1 O 1
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.184 |I6B96
1873 Ic.l
ROBARTS
GRA
ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL LIBRARY
IRISH EMIGRATION
UNITED STATES:
WHAT IT HAS BEEN, AND WHAT IT IS.
Facts and Reflections especially addressed to Irish People
intending to emigrate from their native land ; and
to those living in the large cities of Great
Britain and of the United States.
THE REV. STEPHEN BYRNE, O.S.D.
NEW YORK :
THE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SOCIETY, No. 9 WARREN STREET.
1873-
IMPRIMA TUR,
FR. VINCENTIUS HIGGINS, O.P., FR. ANTONINUS SPENCER, O.P.,
"--'- Ordinis.
582316
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by STEPHEN BYRNE, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C.
Roes & Co., I'KIXTSBS, £7 Ross BTKSET, NJEW YORK.
PREFACE.
IN preparing this work for the perusal of Irish emigrants and their children, there is not the least intention of encouraging more emigration, especially from Ireland, than has already taken place. But inasmuch as it still goes on, and is likely to continue for years to come, the information and suggestions contained herein may be useful to many — hurtful to none. I must acknowledge, in fact, that the real motive of putting these pages into print is the following : A large number of emigrants from Ireland, in leaving their homes either from choice or necessity, have made, I think, a very fatal mistake in crowding into the large cities of England, Scotland, and America. By all who have given the subject any consideration, as well
4 Preface.
as by those who have made it a study, the conclusion has been reached that it would have been far better for the majority of them to have sought employment and homes on the vacant or semi-vacant lands of the United States. It is highly probable that many among them are prepared to rectify the mis- take, if they only know where to go. The object, therefore, of this publication is to sup- ply that information as far as it can be done in a brief space.
The work is in two parts : the first con- tains information and directions of a general character respecting the prospects, duties, dangers, and mistakes of emigrants ; the second part contains as exact a statement, probably, as can be found of the population, area, and general resources of each State and Territory, based upon the United States Census Report for 1870. Appended to the account of each State and Territory, in the material point of view, is an account of the condition of the Catholic Church in each, based upon the statistics given in the Catholic
Preface.
Almanac of 1873, or taken from letters actu- ally received from the Most Rev. and Right Rev. Archbishops and Bishops of the coun- try, nearly all of whom were applied to for information.
In preparing the work, I wrote also to about thirty Governors of States and Terri- tories for special information regarding their respective localities. Answers and pamphlets have been received from nearly all of them, which are made use of extensively in the second part of the work.
At first it was intended to have published a larger work ; but reflection on the subject dictated the greater utility of a short treatise which would not be too dear to be bought, or too diffuse to be read, by those -for whom it is intended. It may not be amiss to say that the work, .such as it is, is the result of more than twenty years' actual observation of immigrant life in most of the States and in many of the large cities of the Union. If only one thousand persons are benefited by 'the perusal of these pages, or if any are res-
6 Preface.
cued from the evil influences and wretched poverty of immigrant life in large cities, the writer will have received his reward.
AUGUST 4, 1873.
CONTENTS.
PART FIRST.
CHAPTER I. GENERAL VIEW OF THE SUBJECT, n
CHAPTER II.
IRISH EMIGRATION IN THE PAST— ITS VALUE TO THE
UNITED STATES, 15
CHAPTER III.
ON THE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES — PRESENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMMIGRANTS SUPERIOR TO THE PAST, 20
CHAPTER IV. ON THE KIND OF PERSONS WHO OUGHT TO EMIGRATE, . 26
CHAPTER V.
THE VOYAGE AND THE LANDING — CASTLE GARDEN AND
WARD'S ISLAND, NEW YORK, 28
CHAPTER VI. ON EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMY, . . . . . 33
CHAPTER VII.
ON THE SUBJECT OF EDUCATION— GOOD AND BAD READ- ING, ......... .40
8 Contents.
CHAPTER VIII. ON THE CHURCH AND THE DUTIES OF RELIGION, . . 45
CHAPTER IX. ON TEMPERANCE, 51
CHAPTER X.
WHERE CAN EMIGRANTS BEST SUCCEED IN OBTAINING
HOMES ? 54
PART SECOND.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS, 61
CHAPTER I. THE Six NEW ENGLAND STATES, 66
CHAPTER II. NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA, AND NEW JERSEY, . . 75
CHAPTER III.
MARYLAND, DELAWARE, VIRGINIA, WEST VIRGINIA, , 83
CHAPTER IV. NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, FLORIDA, 88
CHAPTER V.
TENNESSEE, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, LOUISIANA, TEXAS,
ARKANSAS, . . . 93
CHAPTER VI. KENTUCKY, OHIO, INDIANA, AND MICHIGAN, . . . 100
CHAPTER VII. ILLINOIS, MISSOURI, IOWA, WISCONSIN, AND MINNESOTA, . in
CHAPTER VIII.
THE STATES OF KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, AND THE TERRI- TORIES OF DAKOTA, WYOMING, AND MONTANA, . 123
CHAPTER IX.
THE TERRITORIES OF NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA, COLORADO,
UTAH, AND IDAHO 1 39
CHAPTER X.
THE STATES OF THE PACIFIC COAST — CALIFORNIA, NE- VADA, OREGON, AND THE TERRITORY OF WASHING- TON, ........... US
TABLE I.
S/i owing the Foreign-born and Native Population of the several States and Territories, on the first day of June , in the respective Years 1870 and 1860, . . . .159
TABLE II.— FARM LABOR.
Showing the average Daily Wages, 'with and without Board, and the average Monthly Wages, with Board, paid for farm and other Labor in the several Sections of the Country in the Year 1870, 160
TABLE III.— MECHANICAL LABOR.
Showing the average Daily Wages paid in the several Sec- tions of the Country to Persons employed in the under- mentioned T miles 'in the Year 1870, , « . .161
i o Contents-
TABLE IV.
Showing the toLd Population of Fifty Principal Cities of the United States in 1870, ivith the number of Irish, German, and English People in each at the same date, . 162
TABLE V.
Showing the Population in 1870 of the Capitals of States, and principal Cities and Towns that contain upwards of 8,000 Inhabitants, 163
IRISH EMIGRATION
UNITED STATES.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL VIEW OF THE SUBJECT.
FROM the statistics of immigration into the United States, it appears evident that the influx from Ireland is by no means exhausted. Thus we see that in the year 1872, the emigration from that island reached the important figure of 68,745 souls. During the fifty-two years beginning with the year 1820, when exact statistics of the numbers 'and 'nationality of immigrants began to be kept, it is proved beyond ques- tion that the total number of the natives of Ireland who have sought homes in the United States may b*e set down as four millions of souls. And it is highly pro- bable that the number coming directly from Ireland, and those Irish people who emigrate from British cities, will, in the next ten years, make up another million. Much of the unprecedented development and prosperity of the United States is due to the hardy energy and remark- able perseverance of our race. But it may be well to
12 Irish Emigration
put ourselves the question : Have we as a people paid sufficient attention to the proper establishing of ourselves in a state, not merely of prosperity, but of simple com- petency or independence in this great country ? Let the crowded tenement-houses of Eastern cities, where the very atmosphere is poisoned by the occupancy in one house of from twenty to forty families, and where morality itself is greatly endangered on account of asso- ciations that cannot be avoided, answer. Let the un- named and unnumbered graves along the canals and railroads of the United States, answer. Let the forlorn and forgotten creatures who, having neither homes nor friends, lie down and die in the common hospitals of the country, answer. The response comes home to us in a hundred forms that, as a people, we have, whilst doing v/ more than any other to build up this great Republic, been rather negligent, not to say reckless, in regard to our individual interests. I have not time to develop in detail the causes of this indifference ; but whoever reads carefully the history of our island from 1692 to 1829 — the period pre-eminently of the penal laws — will at once conclude that a people so crushed, so bewildered, so robbed, not only of their lands, but also of nearly every species of human industry, excepting agriculture, — will honestly conclude that, if many of the immigrants from Ireland to America of the last fifty years were wanting in some of the qualities that make nations and indivi- duals prosperous, it is not wonderful. I will glance at another cause. The love we bear to our native land is, next after our faith, a love of peculiar intensity. We all
to the United States.
dream of a free, a happy, and a prosperous Ireland. No true man of any race or nation will condemn this sentiment. The retrospective view of Ireland, of her wrongs and sufferings, sometimes interferes, however, with the present and prospective view of our opportuni- ties and duties in the land of our adoption. The direct object of these pages is to awaken thought as to the best means of remedying this evil.
In $&s first place i it is well to reflect that, in the pro- vidence of the great God, we inhabit here a vast conti- nent. It is the great domain that he offers to the oppressed and industrious poor of all nations under heaven. The immigrants of the past and of the present are made partakers of its .freedom, its hospitality; of the opportunities it affords to all who will enjoy them of making for themselves and children independent homes. To-day we number about forty millions in the United States. In the year 1800, the population was only five millions and one half, and in 1820, only ten millions. The year 1900 will, in all human probability, open upon one hundred millions of human beings inhabiting what is now known as the United States of North America. ' Taking the whole country into account, therefore, and its grand future, the immigrants of the last twenty-five years and of the present time, it may be truly said, are first in this vast field of human enterprise. Being first in the field, it would be foolish not to turn our advan- tages to account.
Secondly. The dream of a free and a happy Ireland is most excusable, not to say commendable. But however
14 Irish Emigration
free and happy Ireland may be, very few of "her millions of children now living in America, and fewer still of their children, will make of it the home of their old age. /.Therefore, even if we regard our separation from our native land as a species -of exile, still we must look upon it as a settled fact, and, as men of common sense, make the best of it.
Thirdly. To all who can have no hope of obtaining independent homes in large cities, I would say, reflect deeply upon this important subject. In a country so young, a country where land is so cheap, all of its inha- bitants ought to have their own homes. The great West invites the people of the world to its broad prairies and grand forests ; the South also is now open to the enter- prise of white labor, and the leading men of that section are fully alive to the importance of immigration, and are leaving nothing undone by which they can hope to pro- mote the settlement of Europeans in that part of the country.
CHAPTER II.
LTION IN THE PAST — ITS VALUE TO UNITED STATES.
BEFORE the year 1820, no official statistics of immigration into the United States were kept. There are no certain means, therefore, by which we may come to anything like an exact calculation of the numbers arriving before that time. But there are means in abundance by which to judge the special locations of the different nationalities before the Revolution and since. Thus we find that, while Maryland and Pennsyl- vania were the principal receptacles of Irish immigra- tion before the year 1800, great numbers also found their way into New Hampshire, Virginia (especially into the valley of the Shenandoah), and into North and South Carolina.
The War of Independence commenced with the battle of Lexington, near Boston, on the igth of April, 1775, and ended with the treaty of peace in February, 1783. Through these eight eventful years, we find a very large proportion of Celtic names on the military, naval, and civil lists of each of the thirteen United Colonies. They are especially prominent in Pennsylvania, where we find five Irish colonels at the head of as many regi- ments, principally made up of soldiers of the same nationality. This was the celebrated Pennsylvania line,
1 6 Irish Emigration
so well known in Revolutionary history. We also find them in large numbers in the Maryland line, and among the volunteers generally. John Barry, who is called the father of the American navy, and a large num- ber of the other naval officers of that period, were Irish by birth or immediate descent. The grand charter of American liberty — the Declaration of Independence — was signed on the 4th of July, 1776, by fifty-six dele- gates, representing the thirteen original States ; of this number, nine were of the Irish race. They filled many civil positions of great trust and responsibility in those early days of the American Republic. This is not men- tioned in any spirit of boastfulness, but merely to show xv/that there was a respectable number of the race in America before the Revolution. Thus it is that the Hon. Edward Young, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics in Washington, in his very able Report on the Statistics of Immigration, published in connection with the census report of 1870, says : " The population of the Colonies at the beginning of the Revolutionary War has gene- rally been estimated at three millions ; and it is probable that as many as one-third of these were born on the other side of the Atlantic, while the parents of a large proportion of the remainder were among the early immigrants." What proportion of these were Irish we may judge from the fact that, in the year 1729, of the total number of immigrant passengers (6,500) arriving at the port of Philadelphia alone, 5,600 were Irish.
Immigration was in a great degree suspended during the War of Independence; but at its close, the influx
to the United States. 17
of foreign-born people set in with increased velocity. Mr. Young, in the absence of exact figures, estimates the number coming during the period beginning with 1790 and ending with 1820, at 225,000. A very large majority of these were Irish, as is acknowledged by all. They were driven away principally by the unsuccessful rising of 1798, and many other causes. Hence it is that we find them largely represented on land and sea in the ^ war with Great Britain which began in June, 1812, and ended with the battle of New Orleans in February, 1815. The hero of that war, Andrew Jackson, was said to have been born in Ireland when he became a candidate for President of the United States. How- ever that may be, his parentage and personal predilec- tions were unmistakably Irish-born and racy of the Green Isle.
Between 1820 and 1872, the aggregate number of immigrants into the United States is reported at about 8,000,000. Of these, 3,000,000 are accredited to Ire- land. But that this proportion is too small is evident from the fact that, until within a few years past, when the strong current of German immigration began to set in, the great majority of all immigrants were Irish. Of course, there are given to Great Britain, not specified (as to nationality), 544,000 ; and, inasmuch as almost the whole immigration from Great Britain for many years was from Ireland alone, we may set down most of these as natives of that island. The proportionate emigra- tion from Ireland during the last fifty years is marked as follows : from 1820 to 1830, 27,106; 1831 (January
1 8 Irish Emigrntion
i) to 1840, 29,188; 1841 to 1850, 162,332; 1851 to 1860, 748,740; 1861 to 1870, 650,000.
Referring to the value of immigration to the United States, Mr. Young writes as follows :
" Deducting the women and children, who pursue no occu- pation, about 46 per cent, of the whole immigration have been trained to various pursuits. Nearly half of these are skilled laborers and workmen who have acquired their trades under the rigorous system which prevails in the Old World, and come here to give us the benefit of their training and skill, without repayment of the cost of such education. Nor are the farm laborers and servants destitute of the necessary training to fit them for their several duties ; while those classed as com- mon or unskilled laborers are well qualified to perform the labor required, especially in the construction of works of internal improvement. Nearly 10 per cent, consist of mer- chants and traders, who, doubtless, bring with them conside- rable capital as well as mercantile experience; while the smaller number of professional men and artists, embracing architects, engineers, inventors, men of thorough training and high order of talent, contribute to our widely extended com- munity not only material, but artistic, aesthetic, intellectual, and moral wealth.
" With regard to the ages of these immigrants, only 25 per cent, are under fifteen years of age, and less than 15 per cent, over forty, leaving upward of 60 per cent, who are in the prime of life at the time of their arrival, ready to enter at once into their several industrial pursuits.
" As to the proportion which subsists between the two sexes, it appears that, as might have been expected, the num- ber of the males largely preponderates over the females. This proportion varies with the different nationalities, the females constituting, as has been stated, with the Chinese, only 7 per
to the U Jilted States. 19
cent, while of the Irish it is over 45 per cent., and of the whole number about 40 per cent."
He then goes into a friendly discussion with other writers on statistics as to what is the value in cash to the country of each immigrant. After very properly stating that it is hardly proper or commendable to esti- mate a human life on the basis of a cash valuation, he resumes by saying that, with all respect to those who claim that one thousand dollars may be taken as the i/" average value to the country of each arriving immi- grant, eight hundred dollars would be more correct. Even on this basis, he says that the aggregate addition to the wealth of the nation in the year 1871 alone would be $285,000,000 ; while during the last half-century, it would be $6,243,000,000.
From this estimate it may easily be judged what has been the value to the United States of the constant \ stream of Irish emigration during the last one hundred years.
CHAPTER III.
ON THE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES — PRESENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMMIGRANTS SUPERIOR TO PAST.
TWENTY years ag.o, it almost cost even healthy per- sons their lives to cross the Atlantic. It was the actual death of immense numbers. The poor emi- grant was simply an article of trade ; and the prince-mer- chants and ship-owners of those times reaped a rich har- vest of gain from the violent disruption of Irish society consequent upon the famine of 1846 and 1847. It was the terrible wrenching of a poor and ill-provided people from their native homes, and casting them upon the world unprovided almost in everything, except in badly man- aged emigrant-ships, in which cruelty to the mere Irish ceased to be a sin. There were many exceptions to this, of course ; but, as a rule, the truth of the statement defies contradiction. An English philanthropist, Vere Foster, deserves the universal gratitude of his fellow-men, and of none more than of Irishmen, for his noble efforts in preventing the emigrant-ships of twenty years ago from being mere charnel-houses to those who were necessitated to take passage in them. The more effectually to attain his object, he once took a steerage passage in one of those vessels ; and his experience on board, having fully justified his previous views upon the subject, enabled
Irish Emigration. 21
him to inaugurate measures of relief for the poor emi- grant, which have been acted upon with the best results.
It is no longer either so dangerous or so toilsome a task to cross the Atlantic as it once was. The legisla- tures both of England and of America have taken im- portant steps to abolish the most flagrant abuses of the emigration system ; and the very competition now exist- ing between rival lines of steamers turns to the advan- tage of the emigrant.
But it is not merely the facilities of crossing the Atlan- tic that have increased ; but, what is more important still, the facilities of making a home, on this side of it. The whole country is now checkered with railroads ; and one of them actually spans the continent — making a link of iron between the shores of the Atlantic and those of the Pacific. The advantages thus accruing to the American people in general, and to the immigrant por- tion of them in particular, are incalculable.* Forty / years ago, it was a more sad and dismal fate than we
* Since the year 1848, when there were but about 6,000 miles of completed railroad in the country, the railroad system of the United States had increased, on January I, 1873, to 71,000 miles in actual operation, with 8,000 more in process of construction. The railroad statistics show that in 1858 there were 27,000 miles of roads built, in 1869, 35 poo miles, and that since the war the half of the whole has been constructed and put in operation. The average railroad growth for the last five years has been nearly 6,000 miles annually. At a rate of $40,000 per mile, the cost of the completed roads would be perhaps $3,000,000,000, while those in progress and not yet completed will reach $320,000,-
22 Irish Emigration
can at present realize for a poor immigrant to transport himself and those depending upon him to the vast and unbroken forests of the West. There was little to cheer him on the way, and scarcely a ground of hope for a return. Besides, the want of such civilizing influences as churches and schools made it difficult to retain for any long time the rudest elements of civilized life. All this is changed in our day ; and, not to speak of the older States, it is quite true to say that even the remote Territories are fairly supplied with the essential applian- ces of civilized life.
The blank and dreary horror of never again returning among the scenes and friends of early youth is also greatly diminished. From Chicago and St. Louis to New York, it now takes less than two days in time and not more than twenty-five dollars in money ; and from San Fran- cisco, the trip is made in six or seven days, at a total ex- pense of about one hundred and fifty dollars. The in- ference is plain that the emigrant of to-day has many ad- vantages over his predecessor of some years back.
But the advantages here alluded to are trifling when compared with the increased facilities of obtaining good and cheap land in every State and Territory of the Union. The proper development of this subject is a matter of the utmost importance, not only to those who have not yet come, but also to those who, having come, made the great mistake, owing, doubtless, to causes apparently beyond their control, of remaining in the large cities of the Eastern or Western States. To my mind, the all-im- portant want with these people is the want of correct
to the United States. 23
and reliable information regarding the price of land, its particular products, wages, etc. ; and that want should be supplied either by official documents of the different States and Territories, or by those whose residence in a particular place for a number of years, and whose char- acter for intelligence and disinterestedness, entitle them to a hearing. It is probable that there is a sufficient number of foreign-born citizens in every State and Terri- tory to obtain an official statement such as I have sug- gested ; and, in the matter of private information, I sup- pose the numerous Irish-American and Catholic news- papers will give every encouragement to co-respondents such as described, and will make their valuable infor- mation accessible to all their readers. It appears plain, at least, that all who are, or who aspire to be, leaders and directors of thought among Irish people ought to make of this subject a specialty.
I know there are many who do not admit present opportunities to be equal to past. But what has been already advanced contains a satisfactory answer. Besides, let us, in a brief way, consider the vast extent of the country. According to the official statistics of 1870, thirty-seven States and twelve organized Territories con- stitute what is known as the United States. The thirty- seven States have an area of one million nine hundred thousand square miles, or an extent of territory sixteen times as large as that of Great Britain and Ireland, which is one hundred and twenty thousand square miles. The same States contain, by the census of 1870, only thirty- eight millions of souls ; whereas, the population of Great
24 Irish Emigration
Britain and Ireland amounts to thirty-one and a half millions. Even allowing that the land of the United States is no more than one-fourth as productive as that of Britain, still it would be capable of supporting four times the population of that nation. But in this calcula- tion, nothing has been said about the twelve Territories, which will one day be sovereign States, and which cover an area of one million six hundred thousand square miles, with a population of 'only six hundred thousand souls.
It is manifest that in every State, even the oldest and most thickly inhabited, there is still much room for agriculturarpursuits and a certainty of liberal remunera- tion. For instance, New York State, containing forty- seven thousand square miles, almost as many as Eng- land, has a population of only four million four hundred thousand. We also see that, out of an area of twenty- one millions of acres in New York, seven millions still remain unimproved. But if this be true of New York, it applies with greater force to nearly all of the other States, and to all the Territories.
Thus far, nothing has been said in regard to what is known as the " Public lands of the United States." This means such portions of States and Territories as have never yet been " entered " or purchased from the Gov- ernment. These lands are to be found in almost every State, but more especially in the Western States, and in all the Territories. From the beginning of the country to the present time, public lands have been held at the rate of one dollar and twenty-five cents an acre. This entitles the purchaser to a clear title for all time to the
to the United States. 25
land that he pays for. But, on the ist of January, 1863, an act was passed in the Congress of the United States, by which any citizen of the country, or any per- son who had declared his intention to become a citizen, might " enter," at a cost of ten dollars, one hundred and sixty ac'res of public land, and obtain for himself and his heirs for ever a valid title to such land, on the condition of actually living upon it for five years after making the entry. This law is called the " Homestead Law," and reflects infinite credit upon the legislators of AnJerica. It more than realizes the highest dreams of the most ultra communists of this or any other age. But the condition of actual residence on the land saves the law from the imputation of wild theory, because it means that a man "lust work if he wishes to have a home. An important remark is in place here; it is drawn from the perusal of all the pamphlets on immigration written in this country, and from the most experienced observers of immigrant life. It is that, when it is possible, several families, who are acquainted with one another, ought to emigrate to- gether, and settle in the same place. The advantages of even two or three such families or individuals settling together are known to be very great.
CHAPTER IV.
ON THE KIND OF PERSONS WHO OUGHT TO EMI- GRATE.
MECHANICS, laborers, farmers, or men of busi- ness, who are in a prosperous condition where they are, ought not to think of emigrating. Speaking of the first two classes, I mean, of course, those only who have a prospect of making independent homes ; those who cannot acquire homes of their own in one part of the United States by honest industry, fru- gality, and sobriety, ought to go where they can. The difficulty of doing it in all large cities is increased ten- fold, when the high rents and high prices of the com- mon necessaries of life are considered. Thus, for instance, in the city of New York, no laborer or mechanic can get a decent room or two in a tenement- house under twelve or fifteen dollars a month. Such persons, beginning life without any capital, as we may suppose, in most cases, can hardly be expected ever to rise to independence. It is clear and undeniable that men of the same class have gone either to the smaller towns of the West and South, or to the country parts, and have acquired their own homes in every case in which steadiness in work and sobriety justified the hope of their doing so.
Speaking of emigration from the old countries of
Irish Emigration
Europe, it is well to remark that young people, from the ages of fifteen to twenty-five, are entirely more calculated to succeed than persons of a more advanced age. The customs and manners of all countries and of every people are different ; and old people, or even those of the middle state of life, are seldom so easily brought into the customs of strangers as young people. Besides, it is natural to suppose that the affections of persons somewhat advanced in years for their native place are much stronger than those of young people ; and the rupture of the ties which bind them to home is consequently attended with more pain. I have known many an aged father and mother, who, although havjng the kindest and the best children in the world to greet their landing in America, rarely, if ever, became recon- ciled to their lot. The familiar scenes and associations of from fifty to seventy years are lost ; and no amount of novelty in the change of circumstances can fill up the blank caused thereby in the affections of the heart. If it were not for the deep religious sentiment which seems to be inherent in our race, much more discontent and despondence would prevail among old people who emigrate than we now meet with. It is well, to remark, however, that the unfitness for emigration mentioned herein does not generally prevail to any great extent among Americans, or among people who have lived o America for any number of years.
CHAPTER V.
THE VOYAGE AND THE LANDING CASTLE GARDEN AND
WARD'S ISLAND, NEW YORK.
