the mange and kills it out, and if you give these sows a good soaking, this parasite is a gone gosling. How about worms? We don't notice brood sows manifesting the worm tnouble as we do little pigs. Little pigs, which have small di- gestive apparatus, show it plainly. Their bellies and abdomen sag down, and they walk feebly, and they root each other. Worms make a bigger showing with them and are much more disastrous. But an old brood sow can have a hundred or two hundred Wjorms and you not no- tice it. But if she is carrying them and dropping the eggs, the little fellows, when they are born, will be fit subjects for these worms to take up their new home. Thus we want to treat our brood sows for worms if we are suspicious that they have them, and the best thing I know of is santonin and calomel. There are a lot of remedies on the market. Santonin is expensive, but hogs are expensive al&o. I bought some santonin at wholesale the other day for $2.50 an ounce. I had bids from four different concerns running from $2.50 up to $5.00; so I took the cheapest, and we noticed nio difference particularly. When drugs are fairly scarce, often there is a great variation in the markets, and it is well to get prices from three or four different firms. It is not at all like normal times. We mix the santonin and calomel to- gether and feed it with the regular feeds. Some advise that you starve these sows fior twelve hours before giving it to them. The dose is any- where from five to fifteen grains for a brood sow. There are 480 grains in an ounce, so you see it is not so very expensive after all. There is no set rule for the dose; you can use your own judgment. I would not in any case give more than fifteen grains to any animal, and very sel- dom over ten. To a young sucking pig, four or five grains; for a 200 to 250-pound sow, ten grains tp a 300 to 350-pound sow, eight to twelve grains, depending on how she looks and on whether you are a little tight that day. If you have your sows in a group and feed them tank- age (meat meal, preferably), mix it up thoroly, and if they feed pro- piortionately they will get their proportionate amount. There is an in- strument on the market to use for giving capsules to pigs. You put your dose in the capsule and then you simply open the pig's mouth and shoot this in. Then you are sure every one getr its share. But ir you mix up ten pounds of feed and you have five sows, they will get their share apiece. We should have these sows not only healthy, but robust and strong. You can have a healthy sow, but a weak one. Some people are as healthy as they can be, but they couldn't go out and djo a day's work in the fields. The brood sow should be of good formation, have abun- dant length and width, and that width should be carried equally from EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 353 the fore-quarters to the hind-quarters. She sluould have good depth; in other words, she should be spready in those particular dimensions whereby we get more pork, especially from the ears back. That is where the pork is, and the highest-priced pork, of course, we secure the farther back we get. It is like a steer. We want an animal that has a goiod ham, because hams command a premium as compared to other portions of the hog. We like to have good legs and feet, because this animal has to carry this pork around. We like to have her show a goiod middle, because that is indicative not only of maternal quali- ties, but of capacity. The feed goes into this intestinal alimentary apparatus, and then is converted into the flesh of the animal itself, which is built externally to the intestinal apparatus. Therefore, we want to have a sow that shows indications of capacity, so that she will not only eat considerable feed herself with the right opportunity, but will make good use of it and transmit this quality of capacity, so that her pigs will eat a great deal and get to market in the shortest possible time. It is well, I think, to avoid the sows that look as if they had been caught between twp doors, end and end, and shoved up; they are more likely to be wheezy. So we want to take the hog that is stretchy and shows development. The ideal that I have in mind for a brood sow is one that will farrow pigs which will gnow to heavy weights if you want them to, but if you wish to finish them out at 225 pounds, under conditions of suitable feeding, they will do so. In other words, I want more than we usually get, but I think there has been some progress made in recent years in developing a hog of that sort. We want this brood sow' to shiow maternal or mother quality — plenty of good, sound teats, all indicating they are functional. In the case of the sow that has had some litters, you can tell pretty well what teats have been functional and which have not. We want one that will produce milk — the fountain-head of youth so far as the young pigs are concerned; it gives them a start in life. We want her to show a quiet disposition, because that is quite essential at farrowing time; particularly we want her to lie down and beckon in a motherly sort of way, rather than get up and bite in a boarish sort of way. We want her to show a fine female appearance, which really means an absence of coarseness. We don't like the sow that has a heavy crest and shoul- ders, but one that shows refinement in the head and bones and in the hinder parts. Then we like to have a sow that is a good breeder and not shy; one that will produce pigs if you give her the right sort of opportunity. We will consider weight for age. If we have an eight months old gilt that we are going to breed, we are not satisfied if she weighs 150 pounds; she ought to weigh at least 225, preferably 250 or 275 maybe 300. The chances are that if she didn't take on sufficient weight for her age, her pigs won't do it. We want to look out and not sell off the heaviest ones eVery fall. If we always pick the top ones, we are injuring the herd; it is better to keep thiose for breeding purposes. If you have yearlings at twenty months, we would not be satisfied if they 23 354 - IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE only weigh 200 pounds; we want them to^weigh 325 to 400; and if they can take on lieavier weight and do it witliout excessive fatness, so much the better. Kiow about condition? It is well, I think, to have sows fat, to see what they will do; yet when we have them on our farms we can't af- ford to keep them in such fat condition; it makes them sluggish and tends to decrease their vigor. So we want a brood sow to be not too fat, but to look as near like a lady hog as possible, and under average farm conditions, it is poor policy to carry them over-fat. Fat put on with the right sort of feeds and abundant range, where the animal gets plenty of exercise, is much better than putting them in a close pen, weakening their strength, and fattening them under those conditions. How about the age of sows? The vast majority of sows kept for breeding purposes in Iowa are gilts. That is particularly true the last two years. Gilts have many advantages over old sows, but they have some disadvantages. Primarily, we keep gilts because there is less capital invested in them, because we can turn them quicker, because they are putting on a little flesh continuiously and increasing in value, while that is not true of an old sow. A gilt won't farrow quite so many pigs, is not so sure, and you have to keep miore of them to get a cer- tain number of pigs to meet your demands for the coming. year. They won't be quite so large at farrowing time, neither will they be at wean- ing time. But the old sow takes more feed to carry her thru the winter than a gilt, and it is a toss-up as to what you shall do. The breeder who is depending -upon foundation stock wants to use old sows, be- cause he kn^ows what they will do, and he has a certain amount tied up in them because of their breeding potentiality. But with the mar- ket man it is different. Gilts properly managed, fed rightly, and cared for well, do splendidly. Of course, it is a little more of a gamble; you don't know what the gilt will produce until she produces. There are s\o many advantages in keeping gilts, however, that we do keep them in practice. How about the breed? Well, that is a very broad subject, and there are a great many different breeds on the market, as you know. Just what breed we shall use depends on a number of conditions. For instance, you have to decide whether y^ou will breed lard hogs or bacon hogs. You may live in a certain community where you can get more from your neighbors for Poland Chinas, and, if so, your choice will simmer down to that breed. Then there is the question of feeds. If you live where there are feeds more \ot less bulky, like oats and bar- ley, as in Canada, then you will want to have a little different animal than in the corn belt, where corn is fed in large quantities. A bacon hog doesn't have to be made nearly as fat as a lard hog; the price is lowered if you make them very fat. You can get them to a certain weight on a lighter feed than you can a lard hog. There is a great problem of personal preference. You have a lot of ideas that you don't have any real reason for. If we were all built exactly the same and liked the same sort of women, then there would be just one wife for EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 355 all of us — and that wouldn't do. So we have to average the thing up, and the human being, anyhow, is such a complex organization in itself that it takes a complete organization to meet his ideas. How about the management of the sows after we have selected them? Housing might come first, because we have to build the house. That is one of the first things We think about: Where are we going to keep them? We must remember that a hog is not built like a sheep. He has not that excessive wool covering one or two or four inches over his back and sides. Therefore, he is not kept as warm as a sheep nat- urally; so artificially we have to keep him warm, particularly in the winter. Sheep do very well in open bunkers, because they are natur- ally protected. Put sheep into a warm house that is good for hogs, and they won't do well; the wool will lack luster, the sheep will be- come "sluggish, and they will require more feed than if you put them in those open conditions, protected from rain and wind storms, but not particularly from cold. A brood sow under those conditions does not do well; she makes an attempt to grow a big, heavy coat, but is not successful. You want sheds with low walls, so that you won't have to heat up a large amount of space in order to warm the particu- lar shed or house in which they live. Plenty of bedding is necessary. Then you should not feed them out in the rain and hail and snow. A hog doesn't any more relish eating outside with the temperature 20 degrees below zero than yiou v/ould eating your Christmas dinner out in the evergreens. Particularly is this true with a fattening hog. If you make the hogs run out to eat, they run out, grab an ear of corn, and run back; whereas, they ought to have seven or eight ears. Then they are going backward rather than forward. This house should niot only be warm, but it should be built as to furnish sufficient shelter without overcrowding. It should be dry; hogs don't prosper very well in damp quarters. It should be well ventilated, kept clean, and should get a little sunshine now and then. What are the next points? Range and exercise. It is possible to raise very strong and healthy pigs by having the sows in small lots 60x90 feet; but you have to use some schemes in lots of that sort to induce action, like feeding them at one end and watering them at the other. Another means of inducing exercise is to allow these sows to follow cattle. Of course, when the sows get very heavy and clumsy, it is sometimes advisable to take them out of the cattle runs, particu- larly if the cattle are inclined to be a little rough and inconsiderate of the pigs within. Give them ears of corn; they take more exercise than if the corn is shelled; they chase the ears around and get a little dif- ferent angle on them, and put their heads down. Scatter out a little oats for them. Alfalfa is good; they will spend considerable time pull- ing it out. Shut them out of the house sometimes on warm days; give them range on pasture where they can find something; even let them range on pasture where they can find, something; even let them run in the corn fields on a nice day. When the snow is real deep, take your snow plow and make a figure S and feed them at one end of the figure, and they will follow the path around. 356 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A disease which is becoming quite epidemic in Iowa is hemorrhagic septicaemia. It strilves down herds that run upon land that has been overflowed. The veterinary department at Ames has been working upon it, and tliey have vaccine serum that they use upon cattle to im- munize them, and also as a remedy after they have the disease. We have tried it on hogs and have found that apparently it does some good, altho we want to get a better remedy. Gentleness is another thing that should be practiced with brood sows. They are more liable to develop a gentle and kindly spirit, and that is important. It is well to keep the brood sows coming always thruout LUe pregnancy period, and to have them in such condition that at breeding time you can make them gain in weight about a week or ten days before you start to breeding them. This insures in large measure that you will settle your sows more quickly, and that they will farrow more p'igs. Now we come to feeding — how about that? It has been a great temptation in the corn belt to feed corn alone. You all know what the disastrous effects are. Just for your information, I am going to give you a few results in the feeding of young gilts upon different rations. The feeding of corn alone is poor business. Why? There are a number of reasons: First — It lacks protein quantity, which really means that there is not enough present. Second — It is deficient in protein quality, which, said differently means that corn proteins are not as high-class as they should be. In other words, they lack some of the necessary building-stones which make up the proteins. Proteins are really very complicated in con- struction, and are built up of some eighteen different units. We have various kinds of proteins, such as the casein in milk, which is a very good protein to feed with corn. Why? Because it supplies in Its make-up most of the essential missing amino acids or building-stones of corn. Then there is the protein of corn called zein, which com- prises some 50 per cent of the total proteins. This protein is lacking in tWiO particularly important building-stones, called by the chemist "trytophane" and "lysine." Both of these are essential to growth and well-being. Casein furnishes these. So do some other proteins, like the protein of alfalfa, or the proteins of meat meal, or the proteins of red clover, or rape pasture, or young, tender blue grass, and so on. Third — Corn is deficient in mineral nutrients, particularly calcium, which comprises some 40 per cent of the dry ash of bone; also in phos- phorus. We have also found that it is helped by adding common salt to the ration; preferably giving it at free-will. Fourth — Corn not only lacks mineral elements in toto, but the pro- portion is not right; hence they have to be re-mixed in order to do best. It so happens that the minerals of milk and the minerals of alfalfa, when added to corn, make up a mixture of mineral elements that is of higher quality than of the corn alone; this is very fortunate. Fifth — Corn is, generally speaking, constipating in character when fed alone; hence, by adding the proper kinds of supplements to it, it can be made laxative. Undoubtedly, the bettering of the protein qual- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 357 ity, as Avell as increasing its quantity and also the balancing of the ration so as to make the mineral elements acceptable, are of great importance in making the ration laxative. Then, too, when we feed these proper supplements with corn, we find that we are adding, in the case of meat and milk and alfalfa, for instance, two unknowtis, called "vitamines," or food accessories. One man has facetiously referred to the unknowns as the "soul" of the feed. A noted expert has called one, the fat soluble, "A", because it is found in large quantity in butter- fat. He has named the other one, water soluble, "B", because when wheat germs, for instance are soaked in water this particular unknown somehow and in some way is transferred to a watery solution. Adding these to corn helps it out, and when we add meat and milk and alfalfa to the ration, we add these unknowns — these "elements of the soul", as it were. Now corn is particularly important in that it carries a high pro- portion of starches and carbohydrates, the materials that furnish the energy for growth and development, and also the materials which later are turned over into the fat for storage. Now corn is a very healthful feed, and does not contain any poisonous principle, like cottonseed meal; this is in its favor. It is highly concentrated, which means that you get more feed in a hundred pounds than all other feeds excepting such feeds as wheat flour or rice. It contains a liberal amount of fat, altho perhaps the average ration could stand a little more fat from the physiological standpoint, to good advantage. Of course, it can hardly be supplied economically excepting in such feeds as soy beans, or meat meal tankage, and we can not afford to feed the milk fat, because we skim that off and sell it. What are some of the rations that will give the best results? In 1910, 1911 and 1912, we fed a number of rations to gilts and yearling sows. The average farrow on these rations, the average daily gain, and the feed eaten, are given in Table I. TABLE I— FEED RECORD. Results at the Iowa Experiment Station, 1910, 1911, 1912, Animal Hus- bandry Section. Gilts — Five in all lots but last, which had eight. Ration Fed "■a < Q .354 3.65 .582' 3.21 .623 2.75 .350 2.73 .580 3.78 .529 3.67 .627 8.74 Q Ear com only Ear com plus 1-30 meat meal or tankage Ear corn plus 4-30 meat meal or tankage Ear com plus 1-3 OS, B3, M3, '0M2 Shelled corn plus chopped clover and molasses. Ear corn plus clover in rack Ear corn plus alfalfa in rack Far com plus 1-10 meat meal or tankage. 7.6 7.4 8.8 10.0 7.0 6.4 7.6 8.5 .127 .432 1.074 1.560 .302 1.108 Yearling sows — ten in each lot. Ear com only Ear com plus I-IO meat meal or tankage Ear com plus 1-4 oil meal, linseed meal, old process- Ear corn plus alfalfa in rack 9.2 .58a 4.97 10.1 .779 4.11 .000 8.8 .671 4.08 1.128 9.9 .643 8.05 .907 c58 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Molasses (.261) mixed with the chopped clover and shelled corn daily; oats 3, bran 3, middlings (wheat) 3, and oil meal 2 parts, by weight. We have found that on rations which are of balanced character, rations that minister well to the nutritional needs of the sow, that said sow receiving these rations during the period of breeding, farrows more pigs and stronger pigs than where an improper ration, such as corn alone, or wheat alone, or barley alone, or rye alone, is fed. In other cords, by keeping the sows coming during the breeding season, making them gain abundantly, we are insured of litters of a larger number. This practice is called flushing. The sheepmen have taken advantage of this for years. Some of the good feeds with which to! flush the sow, using corn as the base, are meat meal, milk, alfalfa pasture, rape pasture, red clover pasture, or tender young blue grass. Table II gives the offspring record of the sows fed these various rations, the feeds and gains of which are given in Table I. TABLE II— OFFSPRING RECORD. Results at Iowa Experiment Station, 1910, 1911, 1912, Animal Husbandry Section. Gilts — Five in all lots but last, which had eight. Ration Fed Ear com only Ear corn plus 1-30 meat meal or tankage Ear corn plus 4-30 meat meal or tankage Ear corn plus 1-3 (03, B.S, MS, 0M2) Shelled corn plus chopped clover and molass Ear corn plus clover in rack Ear com plus alfalfa in rack Ear corn plus 1-10 meat meal or tankage 13.20 14.89 19.62 19.50 15.32 14.17 17.41 18.00 1.74 2.01 2.23 1.84 2.19 2.21 2.29 2.12 Yearling sows, ten in each lot. Ear com only Ear com plus 1-10 meat jnfeal or tankage. Ear com plus 1-4 oil meal, linseed Ear com plus alfalfa in rack* 17.00 1.85 41 35 20 24.42 2.42 85 5 5 19.50 2.22 7S 15 5 17.50 1.77 37 25 32 ♦Actually almost a com-only lot; sows ate but little alfalfa from rack. To insure alfalfa consumption is ofttimes a perplexing problem. It is well to note that meat meal, clover and alfalfa are splendid supplements to corn, because the pigs are bigger and stronger. It is well to note, however, that alfalfa in a rack is not a "sure-shot" mix- ture, because yearling sows in this instance did not eat enough of it; hence their pigs came weak simply because they did not take to the alfalfa in the rack. Here is a case where the free-choice system went wrong. Had this alfalfa been pasture rather than hay, there would not have been any question about the sows eating enough of it, but as it was they were inhibited, I think, by its fibrous content, and hence EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 359 did not eat it. Some feeds have inhibitors, you know, which keep the animals from eating of them, even tho the feeds in themselves are pretty good otherwise; some little thing will keep them away from the feed much like a little latch on a barn door will keep prowlers out, or the hairy covering of a cocoanut may discourage one and make him believe that the inside is not so good as it really is, and so on. "We should insist that the brood sows that get alfalfa in a rack should eat at least a pound per head daily, if we want to be assured of good results. Table III shows the coat character as affected by the ration. Meat meal and oil meal make lustrous, heavy coats; corn alone tends to produce coats of the unborn pigs that are scanty, ofttimes the pigs be- ing hairless. Oil meal has been noted for many, many years as a coat producer. These figures bear out that reputation. TABLE III— CHARACTER OF COAT. Results at Iowa Experiment Station, 1911, 1912, Animal Husbandry Section. Ration Fed tne Sows ^ o > 3 X § 53 33 82 15 88 S com only Corn plus 1-10 meat meal or tankage- Corn plus 1-4 oil meal, old process-— That the size of bone is affected by the rations fed the sows is certainly presented clearly in Table IV, giving the circumference of the front and hind shins of the new-born piglets. Note that meat meal is better than oil meal, but note clearly that both meat meal and lin- seed meal are clearly superior to corn alone; in other words, these two supplements added to corn make the corn ration superior. TABLE IV— CIRCUMFERENCE OP SHINS. Results at the Iowa Experiment Station, Animal Husbandry Section. (Measurements in centimeters, equal to practically two- fifths of an inch.) Ration Fed to Sows Com only -- Com plus meat meal Com plus linseed oil mieal 4.63 5.05 4.92 4.39 4.83 4.67 Table V gives the rations, number in litter, and other character- istics of the litter of an experiment we ran in 1913, 1914. 860 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE V— EFFECT OF RATIONS. Results at Iowa Experiment Station, Animal Husbandry Section, 1913, 1914. Effect of rations fed gilts on resulting litters. w c «- u. Ration Fed to Sows .E o E OJ oJ2 c " li s 3 > 0-= >- "=■ 2; t/D < < Com only Corn plus 200 per cent buttermiik... Cora plus 140 per cent ground alfalfa. Ctorn plus alfalfa in rack Com plus 10 per cent meat meal 6.6 2.12 1.86 9.8 2.23 1.85 9.6 2.19 1.86 7.6 2.13 2.00 8.8 2.48 2.01 79 88 SS 92 93 The above figures are self-explanatory. Note that the well supple- mented rations are instrumental in producing more pigs at birth; also that these pigs are heavier; also that on the average they have larger bones and are stronger. These characteristics are all desirable in the feeding of the brood sow. The feed eaten and the gains of these gilts are given in Table "VI. TABLE VI— FEEDS AND GAINS. Results at Iowa Experiment Station, Animal Husbandry Section. Ration Fed Corn only Corn and buttermilk Corn and ground alfalfa. Corn and whole alfalfa. Corn and meat meal c >^ n -o m2 M E a.t; '^ C a oh™ o o. 3 C/2 37 4.11 1.82 51 2.84 5.83 1.45 50 2.11 3.0O 1.49 50 8.94 .48 1.25 49 3.24 .33 1.27 .46 .46 .48 *Corn, 50 csnts (if ground, 53 cents) a bushel; hutt'irmilk, 25 cents per cwt.; alfalfa, ."flO (if ground, $120, and meat meal, $60 a ton. **'C'rEditng gains at $5 per cwt. The above table is self-explanatory. It is suggestive, however, that all of the gilts receiving supplenien-ts to corn have cheaper mainten- ance figures than those receiving corn alone. Here again milk, alfalfa and meat meal show up to very good advantage. Table VII gives some results of Evvard and Dunn, of the Iowa Ex- periment Station. Animal Husbandry Section. There is given in this table the weights, gains and feed eaten by gilts receiving hominy feed, tankage and alfalfa. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 361 TABLE VII— FEED EATEN. Results at the Iowa Experiment Station, Animal Husbandry Section. Average daily feed eaten per gilt. = c c c a) • - -u c n n - S tm ■£ 2 n z -o '5 "> c = s tc ■^ ™ ^c E « "n '^ 2 > S ^ O V ^^ o 0 < < < ■X. H < U. H Lot 1 238.74 240.14 311.80 317.3-3 .54 .56 3.20 3.091 .40 .20 ""*?8o" .01 3.61 Lot 2 4.09 Lot 3 238.00 311.10 .52 3.21 *1.0O .01 4.82 Lot 4 238.34 239.54 .315.00 313.8-2 .54 3.221 3.01 *1.81 •*2.12 .01 .01 5.03 Lot 5 5.13 Lot 6 _ 237.34 237.80 313.14 305.20 .55 .50 3.28 3.20 **2.37 **».79 .01 .01 5.66 Lot 7 3.87 *Ground, dry. **Ground, wet. ***In rack. There were seven lots in all, and they were fed as follows: Lot 1, hominy feed and tankage; Lot 2, hominy feed plus half as much tank- age as Lot 1, plus enough ground alfalfa mixed with the hominy anc tankage to furnish the same amount of protein as the two-tenths of a pound less tankage fed this group; Lot 3, hominy feed plus dry ground alfalfa, no tankage whatever, approximately the same amount of pro- tein being fed in the ground alfalfa as the gilts would receive in four- tenths of a pound of tankage. It took practically four pounds of the ground alalfa to furnish as much protein as a pound of tankage. The object was to see if ground alfalfa alone would entirely substitute the meat meal. Lot 4 was fed the same as Lot 3, with the exception that an effort was made to get as much ground alfalfa into these gilts au possible. Lot 5 was fed the same as Lot' 4, with the exception that the alfalfa was wet, and as much was fed the gilts a'? possible. By wetting the alfalfa we could induce a larger consumption. Lot 6 was self-fed on a mixture of ground alfalfa and hominy feed. We regu- lated their gains by increasing or decreasing the ground alfalfa in the mixture. On the average it can be seen that they ate practically two- thirds as much ground alfalfa as of hominy feed. With Lot 7, hominy feed was feu in one trough and alfalfa waa allowed in a separate rack. This was the straight, whole, natural alfalfa as it comes out of the stack — in this case, out of the larn. In all cases, rock salt was allowed at free-will. We attempted to make the gilts gain as nearly a half a pound daily as possible. You can see that we succeeded; hence the big differences are to be grasped and studied from the feed figures because the gains are practically the same. Note carefully that where we fed an extra large amount of ground alfalfa, it took actually more feed to keep the gains up, or 5.66 pounds daily as compared to 8.61 where just corn and tankage were used. This shows clearly and unmistakably that com and meat meal or tankage is a highly concentrated feed, and it takes somewhere artmnd three-fifths as much by weight of that sort of ration, nlamtely, cbVn pTu's mte'at m%al 362 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE or tankage, as it does of a ration of corn plus ground alfalfa. In this case, of course, we used hominy feed, but we consider hominy for gilts of about equal value with corn. Hominy feed, you know, is a by-product of the manufacture of corn meal for human consumption, and is entirely a corn product. The more alfalfa we put into the ration, that is, the more we made the gilts eat, the more total feed it took daily per gilt to keep up their weight. And where we made them take an exceptional amount of alfalfa, as in the self-fed ration of Lot 6, the most feed was used. Or compare Lots 3 and 4 — Lots 4 took more feed because the alfalfa was increased. One can about figure out in a rough way from these figures that it takes about four tons of alfalfa, where it is fed as a lone supplement to corn, to do the same amount of good as a single ton of tankage. This was just average alfalfa that we fed— not the best. If one has an ex- ceptionally fine, leafy grade, I would expect it to take not more than three tons of that sort of material, but for average alfalfa four tons will not miss it very much. However, where we add ground alfalfa in limited quantities along with some tankage, it has a higher value, as the figures show. Now, how about the litter record? The number in the litter, the average weight per pig, and their average strength, are shown in Table VIII, which is presented herewith. TABLE VIII— LITTER RECORD. Results at the Iowa Experiment Station, Animal Husbandry Section. Showing average strength of litters. c 1- o. ^ C O ^ >> ^ j: > w S & > B ^ ti) ♦J tc ^ *-> 4-» c c c^ c i^ &M o o o '-' s >— > a u w k, i E s V ^ < < IX a. ft. IX C- Lot 1 Lot 2. Lot S. Lot 4. Lot 5. Lot 0. Lot 7- S.4 2.50 52.38 9.6 2.68 60.42 9.0 2.73 75.56 8.0 2.86 72.50 7.6 2.43 42.11 9.4 2.r(i 65.96 8.6 C'.TO 51.16 3S.10 18.75 4.76 14.58 10.00 10.53 8.51 4.65 2.38 20.00 12.50 34.21 14.89 34.88 2.63 2.63 2.13 2.38 e.25 4.44 5.00 7.89 8.51 9.30 It will thus be seen that practically all the rations made a very good showing. It would appear from these figures that alfalfa, from the standpoint of the little pigs born, is equal as a substitute to meat meal or tankage. Of course, we always have to keep in mind the economy. Group 7, fed a moderate amount of ground alfalfa, made an exceptionally good showing. Wg find that we have the greatest number of dead • pigs in those groups which fed themselves; this may be mechanical. Both Lots 6 and 7 were self-fed. Lot 6 self-fed en- tirely, while Lot 7 was self-fed on alfalfa. This means that they have to get into an open trough or rack, and that postiion may be strained EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK^PART VII 363 ^oaiotinies; at any rate the largest percentage of dead pigs was found in tliese two groups. We notice, however, that Lot 5 had quite a few dead pigs out of a hundred — practically eight — which would indicate also perhaps that as compared with Lot 6 excessive alfalfa feeding might have something to do with it, altho this is merely a bare hypoth- esis. In truth, to be really accurate one had better call it a guess, because there is not enough evidence to make an hypothesis out of it. At any rate, these figures show clearly that ground alfalfa can be fed to good advantage to pregnant gilts along with hominy feed, which really means that it can also be fed to good advantage along with corn. Some good swine rations for the corn belt, for the breeding herd, may be described as follows: From one-third to tw;o-thirds of a pound of tankage per head daily for gilts and older sows, in conjunction with as much corn as is neces- sary to keep them in the condition desired. The corn may .be substi- tuted with hominy feed, or oat meal, or barley, or wheat, or rye, de- pending upon the economic conditions. Generally speaking, corn is the most economical. The meat meal or tankage may be substituted with two other prod- ucts— skim-milk or butterwilk, or alfalfa to very good advantage. It requires about fifteen times as much milk, pound for pound, as it does of tankage; otherwise the rations would be the same with milk as with tankage. This really means, then, that if one feeds milk he should feed from five to ten pounds daily per head. With alfalfa hay one should insist that the gilts eat at least a pound per head daily; sometimes only three-fourth of a pound will give fairly good results, but to be sure one should insist upon the gilts eating a pound, and the same is true of old sows. If they will eat this out of a rack, this is the most economical way to supply it; if not, it should be ground and mixed with other feeds. In addition, feed enough of the other grains mentioned — corn, hominy and so on — to keep them up in condition. Of course, for fall litters the most economical feeds are pasture feeds, such as alfalfa pasture, or rape pasture, or red clover pasture, or young, tender blue grass — these and corn make a very acceptable ration. To play safe, it is well to add a little tankage or a little milk the last thirty to sixty days .of the gestation period. This is particularly im- portant because during the last months of pregnancy, practically 90 per cent of the dry matter of these little pigs is formed in utero. There is another product called corn oil cake meal, which can be used to good advantage to substitute a third to a half of the tankage or milk in the ration. But, instead of feeding, therefore, a half pound of tankage, as might be the determined ration, along with what corn is necessary, one could feed a fourth of a pound of tankage plus three- fourths to a pound of corn oil cake meal. Or, in the case of its re- placing milk, suppose the determined allowance of milk was 10 pounds per head daily per gilt or old sow, the milk allowance could be put at five pounds, and corn oil cake meal fed to make up the balance of milk, five pounds, by allowing a pound and a half of corn oil cake meal, or about two-fitths as much as of the milk. With this extra allowance of 364 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE e^rn oil cake meal, one would not need to feed so much corn. Of course, the relative proportions of all of these feeds may be subject somewhat to change, depending upon economical considerations, but, generally speaking, the young gilt's ration in the dry lot, as well as that of the old sow, should contain at least a third of a pound of tankage — better a half pound, or five to seven and one-half pounds of milk at the minimum, or at least a pound of alfalfa hay. Most assuredly, to get strong, healthy pigs at birth, one must insist first and above all upon the right kind of gilts — strong, robust, healthy ones. They must then be fed right upon the right kind of feeds, with plenty of protein, mineral elements, vitamines, and so on, to balance the corn or other ration. Then the sow must not be too fat nor be kept too lean. The sow must be exercised. She must be provided with a fairly warm, ventilated bed, in a sheltered house, with plenty of bedding. The lice must be kept away. The worms should be attended to. Constipation should be avoided. And then it is well to practice gentleness with your brood sows; speak to them kindly. They are ani- mals, just as we are, and respond gallantly to good treatment, and good treatment of them on our part bespeaks contentment on their part, with its corresponding profits to us. AFTERNOON SESSION. The first address of the afternoon was by Frank G. Odell, sec- retary of the Federal Land Bank at Omaha. Mr. Odell said : THE FEDERAL LAND BANKS. Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the Association: Altho the fed- eral land bank in the eighth district, with which I am connected, has its office in the city of Omaha, it is very much an Iowa institution. That is evidenced by the fact that new business is coming to our bank now from your state at the rate of over a million dollars a week. It is an almost incredible sum, and it is going to be a pretty big task to handle it; but we are handling it very nicely. To those of you who have no adequate idea as to the amount of money which is represented by mortgages on Iowa farms, it might occur to you, perhaps, that in the course of a few weeks, at the rate of a million dollars a week, we would get all the business in Iowa. Well, if we were to continue to get it at that rate, it would take us 650 weeks to get all the farm mortgage business there is in Iowa now, and 650 weeks is quite a spell, as they say down in Kentucky. For the farm mortgage debt of Iowa at this time is, in round numbers, about $650,000,000, which represents the largest volume of mortgage debt upon farms of the same size upon the face of this earth. To finance your future operations as breeders and maintain the agricultural standard of which this state is justly proud, and for which, it is famous, it will be necessary for you Iowa men to look pretty carefully to your financing in the future. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VH 365 I "want to call your attention in passing, and as a preliminary to what I consider the most important and critical problem which faces us as we are entering this world war. This war' is going to be won with food, but there is absolutely no doubt in my mind, and none in the mind of any real red-blooded American, that this war is going to be won with American soldiers, with American money, with the prod- ucts of the American farm, and with American spirit and heroism. We don't realize yet, friends that we are in the midst of war. Only those of us who have some boys over at the front, or going to the front soon, are conscious of that intimate touch which is felt by the home from which a hoy has gone out to serve his country. I wish every man in America, and particularly every farmer, could understand that our country is in the midst of the greatest war that history has ever known — a war upon which not only the future of this country and the future of every farmer in America, but of all humanity, depends absolutely. This is no time to stop and argue about the wisdom of having en- tered this war. It is no time to indulge in any half-hearted loyalty to this government. We are in this thing from the purest and highest and holiest of motives, and the quickest and shortest and cheapest way to end it is to go right straight thru to victory; and we are going thru. Upon the farmer rests the greatest burden of this war. He is the man who, by his energy and toil and the sacrifice of his family, must fur- nish the last ounce of food that is necessary to feed the armies of this country and its allies, and our government recognizes that fact abso- lutely. You are called upon to speed up your production to the highest possible limit. You are going to be called upon in every conceivable way which will intensify the products of American farms and bring this thing to a conclusion as quickly as possible. That means vastly increased expenditures for the farmers of Iowa. It means that this tremendous burden of over a half billion dollars of farm mortgage in- debtedness which now rests upon the broad acres of this state must be extended over a period of years long enough, at a rate and upon terms reasonable enough, to enable you to handle your farming opera- tions with safety and profit, and to do your duty to your country and at the same time support your families in reasonable comfort. That is the biggest job that the American farmer has ever faced. We have to face, too, the probable reaction which will come after the war. So that if there ever was a time in the history of this country when the American farmer needed to look with extreme care in his financial operations, that time is right now. When the federal farm loan act was passed, nearly tw'o years ago, it was almost inconceivable that our country would enter this war. The passage of the farm loan act, and the movement that led to its adoption, were not founded in any sense upon the possibility of this war. The act was founded upon the absolute need of the American farmer, who was paying charges larger than ordinary business pro- cedure and profit would permit, in order to relieve him from those charges in the financing of his future operations. The farmers of this country were borrowing money on the average at about QYs per cent, 366 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE taking the country over. They were, in addition to this, paying com- missions and brokerage charges on renewals of loans for various peri- ods, usually five years. When we computed the interest upon the farm mortgage debt of this country, and struck the balance of trade, when we began to send our farm products abroad, we found that we were handicapped to the extent of about two per cent on every dollar that we borrowed, and that our foreign competitors had that much advantage over us when they met our products in the market. It was an economic condition which could not continue. Consequently, the best thought in this country was put upon the solution of this problem. The federal farm loan act was passed, and went into operation on the 17th of July, last year. The farm loan board was created under the authority of that act, consisting of five men, with the Secretary of the Treasury chairman ex-officio. After extended hearings, continental United States was divided into twelve regional land districts and twelve banks established. The eighth district was composed of Iowa, South Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming, and the bank representing this dis- trict was located in Omaha. The title on your program is "Borrowing from the Government." I want you to forget that. When you borrow from a land bank, you are not borrowing from the government at all; you are actually bor- rowing from yourselves; you are borrowing from a loan institution. It sounds like a sort of financial paradox, doesn't it? How does it happen that the railroads, steel corporation, great man- facturing industries, great mercantile enterprises, have been able for many years in this country to get an interest rate of from two to four per cent lower than the farmer can get upon the best land security in the world? Simply because the geniuses of American business and finance have co-operated, and the credits of these great industrial and transportation enterprises have been mobilized in one mass, and their securities have been taken to the money market in a sufficient volume, and, based upon the credit so brought, they have been able to get the lowest rate there was. The farmer has dealt as an individual with combinations which are irresistible and beyond his control. Now I believe in individuality. It is the thing that has made America great. I don't believe in too much of it, however; there is such a thing as goin^ to the extreme. The development of all human society is based upon a reasonable amount of selfish co-operation. That is just the reason this association was organized fourteen years ago; that is why, thru all these years, it has continued to do the things which have been for the interest not only of every member of this association, but of every live stock raiser of the state, and every state that touches this. You men have co-operated for your mutual interest and for the interest of those who were not co-operating with you. And so it is that great co-operative enterprises have sprung up all over this country. The difficulty has always been, in the handling of his own personal, financial problems, or of his marketing problems, or of any problem on which the farmer touches EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 367 the outside world of business, that as a rule he has been compelled to deal as an individual with forces gigantic in their scope, and which he did not in any way understand. Let's analyze that for a moment. I used to be a farmer myself. A good many times, when I go thru the burden of the labors I have nowadays, I wish I was back on the farm, feeding the pigs and milking the cows. The average farmer goes to town with a load of wheat or corn. How does he sell it? He finds there are four or five wheat buyers in the town, representing four or five different concerns that all op- erate thru the same headquarters. He takes a sample of his wheat in a half-peck measure, and goes to one elevator and asks' what the market is. He goes the rounds of three or four elevators, and sells to the man who gives him a shade the best price, which has been fixed by somebody somewhere for the man who sells it, and with the fixing of which the farmer had absolutely nothing to do. The farmer is al- ways going and asking the other fellow what the price is, and then he sells at the price offered. When he buys, he asks what the price is and pays it. Suppose the man who runs this big department store up here on the corner would be seen this morning walking down the street .with a bolt of calico under his arm, and he accosts the first lady whom hn meets: "Mrs. Brown, what is the price of calico today?" She doesn't know, so he goes on and meets Mrs. Smith, and asks her the same ques- tion. What would happen to that man? Why, his friends would get together and they would have the lunacy commission sit on him im- mediately, because he had lost all his business sense. And yet the farmers of this country for a lifetime have permitted combinations which ought to be regulated by the strong arm of govern- mental authority to fix the prices for them, not only for everything they raise themselves, but for everything they buy, until, by force of necessity, they form just such organizations as that which is repre- sented here today. I am not going to enter into any discussion as to ways and means of stopping that condition at this time; it has nothing to do with the farm loan business; but it shows the utter absurdity of the ordinary methods of business to which the farmer has been com- pelled to accustom himself by reason of the archaic custom into which we have fallen. It is time to carry those same principles of co-opera- tion into action that lie at the foundation of every business activi'y. So when you borrow from the land bank, you don't borrow from the government at all, but from yourselves, because every man who bor- rows any money from the land bank becomes automatically a stock- holder in that bank to the amount of five per cent of his loan. That bank becomes to that extent his institution. It is operated for his benefit. The profits which he is accustomed to paying to outside agencies for handling his farm business for him are cut off at once, and the money stays in his own pocket. The business is operated upon a service charge of only one-half of one per cent. The money is invested in mortgages at the current rates, and the earnings of the mortgages are ■r^eS IOWA DEPARTMENT OJP AGRICULTURE turned over to him in tlie annual dividends of the bank. So that his credit, resting upon his industry and ability, and the fundamental security of his land, is to go with the credit of millions of other farmers who are in a like situation, and that mobilized credit is taken down to the money markets of the country, and is offered as the best security that there is in the world, the security of the productive earth, to secure the lowest interest rate that possibly can be secured upon money. That is no idle dream; it is no theory; it is working. Let me tell you how. The land bank at Omaha was cnartered on the 8th day of March, 1917. It was organized on the 27th day of February. It opened its doors on the 1st day of March. tWe were immediately flooded with a volume of business reaching nearly $10,000,000, from the distressed farmers out in the western part of the district — western Nebraska and Wyoming and South Dakota. This was in what the loan companies call the "outlaw'" territory, where, if they loaned any money at all, they :ould get anywhere from 10 per cent a year to 10 per cent a minute. A condition like that was revealed in a letter from Rapid City, S. D., that I got the other day, where a banking Ijjistitution, supposed to be reputable, but whose officers ought to te in the penitentiary for life for highway robbery, wrote a letter offering to loan $1,000 on a quarter of land at 10 per cent interest and 12^4 per cent commission. We haven't any banks like that in Iowa now, but you did have them when I first came to Iowa, along in the seventies. There seems to be a kind of an unwritten law that the wolves move westward as civilization develops. Of course a thing like that couldn't happen in the Hawkeye sca'e, but I will tell you what a Minneapolis concern did just a little While ago. Out in Wyoming there is a rancher who has a section of land. I suppose it is worth about $4,000. It is out in the dry-land country, but it will grow wheat and pasture live stock, and he is doing pretty well. He has 680 head of cattle and a dozen horses, plenty of implements, and he is making a good living. The 26th of last February he borrowed $1,000 on that ranch from this Minneapolis loan concern, for five years, at 10 per cent interest. He gave a second mortgage for $244 commis- sion in order to get the loan. Had he gone on thru with that contract, at the end of five years, if he had not been able to pay off that com- mission mortgage of $244, he would have renewed it and paid another commission of about the same amount, and added them all to the face of the mortgage, and been worse off than he was before. He discovered after three or four months that it might be possible for him to borrow $1,000 from the Federal Land Bank of Omaha, at 5 per cent, on thirty-six years' time, with which to take up that mort- gage. He joined with some of his neighbors in forming a farm loan association, and made his application to us for a loan of $1,000 upon this property. We sent out an appraiser, examined the title, found that it was perfectly good security (our opinion was confirmed by the fact that this very conservative Minneapolis concern had recently loaned $1,000 on the same property), and we sent the man notice that his loan was approved. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VH 369 Then he began to negotiate with the Minneapolis concern to see if he could get his mortgage released, and on the 17th day of July he got a letter from them which read like this: "We have your letter of the 9th, in re payment of your loan of $1,000. In answer, would say that this loan has been sold to a client of ours, and he does not wish to release it; but we think we could get him to accept payment if you will pay a bonus of $50 and interest up to date. We received no commission for making the loan, and, in fact, paid out money for expenses in connection with it; so we would expect our commission mortgage of $244 paid in full." How does that figure out? Interest on his loan at 10 per cent for a little less than five months, $41.66; bonus, $50; commission mortgage of $244; or a total of $335.66 that this man had to pay to get the fingers of the money shark off his throat within five months, or a trifle over 81 per cent a year Shylock was a "piker" compared to this company. That kind of fellows would make Shylock turn over in his grave with envy. That is the sort of thing that the western farmer has been up against; those are the stories which can be duplicated in every expe- rience. Some of you can remember such things which happened in your lifetime when you were pioneers in this state. I have a theory which is not peculiar to myself. I believe that if one of you men, for instance, should sell your farm in Iowa and go out into the sand liilis of western Nebraska, where you can get a big ranch of a thousand acres or more, and two or three hundred acres of nice alfalfa, where you can get the increase which will gradually come with the rise in value of the land, and where the boys have a chance to branch out for them- selves, you take with you the same character that you have been a Jife- time developing here. All the elements of personal credit which you had acquired at your local bank in Iowa go with you as a transplanted Iowa citizen, who goes two or three hundred miles west, where you can farm just as well and make more money than you could on your high-priced Iowa land. But you immediately find the interest rate doubled on you, because you are in the outlaw territory. There ought to be outlaws made of some of these fellows who have made outlaw ter- ritory of that region. We took that $10,000,000 of business for which we had received loan applications, and had it appraised very carefully by the besi, -men we could find. We found that some of those fellows had put values on their land which were altogether too high. They had subconsciously gotten into their heads the idea of $15 hogs and $14 cattle and $3 wheat, and they thought it was going to last always. It rained last spring, and they thought it was going to rain every spring during all the years to come. We tried to figure the possibilities of getting thru on this, and to lend all the money we could consistently with sound credit and we loaned out there a little ever $3,000,000, on the $10,000,000 of applications. Then the mortgages and applications and appraisers' reports were sent down to the treasury department of the United States where they were examined by experts on land values in order to de- 24 - 370 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE termine -whether these were proper security for some farm loan bonds. In the last sixty days, $3,000,000 of bonds resting upon those mortgages have been sold to the shrewdest bankers in financial centers, who don't buy any doubtful security. And when we come to put in along with those the mortgages which we are now getting at the rate of about $1,000,000 a week on these highly improved farms in Nebraska and Iowa and South Dakota, we are going to have a demonstration of the fact that it is possible for the farmers to finance themselves by the use of their joint credit. It is in a certain sense a government enterprise. It is a bank which has been chartered by the treasury of the United States. It is operated under government supervision and regular government inspection. The government of the United States has invested three-quarters of a million of dollars in the capital stock of the institution which I represent. That money is loaned to this bank and to the farmers by the United States government without any interest charge. In due time this loan will be repaid to the government by a sinking fund composed of a very small percentage of our earnings in the future, and gradually, as this govern- ment loan is extinguished the bank will pass into the complete owner- ship of the farmers who are borrowers. And so when you borrow from this institution of yours, you are simply anticipating the profits which you ordinarily pay in commissions to the loan agent, and the numerous items of expense which you pay at the end of five years from one period to another, and you are leaving that money in your own pockets. The small amount of money which you put into the stock of this institvition as one of the requirements for securing a loan is invested for you, as the law requires, in a mortgage just like your own, based upon the same kind of sound and properly examined security, at the same interest rate which you pay upon your own loan, and all the profits which may be de- rived from the handling of that money are returned to you in annual dividends when the balance sheet is taken off. Everything has to have a system of organization. I fancy that you have some requirements for membership in this association; you may have a constitution. You undoubtedly have some officers whom you elect at certain specified times; you may have some membership fees. Anything that is -worth organizing, that accomplishes anything, de- mands some system of organization, and so there must be a fundamen- tal unit localized down in the farming community where the farmer lives, whose credit is used as the security for this thing invested, or re- sponsibility to look after his interests. That local unit, the great foun- dation stone of this whole thing, is what is called a "National Farm Loan Association.''' That is a co-operative organization composed of ten or more farmers who are eligible to borrow money upon the secur- ity of their lands. How do they become eligible? This man who bor- rows money, must be what the law terms an actual farmer; that is to say, he must first hold the title in fee siuple to the land, and be capable of executing a mortgage. He must operate that farm himself, either personally or with hired- labor, or with the labor of some member or members of his family; or he must have a partnership arrangement EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VH 371 with tliG te:Liant, by which they jointly share in the profits of that en- terprise, upon some form of partnership contract that makes the owner of the laud wholly responsible for the payment of the obligation as- sumed when he executes the mortgage. He does not have to live on the land. I won't more than get thru with this speech before some fellow will tell you that you can't borrow money from this bank unless you live on the farm for thirty-six years. He is the ordinary, common variety of liar. These stories are being industriously spread abroad all over Iowa by the men who are interested in getting a commission on the loans that they are going to negotiate for you in the future. "Whenever you hear anything about the great chances that the farmer takes when he borrows money from the land bank, scratch under the skin, and see where the personal interest lies of the fellow that is tell- ing you the story. They will tell you that you can't sell the farm or the mortgage will be foreclosed; there is nothing to that, either. You have to give notice to the land bank. If the man who buys the farm v«?.r,t5 c as-urue the mortgage, he can do so, if he is eligible as a bor- rower ■ \ th3 beginning. Every possible legal equity that the borrower can have in the holding of his land and the protection of his interest is extended to him under the federal farm loan act precisely as under any other form of law ever passed for the conveyance of real estate. This local organization must be composed of at least ten men who are eligible as borrowers; men who own land and who are personally responsible for the operation of that land. A retired farmer who lives in town, and whose sons are farming the place, or who has a tenant on the farm, would be eligible. These men form an association and elect their officers precisely as you do, and elect a board of directors to represent them for the current year. Then they send their articles of incorporation to the land bank at Omaha, and a copy of them is for- warded to "Washington, and a charter is issued, which makes of this local organization in the community a perpetual legal corporation, with the right fo receive members who are satisfactory to you, whom you will recommend as good men to whom to lend money, and to whom you would be willing to lend your money, and whom you want associated with you in this co-operative organization. A loan absolutely can not be made to a man in your community unless he is received as a mem- ber of your association, and the loan is recommended by the directors of your association, and the property appraised by an appraisal com- mittee of three selected by the directors of your association from its members. Then an appraiser is sent from the federal land bank to examine this property and make his separate confidential report. When those conditions are complied with, this loan application is passed upon by the executive committee of the directors of the land bank, and the loan is allowed for such amount as their judgment suggests. There was a statement printed in the Drovers' Journal a few days ago, which is being copied and circulated broadcast, to the effect that the land bank at Omaha has so much business on its hands that the man who files an application for a loan now need not expect to get it under two years. The other day we had an association formed at Clear- 272 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE field, in Taylor county, Iowa, oast of Clarinda a little way. The sec- retary of the association happened to be a local limnker. He got his papers up in pretty good shape; the applications were in perfect form; he had been careful to have them appraised by his loan committee and approved by his board of directors. He came over to see me, and told me he spent about a week getting those thirteen men together. There w^ere six men who wanted their loans on the first day of the fol- lowing month, in order to meet some options of payment on their mort- gages and take them up, and he asked if we could make a special case of it and hurry those thru and take care of those men. We said we would do the best we could. We sent an appraiser over the next day. He appraised the property in about two days, came back, and made his report. We called the executive committee and the board of directors together, and it took us about two hours to grind out those loans and approve them, and those men had their money in nine days from the time we got the papers in the bank at Omaha. They were so pleased about it that they put a little item of commendation in the local paper, and the next day the president of a local trust company in Omaha came down to our office and called our attention to the gross error which had been made as to the time in which we were closing loans. We said it was true, and showed him the papers. "Well," he said; "I have been in the farm loan business for thirty years, and I can't do it." At the present rate of business, we expect to lend at least $10,000,000 on Iowa farms between now and the second day of March next, for January 1st and March 1st expirations. That is the most conservative estimate we can place upon it. We expect to close all of that business promptly and on time. We are already having papers signed up for March 1st closing, and are bending every effort to give these men the maximum of prompt service. This institution has on its books about $20,000,000 of loan applications, and we are doing a business which from point of efficiency and. promptness in service is a revelation to the men who have been in the farm loan business all their lives. Now, friends, there is a lot of red tape sometimes in governmental affairs, and we think Uncle Sam moves altogether too slowly; but I want to tell you that we have the best government that ever existed on the face of the earth, and that altho it sometimes takes a long time to get Uncle Sam in motion, when he starts he goes thru on the right line. I haven't very much patience with the man who criticises the government of which he is a part. I haven't very much use for the man who sits around on the corner and whittles pine dry goods boxes, and finds fault with the government that he ought to be trying to make better. I haven't any use for slackers or seditionists or traitors, and I want to say to you, my friends, that in the midst of this world cata- clysm that we face, when the gulf of infinite despair is staring civiliza- tion in the face, and the armies of free men all over the world are bat- tling for human liberty thru all the generations to come, there is no meaner man on the face of the earth, no more despicable slacker or traitor ever lived, than the man who, for the sake of increasing his own bank account, will rob the farmers of this country to the extent of even EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 373 a fraction of one per cent interest when they are trying to fight the battles of humanity by producing food. If there are any farm loan /'ompany representatives in this audience who are figuring on stinging the farmers of Iowa for a commission on their next farm loan renewals, I hope they will take that home and chew it over. I have due regard for the ethics of business. I am a business man and a banker, and I believe in a legitimate and reasonable profit; but I want to say to you that any farm loan institution that tries to take advantage of the ne- cessities of the farmers of America today, and to handicap you in per- forming your duty to your government, when you, like every other patriotic, loyal American citizen, are fighting the battles of your coun- try and of humanity, just as truly as the man who shoulders a rifle and goes to the trenches, is an ally of the kaiser, and ought to have the iron cross. (Mr. Odell then gave an eloquent tribute to the enlisted men of this country.) Now, it so happened, in the providence of God — for there is a God who is over us all — that that thing which human foresight could not anticipate has come to shock the world and that today there rests upon this republic of the western hemisphere the supreme duty of making sure and safe the foundations of human liberty for all the generations of the future; and it so happened also, my friends, in the providence of God, that this perhaps the wisest and best conceived piece of legis- lation that has ever been engrossed upon the statute books of any nation was established for the financing of the farmers of the present and future generations; and when you have organized