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LIBRARY

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MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

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IRISH NATURALIST, VOL. XIV.] [ Zo. face p. 45.

THE IRISH NATURALIST.

A ittonthly Aournal

OF

GENERAL IRISH NATURAL HISTORY,

ORGAN OF THE

Royal Zoological Society of Ireland; Dublin Microscopical Clud ;
Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society ;
Belfast Naturalists Field Club; Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club ;
Cork Naturalists’ Field Club; Limerick Field Club ;
Ulster Fisheries and Biology Association.

EDITED BY
GEORGE H. CARPENTER, B.Sc.Lonp., M.R,LA.,
—-R, LLOYD- PRAEGER, 3BA:; B.E.,M.R.1.A.,

AND

ROBERT PATTERSON, F.Z.S., M.R.1LA.

YOM ac DV,

“ DUBLIN: EASON & SON, Lrvitep,
85 MIDDLE ABBEY STREET, AnD 40 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET,
BELFAST: 17 DONEGALL STREET.
LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL HAMILTON, KENT & Go., Lrp,

1905.

PRINTED BY ALEX. THOM & Co. (LIMITED), 87, 88, & 89, ABBEY-STREET, DUBLIN.

CONTRIBUTORS

TO THE PRESENT VOLUME.

———0-——

ADAMS, JOHN, M.A., Royal College of Science for Ireland.

ADAMS, LIONEL, E., F.,.S., Reigate, Surrey.

BARRINGTON, RICHARD M., LL B., F.,.S., M.R.ILA., Fassaroe, Bray.

BEARE, PRorF. T. HUDSON, F.E.S, The University, Edinburgh.

BENSON, REV. CHARLES W., LL.D., Balbriggan,

CAMPBELL, DAvID C., Londonderry.

CARPENTER, PROF. G. H., B.Sc., M.R.I.A , Royal College of Science
for Ireland.

COLE, PROF. GRENVILLE A. J., F.G.S.,M.8.LA., Royal College of
Science.

CoLGAN, NATHANIEL, M.R.1.A., Sandycove.

DAVIES, JOHN H., Lenaderg, Co. Down.

DELAP, MAUD J., Valencia, Co. Kerry.

FLEMYNG, REv. W. W., M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw.

FOSTER, NEVIN H., Hillsborough, Co. Down.

GOUGH, GEORGE C., A.R C,SC., F.G.S., Queen’s College, Belfast.

GRIERSON, P. H., Irish Land Commission.

HALBERT, J. N., National Museum, Dublin.

HARRISON, CUTHBERT’, Ballincar, Sligo.

Hart, W. E., Kilderry, Co. Donegal.

HUNTER, J., Holywood, Co. Down.

JOHNSON, REV. W. F., M.A, F.E.S., Acton Glebe, Poyntzpass.

JOHNSTON, J. H., Park Cottage, Wexford.

KANE, W. F. DE VISMES, D.L., M.A., M.R.I.A., Drumreaske,
Monaghan.

KEMP, STANLEY W., Department of Agriculture (Fisheries Branch).

KNOWLES, MATILDA C., National Museum, Dublin.

LAMPLUGH, G. W., F.R.S., Geological Survey, London.

LANGHAM, CHARLES, Tempo Manor, Enniskillen

LETT, REV. CANON H. W., M.A., M.R.I.A., Loughbrickland.

Peeey,.C. I, p.1.;- Larne.

M‘CLEERY, HAMILTON, Belfast

M‘CuiIntTock, E. lL. L., Glendaragh, Crumlin, Co. Antrim

M‘ENDOO, REv. WILLIAM, M.A., Tanderagee.

MoFFAatT, C. B., B.A., Ballyhyland, Enniscorthy.

NEALE, FRANCIS, 14 Upper Columba’s-road, Dublin.

NICHOLS, A. R., M.A, M.R1A., National Museum, Dublin.

NORMAN, REv. CANON A. M., M.A., D.C.L,., LL.D., F.RS., F.L.S.,
Berkhamstead, Herts.

O'BRIEN, R. D., Parteenalax, Limerick.

PACK-BERESFORD, DENIS R., D.L., Fenagh House, Bagenalstown.

A2

iv

List of Contributors.

PATTERSON, ROBERT, M.R.I.A.. F.Z.S., Glenbank, Holywood, Co.
Down.

PATTERSON, SIR R. LLOYD, D.¥., F.L.S., Croft House, Holywood,
Co. Down.

PHILLIPS, R. A., Ashburton, Cork.

PRAEGER, R. LLOYD, B.A., B.E., M.R.IA., National Library of
Ireland.

SCHARFF, R. F., PH.D., B.SC., M.R.1.A., National Museum, Dublin.