YOUNG persons, then, having made up their minds to emigrate, ought to begin by a religious preparation. If they are Catholics — and to these I principally address myself, because they are entirely the most numerous among English-speaking emigrants — they ought to receive worthily the sacra- ments of the church before leaving home. All Catholics know that this is a duty incumbent upon them in all undertakings involving danger, and also in entering upon a new condition of life. An unburdened con- science gives a man the freedom of heaven, and estab- lishes him in peace with God and his fellow-men.
In purchasing tickets, care should be taken that the agent applied to is authorized to sell them; and if the ticket is what is called a through ticket — that is, one that gives the holder a passage to some city or railway sta- tion in the interior of the country — he should make enquiry only of some authorized person as to the best means of reaching his place of destination. If the landing is made at New York, there can be no difficulty in this particular, because the officers of the Board of Emigration at Castle Garden will furnish all such infor- mation gratis.
Irish Emigration. 29
On the voyage, it is very injurious to enter into sharp disputes on subjects relating to religion or politics. Generally, these matters of dispute are solved according to the feelings, prejudices, and education of each indi- vidual ; and the greatest amount of wrangling cannot change the conviction of any one. Conversation must be had on board, of course, but let it be in a friendly, quiet manner; and if one man can get information from another that will be of use to him in the coun- try to which he is travelling, it matters little what is the religion or political opinion of the friend who im< parts it.
No unnecessary delay should be made at the place of landing; it involves a loss of time and of money, and begets disgust and embarrassment. If the emi- grant is to go to the West or South, or to the country parts in the neighborhood of New York, the sooner he gets there, the better.
A word respecting Castle Garden and Ward's Island is in place here. They are distinct departments of the same institution, both being controlled by the COMMIS- SIONERS OF IMMIGRATION OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. This Commission entered upon its career of usefulness in the year 1848, with Gulian C. Verplanck, a true friend of the immigrant, as its first President. It is not now what it was at first, circumstances and experience requir- ing or suggesting some new regulation or improvement every year. It is essentially an institution of protection to the immigrant. It is as truly a work of mercy as a hospital or an orphan asylum. Not that the funds for
30 Irish Emigration
its support come from the State or from private charity ; on the contrary, they are contributed by the immigrant himself," by a tax of one dollar and fifty cents on every one that arrives, which is paid out of his passage-money ; but the application of this money for the guidance and protection of the immigrant is a real benefit to him and to the country.
All immigrants are obliged to land at Castle Garden, where they are provided with temporary accommodations suitable to their requirements. Those who have tickets for the interior, or money to take them to any point outside of New York, are immediately put upon one or other of the great railroad lines diverging from that city to all parts of the country, without any trouble or risk to the immigrant. The principal railroads have oftices in Castle Garden, where the tickets may be pro- cured without the necessity of going to seek them in the city. Any immigrants having gold, silver, or un- current money of any kind can have it changed into the current money of the United States, also, at Castle Garden. The rate of exchange is exactly the rate allowed at the best banking-houses.
Ward's Island is the place to which are sent all immigrants who, having neither money nor friends, are sent there until they are provided with suitable employment. All immigrants sick on landing are cared for in the kindest manner at the hospital on Ward's Island ; and even such as get sick before they have be- come citizens of the United States are received on their own or their friends' application.
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Most of those brought to Ward's Island leave it in a few days, having been put in communication with their friends or provided with situations. Through the kind- ness of Mr. Bernard Casserly, the indefatigable Superin- tendent of Immigration, I have before me the Reports of the Commissioners for the years 1871 and 1872, from which it appears that 31,384 persons were provided with employment during the year 1871, and 32,592 in 1872. Taken all in all, it must be admitted by every unprejudiced mind that the work of the Commission during the quarter of a century Jbf its existence reflects the greatest credit upon the individuals composing it and upon the country, the genius of whose institutions inspired a work of such practical utility.
Lately there are rumors afloat to the effect that the United States Government is making efforts to assume control of this institution. Many, especially those in the shipping interests, seem to advocate the policy. Some even speak disparagingly of the efforts of the Commissioners to secure the protection and comfort of the immigrant. Whilst acknowledging everything human to be susceptible of improvement, it seems clear to any honest mind that the Commission of Immigration of the State of New York is the best institution of the kind in the world, and has adhered as faithfully to its professed purposes as any reasonable man can expect. The threat, therefore, of its abolition forebodes a real calamity. If, for instance, we allow ourselves to imagine that no such institution existed during the last twenty-five years, what untold misery,
32 Irish Emigration.
degradation, and general demoralization, not only of immigrants, but also of those who would have lived by cheating and deceiving them, meet our view ! Those who wish to know the cruel treatment of immigrants from the beginning of American colonization to a period reaching back only a few years are referred to Kapp on Immigration for facts and statistics startling and shocking in the last degree. I know that the Gene- ral Government has made many laudable efforts for the benefit and protection of the immigrant, but nothing so practically beneficial has yet appeared as the institution consisting of Castle Garden and Ward's Island, New York.
CHAPTER VI.
ON EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMY.
THE importance of this chapter to emigrants and their children can not be over-estimated. It contains the secret of success or failure. And first, as to employment. Young persons from the ages of 12 to 20 years can select in America almost any trade or profession for which they consider themselves fit. Older people ought to adhere to the trade or oc- cupation to which they have been accustomed from early life. Thus, for. instance, the majority of Irish peo- ple have been accustomed to agricultural labor ; and to abandon it in America is, in most cases, the certain road to poverty and dependence. It is quite true to say that farming is not carried on in the same manner in America as it is in Ireland ; but an Irish or English farmer or farm-laborer is sure to learn the American system of farm- ing much sooner than he can anything else ; and the sys- tem is so simple withal that diligence in it is the certain road to success. Small capitalists from Europe or the Eastern cities would do well, before investing their money in farms in the West or South, to hire for a year with persons already settled in those parts, and thus practi- cally acquire the peculiar knowledge requisite in this pursuit. A thorough knowledge of farming in the North- ern States may be acquired in this time easily. And I
34- Irish Emigration
have known persons in the Southern States, who had lived in cities before the late Civil War, as grocers or men of business, to go out into the country, take up land, and successfully raise cotton and all other products con- genial to that part of the country. I well remember the profound and practical truths uttered by these men when they said : " What are our people doing with themselves ; when instead of coming here and taking up this land, where it is so cheap (from $5 to $20 an acre for ever), they rather cling to the great cities, and there ex- pose their children to every species of immorality ; and where they live from hand to mouth, without the least hope of rising to independence ?" This particular point of men following the occupation to which they are most adapted cannot be dwelt upon too much. And hence, for the same reason that I would advise a man brought up to agriculture in Ireland to stick to it in America, I would also advise the mechanic to follow his trade ; and although the carpenter, mason, or blacksmith may find his business carried on a little differently in America from the manner of old countries, still, as a man of sense, he will conform his method to what he finds going on around him, and be successful in the end. The reason that so much stress is laid upon the subject of procuring land is very plainly laid down in the first and second chapters, where the advantages of the present time in this particular are so clearly pointed out.
Whether persons have been brought up to cultivate the land or not, it will do them no harm to get land, now that it is so cheap in most places outside the large cities.
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There is in it the foundation of independence. Of course, land, like all things else, should be purchased with judgment and common sense; and no steps should be taken recklessly or without counsel.
The subject of economy or saving is so near akin to that of employment or earning that both should come under the same heading. In fact, it is not much use to speak of producing, if the genius of destroying or wast- ing be not excluded ; and it may truly be said that one of the saddest chapters in the history of Irish life in America is the chapter of reckless squandering. Every- one that thinks of it must remember in his lifetime numbers, even of laborers, who, if they had been moder- ately saving, might have been independent. Many a mechanic, to my knowledge, has been able to earn from three to six dollars a day, and at the end of the year had saved nothing. Reckless waste is the bane of the work- ing-classes in America. Its correction, in one form or another, is the greatest benefit that can be conferred upon American society. Courageous and manly self- denial, which is one of the greatest of the Christian vir- tues, is the only remedy for this evil. This self-denial should begin with the head of the family ; his example to his wife and children is all-powerful. Let us suppose, for instance, that a mechanic in one of the cities or towns of America finds, on examining the subject, that he has unnecessarily spent, on an average, 50 cents every day in tobacco or drink. Fifty cents a day makes, in the year, one hundred and eighty-two dollars and fifty cents.
36 Irish Emigration
Now, by actual calculation, this sum, put at interest at 6 per cent, per annum, which is a low rate of interest in the United States, doubles itself, if the interest is not drawn, in twelve years. In twenty-five years, it becomes the important sum of eight hundred and fifty-eight dol- lars. Let us again suppose a laboring man on the rail- roads or elsewhere, getting one dollar and a half or two dollars a day ; he can easily save of this amount twenty- seven and a half cents. This amounts to one hundred dollars in three hundred and sixty-five days; and if placed at interest, as before stated, will amount in twelve years to two hundred dollars, and in twenty-five years to four hundred and twenty-nine dollars.* It has been ac- curately ascertained that a boy or girl, who at the age of fourteen, saves two and three-fourth cents every day, placing it at interest in the manner stated, will be worth two thousand nine hundred dollars at the age of sixty- four years. A saving of twenty- seven and a half cents a day amounts, in the same period of fifty years, to the sum of twenty-nine thousand dollars. One of the worst signs of the times in America in our days is a restless and insatiable desire to become rich in a short while. To this desire is sacrificed peace of mind, health of body, and even honor and honesty itself. And it often happens that riches suddenly acquired are as quickly lavished, either in gambling, drinking, or 'fool- ish speculation. According to the suggestions laid down in this chapter, it is evident that even a labor-
* T5ut if this is the result of one year's saving, what will it be in ten or twenty years?
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er, or a poor working-boy or girl in the factories, can save enough to keep them decently in old age, if they have a mind to do it. Eagerness to become sud- denly rich is a sin ; and, generally, it cannot be done except at the expense of our own honesty and our neigh- bors' property.* Servant-girls in America get from eight to sixteen dollars a month — sometimes they get as high as twenty. Now, if they save half of that amount every year, and place it at interest, they will have acquired a considerable sum at the end of ten years. Many of them, to. my certain knowledge, have, in the course of twenty or thirty years, by faithful industry and moderate economy, become owners of from three to five thousand dollars. Be it understood that the object of the writer is not to destroy or warp any of the grand and beautiful traits of character in our race for which they are distin- guished all over the world. Filial devotion, love of friends, and readiness to relieve their wants, are charac- teristics of our race that deserve all honor. I do not think, however, that what is contained herein will inter- fere with, but rather foster, those noble virtues. Any- how, the fact is undeniable that the want of a moderate economy in our people has caused much suffering among them, and has often resulted in the ruin of body and soul.
In regard to placing money in savings-banks, it is well to remark that inexperienced persons ought to con-
* There are many cases, owing to the great progress of the country, in which men become wealthy in a short time without sacrificing principle. This is ar.niHp.ntal. however.
38 Irish Emigration
suit a clergyman or some well-informed friend before depositing their money; because it is unhappily but too well known that many such banks have failed in various places, leaving those who trusted in their sol- vency penniless. It may be well to state, moreover, that, in regard to saving, the most effectual and pro- fitable way is to invest in a farm or in town lots. In America, there is always time given in which to pay for these; and the necessity of meeting the de- ferred payments stimulates industry and produces eco- nomy.
I cannot close this chapter without saying a word on the subject of what are called " strikes." It means a combination of mechanics or laborers, in which they re- fuse to work, except the wages are increased or the hours of labor are reduced. In some cases it involves both, in others only one or another, of these conditions. It is the old contest between labor on the one side and capi- tal on the other. The best-informed and most experi- enced mechanics and laborers that I have met have been unanimous in saying that, although societies having for their object the mutual protection of the members are good, and are a salutary stay upon the tyranny of capital, still, as a general thing, " strikes" are injurious to the working-man. Thus, in a " strike," a man may be kept idle for a month or two by the rules of the society, and the increased wages that is looked for may not be sufficient to make up for the loss of that month's wages in a year. Besides, in many instances, " strikes " have paralyzed and broken up prosperous business enterprises.
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I do not wish to say more upon this subject ; but I know for certain that, outside of large cities, " strikes " cannot take place with much effect; and that, when we consider this as a free country, labor of all kinds will, in the long run, be free.
CHAPTER VII.
ON THE SUBJECT OF EDUCATION — GOOD AND BAD READ- ING.
IT is cheering to know that most of the emigrants from Ireland of the present time are educated, at least in the elementary branches. Many are thoroughly educated,, and expect, not unreasonably of course, to get what are called " situations " in which their knowledge can be turned to account. As a general thing, these situations can rarely be obtained, except by the influence of some opulent friend, and especially if that friend is in business himself. It is a very false policy for a young man, therefore, to count much upon the accidental turning up of " situations," when, if he has ordinary health, he can get good wages at almost any kind of manual labor. In many places, clerkships, etc., are filled by the relatives or special acquaintances of the men in business. Of course, it is also true that many of the most eminent lawyers, physicians, literary and business men, in the United States are of our race; each individual of these has a peculiar history of his own; and that history will be repeated by many another man or boy now in obscurity. I am, therefore, only speaking for the larger number, even of scholars, who, if they cannot turn their scholarship to account, ought to take up some other honest way of living.
Irish Emigration. 41
But the primary object of this chapter is to awaken thought in regard to the absolute necessity of at least a primary education among our people. By this I mean reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, and, if possible, English grammar. Every one emigrating to America, and every child born in America, ought to be supplied with this amount of knowledge at the very least. In regard to grown persons, or young people who are obliged to work, if they are deficient in this knowledge, they ought to supply the defect by going to night- school, or in some other way.
Again, the condition of the Irish race in this century is most singular and exceptional. Probably one-half of all the people born on Irish soil during the last fifty years have left their native homes, and are now either dead or scattered over the nations of the earth. Igno- rance, therefore, of the elementary sciences would de- prive one-half of the race of all proper and natural means of communication with the other. I say proper and natural, because members of the same family, or even near relatives or warm friends, cannot, without great inconvenience, employ strangers to write their letters. Oftentimes something has to be written that should not be known outside the family circle ; and, in such cases, it becomes very irksome and disagreeable to be obliged to let outsiders know it. If the simplest rudiments of learning were useful only in this respect, it would amply repay all the pains and expense re- quired in mastering them. But at present there is ample opportunity of attaining this knowledge; and
42 Irish Emigration
parents are most inexcusable if they neglect their chil- dren in this particular. Eighty years ago, it was a penal offence, according to English law, for Catholics to teach or be taught the rudest elements of literature ; this sys- tem of law has happily broken down of its own weight, and we are now on equal footing with all other English- speaking people in our right to obtain a thorough edu- cation. Our fathers deserve all praise in this particular, because, in order to obtain the education forbidden to them at home, they either transported themselves beyond the seas, or betook themselves to the " hedge- schools " of Ireland. Our chances, therefore, being so much superior to theirs, we are inexcusable if we do not turn them to account.
In regard to reading, it is a fact well proved that nothing advances so much the morality of families and individuals as a supply of good books. Over sermons they have the advantage that the sermon, once heard, may be forgotten and never heard again ; but the ideas contained in the book may be recurred to again and again. Therefore, all heads of families ought to impose it upon themselves, as a matter of serious obligation, to supply their children according to their means with good books. Young men and women ought to provide themselves, also, with good Catholic works. The amount of drunkenness, debauchery, evil language, and detrac- tion prevented by good reading is incalculable. -Many a time I have met men of the highest respectability in their respective localities, men of wealth and standing, kind to the poor and generous to the church, who frank-
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]y acknowledged to me that all they were worth in the world was owing to the practice adopted in early youth of reading good books.
While on this subject, it may be well to call attention to the great progress of our English Catholic literature in the present century. Towards the close of the last century, it was forbidden by the laws, already alluded to, to print, publish, or read Catholic books. To-day (1873) there are in the British Empire at least ten large Catholic publishing houses, and in the United States about fifteen. The number and excellence of the works published by these twenty-five houses mark a new era in the history of English literature. A litera- ture which, for three centuries, was so hostile to our race and creed — a literature, withal, that we were for- bidden to take part in — now begins to acknowledge, slowly indeed, but surely, the injustice donetous, and the reasonableness of our claims to public considera- tion. This result is mainly due to the unflinching cour- age and to the eminent ability of our writers and lec- turers during the last seventy years. The conclusion from these remarks is that every man, and woman, and child of our race and creed ought to purchase and read, according to their means and time, some of the admi- rable works that are being published every day. Every parish ought to have a circulating library; because, inasmuch as it is an age of reading and enquiry, and as bad books will be read by the young if good ones are not accessible, it follows that every person alive to Cath- olic interests should take some part in the good work.
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This is the proper place to mention a few, at least, of the works most likely to be useful to those I am ad- dressing. But inasmuch as most of the works publish- ed are excellent, each in its own way, it seems difficult to call attention to any without speaking of all. Works, however, that are stamped with the favorable verdict of time and universal acceptance may be noticed. The Following (or Imitation) of Christ, The Memorial of a Christian Life, The Commandments and Sacraments, The Devout Life, The Catholic Christian Instructed, The Way of Salvation, Familiar Discourses to the Young, The Guide to Catholic Young Women, may be set down as among the best. These works are generally published in a convenient size, and are very cheap.
CHAPTER VIII.
ON THE CHURCH AND THE DUTIES OF RELIGION.
A LTHOUGH the present work does not profess jL\^ to be one of a peculiarly religious character, yet the eminently religious feeling of those to whom it is addressed — a feeling, indeed, which seems to be a part of their nature — justifies a few words on the subject of religion.
In the outset, one feels inclined to give at least a short history of the wonderful progress of the Catholic religion in the United States, commencing at the Revo- lution. But it is impossible in a work like this, and there are many publications easily obtained in which the want is supplied. Suffice it here to say that on the 1 5th of August, 1790, eighty-three years ago, the first bishop of the United States was consecrated in Lul- worth Castle, Effgland, the residence of one of the old Catholic families of that country. This bishop was JOHN CARROLL, of Maryland — a name distinguished by all who bore' it in the American Revolution for patriotism, honor, and devotion to the cause of liberty. When he returned in the December following to his see of Baltimore, he found himself the only bishop of the whole United States of that day, having tinder his jurisdiction twenty- five priests and from twenty-five to
46 Irish Emigration
forty thousand people. The residence of these was principally confined to Maryland and Pennsylvania. In 1808, eighteen years later, bishops were appointed to New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Bardstown, Ken- tucky. The Catholic population then amounted to about one hundred and fifty thousand souls.
In 1850, we find twenty-seven bishops, with a popula- tion of about one and a half million. At the present time (1873), the Catholic population cannot fall short of six millions, or about one-sixth of the entire popula- tion of the country. Allowing their number to have been forty thousand in 1790, it would have been only one-seventieth part of the population of that time. This wonderful increase is owing in some degree to the acqui- sition of the vast territory west of the Alleghany Moun- tains, where there were a few French settlements, and to the cession of New Mexico and California after the Mexican War of 1847 ; but it is mainly due to the constant stream of Irish emigration during the last seventy years. Of course, there has been a large emi- gration of Germans during the same period, and especi- ally during the last fifteen years; but this will not change the truth of what has been stated, inasmuch as many of the German immigrants are either of no religious pro- fession, or else do not belong to the Catholic Church.
Differences of religion do not count for much, in a temporal point of view, among Americans of the genu- ine type. An honest man who firmly adheres to his religious principles, and is sober and industrious withal, is certain to obtain the respect of all his neighbors in
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America, no matter how much they may differ with him in his religious belief. Since the time of the Revolution, there has no been ascendency party here either in church or in state ; but a perfect equality prevails, and even a possibility, where there is a fitness, to enjoy any office of honor or trust. Foreign-born citizens are eligible to any office in the land, excepting only the office of President of the United States.
The wonderful progress of the Catholic Church, therefore, and the spirit of generous devotedness dis- played by Catholics in raising magnificent churches all over the land, is a matter of admiration among Ameri- cans of every religious opinion. Often non-Catholics show the greatest liberality in helping to build and decorate our churches.
I wish to call special attention here to a remarkable fact. Wherever, among the Catholics of America, you find good churches, beautifully or decently fitted up for divine worship, there you invariably find a thrifty and prosperous Catholic people. Wherever, on the con- trary, you find a poor and wretched church structure, due regard being paid to the number of the congrega- tion, you almost as certainly find a people given up to drunkenness and other degrading vices. God blesses generosity directed to himself an hundredfold. In some places, and under certain circumstances, it often seems a gigantic project to build a good church ; but if we analyze the subject, the difficulty vanishes. Let us take, for instance, a Catholic population, either in the towns or country parts, of two hundred families ; this
48 Irish Emigration
number of families is supposed to consist of ten or twelve hundred persons. Supposing they want to build a church costing twenty-five thousand dollars; if each family contribute, on an average, one hundred and twenty-five dollars, the work is accomplished. Supposing, more- over, that this sum is contributed in five equal annual instalments of twenty-five dollars each, or even in work upon the building, the burden is lightened, and the result is the same. So, also, a population of one hundred families, wishing to build a church costing ten thousand dollars, can do it by each family contribut- ing one hundred dollars. In all contributions of this na- ture, the principal point is that the burden be borne by all according to their means. It is generally the case in these matters that while some are more liberal than can reasonably be expected, others keep aloof from the per- formance of their duty, and claim it as a right, never- theless, to grumble and complain respecting the work that is done, and the way in which it is done.
A word of recognition is here due to the bishops and priests of the United States; for, in the whole history of Christianity, I hardly think we can find a priesthood so devoted to duty, and so laborious in the work of build- ing churches, schools, orphan asylums, academies, and hospitals, as in this country. So great has been the en- ergy displayed, and the indomitable perseverance under all kinds of difficulties, that our clergy have attracted the attention and won the admiration of all who have formed their acquaintance, irrespective of race or creed.
A few words, also, may be in place respecting the
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duties of religion. One of the most powerful means of preserving the faith, and of leading a virtuous life, is the frequent and worthily receiving the sacraments of the church. The writer is acquainted with many cases in which non-Catholic employers — masters and mis- tresses— will have no servants excepting Catholics who comply with the duties of their religion. It is probably needless to say that every Catholic is obliged to receive the sacraments at least once a year, and this at the time of Easter. In the present condition of things in this coun- try, hardly any one can be excused from complying with this duty. Churches and priests are now sufficiently nu- merous to give to all the opportunity of receiving the sacraments. Even if it should cost a journey of twenty- five or fifty miles once or twice a year, it is worth all the trouble. There are also among us several or- ganized bands of missionary priests; and the amount of good effected by their labors is incalculable. Any one living within the reach of a mission ought to avail him- self of the benefits thereby held out to him. Fathers and mothers of families should see to it in time that their children are thoroughly instructed in the princi- ples of their faith, and prepared for first communion at a proper age. Children allowed to grow up without re- ligion are a curse to society, and to no members of society so much as to their own parents. Parents of the wealthier classes are greatly mistaken if, in sending their children to school, they do not provide for their religious instruction. It is the basis of all moral, social, and domestic excellence; and if made light of in youth,
50 Irish Emigration.
parents will live long enough to repent of their foliy when it is too late.
There have been many converts to the Catholic faith in the United States from the beginning of the present century. A fair proportion of these have been persons of eminent ability, and have filled the highest offices in church and state. It is a fact, nevertheless, altogether undeniable, that great numbers of emigrants and their children have been lost to the faith, all over the land, on account of the absence of clergymen, the fewness of churches, and the social or family alliances frequently en- tered into. The Catholic population is now probably six or seven millions ; but, if all the Catholic emigrants of the last two hundred years had had even moderate opportunities of exercising their religious belief, it would, doubtless, be three times that number.
CHAPTER IX.
ON TEMPERANCE.
MUCH, of late years, has been spoken and written upon the subject of drunkenness in its evil effects upon the family and upon society ; and, in truth, too much can not be said against this most de- grading vice. To -me it has always appeared that Father Mathew, whose name is a synonym for tempe- rance, was the greatest benefactor of his race and of man- kind in modern times. Millions now living, if not in opulence, at least in independent circumstances and enjoying the comfort of peaceful homes, are indebted to him" for all they possess. Among a people to whom a wicked system of government, and false ideas regarding the requirements of social life, made it honorable to be a drunkard, Father Mathew raised his voice against the prevailing sin. He labored for years in the good work ; and although that work may be criticised, and has been without justice or discrimination, still we must conclude that the blessed voice of the Apostle of Temperance was not stilled in death until he had convinced his country- men that drunkenness was a dishonor and a disgrace-to all Christian men. Like all true reformers, he undertook to reform ideas first, knowing that the reformation of soci- ety would follow.