in your local communities one of these simple little cooperative farm loan associa- tions, of which we have nearly 250 in the state of Iowa today, you are building greater things than you can possibly conceive. You may do the things which serve your own immediate need to relieve your own personal extremities, to cut off a little bit of excess charge here, a little profit there, to make sure and safe the holding together of that farm for your family against the day when you shall go on to "the borne from which no traveler ever returns," but when you organize that little insti- tution in your community, you are establishing safe and sure the foun- dations of that community for the boys and girls who will make the farmers of the future in the state of Iowa. Listen a minute: One hundred and forty-eight years ago, the government of the king- dom of Prussia found itself bankrupt. It was unable to collect its taxes from the land-holding nobility. The lands were all in the hands of the barons, and when the barons were not making war upon tljeir neigh- bors they were spending their time in riotous living and profligacy. Their estates were being wasted, their tenantry were impoverished, produc- tion had fallen to the point where the people were starving; and because the government of Prussia was unable to collect any taxes from these barons, it was faced with the extinction of its royal revenues. King Frederick the Great took up this matter with one of the wisest German financiers of that day. Doctor Fischer, an expert on taxation. He broached the idea of pooling the indebtedness of all these land-holding barons in 274 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE one lump sum, have them mortgage their lands, individually and col- lectively, for a period of twenty years agreeing to pay off these mortgages in stipulated annual payments at a low rate of interest so that they could get out of debt, improve their lands, put their people to work, and he able to pay their taxes to the government. Tlie plan was adopted. Frederick the Great furnished $262,000 from his private treasury to finance the institution, and the first landschaft was organized in the province of Silesia. The barons mortgaged their land for enough to pay their debts, their taxes, and to start their tenant farmers to work; they continued to pay their obligations promptly because the government re- quired them to do it; and at the end of twenty years those lands were free from debt, except in some cases where the mortgages were renewed. That institution is doing business today in the same locality, and from that simple beginning grew the great German system of financing agri- culture which has developed the agricultural resources of that empire to such a wonderful extent. The reason the German empire is holding at bay today the allied armies of civilization, and that the black cloud of autocracy is threatening the future liberties of the world, is because Ger- many had foresight enough a century and a half ago to lay broad and deep the foundations for financing her agriculture so that she could build a stable commercial structure, and that is what we are up against. These farm institutions grew' so prosperous that when the University of Ber- lin was founded, the German government borrowed the money to do the first building from the farmers' co-operative banks, which owed their origin to the establishment of the landschaft in Silesia, under the reign of Frederick the Great. It is a good thing we learned the lesson in time to enable our farmers to avail themselves of the benefits of that kind of a system, before we were brought face to face on the battle line with people who are past-masters in the administration of it. Q. How large a territory do these loan associations cover? Mr. Odell : We have in the state of Iowa 238 local organiza- tions, either completely formed or in process of organization, which cover almost every county in the state. There are some- times two or three in a county. We do not wish to have more than one in a given town or community. They sometimes cover the entire county, as, for illustration, the one which we have in Des Moines, which has under its jurisdiction all of Polk county. In Shelby county we have four associations, which have filed ap- plications for loans to the amount of over $800,000. Q. Who receives this one-half per cent? Mr. Odell : We have recommended to all of our associations, under the informal recommendation which is made by the Farm Loan Board, that this local association, when it selects its princi- pal business officer, who is termed the secretary-treasurer, shall be paid a compensation fixed at one-half of one per cent of the amount of the loans. This officer need not necessarily be a mem- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 375 ber of the association or a borrower; he is the only officer of the association who is exempt from the privileges of membership. He may be a local banker, the postmaster, a lawyer, or anybody the board of directors may select. He ought to be a competent business man; he has considerable business to look after. He has to see that the collections of this interest are made and for- warded, and that the money is properly disbursed when it is sent out to the borrowers. He is an official who is under bond. This one-half of one per cent which is authorized is his sole compen- sation for handling that business, including the maintenance of his office and his clerk hire. The rule stipulates that the borrower shall pay that only once, and when he pays that fee, together with the uniform membership fee of $5.00, which is paid into the incidental fund of the association for incidental expenses, that is all he has to pay for the handling of that loan for the period of thirty-six years. That means the difference to the borrower of saving about six renewals, six commissions, six attorney fees for the examination of his abstract, six different appraisals of his property. Q. How large an amount is loaned? Mr. Odell : We are authorized, under the present terms of the law, to loan a maximum sum of $10,000 to one man. "We are authorized to loan up to 50 per cent of the appraised value of the land, and if the land is well improved and has good buildings, an additional 20 per cent of the value of the insurable buildings. Practically all of our loans run about the limit of $10,000. Mr. "Wilbur M. Fisk, representing the Federal Marketing Bu- reau, with headquarters at Omaha, was then introduced, and ad- dressed the convention as follows : GOVERNMENT MARKET REPORTS. Mr. Chairman, and Gentlemen of the Convention: What is my good fortune in being able to attend this convention, I am somewhat afraid will prove your misfortune, as I am certain that Mr. Hall, of the Wash- ington office of the Bureau of Markets, whose place on your program I have been asked to take, could have presented to you a broader and clearer statement of the work and plans of the bureau than it is possible for me to do. But urgent official business made it impossible for him to be in attendance at this important meeting. I shall endeavor to give you briefly an outline of the -parlous phases of the bureau^s work on the problems involved in the marketing of live stock and meats, so far as they have been developed. This will be strictly a plain statement of the facts which it is hoped will enable you to judge the value of the work being done, the soundness of the theories upon 376 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE which it has been based, and the effectiveness with which it has been carried out during the first year of the operation of the field stations thruout the country. And especially is it hoped that, with this statement before you, you will be able to formulate suggestions, recommendations and constructive criticism, which I assure you will be most heartily wel- comed and will receive the most serious consideration. The name of your organization, the Corn Belt Meat Producers' As- sociation, immediately suggests that you are more than ordinarily alert to the nature of your business — that you do not consider yourselves merely as growers of and dealers in cattle, hogs and sheep, but also as producers of a finished article or class of articles, in the marketing as well as the production of which you are very vitally concerned. At your meeting here last January, Mr. Doty, of our Chicago office, presented a statement of the plans then under consideration for a mar- ket news service, covering various lines of information not previously furnished, or at least not in as complete form as seemed to many stock- men to be desirable. He also gave you a summary of the objects stated m the act of congress authorizing this work. To bring these points freshly to mind, I shall repeat in part his statements bearing upon the plans then contemplated which we have since been working upon. "Funds which were appropriated by congress in the agricultural ap- propriation bill for the present fiscal year for the purpose of starting a market information service pertaining to live stock and meat, have made it possible for the Department of Agriculture to furnish to stock- men and to live stock markets, and meat trade, current information along lines which organizations of stockmen have recognized as an urgent need. It has been impossible to bring about any improvement in some of the serious conditions which exist, such as violent fluctuations in mar- ket prices, and very uneven receipts of live stock at the markets, owing In part at least, to the lack of the necessary information. The item in the appropriation bill, which has been referred to, is substantially as follows: "To enable the Secretary of Agriculture to gather from stockmen, live stock associations, state live stock and agricultural boards, common carriers, stock yards, commission firms, live stock exchanges slaugh- tering and meat-packing companies, and others, information relative to the number of different classes and grades of marketable live stock, especially cattle, hogs and sheep, in the principal live stock feeding districts and growing sections; prices, receipts and shipments of the different classes and grades of cattle, ,hogs and sheep at live stock market centers; prices of meats, and meat food products, and the amount of such products in storage; to compilci and publish such information at such frequent intervals as most effectively to guide producers, consumers and distributors in the sale and purchase of live stock, meats and other animal products, and to gather and publish any related information per- taining to the marketing and distribution of live stock, meats and ani- mal by-products." To carry out these plans, offices were opened about one year ago at New York, Boston and Philadelphia, with experienced men in charge, EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 377 to gather information as to the conditions and trend of the dressed meat trade in the great consuming centers of the east, which conditions have an important bearing on the live stock trade on tlie markets of the west. Offices were also opened, as j^ou know, at Chicago, Omaha and Kansas City, and direct telegraphic connections centering at Washing- ton have put all of these offices, and others since established at St. Paul, Port Worth, Portland and elsewhere, in closest possible touch with each other, so that it is possible, early each day, to receive and distribute authentic information regarding eastern conditions to the patrons and traders on the western markets. The tendency of this service is to place the grower, shipper, dealer and packer more on an even basis in trading on the markets, and, also, to help shippers who study the reports to de- cide when conditions for marketing stock are most likely to prove favor- able. Realizing that there is yet much opportunity for improvement in this as well as other phases of the market news service, it has been en- couraging to have many identified with the live stock industry in various ways inform us that the reports have been distinctly helpful to them, and to receive daily numerous requests from stockmen to be placed on the mailing list. Yesterday's mail to our Omaha office, for instance, brought in ninety- one requests from stockmen, farmers, bankers and others in Iowa, Ne- braska, South Dakota and other states in our territory asking for this and other reports issued from field stations. It is hoped that this serv- ice will increase in value as experience tells us more definitely what is needed, and as suggestions from such organizations as yours enables us to perfect it. A weekly summary, with price range daily on each market, now supplements this report. A second feature of the service, which many stockmen and traders state they are finding helpful, is the daily report of live stock loadings for every stock yards center in the United States. Arrangements have been made by which railroads in all the territory west of the Allegheny mountains report each night at midnight to our Washington office the number of cars of each class of stock loaded on each division, giving also the market destinations. A night clerical force immediately tab- ulates these figures, and relays them to all field stations at six o'clock central time, every morning of the week. For the principal markets in the west these reports as issued from field stations, show also tiie num- ber of cars originating in each state every twenty-four hours. The state origins have made it possible for those receiving the reports to keep close tab on the volume of marketing from each state, and especially during the western shipping season have furnished information as to the quan- tity of range stock moving marketward at any given time. Once each month since a year ago, the Bureau of Markets has re- leased a report showing the cold storage holdings of various classes of meats, poultry, dairy and other products, with comparisons showing holdings throut the country, at corresponding seasons in the past. A very considerable demand has developed also for these reports. Statistics are also now being released monthly, giving details of the receipts and shipments of all classes of live stock at each stock yards 378 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE center of the country. Showing is made of the output of stocker and feeder cattle, hogs and sheep. In line with the purpose of congress to keep the various sections of the country better acquainted as to possible markets for stock, the issu- ing of a weekly news service has been inaugurated within the past month. Reports will be issued showing where demand exists or develops for any particular class of stock, where the volume and nature of receipts at any time may offer a favorable opportunity to obtain needed feeding stock, and giving any data that may be obtainable which might help the man who has something to sell to do so to advantage, and to help the man who wants to buy something to do so on the basis of information, which it is hoped to make a comprehensive and accurate reflection of conditions Ihruout the country. Special projects have been undertaken to accomplish such work in addition to this general news service. Surveys are being made in certain feeding districts, notably the Lancaster region in Pennsylvania, and the Arkansas valley district in Colorado, which will show the quantities of stock being carried in these important areas. It is planned also to extend these surveys where it can be profitably done. Recently the bureau issued a report, with the assistance of the county agents of various southern states, showing the quantities of cattle that could be carried thru the winter in the different counties, and similar service will be provided from time to time, as opportunity is afforded. I have a few copies of each of these various reports, for distribution to any of you interested, and will gladly mail them regularly on request. These and other features which may be found possible to develop constitute the present and prospective extent of the market news serv- ice on live stock and meats. All persons connected with the Bureau of Markets are anxious to give service that will meet the real needs of the live stock industry, and to that end invite the co-operation and criticism of practical men in the industry, such as constitute the membership of this and similar organizations. I am much indebted to you for this opportunity to present a statement of the work of the bureau, and again assure you of our desire to be of material service to you. President Sykes at this time announced the following commit- tee on resolutions : J. M. Evvard, H. C. White, Oscar Heline, F. J. Turner, D. W. Anglum, T. C. Cessna, C. K. Thornburg, Professor W. A Cochel, of the Kansas Agricultural College, then addressed the convention as follows : THE BREEDING HEIFER. Mr. Chairman, Members of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Associa- tion, Friends: The present time is a very difficult one for a man who is interested in the production of beef to be called upon to talk to men who are actually producing it. I think there has never been a time when our methods have had to change so rapidly, when we have had so many unexpected things to deal with, and when our cattle feeders as EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 379 a whole were in such an uncertain frame of mind as they are just at the present moment. I know that is the feeling of our cattle men in Kansas and in the southwest generally, and from what I have been able to glean from the opinion of the men here as expressed this morning, the same spirit seems to prevail among the cattlemen of Iowa. They are up against a new set of conditions, problems which they have not been able to anticipate; so that they hardly know in what direction they shall at- tempt to move. There are, however, a few fundamental principles in the production and handling of live stock that go on thru our industry regardless of temporary conditions. The first of these is that we must have the live stock to feed to convert our farm products into beef, and that we should do it in the most efficient manner possible. It has been the history of this country and every other that those communities which have re- mained in the cattle business in spite of all conditions which might confront them, and of all temptations for them to discontinue, have eventually come out on top; that is, they have become the leading agri- cultural communities in their states or counties. We have today in this great world war a further illustration of that fact. The countries that are contending for supremacy today are not those which have neglected their live stock industries, but those which in fact and in truth have been known for all time as the leading live stock countries of the world. Food is one of the most important factors in the winning of this war, and those countries which are best able to feed their armies, which are producing the most crops per man or per acre or per any other unit, are the ones which will eventually win. If we go out in any direction from Des Moines, or any other city or town in this part of the country, and pass a large number of farms, we find that the same thing applies to the individual farm that applies to the country or nation as a whole, i. e., that those farms which have been continually devoted to the pro- duction of live stock stand out alone as the most productive, most prof- itable, best improved farms which we have in our communities. The cattle business, fortunately, has not rested entirely upon the immediate profits which we have secured from the feeding of our cattle or from the conversion of our farm grain feeds into beef. There are other profits which enter into it that we are not able to measure at the moment but which in the end usually amount to considerably more than the primary profits from the industry itself. The first of these, prob- ably, which is so well known, is that live stock farming of course in- creases or improves the fertility of the soil and increases the yield of crops per acre. A few years ago, when I was connected with the Indiana experiment station, we made a sort of an office census of that entire state. We found that on an average the farms in Indiana at that time which were devoted to the production of beef were worth 40 per cent more than the average farms of the state. We found that while the average yield of corn in the state for the ten-year period which was under investigation was 32 bushels per acre, the average yield of corn on the cattle farms of the state was slightly over 50 bushels during the same period. It is 380 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE these secondary products in the handling of live stock which keep us in the business at times when we are very much tempted to temporarily dis- continue our ordinary work. Just at the present time we have another factor which I think is probably, from a live stock standpoint, the most critical one that we will have to consider in the very near future, and that is the tremen- dous impetus that is being given to the production of wheat, corn and other cereals, in order that we -may win the war. There is no one, of course, but feels that it is necessary for us to take any move that may be called for in order to feed our people and the allies; but in the end the production of live stock in this or any other country will to a very large extent absolutely depend upon the amount of grazing land which we have left upon which to develop our breeding herds thruout the sum- mer season. We have not yet reached the stage in the development of our agriculture where we are producing cattle in any large way during the crop-growing season on anything other than grass, and whenever the production of wheat is stimulated to such an extent, as it has been in our state, that lands which are better adapted to the grazing of live stock than to any other purpose, are broken up, in the hope that we may get one or possibly tv.o crops of Avheat, due to the favorable situation under which we are operating at the present time, it means that we are reducing our possibilities in live stock production to that extent. As agricultural colleges and as experiment stations we have given less attention to pastures — to grass, which is the leading crop that we grow thruout the entire United States — than we have to any other crop that is grown on the farm; and grass is the primary and fundamental basis upon which our live stock industry rests and must always rest. Now we are working to some extent in various sections of the country on this problem of increasing the productive capacity of our grazing lands, of our hay and forage crops, and those things, of course, we will have to give more attention to in the near future than we ever have before, because of the fact that we will have less grazing land upon which to produce our live stock than we have had in the past, and we must maintain our present supply and increase it to what ever extent is necessary by making those grass lands and those meadows more effi- cient which we are now using in the production of beef. If we can in any way increase the production of our pastures so that the cattle will take a smaller acreage than we are now using, we have increased the efficiency to that extent. On the other hand, if the federal farm loans will enable us to hold and manage grazing lands at a lower rate of interest than we are now paying, it simply means that we can invest more in our grazing lands per head. But, however that may be, we find that the conditions are practically the same in every section of the country where breeding herds are handled under similar conditions. Last summer I was fortunate enough to take a trip thru a large pro- portion of the cattle-producing sections of the country, and I found that in our state, where we allow from four to five acres of land to graze a steer thruout the entire year, our grazing lands were valued at from $35 to $40 per acre. I found that in those sections of the state where EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 381 we were allowing ten acres of land, the value of that land was estimated at approximately $15 per acre. I went down into southern Texas, where they allowed forty acrea| of land to graze an animal, and found that their investment in the acreage necessary to graze an animal was ap- proximately the same. In Montana, on my return trip, I found that they were allowing twelve and one-half acres in that particular section of the state where I made inquiry, and they valued that land at $12 per acre. At the present time, the beef cattle industry seems to be based upon approximately $150 valuation in the grazing land that is necessary to carry an animal thru the grazing season. If the grazing land in your state is worth more than that, it simply means that in the production of beef-producing animals you are either competing at an unfair ad- vantage, or you have another advantage in producing other crops more economically for wintering purposes than can be done in those sections where grazing is the main industry. But we all assume that, regard- less of present conditions, as our population increases and our country develops, it will be necessary for us to increase the production of live stock proportio"hately, or at any rate, in some proportion. There are other ways in which we will have to do it than by maintaining as large an area of our land in grass, and that will come to a very large extent from supplementing our pastures thru those seasons of the year when we are apt to have a very great deficiency in the food supply. We find, for instance, on our college farm, where we are grazing about 1,000 head of live stock, that we can reduce the acreage per head at least one-half one year with another, as compared with the average in the state, by providing supplementary feeds for the various short periods of the year when we are apt to be affected by absence of rain- fall, and that is a condition which can be utilized to a very large extent in practically any other section of the country. The seasons are not all alike, but as our grazing industry is managed today, wei have to allow, as a general rule, under practical conditions, a sufficient amount of land to take care of our cattle regardless of weather conditions or anything else. So that by being able to supplement our pastures thru a very short period of time, we are able to reduce the acreage per head, and to reduce the interest on the investment in land necessary to carry our animals thru the grazing season. We have also another problem which is confronting our Kansas cat- tlemen, which I think is to a very large extent a local condition, tho from what Professor Evvard said this morning, it may not be entirely so. This winter we are up against the proposition of paying from $28 to $34 a ton for alfalfa hay, to be utilized in the wintering of our breeding stock. This is an unusual condition for the Kansas farmer, who has heretofore considered from $12 to $15 a maximum price for his hay. So that the crops which we usually use in the maintenance of our breeding herds have increased approximately 100 per cent in value, which means that a great many men do not have a sufficient amount of nerve, or have too much judgment, or whatever way you want to put it, to try to winter the same number of cattle this year that they have wintered here- tofore. 382 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The men who are producing stockers and feeders can easily stay out of the game for a short period of time, or someone else may absorb the steers which they would normally handle, and feed them in some other section of the country. But the one thing which is notable in regard to the development of the breeding industry is that it necessarily stays with the land thru a long series of years. We can't get into the game of breeding beef cattle and do it profitably, consistently and economically, in less than five years. It takes about five years from the time a man really starts to handle a breeding herd until he begins to market the normal offspring from those cattle; so that any temporary condition which interferes with the maintenance of our breeding herd or with the proposed increase in production for a temporary period has a much greater effect than the immediate one, in that it delays the progress of improvement, or delays the plans of the men who are engaged in the industry for a considerably longer period of time than would be indicated by the temporary conditions. We are attempting in our state to solve that to a very large extent by the more complete utilization of other feeds this year than we have ever utilized before. We are cutting up our corn this year to as large an extent as the labor situation will permit us. I think we will find that during the present year we have fed twice as much fodder from the shock in Kansas as we ever fed in a similar period before. We have made a little attempt to use wheat straw, which we have heretofore considered almost a waste product. I would judge that probably one- third of all the straw produced in the state has been burned imme- diately after threshing, but this year it was the exception rather than the rule to find anyone who was wasting any straw, and w'e are using that to winter our breeding herds. In other words, we are trying to come down to one fundamental fact, that our beef-breeding herds, our young, growing animals, should to a very large extent be produced on the by-products of the farm rather than the main products, and I don't know but what the lesson which our Kansas cattlemen are learning in the development of their breeding herds or the preservation of them this year will result in a permanent benefit to them in the economical production of beef in the future. We have heretofore considered that alfalfa and corn were the two main sources of food nutrients to be converted into beef. This year we are learning that the by-products of our corn and wheat have a value which we never dreamed of before. We are also building and filling more silos than ever before. We have found that the corn which goes into the silo will carry a tremendous number of breeding animals thru the year as compared with that which is fed in the form of stover. That brings up one point that I want to mention this afternoon in the development of a breeding herd of heifers, and that is that eventu- ally the beef cattle industry will be localized in those sections of the country where the by-products of the primary crops which we grow on the farm have the most feeding value. Instead of converting corn into beef, as we have so extravagantly done in the past, we will make a greater EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 383 attempt to utilize otiier tilings as substitutes for corn, and probably pro- duce beef that is almost if not quite as good as that which we have formerly made. The only men in our state who are complaining at the present time of the cattle situation are those who put cattle on full feed early in the year, with the intention of marketing them at the present time. Those who have made the average, ordinary grades of beef, who have depended upon grass-fed cattle as their source of income, or upon the handling of cattle that had an outlet as feeders, have no criticism; but those men who have full-fed their cattle and have tried to make the very best grade of beef are not in the most happy frame of mind at the present time. The only thing that seems to save them at all this year is the fact that the hogs which they have fed in connection with the cattle have taken care of a considerable proportion of the feed bill. Now, in the development of a breeding herd, we have two or three things to consider. In the iirst place, we have the kind of stock — the ef- ficiency of the animal itself — which must be taken into consideration, and that, of course, is being improved from day to day. We are finding, for instance, in our section of the country, that our farmers are feeding and breeding and producing a better grade of cattle than they have ever pro- duced in our sections of the country heretofore. I don't know whether that is quite so true in sections where the cattle industry is not the dominant industry, but in those sections of our state that are known as cattle-producing sections, we find that there has been a tremendous im- provement in the quality of the type and in the efficiency of the animals that we have produced. We are getting our cattle to market at a younger age than we have ever done heretofore. In our state it has been customary in the past for us to handle four-year-old cattle almost exclusively. Last year we found that we had to take three-year-old steers instead of four-year-olds, because of the fact that the four-year-old steer was no longer available. This year we find that there is practically another year eliminated from the age of the cattle which are going into our feed lots for wintering, with the intention of grazing them next summer, and the majority of our graziers are having to stock up with two-year-old steers to utilize the grass next summer. This is a condition which I think is general thruout the whole cattle country. If we study it a little more carefully, we find that it is prob- ably a logical sort of a situation. Those of us who have been in the cattle and hog game all of our lives know that formerly it was our cus- tom to market hogs at very much heavier weights than we are now doing As a boy, I remember that we did not think a hog was hardly fit to eat until he was nearly a year old. We did not think of putting him on the market before he was a year old. We have gradually reduced the age, with but slight reduction in the weight of the animal, until today it is the exception ra'her than the rule for a hog to go to market after he is a year old. The same thing has occurred in the handling of the sheep and lambs on the market. My earliest recollection of sheep feeding was £84 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE that we never attempted to feed anything but wethers. Once in a while we would get a load of yearling wethers, but we never attempted to feed lambs. The same tendency is being shown in the production of our breed- ing cattle. We are gradually reducing the age, and that means that we must gradually, or even more rapidly, change our methods of feed- ing, because of the fact that we cannot profitably produce a young growing animal and get it fat with the same sort of treatment and care that we could the more mature animal. It means that the man who changes his methods and prepares to meet the new situation is going to stay in the cattle "business the longest, and the man who stands up and states that he is going to continue the same method that he has always practiced in the production of beef will be the man who will of necessity have to drop out in the future, unless he has a tremendous bank account to back him up. There is one thing in this connection that I have often stated — and I think it is pretty much of a fact — namely, that the handling of cattle is not always based upon judgment. A man goes into the cattle in- dustry. He likes to increase his operations; he wants to stay in that particular industry. The cattlemen are the most optimistic, at the time they put in their cattle, of any group of men that I have ever seen, and it almost becomes a disease in the feeding of cattle from one year to another— they carry it thru life. That means that frequently they will stock up with cattle at a time when their better judgment indicates that it might be a good time to stay out of the business. But in the end we find that our cattle furnish us a market for the feeds which we have produced on our farms, and thru a series of years they furnish us the best market that we can get for the feeds that we grow on the average farm in the grass and corn belt of the country, and that means that, as a general rule, the losses in bad seasons do not quite overbalance the profits in the good seasons, which keep a man encouraged and going thru- out the entire span of his existence. The most dangerous situation which we have to confront in our coun- try is years of inordinate profits. More of our cattlemen in Kansas have gone broke because of prosperity than for any other reason. We ilnd, for instance, that once in a great while we will have a season when we will clean up from $20 to $30 per head in grazing our cattle thru the grazing season; and the next year every man who has had that sort of- experience wants to double his profits, and he takes a loss on two or three times as many as he had formerly taken a profit on, which means that thru a series of years that man goes out of business. But our most suc- cessful farmers— and I think this will apply to the farmers of Missouri Iowa, Kansas, or any other state — are the men who have gone into the cattle business conservatively; who have limited the number of cattle they handle to approximately the amount of feed that they produce on their farms, and have continued to handle approximately the same number of cattle one year with another, and in that way have furnished them- selves with the very best iTOSsible outlet for the feed they have produced. EIGHTEENTH ANtJUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 385 They have built, up the fertility of their soil, grown more corn and al- falfa per acre, and in that way have been able to obtain the average normal profit thru a series of years. To come back to the question of the breeding heifer, there is no doubt but that, as our corn and wheat and hay advance in price, as they have during the past year, there is an incentive given to a large number of men to discontinue the maintenance of breeding herds of beef cattle; that is, when all the factors that enter into their production have in- creased, and the prices of the cattle have not increased proportionately, it means that there is the greatest sort of an incentive given to them to reduce rather than to increase production. But we have this to think about at the present time. In the past, when such a s'ituation has been met, there has always been some other section of the country where cattle could be produced cheaply. But we have gotten up to the point today in the United States where we no longer have any cheap lands in any .section upon which to produce beef cattle. It means that if we go out of the business in one section of the country, we simply reduce the supply to that extent, and that, of course, will eventually mean that those men who are able to stay in the business will reap their profits from the handling of their herds. In our experimental work during the past two or three years, we have been working on the problem of the development of breeding cattle. It is customary in the cattle section of the country to breed heifers when they are two years of age, to calve at three. We have been working on the problem of the maintenance of our breeding cattle in such condition that we can add at least one year to their active life of reproducing for market purposes; and by taking a group of heifer calves, feeding them well ths first winter, mating them the spring after they are a year old, and wintering them well the second winter, we can raise very nearly as good a calf from a two-year-old heifer as we formerly have been able to raise from a three-year-old heifer handled under ordinary range and grass conditions. Not only that, but we have found that we have had a larger percentage of the heifers prove to be breeders thru a series of years by handling them that way, and we have found that a larger per- centage ol them become good mothers than has been customary when we have allowed them to go until they were more nearly mature before re- producing. But this means, in our section of the country, that they must have better treatment than we have been giving them; we must give them better care during their first and second winters, in order to keep them growing steadily from the time they are born until they finally go to market. In that way we find that the cows which we eliminate from the breeding herd each year will usually pay for the cost of filling up the herd thru the younger stock that we have grown. So we do not have such a tremendous charge to place against our herds as we have formerly- had where we only saved a few calves every four or five years, and every now and then had a lot of canners or shelly cows to eliminate from the breeding herd and to replace with the younger animals. So that, taking 25 386 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE everything into consideration, in our section of the country we find that the men who have been breeding cattle, handling them economically and feeding out the produce of their own herds, are the ones who have not had to take a loss at any time during the past five years in the handling of beef catttle. We can't say that in regard to any other group of men who have handled cattle. At times we have had a few of them who have made inordinate profits; at other times we find that the speculative in- stinct has run so rampant among them that they have given more for their feeding cattle than the fat cattle were worth when they finally went to market. So we have urged cattlemen to increase their breeding herds and feed out the cattle of their own produce rather than depend entirely upon going to the market and getting a bunch of steers feeding them over a short period of time, paying two or three commissions and freight bills, and taking all the risks incidental to the handling of cattle on the market. That, of course, is limited to those sections of the country where grazing is possible. I know that there are places in Iowa (some people will disagree with this statement, but I feel that I know) where the land is so valuable that you can hardly afford to keep it in grass, and under such circumstances you are forced, in order to stay in the cattle business at all, to depend upon somebody else producing them where they can be produced more cheaply. But whether you are handling a breeding herd or fat cattle, the same principles are involved, namely, that cattle are primarily intended to furnish a market for the products grown on the farm. If you are growing grass and roughage to a large extent, the thing to do is to produce cattle that can use it, and that means the breed- ing herd. You have another advantage in this section of the country, where feed is plentiful and lower than in the grazing section of the country. The breeding herds that have made a name for themselves are those raised where feed is most abundant and where transportation facilities are such as to enable buyers to get to the place where they were produced. Iowa producers have all these advantages. So I might sum up what I have to say this afternoon in a very few words. The beef cattle industry has always been the basis upon which a permanent, prosperous system of agriculture has been founded. Every country, every state, that has eliminated cattle from its system of farm- ing has at the same time reduced its proportion of other agricultural products. The most prosperous sections of America today are those farm- ing sections where live stock and cattle are most abundant. We find that there is always a spirit of unrest among men who produce only one crop, whether it is corn or wheat or cotton; and one of the chief advan- tages in the handling of cattle in this or any other state is that it en- courages and almost forces the production of a variety of crops. It dis- tributes labor thruout the entire year, which enables the cattleman to hire the very best labor that is available in his community, and makes him a much more efficient party. Then, in addition to that, it increases the yield of all other crops because of the fact that you keep live stock on the land; and, finally, it makes, as a general rule, a better class of EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 387 citizens. We find that our live stock in Iowa, Kansas, Illinois, or any other state, are the ones upon whom the government is depending today for advice, for counsel, and for the increased production of all the things which we need in an agricultural way; and we find that in our section of the country especially the men who have been successful in cattle have been successful in almost any line of business they have taken up, and hence are considered and generally looked upon as the most enterprising citizens in our state. Whether the live stock industry develops it or whether it takes that type of man to stay in the business I am unable to say, but the two go together. At the present prices in our country, it seems that it is up to us to use every bit of information we have, to make every possible effort that we are able to make, to increase the production of beef and other meats to the fullest extent that our lands and our feeds will permit. It is not the time, above all times, for us to look entirely at the profit side of the ledger. It is up to us to produce beef during the next three or four years, or during the duration of this war, whether it is profitable to do so or not; we have that duty thrust upon us We all feel and hope that the price of beef will be adequate to overcome all of the elements that enter into the cost of production; but, regardless of anything else, the most important thing that we have today is to feed our army and to feed those people who are depending upon our army; and it can't be done if any of us become discouraged because of the probable things that may happen in the future. I am telling our Kansas farmers — and the most of them are acting upon this sort of suggestion — that it is the time for us to continue our operations in the handling of cattle just as nearly under normal conditions as we can; to do nothing that we would not do were the conditions different; but for those men who had been in the habit of feeding cattle for years to continue in the same way they have, and to attempt to increase the production of beef more than we have ever increased it before. That is the situation which confronts us; it is the thing which we feel it is necessary for us to do; and I can not help but feel that the same factors which have entered into the increase in the price of beef in recent years will have the same influence, namely, the cost of feed, labor and production. If we study the situation carefully, we find that beef is the only product of the farm that has shown a con- stant and gradual increase in values ever since we have been keeping agricultural statistics in this country. There is not a period of five years in the last fifty years but vv'hat the average price of beef has increased over the average price of beef in the preceding five years. There is not another crop which we produce, of corn or wheat or any other product of the farm, which has that sort of a record, so the only way we can judge the future is by the past. So it seems that with the tremendous increase in the value of everything that has entered into the profitable production of beef at the present time, eventually, if not immediately the price of beef must advance proportionately. Now', with these things of course we have other factors over which we have no control. Our farmers seem to feel that the labor situation with them is probably the limiting factor in their production next year. We 388 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE have had a greater dispersal of breeding herds in our state because of the inability to secure men who are competent to feed and care for them than from any other one cause, and to my notion, probably the most serious thing that confronts the beef cattle industry in the west and south is the inability to secure men of experience and training and skill necessary for us to have in order that we may keep our production up to normal. We are working on that problem; we are doing everything in the world we can to encourage the men who are capable of staying in that particular line of business, because of the fact that we feel that it is absolutely essential. On the other hand, we also feel that it will be profitable thru a series of years, for us to encourage men to handle all of the live stock that we can handle in our state, because of the fact that it has always been in the past the most profitable system of farming that we could develop, altho we are changing gradually from the speculative handling of beef cattle to the production basis, because of the fact that we have been finding it more profitable to produce cattle than to do anything else with them. I can not help but feel that this production of beef Will in the end supplant the finishing of beef, or the speculation which has been the one determining factor in the development of our agriculture in the United States. As I said a few minutes ago, we are not expecting to reap immediately all the profits we get in the handling of beef, but we are going to develop a well-arranged, permanent, profitable system of agri- culture because of the fact that we have been so closely and intimately identified with the system. J. A. Gunn : Do you know of anyone who is using corn silage made from the stalks of the corn, taking out the ears, for winter- ing the beef cows? Professor Cochel : "We are doing it ourselves. We have just finished building a silo yesterday, and have filled one silo wnth chopped fodder. We husked the corn and put up the fodder in the field just as if we were going to haul it out later and feed it, but instead of doing that put it into the silo. Mr. Gunn :^ How do the cows like it ? Professor Cochel: They don't like it quite as well as silage with corn in it, but we have wintered cattle on that sort of stuff, giving them one pound of linseed or cottonseed meal per day per head, and a little wheat straw in connection with it, all of which are very cheap feeds, and have had them go thru the winter with- out losing in weight. We took them off the pasture about the middle of November, and carried them thru the winter on that feed. It is a little bit expensive to husk corn and haul the fodder to the silo. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 389 Mr. Gumi : Did you know that there are several machines that husk the corn and put it into the silo ? Professor Cochel : I have heard of them, but they have not gotten out our way. Our farmers who are practicing that are to a very large extent men who do not have silo capacity suffi- cient to feed all their cattle thru the winter, and they fill their silos two or three times. The president announced that the election of directors from the even-numbered districts for the ensuing year would take place after the banquet in the evening. The President. I now have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Joseph P. Cotton, of Chicago, chief of the Meat Division of the Food Administration, who will now address you. THE STOCKMAN AND THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION. I came out here to see you, and my trip is of very little use if it merely consists in your seeing and listening to me. I want to have a conference with you, and to get something from you, too. I suppose the first t'liing for me to do is to tell you more or less of what my job is — what I have been doing and why I have been doing it. I will be as brief as I can on that. In the first place, a Food Administration— this one or any other — is a pure war bureau. It has no other objects or purposes except as a war instrument, and its work is essentially two-fold: First, to see that the food is produced, and, second, to see that that food goes to the consumer and is distributed as cheaply as may be. If we fail in the production of the food, we can never get over that failure. One or two other generalities. With the withdrawal of a large num- ber of men from the productive industry, and with the spending of very large sums of money on war, there has come what we all know as the high cost of living, that is, an unprecedented demand for food and meat stuffs, and unprecedentedly high prices. No man, no government, is strong enough to just turn the clock back and put back the prices to where they were before the war, and any government or food administra- tion, or anybody else who tries it, will simply fail and be broken. It can't be done, and we are not trying to do it. What the Food Administra- tion is trying to do is to see that the food is produced, that the profit made on it is a reasonable profit, that after it is produced it goes to the manufacturer or distributer, and that he operates on a reasonable profit, and that it goes to the consumer with no other profits but these reasonable ones. That means eliminating just as far as po?sible speculative profits and profits that come from hoarding and other unfair methods — and those profits we all know have been pretty big. So much for a general statement. Now about my job. The first end of it was to look after the packers. You know them probably better than I do During the war the packers have had profits that arose not 390 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE only from manufacture, but from the fact that they bought a hog, we will say, at one price, and before they sold it it had gone up; that is, they took the speculative rise. Much of their profits in the last two years have been made in that way. After studying that over, I limited their profits. I made a different rule for the big ones than for the little ones, because I thought it was a good thing to do, and, generally speaking, because I thought the big- ones ran less risk than the small ones. I don't expect or ask anybody to agree with me in that profit I gave them; but I gave them what I thought they could live on and expand on enough to do a job that has to be done. I don't mean to get into a scrap with them, but I do mean that they shall work for the nation in this war — and they are going to. Let's not fool ourselves on the amount of money that goes to the packer, for whatever his profits and whatever he gets in his best years do not mean a very big slice of the cost of meats when the consumer gets them. Then, in order to save those savings for the consumer, there is a second step in the work, and that is one of the things I am trying to do now' — to see that the retailer does not do too much in the way of prof- iteering. The retailer, speaking generally, like the rest of us, has been getting all he could. As meats went up, he held his retail stuff at pretty high prices, and he did not lower them when meats went down. But the retailer as a class is not getting so very rich. There may be too many of them, or they may be doing the business badly. The service I can do in regard to the retailers I think is this: No man or set of men can go out and watch every retailer in the United States; but we control the packers pretty thoroly, and if any locality working with the local food administration tells me that a retailer is making an unfair profit, we can blacklist him and forbid the packers to sell him goods. Now about your end of the game — the production end of it. I am not a live stock man. Maybe they ought to have picked out one for my place; maybe they ought to have picked out a packer to regulate the packers. I am not sure that would have been wise. Anyway, this is what we did. I called in some advice on the producing end of if, and among those advisers two have spoken here today: Mr. Evvard and Mr. Cochel. An- other man whom I consulted from the beginning was Mr. Wallace, of this city. I don't want to give a false impression on that, either. I don't mean that those men are one bit responsible for what I have done; they have not been; I am merely saying that I have asked advice from them. On the whole, it has been good advice, and some of it I have fol- lowed, but not altogether, and I don't want to try to get back of those men. I took advice from the packers also. The first thing I took up was the hog situation, because there was pretty clearly and definitely a hog shortage. On that I made a state- ment that some of you have seen, fixing a minimum that I thought I could make the packers continue to pay on hogs, and fixing a corn ratio that I think is all right. I don't say that I think I am the boy that can stop the law of supply and demand; I am not; but I have centered in my hand — and it is my hand because it happened to be the only one around — the buying of the meats for the army and navy, and particularly for EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 391 the allies. All the meats and pork that the allied armies or the allied civilian population get have to be bought thru me, and you can't get an export license to export meat, or freight space to take it over, unless it is bought at a fixed price. I say that simply to emphasize that I have some ability to make good what I say about pork, because pork is the big export that the allies get from us — much greater than beef. You can see right away what that is. The stuff will keep; it does not require refrig- erating freight space as the beef does. When I am thru, I want you, if you will, to give me your ideas as to that program of hogs and how it is working, whether or not it was silly, and whether it is likely to take care of the situation. I am not trying to get you to back it; the time is gone for that; I am trying to find out whether it is wise or silly. Now, on beef I haven't had any such policy as that. We all know the difficulty of any attempt to standardize beef. But it is absolutely true that it doesn't do any good to fix minimums on pork and to help the pork price if we are going to bust the Iowa farmers on the beef; and it io absolutely essential, from the point of view of the Food Ad- ministration, that the stock game go on successfully in Iowa. That does not necessarily mean that every man who bought feeders at any price won't show a loss, but it does mean that the industry shall go on, and so far as I have power it is going to be exerted that it shall go on. Of course the Food Administration wants every bit of hog meat that it can possibly get — more meat on the begs, and more pigs- Of course it wants beef for this year and for all the time. And without regard to this year, I think it is pretty clear that any man who can stay in the beef game will in the long run be the gainer. It is absolutely true that the European stocks are very much decreased, and it is further true that England today is deliberately adopting a policy of lessening her stocks so as to feed her people grain direct. It is of course true that these markets vary, speaking generally, according to the law of supply and demand, and the people will eat more beef when it is low than when it is high, and there is a limit to the amount that can be killed and put into storage; so no man can make remarks that are very good to bank on as to what the definite course of the market is going to be in dollars. I do think, tho, that it is very clear that many of the beef men have been watching the market pretty closely for a long while, and I also think that you have a duty in time of war to go ahead and grow your cattle — not without regard to the market price, but without attempting to catch the top. I think a fellow' who is doing his entire job here would be growing and feeding his cattle, using sense, keeping to the market as long as he reasonably could, and sending them when they are right. Don't think because I state those duties simply and clearly that I think they are easy. As has been said here, it is perfectly clear that you have difficulties with labor and feed; don't think I never heard of those. They are not easy to cope with, and they have got to be coped with. I haven t talked particularly about any question of patriotism here, because I doii't think it is in the least necessary; I don t think that is the question at all. It is pretty clear that the farmers of the United States did not begin the S92 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE war, and it is also pretty clear to my mind that they are going to end it. Of course, beef that goes abroad is all frozen or canned stuff. Great Britian is accustomed, so far as she has a preference, to the Argentine beef, which is considerably heavier in weight. There has not been a normal amount shipped, but that Is practically in the hands of the ad- ministration; they can take just about what we tell them to take. In the army and navy they have been paying different prices for different grades, but they have not settled down to a standard specification. The last time I was in Washington that was the subject of debate- The packers are not~'guaranteed a profit, but I think they will get the profit that I allow them. I just want to be clear on that. Generally speaking, it is to the advantage of a packer to buy his stuff cheap, and [ think he will always try to buy it cheap, other things being equal. They are enormous borrowers of money, and they w^ant to keep those borrowings down; and also on the cheaper price the consumers' market is more active. I think the price can be aided by this division, and that we can effect new outlets of supply by export. If I could get re- frigerator space I could double the amount Great Britain takes. But nobody can help a glut if everybody in the corn belt piles in cattle. There is a big need of as much co-operation in marketing as we can reasonably get. If the cattle are kept from the panic sales, and mar- keting goes on as usual, I think we can do some good, but the govern- ment can't prevent a bottomless pit if everybody in Iowa dumps his cattle at once. THE BANQUET. On Tuesday evening, at 6 :30, was held the annual banquet of the association, covers for 200 being laid in the Parrot Koom of the Savery Plotel. After discussion of the viands (which this year included turkey in place of the usual choice cuts of beef, Tuesday being Meatless Day), an informal program of speeches occupied the attention of the guests for a couple of hours, Secretary Wal- lace presiding as toastmaster. A somewhat abbreviated report of the addresses follows : The Toastmaster: Ladies and Gentlemen: I don't need to tell you how glad Mr. Sykes and I are that so many have attended this meeting. I don t know as we have any particular right to say that, because we have no more right to welcome you than you have to welcome yourselves or u?; but it is a great pleasure to us to see so large an attendance, con- sidering the unfavorable weather. 'We are particularly glad to have so many of the ladies with u^ tonight. Last year was the first time we had ladies at our banquet, and I think it was about the best one we ever had. We had hoped to have even more of them present this year, and I think we w^ould if it had not been for the unusual cold. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 393 One of the first observers of our association in the years gone by. when those who were not members of it watclied our development with kindly eye and helped us from time to time as they had opportunity, has not been with us for some time past. I think he got some real benefit from his associations with us in earlier years; I know I heard compli- mentary remarks on his editorials during that period. I think we were of real service to him, while he added to our .own pleasure very much. And so I asked Mr. Harvey Ingham, of the Register and Tribune, to come tonight and to once more get next to the real people of the state, renew his allegiance, and get such inspiration as I think we can give him. We will hear from him at this time. Mr. Ingham: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I can assure you that it is with very great pleasure that I came back, after some years, to this meeting of the stock growers of the state. You know there are a great many of these organizations that start out with great enthusiasm but do not last, and it is highly interesting to see an organ- ization of this kind that becomes a permanent factor in the situation and grows as the years go on. I want to particulaily congratulate this asso- ciation on this account, because its business is one that goes to the very heart of the proposition before the world today. You have been coming to Des Moines off and on for fourteen years. Every time you come, you notice an improvement in the city — that more is being done in a public way. What is the secret of that development? Des Moines was made up originally of thirteen separate towns, with a river dividing them — "Uncle Dick" Clarkson used to call it "the river of dividing strife." A few years ago, a body of young men undertook to get the people of this city to work together, and since that effort began, the city has spent over two million dollars on the river front. Five magnificent bridges have been built — really more than we need. The river has been changed into a real bond of union ; it is the civic center and ornamental part of the city. In those ten years, by cooperative effort, we have done away with the divisions of the city, and we have all the people interested in those things that are of interest to all the people. Des Moines would not have gotten this camp up here away from cities like Minneapolis and Omaha, except for the prompt work of the citizens of Des Moines; and w'e would not have gotten the contract to build it except for that very reason. Now, what we have done here in Des Moines is to eliminate lines of division, and that is what seems to me all organized effort is teaching. If you stop to think of it, what is the great American experiment? It is that we have eliminated dividing lines; there are no boundary lines on this western continent. You are never conscious when you cross a line from one county or state into another. Sir James MacDonald said, in an address at the Grant Club, that the three-thousand-mile boundary betv/een Canada and the United States without a single soldier guarding it, was the greatest achievement in the western world. We have eli- minated in this great territory — very much larger than Europe outside of Russia — all boundary lines and all lines of division. The people of S94 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE every race live in this country. Nearly all of them are represented at these tables, and all of them are working together in this great western world. What are you conscious of the minute yeu look at Europe? Divid- ing lines — all the emphasis put on boundaries. The whole quarrel lu Europe, or a large part of it, is over boundaries, and that has been the history of Europe from the beginning. It seems to me that the message of America to Europe is to abandon those divisions, because that is the only possible foundation for an enduring civilization in the world. Every rivalry that is represented in Europe is represented in any gathering of American citizens; there are conflicts of interest; and yet, as Americans, we can come together in the large things that are of importance to us all. We contend for our interests in the things upon which we differ, but we do not allow them to stand in the way of great accomplishments, and that is what an organization like this stands for. You differ among your- selves as to what your own private interests are, and yet you can come here on the large things that affect you all, and the result is that you make yourselves felt. I am not able to recount all that you have done, but you know that you have done an enormous amount of good. The more of such organizations we have, and the more we emphasize this agreement upon things that interest us all, the more we are solving the great world problems, the more we are going to make foundation for an enduring civilization in the world. And so we have a little training school in this association, and other training schools in the commercial clubs of the state, and in all the organizations that bring us together for the larger purposes in which we are interested. Now there are certain things at home that we must do for ourselves; there are still lines of division in America that must be eliminated. I think there is too much of a line of division between town and country, between what may be called the farming population and the town pop.u- lation. If you stop to think of it, the only resource of a state like Iowa is the rural homes. Our towns brag on their industries and their fac- tories, but what is Iowa if the rural home is not a success? We have no great mines or forests or commercial interests or shipping. You take away the rural home from Iowa and there is nothing left of a city like Des Moines. And yet you will find that that is not very much appreciated in the cities and trading centers. I am very well satisfied that the boys who are going to inherit these fine farms that you have earned, and who are going to have plenty of money to live where they choose, will not continue to live on the farms unless they are as attractive to them as any other place. They are going to California or Florida, or wherever they want to, unless the rural life of Iowa is attractive; and that is a much more serious problern than we sometimes think it is. Fifty-one per cent of the men on Iowa farms are now renters, and most' of them are on short-time leases. There isn't a man here but knows what that means to the soil of Iowa. There are two or three conditions that must be met. One is that you must have just as good schools for the hoys and girls in the country as we have in town. Men will not stay in the country unless their children EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 395 secure the advantages that they can get elsewhere. On the other hand, thousands of men would be glad to live out five or ,ten miles from to.vn, and raise their families under rural conditions, if they could have the social conditions in the country that they find in the towns and cities. Nearly every man I ever met who left the farm gave as his reason thai he wanted to give his children school advantages. We are solving this problem somewhat with these consolidated schools, but we are far behind other states in that respect. I myself believe that we must have more good roads. Fifty years ago we devoted all our energies to securing the transcontinental railroads, and every one of them that passes thru our state is of enormous valUL to it; but the wagon road is infinitely more important to the state than the railroad. The prosperous towns are going to be on the great wagon roads; the great automobile lines of traffic are going to determine the desirability of property, and we are making a mistake if we do not wake up to what it means to support California in the winter and New England in the summer. You can not imagine the amount of money that is being taken out of this state. Do you suppose the Pennsylvania Dutch built five hundred miles of paved highway across the mountains of that state for amusement or to entertain their friends? Do you suppose the Yankees of New England have covered the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire with paved highways simply to allow their money to be spent? My friends, they have built those roads because it is to their advantage to do so, and California and Oregon and Washington are doing the same thing. If the states of Iowa and Minnesota would build a scenic highway from Keokuk to Minneapolis, along the bluffs of the Mississippi river, it would draw thousands of people. It is one of ihe things that we can not afford to ignore. In a larger sense there are other lines of division in the United States. I thijik one of the most serious problems before this country is found in the dividing lines of race. It has been the bane of the world from the beginning. There are more Indians in the United States today than when Columbus landed. You may think that is a very strange state- ment, but if you write to the Department of the Interior you will find it is true. The Indians are a small part of our population, and yet they are a part of us. Ten per cent of the American people are negroes. I want to say to you tonight that no permanent and enduring civilization can be built up on a submerged tenth of the population. We had a training camp for negro officers at Port Des Moines. There never was a finer body of men gathered anywhere in the United States. Forty per cent of them were college graduates. Six hundred of those men were enlisted as captains in the army. There were no guards upon the street cars running to Fort Des Moines; there was not a single com- plaint from any passenger. There are six or eight thousand colored men from the south today in this camp; they are in training to go out to fight, i am not here to say to you what the social basis of the race is going to be, but it must in some way be based upon fair play. We must solve the problem fairly, and eliminate in some way that line of division. 396 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (Mr- Ingham tlien devotQ^ aoca* time to the discussion of tbe Chineee and Japanese relations.) My friends, we must come to recognize that for some reason there are a great many different kinds of people in the world, and Providence undoubtedly had some purpose in placing us all here. There are a gi-eat many different kinds of religious opinions and political opinions and ways of doing business, and we must learn that each one of these different ways is worth trying out. We will never have a war with Canada, and yet their interests are very different from ours. Under the greatest provocation in the world, we have not gone to war with Mexico. If the nations of Europe had treated each other with half the toleration we have shown in Mexico, there would not have been any war. In the end, we are going to have Mexico on her feet, if there is any such thing. We are going to do there as we have done in Cuba and in the Philippines. I hope when the war is over, the feeling will be that America came to Europe for the purpose of helping Europe to solve her own problems, and not for the purpose of getting anything out of it for ourselves. We are learning a tremendous world lesson in this organization, and we are learning it in every organization that brings us together. The thing to do is to appreciate that fact, and go out into our larger activities of life, and into our political relations, with this lesson on our lips, and use the tremendous influence we have in this great country to lay the foundation for a world that will be, as America has been, a world of opportunity, so that our boys and the boys of future generations will enjoy everywhere on earth the blessings that you and I have had. The Toastmaster: There are a few things necessary in the prosecution of a war. First we have to get the men to fight, and then we have to provide the equipment— ammunition and guns — to fight with, and clotn- ing and food. The feeding of the men is just as important as any one of the other things. Our government thought it necessary to appoint a Food Administrator, who would make it his job to see that not only our own people but our allies were fed. The Food Administrator thought it necessary to divide up his work. One of the crying needs on the other side is meat; so Mr. Hoover organized a Meat Division, and put Mr. Cotton, of New York, in charge of it. I think we have the very unusual honor of being the first organization which Mr. Cotton has visited. We heard him this afternoon tell us some of his troubles, but he can tell more amusing things if he wants to. Mr. Cotton: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I came out here to talk to the Iowa men about food, and to say very little with reference to the Food Administration, and I did not realize that I had to have the results we got this afternoon approved by the ladies. Practically all that we said this afternoon was to get clearly in all our minds that the work of growing hogs and cattle, altho it is the same work you have been doing before, has a real relation to the war, and to say that it is not so tremendously important what Iowa men make out of it, but it is enormously important that they do it. I came here not so much for what I might say to you as that I should be able to take back a clear vision that Iowa would keep on doing what she has done in the EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VH 397 Raising of live stock, and in order that the people in "Washington, who are a little far away, should have a clearer vision of the troubles and the struggles that you are going to go thru in performing your duty for this year to come; because, while it is perfectly easy to say, "Raise live stock," that does not make it any easier to do; and it is highly important that the government administration understand the difficulties under which you are working. The Food Administration in general is not an exciting job. There is one jart of its work that I dofl't think is understood, and that I might speak of for a moment. The very first thing a Food Adminis- tration has to do is to look after the production and distribution of food and if it does not accomplish that, it is pretty unimportant. I think very few realize that the Food Administration is today prac- tically controlling the question of exports and imports. For instance, if we want to get sisal from Yucatan, which we must have, we are con- stantly controlling food exports to Chile; and in a number of cases the sisal. So if we want to ge: nitrates for explosives from Chile, we are con- stantly controlling food exports to Chile; and in a number of cases the inves.tigation has shown actual shortage of many food products. Sugar, for instance, is a particular one, and we are preventing exports and try- ing to shorten consumption. That is not very important, except that I want to be sure you have no misunderstanding as to the purpose of the Food Administration. It has a purpose to keep down prices just as far as it can. I am not pretending that it is the special friend of any group of producers; it is not. It would not be worth its salt if it was. But I wa,nt to get the idea into your minds that while it is an organization which is trying to keep down the price of foods to the consumer, it also is wise or sensible enough to know that it can only do that if it gives to the producer a real living wage during the war; and that, I think, it does know and understand. It has been particularly pleasing, Mr. Chairman, to come here and to meet the live stock growers, because they have told me so much, and lold it so frankly and clearly. I did not come to talk to the ladies, and I am no man to call on for that purpose. That does not mean that I am not obliged for the opportunity and not very glad to be here. The Toastmaster: I am sure we iiave all enjoyed Mr. Cotton's visit with us, and I think he will take back, both to his Chicago office and to Washington, where I understand he is going this week, the right sort of a notion of Iowa people. I think he knows now, if he did not before, that it is the sincere desire of our people to do whatever they can to help win this war. "We are not looking for exorbitant profits, and are willing to take our losses if by so doing we are going to serve our country, and to continue taking them just as long as v/e have any money to lose. It is perfectly clear to every thinking man that the losses of the farmer, just as well as the losses of every other business man, are measured by the depth of his pocketbook; when he reaches the bottom, the stuff is off. "We want you to feel, Mr. Cotton, that you can call on us for any possible service that we can render to you or to the Food Administration in general. 398 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE My brother, John P. Wallace, has been active during the past year in Red Cross work. Just now the Red Cross is launching a state-wido and nation-wide campaign, and I have asked him to come here, because he is chairman of the work in this state, and tell this representative body of citizens from the different parts of the state, something of that work, so that when you go home you can tell your own people about it, and have the part I know you want to have in that very necessary and important campaign. Mr. John P. Wallace: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It has been my pleasure to talk Red Cross to a number of city audiences, but this is the first time I have really had the pleasure of talking to a farm audience, and it is a very great privilege. As we have eaten a fine dinner tonight, had nice table linen, flowers, etc., do you realize that there are a million homeless people in Europe? That is one place where the Red Cross comes in. The Red Cross is taking care of homeless people in Belgium, in Poland, and in many coun- tries in Europe. Do you realize that in this great battle on the western front in France, fifteen hundred villages and towns of France have been destroyed? Imagine, if you can, beautiful Iowa, with not a tree or a fence, and the ground filled with great shell holes, and you have a picture of the condition as it actually exists in France today. The Red Cross is making homes for these people. Its services are twofold: Civil relief (which would come under that head), and mili- tary relief. Not only in France, but in all the other warring countries, the Red Cross is doing its work and doing it well. It was made possible by our campaign all over this nation last year, in which Iowa raised nearly two millions of dollars of the one hundred million dollar fund. Forty millions of that fund have been spent thui far in civil relief and military relief. This coming campaign is not one for money; it is a campaign to interest every man, woman and dhild in the American Red Cross. No child is too young to become a member of the Red Cross; even a new baby is eligible to membership — no man or woman too old. There are no people who take greater interest in the Red Cross than the older ladies, knitting socks and sweaters, and they take particular pride in knitting socks. As we sit here tonight, there are thousands of American boys in France, some of them already in the trenches. I call your attention to the fact that an Iowa boy, Merle D. Hay, who voluntarily enlisted in May, was one of the first three Americans killed. After reaching France, he wrote back home: "Tell the folks about the Y. M. C. A."; and they were giving this message in our camp when Iowa raised $1,400,000 for Army "Y" Work. If Merle Hay had simply been wounded, he would have sent this message: "Tell the folks about the Red Cross." The Red Cross is the only organization for relief work recognized by the government. It has its hospitals right up to the very firing line. After the first-aid dressing station there is an emergency hospital, where the absolutely necessary work is done. Just as soon as the wounded soldier is taken care of at the emergency hospital, he goes back to the EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VH 399 base hospital, where the major operations are performed, and from the base hospital to the convalescent hospital ; and then when the soldier is able to be out, they send him to a place where he can recuperate until he can get back to the firing line. The Red Cross operates and is back of every one of these hospitals. You know in our own country the Red Cross is not a military organi- zation; it is for the relief of suffering wherever it may be. In the Halifax disaster, the Red Cross v/as immediately there, reaching out its arms to succor the di£tressed in that city, where 25,000 people are homeless: If it were not for the Red Cross there would be no organized relief work for Halifax. In the case of the cyclones in Illinois, the Red Cross was down at Charleston and those other towns in Illinois and Indiana within a few hours after the cyclone. But the military work is the big activity at this time. The Cbristmas campaign is to increase the membership from five mil- lion, which is now the largest membership of any nation, to fifteen mil- lion. On the first of January, 1917, there were only 250,000 members in the United States; Japan had 1,800,000. There are now five million members in the United States, and Iowa is one of the leading states per capita, with 350,000. I believe the population of Iowa is 2,358,611. The objective of our campaign in Iowa at this time is to make at least one out of every four persons a member. That would mean approximately 600,000. In many localities in Iowa today, I am glad to say that that quota is already passed; there are several towns that closely approxi- mate one to every two. Our minimum quota is 600,000, but we wish that the maximum quota might be 1,000,000, which would not be quite one to every two persons. There is only one way in v/hich we can get 600,000 members, and that is by organization. When any of you are called upon to do anything in these times, I think it is your business to do it. It may not be convenient to do it, but if you are called upon to go out and work for the Red Cross, you should do it gladly. If you have any doubts as to whether you should become a member of the Red Cross and give some of your time to Interesting people in it, just measure your time or money or anything else that you give by the gift of the boy who leaves a good business job and gives up everything. Now, our plan of campaign in Iowa is to organize thoroughly every county. Mr. Ingham has told you eloquently of organization, and you can't do very much without it. We want the message of the Red Cross carried to every farm home in Iowa, and that is one of our biggest problems. Where people are gathered in towns, it is an easy thing to get at them. In Des Moines there are a large number of men wlro have a large acquaintance, and they get together and parcel out the territory, and we see that all our people are seen in any of these campaigns. I think there is no question but what the farm people can do more to put across this Red Cross caipipaign this time than the city people; but they will have to be willing to get out and do just as we do — give up a little of their time and work — and we are going to ask you to do that. When they asked me to take the state chairmanship, I was glad to do it, be- cause I felt it was my duty. 400 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AeRICULTURE In every country there are organized Red Cross chapters; in many counties tliey have several chapters and a large number of auxiliaries. I think nearly every one of these chapters will touch some of you folks. Nearly every county has its organization under way by this time. That organization usually consists of a general chairman. In a city like Des Moines, they have a general chairman and field marshal, and we have three men each of whom heads a division, and each division has eight captains, and each captain has eight men under him, making approxi- mately two hundred and forty men who go out to work. "We want something of that sort in the county organizations — at least a general chairman, and as many captains as he deems best to have: and these captains will try to enlist all of you folks in working for the Red Cross in your individual communities. We want to secure as many members as possible, but it is not money we are after — it is your interest. There are two classes of memberships which we emphasize in this campaign, the Christmas, or $1.00 membership, which simply means that you believe in the Red Cross, and want to be identified with it; and the $2.00 membership, which is simply the Christmas membership and enough additional to send you the magazine. The Red Cross magazine you w-ill find worth several dollars in itself, because it tells the story of the Red Cross in a way that no other magazine tells it. So the amount of money is not large, and yet . if we do as we want to in Iowa, and secure 600,000 members, it will mean that fifty per cent of the money will stay right at home, because 50 cents of each Red Cross membership stays with the local chapter, and that money is used for purchasing ma- terial for surgical dressings, for wool for sweaters and yarn for socks, and for needed supplies. The other 50 cents goes to Washington, to pay the expenses of keeping up the organization, and I may say in that connection that the Red Cross is the least expensively run organization of any in the entire country. The head of the Red Cross, Mr. Davison, a New York banker, v.-ho received, I believe, $100,000 a year, has left his business and gives his whole time to the work. Mr. Gibson, the manager, does the same. There is only one salary out of seven hundred people interested in the Red Cross that amounts to over $G,000, and that salary is $7,500, and was paid before this war began. There are only five sala- ries that run up to $6,000. The most of the m.oney paid out for Red Cross help is for stenographers, bookkeepers, etc.; and because so much of the help is voluntarily, the expense of the Red Cross is practically nothing — so the 50 per cent easily keeps up the expense at Washington. If you are already a member of the Red Cross, in this campaign you will be asked to renew your membership, no matter when you became a member, unless since the first of October. If we waited to get the renewal of your membership next June, it would take a lot of time that we ought to be giving to the war itself, because by the first of next April you may expect to read bulletins on the streets of the cities, and casualty lists in the newspapers, and there will be some of your boys among them; and if we wait until then to get back of the Red Cross, we are going to be too late to save a lot of our boys. So when you are asked to renew your membership, do it cheerfully. If you became a member EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 401 in June, your membership will be automatically extended till a year from next June, but we ask you to pay your dues in December, so as to get all the work out of the way at this season of the year. I wonder how many in this room are members of the Red Cross? (Quite a large number of hands were raised.) I want to appeal to you members not to wait to be asked to work in this campaign, but when you get home, call up the chairman or the auxiliary and tell them that you want a part in this campaign. This is the Red Cross service flag. (Mr. Wallace here displayed the flag.) All the chapters in Iowa will have one of these flags for every member. The idea is that as soon as you become a member of the Red Cross in this Christmas campaign, you put this flag in the window, and on Christmas night we want you to put a candle behind the flag. Wouldn't it be a fine thing if that service flag of the Red Cross was in every window in Iowa on Christmas night! For every member there will be a little red cross. This signifies one member in a family, and for every additional member they will have a little Red Cross sticker to put in the corner for each member of your family Avho is a member. There ought to be a lot of 100 per cent memberships. That would mean a $2.00 membership for the head of the family, which would bring the magazine, and a $1.00 membership for the wife and each of the children. I hope you will do as I request volunteer your services now; and I hope those who are not now members will become so before Christmas. I think there should be very many homes in Iowa with less than fifty per cent for the Red Cross, if not one hundred per cent. I do not see how we can sit at our firesides on Christmas night and realize that the Red Cross will be responsible for bringing many of our boys home to us — perhaps saving many of their lives through quick and efficient treatment when they are w-ounded, and say to ourselves that we have not worked in this campaign and are not even members. I hope no farm home in Iowa will say that on Christmas night. President Sykes: I wish to endorse and commend everything that Mr. Wallace has said concerning the work of the Red Cross and the part that we should take in maintaining it. I believe that we people in the agricultural and rural districts do not appreciate what the Red Cross is doing for the world. Let us not be stingy with our money. What does $10 or $15 or $25 amount to, anyway? We have got to win this war; we are all set on that: and if the Red Cross can help us to win it, let us help the Red Cross. I hope that every one of us, when this campaign comes on, will do his p^art willingly and enthusiastically, and get the other fellow to take hold and do what he can in this good work. In the temp.orary absence of Toastmaster Wallace, President Sykes called upon D. W. Anglum, who told in an amusing manner of his recent trip to Sheridan, Wyoming. Preaideht Sykes then introduced Professor W. A. Cochel, of Kansas. Professor Cochel: Ladies and Gentlemen: I have lived in Kansas now for a little over six years, and in that time I have learned to accept all the stories that are told in regard to the state, and say that they are ■ 26 402 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE true. Our state is a little different from Iowa, in that it has a different kind of history. I was brought up in Missouri, and those of you who know the feeling of Missouri towards Kansas can realize the absolute change in attitude that I have had to have in order to become a loyal citizen of the state. It used to be true in our section of the country that to tell a man to go to Kansas was a higher insult than to tell him to go to another famous place that is even hotter. It seemed to worry my people very much when I first went to Kansas, because of the fact that they objected to addressing a letter to me in that particular state; but they have learned better now. And those of us who have lived in Kansas and learned the ways of the Kansas people, can't help but appreciate and admire the fact that things do happen rapidly, that the people there are as loyal to their state as the people here are to Iowa; and after you know them well, you realize that it is justly so. I used to think that I would never say anything about a state in which I lived, because of the fact that it looked as if a man was bragging on things unnecessarily; and so I will not say anything further about Kansas except that it is really a good place to live. It is a place that we all enjoy, and if any of you ever get dissatisfied in Iowa, probably you will find something dif- ferent in Kansas that may meet your needs at that particular time. I came to this meeting six years ago, and I cannot help but notice the difference in the attitude of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Associa- tion toward their meeting. None of the ladies were present at the last banquet that I attended, and really I can truthfully say that it is a decided improvement to have them here. It is a matter of a great deal of satisfaction to those of us who are interested in agricultural organi- zations to know that a group of men representing the industry which you represent in your state are able to get together year after year, to grow in influence, and to make yourselves felt not only in your own state, out in every state in the Union. I think no great question has come before the live stock men of the United States for solution in the past ten years but what the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association has contributed much to the solving of it, if not more than any other group of men interested in this particular industry. That means that you have had grouped together a lot of men who are vitally, permanently and financially interested in the industry. It means that you have not looked upon this annual meeting simply as a social organization at which you can get together and shake hands and say Hello! and How do you do! to one another, but it means that you have come here with a purpose in view, and shown your excellent judgment in electing as ofl!icers and as your spokesmen from year to year men who command the re- spect and confidence of the live stock m&n in every other state in the country. At the present time our live stock industry is considered one of the most important of all those that are engaged in the prosecution of the war. Mr. Cotton tells us that next to the production of munitions, probably the production of food is the most important single factor in the winning of the war. Iowa being the greatest hog state in the Union, EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII W6 and the hog being the greatest fat producer of any animal that grows, it means that you will contribute the greatest share in that particular to- wards the winning of the war. We have learned in recent months to take an entirely different view- point toward our industries than we have ever taken before. Hereto- fore at these meetings, it has been customary for the men who were discussing the various subjects on the program to confine their remarks almost entirely to the immediate profit which they were going to get out of their efforts, to look toward the evils which were pursuing them and would reduce their profits. Today we have not heard a word of discour- agement toward any other industry as it is related to ours, nor a word of dissatisfaction in regard to the condition of our industry; but we are all here together to take what is coming to us and to do our share, and do it cheerfully, regardless of almost anything that may happen. That is the attitude of the live stock men in every state in our Union; they are big, broad-minded men, who are ready to contribute in every possible manner toward the winning of the war, which we of course all realize is the biggest job that has ever been set up before our country. Now, coming from an educational institution, I can not help but call your attention to a few things in connection with the winning of the war. There never has been a time in the history of our country when an education on the part of an individual citizen has been so valuable to our country as it is today. We find in our state, and you find in yours, that in the selection of the additional officers to command our armies the first requisite that the United States army has made has been that those men should be educated men. I don't know how many of our self-made cattle men in Kansas who have not had the opportunity of obtaining a college education have come to me and said that this was the first time in their lives that they ever came up point-blank against a proposition that they were unable to put over, simply because of the fact that they were not classified as educated men. The president of our local Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association came to me less than a week ago, and said that he had tried to get into the first officers' training camp, and into the second officers' training camp. He is as good a citizen as we have. He is of draft age, and he said that the only reason he was turned down in either instance was because of the fact that his education had not been suffi- cient. He is one of the most progressive, shrewd, keen men we have in the state, and yet that one thing has kept him from doing his part as he felt that he could do it most efficiently. He is a man who is able to command men; he has employed men and has done it successfully; and he is a man in whom everyone has confidence. The men who work for him consider him one of the most liberal employers in the state. I cite that as an indication of the tendency in our country toward educating the larger proportion of our citizens — what it has meant in the past and what it will mean in the future. I just happen to have a list made up of the men who were in attendance at our institution last year in the animal husbandry work, and while but one and a half per cent of our total population are now under arms, the junior and senior students are now under the colors to the extent of a 404 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE little over 21 per cent of the total enrollment; and that is the his.tory and condition in practically every educational institution in the country. Our educational institutions have been developed upon lines which enable the students to realize that their country is one of the most important factors, if not the paramount factor in their lives. If we felt that this condition which now confronts us is only one of the individual, and that the country as a whole is not particularly In- terested in it, the sacrifice would not be worth while; but under the present circumstances we must feel that this war in which we are now engaged is oeing carried on the, same as every other great war in the history of the world — for some definite, specific purpose — and that we are going to come out of it a better nation, a better people. We are going to have different ideals from those that we have had heretofore, and it is because of the fact that we are contributing the best we have in men, in food, in inventive genius, in munitions, in every factor concerned in the winning of the war. It means that when this war is closed and our part of it is written, the good which is to come out of it in the end must of necessity be greater than any good that has ever come out of any war in the history of the world, because it is the biggest, the most expensive, occupies a greater number of people, and is going to be fought to a more definite and final finish than any that we have ever been engaged in. The live stock men are contributing their share in every way. They are the men upon whom we have depended in times of peace to exercise the best judgment, to contribute to our country the best that has been contributed to it; and we are finding in our section of the country — and I know you are in Iowa— that the live stock men are the ones who are leading in every way in the winning of the war, and contributing their share toward its success. The Toastmaster: We are doubly fortunate tonight in having with us the chairman of our State Council of Defense, the Hon. Lafayette Young. He has been spending the entire day outside of the city, came in at 8:40, and was kind enough to come and talk to us a little while. Senator Young: I am a member of the meat consumers' association, I am glad to hear our friend from Kansas speak. If I should ever be born again, I am going to select Kansas, just on chance. The people of the United States have a big job on their hands — one that they did not seek, but one they can not avoid. The United States never engaged in the war of her own volition; she did not fire the first shot in this war, but she is making arrangements to fire the last one. The United States never engaged in a war that was not for the liberty of our own people and the human race generally. Germany never engaged in a war that was not for her own individual aggrandizement, either in money or lands. 'What we lack in the United States is ap- preciation. We have been shy on patriots. We have not had them in the schools or the churches or the colleges. We have not had patriots on the farms, in the shops, or anywhere else where we should have had them. In my foolish days, I used to lecture a good deal, and I have been at colleges and churches where there were large gatherings of handsome ladies and fine-looking men, with roses on the table, but not a sign of an EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 405 American flag or the American colors. The crudest band that ever undertook to play anything would undertake a selection from Lohengrin or some other great opera rather than take a chance on "America*' or "The Star-Spangled Banner." That is why we have to hold these mis- sionary meetings. I say, God bless the United States! It is the only place where you have room to spread yourself, where you have inspiration to do big things. There are only two places in the world where a man is free. One is on the boundless prairies, where he can say and do things out loud, and the other is in the vastness of a great city like London. Abraham Lincoln was a child of the prairies; he was free. William Booth was a free man in the midst of the multitude; and in our past half century there have been no names to surpass those of Lincoln and General William Booth. My friends, the thing that we can all do is to promote loyalty and enthusiasm in our neighborhoods. While I am chairman of the Council of Defense for the state — a sheriff, as I call myself, for the state, vvorking without compensation, and without a particle of authority, you can all do just as njuch without authority as with it. I am glad to do what I can, because I am not killing any Germans, much as I would like to. There are none around here that I would like to kill; but I would like to reform a great many. A.11 I want to know is that a man is for the old United States of America — if he is, I am for him. If he is against the United States, I will be very glad to furnish him money to buy a ticket and send him back to the country from which he came. I want you to understand that against all comers — Germans, Swedes, Italians, Danes, Greeks, and all other people and all other countries — I am for the United States, seven days in the week. May the God of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Cromwell, Milton, Washington and Lincoln, guard, guide, protect and defend thru all the coming ages this great free republic of the western world! The Toastmaster: We have heard from a member of the Food Admin- istration who has been carrying on some conservation work. We are go- ing to ask Professor Bliss who has been at the head of that work in this state, to tell us about it. Professor- Bliss: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I have attended the meetings of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association for a number of years, but I have never attended one that I have en- joyed more, nor from which I have received more profit than the one today. I am sure that every member will go back home determined to do all that he can in his locality to help Uncle Sam in the present crisis. Mr. Wallace has stated that I have had something to do with our food conservation campaign in this state. I may say that I am connected with the Agricultural Extension Department at Ames, as most of you know, and that department in the present war is the official representa- tive of the United States Department of Agriculture and of the govern- ment in food production work. Immediately upon the outbreak of the war, we began studying and planning as to how we could best carry on 406 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the work that was cut out for us. Last spring a special effort was made along the line of garden work, as you know, and the Volunteer Food Producers' Association was organized with 20,000 members. The food conservation campaign was carried on last summer, which entered every county in the state of Iowa, and paved the way for the recent campaign of the Food Administration in this state, which has resulted in a larger number of signatures, I believe, in accordance with our population, than in any other state of the Union. We carried on these activities during the spring and summer with our own funds. Late in August, the government funds appropriated espe- cially for' war purposes (I want to make that point clear, that the enact- ment under which we receive our funds now specifically states that it is an act for the national defense and for the purpose of winning the war with Germany) became available. The government asked us to first organize the state with farm improvement associations. Most of you are familiar with this organization, which provides for a membership of 200 farmers or farm owners in each county, who will raise in the neighborhood of $1,000 thru subscriptions for the support of this work. We have to organize at the present time if we are going to meet the Prussian menace. We can't do it as individuals, we must work as a unit. I am very glad to inform you tonight that practically seventy counties in this state already have farm improvement organizations organized on the basis I have mentioned, and it is our purpose and plan to put this organization up to ninety-nine countlas before spring work opens. Wliether or not we can do that will depend upon the cordial co-opera- iton of the people living in these counties. I am not taking any credit for our extension work; we don't de- serve any. AVe are merely trying to be loyal and do our duty. But I do feel that the people of this state deserve a great deal of credit in their respective counties for the way they have taken hold of this work and pushed it forward. There is very little kicking about the proposition at this time. In some localities you will find people who kick. The man who kicks and holds back puts himself in the same class with the fellow who kicks against the Red Cross and the Y. M. C. A. This is a time when we must get back of the government pro- gram and push hard in order to get it thru, and we are very grateful for the whole-hearted support the people are giving this work. There is no use in organizing simply for organization's sake, but I want to tell you that the people of Iowa have one of the biggest prob- lems on hand to find sufficient seed corn for next year's planting. 'A strenuous effort will be made thru all of these organizations to ferret out this seed and have sufficient good seed stock for the farmers of this state for next spring. It is a problem that we must work at in- dustriously if we are going to meet it. The government has asked for an increase in the production of pork. We had Mr. Cotton out here today to tell you what the Food Admin- istration intends to do in this regard, and I feel myself that the prospects for pork production were never better than they are right now, and I believe the farmers of this state are going to get back to this movement and do their very best. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 407 Then there is the question of labor — probably the most serious ques- tion which we face; but we must not permit ourselves to think that we can't meet this situation. We are a strong, resourceful people, and we must meet this situation and produce these crops, and we can do it thru careful organization and thru the mobilization of the labor which we have. I heard Dean Hunt, of California, speak the other day. He has recently been in Canada, spending three weeks there investi- gating their labor conditions. Canada has done a remarkable piece of work in this war. According to Dean Hunt's statement, the United States will have to raise an army of 5,000,000 soldiers and $40,000,000,- 000 in order to equal the work that has been done by Canada up to the present time, and the Canadians are just going ahead and doing some more big things now. Dean Hunt stated that the Canadian farmers had managed to keep up their production all the time they were doing these other things. I believe that if we organize carefully in this state and get hold of our available labor and create a sentiment which will make it disloyal for anyone not to work who is able to work we will be able to meet this labor 'situation next spring, and that is exactly the thing wo must do. Mr. Hunt said that the Canadians met their labor situation by eliminating non-essential things, and by placing greater emphasis upon essential things; and that is one of the things that we have to do in this country at the present time. I have been impressed by the talks that have been made here to- night, but nothing has impressed me more than the emphasis which has been placed upon the responsibility of the home folks. It lias been about eight months since we went to war, last April. At that time the Russian people had overthrown the czar. We had high hopes that those Rurosians would go ahead and do their part to help win the pres- ent conflict; but they have fallen down not because of any dissension in the army, but because they did not get any support back home. The army has been the last of all to break up and capitulate. iWe have recently seen the Italian army forced back on their own home ground, 1 believs largely because they did not have the necessary supplies in order to stand upon the battle line. In other words, the people back home, for some reason or other, were unable to supply the troops at the front with the necessary help. I suspect that similar conditions might exist in France were it not for the support that the United States and other countries have given them in the way of food and supplies. I am mentioning these things to call your attention to this point. The army of the United States is going to give a good account of itself, and we are going to demand of these young fellows who go to the front the very highest grade of patriotism and bravery; but there is not a particle more responsibility resting upon them than upon the folks at home, and we must organize in order to support them. We are just as morally responsible to sacrifice our own time and pleasure, and our own money, if need be, in order to support these boys, if they are to give a good account of themselves when they get on the western front, and that is the thing we must do. Merely because we live in a free country does not mean that we are going to beat the Prussians, not 408 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE by any manner or means. Our army may believe in democracy, but that fact is not going to win over an autocratic army. They must work as a uriic and all push at once, and we have got to do the same thing here. The fact that we believe in democracy is not going to beat the Prussians. We have got to work as a unit, and not as disorganized groups. If a pig is worth as much as a shell in winning this war, then we' out here in Iowa ought to do our part toward supplying the pigs. I am confident that that will be done. Personally I feel that the partriotic sentiment in this country is going forward rapidly now, but it needs good, strong, whole-souled, patriotic fellows in every locality to get back of it and push it. I don't look upon it as being particularly patriotic to grow these crops and try to meet the government program; I look upon it as a case of loyalty. It is a case of being loyal to the government in the present emergency, and I venture to predict that when this year rolls around, you will find Iowa coming up to the harvest time with her usual good crop. In conclusion, I want to say that we of the extension department are at your service; we want you to use us just as much as you possibly can. We are for the government program; we are bending all our energies in order to further it and beat the Prussians. If you can aid us in any way, we v»-ill be glad to have you do it. That is our purpose and object during the coming year, and we hope we may be of some help to the national government in accomplishing that end. The Toastmaster: One of the finest things about our association is that as the older members, who bore the brunt of the work in the earlier years have been going on, a large number of young men have come into the association. We want to hear from a few of those men in a few words tonight. We want them to get acqviainted with the old members. Brief but pointed responses were mada by Mr. Harry Fox and Mr. Drury, of Sac county; H. S. Martin, of Monroe county; U. S.' Baxter, of Ida county, and Mr. Hileen, of Cherokee county. The Toastmaster: I Avish we had time to call on more of these younger members; it is an inspiration to those of us who have been in the work longer; but v/e have our election of officers to attend to, and I think we had better begin on that. I will entertain nominations for the coming year. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. Mr. Eiscle : AVe have a man among us who is known all over the United States, and is talked of wherever yon go, and I believe that he can do us more good than any other man whom we could nominate here this evening. That man is Mr. Sykes of Ida Grove, and I put him in nomination for president. (Upon motion, the rules v/ere suspended, and the secretary cast the ballot of the association for President Sykes, who was thereupon declared duly elected for the ensuing year.) EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 409 Vice-President R. M. Gunn and Treasurer Charles Goodenow Avere also elected to succeed themselves in office. The following nominations for directors of the even-numbered districts were ratified by the association : Second District . .E. D. Baird Fourth District AVm. Larrabee, Jr. Sixth District J. F. Bisele Eighth District Geo. W. Swan Tenth District Charles G. Cockerill This closed tlie evening program, and adjournment was taken to 10 :00 a. m. Wednesday. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 12. MORNING SESSION. President Sykes presiding. The report of the committee on resolutions was presented by Chairman Evvard, and with slight amendments was unanimously adopted. The report of the committee, with the addition of an- other resolution adopted previous to adjournment, follows: Secretary Wallace then read his report, as follows. RESOLUTIONS The delegates in attendance at the fourteenth annual meeting of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, held in Des Moines, December 11 and 12, 1917, congratulate the thousands of members scattered over the state, in the continued strength and usefulness of their organization. It has consistently served the farmer and stockman for a longer period and more effectively than any other organization in the history of the state. We commend the conservative manner in which it has been man- aged, as well as the aggressive manner in which it has fought the battles of the producer against organized capital. For ten years past it has been the recognized leader in the struggle to secure fair freight rates, and can fairly claim credit for preventing many unjust and burdensome advances. In the emergencies which have confronted western agriculture, as a result of war conditions, the officers of this association have rendered invaluable service, not only to agriculture but to our government, and we pledge their continued service and the service of every member to aid the government in the successful prosecution of this war to a finish. Resolved, That we appreciate the services rendered by Senator A. B. Cummins in securing the amendment to the interstate commerce law which has finally ended the practice of avoiding by the railroads their responsibility for damages to live stock caused by their own negligence 410 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Resolved, That we note with satisfaction the able services being ren- dered to the shippers of the country by the Hon. Clifford Thorne, who began his work in this line as attorney for this association. Resolved, That the operation of the law which requires live stock to be unloaded for food and water at the end of twenty-eight hours, should be suspended during the continuation of the war; and that the maximum time on live stock car shipments without signed release of shipper be extended to thirty-six hours, with a further extension to forty-two hours when release is signed by said shipper. Freight shipments are congested, and the observance of this law' adds to the congestion and very fre- quently causes wholly unnecessary losses and unnecessary cruelty to live stock, as well as waste of food. Resolved, That war conditions and governmental control should not operate to relieve the railroads of their full responsibility for losses suffered by individual stockmen thru delayed shipments. Resolved, That the Bureau of Animal Husbandry should amend its rules with regard to the amount of food for live stock in transit, and should advise the railroads that the amount of food to be used for such purpose shall be determined by the shipper. Resolved, That because of the unusual demands upon our railroads on account of the war having brought about a condition which seems to make it necessary that they should be operated as one system, that the laws which forbid pooling should be temporarily suspended. We recog- nize the absolute necessity of maintaining our transportation lines in the highest state of efRciency, and we endorse the suggestion that they be operated by thoroly competent men under government direction and control. We therefore favor such action by congress as may be necessary in order to do in a legal way that which is necessary to be done. We see in this, however, an opportunity for serious abuses, and we urge upon congress the necessity for providing adequate safeguards, to the end that when thig war emergency is over, readjustment shall be made which will be fair both to the people and to the railroads. Resolved, That the fertility of our lands can be economically main- tained only by diversified agriculture, to which live stock is absolutely essential. It is unwise and unpatriotic to encourage or permit prices of grains and grain products which will stimulate production at the expense of live stock. It is especially important that our live stock in- dustry shall be fully maintained, to enable us to supply our allies with meats and meat products. The Food Administration, therefore, should preserve a balance between grain prices and live stock prices, which will maintain the economic production of both, having in mind both the present emergency and the future of our agriculture. Resolved, That we commend the Food Administration for its action taken with regard to prices of hogs; and we trust that it will, so far as lies within its power, endeavor to preserve an equally fair ratio between prices of beef and mutton and prices of grains and other foodstuffs used in their production. Resolved, That in administering its license arrangement with the packers, the Food Administration should see to it that complete detailed EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 411 records are kept of the various phases of the packing business, to the end that when the war is over, the government may have thoroly reliable information which will enable it to establish such regulations as will do full justice to packers, producers and consumers. Resolved, That agricultural productfon is dependent upon skilled agri- cultural labor. For some" years past, there has been a steady drift from the farm to the city. Industrial, related and other conditions brought about by the war ha,ve accelerated this drift. TTiis, combined with the voluntary enlisting as well as the drafting of our men into active service, has still further aggravated the farm labor situation. Skilled farm labor is becoming more and more difficult to secure. As farmers, we gladly assume our full responsibilities in carrying on the war to a just democratic termination, but we wish to make it clear to those who have the responsibility of feeding our own people and our allies, that the con- tinued withdrawal of farm labor will inevitably seriously decrease pro- duction. Resolved, That we are making suggestions as seem wise for the conduct of the war from the producer's standpoint; but, whether or not such sug- gestions are adopted, we are behind the government to the last dollar and the last man, in the successful prosecution of this war, prosecution until the mailed fist of Prussian autocracy shall have been banished from the earth. Resolved, That copies of these resolutions be forwarded to the United States senators and members of congress, the United States Food Ad- ministration, and the United States Department of Agriculture. Wash- ington, D. C. (Signed) JOHN M. EVVARD, Chairman, Ames, Iowa. * H. C. WHITE, Garrison, Iowa. OSCAR HELINE, Marcus, Iowa. D. W. ANGLUM, Larchwood, Iowa. F. G. TURNER, North English, Iowa. C. K. THORNBURG, Linden, Iowa. F. C. CESSNA, Grinnell, Iowa. Secretary Wallace then read his report, as follows: SECRETARY'S REPORT— 19"l7 Receipts for the year $7,527.25 Disbursements — Bank collection fees $ 45.25 Annual meeting 116.08 Directors' expenses 152.18 Refunds to county associations 277.04 Expenses of delegates to conferences at Chicago, Washington, etc 298.29 Stamps, printing, annual reports, etc 634.51 Surety bonds for secretary and treasurer 20.00 Donation to American Live Stock Association 100.1)0 412 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Donation to National Shippers' Conference 300.00 Donation to National Conference on Marketing and Farm Credits 50.00 Clifford Tliorne, legal services 1,250.00 President's salary and expenses 2,307.12 S. M. Corrie, assisting president 110.80 Secretary's 'office, for 1916 and 1917 2,000.{>0 Total 7,721.27 Deficit on year's business $ 194.02 This has been a g^ood year so far as receipts are concerned, and very fortunately, too, because we had a rather bad year last year. The heavy delinquencies are in a few counties, and if Mr, Sykes can get around to them this coming year, I am quite sure they will be pretty generally paid. Our expenses for the year also have been considerably heavier than usual. The item of bank collection fees, $45.25, is caused by the banks remitting for pledges paid and deducting for exchange. A Member: Why do we squander that $20 on surety bond? I don't believe this association needs that expenditure. The Secretary : I think our constitution provides for a bond for the secretary and treasurer. The President : It has been the custom of the organization, as well as of all other similar organizations. I think it is just a "safety first" proposition. "We may not always have Mr. Wallace and Mr. Goodenow for secretary and treasurer, and it is setting a good precedent. Sometimes things go wrong in organizations as well as in other institutions. Personally, I think it is all right. It does not show any distrust of our officers. We will listen to the report of the treasurer at this time. Mr. Goodenow: Mr. Wallace's report does not deal with bal- ances, and my account will probably make somewhat plainer just how much money we have actually on hand. All thru the fore part of the season, until along in October, we were very short of funds. Once, if I remember right, I wrote Mr. Wallace that we had no funds at all. But I still paid the orders as they came ; they were very few. I think I had prob- ably one or two hundred dollars that I discharged from my own account at that time, and carried along until later the funds began to come in quite freely. Now we have a very nice balance, and of course it is one of the best vears that we have ever had. EIGHTEENTH AI^TNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII UZ My balance does not show exactly as Mr, "Wallace's did on ac- count of funds that were on hand from last year, but the final balance is the same. This year there is only one order out for $103, so that the orders are practically all paid. The President : We will now listen to the report of the audit- ing committee. Mr. Cockerill : The auditing committee was appointed Mon- day afternoon, and audited the accounts of the secretary and treasurer, and this is the report. REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE— 1917 ,W"ECESSARY There is no easy test for the presence of a particular kind of bac- teria in a soil. The only- way to be positive about the inoculating power of soil is to grow a legume and note whether there is an abundance of nodules on its roots. However, certain facts indicate rather definitely when inoculation should be practiced. In the first place, if the soil is poor and it has never borne a legume crop previously, the necessary bacteria are probably not present and they should be introduced. If one legume has been grown on a soil and has been inoculated, that does not give assurance that the proper bacteria are present for any other legume and inoculation should be made. The bacteria which grow on the roots of certain legumes will not grow on roots of certain others except in one case. Alfalfa and sweet clover do cross inoculate and the same bacteria grow in the roots of both these legumes. Successful inoculated crops of either of these plants will therefore insure inoculation of the other on the same soil. If a legume has been grown successfully but its roots have no nodules, the soil should be inoculated in order that the plant may secure its proper supply of nitrogen from the air. On fertile soils legumes many times make entirely satisfactory growth without inoculation, drawing their nitrogen from the soil just like other crops. If a legume made unsatisfactory growth even tho some nodules were found on its roots, inoculation should be practiced. The poor crop production indicates the absence of suflacient vigorous bacteria of the 440 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE proper kind. Under such conditions growing the same crop for severaJ years would probably be necessary before thoro inoculation would be accomplished. Inoculation is also desirable when a legume is to be grown again on a certain field after several years of cropping to other plants. How long bacteria retain their efficiency in the soil is not definitely known, but experience indicates that reinoculation is desirable if the legume in question has not been grown for from five to seven years. In the absence of definite proof of the presence of the bacteria in a vigorous condition in the soil it is a wise precaution to introduce them and in- sure the proper growth of the legume. WHEN INOCULATION IS UNNECESSARY If satisfactory yields of a legume have been obtained recently on a soil and the plants carry a large number of root nodules, this indicates that inoculation has been thoro and the introduction of bacteria will be unnecessary. Within comparatively short periods of time bacteria apparently retain their efficiency and inoculation is not profitable, be- cause it will not increase the yield or value of the crop. METHODS OF SOlLi INOCULATION Soil may be inoculated by two methods: By the transfer of soil from a field where the sa^me legume has previously been successfully grown and inoculated or by the use of commercial preparations which are on the market. The soil transfer method was the first to be employed and its value has been demonstrated in many experiments and in extensive practice. The method followed is to scatter 300 to 500 pounds of the inoculated soil over each acre of the field to be seeded and disk it in thoroly before seeding. Inoculated soil should not be allowed to remain exposed to heat and light but should be mixed with the surface soil immediately for the desirable bacteria are rather readily killed by exposure to the sun. Certain other precuations should be observed. The same legume must have been grown on the soil which is to be used, for cross inoculation between legumes occur only in the case of alfalfa and sweet clover. Further, the legumes grown in the soil used must have been well inoculated as shown by the presence of many root nodules. Also the soil should be free from plant diseases and this may be determined by a careful observation of the crop grown on it. Finally, no objectionable weed seeds should be present in the soil. If these precautions are followed and the soil and climatic conditions are favorable, successful inoculation can be practically guaranteed. OBJECTIONS TO THE SOIL METHOD There are, however, certain objections to the soil transfer method of inoculation. If the soil must be shipped any great distance the cost of transportation and spreading will be rather large. If soil that is safe cannot be secured in the immediate vicinity, other methods of inoculation may be more desirable. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL, YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 441 The "glue" method is a modification of the soil transfer method and has been advocated as a cheap but effective method of inoculating the seed. * Soil, meeting the requirements mentioned above, is dried in the dark, pounded to a fine powder and sifted. The seed is sprinkled with a 10 per cent solution of glue (one pound of furniture glue to one gallon of water) or with a solution made sticky by dissolving sugar in water and is stirred until each seed is moist. Dry soil is then sifted over the seed in sufficient amount to absorb all the moisture. The seed is then mixed thoroly, screened and planted within a day. Small seeds inoculated in this way must be sifted carefully to prevent clus- ters" from remaining together. Several questionable features of this method may render it undesir- able from the field standpoint. In the first place the glue which is employed may contain substances which will injure the bacteria and reduce their efficiency. Drying the soil before using may reduce the vigor of the organisms and result in only partial inoculation. Exposure to light or high temperatures may kill the organisms or lessen their efficiency. While this method has been used to some extent in cer- tain states no definite comparative results have been secured under field conditions and fhis' station is not ready to recommend it as al- ways reliable. Consequently, if the use of soil is considered too labor- ious and expensive it would be better to procure a satisfactory, tested pure culture and inoculate the seed. With the present price of certain commercial cultures, less expense and labor may also be involved with more certain returns secured. PURE CULTURES Soon after the discovery that the nitrogen gathering power of legumes depends upon the presence of bacteria in the nodules on the roots, it was suggested that pure cultures be used for inoculation, thus avoiding the diflaculties attendant upon the use of soil. Pure cultures of the various organisms were secured from nodules and various liquid and solid substances prepared in a sterile condition were found to support the growth of these organisms. Commercial preparations were made and put on the market, but the results secured in practice showed that there were many difficulties to be overcome before inoculation with pure cultures could be made as safe and generally satisfactory as the use of soil. The difficulty has been with the material upon which the bacteria were grown to make commercial '"pure cultures." The bacteria seem to lose their efficiency or vigor when grown on materials containing nitrogen, and when introduced into the soil in such a weal-cened condition are unable to enter the legume roots. When the plants are very weak inoculation will occur with weak bacteria but if, as is usually the case, the legumes are rather vigorous it is necessary that the organisms be vigorous and active. Then, too, in diluting the cultures before applying them to the seed, in drying and in other steps connected with the actual inoculation, the bacteria are often weakened or killed and other bacteria frequently enter and drive out the beneficial organisms. To overcome these difficulties, nitrogen-free materials were used and the bacteria grown on these in making "pure cultures." These cultures 442 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE have recently come into the market and have proven quite uniformly satisfactory. Many of the older preparations have been discontinued or remodeled because of their uncertainty. Cultures are now being prepared by growing the organisms alternately on nitrogen-free materials and on the roots of the particular legume, thus breeding the bacteria up to a high state of efficiency. The improved method of preparation of pure cultures and the dif- ficulties attendant upon the securing of well inoculated soil in so many cases has made it seem advisable to test some of the cultures now on the market and to compare their value with that of soil. IOWA experimenIs Two experiments were carried out with alfalfa and one each with cowpeas and soybeans. The cultures used in the tests were "Nitragin," prepared by the Nitragin Co. of Waterloo, Iowa; "Farmogerm," pre pared by the National Soil Improvement Co., Charlottesville, Va.; a cul- ture prepared by the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture; "Nitrogerm," prepared by the H. K. Mul- ford Co., of Glenolden, Penn., and soil obtained from a field where the same legume had previously been grown and well inoculated. A cross inoculation of alfalfa and sweet clover was tested and also an inoculation with soil plus a commercial culture. These tests were all carried out on one-twentieth acre plots, the first test with alfalfa in 1914, the second on different plots in 1915 and the tests with cowpeas and soybeans also in the latter year. The soils were well supplied with lime in each case and all the precautions nec- essary to secure a satisfactory crop growth were observed. THE AILFALFA TEST In the first alfalfa test the crop was seeded in the spring of 1913 with barley as a nurse crop and the yields obtained the following season. In the second test, the alfalfa was seeded in August, 1914. Three cuttings were made in the case of both alfalfa experiments, but these will not be considered separately here. The total yields per acre in pounds are given for all the crops and also the total nitrogen in the crops in pounds per acre. The table on the next page gives the results of the tests, both for yields and for nitrogen present in the crops. Tbis table indicates that inoculation for any of these legumes brought about some increase in the crop growth. There were some variations in the effects of the different cultures on the various crops and in the case of the alfalfa, on the same crop when grown on different soils. While no definite comparison of the values of the various cultures can be made it may be concluded that all the cultures tested gave uni- formly satifactory results. Inoculation with soil was slightly superior in most instances but the differences were too small to be distinctive. In fact, the relative value of the pure cultures and of the soil is so nearly^ equal that the choice between them should undoubtedly be based on the cost of the cultures and the ease with which soil may be se- cured rather than on the crop yields alone. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 443 YIELD PER ACRE IN POUNDS OF ALFALFA, COWPEAS AND SOYBEANS WITH DIFFERENT INOCULATION MATERIALS. -a « o o_ .S-3 C " '5 "a o S M 0 2^ OT- 1 - — M 3 £ c '5 = 2 c Alfalfa 1914 6413.00 S3S3.40 5158.00 6336.00 7402.00 7305.40 6938.40 6158.00 6912.00 72S3.0f; 5216.40 *4-2-21.60 6988.00 7250.80 4799.80 5198.80 6800.00 6774.80 5179.40 6858.40 7268 7272 Alfalfa 1915 7583.00 5238.00 *3859.60 C'owpeas - _ Soybeans TOTAL N IN CROP PER ACRE POUNDS. Alfalfa 1914 Alfalfa 1915 O'owpeas .— Soybeans — 160.06 201.28 88.26 108.22 187.04 221.72 133.42 156.40 170.76 215.90 116.24 *106.6O 176.14 218.20 34.12 141.32 171.88 204.62 117.00 151.84 217.72 121.62 »114.52 186.08 170.76 The cross inoculation of alfalfa with sweet clover proved quite as satisfactory as when alfalfa cultures were used. A pure culture used in addition to soil for inoculation showed some slight effect but not sufficient to warrant the use of a pure culture on a soil already well inoculated. Inoculation of the legumes increased their nitrogen or protein con- tent as well as their yields. Again, however, the effects of the differ- ent cultures are not suffilciently distinctive to warrant a conclusion regarding the relative merits of the various pure cultures and of soil for inoculation. There is apparently a tendency toward equalization between the total crop yield and the nitrogen content. When the crop is larger, the nitrogen content is somewhat lower and vice versa. These experiments are of value in that they show rather definitely that the particular pure cultures tested gave satisfactory inoculation for the legumes used and partically as good results were secured with them as by the use of well-inoculated soil. HOW TO IXOCtTLATE The choice between the two methods of inoculation must, therefore, rest upon the expense and labor involved in their use. If soil is avail- able in the immediate vicinity and can be secured for the labor and expense of hauling and spreading it over the field to be seeded, it is the cheaper and safer method of inoculation. Such soil must of course be secured from a field where the same legume has been grown and well inoculated and where no objectionable weeds or plant diseases have been present. In addition, soil used for inoculation should be disked in at once in order to avoid weakening and killing of the bacteria. ♦Seeded June 8. All other plots seeded May 27. Delay in securing cultures. Crop harvested on same date. 444 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE If it is not possible to secure well-inoculated soil in the neighbor- hood and it must be shipped or hauled from a distance the use of com- mercial cultures would probably prove cheaper. Satisfactory cultures have recently been placed on the market at a cost of about 50 cents for an amount sufficient for an acre instead of the former price of $2.00, and at such a price they prove less expensive than soil. In large amounts the cost of such cultures is reduced to about 33 cents per acre. With cultures of about equal value with soil available at such a figure, the objections to their use are largely removed. The amount of labor involved in their use is "unquestionably smaller. The cultures are merely mixed with a sugar solution according to directions and poured over the seed, which is then dried over night in a cool dark room and seeded the next day in the usual way. Many commercial preparations are now on the market. Unfortunately not all have been fully tested but those which have been tested for efficiency have proven satisfactory. Before employing any new ma- terial, however, farmers are urged to inquire of the Soils Section of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station as to its value. Besides the cultures tested in the experiments reported in this bulletin, "Nitragin," "Farmogerm," "Nitrogerm" and the United States Department of Agri- culture culture, the culture of "Legume Bacteria" supplied by the Ed- wards laboratories at Lansing, Michigan, has been tested and proven quite satisfactory. Other cultures are being tested and reports on their efficiency will be available later. Farmers are advised to employ those cultures which may -be secured at the least cost, provided they are recommended here or elsewhere by the* Soils Section. The rela- tive efficiency of the various cultures thus far tested is practically the same for all and a choice can, therefore, only be made on the basis of the expense involved. CONDITIONS NECESSABY FOE SUCCESSFUL INOCULATION. The inoculation of a legume will not insure a satisfactory crop altho when other conditions are satisfactory for crop growth, it will insure the utilization by the legume of the nitrogen of the atmosphere and consequently conserve the supply in the soil. It will also increase the crop yield and the protein content of the crop. General soil conditions must be satisfactory or inoculation will be unsuccessful and the crop will fail for inoculation will not make up for lack of care in the prepara- tion of the soil, in the choice of seed or in the treatment of the crop. The conditions necessary for successful inoculation are the same as those necessary for the successful growth of the legume. The soil must be carefully prepared to insure proper moisture and aeration con- ditions, to correct acidity by the use of lime, to remedy plant food deficiencies by the proper additions and to insure good mechanical condition by the use of manure. Then if the seed has been carefully selected and a legume adapted to the particular soil and climatic con- ditions is chosen, successful inoculation and good crop growth will result. When all these conditions are met, then and then only will inocula- tion prove successful. With successful inoculation satifactory growth EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL, YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 445 of legumes may be insured and the fertility of the soil increased. AVell inoculated legumes should occupy a prominent place in all rotations if soils are to be kept permanently fertile for by their use the nitrogen and organic matter content of the soil can be maintained at a minimum expense. BIPROVED METHOD OF FIGHTING SMUT IN OATS. By H. D. Hughes Any farmer who grows oats may secure a return of from $3 to $6 or even $8 from a total investment of 7 cents, 3 cents for labor and 4 cents for formaldehyde. And this may be repeated as many times as there are acres of oats. ■ Extensive tests by the Farm Crops section of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station over a three-year period, comparing different methods of treating seed oats for the prevention of smut, show very definitely that the time and labor heretofore expended for this purpose may be greatly reduced by increasing the strength of the solution and not making the seed wet enough to necessitate drying before seeding. METHODS PREVIOUSLY USED The method of treating seed oats for smut which has been in use over twenty years is, briefly, as follows: 1. Make a solution using one pint (one pound) of formaldehyde and forty gallons of water. 2. Pile forty bushels of oats on the barn floor. 3. Sprinkle the oats with the solution, at the same time shoveling them, over until e'Very grain is thoroly wet, using about a gallon for each bushel of oats. 4. Shovel the oats into a compact pile and cover with blankets and sacks for from six to ten hours. 5. Uncover and shovel out into a thin layer a few Inches thick to dry. 40 per cent of the heads destroyed by smut. 446 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 6. Shovel and turn the oats at least once, and preferably twice a day, until dry enough to seed; the time required depends upon the weather and the kind of seeder used. 7. "When seeding, open up the drill to seed about one-fourth more oats to allow for the swollen condition of the grains. KEW^ METHOD RECOMJIEXDED While the method just outlined has been entirely satisfactory in killing the smut two-thirds of the time and labor it requires can be eliminated by the use of a stronger solution. A solution of one pint of formaldehyde to ten gal. of water (instead of forty gal.) used at the rate of only one quart (instead of one gal. of weaker solution) per bushel of grain will entirely kill the smut without injury to the oats. Since the use of so small an amount does not necessitate drying, the oats may be sacked at once and at the end of about twelve hours will run thru the drill as readily as untreated seed. After three years of experimentation in the field, with the idea of reducing the time and labor heretofore involved, the following procedure is recommended by the Farm Crops section: 1. Make a solution using one pint of forty per cent formaldehyde and ten gallons of water. 2. Sprinkle the ten gallons of solution over forty bushels of oats, meanwhile shoveling so that the solution is uniformly distributed. 3. Sack as soon as the solution and oats have been thoroly mixed and seed the next morning. LAEOR AND COST Two men in from two and one-half to three hours can thus treat and sack enough seed for forty acres, or an average of about four minutes for the seed required for each acre. Formaldehyde can be secured at any drug store at from 50 to 60 cents per pint, making the cost per acre from 4 to 5 cents. ONLY 10 FEB CENT OF SEED OATS ARE TREATED TO KILL SilLT That there is considerable loss from smut each year is well known to everyone who grows oats, the loss in some seasons averaging as high as eight per cent and in individual fields twenty and even thirty per cent. Yet only about ten per cent of the oats seeded in Iowa are treated to prevent this loss, and this in spite of the fact that the value of the relatively inexpensive and simple formaldehyde treatment has been thoroly established and the method is well known. Undoubtedly this is true, largely because the spring months are very busy. If farmers knew of a method of treating seed oats which would not wet the oats to such a degree as to make it necessary to dry them again before seeding and thus save labor and time perhaps more seed would be treated. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF TREAT]\IENT In the spring of 1915 a series of trials was begun to test the value of different solutions made with one pint of formaldehyde each to three gallons of water, to five, to ten, to twenty, to thirty, and to forty gal- lons of water.* *In these tests the avithor had at different times the assistance of Messrs. .1. A. Krall, M. E. Olson and L. C. Burnett. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VHI 447 In the old method of treatment, all three steps shown above were necessary. The new method requires only the first and saves labor and time accordingly. 448 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The amounts of these solutions used per bushel ranged from one to eight pints or one gallon. Different lots of seeds were treated with the different solutions and covered for different periods of time ranging from 0 to fourteen hours. Germination tests were made with each lot of seed treated to determine the effect of treatment on the vitality, and plots were seeded in the field to determine the direct effect of the formalde- hyde in killing the sxQut, as well as to determine the yield of the treated seed compared with the same seed untreated. With slight variations these tests were repeated in 1916 and in 1917. TABLE I— SHOWING YIELD IN BUSHELS PER ACRE OF DIFFERENT LOTS Of seed oats treated WITH VARIOUS AMOUNTS OF FORMALDEHYDE. Pints of Solution Per Bushel 1916 1917 Average Strength of Solution No. of Plots Yield Bus. No. of Plots Yield Bus. Yield Bushels 1 pt. to 5 gal 2 4 2 0 62.5 2 2 53. S 25.2 58.16 1 pt. to 10 gal. 2 4 6 4 4 73.7 74.4 70.6 4 4 4 66.5 64.5 43.3 70.10 69.45 56.90 1 pt. to 20' gal 2 4 6 4 4 2 70.9 64.9 64 jg 4 4 4 61.2 62.7 62.0 06.05 63.80 63.20 1 pt. to 30 gal. 4 6 4 4 73.5 70.1 4 4 67.6 59.7 70.50 64.90 1 pt. to 40 gal. 4 6 8 4 4 4 65.7 61.4 68.6 4 4 4 63.4 62.5 64.1 ei.5o . 61.90 66.30 Control Untreated * Seed 0 7 70.3 6 5S.6 64.4 TABLE II — SHOWING YIELD IN BUSHELS PER ACRE OF SEED OATS TREATED WITH FORMALDEHYDE AND THEN COVERED FOR A^VRIOUS PERIODS OF TIME. No. Plots Yield No. of Hours Covered 1916 1917 1916 1917 Average 0 11 11 71.7 69.3 65.5 4 11 12 70.9 64.1 67.5 8 11 11 GO. 6 62.0 65.8 14 11 11 70.0 02. 1 66.0 All of the treatments were effective in killing the smut in 1915 tho the untreated seed showed but slight infection: 1.83 per cent of smut. In 1916 the untreated seed produced 12.7 per cent smutted plants. The use of one to fjve solution, (one pint of formaldehyde and five gallons of water), also the one to ten and one to twenty solutions, entirely killed the smut as did seven of the treatments with the one to thirty solution. All of the plots treated with the one to forty solution showed a few heads of smut, but in no case did the number approximate one per cent. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 449 In 1917 there was again some smut in -each of the plots where the seed was treated with the one to forty solution, hut in no case did the smut reach 1 per cent of infection. The plots treated with the 1 to 5, 1 to 20 and 1 to 30 solutions in a few instances showed an occasional smutted head. The total per cent of smut in different plots amounted to .2, .4, .13, .25, and .87 per cent. Not a single smutted plant was found in the plots treated with the 1 to 10 solution. The untreated seed produced plants with 11.5 per cent smutted heads. The solution made with one pint formaldehyde and ten gallons of water is recommended for use, not primarily because the largest yields was secured from this treatment in 1916 and the next to the largest yield in 1917, but because the required amount of formaldehyde can be applied in this solution to kill the smut without wetting the oats enough to make drying necessary. Repeated trials have shown that twelve hours after the oats are treated with the 1 to 10 solution, they v.ill run thru the drill as raoidly as will the untreated seed, and this is secured when the oats are sacked immediately following treatment. No relation was found to exist between the number of hours that the seed was covered and the killing of the smut or the yield in the field. ANTI-SMUT COMPOUPOJS In the spring of 1917 certain anti-smut compounds, under various names, were placed on the market as substitutes for formaldehyde. Farmers are cautioned against the use of these, for there is no other material known which is better than formaldehyde (or formalin) for killing the smut, and the experiment station knows of none as good. Moreover, the cost of these substitutes, per bushel of seed treated, is much the greater. But, regardless of cost, the money spent for most of them may be considered wasted as they have no value whatever in killing smut, whereas the value of formaldehyde has been fully established by twenty years of satisfactory use. THE ATOMIZER METHOD Some work in treating oats for smut has been done at Cornell and Michigan agricultural experiment stations to determine the value of using a stronger solution of formaldehyde by applying it to the oats in the form of a fine spray. In this method one pint of 40 per cent formalin is mixed with one pint of water, the quart solution being sprayed over fifty bushels of oats while the oats are shoveled in order that the formalin may be distributed as uniformly as possible. After applying the formalin, the oats are piled and covered for five hours when they are ready for seeding. This method is reported to have completely killed the smut. While the Iowa station has made no tests with this method, it would seem that the treatment is in its essentials much like the method now recommended by this station. The choice between the two methods depends upon the convenience of operation. 29 450 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WHAT IS SMUT? Every grower of oats is familiar with the appearance of the smutted plants. Smut is a fungous plant which cannot get its own plant food from the soil and water and make it into plant tissue with the aid of sunlight, but must get its food supply from other plants; therefore smut is a parasite. Tlhe smutted heads of oats (algo of barley and wheat), are the ripened seeds or spores of the smut plant. The smut seed germinates in the ground where it has been placed with the seed grain and then sends its shoots up within the tissue of the grain plant, feeding upon the juices of the latter. As the oat plant grows and its flowers develop the smut plant steals the juices intended for the developing grains and uses them to make its own seed or spores. These spores are the black masses which appear in the place of the seed grain and will number millions. As the smut ripens these spores are blown about by the winds infecting other plants and thus contin- uing in the crop year after year. KIXDS OF OAT SMUT Several kinds of smut attack small grains and treatments that are effective against some neither prevent nor retard the growth of others. That most commonly found in Iowa is the "loose smut of oats." and this, fortunately, may be controlled by the use of formaldehyde. This is likewise true of the "covered smut of wheat" which is of next im- portance; this is also known as "stinking smut" or "bunt." The method in which the smut fungus attacks the grain plant varies greatly with the different kinds. The spores of the loose smut of oats ripen about the same time as the grain and become attached with the seed grain either within the hull or to the outside just as do dust particles. These spores may be scattered in the field by the winds or during the threshing operation. When the seed germinates in the spring, and smut spores placed in the soil with the oats also germinate, and make their way into the tissues of the oat plant. SMUT IX IOWA OAT FIELDS The actual per cent of smutted plants was determined in 5,904 Iowa oat fields in 1912 and 1913 with the results as shown in table three. While 7.5 per cent of the plants were smutted in the fields where the seed had not been treated, the loss in some fields was over 30 per cent. The presence of 1.4 per cent of smut in the fields where the seed had been treated indicates that in some cases the formaldehyde used was not of proper strength or else that the work was not carefully done: TABLE III— SHOWING THE PER CENT SMUT IN IOWA OAT FIELDS' 1912-1913. iSeeS Untreated Tear Number of Counts Per cent Smut 1912 3,356 7.3 1913 1,994 7.8 Average Treated Seed 7.5 1912 312 1.9 1913 342 1.0 Average 1.4 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 451 AMOUNT OF SMUT VARIES FROM YEAR TO YEAR The amount of smut found in 1912 and 1913 is nearly the same, but it is not unusual to find considerable variation from year to year. As a usual thing oats which are badly smutted one year when used for seed in the following season will produce a crop badly smutted, but this is not always the case as seed known to be badly smutted some- times produce a crop quite free from it. Sultry weather and dashing rains, with little wind at the time the smut spores are ripening, no doubt, results in a decrea'se in the amount of infection, as the smut spores settle, or are washed to the ground, while clear, windy weather at this time results in an increase in smut the following season. An increase in smut infection seems also to occur when warm clear weather continues for several days in the spring immediately following oat seeding, due possibly to a difference in the optimum temperature at "Which the seed oats and the smut spores must germinate. To infect the oat plant the smut spores must germinate at very nearly the same time as the grain, since infection can occur for only a short time following the germination of the seed. MORE SMUT IN SOME VARIETIES THAN IN OTHERS Of the varieties of oats commonly grown in Iowa, the Early Cham- pion is known to be more susceptible to smut than others; this variety often contains fifteen per cent of smutted plants when most other varieties grown under the same conditions bave perhaps only five per cent. There is considerable variation in the susceptibility of other varieties. In general, the earlier varieties are more badly smutted than those maturing later in the season. HEALTHY HOGS FOR HOOVER. By IVANHOE "Whitted Mr. Hoover is urging the swine grower of the Middle West to make two pigs grow next year where one grew before. Mr. Hoover is in a position to know what he is talking about when he cites the world shortage of pork products, and anything he may have to say on the subject should be listened to and accepted as expert evidence. Coincident with the demand made on them for more pork the producers have called attention to certain existing conditions which preclude, absolutely, the growing of pork at a profit. Efforts are being made to work out an impartial relation between the price of corn and the price of hogs, and it is believed the immediate future will bring satis- factory fruit for the labor expended. Mr. Hoover has pledged himself to do everything in his power to secure and to maintain a happy balance of prices, and such an assurance from the nation's food ad- ministrator should justify the producer in buckling down to the business of growing that second pig. But there is another problem hanging about the swine grower's door demanding consideration, and that is the problem of cholera control. It 452 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE is not a new problem, but at this time, under the spur of the -world's necessity, it should be taken up anew and given all the consideration and enthusiasm usually accorded to brand-new questions. For the hog cholera specter is abroad in the land and, as usual at this time of the year, growing in virulence with the approach of winter. Cholera con- trol is absolutely necessary if the present rather limited supply of breeding animals is to be conserved for future usefulness; and unless the supply is conserved conscientiously that second .pig will certainly fail to materialize. TRIBULATION FOR THE PIG The way of the ninteenth-century porker is thickly beset with trials and tribulations in the form of parasites, external and internal, and ailments of one kind and another, chief of which is cholera. It is estimated that not less than 90 per cent of all the hogs that die each year in the United States die of cholera. That means that when a pig sud- denly shows symptoms of sickness the chances are nine to one it has cholera. Hog cholera first appeared in Ohio more than eighty years ago and has been the source of enormous annual losses to swine breeders ever since. It has been distributed far and wide, and if there remains a nook or a corner anywhere in Uncle Sam's great domain that has not been ravaged by this scourge it is because that particular nook or corner has never been utilized for the production of pork. VIRUDLEKCE OF DISEASE NOT UNDERSTOOD It may sound superfluous to the reader to say that hog cholera is highly contagious. Everybody is supposed to know that. Just the same, a host of breeders fail to appreciate the real deadliness of the disease in spite of all that has been preached, promulgated and experienced. This must be so, else the veterinary officials and others working so manfully to control the disease would be favored with more universal support and cooperation than is given them. Just how the Buckeye State picked up hog cholera more than three- quarters of a century ago, or when, where or how the disease originated nobody knows. The claim is frequently made that cholera i3 the result of feeding new corn at this time of the year, a conclusion reached, probably, because, for some unknown reason fatalities reach the high mark during the months of November and December. Feeding new corn is not a cause. Veterinary authorities agree that cholera is a germ disease. Beyond that point they have been unable to proceed because up to the present time no man has been able to locate and brand the particular germ that is responsible for the deviltry. Like the foot-and-mouth- disease germ, it is so infinitesimally small that the most powerful microscopes have failed to locate it. But if the germ is too small and insignificant to tag, there is no limit to its virulence and powers of destruction. Men who have made an ex- haustive study of the disease and whose word and opinions are, there- fore, dependable, inform us that as many as 7,000,000 hogs have died of EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 453 cholera in a single year in the United States. Furthermore, they insist that for the last forty years the annual los^s from this source has averaged not less than $30,000,000! Truly an appalling record. CHOLERA INCURABLE There is no cure for cholera. Once a pig falls a victim to the disease it is "good-night" for that particular pig. Only an occasional animal blessed with extraordinarily resistant powers recovers a measure of health after a long-drawn-out period of convalescence to other animals. An owner would be better off in the end if every animal attacked would shuffle off promptly, instead of hanging around for weeks as is some- times the case. The secret of cholera control, and a possible sometime eradication, lies in good care, sanitation and preventive measures, the most im- portant of which is vaccination. Every swine grower in the country can do his bit here — if he will. It is the lack of cooperation on the part of so many growers that has enabled the cholera germ to remain so numerously and continuously on the job. Apathy, ignorance and criminal carelessness — especially the last-named — still exist in regard to hog cholera. CONDITIONS GREATLY IMPBO\'ED However, the "world do move," deliberately, it is true, but irresistibly, for all that. Conditions are improving. Horse sense is slowly but surely crowding ignorance off the map. The agricultural colleges and universities are doing good work, unselfish work, the fruits of which will be conspicuo'us when the younger generation of farmers take over the harness and we older heads of "sot" ways and rusty ideals step aside. Veterinary workers in many states are getting a grip on the situation, and the time will come when losses from hog cholera will be reduced to a negligible quantity. It calls for no particular strain upon the mental powers to recall the deplorable condition that prevailed here in the Middle West back in the "seventies" and the "eighties." Cholera was rampant. It swept the Corn Belt states like a widespread tornado. The plagues that were visited upon one Pharoah of old must have been tame affairs in comparison. Farms and feedlots were swept clean of porcine life. Tlhousands of carcasses rotted in the open, unburned and unburied. Quacks and conscienceless peddlers of "cures" reaped a fat harvest from distracted owners. There was a total lack of legal restrictions for the disposal of dead animals, and nothing whatever was attempted to stay the ravages of the disease. The popular supposition was that nothing could be done and so nothing was done. AN OLIHTIME PLAGUE SPOT The writer remembers a certain rendering plant established near his home town for the purpose of saving the grease from the cholera- stricken hogs. The site, which was convenient to the highway, was in the woods beneath a low' bluff and but a few yards from the river. It was a crude makeshift sort of affair, but the proprietor did a thriving 45i IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE business. A man, team and wagon were kept upon the road collecting carcasses from twenty miles around, while many farmers delivered their own dead animals direct to the plant. A wagonload of carcasses was a common sight upon the highway. It was all open and above board, with no thought for the broadcast distribution of infection. Looking backward from the vantage point of 1917, one marvels that such dreadful conditions were countenanced even for a day. If ever there was a plague spot on the fair face of God's earth it was that rendering plant. And it was only one of hundreds, possibly one of thousands, of similar establishments scattered thru the Corn Belt coun- try! Then, as now, the disease appeared to deliver a climax of fatali- ties in the late fall and early winter. The frozen carcasses were brought in from a dozen townships and stacked high about the place to wait their turn in the tank. The warm days of Spring turned the spot into an abomination. It smelled to heaven — and then some. The piles of de- funct pork rotted in the sun. The dribbling grease and corruption soaked the earth and stood about in horrid, glassy pools to be washed into the river every time it rained. Incidentally, it might be mentioned that a considerable portion of the annual ice crop of the community was harvested less than a mile below that plague spot — and the people lived thru it. The "dead-hog wagon," as the children of the community called the outfit that collected the carcasses traveled all the highways with its festering loads, dripping corruption and germs from farm to farm without hindrance or objections. With such wholesale methods of dis- tribution of contagion in operation the wonder is that a single pig was left in the country. But the order is passing, Glory be! HOG HEALTH MUST EE THE SLOGAX Hog health must be the working motto of swine breeders if Mr. Hoover is to get that second pig. Unceasing vigilance must be maintained if the present supply of breeding stock is to be kept anywhere near 100 per cent efficient. No animal on the farm responds to good treatment and proper care so promptly and satisfactorily as the pig. On the other hand, pigs, like poultry, are quick to suffer from antagonistic environ- ment and insanitary conditions. It is an easy matter to spot a pig that is the least bit "off" in condi- tion. The healthy pig is a busy pig; busy either at filling its stomach with the materials and constituents necessary for pork making, or busy snoozing the aforesaid materials into prime bacon. For the porcine digestive machine seems to work most efficiently when the animal is sound asleep. The healthy pig wears a glossy coat, a bright eye, a kink in its tail and an investigative snout, eager for any thing that hints of food value. To the eye of the connoisseur — meaning the careful herdsman — the outward appearance and what we may properly call the mental attitude of a pig toward life, constitute an unfailing barometer indicat- ing its physical condition. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VHI 455 syjmptoms or hog cholera The symptoms of cholera are not always clear to the eye of the layman. They may be easily overlooked in a busy season or, if noted, be mis- taken for some other ailment. But the wise herdsman will remember that nine-to-one bet stacked up against him and take no chances. Cholera may be sudden, acute and extremely vicious in its initial on- slaught, or it may assume the tedious, insidious form and sneak in so unobtrusively that the entire herd is infected before the owner is aware of its presence. Acute outbreaks have been noted whore the first warning the owner had was the discovery of a half-dozen dead animals some morning before breakfast. But as a rule the observing owner will have sufficient warning in time to segregate those first afflicted. The healthy pig takes a lively interest in life. When it fails to re- spond promptly to the breakfast call, preferring to remain with snout dejectedly buried in the bedding, depend on it there's something wrong. For it isn't pig nature to loaf on the job and flout the bounties of a generous owner. And if, after having been kicked out of bed by the inquiring herdsman, the pig stands about with its hands in its pocket, like an I. W. W., refusing to eat, refusing to associate with its fellows, refusing to do anything but mope about, lop-eared and morbid, it should be hurried to the hospital at once. For a pig that acts like that is certainly sick. It may have a touch of pneumonia; it may have a belly full of ten-inch worms that are taking the joy out of life. But the chances are nine to one in favor of cholera, and the wise herdsman will segregate first and investigate afterward! It is better to be safe than sorry, and "pigs is pigs" these days. Time was not so very long ago when the passing of a pig or two was not considered an occasion for extended worry or mourning; but today when a hundred-pound shoat turns up its toes it is equivalent to throwing a twenty-dollar greenback into the kitchen fire. PREVENTION THE ONLY SOLUTION But if cholera cannot be cured it can be prevented by team work be- tween breeders and veterinary authorities. The rendering tank and the "dead-hog wagon" are things of the past, but there are still too many ways of distributing germs. Some day, doubtless, the country will have quite as stringent quarantine regulations for the protection of live stock as for the human animal. There is no sane reason to the contrary. Certainly a cholera-afflicted herd of hogs is a menace to the health and business interests of a community and should be quarantined. The conscientious owner, mindful of the rights of his neighbors, will insti- tute a self-imposed quarantine, at least to the extent of posting notices and enjoining visitors from the privilege of his hog lots. Preve.ntion is a strenuous undertaking for a community, not infre- quently calling for social and financial sacrifices as well as labor and vigilance. But it is always worth the price. There are so many ways of scattering the germs. The migrant crow is a constant menace. This sable tramp may be of some slight use to a community by killing field mice and other small pests; but if allowed access to an occasional 456 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE cholera-stricken carcass it can start more trouble in a day than the veterinarians can overcome in six months. The pigeons that visit from farm to farm; stray dogs that smell out every dead critter in the com- munity; the shoes of sometime visitors; the wheels of passing vehicles; the introduction of strange animals into the herd, all these and a dozen other ways may bring disaster. TirilSiGS TO DO AND TKINGS NOT TO DO It looks like a gigantic undertaking to keep in mind and guard against so many possible sources of infection. But disinfectants are numerous and cheap in price and a liberal use of them will go far to protect the herd against the coming of evil. When a sick animal dies, BURN THE CARCASS at once. If there is any line of endeavor where the "DO IT NOW" slogan should be made the working motto, it is in fighting hog cholera. Saturate the carcass with kerosene — thank heaven there is one commodity that has not climbed to the top of the list in our present scheme of high living — and reduce it to ashes at once. Treat the spot where the animal died to a liberal coat of quicklime or some other effective disinfectant. Keep the premises clean and sanitary, for trash and offal should have no place in the swine grower's plans. In playing the national game the player's business first, last and all the time is to keep an eye on the ball! In combatting cholera the fighter's business first, last and all the time, is to keep an eye on the pig. ^ ^ If an outbreak of cholera is reported in the vicinity DON'T do the fool act by rushing to the place to see what the sick animals look like and how they act. Many a man has done that very stunt and carried the infection home to his own herd. Tie up the dog. If the other fel- low's dog comes snooping about your vine and fig tree without the proper credentials shoot it and bury the remains. That is, if you live in Iowa, for the "sunset dog law" gives you that privilege. If you live in Missouri, well — we'll leave it to your judgment. TREATMENT BY VACCINATION But the first thing to do, the all-important thing, the essential thing for the breeder to do, if anything approaching eradication of the disease is ever to be achieved, is to adopt and put into practice the simultaneous method of treatment by inoculation. The difference between the serum- alone treatment and the simultaneous treatment is the difference between temporary protection and permanent immunity. Which is a good deal when you consider it. If a grower has a bunch of hogs ready to lay on the market at an early date and cholera appears in the vicinity he should get busy at once with the serum-alone treatment. It will pro- tect and tide the animals over and send them safely to market, pro- vided the serum is fresh, pure, up to the standard required by law in most swine-growing states and is properly administered. But it should be remembered that it brings only temporary immunity. Swine growers should get right in regard to the simultaneous treat- ment, for more or less prejudice against it is entertained by those un- acquainted with the method and the sure results to be obtained. It is EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 457 not a method of treatment for the greenhorn to go monkeying with. But with the prevailing high values for hogs we can't understand how any man would be willing to allow a greenhorn around his hog lots in any capacity. Every pork producer in the Corn Belt country is within easy reach and communication with a competent veterinary practi- tioner and there is no excuse for indulging in any false moves. The simultaneous treatment is long past the experimental stage. There is no doubt about its efficacy. It is safe, it is sure, and it brings perma- nent immunity to every animal treated. If every animal in the United States could be given the simultaneous or double treatment for cholera during the next ten days, Mr. Hoover could sleep undisturbed by haunt- ing dreams or any possible shortage of pork. He would get that second pig just as sure as pigs grow into hogs. "A nice, juicy bone," says the stray dog, "I'll carry it and straightway carries the disease to his master's 458 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MILK BY-PRODUCTS DO THEIR BIT IN PORK MAKING. By John M. ;Ewabd, Animal Husbandry Section, Iowa Experiment Station. Hundreds of letters are received annually inquiring as to the value of skim milk or buttermilk for pig purposes. Now skim milk and buttermilk are of about equal value, both being of practically the same composition and both giving approximately the same results in feeding experiments. The whole milk is skimmed once to get the skim milk, but buttermilk is really what is left from the second skimming. The cream is taken from the whole milk and then the butter is taken from the cream, in reality the practical equivalent of skim milk is left as buttermilk in the churn. In truth, we now make practically all of our culture buttermilks which we buy at soda fountains through the use of skim milk, one of which is particularly named, namely: — the Bulgarian buttermilk, a skim milk bacteriological product. The old rules proposed years ago in order to find out the value of a hundred pounds of skim milk hardly cover the issue nowadays, al- though they have proven useful in their time. Two of these rules are particularly interesting, the one by Hoard given by Henry and Morri- son is as follows: "To find the value of 100 pounds of skim milk when fed alone, multiply the market price of live hogs in cents per pound by five; if fed in combination with corn or barley, multiply by six." On this basis the money value of 100 pounds of skim milk with $10 hogs is fifty cents; $20.00 hogs, $1.00. In reality though this relationship is based between pounds of skim milk and price of hogs per hundred pounds there is very little relationship between the price of hogs and the value of skim milk; this will be shown shortly. The Gurler rule runs as follows: "The value of 100 pounds of skim milk when fed alone with corn to fattening hogs is half the market price of corn per bushel." On this basis, therefore, the value of 100 pounds of milk is fifty cents with $1 corn, and $1 with $2 corn. This relation- ship, therefore, is on the basis of the price of corn rather than the price of hogs. In order to determine the value of skim or buttermilk we have done considerable work with buttermilk, and the figures secured are appli- cable to skim milk. In an average of four trials in which buttermilk was fed in limited quantity, from two to ten pounds per head daily, to young growing and fattening shoats this section has found that a hudred pounds of butter- milk replaces six pounds of corn and six pounds of meat meal tankage. The tests were run in this way: One group of pigs was self-fed on corn and tankage "Free-Choice" style; another similar group out of the same dams and sire was fed exactly the same ration with the excep- tion that they were given some buttermilk daily. Naturally when they got the buttermilk they would hold up on the corn and tankage. Physiologically their demands were different with the buttermilk in their stomachs and alimentary tract than where it was not present. By EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VHI 459 figuring we arrive at the above deductions, namely; — that 100 pounds of buttermilk saved six pounds of corn and six pounds of meat meal tank- age. Pricing the corn at |1.68 a bushel or $60 a ton the corn replaced is worth eighteen cents and the tankage replaced at $80 a ton is twenty- four cents, making a total replacement value of forty-two cents, hence 100 pounds of buttermilk in these particular experiments were worth forty-two cents a hundred pounds. As corn and tankage go up the but- termilk becomes' more valuable; as corn and tankage go down it becomes lei's valuable. Had these tests been run today and the buttermilk figured on the basis of the above rules the values would be much in excess of forty-two cents or with the Hoard rule almost twice as much or about ninety cents; with the G'urler rule, counting the corn at $1.68 a bushel, equals eighty- four cents or exactly twice the value found. It is readily to be seen, therefore, that buttermilk is worth the price of materials necessary to replace it if buttermilk is not used and corn plus tankage replaces but- termilk. Let us go further with this proposition and see the effect of feeding buttermilk (remembering always that when we speak of buttermilk w'e might just as well speak of skim milk) in large quantities, giving young growing pigs of fifty-six pounds weight all the buttermilk they possibly can drink, keeping it before them continuously until they reach the weight of 300 pounds. Two groups were fed. Group I received shelled corn self-fed plus 60 per cent meat meal tankage self-fed plus wheat mid- lings self-fed plus rock salt self-fed, all feeds allowed "Free-Choice" style in separate feeders. Group II was fed exactly the same excepting that buttermilk was kept continuously before them in addition to the other feeds. And how the buttermilk pigs did gain! They relished the buttermilk, coming as it did from the college creamery where the cream before churning was thoroughly pasteurized, thus eliminating disease producing organisms. The following table shows the number of days required to reach the weight of approximately 300 pounds, feed eaten, gains made, and feed required for 100 pounds of gain. BUTTERJirLK VERSUS NO BUTTERMILK Group I Group II Final Weight 296 299 Number of Days 218 156 Average Daily Feed Eaten: Shelled Corn 4.87 lb. 2.27 lb. Meat Meal Tankage 37 .14 Wheat Middlings 34 .22 Buttermilk 32.16 Rock Salt Average Daily Gain Per Pig 1.10 1.54 Feed Required for 100 Pounds Gain: Shelled Corn 442. 148. Meat Meal Tankage 33. 9. Wheat Middlings 31. 14. Butter,milk 2091. Rock Salt 4 .1 460 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Note that the buttermilk pigs made the most rapid gains reaching 299 pounds in 156 days. It took the "no buttermilk" fed pigs sixty-two days longer to reach 296 pounds. Note further that the pigs drank on the average a little over thirty- two pounds of buttermilk per head per day, and that they ate less than half as much corn, about a third as much meat meal tankage, and about two-thirds as much wheat middlings as where no buttermilk was given — evidently the buttermilk saved grain. Note still further that on 100 pounds of gain, although it took a little over a ton of buttermilk or exactly 2,091 pounds, yet this 2,091 pounds saved considerable grain, or, to put it definitely and concretely, this little over a ton of buttermilk saved 294 pounds of corn, twenty-three pounds of meat meal tankage, seventeen pounds of wheat middlings and a quarter of a pound of salt. Putting it on a better unit basis, 100 pounds of buttermilk saved 14.09 pounds of corn, 1.17 pounds of meat meal tankage, .31 pound of wheat middlings and .01 pound of salt, a total of 16.07 pounds of grain replaced by 100 pounds of buttermilk. Charging the corn at $60 a ton or $1.68 a bushel, tankage at $80, middlings at $50, and salt at $20 a ton this 100 pounds of buttermilk saved 40.19 cents worth of feed or it was worth on the basis of values given practically fifty cents a hundred pounds, this on the basis of it being fed in very large quantities. Bear in mind that the buttermilk also saved time. In reality each 100 pounds of buttermilk saved practically a day's feeding of the pig which meant that you saved a day's labor in the feeding of said pig every time you gave him a hundred pounds of buttermilk in this comparative ex- periment. With brood sows this section found that buttermilk has a higher re- placement value than with shoats, this is natural and to be expected. In one test we found that 100 pounds of buttermilk saved five pounds of hominy feed, which is practically the same as corn, plus nine pounds of tankage, — a total of fourteen pounds of feed. Counting the hominy at $70 a ton and tankage at $80, the saving was 53 1/^ cents, and what is more the young pigs did better when buttermilk was added to the basal ration of hominy feed and tankage. With fattening shoats, therefore, we note that in the instance of limited feeding a hundred pounds of buttermilk or skim milk is equal to twelve pounds of grain; when fed in large quantities, sixteen; whereas when fed to sows 100 pounds of similar buttermilk, fresh from the cream- ery, saved fourteen pounds of grain with suckling sows. Buttermilk or skim milk, therefore, is valuable according to what it replaces, and in practice in the com belt it replaces corn plus tankage or similar supplement. We must place its value, therefore, not on the price of hogs but on the price of the things that it takes the place of, in reality the feeds we would use if we did not have the milk by-product. Most assuredly skim milk and buttermilk are especially valuable feeds when it comes to balancing our ordinary rations, and why should it not be so? Milk was produced for young animals, hence it comes to its own to its fullest extent when fed to suckling pigs, for instance, or to young weanling pigs that are just starting out in the race of life. PART IX Annual Report of the Iowa Weather and^Crop Service Bureau for 1917 GEORGE M. CHAPPEL, M. D„ Director For convenient reference and comparison with past and future years, this report contains the summaries of the monthly and weeldy bulletins of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service in cooperation with the Weather Bureau of the United States Department of Agriculture for the year 1917. The regular meteorological, climatologi'cal and crop statistical work of the Service has been maintained and kept up to the high standard of efficiency of past years; more than the usual atten- tion having been devoted to the accuracy of the reports and the exposure of instruments. Twenty-four thousand copies of the monthly Climatological Re- ports, and 30,000 copies of the weekly Weather Crop Bulletins were distributed during the year. Five hundred copies of the monthly reports are distributed each month through the Weather Bureau, U. S. Department of Agriculture, to scientific institutions and libraries in this and foreign countries. The daily weather forecasts were distributed by telegraph at the expense of the U. S. Weather Bureau to 80 towns, by franked mail to 1,918 addresses, by rural delivery to 819 addresses, and by free telephone to 115,207 subscribers. Preparation was made to have frost warnings sent, in case of necessity, during the fruit bloom- ing season, to all orchardists in the state who were prepared to use orchard heaters in case of frost or injurious temperatures. CLIMATOLOGY OF THE YEAR 1917 The mean temperature, 44.8°, is the lowest; in the 28 years of record and 2.6° below the normal. The temperature deficiency was accumulated ehiefiy in February, April, May, June, August, Oc- tober and December. High temperatures occurred toward the close 462 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of July and November was abnormally warm. The total precipita- tion 27.81 inches, is 4.16 inches below normal. April and June were excessively wet, particularly in the latter month in the south- em portion of the State, while deficiencies occurred in all other months but February. November was droughty. The season was favorable for small grains, but unfavorable for corn, about half of which was caught by frosts, October 1-8. Considerable frost dam- age occurred in the northeastern counties on September 11. About 15 per cent of tliej crop remained unhusked in the fields at the close of the year, and much that was cribbed was damaged by heat- ing. The low yields of winter wheat, clover, timothy and alfalfa, were due to unfavorable conditions during the winter of 1916-17. Barometer (reduced to sea level). — The average pressure of the atmos- phere for the year was 30.06 Inches. The highest pressure was 31.09 inches, at Sioux City, on December 29th. The lowest pressure was 29.02 inches, at Charles City, on January 21st. The range for the state was 2.07 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the state was 44.8°, or 2.6° below the normal. The highest annual mean was 49.3°, at Keokuk, Lee County. The lowest annual mean was 39.8° at Estherville, Emmet County. The highest temperature reported was 106°, at Clarinda, on July 30th. The lowest temperature reported was -40°, at Washta, on December 29th. The range for the state was 146°. Precipitation. — The average amount of rainfall and melted snow for the year was 27.81 inches, or 4.16 inches less than the normal, and 1.09 inches less than the average for 1916. The greatest amount at any sta- tion was 36.00 inches, at Nora Springs, Floyd County, and the least amount was 20.78 inches, at Le Mars, Plymouth County. The greatest monthly precipitation was 13.82 inches, at Keosauqua, Van Buren County, in June. The least amount was a trace, at seven stations in the southern division in February, and at four scattered stations in November. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours was 5.74 inches, at St. Charles, on August 4th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 82 days, 8 days less than in 1916. Snowfall. — The average amount of snowfall wasi 32.4 inches. The greatest amount reported from any station was 66.0 inches at Charles City, Floyd County, and the least amount was 7.6 inches at Corning, Adams County. The greatest monthly snowfall was 20.7 inches at Rock Rapids, Lyon County, in January. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The highest velocity reported was 85 miles an hour from the west at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on June 22d. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 171; partly cloudy, 98; cloudy, 96; as against 178 clear; 98 partly cloudy, and 90 cloudy days in 1916. The average percentage of the possible amount of sunshine was 58 or about 3 per cent below the normal. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 463 MONTHLY SUMMARIES JANUARY. Fair and mild weather till the 10th was followed by a cold wave, and temperatures of zero and lower occurred in nearly all portions of the State during the next few days. The coldest in the State during the month was — 28° at Elkader on the 13th. A storm center in northern Arizona on the morning of the 20th passed over Iowa attended by snow on the 20-21st, and was followed by a cold wave. In the north part of the State, where the snow was heavy, it drifted and interferred seriously with rail traffic. The cold wave that followed was severe in the north por- tion of the State where temperatures 14 to 20 below zero occurred. Tem- peratures of 50 to 60 degrees, the highest of the month, were general on the 28th. General snow on the 30-3 1st was followed by the imost severe cold wave of the winter which was sweeping southeastward across the State at midnight of the 31st. As a whole, this may be regarded as a nearly normal Iowa January, though with an excess of precipitation and a deficiency in temperature in the northern and reverse conditions in the southern portions. Sunshine, averaging 67 per cent, is 17 per cent above normal and has seldom been equaled in January. Ice in the rivers averaged 9 to 13 inches thick at the beginning of the month and 11 to 22 inches at the close, and much ice of good quality was harvested. Winter grain, which because of the deficiency in rainfall, did not become well established in the fall, is believed to have suffered somewhat from the glaze of December and the temperature extremes with deficient snow covering in January. Pressure. — The mean pressure (reduced to sea level) for the state was 30.07 inches. The highest recorded was 30.99 inches, at Dubuque, on the 16th, and the lowest was 29.02, at Charles City on the 21st. The monthly range was 1.97 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 108 stations, was 17.0°, or 0.9° lower than the normal. By divisions, three tiers of counties to the division, the means were as fol- lows: Northern, 11.8°, or 2.8° lower than the normal; Central, 16.9°, or 1.3° lower than the normal; Southern, 22.4°, or 1.5° higher than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 26.1°, at Keokuk, and the lowest monthly mean was 8.1° at Estherville. The highest temperature reported was 60°, at eight stations in Wapello, Jefferson, Henry, Van Buren and Lee Coun- ties, on the 28th, and the lowest temperature reported was — 28° at El- kader, on the 13th. The temperature range for the state was 88°. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the state at 7 a. m. was 81.1 per cent, and at 7 p. m. it was 77.2 per cent. The mean for the month 464 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE was 79.2 per cent, or about 1.9 per cent less than tlie normal. The high- est monthly mean was 88 per cent at Charles City, and the least was 73.6 at Omaha, Nebr. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 112 stations, was 0.83 inch, or 0.22 inch less than the normal. By divisions the averages were as follows: Northern, i.l7, or 0.33 inch more than the normal; Central, 0'.78 inch, or 0.33 inch less than the nor- mal; Southern, 0.55 inch, or 0.64 inch less than the normal. The great- est amount, 2.07 inches, occurred at Rock Rapids, and the least, 0.17 inch, at Corning. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours, 1.03 inches, occurred at Storm Lake, on the 21st. Snoiv. — The average snowfall for the state was 7.2 inches, or about the normal amount. The greatest amount, 20.7 inches, occurred at Rock Rap- ids, and the least, a trace, at Lamoni. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northwest. The highest velocity reported from a regular Weather Bureau station was at the rate of 60 miles an hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 10th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average percentage of the possible amount of sunshine was 67, or about 17 per cent higher than the normal. The percentage of the possible amount at the several regular Weather Bureau stations being as follows: Charles City, 62; Davenport, 58; Des Moines, 67; Dubuque, 67; Keokuk, 74; Omaha, Nebr., 77; Sioux City, 66. Clear days averaged 17, a record that has been equalled twice but never exceeded in 27 Januarys; partly cloudy days, 8; cloudy 6. Miscellaneous Phenomena. — Halos, solar or lunar, occurred on the follow- ing dates: 3, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 20, 22, 24, 31. Fog: 2, 3, 4, 12, 21, 26, 27, 29, 31. Sleet: 4, 10, 20, 21, 26, 31. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 465 COMPARATIVE DATA FOB THE STATE— JAtTO ART. Temperature Precipitation Number of Days iKAR ® •3? |5 >> 13 O a 1 1 5 4J i o "3 o a a 4J 1 a M O a> 03 o a V2 O ■3 a ■a 3 o 5 1890 19.7 26.0 +1.8 +8.1 61 B8 —27 — 4 2.03 1.75 +0.S8 +0.70 3.46 3.99 0.35 0.61 1891 4 'is' "T ' li 1892 15.3 —2.6 76 —38 1.09 +0.04 3.13 0.10 '"g~9 5 16 9 0 1^8 9.3 —8.6 51 -34 0.74 —0.31 3.20 0.13 6.9 6 U 9 an 1891 19.3 +1.4 69 —37 1.09 +0.04 2.24 0.31 6.0 5 14 0 8 189S 13.0 —1.3 63 -31 0.85 —0.20 2.65 0.09 8.7 4 15 7 9 1896 23.4 +5.5 63 —20 0.48 -0.57 2.10 T. 2.8 3 10 10 la 1887 17.2 —0.7 65 -50 2.01 +0.96 6.16 0.15 8.2 7 12 7 13 1898 23.4 +6.5 52 —11 1.60 +0.S'5 5.32 T. 12.6 5 15 6 10 1890 19.8 +1.9 63 —34 0.28 —0.77 1.15 T. 1.5 3 IS 10 e 1900 25.6 +7.7 m —20 0.53 —0.52 2.47 T. 2.3 8 16 7 8 i9oa 23.7 +S.8 60 —21 0.74 —0.31 2.34 0.04 6.2 4 14 9 8 1903 22.4 +4.5 63 —31 0.88 —0.17 2.83 0.19 9.4 4 17 8 6 1903 23.0 +5.1 60 —12 0.28 -0.77 1.46 T. 2.0 4 13 7 11 1904, 14.0 —3.9 57 —33 1.18 +0.13 3.68 0.02 6.1 6 12 8 11 1905 11.2 -6.7 56 —SO 0.91 —0.14 1.82 0.12 11.1 7 14 7 10 1908 24.6 +6.7 69 —19 1.62 +0.47 4.71 0.28 11.3 5 14 6 11 1907 18.8 +0.9 63 —22 1.52 +0.47 5.S0 0.10 6.0 7 8 7 16 1908 24.9 +7.0 60 -18 0.44 — o.ei 1.50 O.06 4.6 2 17 6 e 1909 21.2 +3.3 72 —25 1.09 +0.61 3.74 0.41 7.8 6 9 6 18 1910 18.1 +0.2 56 —35 1.57 +0.52 3.15 0.50 12.6 e 13 7 11 1901 20.2 +2.3 66 —35 0.97 —0.08 3.73 O.U 7.3 5 0 8 14 1912 4.2 ^13.7 49 -^7 0.53 —0.52 1.90 T. fi.fl s 14 t 10 1913 20.9 +3.0 62 —25 o.trr -0.28 2.05 0.04 7.2 0 14 9 8 1914 27.8 +9.9 64 — ]0 0.88 —0.17 2.34 0.27 5.1 0 11 8 12 1915 17.6 -0.4 » -aa 1.63 +0.58 3.15 0.10 7.3 8 13 8 10 1916 17.8 -0.1 63 —34 2.62 +1.57 6.07 0.85 7.2 10 12 6 13 1817 17.0 -0.9 60 —28 0.83 —0.22 2.C7 0.17 7.2 4 17 8 fl T indicate an amount too small to measure, or less than .005 Inch precipita- tion, and less than .05 Inch snowfall. FEBRUARY. February, 1917, was the driest month of that name since state-wide ob- servations began in 1890, and it was the coldest February since 1905. It was, however, ratlier a pleasant winter month as there was only one bad storm which occurred on the 4th, when the temperature was below zero all day, north of Des Moines, and the minimum temperatures ranged from 8° below zero at Keokuk, in Lee County, to 28° below zero at Lake Park, in Dickinson County. The velocity of the wind ranged from 39 miles an hour at Des Moines to 69 miles an hour at Sioux City. Over the greater part of the State these conditions were accompanied by fall- ing snow, which made the worst blizzard for many years. Railroad traf- flce was suspended for several days on some lines in the northern coun- ties. Although cold, the remainder of the month was generally pleasant. Over the southern counties there was practically no snowfall, and the ground in that section has been practically bare during the entire winter, and it is thought that winter grains have been injured. Owing to the lack of moisture during last summer, fall and winter the ground is very dry and many wells have failed. At Des Moines there has been a deficiency 30 466 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of precipitation every month for 13 consecutive months; the aggregate deficiency from February 1, 1916, to March 11, 1917, inclusive, is 13.04 inches. On the other hand, the northern counties have received about the normal amount of precipitation and sleighing has been good most of the winter. Some spring wheat was sown in Davis County on the 26th, not- withstanding the fact that the ground was frozen to a depth of three feet, except a few inches on the surface. At the end of the month there were no indications of ice breaking up in any of the streams. Pressure. — The mean pressure (reduced to sea level) for the state was 30.16 inches. The highest recorded was 30.92 inches, at Omaha, Neb., on the 2d and the lowest was 29.20 at Sioux City ^n the 16th. The monthly range was 1.70 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 107 stations, was 15.2°, or 5.3° lower than the normal. By di- visions, three tiers of counties to the division, the means were as follows: Northern, 9.9°, or 7.2° lower than the normal; Central, 15.3°, or 5.4° lower than the normal; Southern, 20.5°, or 3.1° lower than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 24.8° at Northboro, and the lowest monthly mean was 5.9° at Forest City. The highest temperature reported was 68°, at Northboro, on the 25th, and the lowest temperature reported was -37°, at Inwood, on the 2d. The temperature range for the state was 105°. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the state at 7:00 a. m. was 80.2 per cent, and at 7 p. m. it was 70.2 per cent. The mean for the month was 75.5 per cent, or about 4.2 per cent lower than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 87.0 per cent, at Charles City, and the lowest was 64.8 at Omaha, Neb. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 114 stations, was 0.36 inch, or 0.79 inch less than the nor- mal. By divisions, the averages were as follows: Northern, 0.59 incji, or 0.32 inch less than the normal; Central, 0.37 inch, or 0'.93 inch less than the normal; Southern, 0.12 inch, or 1.23 inches less than the normal. The greatest amount, 1.J.9 inches, occurred at Nora Springs, and the least, a trace, at seven stations in the southern division. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours, 1.00 inch, occurred at Nora Springs, on the 19th. Snow. — The average snowfall for the state vas 3.5 inches, or 3.9 inches ess than the normal. The greatest amount, 11.6 inches, occurred at Horm Lake, and the least, a trace, at 10 stations in the southern di- /ision. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northwest. The highest velocity reported from a regular Weather Bureau station was 69 miles an hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 4th. SunsM7ie and Cloudiness. — The average per cent of the possible amount of sunshine was 63, or about 8 per cent higher than the normal. The per cent of the possible amount at the regular Weather Bureau stations was as follows: Charles City, 58; Davenport, 56; Des Moines, 61; Du- buque, 62; Keokuk, 71; Sioux City, 59; Omaha, Neb., 73. Miscellaneous Phenomena. — Dates of: Fog, 13, 14, 15, 19, 22, 26, 27. Halos, solar or lunar, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 19, 28. Sleet or glaze EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 467 occurrea at several stations inthe southern counties on the 19th. Thunder was heard or distant lightning observed during the night of the 22d-23d at a number of stations in the southern division. Migration of birds at Earlham, blue birds and robins on the 23d and wild ducks on the 25th. At Bedford, wild ducks on the 22d. THE WINTER OF 1916-1917. The mean temperature for the three winter months was 17.0°, which is 3.2° below the normal for the State. The highest temperature re- ported was 68° at Northboro, Page County, on February 25. The lowest temperature reported was 37° below zero at Inwood, Lyon County, on February 2. The average monthly precipitation for the State was 0.74 Inch, and the average total precipitation was 2.23 inches, or 0.74 inch less than the winter normal. The average total snowfall, unmelted, was 17.4 inches, or 3.1 Inches less than the normal and 0.4 inch less than the average fall for the winter of 1915-16. The total number of days with .01 inch or more of precipitation was 13, or 6 less than the average for the winter of 1915-16. The average number of clear days was 46, partly cloudy 24, cloudy 20, as compared with 37 clear, 22 partly cloudy, and 32 cloudy days during the winter of 1915-16. COMPARATIVE DATA FOB THE STATE— FEBEHJART. Number of Temperature Precipitation Days X) a 0 YEAR o • o • a a 0) o Hi 3 C3 C3 ■w "3 fto ^^ •a 1 a o a 02 B 0 0 1890 26.0 +5.6 67 -24 0.83 -0.22 2.18 0.11 1891 19.4 —1.1 70 -31 1.16 +0.11 2.41 0.55 3' '13' 'T 8 1892 28.1 +7.6 68 -20 1.20 +0.15 2.18 0.12 "l.o" 6 6 7 le 1893 16.4 -4.1 60 -28 1.39 +0.34 2.91 0.06 8.1 6 10 8 10 1894 19.7 —0.8 60 -19 0.89 —0.16 2.41 T 8.4 S 16 8 4 1895 16.4 —4.1 73 -33 0.49 —0.56 1.34 0.02 3.3 4 13 9 6 1896 27.4 +6.9 78 -13 0.71 —0.34 2.40 0.04 5.4 4 12 9 8 1897 24.7 +4.2 61 -24 0.89 —0.16 1.81 0.22 8.0 6 6 10 12 1898 24.2 +3.7 62 -18 1.20 +0.15 3.65 0.10 7.8 5 10 9 9 1899 12.2 —8.3 75 -40 0.89 -0.16 4.32 0.12 7.1 5 11 10 7 1900 14.8 —5.7 60 -27 1.30 +0.25 4.57 0.18 9.9 6 10 8 10 1901 17.5 —3.0 49 -21 1.01 -0.04 3.0O 0.12 9.7 4 15 7 6 1902 17.6 —2.9 62 -21 0.73 —0.32 2.39 0.02 2.6 4 13 a 7 1903 19.8 -0.7 56 -21 1.18 +0.13 3.25 0.30 7.9 4 13 7 8 1904 14.8 —5.7 70 -26 0.41 —0.64 1.99 T 4.5 4 10 9 10 1905 .. 12.8 —7.7 69 -41 1.57 +0.52 2.97 0.44 15.5 7 14 6 8 1906 23.6 +3.1 66 -32 1.29 +0.24 2.91 0.20 6.1 5 14 7 7 1907 25.0 +4.5 65 -31 0.71 —0.34 1.95 0.06 4.6 4 14 6 8 1908 24.3 +3.8 59 -16 1.69 +0.64 3.95 0.23 8.9 6 12 6 11 1909 26.2 +5.7 62 -26 1.54 +0.49 4.72 0.30 7.7 5 11 6 11 1910 17.8 —2.7 58 -21 0.46 —0.59 2.09 T 4.0 3 14 8 6 1911 27.3 +6.8 71 -13 2.76 +1.71 5.46 0.50 7.0 6 12 6 10 1912 18.1 —2.4 57 -30 1.21 +0.16 3.25 0.04 11.2 6 10 9 10 1913 20.2 -0.3 70 -24 0.82 -0.23 2.39 0.07 7.3 4 14 7 7 1914 16.8 —3.7 59 -29 0.87 —0.18 1.99 0.32 9.2 6 10 9 9 1915 29.1 +8.6 62 - 8 2.93 +1.88 5.39 0.43 9.4 9 9 5 14 1916 IP.O —1.6 62 -32 0.66 —0.60 1.38 0.05 6.0 4 14 8 7 1917 15.2 —5.3 68 -37 0.36 -0.79 1.19 T 3.5 3 14 8 S T indicates an amount too small to measure, or less than. .005 Inch precipita- tion, and less than .05 inch snowfall. 468 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MARCH. March opened cold with temperatures of zero or lower in all but the southeastern counties on the 4th and 5th, the lowest being -13 degrees at Lake Park on the 4th. Excepting a warm period, 9th-llth, it continued rather cold till the 19th when a warm period set in that continued till the close of the month. At Des Moines the ground was frozen to a maxi- mum depth of about 4 feet on March 6, but by the 26th, practically all frost had disappeared. In the southern portion of the state the average daily excess in temperature was about 2.5 degrees, while in the northern portion there was a slight deiiciency. Precipitation, as in the two preceding months, was above normal in the northern, normal In the central, and below normal in the southern divisions. The principal periods with precipitation were, 7th, 12th-13th, and 16th. During the latter two periods, there was considerable glaze, sleet and snow, particularly in the north and central divisions. Over an area extending from Fort Dodge to Des Moines and east to the Missis- sippi River the mist and light rain beginning on the 12th froze to all exposed surfaces, giving them a heavy coating of ice that in many places measured an inch in thickness. On the 13th a considerable increase in the wind force, acting upon the overburdened telephone wires, caused great damage. More than 1,600 poles were snapped off and 10,000 breaks occurred in long distance wires alone. The damage is estimated at $175,000, besides the loss of business for nearly a week. Railway and telegraph wires seem to have suffered less. On the 16th, heavy snows, accompanied by shifting gales, occurred in the northern portion of the state, interrupting railway traffic for a few days. There was no appreciable snow covering over the southeast one-third of the state or anywhere in the southern tier of counties, but in the western counties near the Minnesota line, the snow did not disappear till the closing days of the month. By the close of the month grass was starting and field work was pro- gressing rapidly in the southern division; seeding oats and spring wheat had been completed in a few southeastern counties; potato planting was reported well north in the central division; and sod plowing was being done as far north as Lyon county in the extreme northwest. "Winter wheat, timothy, alfalfa, and clover both old and new, were seriously winter-killed, except that clover was favorably reported from some locali- ties in the northern division, where it is most too early to form con- ■slusions. The winter-killing in the southern division probably resulted from the prolonged drought that began last fall and continued through the winter, together with deficient snow covering and considerable ex- tremes of temperature. In the central division, smothering seems to have occurred from a dense ice covering part of the winter. In the northern division the snow covering was deeper, continuous and more porous. Live stock wintered well and ample feed remains. Pressure. — The mean pressure (reduced to sea level) for the state was 30.02 inches. The highest recorded was 30.75 inchs, at Sioux City, on the 3d; and the lowest was 29.26 inches, at Omaha, Neb., on the 16th, The monthly range was 1.49 inches. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 469 Temperature. — The mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 102 stations, was 34.6°, or 1.3° higher than the normal. By divisions, three tiers of counties to the division, the means were as fol- lows: Northern, 31.2°, or 0.3° lower than the normal; Central, 35.1°, or 1.5° higher than the normal; Southern 38.6° or 2.5° higher than the nor- mal. The highest monthly mean was 41.3°, at Ottumwa, and the lowest monthly mean was 27.2°, at Estherville. The highest temperature re- ported was 85°, at Lenox, on the 31st. The lowest temperature reported was -13°, at Lake Park on the 4th. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the state at 7 a. m. was 78 per cent, and at 7 p. m. it was 62 per cent. The mean for the month was 70 per cent, or about 4 per cent lower than the normal. The high- est monthly mean was 79 per cent, at Charles City, and the lowest was 62, at Keokuk. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 107 stations, was 1.84 inches, or 0.07 inch more than the normal. By divisions the averages were as follows: Northern, 1.90 inches or 0.37 inch more than the normal; Central, 1.83 inches, or 0.04 inch less than the normal; Southern, 1.78 inches, or 0.14 inch less than the nor- mal. The greatest amount, 4.35 inches occurred at Sanborn, and the least, .57 inch, at Audubon. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours, ^.50 inches, occurred at Sanborn, during a thunderstorm on the 16th. Snow. — The average snowfall for the state was 6.2 inches, or 1.0 inch more than the normal. The greatest amount, 20.0 inches, occurred at Sanborn; Williamsburg and Lacona reported no snow, and 18 stations ported only a trace. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northwest. The highest velocity reported from a regular "Weather Bureau station tPas at the rate of 56 miles an hour from the northwest, this occurring at Sioux City on the 16th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average per cent of the possible amount _ sunshine was 60, or about 2 per cent higher than the normal. The per cent of the possible amount at the regular Weather Bureau stations was as follows: Charles City, 51; Davenport, 52; Des Moines, 62; Du- buque, 61; Keokuk, 71; Sioux City, 53; Omaha, Nebr., 69. Miscellaneous Phenomena. — Fog occurred in the northeastern counties on the 2d, 6th, 7th, 10th, 11th and 15th. Hail in south and east por- tions of the state on the tenth. Halos, lunar or solar, on the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 10th, 17th, 19th, 20th, 24th, 30th. A lunar halo of radius 46° was observed at Des Moines, 9:15 p. m. of the 5th. Sleet on the 6th, 7th, 11th, 12th, 13th in the southern and eastern portions of thfe state, and quite generally on the 16th, 22d and 23rd. Birds -first observed. — Boone, robins, 13th; Centerville, robins, 20th; Des Moines, robins, 12th; Earlham, wild geese, 20th, pewees, 24th, cranes, 29th; Forest City, robins, 11th; Grinnell, blue birds, 18th; Nora Springs, wild geese, 17th, robins and black birds, 22d; Pocahontas, -siild ducks, 8th, 470 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE brants, 9th, robins, 10th, meadow lark, 15th; Postville, robins, 21st, blue- birds, 30th. Frogs appeared at Corydon on the 15th. Rivers. — The ice in the Mississippi River broke up and moved out at Muscatine and Davenport on the 11th; LeClaire on the 19th; Clinton on the 21st; and Dubuque on the 22nd. The stages were moderate. The smaller rivers broke up quietly about the middle of the month in the southern half of the state where very little precipitation had accumulated during the winter. Further north the breakup was caused by a rather sudden change to warmer weather on the 19th, acting upon more than a normal accumulation of snow and ice. The Cedar River at Cedar Rap- ids passed the flood stage of 14 feet during the night of the 25th-26th, reaching a crest stage of 17.3 feet at 6 p. m. of the 26th. The Des Moines River at Boone, passed the flood stage of 17 feet on the 23rd, reaching a crest stage of 20 feet on the 25th. Several small rivers in northern Iowa, gorged, overflowed, washed out bridges and culverts, and seriously delayed railway and other traffic. This was the only damage reported. COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE SlATE-MAROH Number of remperature Precipitation Days YEAR el p 43 1 "ea 4> 03 ? 03 "3 o p."" On x:-2 >. -o 3 O -3 >> o § S iS o o s 3 CO |« B A 5 1890 28.0 —5.8 75 —24 1.67 -0.20 8.67 0.82 1891 26.8 -^.5 66 —19 2.60 +0.83 4.58 1.3S , _ 10 "e "i 17 1892 31.9 —1.4 9A — 6 2.22 +0.45 4.68 0.67 8.9 8 u 8 12 1893 81.8 —1.5 84 — 8 2.14 +0.37 4.40 0.64 4.0 8 9 11 11 1894 41.0 +7.7 84 — 6 2.03 +0.28 4.62 0.28 2.7 8 18 10 8 1895 34.4 +1.1 94 —11 0.83 —0.94 2.60 0.22 2.0 4 16 8 7 1898 S0.9 —2.4 81 —12 1.10 —0.67 3.99 0.18 6.4 6 12 9 1» 1897 32.0 —1.3 72 —22 2.39 +0.62 8.16 0.29 6.6 8 9 8 U 1898 87.5 +4.2 72 — 2 1.94 +0.17 8.21 O.SS 8.7 8 12 9 10 1899 23.0 —10.3 75 —16 1.62 -0.15 6.90 0.87 8.0 6 7 12 12 1900 30.7 — 2.fl 81 —13 2.06 +0.29 5.16 0.46 8.0 6 12 9 10 1901 34.2 +0.9 76 — 8 2.64 +0.87 6.25 0.70 12.8 7 K) 8 18 1902 89.1 +6.8 79 —12 1.45 —0.32 4.83 0.18 1.3 7 9 11 U 1903 38.8 +6.5 82 8 1.38 —0.39 3.90 0.16 8.9 7 11 7 IS 1904 34.8 +1.5 78 8 2.18 +0.41 4.57 0.50 4.4 7 8 8 16 1905 41.5 +8.2 84 1 2.04 +0.27 8.70 0.89 4.1 7 8 8 U 190fl 27.1 -«.2 8B —14 2.34 +0.57 4.66 0.68 8.9 10 8 7 18 1907 40.fl +7.3 92 — 7 1.36 —0.42 6.06 0.2S 4.1 8 14 7 10 1908 87.9 +4.8 85 — 8 1.58 —0.19 3.74 0.45 1.1 8 IS 7 11 1909 32.6 -0.8 71 —16 1.63 -0.24 6.00 0.28 9.8 8 12 10 9 1910 48.0 +16.8 92 —10 0.17 —1.60 1.32 O.OO T 1 23 8 % 1911 89.4 +8.1 83 2 0.83 -0.84 4.84 T 1.9 6 18 9 0 1912 24.9 -%A 70 —19 2.01 +0.24 6.25 0.60 19.1 7 15 a 10 1918 31.9 —1.4 78 —28 2.48 +0.71 6.88 0.74 5.8 9 11 10 10 1914 34.7 +1.4 78 — 6 1.89 —0.08 8.81 0.28 1.8 7 12 8 11 1915 29.3 —4.0 61 — 6 0.96 —0.81 2.12 0.17 8.8 6 8 0 14 19ia 85.2 +1.9 80 —18 1.67 -0.20 5.80 0.28 2.9 8 11 9 U 1917 34.9 +1.3 85 -^12 1.84 +0.07 4.33 0.57 6.2 6 14 8 9 T Indicates an amount too small to measure, oi* less tban .005 Incb precipita- tion, and less tban .05 inch snowfall. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 471 APRIL. April, 1917, was generally cold, cloudy and rainy. Only a few days, particularly the 18th and 22d, were notably warm. The week, 9th-15th, was the least rainy, after which rain fell somewhere in the State every day, being heavy the last four days. Rainy days, averaging 11, nearly equaled the record of April, 1909, which had 12. Snowfall, 3.8 inches, has not been exceeded in April since 1896. It was heaviest in the southern division, where it averaged 5.4 inches which is greater than the total of the preceding three months. In Wayne and Decatur counties it ex- ceeded one foot. The drought of several months in the central and southern divisions was effectually broken. Cloudy days, 14, is the great- est of record for April; and sunshine was correspondingly deficient. Vegetation made slow progress. Winter wheat and meadows had win- ter-killed so badly that a large acreage was plowed up and devoted to other crops, mainly corn, though there was also a large increase in the acreage of oats and potatoes. Where the stand was considered promis- ing enough to allow the winter wheat to grow, and this was mostly on heavy bottom lands, it made fair progress, as did other small grains, the seeding of which was about completed by the third week. Wet weather delayed the preparation of corn ground so that at the close of the month only a little planting had been done in the southern counties. Pastures and meadows were too backward to turn in stock. The pig crop was re- ported as below normal. Trees and fruits were generally dormant. Pressure. — The mean pressure, (reduced to sea level) for the State was 29.99 inches. The highest recorded was 30.36 inches, at Sioux City, on the 8th, and the lowest was 29.51 inches at Omaha, Neb., on the 20th. The monthly range was 0'.85 inch. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 107 stations, was 45.5°, or 3.2° lower than the normal. By ■ divisions, three tiers of counties to the division, the means were as fol- lows: Northern, 43.8°, or 2.9° lower than the normal; Central, 45.9°, or 3.0° lower than the normal; Southern, 46.8° or 3.8° lower than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 49.4°, at Mt. Pleasant and Tipton, and the lowest was 41.8°, at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 8'8°, at Lenox, on the 19th, and the lowest was 17° at Guthrie Center on the 2d, and at Sibley on the 15th. The temperature range for the State was 71°. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 78 per cent, and at 7 p. m. it was 63 per cent. The mean for the month was 70 per cent, or about 3 per cent above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 74 per cent, at Charles City and Sioux City, and the lowest was 64 per cent, at Dubuque. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 117 stations, was 4.55 inches, or 1.69 inches more than the normal. By divisions the averages were as follows: Northern, 3.93 inches, or 1.25 inches more than the normal; Central, 4.44 inches, or 1.5S inches more than the normal; Southern, 5.27 inches, or 2.22 inches more 472 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE than the normal. The greatest amount, 7.84 inches, occurred at Aller- ton, and the least, 2.05 inches, at Dubuque. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours, 2.05 inches, occurred at Chariton on the 28th. Snmofall. — The average snowfall for the State was 3.8 inches, or 2.0 inches more than the normal. The averages by divisions were: North- ern, 3.0 inches; Central, 3.0 inches; Southern, 5.4 inches. The greatest amount, 15.0 Inches, occurred at Allerton. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northeast. The highest velocity reported from a regular weather Bureau station was at the rate of 47 miles an hour from the northwest at Sioux City on the 25th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average per cent of the possible amount of sunshine was 45, or about 15 per cent lower than the normal. Tha per cent of the possible amount at the regular Weather Bureau stations was as follows: Charles City, 37; Davenport, 48; Des Moines, 42; Dubu- que, 53; Keokuk, 50; Sioux City, 40; Omaha, Neb., 51. At Charles City, Davenport, Des Moines and Sioux City, the percentages were the least of record for April. Clear days averaged 9; partly cloudy 7, cloudy, 14, the latter being the greatest of record for April. Miscellaneous Phenomena. — Earthquake; Keosauqua, 3 p. m., 19th. Dense fog at a few stations on 17th and 30th. Hail, 17th, 19th, 20th, 24th, 28th, 29th and 30th. Sleet, 1st, 7th, 16th, 17th, 26th, 27th, 28th and 30th, Thunderstorms, 3d, 7th, 11th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 28th and 29th. Birds first observed. — Earlham: turtle doves, 5th, mocking birds, 18th. Frogs appeared at Earlham on the 10th. Rivers. — Flood stages did not occur in any of the rivers, but all of them carried considerably more than the normal volume of water. In the boundary rivers, distinct crests, originating from the spring break-up at the headwaters, passed along between the 17th and 27th in the Missis- sippi, and betv/een the 13th and 19th in the Missouri. The short, in- terior rivers fell steadily till about the 18th to 20th, after which a slight rise resulted from frequent, general and heavy precipitation. At the close of the month the soil was saturated and other natural storage well filled so that the streams will probably respond rather quickly to heavy rain- falls. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAH BOOK— PART IX 473 OOiMIPAEATIVE DATA FOB THE STATE— APRIL. YEAH Temperature Precipitation Number ol Days J. A » ^S «a fl-^ C3 IS- b 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 51.8 +3.1 83 2 1.80 60.6 +1.9 93 13 2.15 45.4 —3.3 88 14 4.75 45.5 —3.2 96 15 4.21 51.7 +3.0 93 12 3.07 54.2 +5.5 98 S 2.62 64.5 +5.8 04 10 5.02 47.9 —0.8 sa 19 5.35 48.1 —0.6 01 14 2.56 48.9 +0.2 89 1 2.40 52.2 +3.5 89 19 2.67 49.9 -1-1.2 92 15 1.79 48.2 —0.5 96 9 1.71 49.8 +1.1 86 17 2.98 44.1 -4.6 86 13 3.63 47.5 —1.2 90 10 3.03 52.5 +3.8 94 22 2.42 41.5 —7.2 80 10 1.32 50.5 +1.8 91 8 2.24 43.8 —4.9 86 14 4.58 52.5 +3.8 99 15 1.48 46.7 —2.0 86 3 3.09 49.9 +1.2 84 20 2.66 50.2 +1.5 88 16 3.28 48.6 —0.1 88 n 2.52 B7.2 +8.5 95 18 1.41 47.1 —1.6 90 11 8.62 46.5 —3.2 88 17 4.S5 —1.06 —0.71 +1.89 +1.35 +0.21 —0.24 +2.16 +2.49 — O.30 —0.46 —0.21 —1.07 —1.15 +0.12 +0.77 +0.17 —0.44 —1.54 —0.62 +1.72 —1.38 +0.23 —0.20 +0.42 —0.34 —1.45 —0.24 +1.69 4.46 5.06 8.38 8.51 6.91 5.88 9.67 9.86 4.82 5.76 6.62 3.47 4.15 6.0O 8.97 5.49 5.55 3.22 4.59 9.43 4.86 6.0* 5.66 7.43 5. OS 4.02 5.92 7.84 0.38 0.69 2.43 1.24 0.55 0.28 2.35 2.22 0.27 0.56 0.43 0.66 0.40 0.74 1.52 0.63 0.53 0.24 0.67 0.83 0.10 1.33 0.78 1.12 0.37 0.05 1.13 2.05 5.7 6.0 0.2 2.1 4.5 T T 2.0 0.9 2.0 T 0.8 1.4 1.2 0.6 2.7 0.3 3.1 3.0 3.6 1.1 2.7 0.3 T 1.1 3.8 T Indicates an amount too small to measure, or less than .005 Inch rainfall, and less than .05 Inch snowfall. MAY. Temperature and total rainfall were below normal, only May, 1892 and 1907, being cooler in the 28 years of record. Rainy days were slightly less frequent than normal and the period, 12th-18th, was nearly rainless. Clear days and sunshine were above normal. On the night of the 18th- 19th, following the warmest day of the month, with maximum tempera- tures near or above 90°, destructive wind and hail storms were general in the Northern Division of the State. Ice, heavy frost, or freezing tem- peratures were general during the first week. Frost on or about the 23d damaged potatoes, corn, garden truck and fruit buds in some locali- ties, particularly in the northeast and east central sections. Small grain made good progress. Meadows and pastures were slow, so that stock feeding had to be continued in many sections till the close of the month, thus depleting the grain supply. By the 20th of the month about 75 per cent of the corn had been planted, but frequent rains dur- ing the last decade delayed field work, and some planting remained to be done at the close of the month, at which time early planted corn was up and was of good stand and color. Apples, plums and cherries were 474 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE backward, coming into full bloom in the southern counties about the 15th and in the northern counties about the 25th, but over most of the state the prospect is good. Pressure. — The mean pressure (reduced to sea level) for the State was 29.96 inches. The highest recorded was 30.42 inches, at Sioux City, on the 14th, and the lowest was 29.36, at Sioux City, on the 26th. The monthly range was 1.06 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the State, as shown by the record of 108 stations, was 55.1°, or 5.4' lower than the normal. By di- visions, three tiers of counties to the division, the means were as fol- lows: Northern, 53.8°, or 5.2° lower than the normal; Central, 55.4°, or 5.3° lower than the normal; Southern, 56.0°, or 5.7° lower than the nor- mal. The highest monthly mean was 58.1°, at Keokuk, and the lowest 52.2°, at Estherville. The highest temperature reported was 95° at Tip- ton, on the 18th, and the lowest was 25° at Chariton, on the 5th. The temperature range for the State was 70°. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 73 per cent, and at 7 p. m. it was 52 per cent. The mean for the month, 63 per cent, is about 4 per cent below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 65 per cent, at Keokuk, and the lowest was 60 per cent, at Sioux City. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 115 stations, was 3.87 inches, or 0.70' inch less than the normal. By divisions the averages were as follows: Northern, 3.87 inches, or 0.61 inch less than the normal; Central, 3.80 inches, or 0.79 inch less than the normal; Southern, 3.95 inches or 0.69 inch less than the normal. The greatest amount, 7.33 inches, occurred at Iowa City, and the least, 1.69 inches, at Rockwell City. The greatest amount in 24 con- secutive hours, 3.05 inches, occurred at Glenwood, on the 21-22d. Snowfall. — The average snowfall for the State was 0.6 inch, or 0.5 Inch more than the normal, and in the 26 Mays of record has been ex- ceeded only in 1907 and 1911. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northeast. The highest velocity reported from a regular Weather Bureau station was at the rate of 54 miles an hour from the west, at Sioux City, on the 18th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average per cent of the possible amount of sunshine was 62, or about 1 per cent more than the normal. The per cent of the possible amount at the regular Weather Bureau stations was as follows: Charles City, 58; Davenport, 59; Des Moines, 58; Dubuque, 65; Keokuk, 68; Sioux City, 59; Omaha, Neb., 68. Miscellaneous Phenomena. — Dense Fog, 14th; Hail, 9th, 10th, 18th, 21st, 26th; Halos, solar or lunar, 2d, 9th, 11th, 18th, 19th, 25th, 28th, 30th; Haze was more or less prevalent from the 8th till near the close of the month, being most noticeable on the 13th, 14th and 16th, when it was sufficiently dense to obscure objects less than a mile distant and give EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 475 the sun a yellowish cast at midday with red sunrise and sunset. At Washta it was described as resembling "Indian Summer" conditions; Meteors, 26th, 31st. See full account of the unusual meteor of the 31st on page 19; Sleet, 3d, 4th, 28th; Thunderstorms, 2d, 3d, 8th, 9th, 10th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22d, 25th, 26th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st; Birds first observed, Grinnell, brown wrens, 9th; grossbeaks, 14th; red headed woodpeckers 15th. Rivers. — Moderate stages prevailed in all of the rivers, and all fell slowly and steadily, except the Missouri, down which a slight crest passed toward the close of the month. OO0VIPAlRA.Ti:VE DATA TOR THE STATE-^MAT. Number of TemperatTire Precipitation Days ^^ TEAB 3 +> 4A £ 3 -^ "3 D o ■3 >^ a 1^ S3 be f o 1^ o 03 ft 1 a 2 o a CO Si. a'T •o p o B 1890 57.7 — 2.8 90 26 3.56 —1.01 6.44 1.61 9 10 13 8 1891 58.3 — 2.2 94 21 3.18 —1.39 7.10 1.46 8 14 9 8 1892 54.0 — 6.5 88 29 8.77 +4.20 12.64 4.87 "¥'.' 16 5 9 17 1893 66.6 — 8.9 96 26 3.45 —1.12 5.82 1.65 0 0 13 » 9 1894 61.1 -1- 0.6 06 22 1.87 —2.70 4.77 •0.33 0 6 17 10 4 1895 61.7 + 1.2 104 24 3.19 —1.38 5.79 0.84 0 9 U 12 8 1896 65.5 + 5.0 100 34 6.69 +2.12 11.79 3.40 0 12 11 12 8 1807 58.5 — 2.0 96 20 1.92 —2.65 3.59 0.21 0 5 16 XO 5 1898 59.6 — 0.9 92 26 4.67 +0.10 7.82 2.22 0 12 9 10 12 1899 60.2 — 0.3 90 27 6.23 +1.66 11.47 3.09 0 13 0 12 10 190O 63.2 + 2.7 98 22 3.31 —1.26 6.98 0.96 0 8 14 10 7 1901 60.7 + 0.2 95 28 2.35 —2.22 4.57 0.72 0 7 16 9 6 1902 63.8 + 3.3 97 25 5.39 +0.82 118.04 0.87 0 13 10 12 9 1903 61.6 4- 1.1 91 24 8.55 +3.98 115.45 2.88 0 16 9 12 10 1904 50.6 — 0.9 93 27 8.78 -0.79 8.15 1.50 0 8 13 10 8 1905 58.3 — 2.2 88 28 5.95 +1.38 10.83 2.57 0 14 12 U 8 1906 60.8 + 0.3 95 24 3.54 —1.03 10.72 0.89 0 11 13 10 8 1907 53.5 — 7.0 96 U 3.48 —1.09 7.68 0.71 1.0 10 11 10 10 1908 C9.4 — 1.1 93 13 8.34 +3.77 14.33 1.33 0 15 9 11 11 1909 57.9 — 2.6 97 18 4.34 —0.23 7.85 1.86 0.1 9 12 12 7 1910 55.4 — 5.1 89 18 8.41 —1.16 6.91 1.29 T. 10 15 7 9 1911 64.9 + 4.4 98 23 3.76 —0.81 8.73 0.42 0.7 9 16 9 6 1912 62.7 + 2.2 07 29 3.33 —1.24 6.41 0.72 0 10 14 11 6 1913 59.4 — 1.1 102' SO 6.24 +1.67 10.25 3.14 0 13 11 8 12 1914 62.2 + 1.7 98 25 3.31 —1.26 6.90 0.30 T. 10 14 11 S 1915 56.1 — 4.4 99 25 7.34 +2.77 13.21 3.82 T. 14 9 9 13 1916 59.9 — 0.6 94 27 1.9S +0.36 10.44 2.14 T. 12 13 10 8 1917 55.1 — 5.4 95 18 3.87 — 0.70 7.33 1.69 0.6 10 15 8 8 T indicates an amount too email t> measure, or less than .005 Inch of pre- cipitation, and less tlian .05 Inch of snoirfaU. METEOR OF MAY 31, 1917. Shortly before 10 p. m.. May 31, a meteor of greater brilliance than any other that has occurred in this section of the country for many years was observed in the northwest one-third of Iowa and territory in adjacent states. It appeared like a giant sky rocket, accompanied by a glare of light equalling the brightest lightning flash, and explosions of sufficient violence to rattle windows and shake houses in Woodbury and Plymouth Counties in Iowa, and adjoining counties 476 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE in Nebraska and South Dakota. Accounts of the direction of motion of the meteor vary greatly, due probably to the different angles from which it was viewed by the observers. The flash was distinctly seen by ob- servers as remote as Fayette, in the northeastern portion of the State, Des Moines and Omaha, but no noises were heard at those places. A trail of smoke marked the path of the meteor for ten or fifteen minutes, when it dissipated without showing any direction of the higher air cur- rents. A piece of material believed to have been a fragment of the meteor was found in the barnyard of E. Vander Hoop, a farmer living two miles north of Sioux Center, Iowa, and another similar piece was found near Osmond, Neb., by N. Welch, an auctioneer. The specimens were of identi- cal appearance, resembling coarse grained baked clay, the outer surface of which had been molten and burned to a crisp brown. While meteors have no appreciable effect on weather and belong to the science of astronomy rather than meteorology, the intense popular inter- est in this instance justifies more than ordinary consideration. Ptiblished herewith is the report of Mr. David E. Hadden, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and Corn and Wheat Region Observer of the United States Weather Bureau, at Alta, Iowa. Being both an astronomer and a meteorologist, his report is doubtly interesting. DETONATING METEOR. David E. Hadden, F. R. A. S., Alta, Iowa. Date, Thursday, May 31, 1917. Time of flash, 9:55 p. m. Time of report 10 p. m. — five minutes' interval. Location — ^Meteor first appeared some distance west of the zenith and traced a path through constellation Leo. A minute after the flash the location was easily observed by a bright streak about ten degrees in length directly below the star Epsilon of Leo, the right ascension of \jb" streak was about 9h 27m and declination north 15 degrees. The strea. was nearly parallel to a line drawn from the star Gamma Leonis to Alpha Leonis. The streak indicated approximately the location of the explosions, two in number, which followed each other rapidly and created much excitement. Reports indicate that the flash was observed over a radius of 100' miles, but the explosions were heard only about sixty or seventy miles. Fire-balls, or aerolites as these meteors are called when they are large enough to explode and reach the earth, come from inter-planetary space, and when they reach the earth's atmosphere at about eighty miles above the earth's surface they either take fire or soon disappear, or take fire and burst in numerous fragments or fall to the ground as solid masses of stony matter fused with numerous metallic elements familiar to ua on the earth. Explosions take place from ten or fifteen to thirty-five miles above the earth's surface as a rule. At this height sound travels 700 or 800 feet a second, so that the distance of the explosion of the meteorite of EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 477 Thursday night was between forty-five and fifty-five miles In a direct fine from Alta a little south of a point due west. Fire-balls occur at all seasons and places over the earth, but it is found that February, May and November are noticeable for their fre- quency. They have been_ recorded for more than 2,000 years in history. Specimens of them are found in all the leading museums of the v/orld — they vary in weight from a few ounces to many hundreds of pounds, and some of tons weight are suspected to be of meteoric origin. The last detonating one observed here "as on Mn- 2, 1890, at 5:10 p. m., in full daylight. This fell near the Minnesota, line in northern Iowa and was the subject of litigation in the courts regarding its owner- ship. No special significance attaches to meteors from a weather viewpoint. They are interesting scientifically to estimate the height and density of our atmosphere and indicate that space is strewn with matter which the earth attracts in its onward march around the sun and through the stellar spaces. Possibly they belong to lost comets or are the debris of shattered planets. JUNE. June, 1917, was cool and wet, the rainfall being the greatest since 1890. In the central and southern divisions many stations had the greatest rainfall of record in June; some had three times the June normal, and 30 to 40 per cent of the annual normal. Excessive r3,ins during the first week, particularly in the southern portion, seriously eroded hillsides and overflowed lowlands, destroying thousands of acres of crops. Similar conditions prevailed in the northeastern portion of the State on the 23d- 26th. Much of the overflowed land was replanted to corn toward the close of the month and the remainder will be used for various catch crops if seed is available. The last ten days of the month were favorable, but at the close corn averaged 10 days to two weeks late; early oats, rye, barley and winter wheat were heading in the Southern Division; hay short and thin, except alfalfa which was being cut and yielding a fair crop in some sections; potatoes excellent. The warm days at the close of the month brought on a better crop of strawberries than was expected. Pressure. — The mean pressure (reduced to sea level) for the State was 29.94 inches. The highest recorded was 30.39 inches, at Omaha, Neb., on the 14th, and the lowest was 29.11 at Charles City on the 6th. The monthly range was 1.28 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 106 stations, was 66.0°, or 3.1° lower than the normal. By divisions, three tiers of counties to the division, the means were as fol- lows: Northern, 64.5°, or 3.1° lower than the normal; Central, 66.1°, or 3.2° lower than the normal; Southern, 67.4°, or 2.8° lower than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 69.8°, at Thurman, in the ex- treme southwestern part of the State, and the lowest was 61.9°, at Post- ville, in the extreme northeast. The highest temperature reported was 478 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 100°, at Clarinda and Omaha, Neb., on the 30th, and the lowest was 32°, at Matlock and Sibley, on the 15th, The temperature range for the State Was 68°. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 79 per cent, and at 7 p. m. it was 62 per cent. . The mean for the month was 71 per cent, or 2l per cent higher than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 76 per cent, at Charles City, and the lowest was 66 per cent, at Sioux City. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 115 stations, was 6.65 inches, or 2.27 inches more than the normal. By divisions the averages were as follows: Northern, 4.87 inches, or 0.44 of an inch more than the normal; Central, 6.99 inches or 2.67 inches more than the normal; Southern, 8.09 inches, or 3.70 inches more than the normal. The greatest amount, 13.82 inches, oc- curred at Keosauqua, and the least, 3.04 inches, at Mason City. The greatest amount in 24 consecutive hours, 5.06 inches, occurred at At- lantic, on the 6th. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northwest. The highest velocity reported from a regular Weather Bureau station was 85 miles an hour, from the west, at Sioux City, on the 22d. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average per cent of the possible amount of sunshine was 62, or about 7 per cent less than the normal. The per cent of the possible amount at the regular Weather Bureau stations was as follows: Charles City, 45; Davenport, 53; Des Moines, 63; Dubuque, 54; Keokuk, 77; Sioux City, 67; Omaha, Neb., 74. Tornadoes and Windstorms. — At 8:45 p. m. on the 5th a tornado visited Van Wert, causing a damage of $2,500. On the 12th tornadoes occurred in Iowa, Jones and Jackson Counties; damage, about $5,000. At Williams- burg, the hail accompanying the storm measured from one-half to one and three-fourths inches in diameter. Nearly all sections of the State experienced violent wind squalls dur- ing the night of the 22d-23d. Wind mills, fruit and shade trees and farm buildings were blown down in large numbers. The total damage is difficult to estimate, but in some single localities, for example, Jef- ferson, the damage is placed at $15,000. Destructive wind squalls oc- curred in some localities on the night of the 30Lh. Misccllaneoits PTienomena. — Fog dense, 10th, 24th; Frost, light, 1st, 15th; Hail, Northern Division, 14th, 22d, 24th, 30th; Central Division, 4th, 5th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 30th; Southern Division; Halos, solar or lunar, 1st, 2d, 3d, 16th, 17th, 18th, 22d, 24th, 26th, 29th; Thunderstorms, All days except 10th and 17th. Rivers. — The Missouri River was moderately high throughout the month but no flood stages occurred. Nearly all of the interior rivers of the southern portion of the State overflowed between the 6th and 10th. In the Nishnabotna the water was said to have been the highest since 1861. The rivers of the northeastern part of the State were high- est from the 23d to the 25th, when the stage reached was in some cases said to be the highest in 50 years. Moderate stages prevailed in the Mississippi. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 479 OOMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— JUNE. Number of Temperature Precipitation Days , n" >> TEAR o « 'C ^. o a 3 ft 4J S3 1 "3 3 ft 03 0) C3 ftO £3 03 "3 >> •c 3 O s w o r-J o a 2 ^ o Oh 5 1890 72.7 +3.6 106 44 7.76 +8.88 16.53 i.m 11 12 10 8 1891 69.1 0.0 99 87 5.39 +1.01 19.88 1.68 11 8 10 12 1892 69.2 +0.1 102 42 5.19 -rU.Oi ii.io 0.07 10 12 11 1893 71.2 +2.1 100 40 8.91 -0.47 7.56 1.36 8 15 11 1894 73.2 +4.1 104 34 2.67 -1.71 6.20 0.57 7 16 10 1893 60.7 +0.6 102 34 4.32 -O.06 9.26 0.98 10 U 11 1890 69.1 0.0 lOO 40 8.11 —1.27 7.80 0.81 9 12 13 1897 69.1 Q.O 103 29 3.81 -0.57 9.38 1.03 10 10 12 1898 71.4 +2.3 99 42 4.72 +0.34 12.48 1.90 0 13 10 1899 70.7 +1.6 100 42 5.04 +0.66 11.99 1.10 10 12 18 1900 69.7 +0.6 102 38 8.98 -0.40 12.35 0.67 6 17 10 1901 72.3 +3.2 106 30 3.71 -0.67 7.84 1.05 9 16 11 1902 65.2 —3.9 97 82 7.16 +2.78 16.04 1.46 14 8 11 11 1903 64.6 —4.5 96 30 2.86 —1.52 6.04 0.75 10 13 10 1904 67.1 —2.0 94 85 8.45 —0.93 8.85 0.44 7 IS 10 1905 69.9 +0.8 100 36 6.58 +1.15 14.89 1.80 IQ 12 11 1906 67.9 —1.2 99 87 8.92 —0.46 8.27 1.48 8 15 10 1907 66.5 —2.6 96 36 6.35 +0.97 9.33 2.07 U 14 9 1908 67.1 —2.0 94 35 5.66 +1.28 11.88 1.77 13 12 10 1909 69.1 0.0 96 40 6.41 +2.03 13.30 2.80 13 12 16 1910 69.5 +0.4 105 33 1.99 —2.39 5.51 0.05 7 18 7 1911 75.7 +6.6 109 36 1.82 —2.56 6.28 0.06 6 20 8 1912 68,2 —2.9 101 34 2.74 —1.64 5.71 0.78 7 15 9 1913 71.5 +2.4 102 83 8.81 —1.07 8.95 0.74 7 19 8 1914 72.2 +3.1 101 40 6.67 +1.19 13.24 1.17 13 12 14 1915 65.1 -4.0 91 81 4.16 —0.22 9.99 1.72 11 12 12 1916 64.6 —4.6 9« 88 8.71 —0.67 7.96 1.41 IQ 13 11 1917 66.0 -3.1 100 32 6.65 +2.27 13.82 3.04 12 13 10 JULY. Cool weather prevailed during the first two decades, after which It was warm, with abnormally hot weather the last four days. Precipitation was deficient, hut mostly well distributed till the last week of the month, when the drought accompanied by high temperature and hot winds dam- aged pastures, potatoes and garden truck. Corn which was 10 days to two weeks late at the close of June, made phenomenal growth the last half of July, but in the western part of the State the hot winds of the closing days of the month rolled the leaves considerably in the daytime. However, the abundant soil moisture caused a rapid recovery at night. It was beginning to tassel in all sections on the 31st. The season was generally favorable for small grain which, by the close of the month, was mostly harvested and some threshed, showing large yields and good quality. Destructive wind squalls attended thunderstorms over Dallas and Polk counties between 7 and 10 p. m. of the 5th, unroofing many residences, uprooting large oak, walnut and linden trees and demolishing farm buildings. The destruction in the extreme western part of Des Moines was unusually large. Excessive rain fell in Allamakee County and adjacent territory in Wisconsin, on the 21st and 22d. At Lansing, the 480 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE total precipitation for those days was 5.77 inches, of which 3.65 inches fell in a period of 4 hours and 5 minutes, beginning at 5 p. m. of the 21st. Pressure. — The mean pressure (reduced to sea level) for the State was 29.92 inches. The highest recorded was 30.16 inches, at Sioux City, on the 16th, and the lowest was 29.58 at Sioux City on the 13th, and at Omaha, Nebr., on the 12th. The monthly range was 0.58 of an inch. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the State, as shown, by the records of 101 stations, was 74.3°, or 0.2° higher than the normal. By divisions, three tiers of counties to the division, the means were as fol- lows: Northern, 72.6°, or 0.1° lower than the normal; Central, 74.7°, or 0.4° higher than the normal; Southern, 75.7°, or 0.5° higher than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 79.0°, at Omaha, Nebr., and the lowest was 70.2°, at Postville. The highest temperature reported was 106°, at Clarinda, on the 30th; the lowest was 38°, at Rock Rapids, on the 3d. The temperature rahge for the State was 68°. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 78 per cent, and at 7 p. m. it was 54 per cent. The mean for the month was 66 per cent, or 1 per cent lower than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 72 per cent, at Charles City, and the lowest was 57 per cent, at Omaha, Nebr. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 111 stations, was 2.27 inches, or 1.69 inches less than the normal. By divisions the averages were as follows: Northern, 3.28 inches, or 0.60' inch less than the normal; Central, 2.25 inches, or 1.73 inches less than the normal; Southern, 1.28 inches, or 2.74 inches less than the normal. The greatest amount, 6.06 inches, occurred at Nora Springs, and the least 0.23 of an inch at Northboro. The greatest amount in 24 consecutive hours, 3.65 inches, occurred at Lansing, on the 21st. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the southwest. The highest velocity reported from a regular Weather Bureau station was 39 miles an hour, from the north, at Sioux City, on the 11th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average per cent of the possible amount of sunshine was 81, or 8 per cent more than the normal. The per cent of the possible amount at the regular Weather Bureau stations was as follows: Charles City, 68; Davenport, 76; Des Moines, 90; Dubuque, 72; Keokuk, 87; Sioux City, 87; Omaha, Nebr., 86. Twenty-nine stations re- ported no cloudy days. EIGHTEENTH annual, YEAR BOOK— PART IX 481 COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— JULY. Temperature Precipitation Number of Days YEAR a £ a. o "a o CS c 4.> ►-1 it 5 ■o 3 O •s >• P4 a o 5 ISWO 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1806 1897 1808 1899 1900 1501 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 !914 1915 1916 mr 1918 75.6 68.5 73.0 75.0 76.4 72.1 73.6 75.6 73.4 73.1 73.4 82.4 73.1 72.9 70.6 70.6 70.9 73.7 73.0 72.3 74.5 75.5 74.6 76.1 76.6 69.5 79.7 74.3 73.1 +1.6 —5.6 —1,1 +0.9 +2.3 —2.0 —0.5 +1.5 —0.7 —1.0 -0.7 +8.3 —1.0 —1.2 -3.5 —3.5 -S.2 —0.4 —1.1 —1.8 +0.4 + 1.4 +0.5 +2.0 +2.5 -4.6 + 5.6 + 0.2 —1.0 110 99 104 102 109 104 104 106 102 101 102 113 100 lOO 102 102 102 100 102 108 111 103 108 109 92 105 106 105 45 41 38 47 39 35 42 42 42 38 37 46 41 40 38 40 42 41 42 46 43 38 38 45 43 40 48 3S 40 1.98 4.22 5.29 3.33 0.63 3.40 6.90 3.26 2.98 3.07 6.15 2.34 8.67 4.83 4.41 2.91 3.04 7.27 3.66 4.77 1.86 2.27 3.71 1.82 2.27 8.32 1.78 2.27 3.17 —1.98 +0.26 +1.33 —0.63 —3.33 -^.56 +2.94 —0.70 —0.98 —0.89 +2.19 —1.62 +4.71 +0.87 +0.45 —1.05 --0.92 +3.31 —0 30 +0.81 —2.10 -1.69 -0.25 -2.14 —1.69 +4..'!6 -2.18 —1.69 -0.79 5.00 8.20 12.86 8.84 3.50 10.10 12.67 7.60 12.88 8.66 18.45 6.97 13.57 12.72 11.97 7.08 7.05 13.66 9.21 12.20 5.69 6.62 7.56 6.23 6.50 15.83 6.87 6.06 8.05 0.37 1.67 1.71 1.49 T 0.45 1.61 1.01 0.65 0.42 1.80 0.27 4.82 0.94 1.28 0.69 0.26 3.97 0.70 1.20 0.12 0.08 1.17 T C.^ 3.68 0.10 0.23 0.26 8 8 9 7 3 7 9 6 7 7 » 5 13 9 10 9 8 13 8 10 7 7 10 5 5 14 6 7 8 18 13 16 19 22 15 14 18 19 16 16 21 14 17 16 14 18 18 16 15 19 18 17 21 20 10 23 21 19 8 13 10 10 8 12 11 10 9 10 10 B 10 » 9 -0 10 ISi It 10 10 8 8 IS 7 s 8 5 6 6 2 1 4 6 S £ 5 b 1 7 6 a 7 8 w 4 }< 4 } .S 0 1 4 Miscellaneous Phenoviena. — Aurora, 11th, 28th, 29th; Fog, 7th, 9th; Hail, Northern Division, 12th, 14th. 16th. 23d; Central Division. 15th, 18th; Southern Division, 12th, 13th. 15th, 20th; Thunderstorms. All days, except 3d, 7th, 9th, 19th, 27th and 2Sth. Rivers. — Ample stages for navigation continued throughout the month in the Mississippi River; and moderately high stages In the Missouri River till toward the close of the month when a steady fall began. The interior rivers fell steadily and became rather low by the close of the month. AUGUST. Droughty conditions that prevailed at the close of July were relieved by frequent and quite general showers during the first 12 days of August, followed by a nearly rainless week, after which only occasional local rains occurred. In many sections, particularly the south-central and southeastern, pastures had become brown and bare from drought and grasshoppers long before the close of the month, and stock was being fed. In the corn fields where a large supply of moisture had been stored earlier in the season and conserved by cultivation, the crop suffered little, though it would have been benefited by an additional supply. After the 4th, temperatures, especially at night, were generally so low that 31 482 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the crop made slow progress and only the earliest fields had reached the roasting ear stage by the close of the month. Threshing was 80 per cent finished, the yield and quality of all grains being exceptionally good and that of oats being the largest of record. Late potatoes and truck crops suffered somewhat from lack of moisture. Very little fall plow- ing could be done. Pressure. — The mean pressure (reduced to sea level) for the State was 30.01 inches. The highest recorded was 30.32 inches, at Omaha, Nebr., on the 2d, and the lowest was 29.69, at Dubuque, on the 24th. The monthly range was 0.63 of an inch. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 108 stations, was 69.4°, or 2.4° lower than the normal. By di- visions, three tiers of counties to the division, the means were as fol- lows: Northern, 68.0°, or 2.4° lower than the normal; Central, 69.6°, or 2.1° lower than the normal; Southern, 70.7°, or 2.5° lower than the nor- mal. The highest monthly mean was 74.1°, at Mt. Ayr, and the lowest was 65.4°, at Postville. The highest temperature reported was 102°, at Lenox, on the 4th, and the lowest was 31°, at Matlock, on the 28th. The temperature range for the State was 71°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 114 stations, was 2.29 inches, or 1.39 inches less than the normal. By divisions the averages were as follows: Northern, 2.21 inches, or 1.27 inches less than the normal; Central, 2.31 inches, or 1.46 inches less than the normal; Southern, 2.35 inches, or 1.43 inches less than the normal. The greatest amount, 6.31 inches, occurred at Onawa, and the least, 0.70 of an inch, at Davenport. The greatest amount in 24 hours, 2.80 inches, occurred at Olin, on the 7th. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 80 per cent, and at 7 p. m. it was 54 per cent. The mean for the month was 67 per cent, or 4 per cent lower than the normal. The high- est monthly mean was 74 per cent, at Charles City, and the lowest was 68 per cent, at Omaha, Nebr. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northwest. The highest velocity reported from a regular Weather Bureau station was at the rate of 42 miles an hour, from the east, at Sioux City, on the eth. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average per cent of the possible amount of sunshine was 71, or about normal. The per cent of the possible amount at the regular Weather Bureau stations was as follows: Charles City, 60; Davenport, 72; Des Moines, 70; Dubuque, 74; Keokuk, 74; Sioux City, 77; Omaha, Nebr., 72. Miscellaneous Phenomena. — Aurora, 8th, 9th, 14th, 15th, and 25th, those of the 9th and 25th being particularly bright in some sections of the State; Fog, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 20th, 21st, 22d, 23d and 27th; Frost, 10th, 28th, 30th; Hail, Northern Division, 19th; Central Division, 21st and 27th; Southern Division, 21st; Halos, (lunar or solar), 15th, 21st, 27th and 28th; Thunderstorms, All days except 3d, 10th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 18th, 24th, 28th, 29th, and 30th. Rivers. — The rivers fell slowly and steadily and were generally quite low by the close of the month. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 483 COMPAEATTVE DATA TOR THE STATE— AUGUST. Numhflr c t Temperature Precipitation Days YEAR e 1 o •li ■a o a ® a 1 til o "a o Eh t a ft 4.3 ft o a "3 >> •a 3 5 1890 68.4 -3.4 102 36 3.41 —0.27 6.44 1.02 8 15 10 0 1891 69.1 -2.7 103 34 4.24 —0.56 13.02 1.23 8 13 12 0 1892 71.4 -0.4 102 40 2.24 —1.34 4.69 0.65 5 18 9 4 1893 69.4 -2.4 101 80 2.32 -1.26 6.22 0.40 5 19 0 8 1894 74.6 +2.8 108 3a 1.58 —2.10 4.53 T 4 21 8 2 1895 71.9 +0.1 103 37 4.43 +0.75 10.63 0.67 7 17 9 6 1890 71.7 -0.1 104 84 3.52 -0.16 12.25 0.86 8 15 11 6 1897 68.9 —2.9 104 35 1.86 —1.82 4.98 0.47 « 16 11 6 1898 71.2 —0.6 103 40 3.44 -0.24 10.55 0.58 6 17 9 6 1899 74.4 +2.6 100 41 3.68 0.00 10.45 1.12 7 17 10 4 1900 77.4 +5.6 103 44 4.65 +0.97 10.43 1,26 6 IS 10 3 1901 73.8 +2.0 105 40 1.29 —2.39 4.46 T 6 20 9 2 1902 69.1 —2.7 98 37 6.58 +2.90 15.47 1.57 11 11 11 9 1903 69.1 —2.7 101 41 6.64 +2.96 17.74 2.55 11 12 10 9 19. o " •c YEAE a ■ o 3 O a o a a 1 o "a 3 S3 >> o S O a H a O P-) ^ O (ii b 1890 59.3 —4.1 96 23 2.97 —0.39 4.85 1.36 7 13 10 7 1891 67.3 64.7 64.7 +3.9 +1.3 +1.3 104 99 102 28 29 18 1.33 1.53 2.34 —2.06 —1.83 — 1.U2 3.«i0 4.15 5.49 0.13 0.16 0.74 4 4 4 20 .6 7 8 6 A J892 6 1893 4 1S94 65.1 +1.7 100 26 3.57 +0.21 7.43 0.67 8 15 10 6 1895 66.8 58.5 +3.4 -4.9 103 95 22 22 3.03 4.09 -o.i;3 +0.73 7.43 9.96 0.85 1.82 6 10 11 8 9 4 1896 10 1S97 - 70.9 65.3 +7.5 +1.9 106 99 26 29 2.04 2.69 —1.32 -0.67 5.88 8.45 0.00 0.41 4 lis 16 5 2 1898 6 1899 62.5 -0.9 104 15 0.93 —2.43 4.32 T 4 16 9 S 1900 64.4 +1.0 99 26 4.98 +1.62 8.82 2.48 9 16 8 7 1901 63.3 —0.1 102 26 4.77 +1.41 13.62 1.71 9 13 9 8 1902 59.1 60.8 64.0 —4.3 —2.6 +0.6 88 94 94 23 28 30 4.35 3.81 2.78 +0.99 +0.45 —0.58 10.41 8.79 8.33 1.65 1.42 0.09 9 10 7 15 14 13 6 6 8 9 1903 10 1904 i) 1905 65.8 67.2 62.8 67.9 +2.4 +3.8 —0.6 +4.5 96 100 98 98 36 27 25 20 3.81 4.16 2.75 1.20 +0.45 +0.80 —1.61 —2.16 13.18 11.10 6.06 3.46 0.50 0.64 1.38 0.2fi 8 8 8 3 14 16 15 21 8 8 6 H 1906 fl 1907 fi 1908 % 1909 62.4 63.2 65.8 —1.0 —0.2 +2.4 94 99 103 30 30 32 3.58 3.59 5.12 +0.22 +0.23 +1.76 7.34 7.43 13.73 1.39 1.18 1.19 9 9 10 14 14 11 8 7 9 « 1910 9 1911 io 1912 62.1 —1.3 104 24 3.98 +0.62 10.12 0.28 11 12 8 10 1913 64.5 +1.1 107 19 3.31 —0.05 7.44 0.45 9 15 8 7 1914 64.5 +1.1 99 30 7.88 +4.52 16.24 2.48 10 16 7 7 1915 63.7 +0.3 91 30 6.03 +2.67 12.45 2.88 11 11 8 11 lOlf, 62.5 —0.9 98 21 3.89 +0.53 9.71 1.45 7 17 8 5 1917 62.6 —0.8 97 '28 2.80 -0.46 8.68 0.39 7 15 7 8 OCTOBER. October, 1917, was 3.1° colder than October, 1895, which has heretofore been the coldest since state-wide records began in 1890. Killing frosts visited some sections of the State on the 1st, all but the southwest por- tion on the 6th, and all sections on the 8th. During a well defined cold wave that swept over the State on the 28th-30th, the temperature fell nearly to zero in the northern and western counties, the lowest being just zero at Galva. Precipitation was deficient, except in a few north- east and east-central counties. A general snowstorm on the 28th-29th was remarkably heavy for the season in the northeastern counties. Cloudiness was nearly the greatest of record; and sunshine was cor- respondingly deficient, particularly in the northeastern portion of the State where it was less than one-third of the possible amount. Corn was seriously damaged by the unfavorable conditions; very little of it was fit to crib at the close of the month; that which was cribbed, heated so that it had to be dried and sorted; much soft corn in the fields, molded; and seed corn gathered since the freezes shows very low germina- tion tests. Germination and growth of winter grains was much retarded. Less than the usual amount of fall plowing was done. Apples on the trees and potatoes in the ground were damaged in some sections. A few localities reported deficient water supply. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 487 Pressure. — The mean pressure (reduced to sea level) for the State was 30.03 inches. The highest recorded was 30.59 inches, at Sioux City, on the 23d, and the lowest was 29.32 inches, at Davenport, on the 26th. The monthly range was 1.27 inches. Temperature.— ThQ mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 102 stations, was 42.9°, or 7.9° below the normal. By divisions, three tiers of counties to the division, the means were as follows: North- ern, 40.8', of 8.2° below the normal; Central, 42.9°, or 8.0° below the nor- mal; Southern, 45.1° ,or 7.5° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 47.8°, at Northboro, and the lowest 38.1°, at Northwood. The highest temperature reported was 85°, at Mason City, on the 2d; the lowest was 0°, at Galva, on the 30th. The range for the State was 85°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 108 stations, was 1.41 inches, or 1.05 inches less than the nor- mal. By divisions the averages were as follows: Northern, 1.31 inches, or 1.03 inches less than the normal; Central, 1.49 inches, or 1.00 inch less than the normal; Southern, 1.44 inches, or 1.10 inches less than the normal. The greatest amount, 4.00 inches, occurred at Davenport, and the least, 0.15 inch, at Rock Rapids. The greatest amount in 24 con- secutive hours, 2.02 inches, occurred at Davenport on the 16th-17th. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 75 per cent, and at 7 p. m., 55 per cent. The mean for the month was 65 per cent, or 6 per cent below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 77 per cent, at Charles City, and the lowest, 54 per cent, at Omaha, Nebr. Snoto.— The first light snow flurries of the season occurred in nearly all portions of the State on the 11th. Other snows covered portions of the State on the 22d-23d and 26th-27th, but the first large, general snow storm occurred on the 2Sth-29th, when the amount varied from 11.0 inches at Decorah in the northeast to none at Rock Rapids in the extreme north- west and Thurman in the southwest. At Decorah this snowfall is said to be the greatest in October for more than 40 years. The average fall for the month for the whole State is 2.2 inches which has been exceeded but twice since 1892. The greatest monthly amount is 12.5 inches at Decorah. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northwest. The highest velocity reported from a regular Weather Bureau station was 57 miles an hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 22d. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average per cent of the possible amount of sunshine was 44, or 17 per cent below the normal. The per cent of the possible amount at the regular Weather Bureau stations was as fol- lows: Charles City, 19; Davenport, 41; Des Moines, 51; Dubuque, 38; Keokuk, 45; Sioux City, 54; Omaha, Nebr., 59. Miscellaneous Phenomena. — Fog: 1st, 3d, 6th, 11th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 24th, 25th, 28th, 29th. Frost: 1st, 6th, Sth (not recorded after first killing). Hail: 9th, 10th, 11th, 17th, ISth, 20th. Halos (lunar or solar). 2d, 3d, 4th, 7th, 8th, 19th, 24th, 26th, 30th. Sleet: 9th, 11th, 28th, 29th. Thunderstorms: 2d, 9th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 25th. Rivers. — The rivers remained nearly stationary during the month. 488 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— OCTOBER. YEAB Temperatvure Precipitation a Number of Days ■ o a a 1890 1891 1802 1893 189* 1886 — 1897 .. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 49.2 50.0 54.6 52.4 61.7 46.0 47.9 56.8 47.5 56.7 59.3 54.2 63.5 52.2 53.1 1906 49.2 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917. - 50.5 50.4 51.1 49.7 55.2 48.7 52.2 49.2 55.9 54.4 50.9 42.9 —1.6 86 16 3.48 +1.02 —0.8 92 19 2.77 +0.31 +3.7 96 14 1.55 —0.91 + 1.6 94 10 1.28 -1.18 +0.9 90 20 2.67 +0.21 -4.8 88 4 0.47 —1.99 —2.9 88 12 3.13 +0.67 +6.0 97 12 1.14 —1.32 —3.3 88 17 3.56 + 1.10 +5.9 95 17 1.73 —0.73 +8.5 90 21 3.91 +1.45 +3.4 88 20 1.98 —0.48 +2.7 83 20 2.54 +0.08 + 1.4 90 16 1.95 --0.51 +2.3 96 16 1.67 —0.79 —1.6 95 16 3.40 +0.94 —0.3 87 7 1.96 —0.50 —0.4 85 10 1.50 -0.96 +0.3 89 17 3.38 +0.92 -1.1 97 10 2.22 —0.24 +4.4 93 10 0.77 —1.69 —2.1 87 14 3.34 +0.88 +1.4 92 16 2.98 +0.52 -1.6 89 -•2 3.08 +0.57 +5.1 88 14 3.23 +0.77 +3.6 86 19 1.31 —1.15 +0.1 92 6 2.00 —0.46 —7.9 85 0 1.41 —1.05 6.82 6.53 2.58 4.56 5.25 1.38 6.05 3.30 5.75 4.64 8.00 4.23 6.66 4.50 4.43 6.36 4.25 3.71 8. 83 4.70 1.73 7.03 6.77 7.29 6.64 3.25 4.33 4.00 1.59 0.85 O.OO 0.02 0.03 0.00 1.61 0.03 1.27 0.15 1.20 0.45 0.28 0.32 0.14 1.20 0.60 0.30 0.58 0.48 T. 0.73 1.08 0.35 0.74 T. 0.20 0.15 7 11 6 18 0.0 4 21 0.0 4 16 0.2 8 14 T . 2 19 T. 6 18 0.0 4 17 3.6 8 7 0.0 5 17 0.0 7 16 T. 6 17 T. 5 16 0.0 6 19 T. 6 15 1.6 8 16 0.1 6 14 0.0 5 20 2.6 8 16 T. 6 16 0.1 4 21 0.6 10 12 T. 6 21 1.2 9 15 T. 9 16 T. 5 19 2.0 8 16 2.2 6 10 T indicates an amount too small to measure, or less than .005 inch rainfall, and less than .05 inch snowfall. NOVEMBER. The weather was mild and dry. The full magnitude of the damage to corn by the frosts and freezes of October, became apparent when cribbing was attempted in November. In spite of favorable conditions for drying, the husked corn, though carefully sorted, heated in the cribs so badly that it had to be spread out to dry. Husking ceased generally the last week of the month with 43 per cent of the crop still in the fields; and unusual methods were adopted to save it. Many cattle and hogs were shipped into the State to consume the soft corn. Because of the cold in Octoter and drought in November, winter wheat made slow growth and is not entering the winter in resistant condition. Where it has germinated, the stand is fair, but up to the close of Novem- ber many fields had not yet germinated. Pressure. — The mean pressure (reduced to sea level) for the State was 30.21 inches. The highest recorded was 30.66 inches at Davenport on the 26th, and the lowest was 29.47 inches, at Dubuque, on the 21st. The monthly range was 1.19 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 102 stations, was 40.7°, or 5.7° above the normal. By divisions. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEARi BOOK^PART IX 489 three tiers of counties to tlie division, the means were as follows: North- ern, 39.2°, or 6.4° above thei normal; Central, 40.8°, or 5.7° above the normal; Southern, 42.0°, or 4.9^ above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 45.8° at Omaha, Nebr., and the lowest was 36.3° at Elkader and Estherville. The highest temperature reported was 77° at Indianola on the 7th; the lowest was 3° at Whitten on the 24th. The range for the state was 74°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 108 stations, was 0.28 inch, or 1.23 inches below the nor- mal. By divisions the averages were as follows: Northern, 0.41 inch, or 1.00 inch below the normal; Central, 0.28 inch, or 1.25 inches less than the normal; Southern, 0.14 inch, or 1.23 inches less than the normal. The greatest amount, 1.02 inches, occurred at Sanborn, and the least, a trace, at Chariton, Cumberland, Greenfield, and Maquoketa. The greatest amount in 24 consecutive hours, 0.60 inch, occurred ac Rock Rapids on the 21st. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 83 per cent, and at 7 p. m. 68 per cent. The mean for the month was 76 per cent, or 2 per cent above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 84 per cent, at Charles City, and the lowest, 66 per cent, at Omaha, Nebr. Snow. — The average fall for the whole State was 1.4 inches. The great- est amount was 5.0 inches, at Sanborn. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the southwest. The highest velocity reported from) a regular Weather Bureau station was 50 miles an hour from the northwest, at Sioux City on the 21st. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average per cent of the possible amount of soinshine was 49, or 5 per cent below the normal. The per cent of the possible amount at the regular Weather Bureau stations was as follows: Charles City, 40; Davenport, 41; Des Moines, 53; Dubuque, 46; Keo- kuk,'49; Sioux City, 55, and Omaha, Nebr., 58. Miscellaneous Phenomena.— Fo^: 3d, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 20th, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th. Glaze: 30. Haze: 4th, 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th. Halos: (solar or lunar): 10th, 19th, 24th, 25th, 29th. Sleet: 24th, 25th, 26th, 30th. Thunderstorms : 9th, 10th, 11th, 21st. Rivers. — Rivers remained nearly stationary and at a low stage during the month. 490 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— NOVEMBER. Temperature Precipitation Number Days Of TEAR e ^ 3 o 3 *A ^ L, 3 ■w 'S l" ■3 a D o "a o C 03 o a 2 St o c CO S3 . 03 5 si 6. o 6 1890 38.6 +8.6 78 — 2 1.46 -0.06 3.65 0.71 8 15 8 7 1891 30.5 —4.5 84 —24 1.70 +0.19 3.64 0.06 7 10 8 12 1892 . 