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But to our subject : It is well to remark that no one can justly lay to the charge of our race a greater pro- pensity to strong drink than is manifested by people of other nationalities. This would be foolish and absurd. But there is among us a social and convivial spirit which, if not kept within due bounds, is apt to result in excesses of which no one ever dreamed. Hence the necessity of a word of warning. A young man beginning life, and finding himself thrown in the society of persons habituated to excessive drinking, must cut loose from that society, no matter what it may cost him ; because, if he does not drink too much himself, he will be annoyed by those who do ; arid if he does drink too much, he will contract a habit in a short time that will lead to certain ruin. The graphic pictures drawn by the ablest men of our race regarding this sin and its evil effects I will not attempt to condense or quote ; all that need be said upon it here is that the society of the intemperate must be avoided by all who wish to keep temperate.
In regard to the unfortunate class who have contracted the evil habit, it is necessary to say that all the power of reason and religion must be brought to bear upon them to effect a reformation. It is necessary to reflect that, even as men possessed of freedom, we cannot be forced against our will to do what is wrong in regard to ourselves or others ; to say so would be to impute to the Almighty himself the greatest tyranny, inasmuch as he gave us laws that we cannot observe. Again, as Christians, we ought to place before our minds our
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Lord and Saviour hanging on the cross ; that, in his burning thirst, he refused the poor comfort offered to him when they asked him to drink vinegar mixed with gall
CHAPTER X.
WHERE CAN EMIGRANTS BEST SUCCEED IN OBTAINING HOMES ?
THIS is the proper place to point out, in a special manner, those parts of the country in which the poor man is most likely to succeed in procuring a home. Inasmuch as the whole second part of this work is devoted to that subject, I will only make a few brief remarks here.
In the first place, industry, economy, and health will secure the poor man a home almost anywhere in the United States outside of the large cities. It has often been accomplished, even within the cities, by steady attention to work. And in the suburbs of all the large cities poor men may generally obtain a home by pur- chasing ground on a long credit, and putting up a cheap house. The street-cars and other conveyances are generally accessible from every place in cities, and enable persons, for a small sum, to get to their work.
But if we consider the subject of procuring farms of eighty acres and upwards, or of getting property on a large scale in cities or towns, it may be said, without hesitation or fear of contradiction, that the country lying between the Mississippi River on the east and the
Irish Emigration. 55
Pacific Ocean on the west, and that lying between the Ohio River on the north and the Gulf of Mexico on the south, is the best of all. Let us take, for instance, the PACIFIC COAST — the States of California and Oregon, and the Territory of Washington. Together they cover an area of three hundred and fourteen thousand square miles, or an area five times as large as that of the six New England States, the population of which is three and a half millions, whereas the population of the two Pacific States and one Territory is only six hundred and eighty thousand. Special attention is called to the letters and statistics regarding the Pacific States.
Again, it is certain that large tracts of Government land may still be obtained in Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and in all the Territories west and south of them. Rail- road lands, as they are called, on account of being own- ed by railroad companies, may be bought at a cost of from three to 'twelve dollars an acre, and on a long credit, in Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and generally in all the country west of the Mississippi. Lands lying near railroads have many advantages over those more remote, in the way of markets, churches, schools, etc.
In the SOUTHERN STATES since the late Civil War, owing to the absence or derangement of labor and the pressure of taxation, lands partially or entirely cleared and lying near railroads may be purchased for sums ranging from two to twenty dollars an acre. No lands in the South, excepting those in the near neighborhood of cities, are higher. When large tracts are purchased
56 Irish Emigration
in the South for the purpose of colonization, the terms are still more favorable.
I cannot close this chapter withxnit proposing to wealthy Catholics an idea that may be carried out with great benefit to many — injuriously to no one. Effectual action in regard to this idea would more than realize the whole purpose of this work.
Let us suppose one thousand Catholics in the whole United States, owning money or real estate to the amount of from two hundred thousand to one million of dollars ; it is certain that at least five hundred of these may be found in the city of New York alone. Let us farther suppose that each one of these invests twenty- five thousand dollars in the lands of the West or South at the rate of two dollars and a half per acre. The investment so made would include ten thousand acres of land. This tract, divided by eighty, makes one hun- dred and twenty-five — the number of farms of that size contained in the tract. This would make a respectable colony, and would put one hundred and twenty-five families on the road to independence. Multiply this number by one thousand, and we have the important figure of one hundred and twenty -five thousand families, or about one million of persons, so settled on land.
Be it distinctly understood that the supposition here is not that these capitalists give a\vay their land for nothing. It is merely that, having possession of a large tract, they may enable poor people to settle upon it, and give them time — say ten or fifteen years — to pay the principal, receiving in the meantime the interest usually
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given. One great drawback with poor people in settling on land is the danger of a defective title ; it often keeps them back when there is no such danger. Now, the very names of honest Catholic capitalists who would make of this enterprise a special object of their lives would furnish a sufficient guarantee against swindling. It is, therefore, clear that a combination, such as sug- gested, would go far towards settling a large number upon farms of their own who in cities never can rise to even a moderate independence.
Again, in saying that land may be had as low as two dollars and a half per acre, the supposition is that the payment is in cas/i, and with the express object of estab- lishing colonies. These two conditions invariably com- mand good terms in the purchase of lands either from the Government or from railroad companies; because cash payments are always desirable, and an increase of population increases taxes for the Government and busi- ness for the railroads.
The proposition is distinctly made ; who will take it up? There is in it neither danger nor risk; because, even if the land were not sold, it is certain not to depreciate in value, and cannot be anything else than a safe investment. Here is a chance for the exercise of patriotism and love of our fellow-man in the most practical and tangible form ; let us hope that some one may lead the way, and that many will follow.
PART SECOND.
CONTAINING SPECIAL STATISTICS OF THE VARI- OUS STATES AND TERRITORIES COMPRISING THE UNITED STATES, GENERAL RESOURCES OF THE SAME, AND CONDITION OF THE CATH- OLIC CHURCH IN EACH.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
1. The extent, population, and resources of each State and Territory, also the number of foreign-born people of the Irish and German nationalities in each, and the condition of the Catholic Church, will form the subject- matter of this second part.
It will be noticed that the population of 1860, as well as that of 1870, is given; the object being to show, by the increase of population, the States and Territories in which the greatest progress is being made. The increase of population may not, in every particular instance, be an exact test of the advancing prosperity of a country or city ; but in this country, where the facilities of travel have made it so easy to move from a less to a more pros- perous locality, it is a good test in the great majority of cases.
2. By the census report of 1870, it will be seen that, of the total population of the United States of that date (38,558,371), 5,557,229 were bora outside of the United States. Of this number, 1,855,827, or nearly two mil- lions, were born in Ireland, and 1,679,025 in Germany. Of the Irish-born people in the United States, about one- half are in the three States of New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts; and 1,217,496 of them are to be found in the six New England States, New York, Penn- sylvania, and New Jersey.
Of the 1,690,533 Germans in the United States in
62 Irish Emigration
1870, more than one-half are to be found in the four States of New York, Ohio, Illinois, and Wisconsin ; or, in exact numbers, 865,871. The greatest number of Ger- mans, besides those mentioned, are still in the Western States.
3. The object of giving the numbers of Germans and Irish in each State and Territory is to show the locality of these two races, which, for years past, have furnished the most considerable part of the emigration to the United States. It will be seen that, while the Irish people seem to cling to the cities and manufacturing States, the Germans proceed in larger numbers to the great States of the West, and apply themselves to the cultivation of the soil. In fact, it seems that many colonies of Ger- mans have come directly from their homes in the Father- land to Wisconsin and other States of the West, and have settled down at once upon land, without any delay at all at the port of landing. Thus may we account for the' great prosperity of the Germans in America. They fol- low, as nearly as possible, the occupations to which they were accustomed in their own country ; and hence the cause of their success.
4. Of the other nationalities in the United States, the English (many of whom are of Irish parentage) form the largest part. The number given is 550,688; of whom the largest numbers are found in the following States : New York (110,000), Pennsylvania (70,000), Illinois (54,000), Ohio (36.000), Michigan (35,000), California (17,000), and the Territory of Utah (16,000). The Scotch in the United States in 1870 number 140,809,
to the United States.
the largest part of whom are found in New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. The Welsh are set down as 74,530; and they are principally to be found in Pennsyl- vania, Ohio, Wisconsin, and New York.
The French in the United States are set down as 116,240, and are found in largest numbers in New York, Ohio, Louisiana, and Illinois. The British Ameri- can Provinces of Canada, etc., have furnished 490,000 to the population of the United States. Most of these are of Irish, English, or French parentage, and are princi- pally found in Michigan, New York, Massachusetts, Illi- nois, and Vermont.
5. The statistics thus given are founded iipon the Report of the Ninth Census of the United States, taken in 1870. The price of land, of labor, etc., as noticed in the following pages, has been found in special reports from the Governors of States and Territories, or from a work entitled Special Report on Immigration) prepared by the Hon. Edward Young, Chief of the Bureau of Statis- tics, Washington, D. C., U. S. To immigrants, or per- sons intending to emigrate, this is a work of great value. When Government land is mentioned, it means such land as may be acquired by the Homestead or Pre-emption titles directly from the Government, in quantities of one hundred and sixty, eighty, or forty acres, according to its nearness to railroads or other public improvements. Generally, I have not made mention of the particular wages given in each State to persons of different avoca- tions; but this defect is supplied by Table No. i, taken from the United States report, and is entirely reliable.
64 Irish Emigration
6. The controversy so frequently raised as to the rela- tive numbers of the Celtic and Anglo-Saxon races in the United States, although of little practical import- ance, has, for a great number, both of Americans and foreigners, a special interest. In considering the ques- tion, it is necesssary to keep in mind the fact that, from the beginning of what is now called the United States, there has been a large intermixture of Celts, both French and Irish, among the English population. The Scotch element, also, is not to be disregarded in this con- nection, for we find them respectably represented in all the original States. When we reflect that the total population of the country in the year 1800 was only 5,500,000, and that the principal emigration since that date has been Irish — amounting to fully four millions — we may very justly conclude that the Irish and their descendants in the United States number, at the very least, fourteen millions. Adding the French, especially the Canadian French, and Scotch elements of our popu- lation to this, the sum total of the Celtic population is not probably short of eighteen millions.
If any calculation of the numbers of the purely Ger- manic population has been made, I am not aware of it; but, even supposing that the great German emigration dates back only about twenty-five years, it must amount now to seven or eight millions at least.
Then we have about five millions of Africans in all the States, which leaves only ten millions of the Anglo- Saxon race in the United States.
7. It will be noticed that foreigners are very few in the
to the United States.
Southern States, although most of these have a remarka- bly healthy climate and fertile soil. One reason of this is that in those States slave labor prevailed before the late Civil War. Since the war the principal men of the South have made the greatest efforts to secure a large influx of European immigration. To me it seems that if the large land-holders of that section continue to sell to actual settlers farms of eighty or one hundred and sixty acres, on long time and good terms, a large immigration will soon turn in that direction. Some land-owners in the South have even gone so far as to offer for nothing alternate plots of their farms to actual settlers. Although this example may not be extensively followed, it is worthy of consideration.
CHAPTER I.
THE SIX NEW ENGLAND STATES.
MAINE.
THIS State occupies the northeastern part of the United States, and has an area of thirty thou- sand square miles. Population in 1870, 626,- 915; in 1860, 578,034. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 15,745 ; of Germany, 508.
Maine was formerly a part of Massachusetts, but became a separate, sovereign State in March, 1820. It is not generally selected by foreigners as a home, espe- cially on account of the rigor of the climate. Honest industry, however, and perseverance are sure to be crowned with success in this as in other States.
The exports of Maine are principally lumber, lime, and granite. One-third of all the ship-building of the United .States is done in this Sfate. The manufacture of woollen and cotton fabrics, also of castings and paper, is extensive. Fisheries flourish in this State.
The Catholic statistics will be given under the head- ing of New Hampshire.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
lies west of Maine and north of Massachusetts ; it has an area of nine thousand two hundred and eighty square
Irish Emigration. 67
miles. Population in 1870, 318,370; in 1860, 326,073. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 12,190; of Germany, 436.
New Hampshire is one of the oldest States of the Union, having been one of the original thirteen States that fought for and won American independence. She ratified the United States Constitution on the 26th of June, 1788.
In regard to the prospects for emigrants in this State, the brief remarks already made in regard to Maine will apply equally well here.
Catholic Statistics of Maine and New Hampshire.
These two States form but one diocese, under the juris- diction of the Bishop of Portland, Maine.
The statistics, as given in the Catholic Almanac of 1873, are as follows : One bishop, residing at Portland; fifty-two priests in both States; fifty-eight churches built, and nine building; nine religious institutions, under the direction of Sisters; twenty Catholic free schools. Catholic population, 80,000.
The labors of the reverend Jesuit fathers among the Indians who formerly inhabited this part of the country are given in a work entitled Catholic Missions in the United States, by J. G. Shea — a work full of interest- ing details.
VERMONT
lies west of New Hampshire, from which it is separated by the Connecticut River. Area, nine thousand and
68 Irish Emigration
fifty-six square miles. Population in 1870, 330,000; in 1860,315,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 14,080; of Germany, 370. Vermont, formed out of the territory of New York, became a State in 1791.
The climate is very healthy, and is not so cold as that of Maine or New Hampshire. The soil on both sides of the Green Mountains, which traverse the State from north to south, is very fertile and well adapted for grazing. Wool is the chief article of export. Quarrying is carried on extensively.
The following is a letter from the Right Rev. Bishop De Goesbriand, regarding the prospects for emigrants in this State :
BURLINGTON, Jan. 23, 1873. REV. AND DEAR SIR :
In answer to your letter of enquiry, I am told that improved lands in Vermont sell at an average of $50 per acre, and that laborers get on an average one dollar and a half a day. Emi- grants do not seem to direct their course in large numbers this way.
Respectfully and truly 5'ours,
L. DE GOESBRIAND, D.D.,
Bishop of Burlington.
The Catholic statistics are as follows : The diocese of Burlington was established in 1853. It has one bishop, at Burlington, whose jurisdiction extends over the whole State ; twenty-six priests and thirteen cleri- cal students in 1873; fifty-two churches built, and four building ; three religious institutions. Catholic population, about 34,000.
to the United States. 69
MASSACHUSETTS,
which is one of the old thirteen States, lies south of New Hampshire and Vermont. Area, 7,800 square miles. The Constitution of the United States was accepted here in 1788. Population, 1870, 1,457,351 ', in 1860, 1,231,066. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 216,120; of Germany, 13.072.
Massachusetts is the most densely populated State in the Union, having one hundred and eighty-seven persons to the square mile. The river valleys are well adapted to agriculture ; but the great wealth of the State consists in her manufactures. Cotton and woolen fabrics, car- pets, flax, machinery of all kinds, paper, and shoes are among the principal. In regard to the prospects for im- migrants in this State, special attention is called to the letter of the Right Rev. Bishop of Hartford, Connecti- cut, at the end of this chapter; because what applies to his State applies generally to this. In .all departments of business, as well as in the various professions, we find the Irish race fairly represented in Massachusetts.
Catholic Statistics.
There are two dioceses in Massachusetts. One is the Diocese of Boston, founded in 1808; and the other, the Diocese of Springfield, founded in June, 1870.
The DIOCESE OF BOSTON, comprising the eastern part of the "State, is in a flourishing condition. The fol- lowing are the principal statistics : one bishop, residing in Boston ; one hundred and fifty priests, and seventy-five clerical students ; eighty-seven churches built, and six in
70 Irish Emigration
course of erection ; twenty-six chapels ; one college , three female academies ; thirteen parochial free schools ; three hospitals ; six orphan asylums ; number of orphans, 600. Catholic population, about 275,000.
The statistics of the DIOCESE OF SPRINGFIELD, which comprises the western counties of the State, are as fol- lows: one bishop, residing at Springfield; sixty-eight priests, and about forty clerical students ; sixty-three churches ; one college ; four convents. Catholic popu- lation, about 100,000; making nearly 400,000 Catholics for the State of Massachusetts alone.
RHODE ISLAND
lies south of Massachusetts, and east of Connecticut. It is the smallest State in the Union. It is one of the original thirteen States that struggled for American in- dependence, and ratified the Constitution of the United States in May, 1790.
Its area is only 1,306 square miles. Population in 1870, 217,000; in 1860, 174,620; natives of Ireland in i87o.,3i,324; of Germany, 1,201.
Rhode Island is principally a manufacturing State; and the same remarks regarding the prospects of emi- grants in Massachusetts apply to this State. A great number of wealthy Irish people, who have carved out large fortunes by honest industry, may be found in this State.
Catholic Statistics.
Providence, although long the residence of the Bishop of Hartford, was not erected into an episcopal see
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until 1872, when the Right Rev. Bishop McFarland re- moved to Hartford, Connecticut, and Bishop Hen- dricken was duly installed as Bishop of Providence.
The new diocese comprises the whole State of Rhode Island and two or three of the counties of Massachu- setts bordering upon it. It has one bishop, living in Providence; fifty-three priests, and forty clerical stu- dents ; forty-three churches built, and five building ; six academies — five female and one male. Catholic pop- ulation, 125,000.
CONNECTICUT
lies south of Massachusetts, and west of Rhode Is- land. Area, 4,674 square miles. Population in 1870, 537,454;. in 1860, 460,147. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 70,630; of Germany, 12,443.
Connecticut is also one of the original thirteen States, and gave her adhesion to the Constitution of the United States in February, 1788.
The river valleys of Connecticut are admirably adapt- ed for agriculture; but manufactures and commerce constitute the principal wealth of the State. The pros- pects for emigrants are pointed out in the letter of the Right Rev. Bishop McFarland, already referred to.
CatJwlic Statistics,
The DIOCESE OF HARTFORD comprises the whole State of Connecticut, and was established in March, 1844. The diocese has one bishop, residing in Hartford ; sev- enty-seven priests, and forty-five clerical students; seven- ty-six churches built, and nine building; sixty chapels
72 Irish Emigration
and stations ; ten academies — one male and nine fe- male ; eighteen Catholic free schools for boys, and nine- teen for girls. Catholic population, 140,000.
This makes the whole Catholic population of the six New England States 754,000.
Twenty-five years ago, according to the Catholic Almanac of that date (1848), it amounted to only about 80,000 in the diocese of Boston, which comprised the four States of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Vermont; and about 20,000 in the diocese of Hartford, which comprised the States of Rhode Island and Connecticut.
A work of great value on this subject has been pub- lished in Boston, by the Rev. James Fitton. This work has been carefully and elaborately prepared, and will be read with great interest by all Catholics in America, but especially by those of New England. It is entitled The History of the Catholic Church in New England.
The following letter, written at the suggestion and under the supervision of the venerable Bishop of Hart- ford, the Right Rev. F. P. McFarland, is applicable to most of the manufacturing districts of New England. It contains the practical conclusions of one whose long residence in New England and thorough knowledge of the condition of Catholics in that part of the country give immense value to his testimony.
HARTFORD, CONN., Jan. 22, 1873. REV. DEAR SIR :
Your note asking information concerning- the resources of the Diocese of Hartford, and the prospects for emigrants, has been received, and, in answer, we would submit the following
to the United States. 73
few remarks. In this diocese, which comprises the whole of the State of Connecticut, there are no " public lands " for sale. The State, which contains an area of only 4,764 square miles, is intersected by numerous railroads and streams, along which towns are springing up, whose growth is measured and inte- rest kept alive by the location of factories in their midst and the business carried on in them.
There are several flourishing cities in the State, but their business and interests are chiefly of a manufacturing nature. The general business of the factories throughout the State con- sists in the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods, and arti- cles of iron and brass at different foundries ; pins, buttons, wire, tubes, axes, and clocks are also manufactured to some extent.
Foreign commerce is limited ; the coasting business, how- ever, is extensive, but chiefly with New York and New Eng- land cities. Our climate is changeable, but perhaps less so than in any other State of New England. The soil of the State is undulating, and in some portions quite rocky, but fer- tile. Farming interests are less encouraging than formerly, on account of the high price demanded for labor amongst " farmers' men," and " long hours."
The land in the valley of the Connecticut River is the only portion of the State now generally cultivated. The principal crops grown in this district are hay and tobacco ; the latter is considered in every respect superior to any raised in this sec- tion of the country.
Mechanics command good wages, and generally find em- ployment, if they choose to work.
Average wages for mechanics per day, $3 50 ; for laborers per day, $2 ; for girls in service per week, $3 50. Help in factories for the most part work by the " piece," and secure for themselves fair wages when business is good. Although em ployment is easily found by the industrious, and fair wages given for labor, still food, rents, clothing, and other ordinary
74 Irish Emigration.
necessities and comforts of life cost less in Western States. Here, it is true, all these things can be found and secured, but at a greater outlay ; and for the laboring classes only where do- mestic economy is made a pet household virtue.
Close confinement in factories, especially in cotton and woollen mills, impairs the health of many, and those who are forced to seek employment in such places when young gene- rally lose soon the healthy bloom and vigor of youth, and live short lives.
To Catholics of the State there is everywhere an ample opportunity of leading good Christian lives, if they wish to do so. Nearly every town and village in the State has a Catholic priest living within its limits, or is frequently visited by him. Christian instruction is therefore secured, and for this reason our people are content to build up homes for themselves and children in any portion of the diocese in which they may be found.
Assuring you that the above remarks are as complete as we could gather from our sources of information, We remain very sincerely yours,
IJ4 F. P. McFARLAND,
per Jos. B. REID, Secretary
CHAPTER II.
NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA, AND NEW JERSEY. NEW YORK
LIES west of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont. It is one of the old thirteen States, and accepted the United States Constitution in July, 1788.
Area, 47,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 4,382,759; in 1860, 3,880,735. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 528,506; of Germany, 316,902.
New York has a larger population than any other State in the Union ; it has also more wealth, and is con- sequently called the Empire State. Although emigrants are not ordinarily advised to make this State their home, still it is a settled fact that a very large number, especi- ally of Irish emigrants, remain in New York. And when we consider the almost innumerable modes of employment in this State, the opportunities, commercial, agricultural, and otherwise, we need not be surprised that so many emigrants stay in New York. If they succeed in obtaining homes in this State, it is well that they stay in it ; if not, they ought to move to some State where it can be done.
Catholic Statistics.
There are six dioceses in New York, namely : New York, Brooklyn, Albany, Ogdensburg, Rochester, and Buffalo.
76 Irish Emigration
The eastern part of the State is divided into the four dioceses first mentioned; the western part into the two latter. The total Catholic. population of this State can- not fall short of 1,400,000.
Special statistics are as follows :
The ARCHDIOCESE OF NEW YORK comprises the city of New York, together with the counties south of the 42d degree of north latitude, excepting those on Long Island, which form the diocese of Brooklyn. There is in New York one archbishop, whose province embraces New England, New York, and New Jersey ; two hun- dred and forty-one priests, and sixty-seven clerical stu- dents ; one hundred and twenty-eight churches, and twenty-four chapels ; one ecclesiastical seminary, and three colleges ; eight religious communities of men, and twelve of women. Schools and academies in the same proportion. The Catholic population may be estimated at 600,000.
The DIOCESE OF BROOKLYN, comprising all of Long Island, and established in 1853, has one bishop, residing in Brooklyn ; one hundred and two priests, and a large number of clerical students; about eighty churches and chapels, one college, and a great number of schools, parochial and select. The Catholic population is at least 200,000.
The DIOCESE OF ALBANY, established in 1847, has one bishop and one coadjutor-bishop, residing at Albany; one hundred and twenty priests, and thirty clerical students ; one hundred and seventy churches and chapels, and one hundred stations; a large supply of
to the United States. 77
academies, select and parochial schools. Catholic population, over 200,000.
The DIOCESE OF OGDENSBURG, established in 1872, comprises the northeastern part of New York, and has one bishop, residing in Ogdensburg; forty-two priests, and ten clerical students ; sixty-five churches and chapels, and thirty-eight stations. Catholic population, about 50,000.
The DIOCESE OF ROCHESTER, established in 1868, comprises the counties of the central portion of the State lying between the dioceses of Albany on the east, and of Buffalo on the west. This diocese has one bishop, residing in Rochester ; forty-seven priests, and thirty-one clerical students ; sixty-four churches. Catholic popula- tion, about 60,000.
The DIOCESE OF BUFFALO, established in 1847, com- prises the western part of New York, and has one bishop, residing in Buffalo; one hundred and thirteen priests, and eighteen clerical students ; one hundred and eighteen churches and chapels, and eight churches building. The Catholic population - is probably 200,000.
It is interesting to Catholics to know that the first church in what is now the great State of New York was built on the site of the present St. Peter's, corner of Barclay and Church Streets, in 1786. Its dimen- sions were eighty-one feet in length by forty-eight in width. It was erected mainly by the exertions of the Re'v. William O'Brian, a Dominican priest from Ireland, who raised most of the funds necessary in Mexico and Cuba. This church, showing signs of decay, and, be-
78 Irish Emigration
sides, being too small for the congregation, was taken down in 1836 to give place to the present massive struc- ture of the same name. The first Mass was said in it on the 4th of November, 1786, and the last on the 28th of August, 1836, having thus been used nearly fifty years.
The History of the Catholic Chunk in New York, by Archbishop Bayley, is highly interesting, and ought to be in every Catholic library.
PENNSYLVANIA
lies south of New York, and west of New Jersey. This is also one of the old thirteen States, and accepted the Constitution of the United States in December, 1787. Area (almost the same as that of New York), forty-six thousand square miles. Population in 1870, 3,521,791 ; in 1860, 2,906,215. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 235,- 750; of Germany, 60,145.
The prospects for emigrants in this State are very much the same as in New York. In neither State can they be compared with the opportunities of making independent homes in the States of the South or of the far West. A very great variety of employment is presented to industrious men in this State ; and no one need be idle if he is willing to work at fair wages. The land is generally in price beyond the reach of most emigrants, ranging from twenty to three hundred dol- lars per acre. Very little land, however, can be pur- chased at the former price.
In northeastern Pennsylvania, the coal-beds are said
to the United States. 79
to be the most extensive in the world ; in the west, also, they are successfully worked. Iron ore abounds in nearly- the whole State, and Pennsylvania takes the lead of all the States in iron manufactures of all kinds. About one-half of all the iron produced in the United States is found in this State.
Catholic Statistics in 1873.
There are five dioceses in this State, of which Phila delphia, Harrisburg, and Pittsburg occupy the southern portion, whilst Erie takes up the northwestern and Scranton the northeastern parts of the State. The Catholic population does not fall short of 550,000 souls. There were many Catholics in this State previous to the American Revolution ; and the celebrated brigade, known in those days as the " Pennsylvania Line," was almost entirely made up of Irish Catholics. The first Commodore of the American navy, John Barry, an Irish Catholic, made this State his home, and died in Philadelphia in 1803. Thomas Fitzsimon is also honor- ably mentioned.
The DIOCESE OF PHILADELPHIA established in 1808, comprises the city of Philadelphia and nine counties in the southeastern part of the State. It has one bishop, living in Philadelphia; two hundred and two priests, and one hundred and five clerical students ; one hun- dred and seven churches, thirty-six chapels, and thirty- three stations. This diocese is admirably supplied with colleges, academies, schools, and Catholic institutions of all kinds. Catholic population, about 250,000.
8o Irish Emigration
The DIOCESE OF HARRISBURG, established in 1868, comprises the counties west of the diocese of Phila- delphia, and east of those of Pittsburg. It has one bishop, residing in Harrisburg ; thirty-three priests, and seventeen clerical students ; forty-nine churches, and twenty-two chapels and stations. Catholic population, probably 40,000.
The DIOCESE OF PITTSBURG, established in 1843, com- prises the city of Pittsburg and the counties of the southwestern part of the State. It has one bishop, liv- ing in Pittsburg; one hundred and forty-three priests, and thirty-five clerical students; one hundred and nine- teen churches, and fifteen chapels. The supply of Catholic institutions .of all kinds is very large in this diocese. Catholic population, about 150,000.
The DIOCESE OF ERIE, established in 1853, comprises the northwestern counties of the State, and has one bishop, residing at Erie; fifty-two priests, and twelve clerical students ; sixty churches ; and a Catholic population of 40,000.
The following letter is from the Rev. Thos. A. Casey, Secretary of the Right Rev. Bishop Mullen, of Erie. Though brief, it is a valuable contribution to the pre- sent work, inasmuch as it gives practical and reliable information on the subject of which it treats :
ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL, ERIE, Feb. 5, 1873. VERY REV. FATHER BYRNE :
DEAR SIR: Your letter to Bishop Mullen, requiring informa- tion concerning price of land, wages, etc., has been handed me, with request to answer. The counties of which this diocese
to the United States. Si
is made up are, as a general thing, very rough. Land is not very high in price, save along the lake shore. Land, I dare say, in some of the interior counties, might be purchased for $10 per acre ; while along the lake it runs up as high as $150, or even higher. The great oil region is in this diocese, and that alone gives employment to a great number of men, so that wages, as a general thing, are always good. In summer men can make even five or six dollars per day, and in winter pro- bably nearly one-half that, provided they are not worthless. I am yours sincerely,
THOS. A. CASEY.
The DIOCESE OF SCRANTON, established in 1868, com- prises the counties of northeastern Pennsylvania. It has one bishop, living in Scranton; thirty-eight priests, and fifteen clerical students ; sixty-two churches, and forty- one stations. Catholic population, probably 50,000.
The following letter is from a very reliable source, and gives a plain, honest statement of the prospects for emigrants in northeastern Pennsylvania, which consti- tutes the diocese of Scranton :
FEBRUARY 10, 1873. REV. S. BYRNE :
DEAR SIR : In reply to your request, I may inform you that the Diocese of Scranton embraces ten counties in the northeas- tern part of Pennsylvania, as may be seen in the Catholic Di- rectory. The only county of importance is Luzerne. The other counties are not remarkable for good quality of land ; there is here and there good farming, but, comparing this section with the other parts of Pennsylvania, there is a marked difference. In general, it is hilly and rocky. There is very little induce- ment for settlers to locate here. In Luzerne, there are rolling- mills and machine-shops, and mining is carried on very ex-
82 Irish Emigration.
tensively. A machinist makes $3 per day ; a laborer about $2. la the rolling-mill, a puddler, $4 ; a helper, $2 ; a miner on an average, $3 50 ; a laborer, $2.
NEW JERSEY
lies south of New York and east of Pennsylvania. Area, 8,320 square miles. Population in 1870, 906.096; in 1860, 672,085. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 86,734; of Germany, 54,000. This is also one of the original States, and ratified the Constitution in January, 1788.
New Jersey, lying between the two great cities of New York and Philadelphia, has many advantages in the way of supplying the markets of these cities with vegetables and fruits. Gardening, therefore, and fruit- growing are the principal sources of wealth in this State. Manufacturing is also very extensively carried on in Newark, Paterson, and other cities. New Jersey is becoming densely populated by the business and work- ing classes of the neighboring cities, the railroad com- panies of the State giving all manner of facilities to mechanics and business men for reaching their places of occupation at a convenient hour. Around the differ- ent railroad stations towns and villages are growing up, and there is every chance for small capitalists to obtain homes almost anywhere in this State.
The DIOCESE OF NEWARK, established in 1853, com- prises the whole State of New Jersey, and has .one bishop, living at Newark; ninety-three priests, and seve- ral clerical students. Catholic population, about 250,000.
CHAPTER III.
MARYLAND, DELAWARE, VIRGINIA, WEST VIRGINIA. MARYLAND,
LYING west of Delaware, and south of Pennsyl- vania, is the cradle-land of English-speaking Catholics in the United States. The first colony, under George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1633, was a Catholic colony. Maryland is also one of the original States of the Union, having ratified the Con- stitution of the United States in 1788. Area, 9,356 square miles. Population in 1870, 781,000; in 1860, 687,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 23,630; of Ger- many, 47,045.
The climate of Maryland is temperate and healthy, except on the lowlands bordering the Chesapeake Bay. The principal article of export is tobacco, which is cultivated with great success in this State. Other species of industry, such as the manufacture of cotton, wool, iron, and flour, flourish also. The price of land ranges from $5 to $150 an acre. Very little land, how- ever, can be bought at the first-named price, and it is seldom we find it as high as $150. The average price is about $40 an acre. Oyster-dredging is one of the features of this State, and, according to the census re- turns of 1870, employs about ten thousand men.
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THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
formerly a part of Maryland, and situated on the Poto- mac River, is the seat of Government of the United States. It was selected by Washington for this purpose towards the close of the last century, Philadelphia hav- ing been previously the seat of the general Government Area, 60 square miles. Population in 1870, 131,700; in 1860, 75,080. Natives of Ireland in 1870,8,218; of Germany, 4,920.
The principal employment in Washington is connected with the various departments of Government, and these furnish employment to great numbers, but more especi- ally to copyists, printers, book-binders, and clerks of all kinds.
Catholic Statistics in 1873.
The ARCHDIOCESE OF BALTIMORE, which comprises all of the State of Maryland west of the Chesapeake, and the District of Columbia, is the oldest diocese in the United States, having been established in the year 1790, as already mentioned. It has one archbishop, residing in Baltimore, who is the Metropolitan of the church in the United States; one hundred and ninety-five priests, and one hundred and twenty- five churches; thirty-five chapels and stations, and a very large number of reli- gious institutions, both male and female, all in a most flourishing condition. Catholic population, probably 250,000.
Some of the most distinguished men of the United States have been Catholics of Maryland. Among these
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may be mentioned Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who outlived all his companions that signed the Declaration of Independence of the United States ; and, in more re- cent times, Judge Taney, who was Chief-Justice of the United States over thirty years.
DELAWARE,
lying south of Pennsylvania and east of Maryland, is another of the old thirteen States, and accepted the Con- stitution of the United States in December, 1787. Ex- cepting Rhode Island, it is the smallest State in the Union, the area being only 2,120 square miles.
Population in 1870, 125,015; in 1860, 112,216. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 6,000; of Germany, 1,142.
Agriculture is the principal occupation of the people of Delaware ; but at Wilmington, the principal city, manufacturing, especially that of gunpowder, is exten- sively carried on. Ship-building is also a specialty of this city.
The DIOCESE OF WILMINGTON, established in 1868, comprises all of Delaware and that part of Maryland and Virginia which lies east of the Chesapeake Bay. The statistics for 1873 are as follows : one bishop, re- siding at Wilmington; sixteen priests, and four clerical students. Catholic population, about 15,000.
VIRGINIA
is one of the oldest States in the Union, the first settlement on the James River having been made in 1612. Virginia took a most important part in the war
86 Irish Emigration
of Independence, furnishing some of the most distin- guished patriots — such as Washington, Henry, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe — in that grand struggle for hu- man freedom. Virginia received the Constitution of the United States in July, 1788.
This State lies southwest of Maryland, and has an area of 41,352 square miles. Population in 1870, 1,225,- 163; in 1860, 1,219,630. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 5,191 ; of Germany, 4,050.
The climate of Virginia is salubrious and beautiful ; the soil, especially in the river valleys, is most produc- tive ; and, taken all in all, this State presents as many attractions to the honest and industrious emigrant as any State in the Union. All kinds of grain are raised in abundance; but tobacco is the great article of export. Manufacturing is extensively carried on, especially in Richmond, the capital of the Slate, where we find fifty tobacco factories.
Good land can be had in almost every county of this State, from $2 to $30 an acre. The system of labor and industry having been disturbed by the late Civil War, there is a cordial welcome extended to foreigners of all nationalities who avoid politics as a trade t and be- take themselves to any industrial pursuit. The popu- lation of this State may be doubled or trebled with ad- vantage to all concerned.
Catholic Statistics in 1873.
The DIOCESE .OF RICHMOND, established in 1821, comprises all of the State, excepting five counties in the
to the United States. 87
west, which belong to the Diocese of Wheeling. It has one bishop, residing at Richmond ; twenty-one priests, and eleven clerical students ; fifteen churches, and eigh- teen chapels and stations; several religious institutions and schools; and a Catholic population of nearly 20,000.
WEST VIRGINIA,
lying south of Pennsylvania and west of Virginia, is a new State, having been formed out of the territory of Virginia and admitted as a State in 1863. Area, 20,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 442,014 ; in 1860, 377,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870,6,832; of Ger- many, 6,232.
This is a very mountainous State, especially the eastern part of it ; the soil is good, however, and the climate very healthy. Land may be had in almost every part of this State at prices ranging from $i to $20 an acre, and on long time. I have before me the West Virginia Hand- Book and Immigrant 's Guide, by J. H. D. Debar — a work of great value, and very reliable in its account of the agricultural, mineral, and manufacturing interests of the State. It may be had by application in writing or otherwise to Gibbons Bros., Printers, Parkersburg, W. Va.
The DIOCESE OF WHEELING, established in 1850, comprises the whole State of West Virginia and five counties of Virginia. It has one bishop, living at Wheeling; twenty-nine priests, and fourteen clerical students; forty-eight churches, seven chapels, and forty stations ; institutions in proportion. Catholic population, about 20,000.
CHAPTER IV.
NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, FLORIDA.
NORTH CAROLINA
LIES south of Virginia, having the Atlantic Ocean as its eastern boundary. It is one of the original States of the Union, and accepted the United States Constitution in May, 1790. Area, 45,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 1,071,361; in 1860, 992,622. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 677 ; of Ger- many, 904.
The western part of this State is mountainous ; the Alleghanies, running southwestwardly through Pennsyl- vania and Virginia, reach their highest elevation (6,775 feet) nere. To emigrants the following extract, taken from the United States Catholic Almanac of 1873, will be useful : " North Carolina holds out many inducements to emigrants whose object is to devote themselves to agricultural pursuits. In the western and northern portions of the State particularly, the climate is mild and salubrious, and the soil well adapted for grain and cotton crops. Land can be purchased at prices varying from fifty cents to ten dollars an acre. Catholics are advised to select lands contiguous to churches, where they may enjoy the ministrations of their holy religion."
Irish Emigration. 89
One of the most distinguished jurists of the United States, Judge Gaston, was a native of this State, and a fervent Catholic.
The VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF NORTH CAROLINA, as it is known in the Catholic Church, comprises the whole State of North Carolina, and has one vicar apostolic, residing in Wilmington ; eight priests, and seven clerical students ; ten churches and chapels, and twenty sta- tions. Catholic population, about 1,500.
SOUTH CAROLINA
lies south of North Carolina, and west of the Atlantic Ocean. Originally the two Carolinas formed one colony; but they were divided in 1729. This is one of the original thirteen States, and ratified the Consti- tution in June, 1788. Area, 24,500 square miles. Population in 1870, 705,606; in 1860, 703,708. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 3,262; of Germany, 2,761.
This State suffered immensely in the late Civil War, the principal cities having been laid in ruins. This accounts for the very slight increase in the population. The climate is hot and unhealthy for Europeans in the low or marshy lands ; in the hilly regions, it is beautiful and healthy. Many of the towns in the interior, such as Aiken, are sought for by invalids in the winter season on account of their great salubrity. Cotton is the great staple of this State ; but agriculture of all kinds may be successfully engaged in. Good land near rail- roads can be purchased for two dollars an acre ; and
90 Irish Emigration
very little land for sale goes beyond five dollars. There is every opportunity in this State for Europeans to obtain homes as cheap and as healthy as in any part of the United States.
The DIOCESE OF CHARLESTON, established in 1820, with the renowned Bishop England as its first bishop, comprises the whole State of South Carolina, and also the Bahama Islands. It has one bishop, residing at Charleston; fifteen priests; and several flourishing re- ligious institutions. Catholic population not given.
GEORGIA
lies south of North and South Carolina and Tennessee. It is one of the old States, and accepted the Constitu- tion in January, 1788. Area, 58.000 square miles. Population in 1870, 1,184,000; in 1860, 1,057,286. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 5,093; of Germany, 2,761.
Georgia was originally settled by English Methodists and Scotch Highlanders ; but, in the lapse of years, the character of the population has greatly changed.
The principal productions are cotton, rice, Indian corn, and sweet potatoes. Iron and coal are abundant. Lumber of a superior quality is one of the staples of this State. Manufacturing is extensive, and increases every year.
Unimproved land may be bought in every part of Georgia for one dollar an acre, and sometimes for less ; improved lands range in price from $3 to $20 an acre. Land in the near neighborhood of cities and towns may be bought for the last-named price. The following
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letter is from an intelligent correspondent of the United States Bureau of Statistics for 1870 :
" I believe there are better chances for persons who wish to farm on a small scale in middle Georgia than in any other part of the country ; for, if they have no capital, they can rent land for one-half the products, and have everything furnished. I can cite instances where poor men by farming in that manner saved enough in a year to buy the places they worked. The climate, soil, scarcity of labor, and cheapness of land make this the most desirable place for immigration in the world.
" Where emigrants in the Northwest would have to wait several years to derive any profit from their labor, they can here reap large profits at once ; for the land is ready for the seed, the markets are ;_near, and the principal _staple always commands a good price."
The DIOCESE OF SAVANNAH, established in 1850, com- prises the State of Georgia. It has (1873) one bishop, residing in Savannah; twelve priests, and five clerical students ; twelve churches built, and six building : thirty chapels and stations; a fair supply of religious institutions of all kinds, and a Catholic population of 20,000.
The following is from the Catholic Almanac of 1873 :
"The soil and climate invite settlers to come here and work to their own advantage the agricultural resources of the State, and these are inexhaustible. Catholics are not advised to settle in sectarian districts, where they and their children would be exposed to the danger of a shipwreck of their holy faith. But if they understand gardening (even slightly), and have a small capital, they will find in the vicinity of cities rich lots, the cultivation of which will amply repay their industry."
92 Irish Emigration.
FLORIDA
lies south of Georgia and Alabama, and was admitted as a State of the Union in 1845. The oldest settlement within the present limits of the United States was made at St. Augustine. The Catholic church of that place was built in 1570; the first martyr of Catholic truth in the United States was the Dominican, Father Louis Cancer de Barbastro, who was killed here by the In- dians on the 26th of June, 1547.
Area of Florida, 59,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 188,000; in 1860, 140,104. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 737; of Germany, 597.
In the Catholic Almanac of 1873 we read as follows :
" Catholic gardeners and farmers who would like a pleasant place to settle in would do well to try the vicinity of St. Augustine. The place was originally settled by Catholics ; and the Catholic element largely prevails there to this day. The cultivation of the vine is carried on with great success all over the State." Florida is a favorite resort for invalids, especially con- sumptives, in the winter season.
ST. AUGUSTINE, erected into a vicariate apostolic in 1857, and into an episcopal see in 1870, comprises all of Florida, excepting a few counties in the western part of the State. There is one bishop, living at St. Augustine, twelve priests, nineteen churches and chap- els, and seventy stations where Mass is said. Catholic population, 10.000.
CHAPTER V.
TENNESSEE, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, LOUISIANA, TEXAS, ARKANSAS.
TENNESSEE
LIES directly west of North Carolina, and north of Mississippi and Alabama. It is an old State, having been admitted into the Union in June, 1796. Area, 45,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 1,258,000; in 1860, 1,109,081. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 8,044; of Germany, 4,539-
Tennessee is ordinarily divided into three parts— Eas- tern, Middle, and Western. The climate of Eastern and Middle Tennessee is unsurpassed for mildness and salu- brity. The river valleys in the western part are most fertile, but not healthy.
In nearly all the counties of this State, improved (or cleared) land may be bought for prices ranging from $3 to $20 an acre ; unimproved land may be bought from $i to $10. Tennessee is well supplied with rail- roads, and is likely to become, in a few years, a pros- perous and wealthy State. A paper entitled the Rural Sun, published in Nashville, is exclusively devoted to the object of making known the agricultural, mineral, and manufacturing resources of the State; and makes it a specialty to give most valuable and correct informa- tion to all wishing to settle in this part of the country. Europeans of all nationalities receive a cordial welcome
94 Irish Emigration
in this State; as, indeed, they receive in all States of the West and South. I am indebted to Messrs. Donohoe, Bulkley & Co., of Memphis, Tennessee, for valuable documents. These gentlemen will furnish the most re- liable information to those desiring it.
The CATHOLIC DIOCESE OF NASHVILLE, established in 1837, comprises the whole State of Tennessee, and has one bishop, residing in Nashville; twenty-seven priests, and twenty-five churches. Nashville and Mem- phis, the principal cities of the State, are well supplied with religious institutions of all kinds. Catholic popu- lation, probably 20,000.
ALABAMA
lies west of Georgia, and has Florida and the Gulf of Mexico for its southern boundary. Area, 50,700 square miles. Population in 1870, 997,000; in 1860, 964,201. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 4,000; of Germany, 2,500.
Alabama was admitted as a State in December, 1819. It is the greatest cotton-growing State in the Union. It is also adapted for all other kinds of agriculture. Northern Alabama is especially congenial to Europeans, and good land is cheap in all parts of the State. Small, improved farms may be purchased for sums ranging be- tween $3 and $20 an acre ; unimproved land may be had from 50 cents to $10 an acre. Manufacturing is on the increase ; and the disastrous effects of the late Civil War will, it is hoped, soon cease to be felt in this State. Irish and German emigrants are received with a hearty welcome.
to the United States. 95
The DIOCESE OF MOBILE, established in 1824, com- prises the whole State of Alabama and the western part of Florida. It has one bishop, living in Mobile, thirty- three priests, and eight clerical students; twenty-eight churches, and a good supply of religious institutions. Catholic population, about 14,000.
MISSISSIPPI
lies west of Alabama, and has the river Mississippi, the " Father of Waters," as its western boundary. This State was admitted into the Union in December, 1817. Area, 47,200 square miles. Population in 1870, 828,- ooo ; in 1860, 791,305. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 3,500; of Germany, about 2,300.
Mississippi holds out the greatest inducements to in- dustrious white people from all parts of the world. I say white people, because the colored people * are no longer reliable as farm laborers. The southeastern part of the State is almost entirely Government land, and offers to actual settlers all the advantages attaching to such lands in all parts of the country. Improved farms may be bought in all other parts of the State in quantities reach- ing from twenty to one thousand acres, at prices rang- ing from $2 to $25 an acre. Unimproved land may be bought at from $i to $10, according to location, soil, etc. In this State, as in Alabama and other Southern States, several crops of certain kinds can be raised on the same land every year. " Vegetables and fruits ripen six or eight weeks earlier than they do north
* Negroes.
96 Irish Emigration
of the Ohio River; and several railroads, besides the great river, which is always open for navigation, give cheap and quick transportation to the markets of the Northern and Eastern States." — Catholic Almanac, 1873. The DIOCESE OF NATCHEZ, established in 1837, com- prises the whole State of Mississippi. It has one bishop, residing at Natchez; twenty-six priests, and seven cleri- cal students ; twenty-eight churches built, and three building. Catholic population not given, but probably 15,000.
LOUISIANA
lies west of Mississippi ; was purchased from the French in 1803, and became a State in April, 1812. The origi- nal settlements, dating back to the close of the seven- teenth century, were made by the French. The French language is still spoken by a large part of the popula- tion. Area, 46,500 square miles. Population in 1870, 726,915 ; in 1860, 708,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 17,068; of Germany, 19,000.
In regard to the prospects for emigrants in this State, what has been already specified regarding the neighbor- ing States may, in general, be applied to this. The land is about the same in price; but, generally speaking, it cannot be purchased except in large farms.
Catholic Statistics in 1873.
This is an old Catholic settlement, and there are two dioceses in the State — the Archdiocese of New Orleans, and the Diocese of Natchitoches.
The ARCHDIOCESE OF NEW ORLEANS, established in
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. 1793, comprises the southern part of the State. It has one archbishop, residing in New Orleans ; one hundred and fifty-nine priests, and forty-five clerical students; ninety-two churches, and twenty-seven chapels and stations. There is a large number of religious and lite- rary institutions of all kinds. Catholic population not given, but probably amounts to over 200,000.
The DIOCESE OF NATCHITOCHES, established in 1857, comprises the northern part of the State. It has one bishop, living at Natchitoches ; twenty-nine priests, and two clerical students ; twenty-six churches and chapels. Catholic population, about 24,000.
TEXAS
lies west of Louisiana and Arkansas, and is the largest State of the Union. Its area is 237,000 square miles, being seven times as large as Ireland, and nearly five times as large as New York. It was admitted into the Union in December, 1845. Population in 1870, 819,- ooo ; in 1860, 756,168. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 4,031; of Germany, 24,000.
In regard to the prospects of emigrants in this State, it is well to remark that in so vast a territory all varieties of soil and climate may be looked for. Western Texas is remarkable as being probably the greatest grazing coun- try in the world. The immense herds are fed on natu- ral pastures.* The soil in general is extremely fertile.
* We read in Dr. Latham's work, Trans-Missouri Stock-raising, page 54, that one of the most extensive cattle-raisers in all Texas is Mr. Thomas O'Connor, of the San Antonio valley. He is a native of Wexford, Ire- land, lie had forty thousand cattle in 1862.
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Land may be purchased in any part of Texas for sums ranging from 25 cents (a British shilling) to $10 or $15 an acre. It is expected that, in a few years, the Southern Pacific Railroad will pass through Texas, and this will give a great impetus to all kinds of industrial pursuits. The chances for emigrants are very favorable.
The DIOCESE OF GALVESTON, established in i"847, comprises the whole State of Texas. It has one bishop, residing in Galveston; eighty- three priests, and five clerical students ; fifty-five churches and chapels. Catholic population, about 180,000.