33.3 —1.7 70 — 3 1.10 —0.41 3.16 0.05 "i'.s 4 11 8 11 1893 34.0 —1.0 86 -13 1.17 -0.34 2.56 0.05 4.6 4 16 8 6 1894 32.7 —2.3 72 — 5 0.92 —0.59 2.42 T 0.4 4 9 11 10 1S95 . 34.3 -0.7 86 —12 1.61 0.00 3.01 0.45 4.9 6 9 8 13 18Se . 29.6 —5.4 82 —15 1.83 +0.32 4.51 0.16 2.9 6 9 8 IS 1897 34.3 —0.7 81 —19 0.66 -0.85 2.24 T 1.2 6 12 8 10 1808 32.2 —2.8 78 —17 l.oO -O.Ol 3.61 0.33 8.7 6 14 8' 8 1899 - 43.9 +8.9 86 8 1.20 —0.31 2.97 0.13 0.5 5 12 8 10 1900 — . 33.5 —1.5 79 — 6 1.06 -0.45 3.35 T 3.7 6 12 7 u 19(>1 35.8 +0.8 77 2 0.86 —0.65 2.30 0.20 2.6 3 IS 6 6 1902 . 41.2 +6.2 79 4 2.13 +0.62 4.19 0.16 1.8 7 9 7 14 1903 34.2 —0.8 76 — 5 0.52 —0.99 1.74 T 1.1 3 13 8 9 1904 41.0 +6.0 80 4 0.15 —1.36 0.60 0.00 0.5 1 20 6 4 1905 . 38.4 +3.4 70 -12 2.84 + 1.33 5.30 0.90 0.6 5 16 7 7 1906 - — 35.4 +0.4 76 — 5 2.03 +0.52 3.86 0.35 4.4 8 9 7 14 1907 36.7 +1.7 68 — 4 1.03 —0.48 2.27 0.05 0.9 4 17 6 7 1908 . 39.3 +4.3 80 5 1.56 +0.05 3.31 0.2] 1.4 6 14 7 9 1909 . 42.4 +7.4 84 — 3 5.39 +3.88 11.48 2.07 6.8 10 10 7 13 1910 . — 33.4 —1.6 76 5 0.34 —1.17 1.03 T 0.7 3 13 9 8 1911 . 29.9 —5.1 79 — 8 1.42 —0.09 4.99 0.11 1.6 6 11 8 11 1912 . 40.1 +5.1 77 6 0.98 —0.53 2.38 0.00 T 2 18 8 4 ItflS 44.1 +9.1 78 10 1.18 -0.33 3.49 0.20 0.4 6 11 7 12 1914 41.0 +6.0 90 — 4 0.22 —1.29 O.W, 0.00 T 2 19 6 5 1915 . 40.2 +5.2 33 — 5 1.94 +0.43 4.86 0.30 1.2 6 11 10 9 1916 . 37.3 +3.3 50 — 8 l.bl +0.10 3.6ii 0.05 3.6 5 16- 6 8 1917 40.7 +5.7 77 3 0.28 -1.23 1.02 T 1.4 3 14 6 10 T indicates an amount too small to measure, or less than .005 inch precipitation and less than .05 inch snowfall. DECEMBER. December, 1917, mean temperature, 14.5°, is the lowest in the 28 years of state-wide records, the next coldest being 15.1° in December, 1909. Zero days were the most frequent of record. The largest temperature deficiencies were in the northwestern portion of the State. Sunshine was deficient, particularly in the eastern portion. Precipitation was deficient, except in portions of Lyon, Sioux, O'Brien, Cherokee, Webster and Hamil- ton counties. The ground was snow-covered about 25 days in the extreme northwestern portion of the State, and less than 15 days in the south- western and east-central counties. Although weather conditions seemed unfavorable, corn husking pro- gressed, so that at the close of the month not more than 15 per cent of the crop remained in the field. Conditions were favorable for cribbed corn. Though severe temperatures prevailed for considerable periods, they were preceded and accompanied by porous snow covering, so it is be- lieved that such winter wheat as was well established at the beginning of winter, is in good condition. Pressure. — The mean pressure (reduced to sea level) for the State was 30.26 inches. The highest recorded was 31.09 inches, at Sioux City on the EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— i-ART IX 491 29th, and the lowest was 29.63 inches at Sioux City on the 23d. The monthly range was 1.47 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the State, as shown by the means of 105 stations, was 14.5°, or 9.4°> lower than the normal. By divisions, three tiers of counties to the division, the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern, 11.2°, or 10.0° lower than the normal; Cen- tral, 14.7°, or 9.4° lower than the normal; Southern, 17.6°, or 8.8° lower than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 20.9°, at Keokuk, and the lowest monthly mean was 6.3° at Inwood. The highest temperature reported was 62°, at Keokuk on the 2d, and the lowest temperature re- ported was -40° at Washta on the 29th, the range for the State being 102°. Humiditi/.—Tlie average relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 83 per cent, and at 7 p. m. it was 77 per cent. The mean for the month was SO per cent, or about normal. The highest monthly mean was 86 per cent at Charles City, and the least reported was 74 per cent at Omaha, Nebr. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 110 stations, was 0.56 inch, or 0.66 inch less than the nor- mal. By divisions, the averages were as follows: Northern, O.'Sl inch, or 0.56 inch less than the normal; Central, 0.63 inch, or 0.62 inch less than the normal; Southern, 0.54 inch, or 0.81 inch less than the normal. The greatest amount, 1.70 inches, occurred at Lacona, and the least, 0.14 inch, at Algona. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours, 0.45 inch, occurred at Iowa Falls, on the 12th. Snow. — The average snowfall for the State was 6.7 inches. The great- est amount, 17.0 inches, occurred at Lacona, and the least, 1.8 inches at Lenox. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northwest. The highest velocity reported was at the rate of 51 miles an hour from the northwest at Sioux City, on the 9th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average percentage of the possible amount of sunshine was 38 per cent, or about 11 per cent less than the normal. The percentage of the possible amounts being: Charles City, 28; Davenport, 20; Des Moines, 46; Dubuque, 40; Keokuk, 44; Sioux City, 45; and Omaha, Nebr., 40 per cent. The average number of clear days was 10; partly cloudy, 9; cloudy, 12. 492 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE — DECEMBER. Temperature Precipitation Number of Days YEAR ® >. 3 O g a p a bu "3 o 3 a 1 a h O *3 a "a o a S H p. o a 5 CO •a 3 o B 18eO .... 29.1 +5.2 T2 —18 0.45 -0.T7 1.40 o.oo 3 17 7 7 1801 32.3 +8.4 72 —14 2.41 + 1.19 4.50 1.21 6 14 9 8 1892 . — 18.9 —5.0 68 —29 1.65 +0.43 3.04 0.20 10.9 8 9 8 U 1893 _ — 22.0 —1.9 70 —21 1.31 +0.09 2.a) 0.46 7.6 7 10 9 12 1804 30.1 +6.2 73 —17 0.95 —0.27 1.75 0.25 1.3 3 15 6 10 1895 25.4 +1.5 63 —16 1.63 +0.41 5.74 0.00 4.1 6 11 9 11 1898 30.8 +6.9 70 —10 0.65 -0.57 1.79 T 1.6 4 10 8 13 1897 18.0 —5.9 60 —25 1.65 +0.43 3.22 0.61 15.9 6 11 7 18 1888 . 18.1 —5.8 eo —25 0.48 —0.74 1.70 T 3.9 3 15 8 8 1869 . 22.6 —1.3 75 —19 1.61 +0.39 4.28 0.10 4.3 5 12 9 10 1900 . 26.9 +3.0 63 -10 0.45 -0.77 2.70 T 2.4 4 13 6 12 1901 . 20.5 —3.4 64 —31 0.93 —0.29 2.75 0.05 5.4 6 10 9 12 1902 20.1 -3.8 59 -20 2. 23 + 1.01 5.51 0.67 12.9 8 9 6 16 1903 19.6 -4.3 58 —27 0.41 —0.81 1.90 T 3.7 4 11 9 11 1901 23.4 —0.5 67 —19 1.44 +0.22 3.68 0.C6 12.3 5 12 7 12 1905 27.0 +3.1 63 -11 Q.62 —0.70 1.69 T 4.2 3 19 6 6 1909 . 35.7 +1.8 65 — 9 1.43 +0.21 2.81 0.37 1.4 6 11 7 13 1907 - 28.8 +4.9 63 — 9 l.OO —0.22 2.28 0.05 4.7 5 10 7 14 1908 27.2 +3.3 67 -17 0.57 —0.65 2.07 0.05 3.8 3 15 8 8 1909 . — 15.1 —8.8 60 —26 2.18 +0.96 6.10 0.89 13.7 11 10 6 16 1910 23.4 -0.3 57 —14 0.37 -0.8S 1.39 0.01 3.0 S 15 7 9 1911 27.9 +4.0 60 —24 2.07 +1.35 4.43 0.62 12.6 7 13 6 12 19ia 29.2 +5.3 64 —13 0.74 —0.48 1.75 0.10 1.1 3 18 7 0 1913 . 32.0 +8.1 65 —13 1.02 -0.20 4.73 0.00 1.3 4 15 5 11 1914 15.7 -8.2 63 —31 1.30 +0.80 2.21 0.57 11.1 9 10 6 It 1915 25.0 +1.1 56 —10 0.69 -0.53 1.70 T 4.6 S 11 8 12 i9ia 18.7 —5.3 67 —25 1.04 -0.18 2.00 0.35 6.7 6 15 8 8 1917 14.5 —9.4 62 -40 0.56 —0.66 1.70 0.14 6.7 6 10 9 12 T indicates an amount too small to measure, or less than .005 inch precipitation and less than .05 inch snowfall. Miscellaneous Phenomena.— Fog : 1st, 2d, 3d, 7th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 22d, 23d. Halos (lunar or solar): 2d, 3d, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 13th, 21st, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th. Haze: 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 27th. Parhelia: 8th, 9th, 27th, 29th. Sleet: 5th, 29th, 30th (at only four stations). EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 493 MONTHLY STATE DATA FOR 1917. Number of Temperature. Precipitation. Days. "S -: £ri ■a Sti YEAR. a 01 a s « 1° S3 o 2 CJ O o a si o u >> ■a 3 O 3 Q a >-i < Q o I-) OQ O • o a. o £ January .. 17.0 -0.9 60 —28 0.83 —0.22 2.07 0.17 7.2 4 17 8 6 nw. February 1,5.2 — 5.3 68 —37 0.36 —0.79 1.19 T . 3.5 3 14 8 0 nw. March .S4.fi + 1.3 85 —13 1.84 +0.07 4.35 0.57 6.2 6 14 8 9 nw. April 4f>.5 — 3.2 88 17 4.55 +1.69 7.84 2.05 4.6 11 9 7 14 ne. May .. .55.1 — 5.4 95 25 3.87—0.70 7.33 1.69 0.6 10 15 8 8 ne. 66.0 — .S.l 100' 106 32 38 6.65 +2.27 2.27—1.69 13.82 6.06 3.04 0.23 0 0 12 7 13 21 10 8 7 2 nw. July ... 74.3,+ 0.2 8W. August 60.4'— 2.4 102 31 2.29—1.39 6.31 0.70 0 7 19 8 4 nw. September 62. f) — 0.8 97 28 2.90—0.46 8.68 0.39 0 7 15 7 8 se. October 42.9 — 7.9 85 0 1.41—1.05 4.00 0.15 2.2 6 10 11 10 nw. November 40.7 + 5.7 77 3 0.28—1.23 1.02 T . 1.4 3 14 6 10 sw. Dscember 14.5 — 9.4 62 —40 0.56 —0.66 1.70 0.14 6.7 6 10 9 12 nw. Annual 44.8 — 2.6 106 ^0 27. SI —1.16 13.82 T . 32.4 82 171 98 96 nw. COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— ANNUAL. Temperature. « 3 . a a .^ aa a J3 oo<0<**'''<*'0'D^^'S'-'W'-''-'ij'C«00 Pi4<; O 1000000 00 0a;000co00000000000000000!»c»00< lot-tot-aoiniooi (N r-l i-H >^ CClftt-00J>t*r*t»»ftlOt't''*t-'^lO'«3Ht*t*t~C0 ■^t't^f^cvsob^ II I .! J I •^l .a ■^ ; S" o c 2 ^, § .2 o 5 gS • ~ i- 1: ~ a a 3 MM >. S ^ g o te '^M ? 2 ' +J C3 r^ ^ ^^ > >> 'E f*> (^ t*> 'tH >>'E ^ ^"E 'E ^ rt:3 Q,«?3c^ c^c-,"^P.P-^ .F4 W C^ C^ C^ C^ r-t W C3c3r!c3 C3e3ac3ac3c3a C3a3c:c3c3c303 c3c3csao5aS ■a™ "3 5 MM C3 o •:=-?3-et;^fefeSSt»o? ^ £ g ^ - I -3 £ P» i; '3 to "§ ti c2^ P g a c3 tio D O ~ a _a) O c3 I M 1 o o ti p mR«OOQQOOOOP^^OOoWMwi-Hi-5,_;^gg^OOP-iMcowHri^^l>t> COCOOOCDCOCOCO THi-IC£>r-lt^5lOCC»OOTHt^cOiHi-iXCOCDt"I^OOOOt^»-HOO 4^4-3+^4^4^-1-34-3 Clitt*^ ftO**^ O-'^f, "t^ Qt *^ Q,4J4J4J4J+-> 0^4^4.3 0*0.4-3 0000000 ajojOccasOtcOOOaoOcoOOOOOajOOcocoO eo M ■* 00 1- 03 10 ■* ■«< !M M t~- CO CO I M CO i>- M CO CD CO *5 CO CO in ^ c£^ St *5 10 o O CM cq pj IM IM 94 ii tlnues in good condition and filling well. The rye harvest has begun In Henry and Des Moines counties, and early oats and winter wheat harvest will become general in the southern counties by the latter part of the coming week. Truck crops are excellent. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 505 The following summary shows the condition of crops on July 1st: Corn, 87 per cent; oats, 102; spring wheat, 99; winter wheat, 80; barley, 98; rye and flax, 94; potatoes, 106; hay, 83; pastures, 95 per cent. Last year on July 1st, the condition was as follows: Corn, 85 per cent; oats, 94; spring wheat, 92; winter wheat, 80; barley, 95; rye, 93; flax, 90; potatoes, 97; hay, 96; pastures, 100 per cent. The state horticultural society shows condition of fruit as follows. Sum- mer apples, 75 per cent; fall apples, 64; winter apples, 54; pears, 44; American plums, 34; domestic plums, 24; cherries, 62; grapes, 50; red rasp- berries, 51; black raspberries, 53; blackberries, 47 per cent of a full crop. The average for all fruits is 51 per cent, or 1 per cent higher than the average for July last year. The apple crop promises to be 20 per cent better than it was a year ago, while small fruits will be 20 per cent less. Bulletin No. 15, July 17, 1917 — Though the average temperature was somewhat below the normal, yet there was sufficient warmth and sunshine during the week to maintain the rapid growth of corn. The moderately cool and dry weather prevailing since the first of the month has been especially favorable for small grain, which is now almost free from rust. The straw is, however, rather short, but the heads are filling well and promise good yields. Early oats, rye, barley and winter wheat harvest is well advanced in southern counties and will begin in central districts the coming week. Haying is progress- ing in all districts under satisfactory conditions generally, but the crop is light with little or no clover in the southern counties. Although corn made rapid growth, it is still small for the middle of July. However, the fields are clean, the color is good and the crop as a whole is very promising. Early potatoes are being harvested, but the tubers are mostly small and the yield is not quite up to expectations. A good soaking rain is needed for potatoes and pastures and would benefit corn. Considerable damage was done by hail in several localities, especially in Washington and northern Scott counties. Following is the estimated crop acreage for this year: Corn, 10,242,000 acres; oats, 5,238,500; winter wheat, 133,900; spring wheat, 173,500; barley, 258,800; rye, 35,275; flax, 7,400; potatoes, 98,610; hay, 3,196,000; alfalfa' 103,215; pastures, 8,995,300 acres. The acreage last year, as shown by township assessors, was as follows: Corn, 9,479,000 acres; oats, 5,199,269; winter wheat, 296,220; spring wheat, 172,421; barley, 265,048; rye, 36,886; flax, 7,658; potatoes, 88,691; hay, 3,702,855; alfalfa, 142,753; pastures, 9,461,680 acres. BuUetiu No. 16, July 24, 1917 — This has been the most favorable week of the season for rapid growth of corn and harvesting hay and small grain. The temperature was nearly normal and the rainfall w^as generally deficient, yet there were copious to heavy local showers in many localities, which gave sufficient moisture for present needs in those sections. Corn made very rapid growth. The earli- est fields are showing tassels in all parts of the state and the late replant- ed fields are being "laid by." In the southern and central districts most of the early oats is in shock and the harvest has begun in the northern counties. Late oats and spring wheat harvest has begun in the southern part of the state, and will begin in the central section during the coming week. The conditions have been exceptionally favorable for small grain; the rather cool nights checking ripening and causing the heads to fill well. All small grain will be up to or above the average in quality and yield, but the small acreage of winter wheat will reduce the output of that crop. Rain is needed in most districts for corn, potatoes and pastures, and is urgently needed in some sections, but no serious damage has yet been done. The apple crop is much better in the southwestern counties than in other parts of the state. The indications are favorable for SO to 95 per cent of the 1915 crop. The early apple harvest will begin in the south- western counties during the coming week. Grapes in Pottawattamie county promise 30 to 50 per cent of a normal crop. 506 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bulletin No. 17, July SI, 1917 — Another week with high temperature and abundance of sunshine has been favorable for harvesting- and haying', which have progressed rapidly. It w^as also favorable for the rapid growth of corn, much of which has tasseled. Corn generally is in fine condition, but in some localities where the soil is light and in spots where no rain has fallen the leaves are be- ginning to roll, showing the need of rain at an early date. The intense heat and lack of moisture is also injuring late potatoes and pastures. The maximum temperatures were near or above 100 degrees on several days, and the rainfall was practically nil. Threshing has begun, and early reports indicate good yields and fine quality of small grain. Oats yield from 40 to 100 bushels per acre; winter wheat is yielding better than expected, and barley is running as high as 37 bushels per acre. Unless rain comes soon, corn and potatoes will be seriously, injured. Bulletin No. IS, Aug-ust 7, 1917 — Ideal weather prevailed over the greater part of the state for harvest- ing and threshing, and several copious to heavy showers occurred over the northeastern and southwestern counties, which were very beneficial to corn, late potatoes and pastures. All sections of the state received some rain, which together with the cooler weather checked the deterioration of corn that resulted from the intense heat and hot w^inds prevailing at the close of last week. The crop is now holding its own even in the driest sections and is in excellent condition in sections where showers have oc- curred. Threshing is general and progressing rapidly in the southern and central districts and will be general during the coming week in the northern districts. The large yields of all small grains are being main- tained by later reports, and the quality of the grain is excellent. More rain is needed at once over the greater portion of the state for corn, potatoes, pastures and garden truck. The hot winds of last week seriously damaged gardens and caused apples to drop badly. A summary of August 1st reports shows condition of corn on that date to be 92 per cent; pastures, 90; potatoes, 96, and flax, 9G. The secretary of the State Horticultural Society reports condition of fruit as follows: "STjrhmer apples, 65 per cent; fall apples, 59; winter apples, 49; pears, 47; American plums, 43; domestic plums, 22; grapes, 52 per cent of a full crop. The average of all fruits is 44 per cent. There will be twice as many summer apples, one-third more fall apples, but only 9 per cent more winter apples than in 1916. Summer fruits should be utilized as they mature, either dried, canned, made into butter, marmalade or other products. Let no fruit go to waste than can be used for food." Later. — Telegraphic reports received on the morning of the 7th indicate copious to heavy showers in nearly all parts of the State. Bulletin No, 19, Augrust 14, 1917 — The past week was characterized by unusually cool nights, and in some sections by heavy local showers. The average daily deficiency of tempera- ture was about 7 degrees, and the average rainfall was somewhat below the normal, although all sections received some moisture and in many localities the amounts exceeded 1.50 inches. The showers interfered with threshing in some districts, and warmer weather is needed for the rapid development of corn, but as a whole the week was favorable for agricul- tural interests. Corn is still ten days to two weeks late, but otherwise it is in fine condition, and the earliest fields are now in the roasting ear stage. The rains were very beneficial to late potatoes, pastures and garden truck, and in some of the southern counties, where the rainfall was heavy, put the ground in fine condition for fall plowing, which has begun. Threshing is now general in the northern counties and is nearing completion in the southern part of the state. Late reports continue to show large yields and fine quality of all grains, and if final reports maintain the present EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 507 estimate, the state will produce more than 235,000,000 bushels of oats, or an increase of about 50,000,000 as compared with last year, and 30,000,000 more than the largest crop ever before produced in the state. Bulletin No. 20, August 21, 1917 — The average temperature of the past week was nearly normal and the rainfall was much below the seasonal average, there being only a few widely scattered and generally light showers. The weather was, however, ideal for threshing and stacking grain, and the Increased warmth was more favorable for corn which made rapid progress toward maturity. The crop is ten days to three weeks late, and with normal weather con- ditions not more than 50 per cent of it will be out of danger of injury by frost by the end of September. The bulk of the crop will need the greater part of October without killing frost or freezing temperature. With dry, warm weather these estimates will be greatly reduced as to time, but the prospective yield will also be greatly reduced. Dry weather has already greatly reduced the prospective yield over the south central counties. One good, soaking rain and then normal temperature Is needed for the best development of the crop. Rain is also badly needed for pastures, late potatoes, new seeding of clover, timothy and alfalfa. Considerable damage has been done in the east central and southeastern counties to young clover and alfalfa by grasshoppers, which seem to be increasing in num- bers and spreading over large areas. Bulletin No. 21, Augrust 28, 1917 — The week was rather cool, and over the greater part of the state was very dry. The nights, especially, were very cool and there were only two or three warm days. Light frost occurred in the extreme nothwest portion of the state on the morning of the 2Sth, or one day later than last year. The conditions were favorable for threshing and for all outdoor work, but the ground Is too dry in most sections for satisfactory plowing, though some of that work is being done. Corn made satisfactory progress con- sidering the cool weather, but the crop is still late, ranging from fields just beginning to tassel to the advanced roasting-ear stage in some of the earliest fields. The outcome of the crop depends on the weather during the next six weeks. Conditions must be much better than normal to insure an average yield. The late potato crop is also in a precarious condition, de- pending on whether or not sufficient rain comes during the next two weeks. Grasshoppers have cleaned the meadows of all aftermath in many localities in the southern counties. Pasturage is short in most sections and farmers are feeding stock. Bulletin No, 22, September 4. 1917 — The week was cool, there being an average daily deficiency of about 3 degrees. The nights espcially were very cool, and a trace of frost was observed on low ground in the northern counties on two mornings. The rainfall was very light and poorly distributed until the last day, when moderate to heavy showers occurred in nearly all districts. The rain will be of great benefit for late potatoes, pastures and for softening the ground for fall plowing preparatory to a greatly increased acreage of winter wheat and rye, but is now ^ietrimental for the development of corn, which absolutely needs dry, warm, sunshiny weather to mature the crop before the average date of first killing frost. Reports received from crop cor- respondents on September 1st show that with normal weather there will be about 37 per cent of the corn crop safe from frost on September 20th; 59 per cent on September 30th; 87 per cent on October 15th. and at least 5 per cent of the corn will not be mature on October 31st. The average con- dition of corn as compared with the average of past years on September 1st was 84 per cent; pastures, 80; potatoes, 95, and flax, 94. On September 1, 1916, the conditions were as follows: Corn, 83 per cent; potatoes, 58; flax, 88; pastures, 77. The low condition of corn last year was due to droughty conditions over the southern counties, while this year the condition would be excellent if it were not for the fact that the crop is so late. 508 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BuUetin IVo. 23, September 11, 1917 — Another cool, wet Aveek has further delayed the maturity of the belated corn crop. The average temperature was about 5 degrees below the normal, and In many localities showers were frequent and the rainfall excessive. Frost occurred on the mornings of the 10th and 11th over the northern and eastern parts of the state. Over the southern and eastern districts the showers were accompanied by severe wind squalls, which blew down and tangled corn badly, and by hail, which also did consider- able damage. Corn made fairly good progress toward maturity in the western counties, where there was little or no rain and considerable sun- shine, but over the greater part of the state there has been but little ad- vancement. Some of the earliest planted corn is beginning to dent, but the bulk of the crop is only in the roasting ear stage and much of it is still in the milk or dough stage. An early killing frost would seriously damage seed corn. The rains, however, were beneficial to pastures, mead- ows, truck crops and late potatoes and softened the ground for fall plow- ing, which is now being rushed. Some winter wheat has been sown, and if the conditions are favorable there will be a large increase in the acre- age of this crop. Preliminary estimates made September 1st show the average yield of winter wheat per acre, is 19 bushels; spring wheat, 21; oats, 50; barley, 37; rye, 20; timothy seed, 5 bushels per acre. If these estimates are maintained by final reports, the state' will produce about 2,500,000 bushels of winter wheat; 3,600,000 of spring wheat; 260,000,- 000 of oats. 9,500,000 of barley and 700,000 bushels of rye. The area of timothy cut for seed was only 60 per cent of last year's acreage. Eighty per cent of the threshing was finished on September 1st. Tuesday, Septem- ber 11, 10:00 a. m. — Telegrams just received from correspondents indicate that the frost has seriously damaged corn and garden truck on low ground in the northeast portion of the state, and that slight damage has occurred in the northwest and southeast portions. Bulletin No. 24, September IS, 1917 — The week was very favorable for rushing the corn crop toward maturity. The temperature was considerably below the normal on the first day, but since then dry, warm weather has prevailed. The frost on the 11th did considerable damage in the northeastern counties, but the first estimates as to the extent of damage were evidently overdrawn. There is no doubt, however, but what the damage was severe in certain localities, especially along streams and in many low places, but damage was prevented in some of the river and creek valleys by fog, which prevailed on that morning. There was little or no injury on uplands, and while 30 or 40 per cent of the corn in the northeastern counties was frosted, not more than 5 per cent of it will be unmerchantable. The frost also did some damage to late potatoes, garden truck, buckwheat and beans. Silo filling has begun and some corn has been cut for fodder. Canning factories are running to full capacity on sweet corn, which is yielding about three tons per acre. Rapid progress is being made in preparing ground for fall wheat and some wheat has been sown. Fall varieties of apples are being harvested with fairly good yields. More rain would be beneficial for pastures and to keep the ground in condition for plowing. Bulletin No. 25, September 25, 1917 — The last seven days were fairly favorable for maturing corn, although the nights were too cool for the best results, and rain fell on two days over the northern districts, which had a tendency to retard the drying of the crop. Probably one-half to two-thirds of the crop is now safe from injury by an ordinary killing frost, and with clear, warm weather and drying winds the most of the remainder will be safe in ten days or two weeks, but even with the best of weather at least five per cent of the crop will not mature. Much corn is being cut for fodder or silo and this EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 509 work win be rushed during the coming week. Considerable seed corn has been gathered. More than the usual amount of fall plowing is being done In the northern districts, where sufficient rain fell during the week to put the ground in good condition, and considerable fall wheat has been Bown, but over the larger part of the southern sections the ground is too dry to plow or germinate the wheat already sown. Potatoes are being dug, wih fair to good yields and of good quality. Pasturage is generally short and stock is being fed in some localities. Some second growth clover has been cut for seed, with heads well filled. Bulletin No. 26, October 3, 1917 — The average temperature for the week was about 2 degrees below the normal, and light to heavy frosts occurred on two or three mornings in practically all parts of the state, the heaviest being in the eastern coun- ties. Corn made fairly good progress considering the cool weather, but fully one-third of the crop is not yet safe from an ordinary killing frost and much more than that would be seriously damaged by freezing tem- peratures. Not more than 80 or 85 per cent will be safe by October 15th, and from present indications from 5 to 10 per cent of the crop will re- quire all of October and at least 5 per cent is hopeless. The southwestern and west central districts show the best condition and the central district the poorest. However, there is enough of the crop mature in all districts to insure sufficient seed for next year and the seed is now being gathered in large quantities. Much of the late bottom-land corn is being cut for fodder and many silos are being filled. Considerable corn is still in the roasting ear stage and as green as in July. Plowing and seeding of win- ter wheat and rye has been handicapped in the southern and central districts by dry weather, but over the northern counties there has been a decided increase in the acreage of winter wheat and rye sown. The acreage of clover cut for seed will be much less than the normal, and large areas of last spring's seeding of clover and alfalfa have been de- stroyed by grasshoppers. Cattle are on feed in many localities on ac- count of shortage of pasturage. Rain is badly needed for pastures, plow- ing and fall-sown grains, but corn must have dry, warm weather. Bulletin No. 27, October 9, 1917 — The w^eek was much colder and drier than usual, the temperature being about 7 degrees below the normal, and the rainfall was practically nil. The frost of October 1st was much more damaging over the southeastern counties than was reported last week; the one on the 6th was killing in all parts of the state except over the extreme western and southwestern counties and the hard freeze on the Sth was general in all districts. About 40 per cent of the corn in the northeastern counties has been seriously damaged, with less injury toward the west and south to the extreme southwestern corner of the state, where the damage probably did not exceed more than 1 to 3 per cent and most of that only slight. Considering the crop as a whole, about 70 to 75 per cent was fully ma- ture, 10 to 15 per cent was slightly damaged and the remainder will be soft or chaffy, depending on the character of the weather during the next few weeks. The total yield will be greater than last year, and the con- dition of the crop in the northeastern district is much better than it was in 1915 when killing frost and freezing temperature occurred in that district on August 30th. A great deal more than the usual amount of the crop is in shock or silo on account of the shortage of the hay crop. Much excellent seed corn has been gathered and much more should be selected at once from the best of the frosted fields and properly cared for, as good seed corn will be in demand next spring. Pop corn husking will begin in Ida and Sac counties in about ten days. Both the yield and quality of this crop is good. The yield of potatoes is turning out fairly well, the quality is generally good and the output will be much larger than last year on account of a greatly increased acreage. It is thought that winter apples may have been damaged by the hard freeze on the 510 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 8th. Good soaking rains are now needed for fall sown grains, grass lands and for the water supply, then clear, cool weather for drying out the corn. Notwithstanding the fact that fall grains were badly winter-killed and that the planting season was cold and wet and the summer unusually cool, Iowa has done her share toward feeding the nation and the world. The small grain crops were exceptionally good; there will be considerably more than the normal amount of corn and the truck crops were excellent. IOWA CROP REPORT, JUNE 1, 1917. Following is a summary showing the condition of crops on June 1st, as compared with the average of past years on that date: Corn, 95 per cent; oats, 101; spring wheat, 98; winter wheat, 64; barley, 98; rye, 92; flax, 99; potatoes, 99; tame hay, 84; wild hay, 95; pastures, 90; alfalfa, 88 per cent. Last year on June 1st the conditions were as follows: Corn, 84 per cent; oats, 98; spring wheat, 96; winter wheat, 78; barley, 97; rye, 92; flax, 92; potatoes, 95; hay, 98; pastures, 102; alfalfa, 93 per cent. The Secretary of the State Horticultural Society reports the condition of fruit as follows: "Apples, 80 per cent; pears, 61; American plums, 66; Domestica plums, 56; Japanese plums, 51; cherries, 71; grapes, 46; red raspberries, 45; black raspberries, 45; blackberries, 42; currants, 73; gooseberries, 77; strawberries, 66 per cent of a full crop. The aver- age of all fruits is 56 per cent, or three points above the average for June last year. The condition of the apple crop is 2 per cent above the June average for any year since a percentage record has been kept by the Society. Grapes, raspberries and strawberries were injured during the winter in the southern part of the State, where there was no snow cover- ing to protect them." IOWA CROP REPORT, JULY 1, 1917. Acreage of Farm Crops and Estimated Condition of Staple Crops. Reports received July 1st, from township correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, show the following results as to the acreage and average condition of staple farm crops: Corn. — The acreage planted this year, after making allowance for the acreage lost by floods and washing, is 10,242,000 acres, or 866,000 acres more than last year, as shown by Township Assessors. The condition was 87 per cent, or 2 per cent better than on July 1, 1916. The plants are small for the time of the year, but the color is good, the fields are gener- ally clean, and the crop is making rapid advancement. Oats. — Area seeded, 5,238,500 acres, or 169,366 acres more than last year, and the condition is 8 per cent better than a year ago. Winter Wheat. — On account of winter-killing, the acreage is reduced from 296,800 acres, as shown by the township assessors' reports to 133,900 acres, and the condition is the same as last year, 80 per cent. Spring Wheat. — Area sown, 173,500 acres, or an increase of about 2,000 acres over last year, and the condition is 7 per cent better, or 99 per cent. The loss in acreage of wheat, hay, especially clover, and pastures is more than made up in the increase in acreage of corn, oats and potatoes. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 511 Barley.— Acreage sown, 258,800 acres or a decrease of 2,000 acres. The condition is, however, 3 per cent better than last year, when it was 95 per cent. fly(,_ — Acreage, 35,275 acres, which is nearly the same as in 1916. The condition is 94 per cent, or one per cent better than last year. Flax. — Acreage, 7,400, as compared with 7,300 in 1916. Condition, 94, or 4 per cent better than last year. Potatoes. — Acreage 98,810, increase almost 11,000 acres, and the condi- tion is 106, or 9 per cent better than last year. Hay. — Acreage of tame and wild hay, 3,196,000, or 452,000 acres less than in 1916. The condition is 83 per cent, or 13 per cent below last year. Alfalfa. — Acreage, 103,215; decrease, 50,000 acres. Pastures. — Acreage, 8,995,300; decrease, 400,000 acres; condition, 95 per cent. Fruit. — The Secretary of the State Horticultural Society reports the condition of fruit on July 1st to be as follows: Summer apples, 75%; fall apples, 64%; winter apples, 54%; pears, 44%; American plums, 43%; Domestica plums, 24%; Japanese plums, 15%; cherries, 62%; grapes, 50%; red raspberries, 51%; black rasp- berries, 53%; blackberries, 47%; currants, 56%; gooseberries, 76% of a full crop. The average for all fruits is 517o, or 1% higher than the average for July last year. The apple crop promises to be 20% better than it was a year ago, while the small fruits will be 20% less than they were last year. Insects and fungus diseases about normal. Twig blight more abundant than usual. IOWA CROP REPORT, AUGUST 1, 1917. Following is a summary showing the condition of crops on August 1st as compared with the average of past years on that date: Corn, 92 per cent; pastures, 90; potatoes, 96; flax, 96 per cent. Last year on August 1st the condition of corn was 90 per cent; pastures, 91; potatoes, 81; flax, 90 per cent. Harvesting began about a week later than usual, and as a result there had not been enough threshing done by the close of the month to give a reliable estimate as to the average yield of small grains. The report of the Secretary of the State Horticultural Society show the condition of fruit on August 1st to have been as follows: Summer apples, 65 per cent; fall apples, 59; winter apples, 49; pears, 47; Ameri- can plums, 43; domestic plums, 22; Japanese plums, 17; grapes, 52 per cent of a full crop. The average for all fruits is 44 per cent of a full crop. There will be twice as many summer apples, one-third more fall apples, but only 9 per cent more winter apples than in 1916. There will be a few more pears, though plums and grapes will not be more abundant than they were last year. Summer fruits should be utilized as they mature, either dried, canned, made into butter, marmalade or other products that can be saved for future use. Let no fruit got to waste than can be used for food. 512 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IOWA CROP REPORT, SEPTEMBER 1, 1917. Following is a summary showing the condition of crops on September 1st, as compared with the average of past years on that date: Corn, 84 per cent; potatoes, 95; flax, 94; pastures, 80 per cent. On September 1, 1916, the conditions were: Corn, S3; potatoes, 58; flax, 88; pastures, 77 per cent. Corn is unusually backward. Practically all of the earliest planted fields are only in the roasting ear stage and much of the crop is still in the milk or dough stage. Preliminary reports indicate the average yield of winter wheat to be 19 bushels per acre; spring wheat, 21; oats, 50; barley, 37; rye, 20; timothy seed, 5 bushels per acre. If these estimates are maintained by final reports the State will produce about 2,500,000 bushels of winter wheat; 3,600,000 of spring wheat; 260,000,000 of oats; 9,500,000 of bar- ley and 700,000 bushels of rye. The area of timothy cut for seed was only 60 per cent of last year's acreage. Eighty per cent of the threshing had been finished on September 1st. FINAL CROP REPORT OF THE STATE, 1917. Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the Iowa (Weather and Crop Service, showing the average yield per acre and total yields of staple soil products, and the average price at the nearest station, December 1, 1917. This report does not include or take into consideration live stock, poultry or dairy products. The crop season of 1917 was an exceptional one; most of the crops being produced under great handicaps. The winter of 1916-17 was cold and the precipitation was generally deficient, particularly in the southern portion of the State. The snowfall was about normal in the northern counties, but very deficient in the southern sections until March and April, when in the latter month it exceeded the total amount for the three preceding months. A glaze storm on the night of December 25-26 covered nearly the entire state with a heavy coating of ice; and another on March 12-13 covered the region from the Des Moines to the Missis- sippi Rivers. April, May, and June were abnormally cold, and April and June were excessively wet. Cold weather continued until July 20th, after which it was hot and relatively dry till August 4th. The remainder ot August was cool and the showers were light and scattered. Drought and grasshoppers became serious in some of the south-central and south- eastern counties. September was cooler than normal with heavy frosts on the 11th, on the lowlands in the northern and eastern sections; there was, however, a warm period from the 13th to the 18th. Killing frosts occurred in some sections of the State on October 1st, in all but the southwestern portion on the €th, and throughout the State on the 8th; and the entire month was cold, being the coldest of record, and 3.1 de- grees colder than October, 1895, which heretofore held the record. Sun- shine was unusually deficient, particularly in the northeast portion where it was less than one-third of the possible amount. November was much warmer and drier than usual with about the normal amount of sunshine. i:iGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 513 Considering the various crops in their relation to the weather, some of the outstanding features may be noted as follows: Winter-killing was unusually prevalent, particularly in the central and southern divisions. Wheat, rye, clover, both old and new, timothy, blue grass, lawns, cane fruits and grapes all suffered seriously. The winterkilling of wheat was due to the following causes: First, the plants were not well established at the beginning of winter. In the central and southern divisions, which include the bulk of the winter wheat acreage, drought, August 16-31, September 13-24, and October 1- 14, 1916, delayed plowing, seeding and germination. November was warm with plenty of moisture, and the young plants got a fair start but were not sufficiently strong to resist the rigorous winter that fol- lowed. Second, the general glaze storm of Christmas night covered al- most the entire area with a smothering coat of ice. Third, the snow covering was absent or generally deficient. In the central portion of the State there was considerable snow covering, but subsequent weather con- ditions reduced it to an impervious layer of ice equal in smothering prop- erties to a covering of glaze. Where the snow covering was absent the plants were subjected to unusual extremes of temperature. Fourth, drought prevailed throughout the winter. The last three causes were responsible for the winterkilling of grasses. In the northern portion of the State, where the snow covering was deeper, more porous and continuous, grasses and the small acreage of winter wheat that was sown did not suffer so seriously. The warm and normally moist March and the cool and generally wet spring and early summer were especially favorable for oats, spring wheat and barley, all of which made large yields, barley making a record yield. The yield of winter wheat on the acreage that was considered promising enough to let grow was good. The corn acreage was greatly increased by plowing up the winterkilled wheat fields and meadows. This, together with the cold, wet, unfavor- able spring, started it out about two weeks late. Large areas in the southern portion of the State were washed out or drowned out and re- planted, some as late as the closing days of June. The abnormally cool weather of May, June, and the first half of July did not give the corn a chance to catch up. About the only good corn weather of the season occurred from July 20th to August 4th. Two weeks more of good corn corn weather would have matured a phenomenal crop, but a cold and cloudy October caught it unprepared. The yield is good but the quality is unusually poor. November, though much warmer and drier than nor- mal, closed with the crop generally unfit for cribbing. Seed corn gath- ered since October 8th almost without exception shows very low germina- tion tests. Considerable care will need to be exercised before another planting season to discover the unreliable seed, locate supplies of good seed and effect the proper distribution. Droughty conditions and grass- hoppers during August, in some of the south-central and southeastern counties, made the pastures brown and bare. The Iowa Weather and 23 514 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Crop Service was consulted by several cattle men seeking pasturage in more favorable sections of the State to avoid the use of high-priced dry- feed or immature corn fodder. Looking forward to the winter wheat crop of 1918, it should be noted that in certain portions of the State, particularly the south-central and western, plowing, seeding and germination were delayed by dry, hard soil and droughty conditions, and October was too cold, and in some sec- tions grasshoppers kept it eaten down so that the plants are not entering the winter in a resistant condition. There has been a great increase in the acreage sown as compared with the area harvested in 1917, but the acreage is considerably below the normal, and in order that we may have a normal wheat crop next year, it will be necessary to greatly in- crease the acreage of spring wheat. The yields and values are as follows: Corn. — The estimated acreage was 10,242,000 acres, or 763,000 acres more than in 1916; average yield, 40 bushels per acre; total yield, 409,- 667,000 bushels; average price, 97 cents per bushel; total value, $397,- 376,990. Fifty-one per cent of the crop was reported to be soft or im- mature and only 57 per cent had been husked on December 1st. Oats. — The estimated area harvested was 5,238,500 acres, or about 50,000 acres more than in 1916. Averagei yield, 46 bushels; total yield, 239,- 416,200 bushels; average price, 61 cents; total value, $14€,043,882. Spring Wheat. — Area harvested, 173,460 acres; average yield, 18 bush- els per acre; total yield, 3,199,820 bushels; price per bushel, $1.94; total value, $6,207,652. Winter Wheat. — Area harvested, 133,930 acres; average yield per acre, 18 bushels; total yield, 2,397,560; average price, $1.97 per bushel; total value, $4,723,193. Barley. — Area harvested, 258,775; average yield per acre, 35 bushels, which is a record for the State; total yield, 9,111,590 bushels; average price, $1.15; total value, $10,478,328. Rye.— Average yield, 20 bushels per acre; total yield, 722,410 bushels; farm price, $1.58; total value, $1,141,408. Flax Seed.— Average yield, 11 bushels; total yield, 80,810 bushels; total value at $2.87 per bushel, $231,925. Timothy Seed. — Area harvested, 290,000 acres; average yield, 4.5 bush- els; total yield, 1,306,093; total value, at $3.37 per bushel, $4,401,533. Clover Seed. — Area harvested, 61,560 acres; average yield, 1.5 bushels; value at $14.00 per bushel, $1,292,760. Potatoes. — Area harvested, 99,610 acres; average yield, 109 bushels; total yield, 10,793,600 bushels; average price, $1.32; total value, $14,- 247,552. Hay (Tame). — Average yield, 1.3 tons per acre; total yield, 3,584,400 tons; average price, $18.82 per ton; total value, $67,458,408. Hay (Wild).— Average yield, 1.2 tons; total yield 636,947 tons; aver- age price, $14.79 per ton; total value, $9,420,446. Alfalfa.— Area 103,215 acres; average yield, 3.4 tons; total yield, $353,- 830 tons; average price, $23.40 per ton; total value, $8,279,622. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX TABULATED CROP SUMMARY. 515 Acres Average Yield Average Price Total Yield Total Value Corn Oats Spring Wheat Winter Whsat Barley Rye Flax .*«eed Timotlix Seed Clover Seed Potatoes Hay (Tame) ^- Hay CWildj Alfalfa Pastures and Grazing. Ensilage Sweet Com Pop Corn — Buckwheat Fruit Crop Garden Truck Miscellaneous Total 10,242,000 5,238,500 173,460 133,930 ?58,775 35,275 7,430 290,243 CI, 560 99,610 2,671,100 r24,912 103,215 40 Bu. 46 Bu. ISBu. 18 Bu. 35 Bu. ?0 Bu. n Bu. 4.5 Bu. 1.5 Bu. 109 Bu. 1.3 tons 1.21 tons 3.4 tons .97 .61 1.94 1.97 1.15 1.58 2.87 3.37 14.00 1.32 18.821 14.79 23.40 400,667,000 239,416,200 3,199,820 2,397,560 9,112,500 722,690 80,810 1,306,093 92,340 10,793,600 3,584,400 636,947 353,!5."0 Estimated 397,376,990 146,013,882 6,207,6152 4,723,193 10,479,478 1,141, 850 231,925 4,401,533 ai,202',760 14,247,552 67,458,406 9,420,446 8,279,622 100,000,000 10,686,000 5.800,000 900,000 370,000 7,000,000 8.000,000 12,000,000 $ 822,061,291 The value of soil products for 1916 was. $ 597,165,673 516 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IOWA CROPS, 1917— NUMBER OF ACRES BY COUNTIES Counties Corn Oats Winter Wheat Soring Wheat Barley Adair Adams Allamakee Appanoose Audubon, Benton Black Hawk •Boone' Bremer 'Buchanan . Buena Vista Butler Calhoun Carroll Oass Cedar C«rro Gordo Cherokee Chickasaw — - Clarke Clay Clayton Chnton Crawford Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware - — Des Moin2S. Dickinson .. Dubuque Emmet Fayette rioyd Tranklin Fremont ... Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton .. Hancock --. Hardin Harrison .— Henry Howard Humboldt . Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson -. Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa Lucas Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills MiteheU Monona Monroe Montgomery . Muscatine O'Brien ... . Osceola 110,000 77.000 42,000 44,000 89,000 142,000 109,000 12-2,000 66,000 104.000 131,000 107,000 133,000 123,000 126. COO 111,000 94,000 130,000 66,000 63,000 118,000 79,000 121,000 167,000 140,000 53,000 69,000 91,000 69,000 58,000 66,000 63,000 90,000 88,000 115,000 150,000 132.000 107.000 112,000 130,000 104,000 119,000 160,000 75.000 ^.OCO 93,000 97,000 96,000 62,000 158,000 68,000 102,000 79,000 109,000 175,000 56,000 117,000 67,000 51,000 131,000 103,000 115,000 100. OOO 125,000 111,000 65,000 155,000 46,000 106,000 76,000 112,000 79.000 37.000 22,500 42,300 17, COO 37,000 81,000 57,500 67,000 49,000 64,000 83,000 76,000 100,000 69,000 37, COO 38,000 70,000 82,000 60,500 19,000 76,000 63,000 44,000 65,000 56,000 32,000 23,000 54,500 29,000 47,000 46,000 54,000 70,000 73,000 82,500 11,400 65,500 74,300 47,500 91,000 87,000 70,000 25,000 29,000 56,500 66,700 53,000 41,500 29,000 60,0C0 26,000 41,000 38,000 46,500 141,000 22,000 56,000 27,000 19, SCO 100,000 82,000 49,000 31,000 eo,50o 23,000 82,000 33,000 14,000 22,500 24,000 86,000 70.500 1,000 l.OOO 2,400 2S0 650 l,30l> 1,200 50 800 2,200 20O 470 400 230 1,000 400 130 450 250 300 60 150 SO 480 lOO 150 500 2,800 3,000 2,900 1,000 400 50 400 20 350 60 1,700 1,000 ico 550 1,3C0 1,000 1,700 1,300 1,700 10,000 3,(!00 400 1,300 60 2,4CO 50 100 S50 2,400 SOO 60 e'o BOO 1,000 130 1,000 200 130 70O 50 330 e,ooo 750 1,100 ICO 100 170 2,000 1,100 150 200 40 1,600 130 500 6,500 15,000 1,100 100 150 860 80 2«]0 90 1,550 Gi.O 700 1,2C0 1,000 2,000 2,0«i0 1,000 300 600 500 300 500 750 1,300 lOO 650 2,000 60 400 70O 3,000 50 80O 120 lOO 1,500 2,700 90O 1,400 700 6,000 1,500 500 eoo 2,000 4,000 20 l.»0 13,000 13,000 80O 320 3,000 2,800 850 660 140 800 lOO EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX IOWA CROPS, 1917— NUMBER OF ACRES BY COUNTIES—Continued 517 Counties Corn Oats Winter Wheat Spring Wheat Barley Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas ._. Polk Pottawattamie Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren .- Wapello Warren Wash'ngton ._- Wayne Webster Winnobago Winneshiek _._ Woodbury Worth Wright Totals 10,242,000 5,238,500 125 89 202 127 104 223 118, 82 120, 84, 1, 159 146, 135 lOS 70 54 65 96, c,7, 72, 14«' f>S. 84 2o<; 48 121 ,000 ,000 oco ,000 000 coo ooo coo (XK) ,€0O MO ,oco 000 ooo ,000 000 ooo 000 («0O ooo (lOO ooo ooo (KX) ooo 000 ooo 21,000 64,000 96,000 97,000 42,000 47,000 46,000 26,(jOO 72,000 26,000 49,500 108,000 74,000 60,500 27, OCO 22,000 21, OCO 22,000 24,500 42,000 26.000 110,000 5S,O0O 69.500 70.000 60,000 84,000 7.O0O 50 1,200 180 9,000 7,000 350 1,900 40 1,200 800 TOO 300 250 1,600 800 1,200 2,000 7,500 1,600 1,000 30O 300 2,100 50 133,900 1,400 150 32,000 150 1,400 6,400 800 100 50 830 3,800 18,000 20- 1,900 130 2150 30 lOO 570 300 200 1,000 3,000 5,200 7.=<'0 2,000 400 173,508 200 80O 5,100 80O 50 7,200 1,400 lOO 8,700 21,500 8,300 14,000 60 8,500 300 140 to" 460 30O 50 700 4,450 12,000 2,150 3,700 1,400 2S8,775 618 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IOWA CROPS, 1917— NUMBER OF ACRES BY COUNTIES— Continued Counties j Eye Flax Potatoes rame Hay Wild Hay Alfalfa Pastur Adair Adams 20 110 450 150 30 450 1.150 20 630 700 50 900 20 30 110 400 70 30 250 40 100 eco 1.050 £0 70 500 200 2,000 1,200 30 200 80 6C0 420 100 soo ao" I.IEO 500 1.200 700 650 1,100 1,600 1.700 800 9o0 1,200 1,400 540 1,700 1.350 940 1,300 1,250 700 250 C40 1,900 1,200 1,600 600 5C0 200 1,000 900 350 1.900 400 1,300 1,300 1,400 900 50O 2,100 550 750 750 850 900 420 900 400 SOO 1,200 1.250 800 700 1,100 850 640 1.500 1,200 1.70O 400 220 1,800 600 650 500 1,000 1,100 2,500 2,400 360 600 1,450 1.000 1 800 20.000 25.000 43,000 36,000 26,000 40,000 29,000 19,000 17,000 37,000 2B,0O0 21.000 18,000 26,00(0 33,000 41,000 28,000 23,500 24,000 23,000 22,200 57,000 45,1000 40,000 18,500 44,1000 36,000 39,000 19,000 13,lt)00 56,000 16,600 51,000 27.000 28,000 7,000 22,000 20,000 27,000 23,000 23,5010 24,000 10,400 22,000 28,400 16.000 21,000 24,000 4'5,00l0i 34,000 23.000 34,500 40,000 34,000 33,000 32 ,000 37,000 14,000 24.500 13.000 27. COO 35. 000 26,000 31,0C0 10,000 26,200 8.900 30,000 16,000 16,000 23,000 14,000 2,200 1,400 1.190 690 1,970 2,000 7,500 7,200 18,400 11,300 10,400 10,440 4,700 8,400 1,100 150 13,300 8,000 14,500 60 12,900 1,000 1,700 5.200 2,800 12 96 6,700 70 11,600 730 7,300 10,200 4,300 9,000 2,700 6.000 5,000 3,600 6,000 18,500 6,600 7.000 100 600 13 40 1.100 100 100 280 60 15 720 20 266 000 8<::0 160 90 2,500 108.( 98 I Allamakee Appanoose . - 75 16S.( 109 ( Audubon . — . 68 ( Benton 104 ( Black Hawk . i 90, ( Boone 73,( 59. 102, 70, 87, 64, Bremer Buena Vista . Butler 60 Calhoun Carroll 40 Cass 108 Cedar 94 Cerro Gordo . Cherokee - 300 76. 75 Chickasaw 80 80, Clarke 60 7C0 80 200 4,400 60O 80 190 60 600 1,000 110 75 20 SO 50 6,2iOO 300 SO 350 175 100 ICO 8,500 170 20 ISO 1,200 140 130 170 23 170 80 75 275 280 170 140 60 2,000 200 200 400 7.000 91 Clay Clayton 180 75, 161, Clinton - 130, Orawford in, I>allas . 90, Davis 137. Decatur 113, Delaware 100, Dea Moines .. 78. Dickinson Dubuque Emmet Payette 420 215' 60, 140, 64. 140, Ployd Franklin 160 100 60, 80. 60, Greene _. Grundy "Juthrie 72. 66. 101. Hamilton 69, Hancock Hardin 100 60 80 523 140 170 20 220 720 150 250 700 450 200 100 6,300 800 1.200 20 50 lOO 170 70 20 200 80 50 100 160 2,800 60 90 150 82, 69, Harrison . — 88 Henry Howard Humboldt — Ida 90 '600 60 18,100 6,400 1.900 450 1.050 600 76. 43 57 108 173 Jasper .. 123 96 42fl 230 50 Si.COO 104 28 118 Kossuth 700 111 119 2,200 200 100 9.800 1,000 870 320 30O 4,100 3,200 13,500 10 650 460 7.300 1 7,000 117 Louisa 95 16 Madison Mahaska • Marion j 131 100 114 78 Mills — — Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery — Muscatine O'Brien Osceola 960' 68 70 11,000 60 8,000 250 1,200 176 93 172 70 71 120 160 72 43 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART iX BRSa IOWA CROPS, 1917-NUMBER OF ACRES BY COUNTIES-Conrinued 5iy Counties Rye Flax Potatoes Tame Hay Wild Hay Alfalfa Pastures Pags 450 190 500 150 100 300 30 270 650 500 2,300 650 1,100 2,700 80O 270 700 S,50O 1,100 1,300 250 1,200 550 630 220 750 500 650 1'50 700 870 1,200 1,800 760 70O 42,000 15,000 20,000 17,000 13,000 30,000 26,000 32,000 23,000 20,000 30,000 17,0C0 26,000 34,000 31,000 23,000 33,000 26,000 29,000 35.000 31,000 23,000 16,000 47,000 17,500 20,500 26,000 l.lOO 20,000 20,000 11,000 2,500 8,400 100 130 4,600 1,700 4,000 15,000 2,000 1,200 560 4,50 Mo' 2,500 210 1,000 200 000 14.000 140 TO eiso 700 2,800 5.000 270 140 773 80 225 150 150 120 70 S50 50 25 13,000 30 60 86,000 60,000 no, 000 50.000 81.000 130,000 lOO.OCO 69,000 66,000 T7,0OO 90,000 75,000 58,000 127,000 106,000 100,000 135,000 77,000 140,000 112,000 97,000 78,000 55,000 140,000 106,000 57,000 64,000 Palo Alto Plymouth 500 Pocahontas ... Polk 100 Pottawattamie Poweshiek Ringgold Sac 40 Scott 1,750 150 50 40 30 250 30 600 200 190 lOO 70 loo' sso 160 120 40 Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren . . Wapello ... ...'. Warren Washington ... Wayne 60 12,500 22,000 4,700 9,500 15,500 7,000 Webster Winnebago Winnsshiek Woodbury Worth 100 450 300 1,6100 60 Wright Total 35,275 7,430 98,810 2,671,100 524,912 10S,21S 8.905,300 >20 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABULATED CROP SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR 1917 Oounties Cora Total Bushels Oats Total Bushels Spring Wheat Total Bushels Winter Wheat Total Bushels Barley in a ■a t. pa"- Total Bushels Adair Adams Allamakee Appanoose ... Audubon Benton Black Hawk Boone Bremer Buchanan .. Buena Vista Butler Calhoun Carroll Cedar Cerro Gordo ... Cherokee Chickasaw .. Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford DaUas Davis Dec :tur .. Delaware Des Moines Dickinson Dubuque Emmet Fayette Floyd FTanklin Fremont Greene Gnindy Guthrie Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa. Lucas Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Malls Mitchell ,180,000 ,601,000 ,55-1.000 ,628,000 ,471,000 ,822,000 ,251,000 ,880,000 ,442,000 ,432,000 ,764,000 ,548,000 ,118,000 ,535,000 ,914,000 ,328,000 ,854.000 ,980,000 ,518,000 ,547,000 ,859,000 ,081,000 ,203,000 ,513,000 ,440,000 ,802,000 ,346,000 ,821,000 ,243,000 ,856,000 ,508,000 ,205.000 ,610.000 ,816,000 ,715. Of 10 ,000,000 ,072,000 ,387,000 ,592,00(1 ,850.000 ,952,000 ,355,000 ,240,000 1,150,000 ,300,000 ,278.000 ,559,000 ,320,000 :, 790, 000 1,320,000 1,380,000 ,794,000 ,555,000 ,905,000 ,525,000 ;,4&4,O0O ,563,000 ,747,000 ,989,000 ,978,000 ,502,000 ,405.000 ,300,000 ,375,000 ,440,000 ,755,000 1,850,000 967,500 1,903,500 986,000 1,258,000 3,969,000 3,047,500 2,814,000 2,056,000' 23 3,072,000 17 3,901,000 22 3,192,000 26 4,400,000 20 2,829,000 18 1.309.000 17 2,090,000| 26 3.150.0001 19 4,510,000 20 2,420,000 19 969,000 20 3,116,000 18 2,878,000' 22 2,136,000' 24 2,275,000 2,968,000 1,568,000 1,127,000, 2,561,50O| 24 1,247,000 31 2,2SO,000' 16 2.070,000 24 2,214,000 25 3,220,000; 21 2,847,000' 22 S,9W.00O 20 433,200 13 2,947,500 14 3,27O.O00| 24 l,948.0O0| 16 4,550.000 21 3,480,000 16 3,430,000 24 975.000 16 1.5fts:.000 25 2. 147. 000 18 3, 135, 000! 23 2,438,000, 21 2, 282, 500! 24 1,160,000 20 2,880.000 20 988,000' 22 2,0O!>,000, 24 l,664,O0O| 22 2,372,000 23 6,768,000: 17 1.144.000 15 3, 248, 000; 26 756,000 18 1.119.0001 17 5,300,000' 22 1.472,000; 20 2.499.000 21 1.643.0001 25 3,025,000! 22 806,000, 12 3,198,000' 18 16,000 5,900 26,000 900 39,600 8,500 6,200 6,400 10,300 18 5,100 21 3,300 22 12,500! 20 3,000 50,400 49,300 10,400 7,600 7,000 32,300 80O 9,900 22 22,000 21 31,200' 14 180,000, 25 4,800 700 850 8,400 9,300 10,400 24,000 25,000 21,0OO; 22 15,400; 24 6,600{ 23 1,000, 17 l,400i 18 4,100 20 17,600 14 4,200 19 25,600 22 10,000 22 240,000' 18 2,500 19 15, 480 ; 25 4,600 22 32,600! 24 16, 800 1 25 20,000; 20 40,000 17 6,600i 15 12,000' 22 11.000 20 30.0001 21 9,4001 20 750l 13 18,2001 15 900 17 2,00O| 16 33,000, 18 18,000] 17 14,700 15 37,500; 16 13,200! 21 48,O0O' 20 23,400' 20 15,000 38,4iX) 16,9l!0 18,000 22,400 3,600 9,60) 20,000 2,300 5,200 1,320 1.000 1,500 10,000 48,000 25,000 950 440 1, 14,000 2,200 28,400 23,80<) 42,500 63,000 15,600 33,600 l,80ii 48,000 900 12,000 I'm 3,100 1,150 51,000 19,800 2,000 28,000 2,900 880 2,900 117,000 21,000 3,700 1,760 2,200 2,000 l,80r 11,000 15,000 13,200 6,000 15,800 2,100 26,000 6,000 51,000 12,800 1,800 46,000 21,000 80,000 10,500 40,000 400 45 41 31 "33' 40 32 35 35 37 38 31 38 39 34 40 30 34 35 30 25 38 S5 30 40 45 40 37 35 28 41 31 37 37 30 38 33 37 28 31 31 35 32 40 32 37 40 40 40 25 52 37 40 33 38 28 46 34 30 38 34 40 40 40 36 32 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 521 TABULATED CROP SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR 1917— Continued Counties Corn Total Bushels Oats Total Bushels fcpring Wheat Total Bushels Winter Wheat Total Bushels Barley Total Bushels Monona Monroe Montgomery .. Muscatine O'Brien ..-.. Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas Polk Pottawattamie Poweshiek Ringgold Sae Scott Shelby iSioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren ... WapeUo Warren Washington .-. Wayne Webster Wiinnebago Winn.es hi ek Woodbury Worth Wright _. Totals 40 5,270 1,932 4,240, 3,268, 4,816, 2,370, 4,750, 3,382, 8,080, 5,715 4,472, 8,920, 5,428, 2,870, 4,800, 4,200, 5,322, 7,155, 7,008, 5,400, 3,399, 2,520 2,052 2,340 3,936 3,104, 2,592, 5,548 2,170, 2,184, 7,828 1,776 4,598 1,287 840 1,013 1,272 3,870 3,313 1,029 2,688, 4,224 4,462, 2,016 2,209 2,484 1,144 3,168 1,404 2,128 5,29-2, 3,330 2,988 1,134 1,100 1,050 990 1,125 1,890 1,274 4,730 2,385 2,919, 3,010 2,220 3, '612, OOO 16 000 25 000 17 000 20 000 21 OOO 19 OOO 22 000 16 OOO 18 OOO: 29 500 1 16 OOO 20 OOO 24 000 26 0001 17 OOO' 17 000 18 000 12 OOOi 19 0001 16 409,667,000 46 239,416,20i 18 195, 00< 19 6,10< 20 50,401 U 13, 4W 20 5,40t. 20 2,10( 32,400 3,800 544,000 3,000 29,400 102,600 17,600 1,600 90O 24,000 60,800 20 260,000 19 4,800 28 49,400 19 2,200 17 4,200 15 540 I 17 1,200 16 10,800 23 4,800 15 2,000 11 17,000 15 51,000 .... 98,800 24 163,800 44,000 7,20(i 3,199,820 18 247,000 16,000 42,000 17,000 2,800 133,000 900 26,4(X) 3,400 162,0tlO 126,000 7,000 28,500 480 31,200 16,000 13,300 8,400 4,800 27,200 12,000 20,400 32,000 172,500 22,500 11,000 4,500 7,200 46,200 4,200 800 2,397,560 35 9,112,590 49,600 2,520 14,400 182,000 224,000 90,000 6,000 25,600 198,900 28,000 1,900 252,000 56,000 2,300 118,400 774,000 282,200 476,000 1,800 297,500 12,000 5,600 2,870 18,400 9,000 1,500 26,600 151,300 360,000 81,700 148,000 50,400 E22 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABULATED CROP SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR 1917— Continued Rye Flax Seed Potatoes Hay— Tame Hay-Wild Alfalfa Coucties V 01 at Tota! Bnshels 0) •2 ^ Total Bush'ls V — 0 Total Bushels Total Tons V a m ) 660 7,300 11,200 5.100 12,600 4,600 6,600 5.000 8,600 6,600 18,500 5,600 17,500 3.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 4.0 1.5 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.5 5.0 2.2 2.0 4.0 3.5 I'o 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.5 3.0 2.7 4.5 3.4 4.0 3.8 3.5 4.0 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.0 4.0 2.6 4.0 2.6 3.8 4.0 4.0 1.8 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 3.0 3.5 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.5 3.0 350 2,400 Allamakee 10 750 77,400 39,600 26,000 56,000 40,600 22,800 34,000 51,800 28,600 42,000 23.400 31,200 33,000 53,300 44,800 23,500 48,000 25,300 24,400 97,000 50,500 48,000 18,500 48,400 61,200 64,600 21,000 18,200 78,400 19,800 81,600 51,300 47,600 7,000 22,000 22,000 35,100 30,000 28,200 31,000 26,000 28,600 48,300 S!2,400 27,300 28,800 90,000 30,600 25,300 38,000 52,000 40,800 49,500 48.000 40,700 17,000 34.300 19,500 30.000 38,500 28,600 31,000 10,000 47,200 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 2.5 50 120 Audubon Benton 4,400 1.50 Black Hawk 200 Boone — - 115.600 171,700 109,200 112,800 147,000 39,400 207,400 94,500 67,700 184,000 137,500 66,500 20,000 92,200 231,800 119,000 252,800 36, COO 30,000 13,000 74,000 108,000 30,100 239,400 28,000 200.000 162,500 226,800 55,800 48,000 252,000 39,700 52.500 90,000 83,300 78,300 49,100 81,900 42,800 80,000 103,200 187,500 50,000 79,800 97,900 83,500 55,700 202,500 133.000 149,600 34,000 20.700 223,200 28,800 58,500 50,000 86,000 93,500 425,000 1.2 2.0 1.4 1.3 2.0 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.0 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 2.5 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.2 2.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.8 600 180 Buchanan 50 Buena Vista Butler. 11 660 2.40O 60 Oalhoun Oarroll Case 10 400 900 2.5fl0 1,800 320 Cerro Gordo ... 10 3,000 360 8,750 Chickasaw 12 960 ~ 100 day 9 1,620 2,450 Clayton 240 Clinton Crawford . _ --- 600 15,400 Dallas. 2,700 Davis IDecatur _ 90 500 27D 1,700 Dickinson Dubuque 10 "io" 4,200 2" 150 4,000 420 Emmet Fayette Floyd Franklin Fremont Greene 060 80 11 11 1,7'Ui 1,100 130 140 18,600 600 28 23 30 20 26 25 18 18 25 25 26 30 20 13 20 23 24 30 24 27 15 15 20 20 21 26 24 17 20 300 460 1,200 2,000 1,300 2,000 9.50O 2,500 4,300 500 5,700 21,600 3,000 2,500 14,000 10,300 4,800 3,000 151,000 21,600 18,000 300 1,000 1,000 3,600 1,800 480 S,400 600l :..: :. 100 Guthrie Hamilton Hanccel: Hardin ii" i'650 1,060 5,600 350 SCO 34,000 Henry 450 Howard Humboldt Ida. Iowa . 10 10 5,000 eoo 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.2 13,100 6,400 2,300 450 1,600 600 80 890 4,600 660 Jackson 520 80O — - 75 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.1 425 184 50 37,400 510 Jones 820 Keokuk 840 Kossuth 1/6 e 10 7,000 825 10,400 I/inn . _. 0.8 1.1 0..^ 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.1 O.f l.C 1.2 1,800 220 50 14,700 1,000 450 350 240 4,100 8,800 460 Louisa _. .. _ 420 Lucas .. Lyon. „ .. — 150 e,600 SCadisoo . 60O Mahaska Marion Marshall 460 1,040 250 Mflls _. . _ . 21,000 Mitchell 13 12,506 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 622 TABULATED CROP SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR 1917— Continued Counties Rye Total Bushels Flax Seed Total Bu&hels Potatoes Total Bushels Hay — Tame Total Tons Hay-Wild Total Tons Alfalfa' Total Tons Monona Monroe Montgomery Muscatine O'Brien Osceola Page PiUo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas Polk Pottawattamie- Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapsllo Warren Washington, Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek Woodbury Worth Wright Totals — 1.250 2,000 2,600 44,800 1,100 690 7,660 5,300 10,500 4,500 2,200 8,100 690 4,000 560 36,700 4,000 1,000 1,200 660 3,750 450 9,000 1,600 3 '• l,'5O0 1,050 200 2,200 8,000 3,500 3,200 760 722,600 11 2,000 2,240 5,000 1,200 480 1,2(10 4,500 2,400 'l7'600 840 118 100 84 106 84 110 59 143 111 90 88 96 91 62 123 117 88 108 92 86 95 61 61 47 102 90 107 59 133 101 1 lOS 100 104 283,200 36,000 50,400 156,600 84,000 99,000 32,500 71,500 255,300 58,500 96,800 259,200 721800 16,700 86,100 409,500 96,800 140,400 23,000 103,200 52,200 38,400 13,400 35,200 51,000 58,500 16,000 41,300 115,700 121, 2C0 194,400 76,000 72,800 2.0 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.5 17,800 42,000 14,400 17,600 32,200 21,000 46,200 22,500 32,000 22,100 15,600 42,000 36,400 32,000 29,900 26,000 27,000 27,200 33,800 47,600 40,300 23,000 39,600 36,400 34,800 35,000 37,200 39,100 25,600 94,000 21,000 41,000 39,000 ,810 10010,793,600 1.3 3,584,400 1.2| 636,9471 3.4 853,830 23,000 10 800 420 7,300 7,700 1,100 22,000 22,000 12,100 3,000 11,760 120 150 5,500 2,000 4,000 18,000 1,800 1,300 700 540 50O 50 17,500 26,400 6,600 16,200 18,600 8,400 3.4 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.4 2.5 3.7 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.4 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.0 3.7 2.0 4.0 1.8 4.0 3.