ARKANSAS
lies directly north of Louisiana, and west of the river Mississippi. It was first settled by the French, and made a part of Louisiana. It became a State in June, 1836. Area, 52,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 484,000; in 1860, 435,450. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 1,428; of Germany, 1,567.
The soil of Arkansas, especially of the eastern part, is exceedingly fertile. At least twenty counties of the State are admirably adapted for growing cotton. The crop is usually most abundant, and enables men who raise it to pay for their land in one or two years. The other parts of the State are hilly or rolling ; and all kinds of agriculture may be profitably engaged in. Land from one to twenty dollars an acre.
The following letter, from a highly respected and reliable source, will be read with interest. It contains in a brief form some valuable suggestions ;
to the United States. 99
"LITTLE ROCK, ARK., March 2, 1873.
" REV. AND DEAR FRIEND : All I can do at present is to give you some general views on the subject of your letter. First, I think all our cities are overcrowded with poor.
" Secondly, the natural outlet is the country.
"Thirdly, experience shows that, if they migrate singly, except it be to Catholic colonies, they are lost in the general non-Catholic community — they lose the faith, and allow their children to grow up without a knowledge of the faith.
" Fourthly, the plan to pursue, therefore, is concerted migra- tion.
" Fifthly, I think this Southern country offers more induce- ments to emigrants in the advantages of soil, climate, and cheapness of land than the Northern States. As you are aware, the South has its drawbacks also, such as corrupt governments (in some few States), high taxes, and malarious diseases, especially in the river valleys. But these will soon disappear ; and it is well to bear in mind that the whole country is becoming covered with a network of railroads."
The DIOCESE OF LITTLE ROCK, established in 1843, comprises the whole State of Arkansas and the Indian Territory west of it. It has (1873) one bishop, residing in Little Rock ; ten priests, and two clerical students ; eighteen churches, and twenty-five stations. Catholic population, about 2,500.
The following is from the Catholic Almanac for 1873 :
" The diocese of Little Rock has about four thousand acres of land, which it would sell on very easy terms to a Catholic colony. We do not recommend individual families to pur- chase, as it would be very difficult for a scattered few to have the ministrations of a clergyman."
For particulars address, Very Rev. P. O'Reilly, V.G., Little Rock.
CHAPTER VI.
KENTUCKY, OHIO, INDIANA, AND MICHIGAN. KENTUCKY
LIES north of Tennessee and west of Virginia. It is an old State, having been received into the Union in June, 1792. Area, 37,700 square miles. Population in 1870, 1,321,000; in 1860, 1,156,000. Na- tives of Ireland in 1870, 22,000; of Germany, 30,000.
Kentucky is a rich and prosperous State ; land can- not be bought for anything like so low a price as in the States through which we have been advancing. Im- proved land is held at from twenty to one hundred dol- lars an acre, and unimproved land from five to thirty dollars. There is demand for labor, especially agricul- tural, in all parts of the State. The climate is generally very healthy, and the soil excellent. Indian corn, wheat, and tobacco are raised in great abundance. The Ohio River forms the northern boundary of the State, and, together with the Mississippi on the west, and seve- ral railroads, furnishes large facilities for trade.
There are two Catholic dioceses in Kentucky — that of Louisville, and that of Covington.
The DIOCESE OF LOUISVILLE (formerly of Barclstown, established in 1808), comprises the western part of Ken- tucky, and is one of the oldest dioceses in the United States. It has one bishop, residing in Louisville; ninety- eight priests, and thirty clerical students; eighty churches
Irish Emigration. 101
and several stations. It is extraordinarily well supplied with religious institutions of all kinds, but especially with academies of a high order of excellence. Catho- lic population, 100,000.*
The DIOCESE OF COVINGTON, established in 1853, comprises the eastern part of the State, and has (1873) one bishop, residing in Covington ; forty-two priests, and eighteen clerical students ; forty-five churches, and forty-five chapels and stations; several religious institu- tions. Catholic population, 30,000.
OHIO
lies north of Kentucky and west of Pennsylvania. It was received into the Union as a State in June, 1802. Area, 40,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 2,665,- 200; in 1860,2,329,511. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 82,764; of Germany, 183,000.
Ohio is a magnificent State, whether viewed in regard to her agricultural, mineral, or manufacturing resources. Smaller than New York and Pennsylvania, she comes next to them in population. Land is rather higher in price than in Kentucky, ranging from twenty-five to two hundred dollars an acre. Labor of all kinds is in great demand, however, in all parts of the State. In the southeastern part, immense beds of coal and iron are being opened up ; and persons having any experience in mining are consequently in great demand. Skilled labor of all kinds is certain to meet a market and good remuneration almost anywhere in this State.
* The Sketches of Kentucky, by Bishop Spalding, is highly interesting.
IO2 Irish Emigration
Catholic Statistics in 1873.
There are three dioceses in this State: the Arch- diocese of Cincinnati, and the Dioceses of Columbus and Cleveland. The aggregate Catholic population of the State amounts to 400,000.
The ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI, established in 1822, comprises the southwestern part of the State. It has, 111*1873, one archbishop, residing in Cincinnati; one hundred and forty-three priests, and forty-five clerical students; one hundred and eighty-five churches built, and nine building ; eighteen chapels, and sixty stations. There is a Large number of religious institutions. Ca- tholic population, 220,000.
The DIOCESE OF COLUMBUS, established in 1868, comprises the southeastern part of the State, and has one bishop, living at Columbus; forty-six priests, and twenty-two clerical students; fifty-two churches, and twenty-three chapels and stations. It is well supplied with religious institutions. Catholic population, about 60,000.
The great coal and iron region of Ohio lies almost entirely within this diocese ; and this fact alone is likely to attract a large population.
The DIOCESE OF CLEVELAND, established in 1847, comprises the northern part of Ohio, and has one bish- op, living in Cleveland; one hundred and thirty-three priests, and sixty clerical students; one hundred and sixty-five churches built, and twelve building. Catholic population, 120,000.
to the United States. 103
INDIANA
lies west of Ohio, and north of Kentucky. Area, 33,- 809 square miles. Population in 1870, 1,681,000 ; in 1860, 1,350,428. Natives of Iceland' in 1870, 29,000; of Germany, 78,000.
Indiana was admitted into the Union in December, 1816. The first settlement was at Vincennes, where a small French colony was established in the beginning of the last century.
The remarks already made respecting Ohio apply generally to Indiana. It is a very prosperous State. The climate is good, and the soil excellent. Indian com and wheat are the great staples. The coal- beds of this State are quite extensive, and afford remu- nerative employment to large numbers. Improved land may be bought in a few places as low as $4 an acre ; but generally it ranges from $15 to $150. Unim- proved land may be bought as low as $2 an acre, ranging from that to $40. There is demand for all kinds of labor, skilled and unskilled.
There are two Catholic dioceses in this State — of Vincennes, namely, and Fort Wayne. Catholic popu- lation of the whole State, about 120,000.
The DIOCESE OF VINCENNES, established in 1834, comprises the southern part of the State. It has one bishop, residing at Vincennes ; ninety-six priests, and thirty clerical students ; one hundred and thirty-six churches, and twelve chapels, besides seventy stations. Catholic institutions are numerous. Catholic popula- tion, about 80,000.
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The DIOCESE OF FORT WAYNE, established in 1857, comprises northern Indiana, and has one bishop, living in Fort Wayne ; sixty-nine priests, and five clerical stu- dents; seventy-seven churches built, and seven building; fourteen chapels. Catholic population not given, but probably amounts to 40,000.
MICHIGAN
lies directly north of Ohio and Indiana. It was first settled by the French, and was admitted as a State in January, 1837. Area, 56,250 square miles. Popula- tion in 1870, 1,184,109; in 1860, 749,113. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 42,013; of Germany, 64,103. There are also 35,000 English.
The following extracts from the Report of the Com- missioner of the State Land Office at Lansing will be read with interest by all :
MICHIGAN STATE LAND OFFICE, ) LANSING, October i, 1872. )
To His Excellency HENRY P. BALDWIN,
Governor of the State of Michigan :
SIR: In compliance with the provisions of law governing this department, I have the honor to present the following re- port for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1872 :
STATE LANDS. — HISTORIC OUTLINE.
Michigan originally formed part of the region ceded to the United States by the State of Virginia, described as the " Ter- ritory northwest of the Ohio." The cession embraced the country now within the limits of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and the eastern part of Minnesota, hav- ing an aggregate area of 213,000 square miles. Michigan was first erected into a Territory by the act of January IT, 1805, and
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admitted as a State by act of January 26, 1837. It is separated on the north and east from the Dominion of Canada by Lake Superior, River St. Marie, Lake Huron, St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and Detroit River, having Ohio and Indiana on the south, and Lake Michigan and the State of Wisconsin on the west, embracing an area of 56,451 square miles, or 36,128,640 acres. The State is divided into two peninsulas, northern and southern, separated by the Straits of Mackinaw, uniting Lakes Huron and Michigan.
"The Northern Peninsula" in its greatest length is 316 miles, and from 30 to 120 wide, embracing two-fifths of the whole area of the State, or 22,580 square miles. This penin- sula presents a striking contrast in soil and surface to the southern ; the latter being generally level or undulating, and very fertile, the former rugged, and in certain portions even mountainous, the streams abounding in rapids and waterfalls, rendering the scenery very picturesque and beautiful. The climate of the Northern Peninsula is rigorous, and the soil sterile, fully compensated, however, by the extensive deposits of copper and iron.* The eastern portion is less rugged than the western, where mountains attain an altitude of nearly 2,000 feet.
The central portion of this peninsula is rolling table-land, for the most part timbered with white-pine, spruce, hemlock, birch, oak, aspen, maple, ash, and elm ; abounding in rich de- posits of copper, extending from Keweenaw. Point, on Lake Superior, to the western borders of the State. Minerals also exist on Isle Royale, which embraces an area of 230 square miles. These localities, together with Ontonagon and Portage Lake,, constitute the principal mining regions.
The vast deposits of iron, ore in Marquette County are appar- ently inexhaustible, and the ore produces the best iron to be found in the world. There are also reports of the recent clis-
* There arc many Irish people in this part of the State.
106 Irish Emigration
covery of valuable deposits of silver near the southern shore of Lake Superior, in township 51 north, range 42 west, and it is not within the province of reasonable conjecture to compute the wealth that lies entombed in the caverns and hidden by the rocks and hills of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan, whose northern shore is washed by the bright and sparkling waters of Lake Superior, the largest expanse of fresh water on the globe, embracing an area of 23,000 square miles, with a coast line of 1,500 miles.
The Southern Peninsula includes three-fifths of the entire area of the State, being 275 miles from north to south, and 175 miles on the southern boundary from Lake Erie to Lake Michigan, its greatest width being 200 miles, between Lakes Huron and Michigan. This peninsula, so interesting in its agricultural and economical aspects, has the greater portion of the population and improvements. It is generally level, rising gradually from the Lakes on the east and west to a vast undulating plain in the interior, covered for the most part with various kinds of oak, black-walnut, sugar-maple, elm, linden, hickory, ash, basswood, locust, dogwood, poplar, beech, aspen, chestnut, cedar, tamarack, and paw-paw, while pine is found in great abundance in nearly all parts of the northern half of the peninsula. A small portion of the area is prairie. A con- siderable portion, however, is termed " oak openings," which are beautiful and fertile natural lawns, dotted over with scat- tering trees, and free from undergrowth. The great fertility of the soil is everywhere attested by a luxuriant flora, and by crops of cereals, fruits, and vegetables.
The wheat yield of Michigan is not surpassed by that of any other State in the Union, taking into account the quantity and quality of the production. Indian corn, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, and potatoes are also cultivated extensively, while sheep, horses, cattle, and swine are receiving marked attention. , Southern Michigan has already become one of the greatest apple-growing regions of the Union. Peach.es are raised sue-
to the United States. 107
cessfully in the region bordering on Lake Michigan as far north as Grand Traverse Bay, while pears, plums, cherries, quinces, and all the different varieties of small fruits are grown throughout the State. Along the shore of Lake Michigan, in the valleys of the St. Joseph, Grand, Kalamazoo, and Detroit Rivers, including the islands, as well as on the shore of Lake Erie, vine culture has given proof that these localities are well adapted to the grape, while the more hardy varieties may be successfully grown in the interior portions of the State, and past results from this branch of industry give promise of great increase.
Wool-growing is a leading agricultural interest, and coal and •salt occupy a prominent position in our material resources ; but the lumber trade is a most important interest, giving em- ployment to millions of dollars of capital and to thousands of the hearty and robust sons of toil, whose sinewy arms are converting our extensive forests of pine and other timber into the necessary material for the construction of cottages for the poor and palaces for the more favored class.
In addition to our material resources, the State abounds in a variety of scenery, on which the gaze (3f the pleasure-seeking tourist, the calm contemplation of the philosopher, the wearied body or mind of those whose close application to the business pursuits of life renders an occasional holiday necessary, or the fanciful imagination of the poet, may rest with a satisfac- tion that may never be realized in distant lands that are more celebrated in poetry and in song.
Nor must our "magnetic and mineral springs" pass un- heeded by. Here the healing and life-giving waters are for ever freely flowing, whose invigorating properties have restored to health thousands of suffering humanity whose complicated diseases have baffled the skill of the world's wisest physi- cians.
Of the 36,128,640 acres of lands in the State of Michigan, over thirteen and a half millions of acres, or more than one-
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third the entire area, have been granted to the State for various
purposes by the General Government, as will appear from the
following statement :
Acres.
For Primary Schools (estimated), 1,067.000
University, 46,080
Internal Improvement," 500,000
State Building, 3,200
Salt Spring (Normal School and Asylum), .... 46,080
Swamp, 5,836,900
Agricultural College, 23.5,673
Ship Canals, 1,250,000
Wagon Roads, 1,718,613
Railroad purposes, 2,909 103
Total, 13,612,649
There are yet vacant and subject to sale lands estimated as follows: swamp, 2,250,000 acres; primary school, 400,000 acres ; agricultural college, 188,000 acres. And it may be of interest here to remark that the swamp lands are not in all cases what the term swamp literally signifies, but that many of them are susceptible of being converted into the most pro- ductive farms for gr*ass, grain, and fruit-growing purposes, and that the State offers them free to «//who will comply with the terms of the law, and without the payment of a dollar in money. The primary school lands consist of section number- ed sixteen in each township (soon to be augmented by the addition of 49,000 acres selected from the best Government lands), and these are held for sale at four dollars per acre, cash, if valuable principally for timber, or, if the chief value is for agricultural purposes, three-fourths of the purchase price may remain on interest at seven per cent., thus giving easy terms to all who wish to secure and improve homes.
The agricultural college lands were selected with special reference to their value for farming purposes, and such are held for sale at three dollars per acre, on the same terms of payment as the school lands. There are some choice pine
to the United States. 109
and other timber lands in this selection, and these are held at five dollars per acre, all cash at date of purchase. By reference to table No. 21, it will be observed that the sales of primary school and agricultural college lands very much exceed the sales of the same class of lands in any previous year, while the sales of swamp lands fall short of those of the year pre- ceding by twenty-five thousand acres ; and grouping these facts with the fact that a much larger amount of money was received on account of sales of swamp lands than ever before, we see an unmistakable indication that the finances of the country are in a healthy condition, and that our own State of Michigan is receiving a fair share of the attention of capital- ists and others who are seeking permanent homes. Our millions of acres of yet uncultivated land offer the best inducements to the husbandman to come and. possess. Our untold mineral wealth says to the capitalist and manufacturer, Here you may erect your workshops, where thousands of cun- ning artisans may earn a livelihood and a competence for life. Our primeval forests, our magnificent rivers, our bright and shining lakes, our springing brooks, our wild and picturesque scenery, all invite the philosopher, the poet, the statesman, the divine, to come and gaze, and wonder, and admire, and embrace.
Respectfully submitted.
CHAS. A. EDMONDS, Commissioner State Land Office,
The Diocese of Detroit, and that of Marquette, com- prise this whole State.
The DIOCESE OF DETROIT, established in 1832, com- prises the lower peninsula of the State of Michigan. It has (1873) one bishop, living in Detroit; ninety-t\v< priests; and one hundred and forty-seven churr Catholic population, at least 150,000.
no Irish Emigration.
The DIOCESE OF MARQUETTE AND SAUT-SAINTE MA- RIE, established in 1853, comprises the northern penin- sula of the State of Michigan. It has (1873) one bishop, residing at Marquette; fifteen priests, and forty churches and stations. Catholic population (in which there are many Indians) not given.
CHAPTER VII.
ILLINOIS, MISSOURI, IOWA, WISCONSIN, AND MINNESOTA. ILLINOIS
LIES west of Indiana, and has the Mississippi River for its western boundary. This State was, like Indiana, first settled by the French. It was received into the Union in December, 1818. Area, 55,400 square miles. Population in 1870, 2,540,- ooo, being the fourth State in the Union as regards population; in 1860, 1,387,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 120,162; of Germany, 203,758.
In fertility of soil, Illinois is not surpassed by any State in the Union; indeed, it is scarcely equalled. The climate, except in the low river bottoms, and in parts of Southern Illinois, is very good. From the fact, however, that nearly the whole State is one elevated prairie, the changes of the weather are very sudden, and the cold of winter and the heat of summer more intense than in some other States of the same latitude. Land is, in general, dear, ranging from ten to two hundred dollars an acre. Not much land is to be had at the first- named price. In that part of the State lying near the great city of Chicago, there is a growing disposition to sell land in farms of forty, sixty, and eighty acres to garden- ers and dairymen. Generally, land is not sold in such small quantities. There is a brisk demand for all kinds
ii2 Irish Emigration
<j>
of labor; and the price paid for it is as good as it is any- where, except in the Pacific States.
The following letter is from the Right Rev. Bishop Bakes, of Alton, whose diocese comprises Southern Il- linois :
ALTON, February 12, 1873. REV. S. BYRNE :
DEAR SIR: Though I would very much like to see many good Catholic families make their way from other parts to Illinois, I feel convinced that the chances for the poorer classes are not the most inviting. The land here, as is well known, is rich; markets good, etc.
The land has been taken up by good farmers, and
what they have not is in the hands of speculators;
consequently, too high-priced for any but those who are
pretty well off. Wages for all kinds of work very good.
I am, rev. dear sir, yours,
>f« P. J. BALTES.
It is a fact well known that there is hardly a State in the Union in which Irish people are in so prosperous a condition as in this. It is easily accounted for by the fact that large numbers of them purchased land several years ago from the railroad companies for a low price and on a long credit. The same may be done in other parts of the country now.
There are two Catholic dioceses in Illinois, under the respective titles of Chicago and Alton.
The DIOCESE OF CHICAGO, established in 1824, com- prises the northern part of the State, and has one
to the United States. 113
bishop, residing in Chicago; one hundred and sixty-five priests, and twenty-four clerical students ; two hundred and twenty-five churches, and a great number of sta- tions ; a large number of religious institutions of all kinds. Catholic population not given, but probably amounts to 250,000.
The DIOCESE OF ALTON, established in 1857, com- prises Southern Illinois, and has one bishop, residing at Alton ; one hundred and six priests, and thirty clerical students; one hundred and forty-two churches, and several stations. Catholic population, 100,000.
MISSOURI
lies west of Illinois, being separated from it by the Mis- sissippi River. This State was first settled by the French, and was admitted into the Union in August, 1821. Area, 67,380 square miles, being twice as large as Ireland. Population in 1870, 1,721,295; in 1860, 1,182,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 55,000; of Germany, 114,000. In population, it ranks fifth among the States, coming next after Illinois. The great increase of population in these two States is worthy of note.
Land may be bought in all parts of this flourishing State on very moderate terms. Improved land is held at from seven to thirty or forty dollars an acre, according to the value of improvements, distance to market, etc. ; unimproved land may be had at from one to ten dol- lars an acre generally through the State. Labor of all kinds is in demand, but more especially farm labor.
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The city of St. Louis, founded by the French in 1764, is in population and wealth the greatest city of the
West.
Catholic Statistics for 1873.
The ARCHDIOCESE OF ST. Louis, established in 1826, comprises the southeastern part of the State, and has one archbishop and one coadjutor-bishop, residing at St. Louis ; two hundred and ten priests, and forty-eight clerical students ; one hundred and sixty-seven churches built, and fourteen building; thirty chapels and stations. There is also a full supply, especially in St. Louis, of religious institutions of all kinds. Catholic population, 170,000
The DIOCESE OF ST. JOSEPH, established in 1868, comprises the northwestern part of the State. It has one bishop, residing at St. Joseph ; fourteen priests, and about thirty churches and stations.
Attention is called to the following advertisement re- lating to land in Southwestern Missouri :
" The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company offers 1,200,000 acres of land in Central and Southwest Missouri, at from $3 to $12 per acre, on seven years' time, with free transportation from St. Louis to all purchasers. Climate, soil,, timber, mine- ral wealth, schools, churches, and law-abiding society, invite emigrants from all points to this land of fruits and flowers. For particulars, address A. Tuck, Land Commissioner, St. Louis, Mo."
IOWA
lies directly north of Missouri, and west of the Missis- sippi River. It became a State in March, 1845. Area,
to the United States. 1 1 5
55,045 square miles. Population in 1870, 1,192,000; in 1860, 675,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 40,124; of Germany, 66,162.
The prospects for immigrants in the State of Iowa are not now quite so encouraging as they were a few years ago. But it is a new State, having much unde- veloped land, and there are many good chances for the industrious poor even yet. There is very little Govern- ment land any more, and what remains is principally in the northwestern part of the State. There are large tracts of railroad lands, however, and this may be pur- chased on the most favorable terms (from $3 to 812 an acre) and on a long credit, sometimes as long as ten years. The climate and soil are known to be excellent, and, taken all in all, Iowa is one of the best States in the Union. The " Iowa Railroad Land Company " have 1,700,000 acres of good land for sale in this State, and 180,000 acres in Eastern Nebraska. Their Iowa lands range from $3 to $7 an acre, on a three years' credit; they come to more, of course, on a longer credit. Full particulars may be obtained by application in person or by letter to the " Land Commissioner of the Iowa Railroad Land Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa."
An excellent pamphlet has been published under the supervision of the Iowa Board of Immigration, entitled Iowa the Home for Immigrants. It may be obtained, by letter or otherwise, by application to the Secretary of the Iowa Board of Immigration.
The Catholic DIOCESE OF DUBUQUE, established in
n 6 Irish Emigration
1837, comprises the whole State of Iowa, and has (1873) one bishop, living at Dubuque; one hundred and twenty-two priests, and sixty clerical students. Catho- lic population, about 175,000.
Probably there is no diocese in the United States in which such efforts have been made as in this to encour- age and assist the settlement of Irish Catholics. The first bishop, Right Rev. Bishop Loras, gave his best energies to this grand object, and many of his priests followed the example. Hence the fact that there are many wealthy Irish settlements in this State.
WISCONSIN
lies north of Illinois, and west of the State of Michigan and lake of the same name. It was first discovered and settled by the French. It became a State in May, 1848. Area, 54,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 1,054,670; in 1860, 776,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 48,500; of Germany, 162,500.
Wisconsin is a rich and well-settled State. The severity of the winter, both here and in Minnesota, con- stitutes an obstacle to a more rapid settlement of these two States. This obstacle is outbalanced, however, by the great salubrity of the climate and the extraordinary productiveness of the soil. There is little, if any, Gov- ernment land in this State. Improved land is generally from twenty to one hundred dollars an acre ; unimprov- ed, from one to twenty dollars, according to location, nearness to market, and other circumstances. Mechan- ics of all kinds find plenty of work, especially in Mil-
to the United States. 1 1 7
waukee and in the other principal towns. Farm and railroad labor is in demand.
"There are three Catholic dioceses in this State, name- ly, those of Milwaukee, La Crosse, and Green Bay.
The ^DIOCESE OF MILWAUKEE, established in 1844, comprises the southern part of the State, and has one bishop, living at Milwaukee j one hundred and eighty- six priests, and several clerical students ; two hundred and forty-four churches, seventeen chapels, and thirty stations. Catholic population, about 160,000.
The DIOCESE OF LA CROSSE, established in 1868, comprises the northwestern part of the State, and has one bishop, residing at La Crosse ; thirty-four priests, and nine clerical students; seventy churches, and twenty -four stations. Catholic population, about 30,000.
The DIOCESE OF GREEN BAY, established in 1868, comprises the northeastern part of the State, and has one bishop, residing in Green Bay; forty-eight priests, and twelve clerical students. Catholic population, from 50,000 to 60,000.
The total Catholic population of the State is, there- fore, about 250,000.
MINNESOTA
lies north of Iowa and west of Wisconsin. It was first discovered in 1680 by the renowned Franciscan friar, Father Louis Hennepin. It became a State in May, 1858. Population in 1870, 439,706; in 1860, 172,073. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 22,000 ; of Germany, 41,500.
n8 Irish Emigration
Area, 83,431 square miles. It is two and a half times as large as Ireland.