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.6 3.0 5.0 37,400 150 7,500 750 2,900 450 9,250 550 1,100 60O 1,450 44,800 720 210 925 2,000 5,600 18,500 640 560 1,400 320 800 8O0 375 seb 20O 1,050 175 75 46,800 100 400 PART X Farm Statistics for the Year Ending December 3] 1917. Collected by Township Assessors, Reported by County Auditors and Tabulated by the Iowa Department of Agriculture . Under this head a series of statistical tables is presented set- ting forth the production of various farm crops by counties for the year 1917 ; also the number of farm animals and other infor- mation hardly procurable from any other source. This information is first collected by the township assessors and reported to the Department of Agriculture by the county auditors as provided by state law and the tabulations made by the department. In Table No. 1 the reader M'ill note two new items or features, one giving the number of farm tractors owned in the state and their distribution by counties, the other giving the number of tons of silage put up in 1917. While infinite care and pains have been taken in collecting the figures and making the tabulations the department considers them from 8 to 10 per cent conservative, that is, they are below actual production to that extent. 526 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE >> o -ug^ =3 o :3 r5 C'S O O 2^ CD >.a (3 'S °^ Z7 CO o ^ " c O S M O *J o p. >, O o ^ f3 s +3 O O '" 3 a .a en 3 a «= <13 i-H I' M 5 M —I 1^ 03 t-t cc Tl Tl c rt 03 ft u bo O o3 S oj 5 d "Sa a a) -« ;3 0 tS'^^ o3 O CO > « d a ft ,.H ^ C^ C€ 03 O sqjnocn sii;uoui latnnins (I[3q tnjtjj PJBd SSBAV '01(1 -AV an jnd 93bi!s jo sno? JO wqmn^ sauBj no S0[is JO jaqmn^ KtnjBj no SJCo^DBj^ JO Jaqiun^ esocUna AnB joj Pdzn.ijn ^on pnB[ 8;sBii uf gSBajDv paiBJsninna esiAijaqjo aou do JO m 83B3JDy psjsaAJBq sBiddB siaqsnq J9qmn^ pjBqojo ni 33Bajov uapjB3 Tit 3JgB3jay ajn^sBd nj 33B3J0V S^0[ P33J pUB 'sABA\qS[q ojiqnd 'sSnipi.mq nuBj ^1 fiatdnoao sbjob JO Jaqinnu IBjox sai.iBj JO eSBajoB iBjox sniJBj JO SZJS 03BJ3AV siniBj JO Jsqnin^ iH © »^ M CO Cl OsiA<0i^t^lftO^C:'H^C^»-'CC WCO^COCOC^COtM (M CO (M CO Co CO ( l©!Or-.«5'ft-*ooooo->j'i>a)ioeoi>ooot-rti© >'co©© *4i-(CO< i-ii-i(M nco«Dl-leo(^)(^l->*i-l©-*I>tDi~(M'*&i-l CO Uti t^ M* Oi (5 Ift N lftCOCOi:505oo5a)ioaiC?©0305CNCOOOi50C 5^1 CO (M W -^ i>i CO 10 t-H O r-* t - _ . . , _. - OC0lO0j<2:)CCOl>OO'^OOt--C0C^]00rH00C0C.-.. - _. C^i-1i-«Tt»Oi-«(MCt3{MCO<£i'* tH tH (N rH rH 10 1-1 '<£3(:OCOCiOOO^-<^»ftC^TMilOTliTt*r-IC>OOCOC>lAW500X< . - . . — — ^ -. Q o in ^- M< t~- m ic5 U3 -^ 1-H eg -^ c O"^00'^0iC0C^C'«O'©(N0CO': p O "M ri CO OJ t C000LO'*J*CNl^-CNCO( 50iOC'-H00i>OC>-f'-''rt<0li-tCl>«0 i-lrHr-ir-li-li-Hfii>lAfiOC^5 0COa^«:'!-'^- (MCOI>Oi>ODC:5a)CO'- IC^lf-tcO'NC^COCOoOOsai'^Cfi'^'^OCOlO-^t^COCOOOTji l^J«o^oo:cot■OlOM(Z3^-e^]0030i(^?lOOC0Si>t^O«C>t*lOir-(^Oi>000005l--»S'*i-100 SI ■^ K rH lA r-l ^- OD LO t- CO t~ © in © 01 CO CO i^ U3 © © «5 ■* fS s s s g CO CO ^ 1-1 1-1 i 8 cc CO CO C-l g II in 05 03 o) T-i C5 ^ IM © 0-1 rH -^ 00 CO iTJ © M< CO ?i c5 ^ i-< lis III 55 |^1©^5tooo©©-^^mc<3' Tiiioi:^©^!— ic^icoin-^-i^co-tico-t'C-icoincccO'>J< lrtC')COCOIM->*COo5c-4COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOeo-*t>oo cOt-in©-*j-^f.i 170. 178. 170. 169.8 160. e 173.1 196.7 153. S 174.2 201.7 _ so© rH 1> t~^ 06 CO in 1:3 i> in 2,0.38 1,539 2,015 1,702 1,072 2,324 2,126 2,3SG in him" in 51 1,955 1,914 1,953 2,042 2,(M5 1,907 1,784 1,858 1,354 1,627 2,740 2,505 2,396 2,189 CO KJ C3 C3 C3 •O'O s o rt o o c3 3 O. 3 nisotr,cjQj.tiOc3 •3 rt o 2 oo h a o ^4^ _ EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 527 lOrH i-li-ll?SClft«0«5 (M-^l^ OCCOcococco^-'^^<^^cOMOl■*^-»ftc-]t'^OTlf:;^5;(^^CiCsl^rHC^^eoc^Tt^'/^^o r- O CO "-H C ) O O C^ r*i i^j <» 00 "^ rH GO i-< L/J CO £-- I - ir. c; -^ ^1 lO 5- M !•- 1-^ t- CO CO !■- ^ t*coco-*OrHmTii'rj*ii:iOcoi-iiAi-^M'>!?ir^Trit-): w(M:rC5iHcoaot':CioO' -+ t> C I CO i-i c I Tjl -rt* CO T-l CO ■«* l-H C^ M ^* w C^t •i-lC<3 CO*— i^c^iOCOc-; O'a ;© Ift i-t -^H rH CO iH i-i CSC0l0^O'--'"^l>C0lftOC00D^CiC^]C0-'25e;i-Ht-C'ir-t*c6O'^cr, S5'«*CC>OOC)Tj^J>*t^ C; ■^lAO»ftOi~-'t^C3'»(Ml^^'^CC .■>. OC^O i-(-^iAO3iOcq0ac0C04>Uico loOiini-. c^^;c^c■;Ol--^'^'*05l-^COo•iOOcOM'lOJ'*^:^-1-*(^^-pOCOlftr^>*r^ iHr-TiH 1-iOOCO CO=-"c-T—ii-l" iHrHrS C^WC^iHi-h ifi cO^WN-^C0McOt-H<:£>^lG:)CO* iG:)Coa)tTftcol--co-rt'ci'r^x..-HCor^.-HViO'^Ci'-'C'Cit-^t^5'C:^QO"^»o<©coi-( -- ^cO'Oi-'i^ Oo:3'-T.-ivii-:Ot^o5COf-^c5c5coCOQCOO-n<'*CiC>DQC-lCOiOIr^OO'X)lO*-^(M0000 rHOscOrHCoO'^i^irscococo-^.OcoA'-i-Hifi^coco'w-rc-rir^^oos'c^n-O (i-HCO^-IMr-'lO-^rHi OJCOiHr-iiO rHi-Hi-(i-l locg !:c'■^c^;■CClftl>•^'-''-'^I-•<^'co«0'^(^^^-ooost-cJ ^!wC:c^?5lnr-^cc^:DcoJ^-I>r^coi>co^>c■lf-.-H^^, i^S;S5^ c0^co-^4^!^c<]Oc^llx:^(>4l^co!C>(^^oocsc^'-''-' (yi--'C^icoi>aO'-^co^-^o35c3co^o"^cor-OC0Ciin.C^" I 00 CO (M t- CO O I > c*: in CO c 1-1 ' )00C0i>"^>rt^CirHOC> Sin frl Ci rH P (M COCii-fCO'r'OCO(MC?l~-COCOC5}>COCOC>^t>COt^c^l>T^(;Ci-ii-'r *■ ■ ^ - Oi'M-^i-tCOt-CiOi-t-^C^'^COCOLnm OiOCD't'Cii .i-tC^-^-rt-OCOtCiCie ' Tt< ■^ C^ Lft rH CO rj* " ) O vi C-' ^ r-i CO Ci Cv ^^j 1— ' 1.^ ^.^ ■if' A~ ■ i(M(;;;iOcococo';;5i>--rOC>coo5'*C oococot^oo^oc^»ft(r)05'+iJ^-*coo^oc-lc^CiOcoco1-lC^frlO^>M'lOt'C^ "OO CO CO ?^^.'5r:^S^r'5$^r'^'^^'''^r;:^i2:5?5^i I^OCsCtrHt^COi-Hi-lt-Olfrl c^ o Ci CO 1-2 "M O c; i-lOt-^l^u^OOOOi'eI'OCOG^l:^CDCOini-ICOriCt^COCO af2f2g3! 88 05 -^ CO C^l -^ C-l CC ' ^ t^ rH CC Ci CO t^ < _ -. , .lCC0li^OOC©CC'»O*trHrHCrHcnOi^00C0ico'^coior^co-t'coTt<-^i— icocco: ccr^lnlQC^^S1c•^<^JCot^oo^^u:!COco , ^ -, -i -, i *- -- cN ffq CO M -* ci eo s^ (N CO c>i CO CO CO iM iM CO e^ IN IM « ICClCOOOi*lOO"-l-*CO >t--coi-iT-;-tji-i05iO'»'-. ^ _, ,._ .,_ IIMC0iMMCO(M-*7.]rHir^OTti^i>i:2i^oo»occooco^'^<»ooo^^':OLrr^-fi-. cooM'c-iiniftOiracoM'Co^ooocOiO'***! o-*5i.-^-Jft!^I^5^3QcKcoKi^~t/:■^a3l^](5^-l.^,-HU>K5^0I-^c:t3c~. cct-«cooi-iocc-icoic*c-icctop< T-HC>50I>0rHi— IC^I^OtC00«C>*-O00t^^Cr;l^t^c:C--C0in^»-IL-3(^lC0'*CC5i-ilOC0<0< C^^r^(^lr^fH(^^r^C^^r^C^^f--^^-^r-^C■^C^{rH^HC^^Hr^I-^rHC^C^^C^r-^fr^T-^{NC■^l-^Ca^HT--^»^ a ° u t ra H 'C I- c: c e3 ' „ o £ £■ £ e C O C K -^ op o cC 528 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE emnoin piBd dSVM. '001 "AV §SgSSS^ggSS^Sg8SSgSSg3^?2SS5fcS5 r-(i-(rHr-lcOiH.-l!N I-((NMi-lr-.r-li-li-l>-li-li-(53«-l^i2< sq^noin laoirans (J[3q tniBj piBd 83ea 'oin 'AV an ?na 3SBIIS JO saoj JO Jaquin^i siniBj no soils JO jaqoinx f-tiHi-1(Ni-tCOi-tf-^CO T-1C-l(NC^i-li-Hr-(f-lr-t i-tf-tCOC^lT-ti-H smjBj no sio^DBj^ JO Jaqnmx 9soajnd iine joj pazqijn ^on pnei 91SBA1 nt aSBaJov pajcjstnnnd esiAuaq^o jon dOJO ni 83B3J0V ■* o ■♦ N 1-7 to 1-i M pa^sBAj^q ssiddB sjsqsnq jaqnin^ t^3U5i-( CloSSMt-lfrJOJ-^OCO aJinsBd ni 33B3JDV COOO-*t>^I'OOOt^t>i>(MC;i^OCO(M'^'-H<01^lArt5;-CiC50c005COOOC-rcOOOrH'OrHli^C0»0-*OcOLai-iS>OOeoMit-iH o^c^^ir^cot^CiS^^ip*^!— i't<-^©i^co^©cOo^m(M-^i-HOTTJ'i^ I:~i-lt^C0©0500i-^0a_CC)rH00lOC^I>I>©0i-ri*Q0m'^lACC'Cii>O00 e^ic-lc«5t>(MC-r©iAcoi^©coo b-©Q-it-rHtoe5ooc^5-ic-i©Mcocii^'S*r-it~Wt~eosoeir-i05T-ioo (Na)ioiCTj(©iMc<3Qocoooi^O=oi©i-ii-iir:ooco«'>nooi~toSi5Dc-i rH CO eg oT e-i" t- "^ ^- in M © «o o -li' c-T M t4' © t-T CO la © 05 «o TT © LO^ -<*IO^c5ir-HlOC5i—'COc;>C^COM*'VC'3COr-llrtt^COCOi-HO)CN(NCOPtCO'^IM'^"»rCD©®i-IW©l-5COC«2rH-a<-r©ira'» t- lo in CO lA 00 Oj ce 5c ,rtrtrtrtr-li-(SI-HCoSrt?<'l'* i> Ci t» GO t* I o -^ in 00 05 ■ w in <£) x^ CV3 ) M C5 1- © < f-H in (N o i-H 10 rt S H05t-H-^(>]l>mi^rH XJ^^'^^''yy^^'nr^.-Hc:5'^f]cO'*0ft©&t^ « 3< N CO ■* 00 © c P ?J in <- > t^ t^ ^ w ■H r-T si' i-i" rt rt rn r-l ^ cl Ol r-i C^" CO* (N -.jT IM r-l ffq" ,lM«>isincoT-i2.osc.i^co-« -.--.-...... i-vSimPS-it-i-Hr-ic-ji— 35 1 TJi 05 -rf* I o a o 2 o^ -o 'O 03 t> « fci a ! 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CO )i--iQl:*COi-HOi<05MM05iHi-icoevsoo rHi-lOTKOmjt-i-HrHTliinT-l'jTHOOlMrtOOllOIMCOOOO'')" aift'^t^wOOJOOocococ^oot^ooco'^cocoi-iocoiO'^co •<}iOcoi£^CiC^Omoo';DioiAooeor-iinC^CiCiOC^»-t'^cOO^nt^COOi-*05CCtDrHC^C<30C)'M c3HJ^rHrJ<5(N«DCOOOOHi1(NrHOOOit^rHt-mc»5rH-<)i^corH^ iftpirre^rHinrHtj5»pi>^^Tooi-re<5iA<0'«'"iAiftj)U3000rHlr3rHC^COl>< C-lrHQOCOt-rHt^rHa-OiQOOlOOOlOCOCOpCftl-lrtPpJ^ t^OrHcoOococoNOrH^«'fcr''»i2!r!a*~SJS2HK' rHrHrHa)Mm(MairH-*l4rHtDt--*QDCl M4>5C*5t-<0!OtDMS?OCO©ptOOOrHp'»nOi-^Oie2rHOSOOCC>rHCOir30i^C<100b*OCOHjl00500 in* rH rH oT e^" CO M to cT c*5" is" •>j<^ ca M<" «* in « 2 '''" * '''^ ® "* t S m c3 .baa III o a a'^ O O 04«1 g a;=i ds p o ^ SpPqnfqfqm >H'HOtH>.>>a£5 w o o M 13 3 3fl " ■n m m (Y^ rH 546 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE psAiao -81 s33a nazop -o^ 1 iM t~ CO to M 1 I CO CO -qi t- M* ( 1 00 03 SSSb5i-Hi-iMSi 8161 •l -nuf sinjBj no S0I13UBA IIB -OR paadip lOOAl spanoa SnipsBj joj ni p^ddiqs d'asqs, snuBj no S83B 118 'daaqg (S3SB IIG) 3IMB0 ib;ox ?d3:>t ion sniBO JMUO 3[I!ai joj jda^i sjgjiaq pUB SAiOO 9^^tT50(Mi-^'^*^C?e^cocct>t*coMlC^CO'*N Cn-3^OC0lQn'l>CCC0l0C0t-l000frr^^O^-ruJ00'^-T^iMC0C0<0i^ (^^»-^03^0K)COci)COcocCiOOrHOlO^-^Oilr^oOCOO^>Ci5T-^Oi(OCDrH^5coCOt- ©®T*t^>-H^cotcTiro{'rH-or(rorocCOODC-]CC)(5slCC^O-< Ocot-'iy^cof^J^MC^CJbDt-fScbiococ. _ _- COt^cOCOt^'^COQOrHCOOSt^C'IMCOOJ'^Jt^Jr^C > (M (i5 CO « © t~ C> Oii-tTXeocoMo^lOlO-* it:^cz)c©c^omi>oo-vcomo:c^cocJinc^c-JCJ-^C3 ioot^coift'-«o©t>ajco' I'^(MC^'JlOCCC>in;COCO©©©cOCOOftOiMi?5C30=(MaDrH©COrHlfti-(©MCOCiC6 f-^(Mt^»-^cs)©i-l-*r-1000<0'»r-< 8I6I *I "HBf sinJBj uo enjAVS ' *J ^ *~ - - -- , , ^OCJ'-ICO'J'CtJ Ci'*-*'NC0lOlQt-C^M«'*f 1 CO © © ■* iJ3 < : CO C O Tf r t-C^C'lCi'^COOCOCTS©'^!— C^lO5C^rHCi«O00©COt-t-imlr3lO'^^CNO»-ICOOC^-^-^OQ COCOi-lrHCO'^t-i>{»"' t-CO©t-'MOO-^©M'COlftt-COlOt-COl5 00it500C:iACC>c^c^ ®oeoco(Ni-ceq55i--ieo035-««)t-c^!SooinrH-*tor-((NC»-ooejiNi(5r--*t-©o>©->}ieceo -^^te«clcoL2(33eo©50lne>eo^-<^l(^l«J>|^Ji^Sc6incc>CI>ooCooco-»'l^ C3t-'^©m05i-Ot-a)CT>-«l< O O O 02 Oij5t-r-tiH(Mi-(U5C>f-rH<6C>O«S^I-^e■ll^^>3^>^-otOlO■>l<5p»(^3c^o6facoQ>KMH(M35t~!>t~l>OOlDlOO«>tOOTl<©©COOOi-ilOMO-, -. CO ® ift P3 f^ iM >-H &(Nrtt»&3l^:~C>0>'^■wol^^o6c2t-S"©&S^^'nolar^SJco<^lwl^KSS^2S(SS 5qMrHrt«OrHlrHMO-*KiHt-CC03lOCO-**iHco3Kin&JrtCof.SS^gg ■ ■- ■■ -' -^ CO "* CO (N CO ss oQ'*^^t^cocot*lricO' O 2!' ' ^ir^rHoor-i tfi" i-H C5 1^ o' t> >-<" CO 00 » CO 00 o ^ fti Ca 00 c! t^ m" o tJ t-T jC t-T £)£■ 02" tC t-T e>q" fo" ^■' ,_h" ^ gT r-c i-( rt r-l >-l I-l iH t-( r-1 .-( rl M r-( rH ,_, rt (M >H rH g^gMoqrMg3lra5t^cOlOoo■^■--I:~SPco■T^T)'0^>'l^q^l^Dc5c;aoMa?iK WSeiSSftcooKiH U3 rH »J CO IM rH Wi-t-<**(t^^i-lCOOif-l i-t*HClr3^Ht-&t-t-ooco< 1 t- rH Ttl M 2° > (?i eco-*i< '^^O^C^wlO^(^^^0(35C^lOOOOC^iOO■*t^OOC T-i n <£ 9 a -^ <£ ^ m -^ -v ^ '>'"> ^ •« c^ i^ <£ t^ a <:^ •« .Sop >,.g 1^ a o-g ^ 5 a goo ^22 O 3 22 WO 03 03 P O O J3 Ss-5 S^ ;f^ §gS'oo&^E^a> =« « « a .oj .s .a o o »- £48 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. 5. Acreage and total yield of sweet corn, pop corn, timothy and clover seed by counties for the year 1917. Sweet Corn Pop Corn Timothy Seed Clovei Seed Counties < Total tons green corn gathered for canning i < -a a K < ■3 Adair 16 7 6 7 345 3,736 3,001 16 1,006 832 800 27 314 56 11 9 14 909 8,850 5,450 22 2,557 1,710 2,651 18 757 11 7 1 47 3 2 12 2 1 13 193 3 1 139 S4 45 16 107 11,052 9,800 1,190 125,242 4,060 2,650 11,740 4,550 420 9,704 88,550 5,600 1,400 £0,290 19,830 85,540 14,870 181,120 3,015 1,217 4,338 9,391 753 463 135 93 179 6S6 40 593 20 138 247 1,158 182 73 6,810 9,292 907 3,192 445 261 152 21 ,768 9,653 973 246 548 861 59 5,170 1,469 103 22 89 105 3,626 174 50 68 34 1,368 5,347 112 27 8,959 1,597 257 2,180 1,140 5S5 1,481 59 2,995 616 292 12,819 6,743 19,219 49,131 3,072 2,671 719 421 752 3,235 165 2,832 137 574 1,322 7,527 575 382 23,290 41,531 4,767 19,308 2,202 1,246 892 70,836- 47, &% 4,930 1,871 2,233 4,472 210 23,831 5,761 270 9fr 694 65G 12,241 604 140 402 102 5,173 16,069 680 86 53,199 8,617 1,379 11,767 6,787 2,882 8,972 294 15,615 3,090 1,391 18 Si Allaffi'akee - -- - 741 39 82 33 27 1,820 130 80 99 Black Ha-nk 20 Bremer 17 22 Bucharinn Buena Vista Bntler Calhoun 49 1 129 97 5 G3 83 187 70 17 125 2,010 22 98 16 51 18 147 111 143 1,014 74 107 106 29 166 47 74 13 195 136 1,241 315 52 3,026 717 41 5 87 Cerro Gordo Cherokee 126 258 109 Clarke 49 Clay 9 ■579 39 1 710 4 16 261 42 5 1,322 57 1 1,579 6 16 US 49 112 13 1 402 2 8 34 7 57,770 28,050 700 562,500 7,000 12,200 35,700 9,200 115 Clayton Clinton Cta-w'ford . . -. Dallas 2,533 51 98 32 74 Dratur . Delaware ; 53 140 270 39 1 14,150 770 101 Dubuque 237 383 2 1,270 801 6^,1 2 1,256 1 3,574 1,541 1,161 61 Fayette Plo^d 11 6 IS 1 20 6,910 7,490 8,171 1,120 21,200 161 128 Franklin 27 217 17 Guthrie . - 58 8 175 2 9 1,029 80 6 411 2 13 2,339 127 5 1 147 22 289,250 6,720 770 266,000 23,240 322 49 53 395 Hamilton Hancock 51 48 87 255 2^4 Henry . . 412 Humtooldt Ida - — 2 S 6155 5 327 448 270 8 25 103 598 1,209 4 21 1,335 4 86S "l,191 528 15 60 207 1,293 2,374 18 8,954 1 1 20 1 69 .. 12 11 90 14,995 13,772,870 1,060 1,330 7,000 1,050 73,360 3^054" 53,830 17,010 127,890 102 32 74 1,753 55 Iowa 116 Jackson 1,700 Jefferson Johnson 50O 27 328 69 51 119 123 20 1,211 88 Jones - . — - - 277 Keokuk . - 111 Kossuth 55 Lee - 470 Linn ... . _ 219 Louisa 18 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART X TABLE NO. 5 — Continued. 549 Counties Sweet Corn S " OS'S 9 Eh Pop Com „ a TimothR S^ed Clover Seed P l/ucas Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills MitcheU - Monona Monroe Montg-omery .. Muscatine O'Brien Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas .-- Polk Pottawattamie Poweshiek Ringgoia Sac Scott ehelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapello Warren Washington Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek Woodbury Worth Wright Total 12 103 67 10 J,076 15 163 3 652 144 7 20 60 14 1,87V 96 654 e 750 57 174 426 784 21 7 12 85 9 4 13 773 30,407 27 230 57 10 9,a>i 55 656 150 20 21 85 11 4,084 135 1,690 4 2,494 78 418 1,515 1,428 1 11 1.747 92 149 5 13 12 27 3 12 62 1 2 25 K) 6 5 1 25 20 S3 38 195 5 ,462 19 25 1 2 138 3,850 9,540 21,350 63,157 5,950 19,250 144,140 3,780 1,470 30,432 20,170 10,350 4,667 1,470 31,400 20,860 19,514 26,321 314,367 10,850 ,958,414 7,355 92,750 1,447 3,840 3,010 2,240 4,122 1,890 1,750 46,927 750 sm 258,240 900 72,882 18,004 26,216,380 11,106 60 1,568 458 490 273 36 3,157 60 1,888 289 387 663 906 243 46 126 78 n 167 2,789 7,568 44 564 274 74 m 853 2,309 5,317 4,629 1,538 2,576 257 25,738 45 140 9,967 370 557 63 09,094 402 7,512 1,637 2,775 1,314 131 11,540 210 9,714 1,407 2,604 3,291 3,913 1,065 111 739 471 270 860 17,970 37,544 199 1,145 1,218 587 371 4,277 13,481 23,374 ^,043 8,587 14,222 1,362 115,004 190 530 39,981 1,379 2,230 238 203,572 926,380 13,955 20 10 77 37 101 12 57 139 26 79 155 143 12 4S 119 32 444 7 47 646 27 83 55 296 349 142 214 20 54 214 240 11 87 17 39 23 71 62 "'l3 17 10 216 71 22 208 9 42 42 80 503 36 213 5 lSi9 31 103 175 ID 55 as 247 101 36 221 55 72 26 120 1,218 40 310 19,842 550 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. 6. Comparative Table Showing Number of Swine Lost by Cholera in Iowa by Counties In 1917, 1916, 1915. and 1913. Counties ,Q ffi i^ •r ■" >> 4^ O CS (a a o S3 ^ V w Counties l>.i: ^■S ^ © ,qS 4.:i « O c3 o rt ^^ (-1 .al §2 ^ « go (2 B Adair Adams Allamakee .— Appanoose _. Audubon Benton Black Hawk Boone Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista . Butler .- Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo - Cherokee Chickasaw .._ Clarke Clay _- Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware Des Moines _ Dickinson Dubuque Emmet Payette noyd Franklin Ftemont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper 2,652 1,437 7 5S7 1,715 7,918 2,375 774 309 244 1,408 277 1.S60 2,36.5 2,4.34 4,723 360 1,893 692' 1.912 131 .5.343 1,902 294 2.175 9SR 333 927 978 120 832 999 3,622 3,. 5.56 2,-599 1.630 3,216 285 1,777 2,243 675 5 1,142 3,634 2,035 180 6,400 2,679 2,510 17 159 2,557 3,025 1,061 2,765 126 5 5,114 553 1,865 4,051 5,231 5,281 1,368 4,497 111 537 2,420 654 889 9,3S4 1,678 66 835 374 1,731 731 1,557 1,679 3.51 470 896 2,8.36 1,829 1,031 3,460 2,294 284 2,292 4,084 977 eo 3,129 3,0S1 4,250 322 3,207 6,791 6,378 86 803 3,628 5,994 5,422 1,706 2,303 434 3.482 1,261 1,578 4,477 9,279 12,407 1,2.39 5,003 2,007 2,818 1,4.53 760 2,198 9,648 2,311 1,704 2,901 1,255 7, ISO 868 4,2.57 1,873 528 882 5,690 7,065 1,790 2,962 3,050 2,385 1.656 5,707 7,872 5,033 1,073 2,372 4,168 8,939 1,453 9,380 32,151 12,080 993 1,933 29,716 25,770 26,480 26,810 8,250 22,117 6S,2Sr, 37,211 23,755 39,318 42,266 42,729 43,2.55 63,223 16,595 4,918 31.875 1,700 19,999 71,865 18,436 280 1,237 33, .348 9,353 17.716 23,299 18,505 6,1.58 18,046 31,367 7,271 26,568 23,618 30,932 35,, 526 38,672 28,015 20,122 2,861 7,223 46,225 52,358 3,656 3,302 48,499 Jefferson Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa Lucas Lyon Madison Mahaska ._ Marion Marshall Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montg-omiery Muscatine O'Brien Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas Polk Pottawattamie . Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Sh"lby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapello Warren Washington ... Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek Woodbury Worth Wright 129 3,079 1,883 658 2,429 143 1,124 2,167 32 5,226 1,110 2,791 3,159 2,000 1,879 234 1,853 86 2,816 718 2,179 1,066 4,181 2,017 6,748 1,469 3,276 9,542 1,622 263 1,601 1,098 2,593 6,192 2,458 3,897 1,876 978 5 1,288 806 5,597 89 499 494 333 7,707 439 1,616 Total 188,909 247,802 476,712 506 4,519 1,007 2,131 2,707 354 1,463 6,320 203 4,886 1,712 4,311 3,063 4,642 2,153 174 1,574 33 2,461 2,372 4,761 824 3,711 3,779 10,610 3,469 3,117 12,164 2,035 135 4,966 3,104 3,462 13,587 4,032 3,175 760 1,015 712 1,754 848 5,917 222 2,284 186 2,224 6,624 317 1,134 PART XI Statistical Tables of Iowa's Principal Farm Crops. Also Statistical Tables of the Principal Farm Crops and Live Stock by States, the United States and the World. CORN CROPS — 1880, 18S5, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. ^ 1— i ■a a Tear s 3 C3 btS M O) S ^ « , •^ 3 '^ '" OJ QJ CS g -*.i > ft o > t>.Q O V < tH < Eh < 1880- 41 230,633,200 $ .25 $ 57,658,300 6,625,200 1883. 33 224,636,522 .23 51,666,400 6,803,834 1890 28 239,675,156 .41 98,2166,814 8,550,S2f7 CORN CROP— 1896-1917. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State De- partment of Agriculture. Tear •3 2 2 "a I PI < "a o a i8<;6.- 1897 1898 1899. 39 29 34.5 36.3 40.3 26.2 34 31 36 37.2 41 29.0 35.9 34.6 39.8 32.9 45.8 34.9 39 30.0 35 35.8 312,692,210 239,452,150 289,214,850 306,852,710 345,055,040 227,908,850 296,050,230 230,511,310 323,853,330 345,871,840 388,836,252 246,898,460 301,373,150 308,030,868 334,374,428 281,366,600 421,368,400 329,343,000 363,689,600 285,433,000 331,582,186 371.639,819 $ .14 .17 .23 .23 .27 .50 .28 .36 .35 .35 .33 .44 .51 .51 .36 .54 .36 .59 .55 .45 .81 .9(7 $ 43,916,900 40,706,860 66,519,400 70,429,410 93,164,860' 113,954,000 82,432,700 82,984,071 113,348,665 121,055,144 128,155,143 108,635,322 153,955,306 157,098,802 120,374,794 151,937,964 151,698,624 194,311,370 200,029,280 128,444,850 268,581,571 370,490,625 8,043,390 8,523,522 8,896,286 8,460,521 190O 1901 1902 1903 8,618,660 8,687,480 8,700,000 7,398,320 1904 190G ... ... . . 9,000.000 9,285,150 1906 1907-. 9,443,960 8,858,000 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 8,399,610 8,681,850 8,399,712 8,534,500 9,199,610 9,434,500 9,324,300 9,556,400 9,479,030 10,370,727 1917 Average for 22 years 35.8 312,854,740 $ .42 $ 134,646,621 8,842,069 552 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WHEAT— 1880, 1S85, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Tear V % O. - S ^^ W 03 2 2 (- H t> ft? <5 C P= (-• . -C^-^ i.0 i=t^ *" O C3 p» G H -^ 36,099,760 $.82 31,776,108 .61 •25,114,552 .78 ^Q o > Eh 1880. 18S5. 1890. 10.5 12. 11.7 $ 29,501,803 19,383,426 19,589,3^0 3,437,948 2,648,009 2,092,896 WHEAT— 1896-1917. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State De- partment of Agriculture. Tear •- 1 a> S a Mag §|-& t* P. M < 4.1 2 g * f3 o S3 1^ 2 tH a < OS 0) 2| ^ r O HI &H. 4^ Ha 21J -1 El as l-H o u a o 1896 .. 13. 13.4 14.8 12.7 14.3 15.3 13. 12.6 9.1 14.4 15. 13. IS.-t 12.5 19.3 13.1 18.7 15.1 13. 15.9 12.2 19.2 17. 13. 16.5 11. 13.3 17.6 18. 16.9 14.3 20.2 23. 19.8 19.7 18.2 18.5 19.7 24.3 23.1 22. 21.3 15.6 14.6 7,047,235 12,941,600 19,152,352 19,574,793 20,280,280 17,429,230 12,680,800 9,481,350 7,080,430 5,156,760 5,603,880 4,402,320 4,968,250 3,809,460 6,773,739 4,674,500 9,486,700 5,510,200 3,3S9,070 4,155,150 2,111,771 3,177,908 , 3,351,550 1,671,454 3,168,916 226,040 1,018,070 865,770 825,045 1,435,380 1,017,000 1,253,020 1,566,050 1,696,101 1,678.540 3,621,953 3,635,405 3,959,000 8,133,530 11,693,900 12,038,210 13,352,600 4,621,073 2,211,817 10,398,785 14,613,054 22,321,268 19,800,832 21,298,350 18,295,000 13,505,845 10,916,730 8,097,480 6,408,780 7,169,930 6,100,421 6,946,790 7,431,413 10,409,204 8,633,500 17,620,230 17,204,100 15,427,280 17,507,750 6,732,844 5,389,725 $.57 .74 .53 .58 .60 .60 .53 .67 .89 .72 .64 .83 .86 .90 .86 .89 .77 .77 .95 .84 1.56 1.95 $ 6,020,000 10,813,650 11,602,000 10,701,490 12,799,370 10,965,000 7,062,640 7,107,643 7,042,809 4,614,321 4,579,697 4,974,302 5,716,239 6,688,272 8,951,915 7,683,715 13,554,135 13,136,953 14,862,788 14,614,535 10,503,237 10,509,963 739,245 1897- „ 1898 1,222,974 1,484,682 1899 1,559,931 1900 1,492,630 1901 1,188,239 1902- 1,021,281 1903 837,422 1894... 8tf6,070 1905 420,068 1906 443,810 1907 1908 1909 424,407 408,614 502,762 1910 1911 546,179 559,272 840,360 871,040 799,435 888,960 468,641 315,923 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Average for 22 years— 14.3 18.1 8,585,765 3,774,656 12,360,421 .83 9,298,394 812.816 EIGHTEEINTH ANNUAL Y'EA^l BOOK— PART XI 553 OATS — 1S80, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Tear i6 tc 2 ISSO. 1885. 1890. 35 3-2.5 29 42,288,800 71,737,900 80,002,735 .23 .21 .38 9,499,424 15,064,959 30,401,039 1,179,680 2,2W,320 2,768,715 OATS— 1896-1917. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State De- partment of Agriculture. Tear .^^ f^ a 6 a fe A SI ^ 1 It 1 1896 1807 189S 1869 1900 1901 -•— - 1902 1908 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 - 1911 1912 1913 1914 - 1915 1910 1917 Average for 22 years 26 30 32 3i.5 35 32 31 25.9 29.4 33.8 34 24.5 25. 5 27 36 25.7 44.4 34.2 34 38.6 36.5 42.1 32.4 73 132 139 140 138 114 92 99, 118. 146. 142 111, 112, 117, 160, 120, 206, 164, 172, 201 189 227, ,450 ,517 915 ,647 ,832 ,883 ,907 012 435, 439, 036, 190, 830, 083, 207. 208, 949, 851, 696, 446, 876, 743 ,000 ,150 ,340 300 300 ,000 ,900 ,660 ,570 ,240 .530 ,400 ,490 ,850 ,098 300 700 OOO OOO 400 501 960 142,416,395 .12 .16 .21 .19 .20 .35 .24 .30 .26 .25 .27 .39 .43 .35 .27 .41 .27 .34 .41 .32 .49 .61 % .31 8,814,000 21,211,380 29,383,220 26,722,980 27,766,460 40,209,230 22,297,000 29,703,798 30,793,284 36,609,810 38,349,878 43,364,256 48,517,110 40,979,348 45,685,916 59,285,403 55,876,419 56,049,340 70,805,360 64,462,848 93,039,485 138,923,815 I 46,765,925 2,825,000 4,405,782 4,299,243 4,069,557 3,991,690 3,799,220 3,770,624 3,822,822 4,018,980 4,177,54* 4,166,800 4,536,170 4,431,65© 4,312,*^ 4,697,749 4,660,500 4,665,100 4,824,400 5,154,200 5,214,90; 5,199,269 5,410,031 4,384,244 554 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BARLEY — 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of S'ecretai-y of Iowa Agricultural Society. ■M ■o 9 Tear <2 ^P p "a > be o %U a 2 < &H < h < 1880. 1885. 1890. 4,600,000 5,737,005 3,664,368 .42 .33 .47 1,932,000 1,803,241 1,722,254 200,000 212,485 152,682 BARLEY — 1896-1917. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State De- partment of Agriculture. +j ■a fl '"' Tear 2 -I 3 ^S >, ^nS > s ^- 'a c; ^i:; a C3 ^ft o 0) g 4^ o ^ > a o Eh a " '*-* Q^ Pi as ft — fc£ i) ^ C3 S — 0^ c3 :^ > t>.Q > o C3 < 1896 1897 1898 1890 1900- 1901 190-3 1903- lo 15 16 16.3 15.6 15.8 17 15.6 15 18 17.5 17 17.1 13.4 13.8 16.8 20.7 18.3 19 18.6 12.5 14.6 1,891,716 3,490,344 3,370,550 2,061,160 1,621,130 859,630 882,830 1,923,060 1,517,090 1,283,500 1,093,160 900,060 869,072 5c6,S46 407,058 486,130- 888,530 1,274,500 1,360,260 1,301,140 461,210 706,594 $ .25 .34 .38 .40 .43 .48 .40 .44 .54 .52 .48 .61 .63 .60 .61 .79 .61 .59 .77 .77 1.15 1.58 $ 486,680 1,136,710 1,280,800 824,460 697,300 869,630 353,132 816,146 819,228 667,420 520,719 549,038 547,515 334,107 248,. 305 384,043 542,003 751,955 1,054,320 1,001,877 530,392 1,116,418 121,670 226,198 210,309 126,236 103,680 54,390 55,150 123,273 1904 1005 190a 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1913 1913 1914 191.5 1916 1917 99,500 71,305 62,530 52,975 50,893 41,606 219,502 28,710 42,970 69,830 73,150 69,970 36,886 48,404 Average for 22 years 16.3 1,327,935 .61 709,191 81,77!) 556 lO'^A DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE FLAX — 18S0, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Sooiety. Tear -a •O 2 >> 1 hi < 1 p- a 1 1880. _ *1885. . . ... 10 1,034,200 $ l.CO .94 1.10 S 1,034,200 2,563,293 3,270,989 103,420 1900. - 10.5 2,929,081 283,722 *No other data. FLAX— 1S9C-1917. .Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State De- partment of Agriculture. ■a a Z is ■a sfeS Tear 5, s^r^ a 6J tH ^ C3 > » O > O.Q o tH ) ^a ^ be feS3 ca S^ s t» ft o t> >.o o o < Eh »T< &^ <1 1880.. 1883-. 1890.. 10,165,000 $ .35 12,874,000 .40 8,S32,352 .81 3,557,750 5,149,600 6,749,205 107,000 157,000 170,048 POTATOES — 1896-1917. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State De- partment of Agriculture. Tear 1890 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1909 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Average for 22 years.. S7 60 76 98 78 3^7.4 53.8 125 84 101 84 89.9 90 75.3 71- 104 47.3 87 93 40. 6 S5.4 80.2 w i S 14,814,795 $ .21 10,051,910 .45 12,538,410 .31 15,252,934 .24 10,850,900 .40 5,098,460 .90 12,051,670 .34 6,082,694 .75 14,255,680 .28 9,352,190 .50 11, 697, £00 .48 9,847,430 .62 10,6.58,290 .CO 12,427,595 .53 9,986,881 .58 9,386,390 .71 12,904,500 .44 5,532,170 .85 9,540,200 .58 8,002,200 ..53 4,132,494 1.75 8,561,511 1.32 10,137,582 .61 2,962,950 4,523,360 3,826,900 3,660,714 4,340,360 4,588,610 4,095,650 4,563,020 3,991,590 4,676,045 5,614,800 6,105,406 6,288,391 6,566,625 5,792,391 8,353,887 5,677,980 4,702,344 5,533,310 4,241,166 7,231,S<>4 11,301,194 5,393,526 170,285 103,240 164,456 154,243 149,680 136,300 138,484 113,433 113,250 111,335 115,310 117,350 118,517 138,139 132,640 132,865 124,030 117,000 110,206 85,140 88,001 10U,246 127,039 558 IOWA DEPARTMENT OjT AGRICULTURE HAY— 1880, 1S85, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Tear 2 t» be a; g| 1 2 I"- 1- 1 s *j o 4> « 1 >■ <1 2 1 1 >. '^ a a i bo •1880 *1885 1890 1.5 4,991,335 1 6.84 $34,140,731 3,327,577 *No authentic data obtainable. HAT — 1896-1917. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State De- partment of Agriculture. 1 -a 1 'a "? 1 ^ 3 5 1 >. Tear If, '>. 'Z f.T 9J S-O t> 03 a> ^a "S a « "a "5 a .- >> tua 2^2 a o) e; o+^ > P 0+- ■s-^ 0 P.+-. t> ft (* 0 « ^ < b^ < B g 5,000 6,735,000 1.57,000 1,069,000 4,102,000 14,083,000 Japan Pliilippine Islands 142,000 3,705,000 Total 100,975,000 3,50,000 .39,803,000 36,607,000 AFRiai Algeria Egypt Union of South Africa.. Total (i) i.fK;7,ooo 2,562,000 (i) 1,850,000 2,740,000 20,000 1,735,000 2,608,000 (i) 68,362,000 25,000,000 302,000 34,999,800 76,700,000 incluSed. 1 No official statisti( :s. 2 Ga icia and Bi kowina not 3 Figures for 1914. 560 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CORN— Continued. Corn: Area and production in undermentioned countries, I91S-1917 — Continued. Area. Production. Country. 1915 1916 1917 1915 1910 1917 AUSTRALASIA Australia: Ac-res 176,000 144,000 19,000 (i) (i) Acres 146,000 154,000 22,000 (i) 1,000 A crcs Bushels 4,261,000 3,175,000 1,018,000 (2) 1,000 Bushels 2,003,000 3,773,000 1,000,000 (2) 16,000 Bushels Total, Australia 340,000 5,C0O 324,000 8,000 319,000 6,000 8,456,000 284,000 6,794,000 351,000 8,500,000 283,000 Total, Australasia 345,000 332,000 325,000 8,740,000 7,145, OCO 8,783,000 4,201,589,000 aLess than 500 bushels. iLess than COO acres. Corn: Total Production of countries named in Table 1, 1895-1915. Year. Production. Tear. Production. Tear. Production. Year. Production. j j 1 j 1 i 2,834,750,000 2,964,435,000 2,587,206,000 2,682,619,000 2,724,100,000 2.792,561,000 1901.— 1902-— 1903- _. 1904 1905.... 2,366,883,000 3,187,311,000 3,066,506,000 3,109,252,000 3,461,181,000 1906 1907 1908 1909' 1910 3,963,645,000 3,420,321,000 3,606,931,000 3,563,226,000 4,031,630,000 1911 1912 1913 1914 191.^ 3,481,007,000 4,371,888,000 3,587,429,000 3,777,913,000 4,201,589,000 Corn: Acreage, Production and Total Farm Value, by States, 1916 and 1917. State. Thousands of acres Production (thou- sands of bushels) . Total value, basis Dec. 1 price (thou- sands o£ dollars). 1917 1916 1917 19^6 1917 1916 20 26 54 61 13 95 840' 297 1,575 230 720 2,450 834 3,000 2,313 15 19 45 42 11 70 700 270 1,450 205 675 2,100 740 2,600 2,065 780 1,092 2,538 2,806 ■546 4,845 26,040 12,771 62,212 7,820 28,080 72,275 25,020 ee,oioo 43,947 645 874 1,935 1,764 341 3,010 21,000 10,800 56,550 6,970 26,325 58,800 22,570 48.10( 32,008 1,778 2,370 5,406 6,033 1,289 10,417 51,559 21,711 95,184 10,948 39,312 110,581 42,534 102,000 84,378 768 1,005 2,123 2,117 471 Connecticut New York 3,612 23,100 10,800 54,854 6,203 • 23,429 64,684 22,796 North Carolina.- South Carolina.- 52,910 36,169 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 561 CORN— Conntinued. Corn: Acreage, production, and total farm value by States, 1916-1917 — Continued. State. Thousands of acres 1917 Georgia Florida Obio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Ktentucty Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas 1 Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Coloraao New Mexico Arizona — Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States. 4,500 925 3,950' 5,631 11,000 1,750 . 1,91S 3,000 11,100 7,200 590 3,350 9,240 9,156 3,900 3,000 4,825 4,100 2,347 7,075 3,900 2,S0O 81 33 582 170 £0 2 119,755 1916 4,000 820 3,000 5,137 10,?00 1,650 1,690 2,600 10,050 6,775 510 2,9:o 7,400 6,950 3,400 3,000 3,825 3,400 2,134 6,800 3,950 2,550 74 25 475 125 22 13 1 21 38 40 64 Production (thou- sands of bushels). 1917 190.6 Total value, basis Dec. 1 price (thou- sands ofi dollars). 1916 72,000 13,875 150,100 203,436 418,000 37,625 42,196 90,000 410,700 252,000 5,310 97,150 249,480 128,184 122,850 111,150 77,200, 84,050 42,246 77,825 33,150 67,200 1,012 660 10,640 3,400 864 600 60 6.S2 1,517 1,26( 2,40.% i^ jile 11.6 42.7 1 40.5 39.0 38. C 35.1 16.0 40.0 44.0 45.0 40.0 46.0 38.0 37.0 16.0 46.0 41.0 45.0 43.0 46.0 39.0 42.0 101 95 87 81 88 82 85 76 119 115 228 217 37.91 37.86 88.92 n."h 91.14 vt 42.1 43.5 40.3 40.4 37.0 38.0 43.0 45.5 41.0 44.0 40.0 45.0 37.0 40.5 17.0 47.0 46.0 47.0 43.0 42.0 47.0 40.0 91 81 85 81 85 84 SO 110 120 213 215 36.56 39.40 100.11 Mass 98.90 R. I 39.7 42 S33.2 i 1 40.0 45.0 41.5 36.5 42.0 43.0 31.0 42.0 112 99 98 100 138 2S6 39.92 99.12 Conn 1 1 46.2 41 3 41.0 53.2 48.5 50.0 38.5 46.0 50.0 43.0 51.0 98 85 89 85 120 215 41.25 109.65 N. y 36.1 38.8 S6.0 38.3 38.5 38.6 28.5 41.0 40.O3O.O'31.O 91 81 S3 78 110 198 29.671 61.38 N. J 38.0 3S. 0 32.7 36.0'se.8 38.0 39.5 38.5 38.0 40.0 43.0 84 75 76 75 lOO 170 30.64' 73.10 Pa 39. S .3!) n 32.0 41.0 44.5 42.5 39.0 42.5 38.5 39.0 39.5 80 72 73 70 97 153 30.13 60.44 Del 33.0 32. 0 31. 0 31. 8 34. 0 34.0 31. d|S6.0 31.5 34.0 34.0 1 69 5© 62 62 89 140 21.611 47.60 1 Md. 35.8 3fi 6 31.4'33.5 36.5 36.5 33.0 37.0 25.5 26.0 23.2 25.5:24.0 24.0|26.0!20.5 35.0 39.0 39.0 28.5,28.0 29.0 73 S3 65 76 68 81 61 71 89 93 140 153 24.-55 19.94 54.60 Va 45.14 W. Va ■30.2 ;^1.-:' 31.4 26.0 25.7133.8 31.031.0 31.5 30.5|30.0 87 80 S3 74 101 170 25.32 51.00 N. C 18.0 18 n 16.8 18.618.418.2 19.5,20.3 21.0 18.5,20.0 94 88 86 77 110 170 17.25 34.00 S. C- - 17.4 14.1 16.7 18.5 18.217.9 j 19.5 18.5 16.5 15.5 99.0 102 97 92 87 113 192 16.61 36.48 Ga— 14.7 12 5 13.9 14.5 16.013.8 15.514.0 15.0 15.5 16.0 93 91 85 78 100 160 12.99 25.60 Fla 14.0 10.5 12.6 13.0 14.6 13.0 15.016.015.0 15.0 15.0 87 82 SO 73 90 140 11.96 21.00 Ohio 38.4 36.3 33.9 31.7 .38.5 39.5 30.5 38.6 42.8'37.5 39.1 41.5 31.5 38.0 36.0 38.0 21.5 67 62 62 78 63 61 56 51 54 68 90 84 84 95 136 125 110 182 23.66 21.12 19.06 22.76 51.68 Ind 30. 3 40. 0'39. 3 36. 040. 3 36. 0 33. 0 38. 0 34.0 31. G 35.9 39.133. 040.0 27.0 29.0 36.0 29.5 60 58 63, 61 45.00 111 41.80 Mich n. 8 3^.4 32.4 1 1 33.0 .34.0 33. 5|36.0 32.027.5 67 67 39.13 Wis — . 33.3 33.7 33.0 32.5 36.3 35.7 40.5 40.5 23.0 36.0 22.0 73 60 65 68 92 163 23.52 35.86 Minn 32.6 29.0 34.8 82.7 33.7 34.5 40.0 35.0 23.0 33.5 30.0 60 53 52 62 80 110 18.64 33.00 34.9,31.7 31.5 26.8 27.0 26.4 36.3 33.0 31.0 26.0 43.0 34.0,38.0 30.0 29.5 36.5 19.5 37.0 35.0 58 67 60 74 55 68 51 57 80 90 108 114 20.17 15.40 39.96 Mo 32.0 17.5 22.0 39.90 N. Dak 22.7 23.8 31.0 14.0 25.0 26.7 28.8 28.0 14.0 26.5 9.0 69 52 58 67 84 151 14.87 13.59 S. Dak 27.7i29.7 31.7 25.0 22.0 30.6 25.5 26.0 29.0 28.6 29.0 56 m 50 49 77 120 14.95 34.80 Nebr 24.527.0 24.8 25.8 21.0 24.0 15.0 24.0 30.0 26.0 27.0 59 65 53 47 78 120 13.20 32.40 Kans. 17.5122.0 19.9 29.0 19.0 29.0 25.9 14.5 20.0 26.8 23.0 30.4 26.5 3.2 20.5 20.5 18.5 25.0 24.0 31.0 30.0 27.0 10.0 28.0 26.0 14.0 31.5 28.5 66 70 73 78 70 77 63 04 68 51 56 58 90 87 94 125 121 120 9.63 17.89 17.67 17.50 Ky 27.5 25.2 25.2 38.12 Tenn i 24. S 22.0 34.20 Ala 16.1 1-1.7 13.5 18.0 18.0 17.2 17.3 17.017.0 12.5 16. (i 86 89 80 69 102 125 13.41 20.00' Miss 18.2 20.4 17.3jl4.5 19.8 23.0 20.5 23.6 19.0 18.5 18. S 18.0 20.0 22.0 18.519.0 19.3(20.5 14. C 21.0 20.5 IS.C 82 70 77 77 73 7r 65 64 94 1.38 146 13. .59 15.30 28.-29 La.— — 26.28 Tex 18.9 25>.7jl5.0 20.6 9.5 21.0 24.0 19.5 23.5 19.0 11.0 83 82 7<) ES 1(M 167 16.19 18.37 Okla 15.8 24 S 17.0 16.0 6.5 18.7 11.0 12.5 29.5 13.5 8.5 er 72 6^ 46 93 147 9.94 12.50 Ark.. — - 20.5 20.2 18.0 24.0 20.8 20.4 19.0 17.5 23.0 17.7 24.0 SO 78 SO 64 98 140 14.91 33.60 Mont 25.8 23.4 35.0 23.0 26.5 25.5 31.5 28.0 28.0 25.0 12.5 91 77 76 69 93 175 21.19 21.88 Wvo. 22.5 28 0 28.0 20.2 21.2 27.0 31.3 10.0 19.9 23.0 15.0 14.0 24.7 23.0 20.8 22.4 29.0 15.0 18.5 25.0125.0 23.024.0 28.0 26.0 22.0 15.5 21.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 84 73 9" 80 73 70 60 8f 67 £5 73 90 90 113 175 125 188 18.39 12.46 19.16 35.00 Colo 19.7 24.2 25.00 N. Mex 37.60 Ariz 31.6 33.2 32.1 .32.5 33.. 1 .33.0 28.0 SS.O'SO.fi 3.'^.C 27. ( llf IIP 120 115 140 190 37.14 51.30 Utah 31.7 29.4 31.4 30.3 35.0 .30.0 34.0 35.0 34.0 33.0 25.0 91 70 75 SO 115 170,27.54 42.50 Nev.. 32.4 30.0 30.5 30.0 34.0 36.0 35.0 34.0 30.0 10,^ 11? 110 93 125 150 36.83 45.00 Idaho 31.8 29.0 30.6 32.0 30.0 32.8 32.0 31.0 35.0 35.0 31.0 83 68 72 65 100 155 24.96 48.05 Wash 29.3 25.5;27.S2S.0 28.5 27.3 28.0 27.0 27.0 37.0 37.0 88 SO 73 77 100 162 24.18 59.94 Oreg 30.1 27.8.30.7 25.5 28.5 31.5 28.5 30.0,35.0 33.5 30.0 87 70 S2 82 95 150 25.74 45.00 Cal 35.1 32.0 34. S 37.5 36.0 37.0 33.0 36.041.0 32.0 32.0 101 88 87 88 124 185 33.51 59.20 U. S 26.0 20.2,25.5 27.7 23.9 29.2 23.1 25.828.2 24.4 26.4 68.7 69.1 64.4 57.5 88.9 128.3 16.94 33.85 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 563 WHEAT. Wheat: Area and Production of Undermentioned Countries, 1915-1917. Country. Area. Production. 1915 loie 1917 1^*15 1916 1917 NORTH MlUmCA United States Canada: New ©runswick-- Acres 60,469,000 14,000 1,093,000 2,754,1000 8,524,000 2,156,000 134,000 Acres 52,316,000 14,000 865,000 Acres 45,941,000 Bushels 1,025,801,000 267,000 30,252,000 79,434,000 243,481,000 70,476,000 2,837,000 Bushels 636,318,000 242,0010 17,931,000 29,067,000 147,559,000 65,068,000 2,294,000 Bushels 650,828, OLO Ontario Manitoba 2,726,000 9,032,000 2,605,000 128,000 Saskatchewan .. Alberta . — Other Total Canada .- 14,673,000 (i) 15,370,000 (i) 14,7C6,C00 (i) 426,747,000 4,000,000 262,781,000 (i) Mexico (i) Total 1,456,548,000 169,166.000 19,000,000 3,596,000 .SOUTH ATVTF'BICA Argentina - 15,471,000 1,074,000 783,000 16,420,000 1,143,000 950,000 16,089,000 172,620,000 20,184,000 9,867,000 70,224,000 24,067 OOO 5,390,000 Chile Uruguay 780,000 Total — 191,762,000 228,286,000 152,934,000 15,000,000 3,000,000 202,671,000 (i) (i) (i) (i) 99,681,000 (i) (i) (i) (i) EUROPE Austria-Hungary: Austria _ Hungary proper .— iCToatia-'Slavonia — Bosnia -Herzegovina 2l, 588,000 8,288,000 (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) Total Austria- 199,220,000 8,000,000 46,212,000 7,978,000 3196,000 222,776,000 141,676,000 6,000,000 170,511,000 200,000 7,OPO,000 285,000 6,571,000 89,241,000 525,673,000 (i) 127,631,000 Belgium ._ - . . 3400,000 32,638,000 164,000 48,000 13,564,000 4,950,000 (i) 12,502,000 (i) 1()3,000 14,000 (i) 4,705,000 46,531,000 (t) 10,021,000 (i) (i) 152,000 (i) 12,429,000 (i) (i) 11,679,000 (i) 136,000 14,000 (i) 4,844,000 42,030,000 (i) (i) (i) • >i S3 a O o o CD .a a> a. £ n o Si 1 a o 3 o .1 u Ma "a Me Acres Bu Bushels Cts Dollars Ao'es 11,000 3,000 Bu. 14.0 20.0 F'lshrls 154,000 60,000 Cfs. 233 236 Dollars 362,000 Vt 142,000 N. T N. J -.- Pa 430,000 89,000 1,399,000 131,000 675,000 1,280,000 1315.000 930,000 175,000 244,000 1,870,000 1,805,000 1,600,000 845,000 93,000 80,000 170,000 1,800,000 19.5 19.0 17.5 16.5 17.0 14.0 14.0 10.5 10.5 8.5 22.0 18.5 19.0 18.0 24.0 18.0 17.5 15.3 8,385,000 1,691,000 24,482,000 2,162,000 11,475,000 17,920,000 4,410,000 9,765,000 1,838,000 2,074,000 41,140,000 33,392,000 30,400,000 15,210,000 2,232,000 1,440,000 2,975,000 27,540,000 210 213 205 203 207 216 217 234 290 290 204 203 201 .204 202 202 199 195 17,608,000 3,602,000 50,188,000 4,497,000 23,753,000 38,707,000 9,570,000 2^2,850,000 5,330,000 6,015,000 83,926,000 67,786,000 61,104,000 31,028,000 4,509,000 2,909,000 5,920,000 53,703,000 Del Md Va W Va 1 N 0 S 0 Ga. .... 1 Ohio 1 Ind III. ... ^...... Wis 146,000 3,230,000 250,000 21.2 17.5 21.5 3,095,000 56,525,000' 5,375,000 202 202! 199 6,252:,000 114,180,000 10,696,000 Mo. N Dak 7,000,000 3,596,000 400,000 44,000 8.0 14.0 16.5 6.0 56,000,000 50,344,000 6,600,000 264,000 20O 196 195 198 112,000,000 iS. iDak Nebr Kans Ky 120,000 597,000 3,713,000 750,000 525,000 98,000 14,000 1,3.'0,000 3,100,000 210,000 605,000 75', 000 336,000 134,000 3S,0O0 230,000 4,000 14.0 12.0 12.3 12.0 9.2 10.0 15.0 12.0 11.5 10.0 13.0 20.0 23.0 10'. 0 25.0 14.0 26.0 1,680,000 7,164,000 45,670,000 9,000,000 4,830,000 930,000 210,000 IR, 200, 000 33,650,000 3,360,000 7,865,000 1,500,000 7,728,000 1,340,000 825,000 3,220,000 104,000 196 195 198 212 223 270 SCO 210 194 201 192 200 193 215 210 178 ISO 3,293,000 18,970,000 90,427,000 19,080,000 10,723,000 2,511,000 ^0,000 .34,020,000 69,101,000 6,754,000 15,101,000 3,O0O,OCO 14,915,000 2,881,000 1,732,000 5,732,000 1187.000 98,674,000 12,870,000 523,000 Ala Tex. Okla Ark. Mont Wyo 1,123,000 123,000 264,000 09,000 "oo^ooo 37,000 9.0 22.0 22.0 18.0 "'27"o 28.0 10,098,000 2,706,000 5,808 000 1,242,000 2,430,000 1,036,000 192 200 193 ais 'm" lao 19,888,000 5,412,000 Colo N. Mex Ariz 11,209,000 2,670,000 Utah Nev 4,325,000 1,865,000 566 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WHEAT— Continued. Winter and spring wheat: Acreage, production, and farm value Dec. 1, by by states in 1917 and United States totals, 1890-1917 — Continued. Winter wheat. Spring wheat. State and year. be 1 o 3 -a o a) O bjo a "^ S i3 ^J (D 03 >i »3 § -a s a; off 3 Idaho Wash Oreg Cal _. Acres 310,000 505,000 420,000 375,000 Bu 18.0 21.5 20.0 19.8 Bushels 5,580,000 10,858,000 8,400,000 7,425,000 Cts. 182 193 182 20O DoUnrs 10,1-"6,000 20,956,000 15,288,000 14,850,000 Acres i575,000 1,350,000 401,000 Bu. 22.0 13.6 11.0 Fr.<:hcls 8,250, OOfc 18,360,000 4,411,000 182 193 182 Dollars 15,015,000 35,435,000 8,028,000 U. S... 27,430,000 15.2 418,070,000| 202.9 848,372.000 18,511,000 12.6 232,758,000 197.2 459,046,000 "Wheat: Yield Per Acre, Price Per Bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. Yield per acre (bushels). State. |S« Farm price per bushel (centsi) . Value per acre (dollars). 1 Me Vt N. Y N. J Pa Del Md Va W. Va... N. C s. c Ga Ohio Ind 111 Mich Wis Minn Iowa Mo N. Dak.. S. Dak... Nsbr Kans Ky Tenn Ala Miss Tex...... Okla.l... 24.5 23.5 25.5 29.7 21.0 25.9 23.0 25.0 29.3 27.8 20.6 17.5 21.0 23.7 19.5 18.4 17.8 17.9 18.5 17.4 17.5 18.5 17.0 17.8 13.6 16.2 15.0 14.0 17.0 16.7 16.3 16.4 14.5 17.4 15.5 12.8 11.4 11.2 12.8 12.0 13.6 IS.O 13.0!l2.5 11.5 10.6 10.0 9.511.4 10.6 10.6 9.0 10.011.0 11.4 10.6 9.2 10.0,10.5 12.0 16.4 16.0 15.910.2 16.0 15.4 16.6 15.3 15.6 14.7 15.6 13.0 17.4 15.0 16.0 17.4 18.0 18.8 18.0 18.0 19.3 18.2 19.5 19.3 15.9 14.0 12.8 16.8 16.0 10.1 18.7 17.2 17.0 21.0 16.4 13.7 10.0 14.7 13.8 15.7 11.0 11.6 13.7 5.0 8.0 11.4 12.8 14.1 12.8 4.0 17.1 17.2 18.8 16.2 13.4 13.8 12.6 14.4 14.1 10.7 12.1 11.6 11.8 12.8 12.7 n.i 10.0 10.4 11.7 11.5 11.2 11.5 10.5 12.0 11.5 14.0 14.5 11.0 14.0 12.0 12.8 11.0 9.1 15.0 9.4 12.8 11.6 12.8 16.3 8.0 23.5 25.0 16.0 IS. 18.0 17.5 15.0 11.6 14.5 25. :■ 24.5 20.0 17.6 17.0 14.6 13.3 13.6 13.0 11.7 27.0 29.0 22.5 18.0 IS.l 20.5 21.6 14.5 15.0 28. a 30.0 25.0 20.0 18.5 15.0 16.1 13.8 15.0 12.0 10.9 12.311.5 12.212.1 18.018.5 8.018. 6 17.4 8.3118.7 18.5 10.015.3 19.0 19.3 15.5 16.2 19.8 20.6 12.5 17.1 18.0 14.2 17.6 15.5 10.0 10.5 10.6 12.0 15.0 12.8 10.5 9.0 17.9 13.0 13.6 12.0 11.7 14.0 17.5 10.0 19.7 19.1 10.6 18.6 17.0 11.2 9.1 18.6 20.5 16.5 15.5 13.0 13.0 18.0 19.0 10.8 11.0 20.3 17.2 19.0 27.0 25.0 21.0 20.0 19.0 15.0 16.0 12.7 14.5 10.5 10.6 11.4 13.5 12.0 11.0 14.0 20.0 19.5 19.0 17.5 16.5 17.0 14.0 14.0 10.5 10.5 8.5 22.0 18.3 19.0 21.3 16.6 18.0 22. 7:17. 6122.3 17.01 7.6 17.5 2O.OII6.3 19.9 12.3 8.5 15.3 18.2 5.5 17.1 6.8 18.319.4 12.5 12.0 11.0 9.0 10.5 12.0 20.0 15.5 11.6 9.5 9.5 15.0 11.0 9.7 8.0 14.0 13.8 12.2 12.0 9.2 10.0 15.0 12.0 11.5 95 119| 94 I07I 82 109 109 106 105 108; 108 108 108 117 120 98 105 115 12G 1817 165 168 164 162 162 171 166 160 176 189 186 169 169 165 167 160 162 156 165 152 150 160 164 166 108 169 125 185 175 173 167 235 236 210 213 205 208 207 216 217 234 32.25 30.27 23.85 21.73 20.28 18.51 18.63 15.26 16.65 13.58 29015.71 290,15.62 204 17.4S 203 15.89 201 15.84 204 202 20 199 195 200 196 193 222 270 300 2IO1 32.90 47.20 40.95 40.47 35.88 34.32 35.19 30.24 30.38 24.57 30.45 24.65 44.88 37.56 38.19 18.55 36.72 20.08 45.05 12.4ll35.35 1S.20[39.60 13.67 29.84 11.12 9.93 17.79 14.40 13.29 13.19 14. SS 17.69 15.78 194 12.36 16.00 27.44 26.91 24.16 25.44 20.42 i7.00 43.00 25.20 22.81 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 567 WHEAT— Continuea. Wheat: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1 and value per acre by States — Continued. Yield per acre (bushels) . Farm price per Dusnel Value per acre (cents) . (dollars). 1 State. CO 03 r-< u fed ^2 u >s iT I— 1 a o ,-( <^^ CO t~ >> (J CO to t~ S;= 2^ S 2 bj s s S o 2l s g 2 2 s g Ark. n.8 10.0 11.4 13.9 10.5 10.0 13.0 13 0 12,5 8.0 16.0 114 90 99 101 163 201 11. ss 32.16 Mont 23.0 24.2 30.8 22.0 28.7 24.1 23.8 20.2 26.5 19.3 10.4 99 66 91 78 161 19^ 20.25 19.97 Wyo 25.1 25.4 28.7 25.0 26.0 28.7 25.0 22.9 26.5 21.6 21.2 104 72 89 78 145 200 22.67 42.40 Colo — 22.7 21.0 29.5 22.3 18.9 24.2 21.0 23.8 24.2 19.8 22.6 101 78 87 80 150 193 20.76 43.02 N. Mex 21.0 25.0 24.5 20.0 22.9 20.9 IS. 8 24.2 22.2 18.6 12.7 114 97 90 90 150 215 21.. 34 27..'?0 Ariz 97.6 ^6.7 25.0 22.3 29.6 30 7 ^■y 0 ?S 0 98 0 9,9 0 25.0 ^■^>9 110 195 115 150 210 35.93 52.00 Utah 23.6 26.5 25.9 22.122.3 25.7 24.2 25.0 25.7 21.2 17.7 98 73 86 86 1.52 178 22.. 'iS 31.51 Nev 28.6 30.0 28.7 26.5 28.3 29.? 27.7 29.6 29.6 28.9 27.8 111 82 95 95 140 180 29.72 50.04 laaho— 20.4 28.2 27.8 22.6 30.7 28.6 27.6 26.2 28.0 23.8 20.2 92 63 87 SO 146 182 23.24 .36.76 Wash 21.7 18.8 23.2 16.9 22.7 23.5 23.2 23.5 25.7 23.7 15.8 98 73 100 82 143 193 22. 2S 30.49 Oreg 21.2 20.8 20.2 22.1 21.0 25.0 21.0 20.8 22.2 23.0 15.6 100 75 102 84 145 182 21. ,39 28. 3D Cal 10.4 14.7 14.6 14.0 14.0 15.8 18.0 13.9 18.0 12.5 17.0 15.9 14.0 15.2 17.0 16.6 16.0 17.0 16.0 12.2 19.8 14.2 113 107.5 95 79.9 104 98.6 95 91.9 152 200 17.26 20O.9 15.15 39.60 U. S— 160.3 28.46 OATS. Oats: Area and Production In Undermentioned Countries, 1915-1917. Area. Production. 1915 1910 1917 . 1915 1910 1917 NOiRTH AMERICA United States .. . Acres 40,996,000 201,000 1,400,000 3,095,000 1,327,000 3,201,000 1,822,000 379,000 A ores 41,527,000 198,00) 1,073,000 1,991,000 1,444,000 3,792,000 2,124,000 374,000 Ad'es 43,572,000 Bushels 1,549.030,000 5,560,000 42,182,000 122,810,000 63,965,000 171,765,000 lO2,692,0'0O 14,710,000 Riishels 1,251,837,000 6,039,000 24,411,000 50.771,000 48,439,000 163,278,000 102,199,000 15,074,000 Bushels 1,587,286,000 Canada: New Brunswick Quebec . Ontario Manitoba .- Saskatchewan Alberta — Other Total Canada 11,425,000 (i) 10,990,000 (i) 5z3,684,00O 17,000 410,211,000 17,000 Mexico (i) Total . - 2,869,000 152,000 82,000 2,565,000 161,000 106,000 2,525,000 (i) 142,000 2,072,731,000 49,397,000 7,104,000 933,000 1,662,065.000 75,280,000 6,350,000 2.283,000 SOUTH AMEiBIOi Argentina Chile 31,781,000 (i) 1,926,000 Total . — — — 57,434,000 257,625,000 8,925,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 83,913,000 (i) (i) (i) (i) EUROPE Austria-Hungary: Austria 22,663,000 2,664,000 (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) Hungary proper — Croatia-Slavoina .. Bosnia-Herzegovina (i) (i) (i) Total Austria- Hungary 147,550,000 sGalicia and Bukowina not included. iNo official statistics. 4Data for 1910. sData for 1914. 568 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OATS— Continued. Oats: Area and production !n undermentioned countpies 1915:1917 — Continued. Area. Production. Country. 1915 1916 1917 1915 1916 1917 Belgium - - — .. Acres 2686,000 3379,000 1,024,000 ■i9S7,000 8,062,000 11,404,000 1,208,000 358,000 306,000 1,065,000 33,940,000 (1) 985,000 /Ices (1) (1) 1,042,000 (1) 7,777,000 (i) l,122:,00O '343,000 297,0tiO 1,068,000 34,706,000 (1) (1) Acres (1) (1) 981,000 (1) 7,706,000 (1) 1,107,000 371,000 307,000 (1) Bushels 40,000,000 9,545,000 42,859,000 22,000,000 238,551,000 412,400,000 31,443,000 20,092,000 10,318,000 29,054,000 757,306,000 (1) 25,267,000 Bushels (1) 7,372,000 42.286,000 (1) 277,179,000 (1) 28,742,000 22,2J0,0€0 13,502,000 28,935,000 S43,2H9,000 (1) (1) Bushels (0 Bulgaria - (1) Denn'ark - 37,680,000 Finland - (1) 237,426,000 Oermany (1) Italy — - -- - 33,889,000 Netherlands 18,594,000 11,806,000 Roumania . - - (i) Russia: Poland (1) (1) (1) Northern Caucasia- (1) Total 34,GSO,000 (1) 1,403,000 1,970,000 1,888,000 199,000 983, OCO 1,089,000 782,575,000 4,000,000 36,949,000 91,311,000 78,409,000 7,.30G,000 40,313,000 58,065,000 iSerbia (1) 1,398,000 1,954,000 1,862,000 222,000 991,000 1,072,000 (1) 1,425,000 1,929,000 (1) 32,163,000 93,089,000 77,676,000 8,237,000 37,362,000 52,774,000 (1) Spain — --- 33,048,000 'S\veden . . ._ 70,754.000 United Kingdom: ■Wal°s - -- -. 1,040,000 Total United Kingdom 4,159,000 4,147,000 184,092,000 176,049,000 Total 2,103,339,000 406,000 16,422,000 68,381,000 36,000 (1) (1) (1) (1) AtsiA (x) 986,000 5,161,000 2,000 (1) (i) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Russia: Central Asia (4 Governments ol). Siberia (4 Govern- ments of) Transcaucasia (1 Government of)-- (1) (1) (1) Total 6,149,000 84,839,000 Total 85,244,000 15,082', 000 3,445,000 29,661,000 AFRICA 590,000 148,000 (1) 536,000 164,000 (1) 682,000 124,000 250,000 13,140,600 2,067,000 (1) 18,601,000 Tunis --- 3,996,000 Union of South Africa- 6,928,000 Total 28,188,000 44,000 512,000 1,608,000 368,000 465,000 1,342,000 AUSTRALASIA Australia: 3,000 43,000 435,000 141,000 96,000 57,000 R8,00O SE»,000 127,000 104.000 78,000 2,000 1,344,000 9,. 329, 000 2,134.000 1,5.38,000 2,189,000 Total Australia-— 775,000 722,000 724,000 4,341,000 16,5^,000 20,751,000 New Zealand 288,000 1,063,000 213,000 935,000 178,000 902,000 11,4.36,000 15,777,000 7,653,000 24,192,000 5,470,000 Total Australasia 26,221,000 Grand total 4,862.713,000 „„ sExcluQes territory oocupied by the eneray. 2Cen8U3 of 1911. iNo official statistics. sLcss than 500 acres. EIGHTEENTH AISTNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 569 OATS— Continued. Oats: Total Production in Countries Named in Preceding Table, 1895-1915. Tear. Production. Tear. Production. Tear. Production. Tear. Production. IS95.... 1896 1897 189S___. 18!)9 1900 3,008,154,000 2,847,115,000 2,633,971,(100 2,903,974,000 3,256,256,000 3,106,O02,O0O 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 — 1906 2,862,615,000 3,626,303,000 3,378,034,000 3,611,302,000 8,510,167,000 3,544,961,000 1907- 1908 1909 1910 l!ni I9r2_-_- 1 3,603,896,000 3,591,012,000 4,312,682,000 4,182,410,000 3,808,561,000 4,617,394,000 1913 1914 1915 4,697,437,000 4,034,857,000 4,362,713,000 Oats: Acreage, Production, and Total Farm Value, by States, 1916 and 1917. State. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts . Rhode Island .. Thousands of acres Connecticut . New Tork . New Jersey .. Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia .. North Carolina South Carlina _. Gergia _. Florida . Ohio . Indiana Illinois . Michigan . Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri ., North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee - Alabama - Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahom'a Arkansas . Montana . Wyoming . CoUrado lor; 170 14 88 12 20 1,275 ■ 73 1,175 4 47 225 143 340 400 e:o 55 1,776 1,820 4,700 1,550 2,250 3,250 5,250 1,480 2,575 1,925 3,038 2,284 310 390 540 300 84 1,425 1,150 340 6fi0 263 293 1916 160 12: 80 11 17 1,2W 1,130 46 250 140 390 500 860 60 1,717 1,750 4,470 1,423 2,200 3,325 5,100 1,290 2,500 1,850 2,250 1,550 300 260 60O 350 110 1,500 1,1G0 350 660 250 290 Production (thou- sands of bushels). 4,980 5i32 3,168 444 62 660 44,62& 2,482 41,125 128 1,457 5,512 3,867 5,7SO 6,000 10,400 770 78,100 76,440 244,400 56,575 99,000 120,250 246,750 59,200 88,625 65,450 115,444 70,804 8,060 7,350 9,720 5,700 1,873 37,050 26,450 9,520 13,600 9,468 11,134 5,760 444 2,560 352 54 010 ol,3CG 2,070 35,030 120 1,357 5,875 3,220 6,825 9,000 10,770 90O 48,076 52,'50O 172,095 42,690 81,400 88,112 188,700 32,250 53,750 56,425 79,875 36,425 6,300 5,460 10,500 6,300 2,090 42,750 14,500 7,350 K.OSO 8,750 9,570 Total value, basis Dec. 1 price (thou Sanaa oi dollars). 1917 1910 4,190 3,859 447 305 2,693 1,664 360 232 46 37 521 352 33,409 19,44a 1,737 1,263 30,021 19,967 100 74 1,093 828 4,630 3,701 3,050 2,061 5,375 5,050 6,000 7,200 12,168 13,248 755 689 49,984 25,480 48,157 26,775 158,860 87,766 36,208 22,626 65,340 41,514 75,758 41,413 155, 4o3 90,576 36,112 17,092 23,948 23,650 39,924 25,956 70,421 37,541 45,315 20,034 6,126 3,780 6,100 3,3^ 9,914 7,875 5,358 4,662 1,761 1,421 30,381 20,078 19,838 8,26B 7,140 4,998 11,016 11,788 7,574 5,250 8.462' 5.742 570 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OATS— Continued. Oats: Acreage, production and total farm value, by States, 1916-17 — Continued. State. Thousands of acres. Production (thou- sands of bushels). Total value, basis Dec. 1 price (thou- sands of dollars). 1917 1916 1917 1916 1917 191G 45 10 100 14 275 292 365 196 64 9 103 14 310 275 360 200 1,350 400 4,400 560 10,450 11,242 9,125 6,860 1,8."6 338 4,480 602 13,330 14,300 .17,280 6,500 1,134 384 3,740 C38 8,046 9,106 6,844 5,831 1,244 Arizona Utah 270 2,733 (Nevada Idaho -- -- - - 452 7,198 Washington _. 7,293 OTegon -„ .. 8,467 California 4,680 United States 43,572 41,527 1,587,286 1,251,837 1,061,427 655,928 BARLEY. Barley: Area and Production in Undermentioned Countries, 1915-1917. Area. Production. 1915 1916 1917 1915 1916 1917 EUEOPE Austria -Hungary: Austria ,. Hungary proper — Croatia-Slavonia — Bosnia -Herzegovina Acres 11,578,000 2,830,000 (2) (2) Acres (=) (2) (2) Acres (2) (2) (2) (2) Bushels 129,733,000 56,186,000 1,938,000 3,000,000 BJishcls (s) (2) (2) (2) Bushels (.) (2) (2) (2) Total Austria- Hungary 90,857,000 4,000,000 14,697,000 25,890,000 5,000,000 31,787,000 114,077,000 11,051,000 3,380,000 2,682,000 28,688,000 316,904,000 (2) 75,328,000 392,232,000 2,250,000 82,763,000 14,254,000 Belgium 384,000 3554,000 644,000 4273,000 1,575,000 4,002,000 608,000 63,000 97,000 1,371,000 22,325,000 (2) 4,400,000 26,725,000 (2) 3,786,000 431,000 (=) (2) 633,000 (2) 1,038,000 (2) 596,000 60,000 98,000 1,454,000 22,031,000 (2) (2) (2) e) 594,000 (2) 1,789,000 (2) 469,000 52,000 97,000 (2)"" (2) (2) 14,739,000 22,317,000 (2) 38,268,000 (2) 11,041,000 2,498,000 3,415,000 30,038,000 350,223,000 (2) (2) (2) 86,863,000 14,621,000 (2) Bulgaria Denmark 17,866,000 Finland (2) Franc?.-. Germany . ._ .. 39,557,000 (2) Italy Netherlands Norway . 7,422,000 2,573,000 3,000,000 Roumania Russia: Russia propere Poland Northern Caucasia Total Russia (Eu- ropean) Serbia .. (2) 3,886,000 421,000 (2) 4,086,000 438,000 (2) Spain 76,747,000 Sweden 12,263,000 iNo official statistics. 2Galicia and Bukowina not included. sData for 1914. -iData for 1910. fExcIudes territory occupied by the enemy. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI BALREY— Continued Barley: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 191S-1917 — Continued. 571 Area. Production. Country. 1915 1916 1917 1915 1916 1917 United KingQom: Acres 1,152,000 80,000 149,000 142,000 Acres 1,245,000 87,000 170,000 150,000 Acres Bushels 34,898,000 2,467,000 5,183,000 5,828,000 niishels 40,023,000 2,731,000 5,340,000 6,474,000 Bushels Wales 159,414 Total United 1,523,000 1,652,000 48,376,000 54,568,000 Total 7,821,000 (i) 3,213,000 5,000 1,185,000 7,924,000 (i) 3,079,000 (i) (1) 7.856,000 (i) 2,738,000 (i) (i) 871,984,000 142,847,000 2,000,000 94,950,000 61,000 24,872.000 ASIA British India . - 147,653,000 (i) 89,486,000 (i) (i) 155,447,000 Cyprus - (0 Japanese Empire: J'apan 76,505,000 (i) (i) Total Japanese Empire .. - - - 4,403,000 350,000 651,000 2,000 119,892,000 3,278,000 5,753,000 38,000 Russia: Central Asia (4 Gov- ernments of) Siberia (4 Govern- ments of) Transcaucasia (1 Govemm'Ent of)--- (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (<) (i) • Total 1,003,000 9,069,000 Total -- 273,808,000 ."^g, 866,000 13,746,000 11,482,000 21,359,000 AFBIOA Algeria Egypt Tunis Union of South Africa- 2,703,000 463,000 1,038.0CO (i) 3,009,(XK> ^39,000 1^2.33,000 64,000 2,839,000 445,000 1,038,000 57,000 35,P6!),000 13,161,000 4,914,0CO (i) 31,461,000 13, .598, 000 8,267,003 1,000,000 Total 66,458,000 106,000 47,000 601,000 447,000 24,000 105,000 54,326,000 AUSTRiALASTA Australia: 7,000 5,000 62,000 66,000 7,000 6,000 1,000 6,000 61,000 85,000 10,000 5,000 8,000 115,000 1,735,000 1,698,000 131,000 116,000 'Wpw South Wales Tasmania - Total Australia — 154,000 18,000 170,000 30,000 180,000 30,000 1,329,000 597,000 3,802,000 820,000 4,189,000 738,000 Total Australasia- 172,000 200,000 210,000 1,926,000 4,622,000 4,927,000 Grand total 1,522,732,000 "Data for 1914. iNo official statistics. 2 Census of 1911. 572 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BARLEY— Continued. Barley: Total Production of Countries Named in Preceding Table, 1895-1915. Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production. Btishels PllS^tPls Bushels Bushels 1895 915,504,000 1901 1,072,195,000 1907 1,271,237,000 1913 1,650,265,000 1896.... 932,100,000 1902 1,229,132,000 190S 1,274,897,000 1914 1,468,289,000 1897.... 864,605,000 1903 1,235,786,000 1909 1,458,203,000 1915 1,522,732,000 1898 i, 030, 581,000 1904 1,175,784,000 1910 1,388,734,000 1899' 965,720,000 1905 1,180,053,000 1911 1,373,286,000 190O 999,622,000 1906 1,296,579,000 1912 1,466,977,000 " Barley: Acreage, Production, and Tctal Farm Value, by States, 1917. [000 omitted.] State. Farm Acreage. Value Dec. 1. Produc- tion. State. Acreage. Produc- tion. Farm Value D«c. 1. Maine .. Acres 7 1 17 110 IS 6 12 40 22 ee, 130 600 1.^00 SCO 6 1,825 1,020 213 Bushels 147 31 493 3,080 364 156 360 1,320 671 2,475 3,445 19,200 37,800 10,500 150 22,812 26,520 5,644 Dollars 191 54 690 4,004 510 203 500 1,558 698 2,995 4,100 23,808 41,958 12,285 141 22,813 29,172 5,531 Kansas _ Acres 750 5 6 9 9 90 27 168 13 33 33 12 190 170 182 1,350 Bushels 7,500 140 120 180 162 1,3.'0 783 5,544 364 1,155 1,221 420 5,510 4,930 5,278 39,150 Dollars 8,625 New Hampstiire-- Vermont New York Pennsylvania Maryland Virginia - Kentucky Tennessee Texas Oklahoma - Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexioc Arizona _ Utah 161 173 247 240 1,390 1,018 Ohio 5,766 Indiana SOG Illinois 1.732 Michigan Wisconsin 1,465 Nevada 500 5,786 5,670 Iowa - Washington Oregon _ 6,070 46,980 Missouri _ California United States North Dakota .. South Dakota .. Nebraska — 8,835 208,975 237,539 RYE. Rye: Area and Production in I'ndermentionel Countries. 1915-1917. 1915 Areac Production. Country. 1916 1917 1915 1916 1917 NORTH AMERICA United States Canada: Quebec - — Acres 3,129,000 9,000 78,000 6,000 3,000 17,000 (i) Acrci 3,213,000 8,000 69,000 30,000 23,noo 18,000 (i) A era 4,102,000 Bushels 54,050,000 145,000 1,551,000 155,000 76,000 463,000 4,000 Bushels 48,862,000 118,000 1,208,000 557,000 548,000 440,000 5,000 Biishels 60,145,000 Ontario . ._ .. Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta Other Total Canada ..- 112,000 148,000 I 2,394,000 2,876.000 iLees than 500 acres. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 573 RYE — Continued. Rye: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1915-1917 — Continued. Area. Production. Country. 1915 1916 1917 1915 1910 1917 Mexico Acres (2) Acres (2) Acres Bushels 70,000 uuslicls 70,000 ijusiicls 70,000 Total 50,514,000 1,811,000 185,000 1,000 51,808,000 2,008,000 187,000 1,000 SOUTIi AMEIRICA 229,000 4,000 (1) ' 212,000 11,000 (1) 180,000 (2) (1) 858,000 1,000 1,997,000 g51, 211,000 45,975,000 2,500,000 600,000 2,196,000 (2) (2) (2) (2) EUROPE Austria-Hungary: >i3, 120,000 2,625,000 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Hungary Croatia-Slavonia — iBosni a -;Herzego vin a (2) (2) (2) Total Austria- | 100,286,000 18,000,000 7,622,000 13,001,000 10,000,000 33,148,000 360,310,000 4,-362,000 13,726,000 829,000 2,911,000 875,422,000 (2) 4,613,000 i64o,000 i527,O0O 521,000 3.592,000 2,309,000 15,843,000 294,000 546,000' 48,000 187,000 •59,766.000 (2) 328,000 (2) (2) 481,000 (2) 2,149,000 (3) 290,000 499'. 000 48,000 200,000 55,6S7,000 (2) (2) (2) (2) 436,000 (2) 2,002,000 (2) 279,000 463,000 48,000 (2) 8,490,000 10,569,000 (2) 33,351,000 (2) 5,582,000 12,391,000 943,000 (2) 843,740,000 (2) (2) (2) 8,858,000 Finland - - (2) 27,509,000 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway (2) 4,460,000 ll,9.=^8,O0O 656,000 (2) Polapd .. (2) (2) (2) Northern Caucasia- (2) 60,094,000 (2) 1,820,000 965,000 62,000 880,037,000 800,000 26,102,000 23,133,000 1,700,000 Serbia - (2) 1,846,000 913,000 60,000 (2) 1,800,000 813,000 64,000 (2) 28,782,000 22,929,000 (2) (2) 24,365,000 Swedsn _ -- 15,747,000 United Kingdom 1,495,967,000 2,785,000 20,143,000 17,000 ASIA Russia: Central Asia (4 Governments of)- S'iberia (4 Govern- ments of) Transcaucasia (1 Government of)— 340, OSO 2,452,000 1,000 (3) (2) (2) (=) (=) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Total Russia (Asiatic) AUSTRIALASTA Australia: 2,793,000 (b) 3.000 2,oro i,ono 1.000 1,000 22,945,000 1,000 36.000 13,000 6,000 3,000 9,000 (n) 3,000 3,000 3,000 1.000 1,000 1,000 32,000 43,000 31,000 4,000 17,000 New South Wales— South Australia Western Australia.- Tasm'ania Total Australia- 8,000 11,000 10,000 67,000 127,000 134,000 Grand total 1,577,490,000 iData for 1914. ■ 2N0 official statistic 3'Oensus of 1910. s. 4E'X sLe eludes territor ss than 50O a ilieia and But ■y occupied b cres. Gwina not in y the enemy. ;luded. S74 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Rye: RYE — Continued. Total Production of Countries Named in Preceding Table, 1895-1915. Tear. Production. Tear. Production. Tear. Production. Tear. Production. Bushels F'ishe]s Bushels Bushels 1895...- 1,468,212,000 1901 1,416,022,000 1907 1,538,778,000 1913 1,880,387,000 1896 1,499,2-50,000 1902 1,647,845,000 1908 1,090,057,000 1914 1,596,882,000 1897 1,300,645,000 1903 1,659,961,000 1909 1,747,123,000 1915 1,577,490,000 1898.... 1,461,171,000 1904 1,742,112,000' 1910 1,673,473,000 1899 1, ,583,179,000 1905 1,495,751,000 1911 1,753,933,000 1900-... 1,557,684,000 1906 1,433,395,000 1912 1,886,517,000 Rye: Acreage, Production, and Total Farm Value, by States, 1917. [000 omitted.] .State. Acreage. Produc- tion. Farm Value Dec. 1. State. Acreage. .„ ^ Farm Produc- ^aiue t'on. Dec. 1. Vermont Massachusetts .. Connecticut New Tork New J'ersey Acres 1 3 7 135 69 260 1 24 77 20 52 17 15 90 200 43 341 410 410 50 B^lsh(^J' 20 57 144 2,565 1,276 4,420 IC 384 1,155 270 620 170 128 1,620 3,000 7C2 5,115 7,585 7,585 900 Dollars 35 114 302 4,720 2,233 7,514 28 645 2,021 456 1,040 484 346 2,608 4,800 1,241 8,440 12,819 12,667 1,395 Missouri North Dakota .. South Dakota.... Nebraska Kansas _ AcrcK 30 1,040 3:.o 215 76 30 12 4 2 0 2 9 18 27 13 2 7 31 B%ishrls 441 9,880 5,600 3,354 1,140 375 120 38 20 90 27 114 252 432 104 31 89 356 Dollars 728 . 16,203 8,080 5,199 1,904 656 234 102 39 Pennsylvania ... Delaware Maryland Virginia . Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Texas West Virginia .. North Carolina.. South Carolina. - Georgia _. Ohio Oklahoma — Arkansas .. Montana Wyoming Colorado Utah 153 40 188 391 631 166 Idaho . • 42 Michigan Washington Oregon . 156 606 Minnesota United .States 4,102 60,145 100,025 Potatoes : POTATOES. Area and Production of Undermentioned Countries, 1914-1916. Area. Production. Country. 1914 1915 191Q 1914 1915 1919 NO'RTH AMERICA United States . A cres 3,711,000 32,000 32,000 44,000 115,000 154,000 27,000 31,000 26,000 15,000 Acres 3,734,000 31,000 34,000 40,000 117,000 155,000 28,000 30,000 27,000 16,000 A cres 3,565,000 31,000 34,000 39,000 112,000 133,000 32,000 47,000 29,000 15,000 Bushels 409,921,000 6,806,000 7,165,000 10,534,000 21,811,000 25,772,000 3,104,000 4,085,000 3,662,000 2,675,000 359,721,000 3,558,000 4,759,000 5,772,000 17,510,000 14,362,000 3,104.000 4,428,000 5,1(5.^,000 3,956,000 286,9(58,000 6,386,000 6,935,000 7,488,000 14,672,000 Canada: Prince Edward Isl. Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec . Ontario 8,113,000 Manitoba _._... 4,709,000 Saskatchewan Alberta .. .. 7,319,000 4,783,000 British Columbia... 2,892,000 Total Canada ... 476,000 479,000 473,000 85,672,000 62,604,000 63,297,000 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 575 POTATOES— Continued Potatoes: Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1914-1916 — Continued. Area. Production. Country. 19114 1915 1916 1914 1915 1916 Mexico Newfouiidlaii3 Acres (i) (i)- Acres (i) (i) Acres (i) (i) r:usl:cls i924,000 il, 524,000 Bushels (O (i) Bushels (i) . (i) Total . 498,041,000 28,306,000 9,169,000 SOUTH AMKRIOA Argentina 293,000 81,000 306,000 78,000 322,000 79,000 29,567,000 9,546,000 31,138,000 Chile 11,598,000 Total — 37,535,000 4285,070,000 195,266,000 d21, 140,000 o2,998,000 39,143,000 4232,203,000 209,356,000 (i) (i) 42,736,000 EUROPE Austria-Hungary: Austria 41,774,000 1,513,000 e194,0OO 567,000 41,757,000 1,577,000 (i) (0 (i) (0 (l) (l) (i) Hungary proper — CToatia-Slavonia — GSosnia-sHierzeglovtaa (i) (i) (i) Total Austria- 3,548,000 411,000 e8,000 1151,000 6181,000 3,676,000 8,367,000 727,000 (i) 4,000 424,000 104,000 26,000 56,000 8,652,000 204,000 504,474,000 5117,613,000 s503,0CO 37,331,000 18,736,000 440,652,000 1,674,377,000 61,104,000 5,288,000 1,080,000 120,780 000 27,542,000 2,654,000 1,083,000 891,579,000 (i) 17,907,000 Belgium (it (0 165,000 (i) 3,223,000 8,827,000 735,000 (i) 3,000 438,000 113,000 28,000 52,000 6,815,000 (0 165,000 (l) 159,000 (i) 3,222,000 (i) 729,000 (i) (i) 413,000 114,000 35,000 (i) 5,879,000 (i) (i) (i) 42,349,000 (i) 332,788,000 1,983,161,000 ■56,768,000 (i) 508,000 120,741,000 19,957,000 3,765,000 865,000 770,709,000 (i) 15,796,000 (i) Bulgaria _ . (i) Denmark 26,629,000 Finland (i) Francs . _ _ 335,507,000 Germany .._ 882,000,000 Italy 54,277,000 l/uxemburg Malta Netherlands (i) (i) 88,490,000 Norway - 29,189,000 Roumania? (i) Dos (i) Russia, European: Poland — . ..- 662,169,000 (i) Total European Russia, (Bxclud- 8,. 8.56, 000 331,000 688,000 375,000 137,000 436,000 152,000 25,000 583,000 6,980,000 (i) (i) 382,000 159,000 437,000 144,000 26,000 594,000 909', 486,000 32,173,000 76,657,000 63,209,000 22,046,000 104,804,000 40,230,000 5,445,000 128,642,00 786,505,000 (i) (i) 78,806,000 38,672,000 100,881.000 36,291,000 5,821,000 138,509,000 S°rbia (i) (i) 373,000 200,000 400,000 130,000 28,000 586,000 (i) Spain (i) Sweden .. 54,972,000 Switzerland .-. 18,000,000 United Kin-^dom: England 88,484,000 Scotland 19,825,000 Wales 6,O18,0OC 90,845,00C Total Unitea Kingdom 1,196,000 1,201,000 1,144,000 279,121,000 281,502,000 2O4,172,00C Total 1,300,909,000 32,312,000 ASliA Japan 205,000 225,000 231,000 35,103,000 39,006,OOC iNo official statistics. sData for 1906. sData for 1912. 4Galicia and Bukowina not included. nData for 1913. eData for 1910. 7Gro\ni alone. sGrown with com. 576 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POTATOES— Continued. Potatoes: Area and Production of undermentioned countries, 1914:1916 — Continued. Area. Production. Country. 1914 1915 1916 1915 1916 1917 Russia, Asiatic: Central Asia (4 gov- ernm'ents of) Siberia (4 govern- ments of) .4 cres 104,000 441,000 2,000 Acres 106,000 296,000 2,000 Acres (i) (i) (i) Bushels 7,560,000 47,075,000 90,000 Bushels 7,974,000 24,307,000 100,000 Bushels government of)- Total Asiatic 547,000' 404,000 54,725,000 32,381,000 rpotal 87,037,000 22,119,000 s3,6S5,000 67,484,000 (i) (i) AFRICA Algeria Union of South Africa 248,000 362,000 (i> (1) (i) (i) Total 5,804,000 I 618,000 3,989,000 6,593,000' 1,230,000 665,000 3,001,000 AUISTRALJASTA Australia: 10,000 39,000 75,000 11,000 5,000 31,000 8,000 30,000 65,000 8,000 5,000 82,000 6,000 20,000 67,000 4,000 i>,000 29'.00O 598,000 1,. 520,000 7,064,000 673,000 650,000 2,946,000 278,000 1,658,000 6,489,000 485,000 527,000 2,983,000 New South Wales ._ South Australia Western Australia- Tasmania Total Australia- 171,000 29,000 148,000 22,000 121,000 30,000 16,096,000 5,869,000 13,351,000 4,952,000 12,421,000 4,809,000 Total Australasia 200,000 170,000 151,000 21,965,000 18,303,000 17,230,000 5,016,291,000 """ I r iNo official statistics. 2'Data for 1913. 3'Census of 1911. Potatoes: Total Production of Countries Mentioned in Preceding Table, 1900-1914. Year. Production. 1 Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production. lOOO- 1901 1902 1903- Bushels 4,382,031,000 4,669,958,000 4,674,000,000 4,409,793,000 1904 1905 19C6 1907 Bushels 4,298,049,000 5,254,598,000 4,789,112,000 5,122,078,000 1908 1909 1910 1911 Biishels 5, 295, 013,000 5,595,567,000 5,242,278,000 4,842,109,000 1912 1913 1914 Bushels 5,872,953,000 5,802,910,000 5,016,291,000 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 577 POTATOES— Continued. Potatoes: Acreage, Production, and Total Farm Value, by States, 1917. [000 omitted.] State. Acreage. Produc- tion. Parm Value Dec. 1. State. Acreage. Produc- tion. Pann Value Dec. 1. Acres 150 21 30 38 5 29 400 98 321 13 60 200 65 50 15 19 25 160 150 37S 307 30O las 100 B7ishels 20,250 2,247 3,000 4,370 675 3,190 38,000 11,172 29,5<32 1,235 6,000 19,800 7,475 4,500 1,440 1,596 2 275 lO^WO 8,404 13,500 35,910 .34,998 33,600 13,110 9,483 Do'lars 26,325 3,752 4,200 7,648 1,181 5,232 49,400 15,7.53 39,868 1,606 7,140 24,750 9,867 6,435 3,034 3,112' 4,664 22,880 11 ,765 20,520 37,706 .31,498 30,570 17,174 12,902 North Dakota ._ South Dakota ._ Nebraska Kansas Acres 90 80 147 78 70 52 41 14 25 46 36 30 57 30 70 11 4 23 15 39 79 75 105 Bushels 3,870 7,200 12,495 4,446 6,7201 4,888 2,952 1,092 1,600 2.760 2,484 2,400 5,415 4,650 9,310 1,276 420 4,347 3,105 6,084 9,875 8,100 15,225 Dollars New Hampshire- Vermont Massachusetts _ 7,992 13,370 6,758 9,408 5.373 5,373 1,835 2,944 5,796 4,471 3,768 Bhode Island — Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania --* Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas - - Maryland Virginia . Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah .- West Virginia _.. North Carolina.- South Carolina-- Georgia _ - 5,523 4,836 8,472 2,105 Florida . - 630 Ohio 3,391 3,72<5 4,806 Illinois - - Idaho _ . Michigan Washington 9,085 6,480 Minnesota California United States 22,838 Missouri 4-, 390 442,586 543,865 Potatoes: Yield Per Acre, Price Per Bushel Dec. 1. and Value Per Acre, by States. State. ^ t» > a cr) S >v nT U Yield per acre (bushels) Me... N. H Vt.... Mass R. I.. Conn... N. Y. N. J'.... Pa.... Del... Md Va W. Va. N C.._ s. c... r/1 o o S S '"' 225 225 220 lOO 130 150 73 155 130 95 125 125 150 125 136 80 120 125 82 120 102 72 90 105 72 78 8» 82 96 103 77 SO 95 88 92 98 84 98 92 79 74 89 81 85 90 198 140 140 130 113 107 106 106 109 100 45 112 45 87 45 112 48 85 70 90 220 260 123 159 127 168 105 1.56 130 165 92 140 74 145 95 108 88 105 87 SO 87 78 94 6r 83 5.' 80 .52 SO 70 Farm price per bushel (cents) . 135 107 100 115 135 110 95 114 92 95 100 99 115 Value per acre (dollars)i «2> 71 63 33 70 142 i30 145.26 91 83 60 95 166 167 114.30 77 72 47 81 139 140 98.11 100 85 71 94 175 175 113.77 103 90 70 92 185 175 111.52 101 87 65 96 175 164 102.39 82 SO 44 82 158 1.30 69.18 92 82 61 75 155 141 100.. 33 84 80 58 75 148 135 70.21 se 75 70 75 125 130 75.00 78 67 60 62 133 119 71.31 84 80 77 61 137 125 87.23 91 cr acre (bushels). Farm price per bushel Value per acre (Cfel Its) (dollars). 1 a; > oT CO -in us CO ^- ^ .." ^ S^ r-* y~t >> K, s S s o> s O o> s Oi s^ o S S Ci o 1 on in 03 o Ga 74 78 81 82 72 78 81 60 65 60 84 119 105 105 99 175 195 77.05 163.80 Pla 85 83 95 90 90 93 76 80 80 74 91 136 117 113 115 200 205 104.32 186.55 Ohio... 82 77 93 82 65 112 &i 95 82 45 100 85 85 53 70 182 143 60.68 143.00 Ind 77 57 95 84 58 114 53 SO 95 44 92 84 84 56 56 177 139 55.48 127.88 111 75 71 91 75 ■cO 101 46 60 110 58 90 89 89 61 59 179 1&2 61.37 136.80 Mich.-. 90 72 105 105 94 105 96 121 69 48 95 64 53 30 '56 160 105 48.01 99.75 Wis 90 80 102 95 116 120 109 124 87 47 114 60 54 30 45 147 90 49.02 102.60 Minn... 100 76 115 61 115 135 110 114 106 60 112 58 £2 32 39 130 91 50.16 101.92 Iowa... 80 80 89 72 74 109 48 86 lOS 42 95 80 82 59 54 175 131 54.09 124.45 Mo 69 80 85 86 27 84 38 45 68 60 87 92 9S 73 60 ISO 137 58.59 119.19 N. Dak. 90 85 110 41 120 128 85 109 90 93 43 66 56 42 41 115 130 £4.61 55.90 S. Dak. 83 90 80 44 72 105 78 90 115 66 90 70 63 47 35 137 111 51.98 99.90 Nebr..- 74 78 78 60 52 80 48 SO 105 73 85 77 78 54 42 150 107 55.01 90.95 Kans... 63 80 79 57 22 82 40 62 83 71 57 99 91 77 74 165 152 64.51 86.64 Ky 79 62 92 92 39 101 49 45 126 84 96 90 102 84 55 142 140 68.81 134.40 Tenn.-- 74 80 75 80 41 88 64 48 88 82 94 91 97 91 63 149 126 68.09 118.44 Ala.— 81 85 80 80 78 81 84 79 80 90 72 114 105 101 90 169 182 93.00 131.04 Miss — 83 91 87 85 83 89 80 80 90 65 78 109 lOO 95 84 160 168 83.14 131.04 La 67 82 75 55 69 73 70 70 51 65 64 110 96 97 95 167 184 70.54 117.76 Tex 58 71 50 SI 57 63 52 61 65 50 60 127 112 104 105 190 210 70.22 126.00 Okiu..-. 62 78 70 60 18 60 60 70 85 53 69 116 105 90 81 1S5 ISO, 71.31 124.20 Ark 73 82 70' 84 55 70 72 60 90 65 80 109 lOO 97 76 190 157, 77.30 125.60 Mont.. 141 138 ISO 120 150 166 140 140 1.'5 125 95 72 67 et 50 120 102 95.38 96.90 Wyo... 128 158 160 100 42 140 140 108 150 130 155 84 66 70 60 128 104 101.40 161.20 Colo.._ 116 125 160 100 3i 95 115 120 135 138 133 71 65 50 55 135 91 86.85 121.03 N. Mex. 90 100 85 47 80 100 6S 100 100 102 lie 113 140 95 9' 175 165 105.74 191.40 Ariz 101 110 90 92 95 125 75 110 95 115 105 134 135 120 100 ISO 150 138.30 157.50 Utah—. 162 160 180 142 140 185 ISO 140 125 ISO 189 68 58 ©f) m 1.30 78 118.36 147.42 Nev 165 120 ISO 150 160 178 160 130 172 190 207 85 68 70 70 130 120 134.80 248.40 Idaho-. ISO 130 200 142 ISO 185 170 155 125 150 156 63 50 48 56 127 79 94.71 123.24 Wash.. 142 120 170 131 160 167 123 12S 135 165 125 65 60 55 53 98 92 87.51 115.00 Or=g.... 125 99 160 105 130 155 135 97 115 lEO 108 64 58 60 60 90 80 77.71 86.40 Cal 130 95.9 107 85.7 130 106.8 130 93.8 135 80.9 130 119 90.4 138 130 141 145 90 70 70 75 140 150 111.86 217.50 U. S 113.4 110.5 96.3 80.5 ICO. 8 76.0 68.7 48.7 61.7 146.1 122.9 70.05 123.89 iBased upon farm price Dec. 1. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 579 SWEET POTATOES. Sweet Potatoes: Acreage, Production, and Total Farm Value, by States, 1917. [000 omitted.] State. Acreage. Produc- tion. Farm Value Dee. 1. State. Acreage. Produc- tion. Farm Value Dec. 1. New Jersey Pennsylvania — - Delaware Maryland Acres 24 1 5 30 40 2 SO 80 125 35 1 3 8 3 Bhshcl' 2,880 110 560 1,180 4,160 280 8,. 5.50 7,600 11,625 3,500 95 318 776 270 Dollars 4,608 154 672 1,180 4,576 39*2 8,978 7,904 12,206 4,025 166 525 1,164 567 Missouri A ores 8 4 12 30 178 85 62 84 15 40 2 6 Busheh 896 308 1,140 2,850 16,020 5,525 4,898 6,5152 1,350 4,400 236 1,002 Dollars 1,263 589 Kentucky Tennessee Alabama _. Mississippi Louisiana Texas - — - 1,425 2,992 14,738 West Virginia .- North Carolina- South C'arolina-- Georgia 5,359 5,094 9,173 Oklahoma Arkansas New Mexico 'California United States 2,160 4,224 Ohio . - 484 1,503 953 87,141 96,121 HAY. Hay: Acreage, Production, and Total Farm Value, by States, 1917. [000 omitted.] State. Acreage. Produc- tion. Farm Value Dec. 1. State. Vcreage. Produc- tion. Farm Value Dec. 1. Acres 1,160 506 945 460 60 350 4,185 3.50 3,092 78 442 850 790 440 250 535 lOO 2,925 2,146 2,750 2,558 2,703 1,850 3,160 3,180 Biifflirls 1,.566 683 1,531 690 90 525 6,110 508 4,329 98 552 986 1,003 528 280 562 110 4,154 3,004 3,438 3,837 4,595 2,868 3,887 3,657 Dollars 17,383 S,196 17,606 13,731 1,827 10,238 92,261 10,160 75,758 2,009 10,985 21,002 21,163 10,402 5,768 11,240 2,002 78,926 56,175 68,760 65,996 79,494 34,703 65,302 63,998 North Dakota.. iSouth Dakota .. Nebraska Acres 550 735 i,roo 1,478 975 892 178 261 260 450 575 390 759 560 970 202 1.57 392 234 725 808 840 2,400 Bushels 484 1,102 2,. 544 2,217 1,268 1,142 16,0*20 371 416 450 ' 920 573 1,063 9.52 2,376 384 550 1.137 679 2,175 1,778 1,638 4,560 Dollars 5,566 New Hampshire. - Vermont Massachusetts — Rhode Island — - Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania — Delaware Maryland 11,681 38,669 36,802 Kentucky Tennessee _. Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas ■ 25,740 22,041 14,738 5,676 5,949 9,000 Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyomfag Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah . 14,168 8,824 West Virginia .. North Carolina.. South Carolina- 19,772 16,184 39,442 8,054 Florida - 13,640 Ohio 17,055 Indiana Nevada Idaho 10,796 34,800 Michigan Washington ... Oregon . ... 35,560 28,665 Minnesota California United States. 87,552 53,516 79,528 1,359,491 ^80 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE APPLES. Apples: Production and Prices, Dec. 1, by States, 1911-1917. Production (bu.«hels,\iOOO omitted). Farm price per bushel (cents). •State. Maine ■ New Hampshire- Vermont Massachusetts — Rhode Island 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 fi.SOO 1,600 2,250 3,000 400 Connecticut 1 2,400 New York .— _- New Jersey j 3,100 Pennsylvania ..—-I 20,500' Delaware - — 300 Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina .. South Caroiin?. — - Georgia Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri South Dakota --- Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyomin? Colorado New Mexico Arizona '- Utah Nevada -.-, Idaho Washington Oregon California United States--- 2,600 7,200 ,7800 3,600 4T0 son 18,700 8,800 10,600 12,300 3,000 1,300 9,500 11,600 240 3,600 2,400 6,100 2,900 700 240 200 1,050 3,000 900 20 2,700 680 110 460 100 1,200 3,500 1,500 4,700 5,400 2,200 2,600 3,300 300 1,703 44,000 1,70'> 12,700 420 2,650 15,000 10,30 7,600 600 1,400 10,600 4,200 5,800 17,200 2,000 700 1,COO 19,200 200 2,800 6,700 9,600 8,900 1,200' 450 50O 1,700 S,100 9O01 30 3,100 750 130 680 260 1,6.W 7,700 4,100 5,700 14,020 235,220 S.COO 800 700 2,S0O SOO 2, ICO 19,C0O 2,100 10,200 180' 1,300 5,200 1,0110 3,000 260 900 4,800 (i.,000 8,200 8,900 4,000 1,800 7,100 7,tiC0 320 2,300 2,700 0,900 3,900 900 370 300 ■1,100 4,000 810 30 3,300 650 00 610 160 1,400 6,900 3, .500 3,000 145,410 7,400 2,000 3,200 4,400 400 2,500 49,600 3,400 23, 100 500 3,500 15,300 12,100 9,000 2,000 13,300 4,300 3.700 17,20C 2,200 70U 1,600 12, SCO 2,160 1,058 972 2,655 176 5,040 1,596 3,312 3,450 261 1,534 1,830 25,585 37,800 2,331 15,254 366 2,250 18,621 249 2,400 2,400 13,176' 13,299 7,540| 10,032 5,916 7,074 663 588 1,875 17,952 11,648 14,148 9,450 4,418 1,235 9,660 18,860 301 200 1,200 3, 3,100 6,375 9,000 12,510 8,600 1,600 50O EOO 1,500 ■5,000 9O0 4,500 900 100 800 200 1,70(1 8,300 3,600 6, COO' 253,200 6,076 1,596 424 562 2,340 3,550 1,040 2,0SO 820 120 427 120 1,720 7, SOO 3,128 4,6£0 230,011 1,623 8,001 3,921 4,848 12,480 2,634 1,266 4,725 8,100 4,617 1,035 1,286 2,186 198 1,316 14,059 2,041 12,150 450 2,523 9,974 5,994 6,156 818 1,754 6,336 5,915 7,500 5,160 3,029 1,415 5,775 12,375 348 '349 1,701 2,400 2,550 3,375 6,441 9,125 4,900 1,140 225 450 627 1,838 768 2,112 357 138 75 45 400 14,858 3,855 5,754 5,000 1,4.53 315 345 1,300 2,683 911 2,640 657 135 650 192 1,995 17,897 3,500 5,592 204,'582 174,608 120 92 115 92 115 108 122 SO 72.1 .1 59.4 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI PEACHES. Peaches: Production, and Prices Sept. 15, by States, 1911-1917. 581 State. New iH'arCi'pshire Massachusetts -. Rhode Island -. Connecticut New York New Jersey .. Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland ... Virginia West Virginia North Carolina ._. South Carolina _- Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Iowa Missouri ._ Nebraska . Kansas ..- Kentucky . Tennessee _ Alabama . Mississippi Louisiana - Texas Oklahoma Arkansas --. Colorado -. New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California . United States Production (bushels, 000 omitted). (Farm price per bushel (cents). 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 97 22 249 1,536 440 1,096 249 492 318 230 437 649 2,145 126 1,735 1,147 2,310 2,228 240 2,700 36 Sal 770 360 8i0 460 190 1,204 656 3,346 363 S6 51 ;^08 10 81 320 190 7,412 34,880 51 16 128 1,400 638 660 521 672 1,058 788 2,093 1,020 6,175 IBO 1,055 185 82 700 24 900 240 2,016 1,210 2,820 2,760 1,800 6fl3 4,140 2,121 4,524 1,0.35 84 f54 323 10 112 445 292 9,308 44 105 29 263 1,742 483 922 312 4S0 312 132 508 406 1,950 112 931 1,276 1,99S 1,539 632 4,320 210 875 1,430 1,140 1,140 1,020 460 2,10^ 3,120 360 '52 57 284 8 92 446 Sll 7,150 52,343,39,707 3| 58 31 152 14| 29 142 335 530 2,106 1,140 1,275 1,541 608 1,032 911 1,863 1,166 5,785 ISS 1,653 1,128 1,7»5 1,247 472 3,780 192 1,760 1,980 2,044 842 1,248 1,358 1,164 1,955 864 5,330 177 2,448 648 874 2,360 112 3,300 120 3,442 1,320 2,640, 2,460 2,310 2,640 1,440 3.-6 1,196 220 3,180 1,025 106 60 380 9 120 486 387 10,387 54,109 1,«0 456 4,a8i 2,408 5,mo 650 1.54 60 212 7 162 566 432 9,708 64,097 24 66 14 134 1,238 689 1,069 346 60O 520 897 545 3,510 119 1,3-50 8SS 780 2,010 64 1,050 30 ICO 880 900 1,110 400 587 2,860 230 750 405 40 84 1 25 4X5 276 11,733 37,505 47 145 20 268 2,244 871 1,440 647 975 800 1,541 1,1S0 4,716 122 496 592 364 744 30 890 0 121 1,03+ 900 1,830 375 478 2,352 1,150 840 l,2on 60 60 9O0 6 165 504 2L50 14,151 45,066 122.1 275 175 180 138 138 1.-4 124 128 140 150 140 118 84 111 152 125 124 109 125 121 83 148 12s 107 175 So 22.5 183 lo4 106 174 111 220 221 160 135 186 150 140 90 11 93 105 101 100 144 169 146 165 133 107 156 100 94 77 100 • 100 96 ICO 97 68 78 100 137 215 106 190 180 175 147 140 150 180 125 105 150 210 120 12.5 130 200 130 115 150 135 96 150 1.50 90 110 100 98 110 120 120 90 124 l.'O 200 115 120 110 130 182 102.0131.6 97.7 180 170 17C 160 125 95 98 100 105 95 110 100 100 140 110 105 140 135 90' 150 120 7: 78 100 85 100 140 130 87 60 130 175 71 100 110 150 130 103 75 90 100 100 75 97 120 110 97 150 85 140 100 95 90 83 88 87 57 63 125 65 120 70 200 226 148 190 140 160 150 150 150 128 150 138 105 155 200 155 135 150 124 200 105 225 180 110 95 100 88 75 100 120 87 125 170 200 125 165 96 100 80 18S 200 ISO 170 140 170 170 125 120 160 175 125 120 160 215 210 195 200 220 135 235 195 150 120 145 120 150 170 135 12s 200 195 195 130 120 100 110 100 113.0 135.9 582 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PEARS. Pears: Production, and Prices Nov. l'>, i;ui-191'i Production (bushels, 000 omittedl Farm price per bushel (cents) State. 1911 1912- 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 42 24 2J 114 14 46 1,886 970 646 262 455 122 49 52 52 111 88 736 585 499 829 IS 57 148 10 70 160 32 48 40 24 147 S3 47 11 160 43 16 51 6.1 372 441 1,848 SS 19 20 71 11 32 1,128 749 418 315 616 282 70 207 117 212 73 624 448 448 540 13 60 332 15 142 336 196 172 154 52 296 54 113 12 193 S2 20 52 8 SI 477 454 2,015 32 24 20 121 16 55 2,016 598 456 77 224 68 11 58 42 lis 58 400 474 422 707 22 102 184 13 63 160 79 90 106 48 187 23 55 10 130 46 17 42 6 71 464 .559 1,634 40 22 17 98 13 43 1,298 876 608 210 560 234 72 187 109 208 112 544 422 422 840 22 84 283 14 109 308 152 132 142 52 266 28 98 12 206 60 20 56 7 66 536 540 1,90S SO 18 17 75 10 36 1,375 596 494 228 483 261 63 150 91 203 104 560 410 496 550 23 106 294 18 133 264 195 168 160 £5 301 68 135 12 99 C4 22 31 4 75 m 525 1,65C 36 25 24 114 14 46 1,675 687 509 164 378 122 42 75 50 135 54 376 351 '364 1,007 26 63 164 10 106 160 59 90 50 48 322 11 68 6 99 36 18 12 2 50 551 555 3,124 24 19 14 71 7 20 1,706 590 418 294 525 194 33 150 100 140 46 334 410 456 1,080 ' 82 265 14 140 204 75 80 30 52 280 45 102 11 320 46 21 48 6 70 595 6O0 3,52S 125 New Hampstiire — 125 120 108 55 38 70 lOO "lio 120 125 100 100 78 60 72 85 60 125 110 115 175 157 125 140 125 1.50 lOO 134 175 1 100 183 155 125 88 75 75 8S' 150 13S 80 54 85 40 95 73 80 89 92 93 62 65 70 70 75 90 105 85 111 100 91 99 100 100 100 110 120 105 93 142 110 100 120 120 loo' Massachusetts 105 85 Connecticut 250 79 65 100 "l51 130 122 110 140 85 50 70 38 25 73 94 85 94 94 105 59 74 SO '"68 lOO 80 95 95 lOO 68 90 50 100 120 100 85 100 100 95 100 65 140 New Jersey Pennsylvania 75 120 65 Maryland _ - - 70 115 West Virginia North Carolina .._ South Carolina ..- 135 125 125 135 Florida 100 Ohio -— -- 110 70 88 92 120 120 170 160 100 120 120 1€0 130 lis 160 120 165 175 140 215 130 70 69 90 58 99 120 85 147 110 85 100 98 100 S3 85 125 100 65 70 70 72 125 100 95 121 Iowa J 81 SO 120 110 78 80 95 SO 75 105 110 89 125 130 105 160 100 110 95 90 105 160 115 145 125 175 170 125 Tennessee - - 170 Alabama 150 Mississippi 105 115 160 150 Arkansas - 125 210 190 100 160 Utah 135 120 Idaho 173 100 88 65 100 80 80 78 150 99 110 70 135 65 100 96 130 108 96 115 '"95 120 95 150 "Washington 115 130 California -- - 100 United States 1],40C 11,843 10,108 12,0S€ 11,21€ 11,874 13,281 74.6 80^ 92.7 78.5 89.7 93.3 115.8 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 583 HORSES AND MULES. Horses and Mules: Number and Value on Farms in the United States, 1867-1918. Note. — Figures in italics are census returns ; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agriculture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910, giving' numbers as of April 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers June 1. Jan. 1- Horses. 1867 , 1868 1869 18Y0 , 28 1 0, 1871 . 1872 1873 1871 1S75 . 187o 1877 1878 — 1879 1880 JSHO, cenaiis, dime i 1881 1882 1883 1881 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 IH'M, census, June 1 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189H 1897 1898 1899 1900 I'JOO, census, June 1 , 19011 1902 1908 1904 1905 1906 1907 190S 1909 1910 1910, census, At)i'>l l^i Number. Price per head J'an. 1. Farm value Jan. 1. Mules. Number. 5,401,000 5,757,000 6,333,000 8,249,000 7,SJi5,S70 8,702,000 8,991,000 9,222,000 9,334,000 9,504,000 9,735,000 10,155,000 10,330,000 10,939,000 11, 202;, 000 10,357,488 11,430,000 10,522,000 10,838,000 11,170,000 11,565,000 12,078,000 12,497,000 13,173,000 13,663,000 14,214,000 U,9C9,J,67 14,057,000 15,498,000 16,207,000 16,081,000 15,893,000 15,124,000 14,365,000 13,961,000 13,665,000 13,538,000 18,267,020 16,745,000 16,531,000 16,557,000 16,736,000 17,058,000 18,719,000 19,747,000 19,992,000 20,640,000 21,040,000 19,833, XI 3 $59.05 $318,924,000 54.27 312,416,000 62.57 396,222,000 67.43 556,251,000 71.14 619,039,000 67.41 606,111,000 66.39 612,273,000 65.16 60S,O73, a « o C3 S o si § o in 00 "3 I 1916 12,9S6 15,913 17,469 14,882 18,240 17,557 IS, €90 23,896 21,132 18,952 14,342 11,090 377 1,010 1,131 1,092 821 1,571 1,510 1,003 1,195 835 910 322 7,912 6,101 3,546 2,679 4,704 4,517 4,872 3,476 5,444 5,299 1,441 2,809 4,915 3,132 4,980 3,518 6,466 4,073 12,967 7,261 4,590 11,686 8,351 7,270 7,886 4,735 5,012 7,073 8,171 7,156 11,027 13,414 13,349 17,145 13.093 15,080 1,443 2,135 2,952 1,695 3,086 2,338 2,177 3,152 3,332 2,042 1,731 1,453 , 2,456 2,313 1,515 1,682 2,143 2,124 1,934 1,660 2,599 3,920 2,892 1,968 25,809 20,114 17,599 14,881 20,695 15,785 26,574 23,292 26,655 31,147 22,244 22,023 63,784 65,453 54,204 47,592 64,276 55,121 July ■ 80,051 77,154 78,296 91,026 November -— 65,004 62,015 Total, li)16 1917 205,449 10,788 6,413 11,111 7,601 7,. 550 7,258 8,. 361 4,G28 7,274 11,329 15,823 9,175 11,777 496 544 895 598 465 476 553 405 1,261 1,158 1,704 1,404 52, SCO 2,095 1,701 1,143 1,154 1,755 2,137 1,305 849 1,035 2,551 2,014 2,019 79,209 7,322 2,763 4,203 4,420 1,742 3,798 9,156 9,312 14,523 30,647 18,332 9,02)0 123,141 15,144 14,402 14,235 13,263 5,379 2,578 4,171 3,776 10,313 13,966 17,861 12,765 27,486 1,724 2,108 3,229 2,641 1,235 1,044 1,889 1,424 5,465 6,341 3,892 1,789 27,206 2,625 1,978 2,958 1,862 733 462 821 1,301 3,438 5,908 6,367 5,131 266,818 24,957 15,068 16,874 13,370 8,198 6,852 15,659 13,963 31,267 51,291 47,743 34,595 793,886 65,151 44,977 54,648 44,909 27,057 24,600 July 41,915 35,658 September 74,576 123,161 113,736 75,898 Total, 1917— 107,311 9,959 19,758 115,233 127,823 32,781 33,584 279,837 726,28e CATTLE. Cattle: Number and Value on Farms in the United States, 1S67-1918. Note. — Figiares in italics are census returns ; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agriculture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910, giving' numbers as of April 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers June 1. Milch cows . Number. Price per head Jan. 1. Farm value Jan. 1. Other cattle. Number. Price per head Jan. 1. Farm vnlue Jan. 1. 1867 1868 1869 1870 1S70, census, June 1. 8,349,000 8,692,000 9,248,000 10,096,000 8,9S5,S32 $28.74 26.66 29.15 32.70 $239,947,000 230,817,000 269,610,000 330,175,000 11,731,000 $15.79 $185,254,000 11,942,000 15.06 179,888,000 12,185,000 18.73 228,183,000 15,388,000 18.87 290,401,000 1S,5C6,005 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 587 CATTLE— Continued. Cattle: Number and value on farms in the United States, 1867-1918.— Continued. Jan. 1— Milch cows. 1S71 1S72 1S73 1S74 1875 1S7G 1877 1S7S 1879 1880 ISSO, ctnaus, June 1-- 1881 1883 1883 1884 18S5 1886 1S87 1888 1889 189'3' 7S!W, ccnsaa, June 1--. ISftl -. 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898- 1899 1900 JHOO, census, Jane 1-- 19011 1902 1903 1904 urn 1906! 1907 1908 1909 1910 iOlO, census, April I'l- 19111 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 Number. Pries per head Jan. 1. Farm value Jan. 1. Other cattle. Number Price per head J'an. 1— Farm value J'an. 1. 10,023,000 10,304,000 10,576,000 10,705,000 10,907,000 11,085,000 11,261,000 11,300,000 11,826,000 12,027,000 12,J,J,S,1Z0 12,309,000 12,612,000 13, 126,000 13,501,000, 13,C0'5,00O 14,2.35,000 14,522,000 14,856,000 15,299,000 15,953,000 16,511,950 16,020,000 16,416,000 16,424,000 16,487,000 16,505,000 16,138,000 15,942,000 15,841,000 15,990,000 16,202,000 17,135,633 16,8.34,000 16,697,000 17,105,000 17,420,000 17,572,000 19,794,000 20,968,000 21,194,000 21,720,000 21,801,000 20,()25,-i32 20,823,000 20,699,000 20,497,000 20,737,000 21,262,000 2-2,108,000 22,894,000 23,284,000 33.89 29.45 26.72 25.63 25.74 25.61 25.47 25.74 21.71 23.27 23.96 25. S9 30.21 31.37 29.70 27.40 26.08 24.65 23.94 22.14 21.62 21.40 21.75 21.77 21.97 22.55 23.16 27.45 29.66 31.60 30.00 29.23 30.21 29.21 27.44 29.44 31.00 30.67 32.36 35.29 39.97 39.39 45.02 53.94 55.33 53.92 59.63 70.59 339,701,000 303,438,000 282,559,000 274,326,000 280,701,000 283,879,000 286,778,000 290,838,000 256,721,000 279,899,000 296,^77,000 32^,489,000 396,575,000 423,487,000 412,903,000 389,986,000 378,790,000 366,252,000 366,226,000 353,152,000 346,398,000 351,378,000 357,300,000 358,999,000 362.602,000 363,956,000 369,240,000 434,814,000 474,234,000 ■514,812,000 505,093,000 488,1.30,000 516,712,000 508,841,000 482,272,000 582,789,000 645,497,000 650,057,000 702,945,000 727,802,000 832,209,000 815,414,000 922,783,000 1,118,487,000 1,176,338,000 1,191,955,000 1,365,251,000 1,643,639,000 16,212,000 16,390,000 16,414,000 16,218,000 16,313,000 16,785,000 17,956,000 19,223,000 21,408,000 21,231,000 22, m, 550 20,999,000 23,280,000 28,046,000 29,046,000 29,867,000 31,275,000 33,. 512, 000 .34,. 378, 000 35,032,000 36,849,000 33,73J,,1&8 36,876,000 37,6-51,000 .35,954,000 .36,608,000 34,364,000 32,085,000 30,508,000 29,264,000 27,094,000 27,610,000 50,585,777 45,500,000 44,728,000 44,6.59,000 43,629.000 43,669,000 47,068,000 51,566,000 .50, 073, 000 49,379,000 47,279,000 Jil,178,m 39,679,000 37,260,000 36,030.000 .35,865,000 37,067,000 39,812,000 41,680,000 43,546,000 20.78 336,860,000 18.12 296,932,000 18.06 296,448,000 17.55 284,706,000 16.91 275,872,000 17.00 285,387,000 15.09 287,156,000 16.72 321,346,000 15.38 329,254,000 16.10 341,761,000 17.33 362,862,000 19.89 463,070,000 21.81 611,549,000 23.52; 683,229,000 23.25 694,383,000 21.17 661,956,000 19.79 663,138,000 17.79 611,751,000 17.05 597,237,000 15.21 560,625,000 14.76 544,128,000 15.16 570,749,000 15.24 547,882,000 14.66 536,790,000 14.06 482,99g',000 15.86 508,928,000 16.65 507,929,000 20.92 612,297,000 22.79 637,931,000 24.97 689,486,000 19.93 906,644,000 18.76 839,126,000 18.45 824,055,000 7« QO •712.178,000 15.15 661,571,000 15.85 746,172,000 17.15 81,557,000 16.89 845,938,000 17.49 863,754,000 19.07 785,261,000 20.54 815.184,000 21.20 790,064,000 26.. 36 949.645.000 31.13 1,116,333,000 33.38 1,237,376,000 33.53 1,334,928,000 35.92 1,497,621,000 40.88 780,052,000 , Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data. 58S IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CATTLE— Continued. Cattle: Number and Value on Farms Jan. 1, 1917 and 1918, by States. State. Milch cows. Number (thousands; Jan. 1— Average price per head Jan. 1 — Farm value (thousands of dollars) J'an. 1— 1917 1918 1917 Other cattle. Number Average [thousands) Price per Jan. 1- ^liead Jan. 1— rarni value (thousands of ioUars) J'an. 1^ 1918 1917 1918 1917 Maine NewHampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island. Connecticut... New York New Jersey... Pennsylvania. Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia. Florida.. Ohio Indiana. IlLnois-. Michigan.. Wisconsin. Minnesota. Iowa Missouri.. - North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee.- Alabama... Mississippi. Louisiana.. Texas Oklahoma. Arkansas- Montana... Wyoming.. Colorado-- New Mexico. Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington. Oregon California- United States 170 163 102 9S 295 281 15t 160 21 22 110 121 1,524 1,539 152 155 900 980 43 43 ISl 183 377 373 245 245 309 315 193 189 ■4SS' 418 145 141 94C 950 713 7O0 1,057 1,057 874 866 1,785 1,750 1,328 1,302 1,405 1,40.1 910 875 434 425 556 524 703 676 945 90O 435 41S 373 366 433 405 508 475 324 soo 1,128 1,175 662 535 425 405 179 160 64 60 254 237 88 85 87 81 96 91 28 26 139 135 266 263 227 225 597 591 23,284 22,S&4 $75.00 $58.00 $12,750 85.00 66.50 8,670 70.00 03.50 22,420 90.00 75.00 13,860 90.00 77.00 1,S90 85.00 73.50 9,860 85.00 66.00 129,540 90.00 76.00 13,680 75.00 62.50 72,000 64.00 56.00 2,752 69.50 58.00 12,580 57.00 46.50 21,489 61.50 53.50 15,068 51.00 39.00 15,759 57.50 40.00 11,098 51. SO S7.00 22,583 58.00 43.00 7,685 74.00 OilM 69,560 70.00 58.50 49,910 80.50 68.00 85,088 74.00 61.50 64,676 75.00 65.00 133,875 70. CO 58.00 92,960 76.70 66.50 107,764 69.70 58.50 63,427 69.00 61.50 29,946 75.00' 67.00 41,625 78.50 68.00 55,186 75.40 64.50 71,258 61.00 49.50 26,535 55.00' 47.. 50 47.50 49.50 37.50 67.70 56.00 S3. 50 SS. 00 82.00 72:. OO 85.00 73.50 85.00 73.00 70.00 60.00 72.50 70.59 43.00 36.50 38.00 42.00 54.50 60.00 44.00 79.00 81.50 73.50 68.00 85.00 61.00 76.00 68.50 59.50 55.00 67.00 59.63 20,515 20,568 24,13( 16,038 64,860 38,047 23,800 14,&46 5,632 20,828 6,336 7,395 7,056 2,3S0 10,147 18,620 13,620 43,282 1,643,639 $9,454 6,517 17,562 12,000 1,694 8,894 101,574 11,780 61,2.50 2,408 10,614 17,344 13,108 12,285 7,560 15,466 6,063 57,00(1 41,301 71,876 53,198 113,750 75,516 93,432 51,188 26,138 35,108 45,968 58,050 20,691 15,738 14,782 18,050 12,600 64,038 32,100 17,820 12,640 4,890 17,420 5,780 6,885 5,551 1,976 8,572 15,648 12,3175 39,597 1,365,251 127 71 189 97 12 78 1,005 74 717 23 134 510 373 375 232 755 891 954 757 1,314 7X 1,394 1,54( 2,111c l,7Si 650 1,438 2,803 2,354 581 554 668 64 ■! 578 4,660 1,404 638 960 891 1,272 1,179 1,037 457 517 488 294 683 1,701 (3,546 73 939 ■ 74 664 21 125 4S6 360 364 215 686 865 900 735 1,251 730 1,34C 1,40( 2,754 1,650 '650 1,250 2,525 2,200 5i70 528 5.54 575 525 5,482 $37.60 40.00 '33.40 37.30 39.70 41.00 38.30 41.60 36.80 35.80 38.90 37.70 44.80 24.80 25.60 22.20 22.20 43.70 45.00 49.70 35.90 33.30 31.40 47.90 47.60 41.60 49.80 49.30 49.30 39.00 30.10 20.40 21.90 24.20 34.40 1,300 43.90 560 24.90 1,000 56.10 825 50.10 1,200 50.20 1,145 41.90 864 40.. 50 408 43.90 470 46.30 465 280 610 1,636 41,689 44.70 36.00 39.50 42.10 40.88 $27.90 31.60 25.70 29.60 31.30 30.80 31.00 S4.0O 30.80 31.90 32.20 31.80 38.70 19.40 18.30 16.20 16.50 36.40 39.00 43.30 30.20 29.80 26.50 43.20 40.90 38.20 43.70 44.30 43.10 33.70 25.50 14.70 16.40 20.00 32.60 38.90 19.20 53.10 52'.70 44.70 39.70 37.30 34.90 39.50 38.60 30.40 37.30 38.10 35.92 1 4,775 2,840 6,313 3,618 476 3,198 38,492 3,078 26.3S6 823 5,213 19,227 16,710 9,300 5,939 16,761 19,780 41,690 34,065 65,306 26,997 46,420 48,356 139,820 84,823 27,040 71,612 138,188 116,052 22,659 16,675 13,627 14,104 13,9SS 160,304 61,636 15,886 54,978 52,058 68.854 49,400 41,998 20,062 23,9'37 21,814 10,584 26,978 71,612 1,780,052 1,497,621 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 5S9 SWINE. Swine: Number and Value on Farms in the United States, 1867-191S. Note. — Figures in italics are census returns ; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agriculture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the publislied numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910, giving numbers as of April 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers June 1. Jan. l- Number. Price per heud Jan. 1. Farm value Jan. 1, Price per head Jan. 1. Farm value Jan. 1. 18G7 1S68 1860 — . 1870 XS70, coisut June 1-. 1871 1872 1873. 1874. 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1880, censui, June 1-- 18S1- 1882- 1883-, 1884. 1885. 1S86-. 1887- 1889 1890 18W, CCHAiis June 1-- 1891- 24,694,000 24,317,000 23,316,000' 20,751,000 25,m,5G9 29,458,000 31,796,000 32,632,000 30,861,000 28,062,000' 25,727,000 2S,O77,0(JO 32,262,000 34,766,000 34,034,000 J,7,6S1,70U 36,248,000' 44,122,000 43,270,0(10 44,201,000 45,143,000 46,092,000 44,613,000 44,347,000 50,302,000 51,603,000 57, m, 583 50,625,000 $4.03 3.29 4.65 5.80 5.61 4.01 3.67 S.9S 4.80 6.00 5.66 4.85 3.18 4.28 4.70 5.97 6.75 5.57 5.02 4.26 4.48 4.98 5.7!) 4.72 $99,637,000 89,076,000 108,431,000 155,108,000 ia5,.312,C00 127,453,000 119,632,000 122,695,000 134,581,000 154,251,000 158,873,000 156,577,000 110,. 508,000 145,782,000 170,535,000 263,543,000 291,951,000 246,301,000 226,402,000 1B6,, 570,000 200,043,000 220,811,000 291,307,000 243,418,000 210,194,000 1SB2 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 WOO, ceiisuti June i-- 19011 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 ISOS 1909 1910 I'JIO. cetuy. o April 13— 19111 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 52,398,000 46,095,000 45,206,000 44,166,000 42,843,000 40,600,000 39,760,000 38,652,000 37,079,000 C2,SGS,0U 56,983,000 48,699,000 46,923,000 47,009,000 47,321,0-00 .52,103,000 54,794,000 .56,084,000 5J,147,'0OO 47,782,000 58,185,676 65,620,000 65,410,000 61,178,000 58,933,000 64,618,000 67,766,000 67,f;03,00O 71,374,000 $4.60 6..41 5.98 4.97 4.. 35 4.10 4.39 4.40 5.00 6.20 7.03 7.78 6.15 5.99 6.18 7.62 6.05 6.55 9.17 9.37 8.00 9.86 10.40 9.87 8.40 11.75 19.51 $241,031,000 2i>5,426,000 270,385,000 219,501,000 180,530,000 160,273,000 174,351,000 170,110,000 185,472,000 353,012,000 342,121,000 304,974,000 289,225,000 28.3,255,000 321,803,000 417,791,000 339,030,000 354,794,000 533,309,000 615,170,000 523,328,000 603,109,000 612,951,000 637,479,000 560,573,000 792,898,000 1,392,276,000 iEstiirif.ites of numbers revistd, based on census data. 580 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SWINE— Continued. Swine: Number and Value on Farms Jan. 1, 1917 and 1918, by States. State. Number (thou- sands) Jan. 1— Average price per head J'an. 1— Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts _._ Rhode Island — Connecticut . New York ... New Jersey -. Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virg-inia West Virginia .. North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Ohio ... Indiana Illinois Michigan . Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri ._ North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama . Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana . Wyoming Colorado . New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California . United States Farm value (tlion- sands of dollars) . Jan. 1— 100 56 120 113 IC 64 842 174 1,291 C4 sss 1,105 422' 1,464 966 2,766 1,375 3,774 4,16S 5,111 1,372 2,019 2,241 10,307 4,708 507 1,504 4,200 2,560 1,716 1,634 2,12S l,e02 1,568 3,068 1,219 1,643 215 54 356 86 64 102 S7 219 283 309 974 71,374 1918 1917 1918 100 $23.00 53 25.00 113 22.20 112 23.00 14 2o.00 58 26.00 759 23.60 163 26.20 174 22.30 58 17.00 359 1,023 380 1,450 920 2,585 1,100 3,527 3,970 4,444 1,345 2,060 2,075 9,370 4,280 650 1,432 4,200 2,535 1,CS9 1,485 1,850 1,698 1,584 3,229 1,325 1,550 269 60 352 101 SO 101 37 292 283 315 994 67,503 16.00 13.90 16.00 17.10 15.50 14.50 10.60 20.50 20.20 22.00 19.80 22.30 23.50 24.20 18.50 20.80 23.50 24.40 21.00 14.50 15.00 14.50 15.00 13.60 14.10 17.00 13.50 20.50 20.50 20.00 15.70 18.00 20.00 19.00 19.00 20.00 17.50 17.50 19.51 $10.60 15.60 13.00 15.00 14.50 17.50 14.70 17.00 13.90 11.60 11.50 9.20 10.00 9.70 9.50 9.00 6.50 12.20 11.50 13.70 12.40 14.30 14.50 14.70 10.00 13.00 15.. 50 14. CO 12.30 8.90 8.40 8.50 7.50 9.20 9.50 10.20 8.20 12.00 11.20 12.00 10.50 13.00 10.50 11.00 10.40 11.10 10.00 10.10 11.75 $2,300 1,4U0 2,664 2,599 400 1,664 19,871 4,559 28,789 1,088 6,208 15,300 6,752 25,034 14,973 40,107 14,575 77,367 84,194 112,442 27,166 45,024 52,664 249,429 87,098 10,546 35,344 102, .(SO 53,760 24,882 24,510 30,856 28,.580 21,325 43,259 20,723 22,180 4,408 1,107 7,120 1,350 1,152 2,040 703 4,161 5,600 5,408 17,ti45 1,392,2.'G 1917 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL Y'EAR BOOK— PART XI 591 SHEEP AND WOOL. Sheep: Number and Value on Farms in the United States, 1867-191S. Note. — Figures in italics are census returns ; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agriculture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910, giving numbers as of April 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers June 1. Year. Number. rnce per head Jan. 1. Farm value Jan. 1— Year. Number. per held ^^^^ ^'^^^^ Jan. 1. 'fao- 1' 1867 1868 1869 1870 18 !0, census, June 1-. 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879^ .. 1880 ISSO, cevsius June 1-. 1881 1882 1883 1SS4 188.5 1886 1SS7 1888 1889 1890 IS'M, census June ]-- 1891 89,385,000 38,992,000 37,724,000 40,853,000 28,1,111,051 31,851,000 31,679,000 32.002,000 33,938,000 33,784,000 35,93.5,000 35,804,000 35,740,000 38,124,000 40,766,000 35, 935, 35 Jf 43,570,000 45,016,000 49,237,000 50,627,000 50,360,000 48,322,000 44,759,000 43,545,000 42,599',000 44,330,000 35,935,361, 43,431,000 $2'. 50 1.82 1.64 1.96 2.14 2.61 2.71 2.43 2.55 2.37 2.13 2.21 2.07 2.21 2.39 2.37 2.53 2.37 2.14 1.91 2.01 2.0'> 2.13 2.27 $98,644,000 71,053,000 62,037,000 79,876,000 68,310,000 82,768,000 89,427,000 82,353,000 86,278,000 85,121,000 76,362,000 78,898,000 78,9165,000 90,231,000 104,071,000 106,596,000 124,366,000 119,903,000 107,961,000 92,444,000 89,873,000 89,280,000 90,640,000 100',66O,O0O 108,397,000 1892 1893 1894 1895 1895 1897 1898 :S99 1900 I'.mo, census. June 1.. 1901' 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 .. 3908 1909 1910 1910, census. April 15. 1911' 1012 -_ 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 44,938,000 47,274,000 45,048,000 42,294,000 38,299,000 36,819,0TO 37,657,000 39,114,000' 41,883,000 61,503,713 59,757,000 62,039,000 63,965,000 51,630,000 45,170,000 50', 632,000 53,240,000 54,631,000 56,084,000 57,216,000 52,U7,861 53,633,000 52,362',000 51,482,000 49,719,000 49,956,000 48,625,000 47,616,000 48,900,000' $2.58 2.66 1.98 1.58 1.70 1.82 2.46 2.75 2.93 2.98 2.65 2.63 2. 59 2.82 3.54 3.84 3.88 3.43 4.12 3.91 3.46 3.94 4.02 4.50 5.17 7.13 11.83 $116,121,000 125,909,000 89,186,000 66,086,000 65,168,000 67,021,000 92,721,000 107,698,000 122,666,000 178,072,000 164,446,000 168,316,000 133,530,000 127,332,000 179,056,000 204,210,000 211,736,000 192.632,000 216,030,000 209,535,000 181,170,000 202,779,000 200,045,000 224,687,000 2.^1,594,000 339,529,000 577,867,000 , Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data. 622 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE SHEEP AND WOOL— Continued. Sheep: Numbei- and Value on Farms Jan. 1, 1917 and 191S, by States. State, Number (thou- sands) Jan. 1 — Jan. 1— Average price per head J'an. 1— Farm value (thou- sands of dollars) . Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island ConnEcticut _ New York .. New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia - North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Ohio — Indiana Illinois Michigan - Wisconsin Slinnesota Iowa -—'.. Missouri . North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama . Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana - Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California - United States 1917 163 37 106 28 6 20 840 26 913 10 234 686 751 137 31 144 120 3,«91 908 1,926 651 568 1,224 1,466 252 750 408 418 1,270 6CG 131 174 209 2,188 208 119 3,045 4,100 2,086 3,135 1,550 2,340 1,630 3,202 661 2,448 2,776 48,900 1917 157 35 lOO 25 5 18 800 29 830 8 223 686 715 140 30 150 119 2,944 950 1,834 645 541 1,200 1,370 240 623 381 348 1,155 600 121 193 240 2,328 104 124 3,500 4,100 1,950 3,300 1,6.'32 2,089 1,455 3,170 585 2,400 2,524 47,616 $9.40 10.60 11.60 10.30 9.50 11.40 13.20 10.90 11.70 9.00 9.80 10.50 11.20 6.60 4.60 4.20 3.40 11.00 12.80 12.90 12.60 11.90 11.80 13. SO 12.90 11.80 11.60 UAH) 12.00 11.20 8.60 4.50 4.50 4.10 7.50 11.30 7.10 12. CO 13.60 12.60 10.00 10.40 13.60 13.90 13.30 11.40 12.10 11.30 11.82 $6.30 6.70 7.30 6.70 7.20 7.60 8.40 7.20 7.10 5.90 6.60 6.50 6.60 3.90 3.20 2.80 2.70 7.20 8.20 8.20 7.80 7.50 7.60 8.80 7.70 7.40 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.10 5.80 3.20 3.00 2.90 4.40 6.30 3.90' 7.10 7.60 7.50 5.80 6.30 7.90 S.20 8.20 7.10 8.10 6.70 7.13 $1,532 392 1,230 288 57 228 11,088 283 10,682 90 2,293 7,203 8,411 904 143 605 408 35,856 12,774 12,745 24,268 7,747 6,702 16,891 18,911 2,074 8,700 4,488 5,016 14,224 5,212 590 783 857 16,410 2,350 1,0C8 38,367 55,760 26,284 31,350 16,120 31,824 22,657 42,587 7,535 29,621 31,369 577,867 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 593 SHEEP AND WOOL— Continued. Wool: Product by States, 1916 and .1917. [Estimate of U. S. Department of Agriculture.] Fleeces (0(K> omitted). Weight per fltece. 1 Wool produc- Price per pound. State. tion 0^ 33 28 31 37 38 New Hampsiiirs _. Vermont - _._ Massactiusetts Rhode Island Connecticut .. ... 25 75 3,5.50 80 4,225 30 7c0 2,750 3,125 13,6.oO 8,275 4,420 3,855 2,510 2,695 4,875 4,6125 29 New York New Jersey i5 65 32 53 Pennsylvania Delaware _ 42 28 40 37 37 46 47 42 37 41 37 39 37 62 28 33 Maryland . 65 68 59 67 65 61 58 62 50 56 60 29 30 31 31 31 30 27 28 27 28 28 36 35 33 34 34 34 32 32 28 30 ei West Virg-ina ._ Kentucky Ohio - - Michigan Indiana . Illinois . .__ Wisconsin Minnesota - Iowa Missouri Total 8,871 405 146 24 157 127 106 149 156 78 423 9,042 380 133 25 165 111 100 ■135 1.59 80 425 6.95 4.6 3.8 4.0 2.9 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.6 4.5 4.2 6.77 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.0 3.1 3.5 4.0 3.7 4.4 4.4 €1,690 1,8612 553 95 455 355 350 491 i^eo 3.50 1,776 6,847 l,4.iO 1,922 3,738 1,418 23,342 80,380 15,000 4,988 13, 2W 12,180 10,200 15,600 8,820 5,8.31 18,422 10,045 500 61,2.-5 1,900 £70 95 495 345 350 '540 590 3.50 1,870 42.1 42 36 29 28 26" 27 27 28 35 62.4 615 55 46 49 62 38 37 36 43 50 29.7 29 26 22 25 21 21 16 22 26 33 0 35 North Carolina -- South Carolna GEorgia - - 29 28 27 Florida -- - — 27 24 Mississippi Louisiana - _ 24 18 Arkansas . __ - . 21 Tennessee 28 Total 1,771 191 256 512 192 3,071 3,705 1,974 594 1,610 1,740 1,397 2,0.53 1,378 897 3,176 1,435 77 r 1,713 185 229 475 180 3,150 3,647 2,055 594 1,630 1,812 1,333 2,083 1,400 915 3,200 1,464 75 3.87 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.6 8.2 7.6 8.4 8.2 7.0 7.3 7.6 6.4 6.5 5.8 7.0 6.5 4.15 7.2 8.0 7.5 7.5 7.8 8.5 7.3 8.0 8.1 6.4 7.5 7.2 6.0 6.5 5.7 7.0 6.7 7,105 l,a30 1,830 3,560 1,3.50 24,570 31,000 15,000 4,750 13,200 11,600 10,000 15,000 8,400 5.950 18,240 10,250 50O 34.4 51.9 25.0 22 27 ■ 23 24 30 23 27 24 27 22 22 26 26 25 22 21 22 28.2 Kansas 43 38 33 42 41 41 38 40 38 37 36 38 37 33 27 36 54' 50 SO 55 60 56 54 53 50 47 49" 47 44 28 South Dakota North Dakota Montana '29 29 29 Wyoming 28 28 Washington Or°gon .. _- _ _ 27 California -_ N°vai3a -- - -- 20 Utah — 24 26 Arizona New Mexico 24 25 Oklahoma 25 Total 24,258 34,900 24,427 35,182 7.30 7.04 7.23 6.96 177,036 245,573 176, .5.30 244,890 38.0 39.0 52.1 U.9 24.8 26.0 26.3 United States— 28.3 40,000 ■'85 573 43,600 9sa iQa 38 594 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUTTER AND EGGS. Butter: Average Price Received by Farmers on First of Each Month, by States, 1917. State and division. Butter cents per pound. u, t-< f^ ^ ^• ^ ^ ,Q ,o a p C3 n >. a "3 5 o. O S o o >? S S < ^ It. 1-5 > OS s •s P. < a a 1-3 3 p ft o 8 D a CD > O ^5 1 Mains - - ' 46 4y 45 ES £6 £2 48 49 44 43 41 37 41 321 34 34 40 40 3S SS SS Sd 35 35 34 37 36 ' 83 33 35 35 32 33 S3 32 34 33 £0 SO 44 43 58 42 43 46 44 40 41 43 46 42 49 49 51 45 50 42 35 38 35 37 31 31 29 35 38 34 36 38 37 35 36 34 37 34 32 32 34 32 28 30 29 28 31 28 47 48 39 37 43 41 44 43 41 37 38 43 42 44 47 47 45 43 46 40 35 33 36 29 29 30 35 36 33 35 37 36 34 33 31 36 33 31 29 32 30 27 29 28 26 28 2S 41 41 32 35 35 34 42 38 33 31 31 31 31 29 34 30 31 32 28 30 27 24 24 21 22 21 25 26 25 26 37 26 26 25 25 27 24 24 25 23 22 21 21 23 21 22 22 31 32 25 28 32 25 30 30 28 27 27 34 39 33 40 41 36 34 35 33 33 30 29 31 2S 25 26 30 31 30 31 31 30 29 30 30 27 29 29 29 28 27 25 27 25 27 27 26 29 33 32 31 34 29 31 32 33 31 30 37 39 36 43 42 42 36 37 34 37 32 30 31 27 28 28 29 33 33 31 33 31 31 31 30 29 f 30 30 29 28 25 26 27 25 27 25 31 33 32 32 38 30 36 31 32 30 32 35 39 36 43 41 39 36 29 34 32 so' SO 32 28 29 27 30 30 28 28 29 28 28 27 26 27 27 25 26 26 25 25 25 25 24 26 25 34 Si 31 33 42 SO 39 31 SS 29 32 38 43 37 47 42 45 38 42 36 oS 32 29 33 26 27 27 S3 33 30 30 32 31 29 28 26 26 28 26 25 27 24 24 24 26 23 23 22 34 37 S3 37 41 30 41 33 36 S3 S4 46 49 44 55 48 54 46 47 40 38 35 32 33 29 30 31 34 36 33 32 36 33 32 32 29 29 31 29 29 27 27 27 26 28 25 ~26 25 39 40 38 38 '"36 48 36 41 34 40 50 51 46 58 58 50 £0 50 44 45 39 38 38 35 35 36 40 39 37 37 38 37 35 34 34 32 34 33 34 33 S3 31 31 31 32 31 31 41 42 42 38 52 38 41 41 43 39 45 SI 52 48 65 61 62 50 55 47 CO 40 40 42 38 41 41 44 41 38 38 40 37 36 35 34 35 36 34 35 35 34 35 34 37 37 34 35 45 48 42 41 60 43 55 43 50 45 50 5« New Hampshire-— -. _. . 60 Vermont Massachusetts 49 65 Rhode Island-- - 60 Connscticut _„ 70 New York . 50 New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware 60 51 55 Maryland Virginia - -_ _- 48 41 West Virginia North Carolina- 44 40 South Carolina--- -_- -- 44 Georgia- - — 43 rioriiia - 46 Ohio - - - 46 Indiana 43 42 43 40 38 Iowa Missouri -- ----- 30 39 Noith Dakota South Dakota - - 39 37 37 Kansas - - 38 Kentucky _ -- ._ -_ 39 Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana 39 37 37 41 Texas 40 39 37 52 Wyoming Colorado.. .- --- - 53 46 48 Arizona Utah 54 4b 58 50 Washington 53 50 53 United States 37.7 47.4 36.9 38.2 34.2 33.3 42.8 35.8 44.6 33.8 36.6 34.1 30.0 39.5 33.8 42.5 32.3 .^->.3 31.6 28.4 32.8 25.9 30.1 23.5 27.5 25.0 21.8 27.4 30.0 34.4 28.1 .30.7 29.5 26.8 30.9 31.1 36.3 29.3 32.2 30.3 26.4 31.7 28.3 36.2 24.6 28.7 26.5 25.0 31.9 29.8 38.6 29.5 31.2 26.8 24.0 34.0 33.2 44.9 32.0 34.0 30.3 26.1 38.7 37.4 48.7 37.4 37.7 34.0 31.9 42.9 39.4 51.0 40.7 39.0 34.8 35.3 47.4 43.3 55.e 44.1 N. Central E. Miss. B.— N. Central W. Miss. K.- 43. 1 38.4 38.8 Far Western 51.2 596 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CHICKENS'. Chickens : Average Price Received by Farmers on First of Each Month, by States, 1917. Chicke n, cents per pouna. State and division. D a a Pa 03 3 t-. J3 C3 2 ft < 1 o 3 U 3 < s p. 1.^ .Q O O a o > o 55 i 16.2 19.5 15.2 21.0 21.0 20.2 17.2 19.6 15.9 16.0 17.3 15.8 14.5 13.8 14.5 14.0 IS. 5 14.2 14.1 13.6 13.6 13.1 12.2 13.9 13.1 10.5 12.0 12.1 12.1 13.1 12.8 13.4 12.8 17.0 12.4 12.3 11.8 14.5 16.0 13.4 13.1 19.5 13.4 20.0 13.0 14.4 13.5 16.8 17.0 20.0 17.4 21.0 20.5 20. S 18. S 21.0 16.4 17.0 IS. 4 16.5 14. S 13.9 14.4 14.1 19.3 15.5 15.0 14.7 14.8 13.5 12.7 14.2 14.1 12.2 12.8 W.O 13.9 14.3 13.9 13,2 13.4 16.1 12.2 12.6 11.5 15.1 15.5 13.9 15.2 21.1 14.1 22.5 12.3 14.3 13.5 18.3 18.0 19.0 15. C 23.0 22.0 20.5 19.0 21.4 17.9 18.8 17.4 16.0 14. G 14.7 15.0 19.4 16.5 16.2 15.8 15.9 15.1 13.4 14.9 15.2 11.4 12.2 13.8 14.1 15.5 15.1 13.7 13.9 15.7 12.8 13.7 12.6 16.5 17.4 14.4 15.4 18.8 15.6 21.4 13.0 15.2 15.0 17.5 18.0 20.4 17.5 24.0 23.0 20.7 19.3 21.3 18.8 20.0 19.5 16.9 15.8 15.2 15.3 15.5 19.6 17.7 16.8 16.8 15.9 15.8 13.5 15.2 16.0 12.7 13.8 14.4 14.9 16.4 16.7 13.3 15.1 16.8 13.2 14.4 13.9 16.4 19.4 14.9 15.6 21.0 15.1 23.2 14.4 17.0 15.8 18.7 19.4 20.0 17.5 25.0 29.5 24.0 20.3 22.2 20.2 25.0 22.2 19.2 18.1 16.0 15.0 17.3 20.4 18.7 18.5 18.1 18.1 17.0 15.2 16.2 17.7 13.6 14.5 15.9 16.1 17.8 17.7 15.5 15.9 17.7 15.1 15.9 15.3 IS.O IS.S 17.5 15.4 20.8 15.4 22.0 16.0 IS. 4 17.6 19.1 19.1 20.8 19.0 23.0 26.0 23.6 21.0 23.0 20.0 22.0 22.0 18.7 17.8 17.0 17.4 17.1 20.2 18.6 18.1 17.5 18.1 17.5 15.2 16.2 17.1 14.3 14.5 15.7 16.2 17.3 17.8 15.5 16.4 18.9 15.2 16.0 16.2 19.0 20.0 18.6 15.7 22.0 16.6 26.0 16.0 18.0 16.3 17.9 21.0 21.0 17.9 24.4 29.0 23.6 21.1 23.0 19.9 18.0 24.0 19.0 18.3 18.2 16.9 17.7 19.3 17.7 17.5 17.6 18.1 17.5 14.8 15.5 16.6 13.9 13.7 14.8 15.5 17.0 18.1 15.6 16.3 19.8 15.0 16.1 15.5 20.0 17.6 17.S 17.1 24.6 17.6 24.0 15.6 17.8 16.0 18.6 21.2 21.0 19.3 26.0 24.0 24.0 22.0 24.0 20.7 25.0 21.2 20.1 19.8 17.2 17.6 17.2 21.0 18.0 17.0 17.1 17.0 16.5 14.3 15.7 16.3 13.2 13.7 15.3 14.7 17.5 15.8 15.5 16.0 19.0 14.0 15.4 15.4 IS.l 18.8 16.8 19.5 24.0 16.5 22.0 15.6 16.8 16.1 18.9 21.6 21.4 18.6 24.6 24.0 22.7 25.0 21.2 23.0 21.8 19.2 19.4 17.6 16.6 18.0 19.8 18.2 17.5 17.4 17.8 17.0 14.9 15.9 16.3 13.8 15.7 10.0 14.9 16.5 16.0 14.7 15.3 19.0 14.2 14.4 14.9 21.1 17.6 17.8 18.0 21.0 16.0 17.5 15.8 19.4- 20.9 21.0 20.3 26.0 25.3 24.2 21.9 25.6 21.0 23.0 24.7 20.5 19.5 18.5 17.0 18.0 22.0 19.8 18.5 18.2 18.2 18.1 15.6 17.0 17.7 14.5 14.6 17.3 16.6 17.8 16.6 16.7 16.2 19.3 14.9 15.2 15.0 19.1 21.3 17.8 23.0 23.5 17.7 22.0 16.5 17.3 17.0 19.3 20.2 21.5 20.0 24.0 26.0 25.1 22.7 25.1 22.3 25.0 22.1 21.5 20.2 18.6 19.0 20.5 22.5 18.0 17.6 17.0. 17.4 16.2 14.1 15.9 16.5 13.0 14.0 14.8 15.7 17.2 16.8 17.4 17.1 20.6 15.5 15.9 15.6 18.4 18.9 18.2 20.4 22.0 18.0 24.2 15.5 18.5 17.8 20.0 19.5 New Hampshirs 22.5 19.5 Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut - — 22.2 24.5 25.0 23.0 New Jersey 24.7 21.0 22.5 21.5 Virginia 21.0 19.5 19.4 19.5 Georgia u PloriiJa -- 20.0 23.0 Ohio- 18.0 16.5 Illinois Michigan 16.6 16.5 15.6 14.2 Iowa Missouri North Dakota - -- 15.6 16.2 12.0 South Dakota 14.5 14.9 15.5 Kentucky 16.8 16.6 18.2 Mississippi 17.5 20.0 Texas. 15.7 Oklahoma - - -- 15.3 17.0 18.0 18.0 Colorado 17.2 19.0 19.5 Utah Nevada— Idaho . 17.5 24.0 16.0 Washington Oregon. .- 17.5 17.0 California. . .. 22.2 13.9 14.7 15.5 16.1 17.5 17.5 17.3 17.1 17.2 18.1 17.7 17.5 17.3 15.1 13.8 12.8 13.0 15.2 18.2 15.5 14.8 13.7 13.2 16.0 19.0 16.1 16.0 14.3 13i.9 16.2 19.6 16.5 16.8 14.9 14.7 17.2 20.9 18.2 18.2 16.2 16.2 18.2 20.9 18.3 18.0 16.1 16.4 17.7 21.1 18.7 17.7 15.5 16.4 18.0 21.9 19.0 17.2 15.3 15.7 17.8 22.3 IS.S 17.6 15.5 15.4 18.2 22.1 19.7 18.6 16.8 16.2 18.6 22.7 20.6 17.3 15.5 16.7 19.0 22.1 South Atlantic 20.4 N. Central W. Miss. R.- 16.8 15.3 16.8 Far Western 19.4 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 597 Number of Persons Engaged in Agriculture in Various Countries. Country.. Year. United States Algeria Argentina Australia Austria -Hungary Belgium Holivia British India British North BornEO-- Jiulgaria Canada Ceylon Chile Cuba Cyprus Denmark Egypt Federated Malay States Finland Formosa France Germany Greece Grenada Italy Jamaica Malta and Gozo Mauritius Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippine Islands Porto Rico Portugal Russia: In Europe In Asia Total St. Lucia Serbia Sierra Leone Spain Sweden vSwitzerland Trinidad and Tobasjo-. Union of South Africa- United Kingdom 1910 ISSl 1S95 ISOl 190O 1900 1900 1901 1901 1905 1901 lEOl itxyr 1S07 1901 1911 1907 1901 1900 190.5- 1906 1907 1907 1901 1901 1911 1901 1901 1&99 1911 1910 1903 1899 1900 1897 1897 1897 1901 190O 1901 1900 If'OO 1900 1901 1904 1901 Males. Females. 10,582,039 636,078 318,149 377,626 8,185,250 ?33,665 63,020,365 895,206 707, 9 W 745,074 448,546 364,821 33,611 386,016 2,258,005 115,027 321,538 763.456 5,452,392 5,146,723 321,120 8,816 6,37Q,277 10,235 72,493 490,694 103,644 1,163,777 196,893 1,127,268 13,808,505 2,092,965 15,901,470 311,700 8,705 3,741,730 761,016 392,971 51,744 863,223 2,109,812 35.2 74.8 28.0 29.5 58.5 23.6 67.3 73.3 45.4 65.0 50. S 52.2 62.8 45.7 67.2 28.2 51.4 70.6 41.9 27.7 '47.3 57.1 57.9 13.3 57.1 32.9 28.5 57.8 73.3 65.3 59.6 69.2 60.7 65.5 28.7 58.1 52.4 37.1 54.7 56.3 16.3 1,806,C84 91,602 67,174 39,029 5,935,805 163,707 27,867,210 837,406 8,940 318,5.51 21,877 3,110 2,757 110,169 57,144 52,324 102,008 263,664 3,324,661 4,585,749 6,972 7,722 3.196,063 3,613 5,989 79,584 7,472 90,286 1,868 380',293 1,974,164 105,137 2,079,301 13,524 4,544 775,270 333,264 80,326 25,765 847,057 152,642 22.4 53.7 13.4 11.1 70.3 17.6 66.5 94.9 3.7 65.4 6.2 4.2 20.8 28.5 33.3 82.7 39.6 82.4 43.2 48.3 12.2 49.7 60.S 15.8 38.0 18.4 8.3 8.8 3.9 52.0 38.0 30.5 Total persons en- gaged in agricul- ture. 37.5 50.5 21.7 51.8 53.8 16.1 39.3 77.5 2.9 12,388,623 727,680 385,323 416,656 14,121,055 697,372 564,009 90,893,575 32,892 1,732,612 716,937 1,063,625 470,423 367,921 36,368 496,185 2,315,149 167,351 423,546 1,027,120 8,777,053 9,732,472 328,092 16,538 9,566,340 271,493 13,848 78,482 570,278 111,116 307,528 1.254,063 198,761 1,507,561 15,782,669 2,198,102 17,980,771 15,796 325,224 13,249 4,517,000 1,094,280 473,297 77,509 1,710,280 2,262,454 PART XII Directory of Associations and Organizations Repre- senting Agricultural Interests in Iowa. Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association — President, A. Sykes; Vice President, R. M. Gunn, Buckingliam; Secretary, H. C. Wallace, Des Moines; Treasurer, Clias. Goodwin, Wall Lake. Farmers Grain Dealers' Association — President, S. J. Cottington, Stratford; Vice President, C. H. Nelson, Garner; Secretary, Frank M. Myers, Fort Dodge; Treasurer, G. M. Dyer, Spencer. Iowa Aberdeen Angus Cattle Breeders' Association — President, Milt Tudor, Iowa City; Vice President, W. B. Schunk, Wright; Secretary- Treasurer, Carl A. Rosenfield, Kelly. Iowa Beef Producers' Association — President, George Burge, Mt. Ver- non; Vice President, W. B. Seely, Mt. Pleasant; Secretary, E. B. Thomas, Audubon; Treasurer, C. S. Hechtner, Chariton. Iowa Beekeepers' Association — President, F. Eric Millen, Ames; Vice President, W. S. Walker, Iowa Falls; Secretary-Treasurer, Hamlin B. Miller, Marshalltown. Iowa Department of Agriculture — President, C. E. Cameron, Alta; Vice President, J. P. Mullen, Fonda; Secretary, A. R. Corey, Des Moines; Treas- urer, W. W. Morrow, Afton. Iowa Draft Horse Breeders' Association — President, Wm. Crownover, Hudson; Vice President, Chas. Irvine, Ankeny; Secretary-Treasurer, G. E. O'Brien, Des Moines. Iowa Hampshire Breeders' Association — President, Clayton Messenger, Keswick; Vice President, R. E. Donahue, Cedar Rapids; Secretary- Treasurer, F. F. Silver, Cantrill. Iowa Hereford Breeders' Association — President, R. W. Cassidy, Whit- ing; Vice President, E. A. Kimm, Coon Rapids; Secretary-Treasurer, F. E. Brazie, Harlan. Iowa Park and Forestry Association — President, Euclid Sanders, Iowa City; Vice President, Mrs. C. H. McNider, Mason City; Secretary, G. B. MacDonald, Ames; Treasurer, John Spurrell, Wall Lake. Iowa Sheep Breeders' and Wool Growers' Association — President, V. N. Casady, Douds; Vice President, W. S. Merritt, Seymour; Secretary- Treasurer, V. G. Warner, Bloomfield. Iowa Shorthorn Breeders' Association — President, C. E. Tilton, Ma- quoketa; Vice President, Harry Hopley, Atlantic; Secretary- Treasurer, E. R. Silliman, Colo. 60(i IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Iowa Shkopshire Association— President, Carlos Fawcett, Springdale; Vice President, John Taylor, Ames; Secretary-Treasurer, E. L. Bateman, Nora Springs. Iowa State Highway Commission — Commissioners, H. C. Beard, Mt. Ayr; J. W. Holden, Scranton; S. W. Beyer, Ames; Chief Engineer, Thos. H. MacDonald, Ames. Iowa State Poultry Breeders' Association — President, Joseph Dagle, Richland; Vice President, L. M. Heim, Dubuque; Secretary-Treasurer, V. G. Warner, Bloomfield. Society of Iowa Florists — President, J. T. D. Fulmer, Des Moines; Vice President, John Reardon, Ames; Secretary-Treasurer, Wesley Greene, Des Moines. State Horticultural Society — President, S. A. Beach, Ames; Vice President, C. G. Blodgett, Mt. Pleasant; Secretary, Wesley Greene, Des Moines; Treasurer, F. O. Harrington, Williamsburg. Western Grain Dealers' Association — President, S. W. Wilder, Cedar Rapids; Vice President, O. K. Morrison, South English; Secretary- Treasurer, George A. Wells, Des Moines. INDEX v^.dvertising', state fair — Budg-et for 1917 V Paid to newspapers 86 .'Agriculture, number persons engaged in 597 Agricultural Awards, Iowa state fair 232-23S Agricultural Convention — Address by president 35 Address by Gov. W. L. Harding 113-116 Address by John Cownie 105 Address by John C. Simpson 116-119 Address by J. P. Wallace 109-112 Election of officers 123 Essay by Herman W. Carlson 103 Report of Weather and Crop Service Bureau 107 Alfalfa — Acreage and production in Iowa, by counties 537-539 Map showing production in Iowa 544 Apples — Production in Iowa, by counties 537-539 Production and prices by states 580 Auditing committee, meetings 11, 23 Barley — Acreage and production in Iowa, by counties 529-531 Acreage, production and value in Iowa for ten and twenty-two year periods 554 Acreage, production and value by states 572 Acreage and production in varioiis countries 571 Map showing production in Iowa 536 Total world production 572 Board of agriculture — Meetings 3, 5, 20, 25 Members of 119 Butter, average price by states 594 Cabbage^ diseases of 435 Cameron — Address before agricultural convention 35 Elected president state board of agriculture 123 Cattle- Awards at state fair 179-196 Angus 186, 195 Ayrshire 192 Baby beef 195 Brown Swiss 194 Galloway 1S7 Guernsey 192 Hereford 1S4, 185 Holstein 189 Jersey 191 Polled Durham 188 Red Polled 188 Shorthorn 179-183, 194 602 INDEX Number in Iowa by counties 545-547 Number and value by states 588 Number and value in U. S. from 1867 to 1918 586-587 Chappel, Dr. Geo. M. — Annual report of Weather and Crop Service Bureau 461-523 Report to state agricultural convention 107 Clover seed — acreage and production in Iowa 548-549 Committee meetings — Auditing 11, 23 Credentials 119 Executive 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, IS, 19, 22, 24 Resolutions 21, 122, 162 Contracts — Auto races 8 Auto polo 9 Barrick and Sons 15 Burlington band 13 Decorating buildings 17 Deemer, superintendent of grounds 12 Henry's band 13 Hipprodrome acts 8 Keota band 15 Merry-go-round 9 Pasturing sheep 12 Steel flag pole 19 Thaviu Band 8 Corn — Acreage and production in Iowa, by counties 529-531 Acreage, production and value in Iowa for tin and Iwonty-two- year periods 551 Acreage and production of various countries 559-560 Acreage, production and value by states 560-561 Average price per bushel by states 562 Map showing production in Iowa 532 Total world production 560 Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association-, officers of 598 Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, annual meeting 345-434 Address by Prof. Bliss 405 Address by Joseph P. Cotton 389 Address by Prof. W. A. Cochel 378 Address by Prof. J. M. Evvard 351 Address by Harvey Ingham 393 Address by J. G. Mitchell 413 Address by Frank G. Odell 364 Address by President Sykes 345 Address by Clifford Thorne 419 Address by J. P. Wallace 398 Auditing Committee, report of 413 Banquet 392 Election of officers 408 Resolutions 409 •Secretary's report 411 County fairs — Admission fees 62 Association of, annual meeting 126-162 County and district 46 Financial statement of 50 Number of exhibitors, premiums paid, etc 58 Receipts and disbursements of 58 State laws governing appropriations for 48 INDEX 603 County and District Fair Managers' Association — Tentii annual meeting of 126-162 Address by Luther Aasgaard 127 Address by H. W. Byers 140 Address by F. A. Gatcii 130 Address by E. S. Estel 152 Address by Gov. W. L. Harding- 157 Address by L. H. Pickard . 142 Address by H. H. Rosebrook 144 Address by E. yv. Williams 146 County exhibits, awards at state fair 238 Creameries — Creamery butter 300 Location of in Iowa 322 Statistics of 319 Curtiss, Chas. F., elected to state board of ag'riculture , 124 Dairy Association (see Iowa State Dairy Association) Dairy Commissioner — Report of 281-322 Advantages of dairying 286 Analyses 304 Calf clubs 311 Care of milk cows 314 City milk licenses , 299 Cheese as a substitute for meat 302 Cost of producing- millv 293 Community dairy shows 314 Creamery butter 300 Creamery statistics, number, location, etc 319-320 Financial reports 318 Food charts 287, 288, 289, 290 Ice cream 304 Iowa herds at National Sliow 296 Map showing location of cheese factories 321 Map showing location of creameries 322 Marketing milk 296 Milk inspectors 299 Milk regulations at (''anii) Dodge 298 School programs 315 Weights and measures 307 Eggs- Average price of by states 596 Number dozens produced in Iowa 545-547 Escher, Chas. Jr., elected to state board of agriculture 124 Executive committee, meetings of 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, IS, 19, 22, 24 Farms — Average size of in Iowa 526-5^.8 Number in Iowa, by counties 526-52S Total acreage in state 526-528 Farmers' Grain Dealers' Association, officers 598 Farmers' Institutes, financial reports of 41- 42 Farm -wages, average paid in state 526-528 Fairs, county and district — Attendance ^2- 63 Financial statement 50-^53 Number exhibitors 58-^6J . Receipts and disbursements 54- 57 604 INDEX Fair grounds, Iowa state — Bids on new entrance If, Contract for steel flag- pole IS- I'j Improvements ordered , 13- n Leased to I. N. G 13 Lights 15 Road oil purchased IS Flax— Acreage, production and value in Iowa for ten and twenty-two- year periods 550 Seed, production in Iowa by counties 537-539 Fruit, awards at state fair 238-244 Gardens, number of acres in Iowa 526-528 Hay- Acreage and production in Iowa, by counties 537-533 Acreage, production and value in Iowa for ten and twenty-two- year periods 558 Acreage, production and value by states 579 Map showing production in Iowa 541-542 "Healthy Hogs for Hoover," paper by Ivanhoe Whitted 451 Horses — Awards at state fair 163-179 Belgian 169 Clydesdale 165 Hackney 176 Harness 172 Military 174 Morgan 17r) Percheron ICS Ponies, Hackney 179 Ponies, Shetland 176 Ponies, Welsh 176 Saddle 174 Shire 167 Standardbred ; 174 Number in Iowa, by counties 545-547 Number received at principal markets of country 585 Number and value by states 584 Total number on farms in United States 583 Iowa Aberdeen Angus Cattle Breeders' Association, officers 599 Iowa Beef Producers' Association, officers 599 Iowa Beekeepers' Association 599 Iowa Department Agriculture, itemized financial statement SO- SS Iowa Department Agriculture, ofiicers 599 Iowa Draft Horse Breeders' Association, officers 599 Iowa Hampshire Breeders' Association, officers 599 Iowa Hereford Breeders' Association, officers 599 Iowa Park and Forestry Association, officers 599 Iowa Sheep and Wool Growers' Association, officers 599 Iowa Shorthorn Breeders' Association, officers 599 •Iowa Shropshire Association, officers 60 0 Iowa State Dairy Association, meeting of Address of welcome 323 Address by W. B. Barney 330 Address by Prof. Mortensen 340 Address by Prof. Sammis 334 Address by H. G. Van Pelt 325 Committee on resolutions, report of 344 ■ INDEX 605 Iowa State Fair — Admissions to grandstand 93 Admissions to horse show 93 Advertising S6 Attendance 93 Attractions 86 Balance sheet 102 Cash premiums paid 96- 97 Comparative statement of expenses 91 Condensed statement of fairs 96- 97 Disbursements SI- 87 Equipment 83 Inventory of property and etiuipment 100-102 Insurance 98 IMaintenance grounds and buildings • 82 Miscellaneous expenses S6- 87 Number cattle shown 95 Number exhibitors by departments 94 Number horses shown 94 Number swine shown 95 Premiums paid 90 Premiums paid by departments 90 P^eceipts by departments 90 Repairs 83 Report of Secretary ■ 38-102 Report of Treasurer 98- 99 Summary of speed department 92 Ticket sales 89 Iowa State Highway Commission, officers 600 Iowa State Poultry Breeders' Association, officers 600 Iowa Weather and Crop Service Bureau — Annual report 461-523 Climatology 1917 461 Climate and crop reviews 497-000 Comparative data ^O"? Crop reports 510-512 Crop summaries 515, 516, 518, 520, 522 Isothermal map 4"° Killing frosts 494 Monthly data 493 Monthly summaries 563-492 496 Precipitation map Weather and crop bulletins 500-510 Milk, "By-products for Pork :Making-,"' bullet'n by I'rof. John M. Evvard 458 IMules — Number in Iowa, by counties o45-547 Premiums awarded at state fair l'^9 Oats — Acreage and production in Iowa 529-531 Acreage, production and value in Iowa for ten and twenty-two- year periods ^""^ Acreage and production in various countries 567-568 Acreage, production and value by states ■ 569 Map showing production in Iowa •. . . . 533 Smut and its treatment ■ 445 Total world production 569 Olson, O. A., elected vice president state board of agriculture 123 Orchards, acreage in Iowa 526-528 Pasture, acreage in Iowa, by counties 526-528 606 INDEX - Peaches, production and prices by states 581 Pears, production and prices by states 5S2 Pike, H. L,., elected to state board of agriculture 125 Pop corn, acreage and production in Iowa 548-549 Potatoes^ — Acreage and production in Iowa, Ijy counties •■i37-539 Acreage, production and value in Iowa for ten and twenty-two- year periods 557 Acreage and production of various countries 574 Acreage, production and farm value by states 577 Map showing production in Iowa 543 Total production of world 576 Yield per acre and average price by states 578 Poultry — Average price by states 596 Awards at state fair 218-232 Number grown annually in Iowa, by counties 545-547 Premium list — Amount of money offered 7 Revision of 4 Press reports comment on state fair — Breeder's Gazette 244-265 Iowa Homestead 274-279 Wallaces' Parmer 265-274 Race track, re-surfacing of 12 Reeves, Elmer, elected director state board of agriculture 124 Rye- Acreage and production in Iowa, by counties 537-539 Acreage, production and value in Iowa for ten and twenty-two- year periods 555 Acreage and production by states 574 Acreage and production in various countries 572 (Map showing production in Iowa 540 Total world production 574 Secretary state fair — Elected to office 25 Report to agricultural convention 38 Report to state board of agriculture 25 Sheep — Awards at state fair 210-218 Cheviot 217 Cotswold 212 Dorset 217 Hampshire 213 Lincoln 213 Merino 211 Oxford 21G Rambouillet 212 Shropshire , 214 Southdown 217 Number in Iowa, by counties 545-547 Number shipped in for feeding 545-547 Number and value by states 592 Number and value on farms of United States . .• 591 Sheep shearing contest at state fair 218 Short course, financial statement 42- 45 Silage, tonnage in state by counties 526-523 ■Silos, total number in Iowa, by counties 526-5 28 Society of Iowa Florists, officers 600 INDEX 607 Soil inoculation — Bulletin by Paul E. Brown 43S Conditions necessary 4 44 Cultures for 441 Methods of innoculation 440 When necessary 439 Speed department, state fair program 9-10 Stallion registration 40 State Horticultural Society, officers 600 Sweet corn, acreage and production in Iowa 548-549 Sweet potatoes, acreage, production and value by states 579 Swine — Awards at state fair 19C-210 Berkshire 203 Chester White 201 Duroc Jersey 199-201 Hampshire 204 Mulefoot 207 Poland China 19G-198 Tamworth 209 Yorkshire 208 Number on farms in Iowa, by counties 545-547 Number lost by cholera in 1917 545-547 Number lost by cholera in 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917 550 Number and value on farms in United States 589 Timothy seed, acreage and production in Iowa 548-549 Tow, Cyrus A., elected to state board of agriculture 124 Tractors, number on Iowa farms 526-528 Waste land, acreage of in Iowa 526-52S Weaver, H. O., elected to state board of agriculture 124 Wheat — Acreage and production in Iowa, by counties 529-531 Acreage, production and value in Iowa f'U- ten and twenty-two- year periods 552 Acreage, production and value by states 565-566 Acreage and production in various countries 563-564 Total world production 565 Average price per busliel by states 566-567 Map showing production in Iowa 534-535 Western Grain Dealers' Association, officers 600 Wool — Number pounds clipped in Iowa, by counties 545-547 Production and value by states 593 New York Botanical Garden LItarar 3 5185 00260 8311