It is highly probable that the opportunities of poor men for acquiring homes are better in this State than in any other mentioned in this chapter. The writer ac- knowledges his gratitude to the Right Rev. Bishop Grace, to the Rev. Father Ireland, and to Mr. Dillon O'Brian, of this State, for information of a very practical cha- racter.
The following extracts are from a pamphlet published in 1872, under the supervision of the State Board of Immigration, by the Commissioner of Statistics of the State. The pamphlet is entitled Minnesota, its Re- sources and Progress, etc., and may be had free by appli- cation to the Secretary of State, St. Paul, Minn.
PUBLIC LANDS — HOW AND WHERE TO GET THEM.
According to the latest surveys and estimates, the total area of Minnesota is 51,701,760 acres.
Of this total there are in the hands of private owners about. . 12,000,000 Held by railroads, schools, etc., about 13,000,000.
— being a total absorption of 25,000,000 acres of the public lands, and leaving an area of nearly 27,000,000 acres — more than half of the entire State — for the landless and poor of all nations of the earth to enter in and possess. Here is a domain abounding in all the elements of health, beauty, and fertility — an area nearly as large as all the New England States, larger than many of the principalities of Europe, which awaits the developing hand of the frugal and industrious among all classes and conditions of men.
FREE FARMS IN MINNESOTA.
Under the provisions of the homestead law, every settler
to the United States. 1 1 9
who is the head of a family, and a citizen.or intended citizen of the United States, may become the owner of a farm of 160 acres without paying for it, by simply cultivating and residing upon the land for five years, and paying the fees of the land officers. And this land, thus acquired without cost, is exempt by law from liability for all debts previously contracted.
This privilege of obtaining free farms under the homestead law is shared by women, whether widows or unmarried ladies, equally with men. The vast region thus open to free settle- ment comprises every variety of prairie and timber land, and tracts having both, and much of it is rich in minerals and supplies of pine lumber. In some places, smooth, level prairie and heavy timber abruptly come together ; in others, the land is covered with a growth of bushes and small trees, with frequent groves and oak openings and belts of timber. In nearly every locality, numerous lakes and streams water and beautify the country, while the soil is a quick, dark loam, which will yield every product known in the temperate zone.
Here every man may enjoy the reward of his labor, and become an independent land proprietor. However poor, he possesses equal rights and equal political opportunities with the rich and prosperous. He is governed by those whom he may choose to elect, and he may himself, if capable and per- severing, become the highest officer in the land. Minnesota invites the honest and industrious, however poor and friend- less, to make themselves free homes in a country thus blessed with equal laws, a healthy climate, and a fertile soil. The manner in which this may be done is pointed out as follows :
LAND OFFICES.
For the convenience of all who may wish public lands, seven Government land districts have been established in the State, in each of which is a land office. In each of these are two officers, called register and receiver, who conduct the
I2O Irish Emigration
business. The place of location of these offices, and the names of the officers, are as follows :
1. For a district thirty miles wide, and extending from east to west through the State, along the south line. Office at Jackson, in Jackson County. Register, E. P. Freeman ; Receiver, J. B. Wakefield.
Good Government land is still to be found in the counties of Jackson, Nobles, Rock, and parts of Pipestone, Murray, and Cottonwood.
2. For a district sixty miles wide, extending east and west, immediately north of the last named. Office at New Ulm, in Brown County. Register, Abner Tibbetts ; Receiver, J. C. Rudolph.
Good Government lands yet in the counties of Brown, Red- wood, Lyon, Yellow Medicine, and parts of Pipestone, Mur- ray, Cottonwood, and Watonwan.
3. For a district thirty miles wide, north of the above, extend- ing east to the Mississippi River. Office at Litchfield, in Meeker County. Register, J. M. Waldron ; Receiver, J. C. Braden.
Good Government land yet in the counties of Lac qui Parle, Chippewa, and parts of Swift and Kandiyohi.
4. For a district twenty-four miles wide, extending east- ward from the west line of the State, north of the third, and also extending through the centre of the State northward Jo the north boundary. Office at St. Cloud. Register, H. L. Gor- don ; Receiver, T. C. McClure.
Good Government land in Big Stone, Todd, and Wadena, and parts of Kandiyohi, Pope, and Stevens counties.
5. For a district, embracing all townships numbered from 125 to 136 inclusive, from range 35 to the western border, be- ing the counties of Wilkin, Otter Tail, Grant, -Douglas, Tra- verse, and the northern half of Stevens and Pope. Good Gov- ernment land yet in all these counties, with the possible ex- ception of Douglas. Office at Alexandria, in Douglas County Register, Lars K. Aaker ; Receiver, J. H. Vand}rke.
to the United States. 121
6. For a district immediately north of the above, of the same width, and extending to the northern border of the State. Of- fice at Oak Lake, Becker County. Register, W. A. Newton ; Receiver, Reuben Reynolds.
This district is new, the register's and receiver's offices being (in April) not even opened yet, and most of its Government lands are yet subject to entry under the homestead and pre- emption laws. The counties of Becker and Clay, traversed by the Northern Pacific R. R., are in this district, and thousands of miles of fertile prairie and openings belong to it.
7. For a district lying between the St. Cloud district and the St. Croix River. Office at Taylor's Falls, in Chisago County. Register, J. P. Owens ; Receiver, Oscar Roos.
8. For the remainder of the State, comprising the territory bounded by Lake Superior, by British America, and by dis- tricts 4 and 7. Office at Duluth. Register, Ansell Smith ; Re- ceiver, W. H. Feller.
CLASSES OF PUBLIC LANDS.
There are three classes of public lands :
1. All lands outside the limits of the lines of the several land-grant railroads in this State. These are held at $i 25 per acre.
2. All public lands comprising the even-numbered sections within the limits of railroad grants, which are $2 50 per acre.
3. The lands formerly reserved for the Sioux Indians, which, until offered for sale, are subject to pre-emption by actual settlers at their appraised value.
The two first may be had at all the land offices, and the third at the New Ulm and Litchfield offices only.
I have also before me a pamphlet, prepared by the " Irish Emigration Society of St. Paul," on the same subject. The statements of both agree substantially, and hence there is no need of extracts from the last-named
122 Irish Emigration.
pamphlet. It may be obtained free by addressing the Northwestern Chronicle, St. Paul's, Minn.
The DIOCESE OF ST. PAUL, established in 1850, com- prises the whole State of Minnesota and that part of Dakota lying east of the Missouri River. It has one bishop, residing at St. Paul's ; seventy ^seven priests, and seventeen clerical students; one hundred and sixty churches, and eighty-four stations. Catholic population, about 125,000.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE STATES OF KANSAS AND NEBRASKA, AND THE TER- RITORIES OF DAKOTA, WYOMING, AND MONTANA.
KANSAS
LIES directly west of Missouri and south of Ne- braska. It became a State in January, 1861. Area, 81,318 square miles. Population in 1870, 364,399; in 1860, 107,206. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 11,000; of Germany, 12,700.
The extraordinary progress of this State in wealth and population is the most substantial proof of the goodness of the soil and healthfulness of the climate. There is a great deal of Government land not yet taken up; and the railroad lands, offering superior advan- tages, are very extensive.
I am indebted to the Right Rev. Bishop Fink, of the Benedictine Order, for the following clear, practical, and valuable information regarding the prospects of immi- grants in this State. The pains to which he has put himself to give a brief and yet a complete exposition of the subject bespeak the training of the scholar and the charity of the Christian.
LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS, March, 1873. REV. S. BYRNE, O.S.D. :
REV. FATHER : When I received your letter, request- ing me to give you some items regarding immigration
124 Irish Emigration
into this State, and what would be the prospects for immigrants, I intended answering much sooner; how- ever, official duties and the routine of business have made me put oif the reply longer than anticipated. Yourself and kind readers need not expect anything from me but a mere sketch for practical purposes. For the sake of perspicuity, I will divide the letter into several headings.
SOIL.
1. The soil is very productive throughout, mostly presenting a rolling surface, thus affording superior drainage. Every kind of grain and fruit can be grown ; it is especially adapted to the growing of the grape. The rich, black soil is generally from two to six feet and more thick.
LANDS FOR SALE.
2. There are millions of acres of the best land for sale by the various railroads alone that run through Kansas ; besides these, there are the " homestead lands."
CLIMATE.
3. The climate is very salubrious thoughout; new sections of the country are visited by intermittent fever in spring and fall, which disappears with the progress of the cultivation of the soil. Vast numbers of people, who had been in feeble health in the more eastern States, contend that they have been greatly benefited by our climate ; the summer heat is rendered less op- pressive and excessive by a continual breeze, and the nights are very refreshing. The winters are compara-
to the United States. 125
lively short; but Kansas has very cold spells during her winters, and the poor buffalo-hunters have been overtaken unawares by such cold snaps, so that frozen limbs, and even death, have been the consequence. Let those who come have good winter clothing ; they will need it, though not as long as in States lying more north than Kansas.
TIMBER — COAL WATER.
4. Kansas has not a great deal of timber, except in certain sections of the State, owing to the prairie fires ; there is generally hardly any timber, except along the rivers and creeks. For building purposes, lumber has to be shipped hither ; in some regions, there is enough of wood along the rivers and creeks for fuel and fence- posts. Even cord-wood sells at from five to six dollars. There is plenty of coal all over the State, and several mines have already been opened and worked. Water is plenty everywhere, and generally of excellent quali- ty. Kansas is as well watered by rivers and creeks as any of the best States of the Union.
WHAT LANDS TO SELECT.
5. Unhesitatingly I would advise immigrants to select lands along the different lines of railroads, on account of greater facilities of access ; of being nearer to settlements ; of being more within reach of the ordinary commodities of -life, and of a better market for produce. The rail- roads generally hold their lands at such low figures that they are by far preferable to out-of-the-way home- stead lands.
126 Irish Emigration
HOW AND WHERE TO SELECT LAND.
6. The land is of equally good quality almost every- where. In the south and southwest, the soil is sometimes a little deeper than in the north or northwest; the north sometimes has more woodland; so that, on the whole, I find little or no difference. I give below the offices of the various railroad land departments, with price of land and general terms. ,
In the southeast, there is the Missouri River, Fort Scott, and Gulf Railroad, owning and selling about three hun- dred and fifty thousand acres in Bourbon, Crawford, and Cherokee Counties, the price ranging from four to twelve dollars per acre; sold on credit, running through ten years, at seven per cent, annual interest; twenty per cent, discount for cash. The land is excellent ; plenty of coal in the neigborhood. Several Catholic congre- gations are already in existence in that neighborhood. For land, address Mr. John A. Clark, Land Commis- sioner, Fort Scott, Kansas. To find out what facilities for satisfying your spiritual wants before purchasing, address Rev. M. J. Doherty, at Fort Scott, or Rev. E. Bononcini, at Baxter Springs, or Rev. John Schoen- makers, S.J., at Osage Mission, Kansas.
In the southeast is also the Leavenworth, Lawrence, and Galveston Railroad lands. In some portions of this land, the rocky stratum underlying the soil crops out and forms the surface ; excepting such por- tions, the land is of very good quality, ranging at about the same price. Address John W. Scott, Land Com- missioner, at Chanute. To find out, before making
to the United States. 127
any purchases, where there is a church or Catholic settle- ment, address Very Rev. A. Heiman, at Scipio P. O. ; for land south of this, you may address Rev. R. Deus- terman, at Humboldt.
The southwest is traversed by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe R.R., owning and selling over three mil- lions of acres along its line ; price of land ranging from two to eight dollars per acre; time for payment, eleven years, with 7 per cent, interest, besides other very favora- ble conditions. The land of this company is very superi- or, though there is scarcity of timber. For information about land, etc., address A. E. Touzalin, Land Com- missioner, at Topeka ; but before, and for actual loca- tion, address Rev. F. Svvembergh, at Wichita, Rev. Jos. Perrier, or Rev. J. H. Defouri, both at Topeka, Kansas.
The west is traversed by the Kansas Pacific R. R. Along its line from east to west there are more Catho- lic settlements than on any other road at present; it owns and has for sale about six millions of acres, prices ranging from two to six dollars per acre, sold on five years' credit, with interest at six per cent., in this man- ner : one-fifth cash at time of purchase; for the next two years, only the interest on the balance, etc. For informa- tion about land, address John P. Devereux, Land Com- missioner, at Lawrence, Kansas ; where to find church and Catholic settlements, address Rev. John Fogarty, at Solo- mon City, Kansas, and Rev. P. Scholl, at Junction City, Kansas.
The northwest. — Two railroads run through the nor- thern portion of the State from east to west, along which
128 Irish Emigration
there are several Catholic settlements. The St. Joseph and Denver R. R. has about 100,000 acres in Marshall, Wash- ington, Republic, Jewel, Cloud, Ottawa, and Riley Coun- ties, for sale at from three to six dollars, one-fifth of which is payable in cash at time of purchase, the balance in five equal annual payments, with ten per cent, interest. For information about land, address D. M. Steele, Presi- dent Kansas Land Company, at St. Joseph, Missouri ; to find out the location of Catholic settlements, address Rev. A. Weikmann, at Hanover, or Rev. Thos. O'Reiley, at Frankfort, or Rev. L. Mollier, at Concordia, Kansas. For information about land owned by the Central Branch U. P. R. R., address Major W. F. Downs and the Very Rev. Father Giles Christoph, O.S.B., at Atchison, or Rev. Th. Bartl, at Severance P. O., or Rev. Timo- thy Luber, at Seneca, Kansas.
WHO OUGHT TO COME TO KANSAS.
In the foregoing, it will be found that my aim has been to assist such as wish to come here to settle on land for farming purposes ; that I have hardly mentioned anything about mechanics, nothing about cities ; though there are a number of the latter, and thousands of the for- mer, who gain a good livelihood, and form a very re- spectable and numerous class of our citizens. How- ever, it is farmers I wish to induce to come out here, before the best of this beautiful land is taken up by parties of every description but Catholics. At the same time, I wish it to be understood that immigrants ought to have some means to pay part of purchase money,
to the United States. 129
to fence a few acres of land, to get up a lit- tle shanty, to buy a. cow, a span of horses, and the most necessary agricultural implements, and to support one's self till the next crop can be harvested ; parties that come here with nothing, and settle on the land, will soon find out their mistake, and leave in disgust. A good plan would be to select land, pay as much as is required, and earn at your trade what you can to pay for your land, and have it broken, for which about three dollars per acre is paid; have a crop put in, and the proceeds will almost pay you for your expenses ; yourself, in the meantime, working at your trade. What a happy home could thousands of families find by settling on our fine lands !
Immigration has of late years been very great, though the Catholics have not been in due proportion. There are some thirty thousand Catholics in the State, that form about one-sixteenth of the whole population. As it would be very desirable to locate either in Catholic settlements, or to form new ones, people of the same nationality ought to settle together as much as possible; if large tracts of land could be taken up together and at once, it would obviate a good many difficulties otherwise to be encountered ; spring is the most desir- able time for immigration.
By way of making myself useful to parties that desire to go on homestead land, I wish to state that there is plenty of it yet, but would advise parties to come in large numbers. Norton and adjacent counties contain very fine land, and several good-sized streams pass
130 Irish Emigration
through ; that portion of the country is said to be pretty well timbered. A large portion of the northwest and southwest of Kansas has not even been divided into counties yet; Norton and Graham Counties are the two last of the northwest portion, with hardly any in- habitants, except a few adventurous pioneers. Let there be a gre'at exodus from the overcrowded, cities in the East of industrious Irishmen ; in a few years they will be well to do, and their children, growing up around them, will bless them.
Very respectfully,
»j« Louis M. FINK, O.S.B.,
Coadjutor Bishop.
I am indebted, also, to Hon. R. W. P. Muse for spe- cial information regarding the lands of tke Atchison, Topeka, and ^anta Fe Railroad. These have been al- ready referred to in Bishop Fink's letter. Inasmuch as both accounts agree exactly, I do not deem it necessary to insert any further particulars here. The, principal agent, A. E. Touzalin, may always be addressed at Topeka, Kansas, for full information.
Catholic Statistics.
The VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF KANSAS, established in 1851, has two vicars apostolic, residing at Leaven worth ; forty-eight priests, and several clerical studente; fifty- five churches built, and sixteen building. There are several religious institutions, both male and female. Catholic population, 30,000.
to the United States. 131
NEBRASKA
lies north of Kansas, and west of Iowa, having for its eastern boundary the Missouri River. It became a State by act of Congress in February, 1867. Area, 76.000 square miles. Population in 1870, 123,000; in 1860, 29,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 5,000; of Germany, 11,000.
The peculiar attractions for emigrants to Nebraska are very similar to those of Kansas. The State is tra- versed by the great railroad route to California— the Union Pacific Railroad — which is 1,037 miles long, and has a land grant of 12,000,000 acres from the Government of the United States. The country is admirably adapted for grazing, and large fortunes are being realized in that branch of industry every year. One of the pioneers in this successful business is a Catholic — Mr. Edward Creighton, of Omaha — whose letter to Dr. Latham I take the liberty of inserting :
OMAHA, NEB., April 15, 1870.
DEAR SIR : I cheerfully give you for publication the result of my experience in grazing in the country west of the Mis- souri River.
"My first grazing in that country was the winter of 1859. Since then, for eleven winters, I have grazed more or less stock, including horses, sheep, and. cattle, in Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, and Montana. The first seven winters I grazed w'ork- oxen mostly. Large work-cattle winter on the grasses in the valleys and on the plains exceedingly well, and are in good condition for summer work "by the first of May. The last four winters I have been raising stock, and have had large herds cf cows and calves. The present winter I have wintered about
132 Irish Emigration
eight thousand head. They have done exceedingly well. We have lost very few through the whole winter, and those lost were very thin when winter commenced.
We have no shelter but the bluffs and hills, and no feed but the wild grasses of the country. We have had three thou- sand sheep the past winter, and they are in the best of order. Many are being sold daily for mutton. Like the cattle, they require no feed nor shelter. The high, rolling character of the country, and the dry climate, and the short, sweet grasses of the numerous hillsides are extremely favorable to sheep-raising and wool-growing. I have been interested in stock-raising in the States for a number of years, where we had tame grass pastures, and tame grass hay, and fenced fields, and good shel- ter for the stock, and good American and blooded cattle, and an experienced stock-raiser to attend to them ; and after a full trial, I have found that with the disadvantage of the vastly inferior Texas cattle, and no hay, nor grain, nor shelter, nothing but the wild grass, there is three times the profit in grazing on the plains ; and I have, as a consequence, determined to trans- fer my interest in stock-raising in the States to the plains.
There is no prospective limit to the pasturage west of the Missouri River.
All the wool, mutton, beef, and horses that the commerce and population of our great country will require a hundred years hence, when the population is as dense as that of Europe, can be produced in this country, and at half the pre- sent prices.
Truly yours,
EDWARD CREIGHTON, President First National Bank of Omaha.
A pamphlet, entitled The State of Nebraska, by J. H. Noteware, State Superintendent of Immigration, Omaha, Neb., and a work by Dr. Latham, entitled
to the United States. 133
Trans- Missouri Stock-raising, from which the foregoing letter is taken, will throw much light upon the resources of this part of the country. Both works may be obtained by application to the Superintendent of Immigration, Omaha, Nebraska.
Catholic Statistics.
The VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF NEBRASKA, estab- lished in 1859, comprises the State of Nebraska and the Territories of Wyoming and Montana, and a part of Dakota. It has one vicar apostolic, living in Omaha ; nineteen priests, and three students ; twenty churches, and fifty-six stations. Catholic population not given.
THE TERRITORY OF DAKOTA »
lies north of Nebraska, and west of Minnesota. It is traversed from northwest to southeast by the Missouri River, which is navigable in the summer season through the whole territory, and even to Fort Benton, four hun- dred miles beyond. In winter, it is frozen. The area of Dakota is 143,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 14,000; in 1860, 5,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 888; of Germany, 563. There are many Indians. It became a Territory in March, 1861, and extended then to the Rocky Mountains.
The greater part of the land of this Territory is still owned by the Government, and presents to actual set- tlers all the advantages of the homestead law already re- ferred to. In the southeastern part, settlements are increasing very fast, being induced thereto by a good
134 Irish Emigration
climate and fertile soil. The presence of Indians in ether parts of the Territory, and the severity of the win- ters, retard the growth of white population. It is cer- tainly true, however, that young men with small means, cr even without other means than health and industry, may easily succeed in obtaining good farms and homes in Dakota. The rivers of the Territory, and the pro- jected railroads, constitute ample means of transporta- tion, present and prospective.
In Catholic affairs, a part of the Territory belongs to the Diocese of St. Paul, and another part to the Vica- riate of Nebraska.
THE TERRITORY OF WYOMING
lies west of Nebraska and Dakota. It was organized as a Territory in 1868. Area, 98,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 9,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 1,102; of Germany, 652.
This Territory is peculiarly adapted to sheep and cattle-raising. Its southern part is traversed by the Union Pacific Railroad, and this fact of itself ensures a certain degree of prosperity in a country so sparsely in- habited. The resources of this Territory are quite unde- veloped; it is particularly rich in minerals. Gold, sil- ver, lead, copper, coal, and iron are found. The climate is very healthy.
The following is a letter from General L. P. Bradley, United States Army, to Dr. Latham, quoted in his work on Trans- Missouri Stock-raising :
to the United States. 135
FORT D. A. RUSSELL, WYOMING TERRITORY,
April 6, 1870. DR. LATHAM, Surgeon Union Pacific Railroad :
DEAR SIR : I respond very cheerfully to your request for information about the climate, soil, grasses, etc., of the coun- try on the east slope of the mountains from the Big Horn down to the Republican and Smoky Hill, which I prospected or scouted pretty thoroughly in 1867 and 1868. From the Smoky Hill, in about latitude 39° north to latitude 44°, the country is very much like that immediately around the Union Pacific Railroad, with which you and the travelling public are familiar. The character of all this country is rolling prairie, very well watered, and abounding in good grasses to such an extent that the assertion may be safely made that the supply of grazing is unlimited.
All of the streams in this range furnish some timber, and many of the tributaries of the Republican, Powder, Tongue, Big Horn, and other rivers are, covered with heavy forests of hard and soft wood. All of the bottom-lands on the streams flowing from the mountains are what would be called East good, reliable farming lands, fit to produce any of the regular crops, except, perhaps, corn. The only danger to the corn crop would be, I suppose, the shortness of the season and the frequency of frosts consequent on the extreme altitude of this section.
North of latitude 44° the country changes materially for the better. It is better watered, having an abundance of pure, clear, mountain streams. The soil is richer, the grasses are heavier and stronger, and the climate very much milder than that for several degrees south. I think the valleys of Tongue River, Little Horn, Big Horn, and the Yellowstone will pro- duce corn, and good corn, too. About the other crops, barley, wheat, potatoes, etc., there is no question. This, I take it, shows about the maximum of soil and climate ; for there is no question about the value of a country that embraces hundreds
136 Irish Emigration
of millions of acres, that will produce good crops of cereals and grasses.
The valley of the Big Horn, five to twenty miles in width, by about one hundred miles in length, I regard as one of the choice spots of the earth. Here the climate, soil, scenery, and natural productions combine to make a country I have not seen excelled anywhere from Georgia to Montana, and equalled only by the favorite countries along the Ohio, the Cumberland, or the Tennessee. The prevailing winds are westerly, bringing the mild airs of the Pacific to these inland slopes, and tempering the winters of latitude 45° and 46° to about the temperature of the mountain country of Kentucky and Tennessee,
The value of this country for grazing may be estimated from the fact that good, fine grasses grow evenly all over the coun- try ; that the air is so fine that the grasses cure on the ground without losing any of their nutriment, and that the climate is so mild and genfal that stock can range and feed all the winter and keep in excellent condition without artificial shelter or fodder. The fact of grasses curing on the ground is a well-known peculiarity of all the high country on the east slope of the mountains, and in this is found the great value of this im- mense range for grazing purposes.
The difference between grasses which have to be cut and cured and those which are preserved on the ground is enough to convince the stock-raiser and herder of the value of these immense ranges known as " the Plains." I believe that all the flocks and herds in the world could find ample pasturage on these unoccupied plains and the mountain slopes beyond ; and the time is not far distant when the largest herds and flocks in the world will be found right here where the grass grows and ripens untouched from one year's end to'the other. I believe there is no place in this section of the country, from latitude 47° down, where cattle and sheep will not winter safe- ly with no feed but what they can pick up, and with only the
to the United States. 137
rudest shelter. In the mountains, or in the valleys of the - mountain streams, they would find ample shelter from storms in the frequent canons and ravines.
The mountain ranges are peculiarly adapted to sheep-rais- ing, the range is unlimited, the grasses are fine, and the air is pure and dry — conditions which ensure healthier stock and better wool than the climate and soil of the low country.
I have said that the climate about Big Horn was very mild ; as an indication of this, I will state that the average tempera- ture in the valley, latitude 45° 30', was in December, 1867, 32° above ; in January, 1868, 20° above ; in February, 40° above ; and in March, 55° above. In August, 1867, the mercury was as high as 107° above. Coal, iron, and fine building-stone are plentiful in the mountains of the Big Horn ranges. Fine clay and limestone are found in abundance, and the mountains fur- nish good pine timber in fair quantity. Nature has provided most liberally for the wants of civilization in this favored region, and, when it is opened up to settlement, it will attract a large population, and will prove to be a great producing
country.
Very truly yours
L. P. BRADLEY, Brevet Brigadier- General, U. S, A,
There are Catholic priests at Cheyenne and Laramie City. ' The Territory is included in the Vicariate of Nebraska.
THE TERRITORY OF MONTANA
lies west of Dakota and north of Wyoming. It was or- ganized as a Territory in May, 1864. Area, 144,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 20,595. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 1,635 ; of Germany, 1,233.
The report from this Territory to the United States
138 Irish Emigration.
Bureau of Statistics is that there is far more good land unoccupied than occupied. Miners are in good de- mand at five dollars a day; laborers get fifty dollars a month, with board. Female labor is in great demand at very high wages. The river Missouri rises in this Terri- tory, and is navigable from Fort Benton to Dakota — a distance of four hundred miles.
The reverend fathers of the Society of Jesus have a church at Helena, from which they attend a great num- ber of stations. The Territory is included in the Vicari- ate of Nebraska. There are fifteen hundred Catholic Indians in charge of these devoted fathers.
CHAPTER IX.
THE TERRITORIES OF NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA, COLORADO, UTAH, AND IDAHO.
NEW MEXICO
LIES west of Texas and south of Colorado. It was constituted a Territory in December, 1850, having been ceded by Mexico after the war of 1847. Area, 122,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 92,000; in 1860 93,516 (it then comprised Arizona). Natives of Ireland in 1870, 543 ; of Ger- many, 582.
In the valley of the Rio Grande, agriculture is suc- cessfully pursued ; but a grea: part of the soil is sterile. Although very near the torrid zone, the climate is tem- perate, owing to the great elevation of the country and to the fact that many of the mountains are covered with perpetual snow. Most of the inhabi- tants are Mexicans of the old Spanish race, and are Catholics.
The DIOCESE OF SANTA FE, established in 1850, comprises the whole Territory of New Mexico, and has one bishop, living in Santa Fe ; forty-five priests ; twenty- eight churches, and one hundred and sixty-two chapels, regularly attended. There are five convents, two col- leges, an orphan asylum, and a hospital. Catholic
140 Irish Emigration
population, 90,000, of whom eight thousand are Indians, and one thousand Americans.
ARIZONA
lies west of New Mexico and east of Southern Califor- nia. It was made 'a Territory in February, 1863, Area, 114,000 square miles. Population in 1870,9,658. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 500; of Germany, 379.
There are mines of gold and silver, copper and lead, in this State. Millions of acres of land are open to the settler. Being for the most part mountainous, the summers are temperate, and the winters are rarely, if ever, cold. There are many Indians in this Territory.
The VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF ARIZONA was estab- lished in 1869, and comprises the whole Territory of the same name, the Mesilla Valley of New Mexico, and El Paso County in Texas. It has one vicar apostolic, residing in Tucson ; eleven priests ; with several churches and stations. Catholic population not given.
COLORADO
lies north of New Mexico and west of Kansas. It was organized as a Territory in March, 1861. Area, 140,- 643 square miles. Population in 1870, 40,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 1,685; of Germany, 1,456.
This Territory receives its population principally on account of its mining resources, more especially the gold mines of Pike's Peak. The yield of gold-mining in 1870 was $5,500,000. It is very well adapted, also, for grazing, and agriculture flourishes in some parts. It is
to the United States. 141
a favorite resort of invalids, especially of consumptives. .There is every probability that Colorado will, in a few years, become one of the most prosperous States west of the Mississippi, and the advantages of settling there now are apparent to all enterprising and industrious men.
The following is an extract from the report of the Territorial Board of Immigration for 1873 :
PUBLIC AND RAILWAY LANDS.
There are large tracts of land in Colorado still belonging to the public domain, and open to entry under the homestead and pre-emption acts of Congress.
Land offices are established at Denver, Central, Fairplay, and Pueblo, and those who desire to avail themselves of the liberal terms held out by the Government can do so with com- paratively little trouble and expense.
The Kansas Pacific Railway, starting from the Missouri River at Kansas City, Missouri, and Le<xvenworth, Kansas, ex- tends westward through the entire length of the latter State, then traverses Colorado for more than two hundred miles to Denver, where it terminates. The Denver Pacific Railway starts from Denver, and runs almost due north one hundred and six miles to Cheyenne, and there forms a junction with the Union Pacific Railroad. Both the roads named received grants of land from the Government of almost thirteen thousand acres per mile, in alternate sections of six hundred and forty acres each, for twenty miles on each side of the road. The quantity of land in the Territory owned by the two roads is about three million of acres, including the very best of farming, grazing, and coal land, and much good timber. It is sold for cash at a reasonable valuation, or on five years' time upon the following plan, the example being for one hundred and sixty acres, sold March i, 1873, at five dollars per acre :
142
Irish Emigration
|
Principal. |
Interest. |
Total. |
|
|
$38 40 |
$198 40 |
||
|
38 40 |
38 40 |
||
|
u u " 1875... |
160 oo |
28 80 |
188 80 |
|
" " u 1876 |
179 20 |
||
|
" " " 1877 .. |
169 60 |
||
|
" " " 1878 |
1 60 oo |
||
|
$934 4° |
No payment of principal is required at the end of the first year, thereby giving the settler a chance to put all his earnings and profits into the improvement of his new home. The rail- way companies make liberal reduction upon transportation rates from the Missouri River to Colorado, for persons or colo- nies who become purchasers of railway lands.
Messrs. Byers & Parker, Denver, Colorado, are sole agents for the sale of railway land in the Territory. They send out pamphlets and maps, and will answer all enquiries in regard to railway lands.
The VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF COLORADO, estab- lished in 1868, comprises the Territory of Colorado, and has one vicar apostolic, residing at Denver City ; fifteen priests, and four clerical students; seventeen churches and chapels built, and fourteen building; thirty-five stations. Catholic population, 16,000.
UTAH
lies west of Colorado, and became a Territory in Sep- tember, 1850. It was settled by the Mormons, whose peculiar religious tenet resembles that of the Mahome- tans, which is polygamy. They make up the principal part of the population at present ; but it is supposed that a large immigration of persons of other religious
to the United States. 143
views is now setting in. The area of the Territory is 88,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 87,000 ; in 1860, 41,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 502 ; of Germany, 358. The other foreign nationalities in Utah are: English, 16,070; Scotch, 2,391; Welsh, 1,783; Danish, 5,000 ; and Swedes, 1,800.
The climate of this Territory is' mild and uniform ; the soil is productive in the valleys, but generally sterile elsewhere. It is expected that extensive mining opera- tions will soon be inaugurated. The Central Pacific Railroad from California meets the Union Pacific at Ogden, in this Territory.
There are very few Catholics, and they are visited from
Idaho.
IDAHO
lies north of Utah and west of Wyoming and Montana. It became a Territory in March, 1863. Area, 91,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 15,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 1,000; of Germany, 600.
There is a vast amount of unoccupied land in this Territory, all of which is subject to entry under the laws of the United States, on the terms already frequent- ly mentioned. There is much mining carried on here ; and the mines furnish a ready market for all kinds of produce. The river valleys are extremely fertile, and the other parts of the Territory are adapted for grazing. The chances for the industrious poor are very good here.
The VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF IDAHO comprises the Territory of Idaho and that part of Montana lying west
144 Irish Emigration.
of the Rocky Mountains. It was established in 1868, and has one vicar apostolic, living in Idaho City ; thir- teen priests, and twelve churches. There are many Indian missions under the charge of the reverend Jesuit fathers.
CHAPTER X.
THE STATES OF THE PACIFIC COAST — CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, OREGON, AND THE TERRITORY OF WASH- INGTON.
CALIFORNIA
LIES along the eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean, having a coast-line of eight hundred miles. It was originally settled by the Spaniards ; and was ceded to the United States by treaty with Mexico in 1848. It became a State in September, 1850. Area, 159,000 square miles. It is nearly five times as large as Ireland. Population in 1870, 560,000; in 1860, 380.000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 54,421 ; of Germany, 29,701.
California presents unlimited advantages to small capitalists, or to industrious, steady men or women with- out capital, in climate, richness of soil, variety of pro- ductions, and general progress. Although the State was first sought on account of its gold mines, it has been discovered that the great staple products, such as wheat, wool, wine, and even cotton, promise greater profits and more lasting than gold-digging. In the produce of wool, for instance, California is only surpassed by Ohio ; and considerably more than one-half of all the wine of the United States is produced here. I have before me a most valuable pamphlet, entitled All about California
146 Irish Emigration
and the Inducements to settle there ^ which may be obtain- ed gratis by application to the California Immigration Union, 316 California Street, San Francisco, Cal. It furnishes, in a brief compass, all necessary information regarding this great State up to 1872. On pages 41-43, it will be seen that good farming lands may be pur- chased for sums ranging from one dollar and fifty cents to five dollars an acre ; -and that there are 44,000,000 acres of Government land open to settlement on the " home- stead " principle. It is needless to speak of the mines of California, as they are of world- wide celebrity.*
I take great pleasure in giving a place here to the following letters received from most reliable persons in Southern, Central, and Northern California :
We begin with the letter of the Rev. Charles Flana- gan, attached to the Church of Our Lady of Angels, Los Angeles. Though brief, it is a valuable document :
Los ANGELES, CAL., March 4, 1873. REV. DEAR SIR : The Right Rev. Bishop Amat has given me your letter of enquiry, bearing date January 15, 1873, and has left it optional with me to give cate- gorical answers to each of your questions to the best of my judgment. I do not, by any means, wish to take upon myself the responsibility of encouraging immi- grants to come and settle in the county of Los Ange- les; I should, however, have no difficulty in doing so, could we hope to be blessed, in every year to come,
* Gold was first discovered by J. W. Marshall, on the farm of General Sutter, about sixty miles east of Sacramento, on the igth of January, 1848.
to the United States. 147
with such abundant rains as have, since December last, •so favored the agriculturists as to enable them to sow broadcast thousands upon thousands of acres of this rich and virgin soil. In order that you may judge for yourself, I send you copies of the local papers contain- ing a description of the " resources," the prices of land, the amount of wages, and other items, from which, after making the usual allowance for newspaper puffery and exaggeration, you can come to a fair conclusion about the condition of the country. . There is one thing about which you may rest assured there is and can be no ex- aggeration— the superiority of the climate, which cannot be excelled, or perhaps equalled, in the world.
I am, reverend dear sir, with much respect for your zeal, and a prayer for the success of your praiseworthy undertaking, yours faithfully,
CHARLES FLANAGAN.
The following letter is from a most reliable source, and will give a good idea of Central California :
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., February 18, 1873. REV. DEAR SIR: Your favor of the i5th ult. has been received. In reply (besides t sending works, in which you will find much useful information), I would say that, for salubrity and pleasantness, our climate can- not be surpassed. In the " coldest " season along the seaboard, the thermometer hardly ever goes below fifty- six degrees Fahr. In the interior, and towards the Sierra Nevada Mountains, it sometimes descends to forty degrees Fahr., but never lower. At such a place.
148 Irish Emigration
we would consider the inhabitants as living in the " cold " regions. There is every variety of soil from the deep loam of the valleys to the light, gravelly soil in the neighborhood of the mountains. Our valleys are amongst the most fertile in the world, and the " rolling " lands of several of our counties are very productive and admirably adapted to grazing and agriculture. Many of our hilly slopes are well adapted to the culti- vation of the vine ; and those who have made the ex- periment have succeeded very well in vine culture. In the interior and remote parts of the State, I believe that some good lands may be got yet for the Government price; but not much of this is now open to settle- ment. In the immediate neighborhood of the large cities and towns, land ranges in price from one hundred to five hundred, and even one thousand, dollars per acre. But at some distance from the prin- cipal cities, and not far from promising and rising towns, excellent land may be bought for from ten to thirty dollars an acre. In some cases, this would in- clude a dwelling and the other buildings necessary for a farmer. When speaking of the " coldest " season, I for- got to state that in summer the thermometer ranges from seventy to one hundred degrees Fahr. ; but even in the hottest parts of the State, especially towards the higher grounds, where the thermometer is up to ninety- six or one hundred degrees, there is a lightness and freshness of atmosphere, without that sense of suf- focation often felt in the State of New York and other Atlantic States, which takes away a great deal
to the United States. 149
from the heat, and makes you feel comfortable. Along the coast, however, the thermometer hardly ever rises above seventy-five degrees, and throughout the summer it generally keeps a little below seventy degrees. In the lower part of the State, farmers are more apt to suffer some odd year from the want of rain than in the northern. But generally other rainy years secure abun- dant crops in some places ; and in many places, very large. I think last year there were over twenty-one million of bushels of wheat raised in the three valleys of Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Livermore."
The two following letters are from Marysville, in Northern California, written by, or at the instance of, the Right Rev. Bishop O'Connell. They refer principallj' to Northern California, and will be read with great in terest :
ST. JOSEPH'S CHURCH, MARYSVILLE, February 5, 1873. REV. AND DEAR SIR: I am just in receipt of youi communication of January the 8th. I highly approve of the object of your work, which I trust will confer a benefit on many thousands. The work, had it appear- ed ten years sooner, would be of incalculable value,1 but even now it is not too late. Regarding the pros- pects in this diocese which with safety can be held out to the poor Catholic emigrant, I would not say that they are what they have hitherto been, but even 'now they are encouraging. Tis true we have many poor Catholic families already; but the greater part of them are so because of a fatal error, viz., they wish to live in every
150 Irish Emigration
respect on an equality with their more wealthy neigh- bors. There must be acknowledged here, as in older countries, degrees in the social as well as in the moral order ; that is to say, if people are poor, they should try and live according to their means. This would make many happy and comparatively comfortable who are otherwise in misery and in everything 'but easy circum- stances. The wages generally given the farm hands is one dollar a day, or from thirty to forty dollars per month, together with board. In the spring and harvest time, they get, as a general rule, two dollars per day. Most of the productive lands are taken up ; still much is left which with care and industry would prove re- munerative, whilst many good farms could be bought at from ten to twenty-five dollars per acre. The titles are fast becoming perfect, and the hitherto great draw- back, " Government grants," are being settled and rectified. Many of those grants are still in the country, and will, by-and-by, be thrown open to purchasers. On the whole, this diocese would afford remunerative labor to thousands who would content themselves and lead sober and industrious lives. With best wishes, I remain, truly yours,
*J« E. O'CONNELL,
per J. J. CALLAN, Pro. Secretary.
VALUE OF OUR LANDS.
P.S. — (The following is an extract taken from the Call newspaper :) " The very richest land in the greatest valley of the State — that of the Sacramento — between
to the United States. 151
MarysviHe and Red Bluff, a distance of eighty-three miles by rail, is worth thirty to fifty dollars per acre. Wheat and barley are the favorite crops, and the aver- age yield of each is large. Few cases of failure of crops have ever occurred in any portion of that region, while in many portions of it such a thing as failure from drought is unknown."
MARYSVILLE, February 5, 1873.
REV. DEAR FATHER BYRNE : We have the following agricultural counties : Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, Lake County, Colusi,. and a great portion of Yuba, but sparsely inhabited. The most inviting of these coun- ties are Colusi, Humboldt, and Mendocino, which are very productive. An infusion of Irish settlers would be a " God-send," if they could only content themselves with agricultural pursuits.
I remain, yours in Christ,
»f« E. O'CONNELL,
Bishop of Grass Valley.
Catholic Statistics, 1873.
California has the Archdiocese of San Francisco and the Dioceses of Monterey and Los Angeles and Grass Valley.
The ARCHDIOCESE OF SAN FRANCISCO, established in 1853, comprises the central portion of the State and the city of the same name. It has one archbishop, liv- ing in San Francisco ; one hundred and ten priests, and twenty clerical students ; eighty-six churches, and four-
152 Irish Emigration
teen chapels ; a great number of institutions and schools ; and a Catholic population of 120,000.
The DIOCESE OF MONTEREY AND Los ANGELES, es- tablished in 1850, comprises the southern part of Cali- fornia, and has one bishop, residing at Los Angeles; forty-four priests, and three clerical students; thirty churches, nine chapels, and twenty-four stations. Catholic population, 35,000.
The DIOCESE OF GRASS VALLEY, established in 1868, comprises Northern California and Nevada. It has one bishop, living at Marysville ; twenty-five priests, and two clerical students; thirty-five churches, and seventy stations. Catholic population, 15,000.
This makes the whole Catholic population of Califor- nia 170,000 — about one-third of the entire population.
NEVADA
lies east of California, and became a State in October, 1864. Area, 112,090 square miles. Population in 1870, 42.500; in 1860, 7,000. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 5,035; of Germany, 2,180.
The principal occupation in this State is mining. The gold and silver mines are very rich and extensive. The western part of the State is generally adapted for farm- ing; the rest is sterile. The Central Pacific Railroad passes through the northern part of the State.
There are about six Catholic clergymen in this State, which belongs to the Diocese of Grass Valley in California.
to the United States. 153
OREGON
lies north of California and west of Idaho. It has a coast-line of three hundred miles along the Pacific Ocean. It became a State in February, 1859. Area, 95,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 91,000; in 1860, 52,460. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 1,967; of Germany, 1,871.
This State is traversed by three distinct mountain ranges — the Coast Mountains, running near the coast and parallel with it; the Cascades, running parallel with these ; and the Blue Mountains, running from the north- eastern part of the State several hundred miles to the California boundary line. The Willamette Valley, one hundred and twenty miles long by about thirty-five miles wide, is between the Coast Mountains and the Cas- cades. It is by far the most fertile part of the State. West of the Cascade Mountains the rains are excessive, the sun sometimes not appearing for a whole month. Gold has been found in the northern part of the State, and silver, lead, copper, and iron in various places. Fisheries are extensive and lucrative; salmon is caught in nearly all the streams. There is a large amount of unoccupied land which may be had on the Govern- ment terms. The demand for labor of all kinds is great. In all of the Pacific States there is a special demand for female labor, or house-help, at wages vary- ing from twenty-five to forty dollars a month. Ore- gon as It Is is the name of a very instructive pamphlet on the resources of this State, by W. L. Adams, a resi- dent of the State for twenty-five years. It may be had
154 Irish Emigration
'for a mere trifle, by application to the Daily Bulletin Office, Portland, Oregon. I am indebted to the Catho- 'lie Sentinel of the same city for many valuable documents.
The ARCHBISHOPRIC OF OREGON CITY, established in 1846, comprises the whole State of Oregon, and has one archbishop, residing at Portland, on the Columbia River; nineteen priests, fifteen churches and chapels. Catholic population, 20,000.
THE TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON
lies directly north of Oregon, and has a coast-line on the Pacific of two hundred and fifty miles. It was organized as a Territory in March, 1853. Area, 70,000 square miles. Population in 1870, 24,000 (probably 30,000 in 1873) ; in 1860, 11,163. Natives of Ireland in 1870, 1,047 > °f Germany, 645.
The remarks already made in regard to the resources of Oregon are, as a general rule, applicable to this Terri- tory. Immense quantities of good land may be had on the Government terms, and there is demand for all kinds of labor at good wages. The Northern Pacific Railroad, now running through Northern Minnesota and Montana, is expected to be finished to Puget Sound in this Territory in two or three years. If this is success- fully accomplished, it may be expected that Washington Territory will advance most rapidly and soon become a flourishing State.
The following valuable and interesting letter is from the Rev. J. B. Boulet, written at the request of the Most
to the United States. 155
Rev. Bishop Blanchet, of Vancouver, in the Diocese of
Nesqualy :
VANCOUVER, WASHINGTON TERRITORY, Feb. 3, 1873. REV. SIR: At the request of Right Rev. Bishop Elan- chet, I beg leave to submit the following in answer tc your favor of the 5th ult. :
LAND.
There are millions of acres of unimproved Govern- ment lands open to settlers in this Territory, con- sisting of natural prairies (best for cultivation), grazing and timber lands. Outside of railroad grants, any one can take a claim of one hundred and sixty acres under the homestead or pre-emption laws. Improved lands are more or less cheap, according to location, improve- ments, etc., and range from $2 to 10 per acre. Grain is raised in large quantities. Wheat in Eastern Washing- ton averages 25 bushels per acre; oats, 30; corn, 40 ; rye, 20; potatoes, 300; carrots, 1,000; cabbages, 20,000 Ibs. ; and hay, 2\ tons. Fruit is also raised in profusion everywhere. In the western section — i.e. west of the Cascade Range — wheat averages 30 bushels per acre ; oats, 40 ; and barley, 45. 800 bushels of pota- toes, 700 bushels of onions have been raised to the acre, but the average is between 200 and 300 for both. Fruit is also plentiful in this section. Cattle and sheep are extensively raised in the immense grazing lands throughout the Territory for the Oregon, Idaho, and British Columbia markets. This branch of industry pays exceedingly well, as it costs almost nothing to raise
156 Irish Emigration
them, as they can graze out (with but few exceptions) the whole year round, and command a good price at all times.
COMMERCE.
Lumber is the principal article of export, some two hundred and fifty million feet being manufactured annually, and valued at two and a half million dollars. The exportation of fish, oysters, coal, etc., is yearly in- creasing and promises well for the future.
POPULATION, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, RAILROADS, ETC.
The population is estimated at 30,000, of whom 10,000 whites and Indians are Catholics. There are schools in all settlements populous enough to support them. Academies and convents are found in the larger towns. Churches are getting more numerous every year A railroad, the North Pacific, is being built, which in a year or two will connect the principal settlements, and give an impetus to commerce and immigration, and at the terminus of which shall be located a large city, destined to become the great metropolis of the Pacific Coast.
CLIMATE.
In Eastern Washington, the average temperature in spring is fifty-two degrees, in summer seventy-three de- grees, in the fall fifty-three degrees, in winter thirty-four degrees. In Western Washington, there are but two sea- sons— the wet and the dry. The former lasts from No-
to the United States. 157
veraber until April, the latter from April till November. Few showers of rain, however, fall during this season. Thunder is almost unknown in this part of the country. The average temperature in winter is thirty-nine degrees, and in summer sixty-three degrees ; and what is most re- maikable is that even during the hottest days of the sum- mer, the nights are always cool, and a blanket desirable.
WAGES.
Mechanics of all kinds get from three to five dollars gold per day. Good axe-men and teamsters about lumber mills, from sixty to one hundred dollars per month. Laborers in mills, thirty-five to forty dollars. Cooks, from fifty to one hundred dollars, with board. Waiters, from thirty-five to forty dollars, with board. Farm hands, from thirty to forty dollars, with board. Female servants, from twenty-five to forty dollars, with board ; the latter especially being in great demand.
In conclusion, I think this country one of the most advantageous for the thousands of families and cotton- mill operatives that are vegetating, and, as you appro- priately say, " are lost morally, socially, and physically," in the great centres of the East, and more especially if they have a few savings to start with.
The above extracts were mainly derived from the Puget Sound Business Directory ; you may use them in any way that will come within the scope of your proposed work.
Yours most respectfully,
J. B. BOULET.
158 Irish Emigration.
The DIOCESE OF NESQUALY, established in May 1850, comprises the whole Territory of Washington and has one bishop, residing at Vancouver; fifteen priests, seventeen churches and chapels. Catholic population, 10,000.
TABLE I.
Showing the foreign-born and native population of the several States and
Territories on, the ist day of June in the respective years 1870 and 1860.
[From the U. S. Census Report.]
|
States and Ter- ritories. |
1870. |
1860. |
|||
|
Total po- pulation. |
Native born. |
Foreign born. |
Total po- pulation. |
Native born. 27,304,624 |
Foreign born. |
|
Total U.S.... Total States.. Alabama. ... |
38,555,983 |
32,989,437 |
5,566,546 |
3i,443,321 |
4,138,697 4,099,152 |
|
38,113,253 |
32,640,907 |
5,472,346 |
31,183,744 |
27,084,592 |
|
|
996,992 484,471 560,247 537,454 125,015 187,748 1,184,109 2, 539,89! i, 680,6 37 1,191,792 364,399 1,321,011 726,915 626,915 780,894 1,457,351 1,184,059 439,7o6 827,922 1,721,295 122,993 42,991 318,300 906,096 4,382,759 1,071,361 2,665,260 90,923 3,521,79! 217,353 705,606 |
987,030 479,445 350,4i6 423*815 "5,879 182,781 1,172,982 2,024,693 i,539,!63 987,735 316,007 1,257,613 665,088 578,034 697,482 1,104,032 916,049 279,009 816,731 1,499,028 92,245 23.690 288,689 7i7,i53 3,244,406 1.068,332 2,292,767 79,323 2,976,530 161,957 697,532 |
9,962 5,026 209,831 "3,639 9,^36 4,967 11,127 5*5,198 141,474 204,057 48,392 63,398 61,827 48,881 83,412 353,319 268,010 160,697 11,191 |
964,201 435,450 379,994 460,147 112,216 140,424 1,057,286 i,7ii,95i 1,350,428 674,913 107,206 1,155-684 708.002 628,279 687,049 1,231.066 749,"3 172,023 791,305 |
951,849 431,850 233,466 379,45i 103,051 137, "5 1,045,615 1,387,308 1,232,144 568,836 94,515 1,095,885 627,027 590,826 609,520 970,960 600,020 "3,295 782,747 |
12,352 3,600 146,528 80,696 9,165 3-309 11.671 324,643 118,284 106,077 12,691 59,799 8o,97S 37,453 77,529 260,106 149,093 58,728 8,558 160,541 6,351 2,064 20,938 I22,7QO 1,001,280 3,298 328,249 5,123 430,505 37,394 9,986 21,226 43,422 32,743 18,513 16,545 276.927 |
|
Arkansas |
|||||
|
Connecticut — Delaware Florida |
|||||
|
Georgia Illinois |
|||||
|
Indiana |
|||||
|
Kansas Kentucky Louisiana |
|||||
|
Maryland Massachusetts . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada N. Hampshire.. New Jersey...^ New iTork North, Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania. . Rhode Island.. South Carolina. |
|||||
|
30,748 18,801 29,611 188,943 i,J38,353 3,029 372,493 n, 600 545,26i 55,396 8 074 19,316 62,411 47-155 13-754 17,091 364,499 |
28,841 6,857 326,073 672,035 3,880,735 992,622 2,329'S" 52,465 2,906.215 174,620 703,708 1,109,801 604,215 315,008 1,219,630 376,688 775.88i |
22,490 4,793 305,135 549,245 2,879,455 989,324 2,011,262 47,342 2,475,710 137,226 693,722 1,088,575 560.793 282,355 11,201,117 360,143 498,954 |
|||
|
Texas |
818,579 330,55! 1,225,163 442,014 1-054,670 |
756,168 283,396 1,211.409 424,923 690,171 |
|||
|
Vermont Virginia West Virginia.. Wisconsin Total Territ's Arizona Colorado Dakota Dist. Columbia Idaho Montana New Mexico. . . Utah. |
|||||
|
442,730 |
348,530 |
94,200 |
=59,577 |
220,032 |
39,5-45 |
|
9,658 39,364 14,181 131,700 14,999 20,595 9f,874 86,786 23,955 9,118 |
3,849 33,265 9,366 115,446 7,"4 12,616 86,254 56,084 18,931 5,605 |
5-809 6,599 4,815 16,254 7,885 7,979 5,620 30,702 5,024 3,513 |
|||
|
34,277 4,837 75,080 |
31,611 3,063 f 2,596 |
2,666 i,774 12,48* |
|||
|
93,5i6 40,273 "-594 |
86,793 27,519 8,450 |
6.723 12,754 3,H4 |
|||
|
Washington . .. Wyoming |
|
TABLE II.— FARM LABOR. Showing the average daily wages, with and 'without board, and the average monthly wages, with board, paid for farm and other labor in the several sections of the country in the year 1870. |
Q K |
Wtt^Wf |
O CO C^ C^ |
Oi |
<N M |
& C |
Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Western States are: Ohio, Kentucky, Southern States are: Virginia, North siana, Texas. The Pacific States are : |
|
•JfJOM. UIJ-BJ umrj jairjo VB SJ3JOq-Bl IIOUIU10O |
*-oo « |
CO |
ro^- |
ts ^ |
|||
|
m spUBq AjBurpJQ |
VD N •^< |
ro |
VO ^ VO U"! M IN |
O n |
|||
|
Moramns UI SpUBXJ AjBUIpJQ |
O lo en O O oo' |
"8 |
Oi 10 |
fo |
|||
|
•J3}UIM. UI spuBij paouau'adxg |
fffffl |
0 |
00 H |
ft |
|||
|
•jsuiuins ui spuuq paouauadxjj |
Tf fx O M |
0 M |
o\oo CO O |
E |
|||
|
DAILY WAGES. |
fil^l |
•pjBoq |
M H M H |
H |
:; |
CO |
* The New England States above noticed are the following : Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island. The Middle States are ; Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia. The ^ Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska. The Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Loui |
|
'S |
to-o t^co W 0 MOO H H H |
H |
M « |
o N |
|||
|
?li o |
•pj-eoq |
^ HnvR |
•8 |
SSI |
a |
||
|
•pjBoq |
OVO t^ 10 o |
O |
01 ^ |
H |
|||
|
d 01 " |
•pjBoq |
\O r<i -^ O> M H M |
H |
1-1 vo |
f: |
||
|
0 |
•pjsoq WAI |
rr |
o |
ro O H N |
N |
||
|
Experienc'd hands in winter. |
»ssi |
H H H |
H |
O Cl |
>D M |
||
|
•p,s |
!*M |
3, |
H M |
N |
|||
|
Experienc'd hands in summer. |
inowl |
W M M M |
«" |
VO P) |
0 |
||
|
•pjeoq WAY |
"i- IN t^-\O lorccooo |
" |
N M |
« |
|||
|
STATES.* |
(;» ti ^ ! I I *o * I I |
||||||
|
ii ! n j lii j "H : : : rt ^ &2 E£ |
|
o n> p 3 g 1 fB |
s? & 0 s^s? li^ S HIP OO^rj 2"^°^ 3-Cfl 5; oj g p 3 c« 51 PS II J ^^?g^ if ^ ? |l?i |
1 P |
|||
|
J |
tj |
a |
sasa |
With board. |
§2 |
|
CO |
O1 4* |
•a |
8SSff |
VV ithout board. |
it |
|
<s |
Oi 4>- 0\'JJ |
CO |
«^H»0 |
With board. |
II* a |
|
: |
Tsui's |
Without board. |
l|f |
||
|
: ^ |
to |
O ^i O *-J |
With board. |
« 5' |
|
|
g t2 |
N |
?a*g |
Without board. |
||
|
o |
^00 |
ft |
»*y |
With board. |
^O .?i |
|
a_&$ |
-r- |
a ^2 |
Without board. |
||
|
^ ooc* |
H |
OHO* |
With board. |
o o o |
|
|
: :: |
0\ |
X^S, |
Without board. |
||
|
* S^ |
& |
W M 10 10 |
With board. |
E 5_ n a |
|
|
in Cs4- |
00 |
OOO Ov OO |
Without board. |
||
|
0! 4v 0\ |
M |
^O^^o |
With board. |
q g* |
|
|
Cn 4". </l |
w |
M^M^ |
Without board. |
||
|
l/l O 10 |
8 |
-^o^o |
With board. |
|0 K-o Q Q |
|
|
4- 4v 4- |
t ^^st |
Without board. |
|||
|
H O 00 |
to to tj to to OO CNO O vO -J 4- 0x0 CO |
With board. |
19 rr o f^ 3 M ? |
||
|
O ON4*. |
w w u> u> u> |
Without board. |
|||
|
w 1 t » |
•0 |
M-M |
With board. |
p |
|
|
i |
Ul OJ |
n"^ |
Without board. |
O |
|
|
<s |
tyi »O |
O o to oo to |
With board. |
5? a p |
|
|
U3 |
;j |
£ |
sa&^ |
Without board. |
|
|
0 |
ceo |
(0 M 10 H tO |
With board. |
f* |
|
|
VO Oi |
0! 4V |
^ 8^3t5 |
Without board. |
||
|
J |
CO CO 'oMS y< |
With board. |
v°'% |
||
|
cn |
y>* » «co to to M O CO O3 O r/i £rt |
Without board. |
f!
TABLE IV.
Showing the total population of fifty principal cities of the United States, in 1870, "with the number of Irish, German, and English people in each at the same date.
|
NAME OF CITY. |
TOTAL PO- PULATION |
IRISH. |
GERMANS |
ENGLISH. |
|
x. New York, N. Y 2 Phi'adelphia Pa |
942,292 6/4,022 376,099 310,864 298,977 267,354 250,526 216,239 191,418 149,473 U7,7I4 109,200 105,059 100-753 92,829 86,076 82,546 79,577 71,440 69,422 68,904 62,386 53,iSo 51,038 50,840 48,956 48,244 46,465 |
202,000 96,698 73,985 32,239 40,000 15-223 56.900 18,624 I4-693 25,864 11,264 6,948 I2,48l 7,626 9,964 I3,",9 Ii,6o5 6.970 3,784 13,276 12,085 6,078 4,°34 1,239 9,601 2,180 3,321 10,877 |
151,203 50,746 36,769 59,040 5^3i6 35,276 5,6o6 49,446 15,2:24 13.602 22,249 4,13* 15,873 14.380 15,855 8,7°3 MSI 12.047 22,600 5,168 596 7.730 7.665 1,621 2,423 1.826 5,286 i,i74 5,062 325 34 1,763 482 1,458 3-056 2,648 1,429 1,884 843 5,3-ti 82 3,932 684 4,962 467 2,822 216 787 17 37 |
24,408 22.034 18,832 5.366 10,026 2,133 6,000 3-524 2,005 5-i66 3,558 1,231 4,040 93° 4-530 2,^38 4,005 3,282 i,395 1,572 2,426 2,530 1,112 289 1,087 234 697 1,575 1,345 893 1,697 sSg 1,043 7s7 1,444 305 3,347 709 386 694 557 504 613 394 2.456 ",3S 251 33° 4,042 |
|
4. St Louis, Mo |
||||
|
5 Chicago 111 |
||||
|
6. Baltimore, Md 7. Boston Mass |
||||
|
8. Cincinnati, Ohio |
||||
|
10. San Francisco, Cal ii. Buffalo, N. Y 12. Washington, D. C . |
||||
|
13 Newark N J |
||||
|
i=; Cleveland Ohio .. .. |
||||
|
16. PUtsbur-->-, Pa |
||||
|
17. Jersey City, N. J |
||||
|
i3 Detroit Mich |
||||
|
21. Providence, R. I |
||||
|
22 Rochester N Y |
||||
|
23. Alleghany, Pa 24. Richmond, Va |
||||
|
26 Charleston S C. |
||||
|
28. Troy, N. Y |
||||
|
30. Worcester, Mass |
4i,io5 40,928 40,226 39,634 37,i8o 35,092 33-930 33,6oo 32,260 32,o34 |
sk 9,I03 2,987 7, i So 7,438 6,491 547 5,"4 2,809 2,000 3.032 3,900 1,845 3,503 1,326 7,457 3-496 4,803 2,197 3,232 5,572 |
||
|
32. Memphis, Tenn |
||||
|
35. Scranton, Pa |
||||
|
36. Reading Pa |
||||
|
39. Mobile, Ala |
||||
|
40. Toledo, Ohio |
31,584 3Mi3 3I,274 30,841 30,473 28,921 28,804 28,323 28,235 28,233 |
|||
|
43. Wilmington, Del |
||||
|
4j. Dayton, Ohio |
||||
|
46. Utica, N. Y 47. Charlestown, Mass 48. Savannah, Ga |
||||
|
50. Fall River, Mass |
26,766 |
|||
i fa
TABLE V.
Showing the population in 1870 of the capitals of States, and principal cities and towns that contain upwards 0/8,000 inhabitants.
|
MAINE. Augusta 7,808 Portland 3'-4i3 Bangor 18,289 |
West Roxbury. 8,683 Woburn 8,560 Mar'.borough . . 8,474 N. Bridgewater 8,007 |
Lockport 12,426 Johnstown 12,273 Fishkill 11,752 Cortland ",694 Schenectady — 11,026 |
|
Biddeford 10,282 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Concord 12,241 Manchester 23,536 |
RHODE ISLAND. Providence.... 68,904 Newport 12,521 N. Providence. 20,495 Woonsocket. . .. 11,527 Warwick 10,453 |
Greenburg 10,790 Huntington 10,704 West Troy 0,693 Oyster Bay ... 0,595 Saugerties 0.455 Brookhaven.... 0,1^9 Rondout 0,114 Ithaca 0,107 |
|
Dover 9,294 |
Opdensburg — 0,076 |
|
|
CONNECTICUT |
||
|
VERMONT. Montpelier 3-023 Burlington 14,387 Rutland 9^834 |
New Haven.... 50,840 Hartford 37i'8o Bridgeport 18,969 Norwich 16,653 Norwalk 12,119 Middletown. ... 11,126 |
New Lots 9.800 Castleton 9.504 Wallkill 9,477 Owego 9,442 Deer Park 9,387 West Farms. ... 9,372 Watertown 9,336 |
|
MASSACHUSETTS |
Waterbury 10,826 Meriden 10,495 |
Seneca 9,188 Hudson 8,615 Saratoga Spr'gs 8,537 |
|
New London... 9,576 New Britain... . 9,480 |
Plattsburg 8.414 Queensbury. . .. 8,387 |
|
|
Worcester 41,10*5 |
Danbury 8.753 |
Wawarsing . . . . 8.151 |
|
Cambridge 39,634 Lawrence 28,921 |
NEW YORK |
NEW JERSEY. |
|
Lynn 28,233 |
Newark 105,059 |
|
|
Fall River 26 766 |
Jersey City 82,546 |
|
|
Springfield 26,703 Salem 24,117 |
New York 942,292 Brooklyn 396,099 |
Paterson 33,579 Elizabeth 20,832 Hoboken 20,297 |
|
Rochester .. 62,385 |
Camden 20,045 |
|
|
Chelsea 18.547 Gloucester 15,389 |
Troy 46,465 Syracuse 43,051 |
N.Brunswick.. 15,058 Orange 9,343 |
|
Somerville 14,685 Haverhill 13.092 Newton 12,825 Newburyport.. 12,595 Adams 12,090 Fitchburg 11,260 Pittsfield n,ii2 Ilolyoke 10i733 Northampton.. 10160 |
Utica 28,804 Watervliet 22,609 Oswego 20,910 Newtown 20,274 Poughkeepsie.. 20,080 Morrisania 19,610 Auburn 17,225 Newburg 17,014 |
Hackensack.... 8,038 PENNSYLVANIA. Harrisburg 23,104 Philadelphia. . . 674,022 Pittsburg 86,076 Alleghany 53,180 Scranton 35.092 |
|
Milford 91890 |
Reading 33,93° |
|
|
Chicopee 9,607 Abington 9,308 Waltham 9,065 Weymouth 9,010 |
Flushing 14,650 Hempstead . . . . 13,999 Yonkers 12,733 Binghamton — 12,692 163 |
Lancaster 20,233 Erie City 19,646 Williamsport.. . 16,030 Allcntown 13)884 |
TABLE V '.—Continued.
|
Pottsville 12.384 |
GEORGIA. |
OHIO. |
|
Norristown . . . . 10.753 Altoona 10,610 |
Savannah 28,235 Augusta 15,389 |
Cincinnati...... 216.239 Cleveland 92.829 |
|
E. Birmingham. 9,488 Chester City 9,485 Mahanoy 9,400 Titusville 8,639 Birmingham 8.603 |
FLORIDA. Tallahassee 2,023 |
Dayton 30.473 Sandusky 13.000 Springfield 12652 Hamilton n,o3r Portsmouth 10,592 |
|
ALABAMA. |
Akron 10,006 Chillicothe 8,920 |
|
|
Dover 1,906 |
Montgomery.... 10,588 |
Steubenville 8,107 Youngstown.. . 8.075 |
|
Wilmington 30,84 1 MARYLAND. |
MISSISSIPPI. Jackso'n 4 234 |
MICHIGAN. Lansing 5.241 |
|
Baltimore 267,354 Frederick 8,526 Cumberland.... 8,056 DISTRICT OF COL- UMBIA. Washington.... 109,199 Georgetown.... 11,384 |
Vicksburg 12,443 Natchez 9,057 LOUISIANA. N.Orleans 191,418 TEXAS. Austin 4,428 |
Detroit 79-577 Grand Rapids . 16,507 Jackson ",447 East Saginaw. . 11,350 Kalamazoo r9,iSi Adrian 8,438 INDIANA. Indianapolis.... 48,244 Evansville 21,830 Fort Wayne.... 17,718 |
|
Richmond 51,038 Norfolk 9,229 Petersburg 18,950 |
Galveston 13,818 San Antonio 12,256 Brenham 9,716 Houston 9)382 |
Terre Haute..., 16,103 New Albany. .. 15,396 Lafayette 13,506 Logansport 12,191 Madison 10,709 |
|
Alexandria 3-570 Portsmouth 0,492 Dan River 0,306 Beverly Manor. 8,071 WEST VIRGINIA. Charlestown.... 3,162 Wheeling 19,280 |
ARKANSAS. Little Rock... 12,380 TENNESSEE. Nashville ... 25 865 |
Richmond 9,4-!5 ILLINOIS. Springfield 17,364 Chicago 298,977 Quincy 24.052 Peoria 22,849 Bloomington... 14,590 |
|
Memphis 40,226 |
Rockford . n 049 |
|
|
NORTH CAROLI- NA. |
Knoxville 8,682 KENTUCKY |
Galesburg - 10,158 Jacksonville — 9203 Alton 8,665 |
|
Wilmington 13,446 SOUTH CAROLINA. Columbia 9,298 |
Frankfort 5,396 Louisville 100.753 Covington 24, -05 Newport 15,087 |
WISCONSIN. Madison 9176 |
|
Charleston 48,950 |
Lexington 14,801 164 |
Milwaukee 7I)f4° |
TABLE V.— Continued.
|
Fond du Lac... 12,764 Oshkosh 12,663 Racine 9,880 |
CALIFORNIA. Sacramento.... 16,283 |
DAKOTA. Yankton 737 |
|
Janesville 8,789 |
San Francisco... 149,473 Oakland 10,500 Stockton . 10 066 |
|
|
IOWA. Des Moines. ... 12,035 Davenport 20,038 Duhuque 18,434 |
San Jose 9,089 OREGON. |
IDAHO. Boisee City — 995 |
|
Burlington 14,930 |
MONTANA. |
|
|
Portland 8,293 |
||
|
MISSOURI. Jefferson City.. 4,420 •St. Louis 310,864 |
NEVADA. Carson City. . . . 3,042 |
Virginia City.. 867 NEW MEXICO. Santa Fd 4,765 |
|
Kansas City 32,260 St. Joseph 19,565 |
NEBRASKA. |
|
|
1 3 |
Lincoln 2,441 |
UTAH. |
|
KANSAS. Topeka 5,79° Leavenworth.. 17,873 Lawrence 8,320 |
Omaha 16,083 ARIZONA. Tucson 3,224 |
Salt Lake City.. 12,854 WASHINGTON. |
|
MINNESOTA. St. Paul 20,030 Minneapolis.... 1^,066 |
COLORADO. Denver... -t.TSo |
WYOMING. Chevenne .. laso |
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF BOOKS
®tw
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A Sister's Story, . . . $2 50 Abridgment of the Christian
Doctrine, 30
An Epistle of Jesus Christ, . 100 An Essay in Aid of a Grammar
of Assent, . . . .250 An Illustrated History of Ire- land 5 00
An Amicable Discussion, . . 2 00
Anima Divota, .... 60
Anne Sdv^rin, . . . . 1 50
Apologia Pro Vita Sua, . . 2 00
Aspirations of Nature, . . 1 50 Bibliographia Catholica Ameri-*
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Rona Mors, 25
Book of Irish Martyrs, . . 2 50
Catholic Tracts. Ivol.l2mo, . 125
Catholic Hymns and Canticles, 1 00
Cath olic Christian Instructed, . 50 Catechism of the Council of
Trent, 2 00
Christ and the Church, . . 1 50
Christine, 2 00
Compendious Abstract of the
History of Church of Christ, 125
Confidence in the Mercy of God 50
Constance Sherwood, . . 2 00
Cradle Lands, . . . . 2 00
Defence of Catholic Principles, 60
Diary of a Sister of Mercy, . 1 60
Dion and the Sibyls, . . . 1 50
Dr. Newman's Answer, . . 75 Early History of the Catholic Church in the Island of New
York, . . . . . 1 50
EHa; or, Spain Fifty Years Ago 1 59 Exposition of the Doctrine of
the Catholic Church, . . 60
The same, samo, . . 25
Father Rowland, "... GO
Familiar Discourses to the
Young, ..... $0 75 Familiar Instructions on Men-
tal Prayer, .... 75
Genevieve, ..... 60
Glimpses of Pleasant Homes, . 1 50
Gropings After Truth, . . 75
Grounds of Catholic Doctrine, 20 Guide to Catholic Young Wo-
men ....... 1 00
History of the Church, Pise,. 750
History of England, . . . 1 25 History of the Old and New
Testaments, . . . . 1 00
Home of the Lost Child, . . SO
Homilies on the Book of Tobias, 1 00 Hornihold on the Command-
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Hours of the Passion, . ' . 60
Hymns and Songs, ... 40 Illustrated Catholic Family Al-
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Imitation of the Blessed Virgin, 60
Interior Christian, ... 60
In Heaven we Know Our Own, 60
Introduction to a Devout Life, 75
Irish Odes. De Vere, . . 2 00
Journal of Eugenie de Gue*ria, 2 00
Lenten Monitor, ... 60
Letter to a Protestant Friend, 60
Letters to a Prebenda^, . . 75
Letters of Eugenie de Gue*rin, 2 00
Life of Blessed Margaret Mary, 2 50
Life of St. Vincent de Paul, . 45 Life and Letters of Madame
Swetchine, . . . . 2 00 Life of Mother Margaret Mary ILUlahan, . . . . - •• — The same. Abridged, .
Life of Father Baker,
4 00
1 25
2 50
Life, Passion, Death, and Re- surrection of Our Lord Jesus
Christ, $1 00
Little Pierre, . . . . 1 50 Little Treatise on the Little
Virtues, 45
Lives of the Fathers of the
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Light in Darkness, ... 75 Louisa ; or, The Virtuous Vil- lager, 60
Love of Our Lord Jesus Christ, CO
Maggie's Rosary, . . . 1 00
May Carols, . . . . 1 25
Memorial of a Christian Life, . 75 Men and Women of the Eng- •
lish Reformation. 2 vols., . 4 00
Month of Mary, .... 40
Nellie Netterville, . . . 1 50
Net for the Fishers of Men, . G
Nouet's Meditations, . . 2 50
Office of the Holy Week, . . 50
Oratory of the Faithful Soul, . 50
Poor Man's Catechism, . . 50
Poor Man's Controversy, . 50
Practical Discourses, . . 2 50
Problems of the Age, . . 2 00 Questions of the Soul, . .150
Reason and Revelation, . . 1 50 Sacred Heart of Jesus and the
Sacred Heart of Mary, . . 60 Sermons of the Paulist Fathers.
3 vols. Per vol 1 50
Sermons on Ecclesiastical Sub- jects. By Archbishop Man- ning. American edition, Vol. I. 2 00 The same. Vol.11., . 200
Short Treatise on Prayer, . $0 40
Spiritual Combat, ... 40 Spirit of St. Alphonsus de Li-
guori, 60
Spiritual Consoler, ... 50
Spiritual Director, ... 50
Stories on the Seven Virtues, . 60
Symbolism, . . . . 4 00
The Clergy and the Pulpit, . 1 50
The Comedy of Convocation, 1 00
The Holy Communion, . . 2 00
The House of Yorke, . . 2 00 The Illustrated Catholic Sun- day-School Library. 6 vols.
ill boxes. Each box, . . 3 00
The Invitation Heeded, . . 1 50
The Life of St. Patrick, . . 6 00
The Life of Father Ravignan, 4 00 The Life of the Blesse Virgin
St. Catharine of Sienna, . 1 75
The Life of Mother Julia, . . 150 The Liquefaction of the Blood
of St. Januarius, . . . 1 00
The Office of Vespers, . . 75 The Pictorial Bible and Church
History Stories, . . . 1 50
The See of Peter, ... 75
TheTwo Schools, . . . 1 00 The Works of the Most Rev.
John Hughes, D.D. 2 vols., 800
Think Well On't, ... 30
Three Phases of Christian Love 1 50
Triumph of Religion, . . 60 Visits to the Blessed Sacrament
and to the Blessed Virgin, . 60
Way of Salvation, ... 75
Why Men do not Believe, . 1 00
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