SEYMOUR, HENRY J., B.A., F.G.S., Geological Survey, Dublin.

SMITH, REv. W. S., Antrim.

' STEPHENS, JANE, B.Sc., National Museum, Dublin.

STEWART, S. A., A.L.S., F.B.S.H., Museum, College-square north,
Belfast.

STRACHAN, JAMES, Ballyclare, Co. Antrim.

TRUMBULL, J., M.D., Malahide.

USSHER, R. J., J P., Cappagh House, Co. Waterford.

WADDELL, REV. C H., B.D., Saintfield, Co. Down.

WARREN, ROBERT, J.P., Moyview, Ballina.

WELCH, ROBERT, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale-street, Belfast.

WESTELL, W. PERCIVAL, M.B.O.U., St. Albans, Herts.

WILLIAMS, ALEXANDER, R.H.A., 4, Hatch-street.

WILLIAMS, EDWARD, 2, Dame-street, Dublin.

WRIGHT, W. C., M.B.O.U., Belfast.

PLATES AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

Injured Lapwing’s foot, :
Yew trunk from Ballyfin Bog, Queen s County, (Plate 1)
J. P. O’Reilly, : :
Sthenoteuthis pteropus,

The Patterson Museum, People’s Talore. Belfast,

(Plate 2)
First two wall cases of the Local Fauna Section,
Patterson Museum, 7 (Plate 3)
Bottle-nosed Dolphin (Zwrsio tus aps) on
Dublin Bay, ; ‘ : - (Plate 4)
Peziza Ade, : : : ) ¢Plate’s)
Greenland and Iceland Baleone : . (Plate 6)
Lohmanniainsignis, Berlese, . : (Plate:7)

p-
To face p.
To face p.

p-

To face p

To face p.

To face p.
To face p.
To face p.
To face p.

33
34
45
55

73
75
121
185

201
249

Py Ee

Accident to a Sand Martin, 248.
Acherontia atropos near Wexford,

93:

Adams, John: The occurrence of
Yew in a peat bog in Queen’s
County, 34; On the vitality of
seeds buried in the soil (second
article),80; Further notes on the
vitality of seeds, 163.

Adams, Lionel EK.: Remains of the
Common Mole in Ireland, 72.

Adelanthus dugortiensis, 112.

Arrhenurus ornatus, 35.

Artemisia maritima, 247.

Association of Economic Biolo-
gists, 15.

Atropis Foucaudi, 51.

Auk, Little, at Portmarnock, 44;
off Co. Donegal, 96.

Barrington, R. M.: The vitality of
seeds, 69; Epilobium alsine-
folium in Co. Leitrim, 260.

Bat, Hairy-armed, in Down and
Antrim, 20; Natterer’s, in Co.
Carlow, 248,

Bats, duration of flight, 97.

Battersby collection of Lepidop-
tera, 251.

Beare, T. Hudson: Coleoptera at
Lough Neagh and at Portrush,

30.

Belfast City Museum, 1096.

Belfast Natural History and
Philosophical Society, 38, 67, 84,
113, 256.

Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, 16,
37, 68, 85,113, 167, 180, I94, 195,
224, 244, 256; Proceedings,
noticed, 117.

Benson, Charles W.: Quails in Co.
Dublin, 164.

Birds of Balbriggan, 200; of Con-
naught lakes, 125; of London-
derry, 263; of the Skelligs, 134.

Bird-killing, unnecessary, 96, 135.

Bittern, Common, in Co. Wexford,
119,

mee ise i

Bulbophyllum crenulatum, 84.

Calman’s The Genus Nemato-
brachion (reviewed) 116.

Campbell, D. C.: Ornithological
Notes from Tondonderry, 263.

Caimpbell’s Notes on the Natural
History of the Bell Rock (re-
viewed), 39.

Carpenter, G. H.: Review of
Gibson’s Superstitions about
Animals, 38; Review of Tutt’s
Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist, 83; The number-
ing of the Botanical Divisions of
Ireland, 246; A new Irish mite,
Lohmannia insignis, Berlese,
249; Jyepisma saccharina at
Portadown and Poyntzpass, 261 ;
Phyllodromia germanica_ at
Poyntzpass, 262; Convolvulus
Hawk-nioth at Sligo, 262.

Gate) Wild, = sin Ireland, 795.735,
165, 183.

Chantransia alarice in IreJand, 19,

Cladophora cegagropila in the
Upper Bann, 39.
Cochlearia officinalis and C.

aneglica, distribution, 118.

Coffey and Praeger’s The Larne
Raised Beach (reviewed), 58.

Cole, G. A. J., and H. J. Seymour:
Joseph Patrick O’Reilly (obi-
tuary and bibliography), 45.

Coleoptera at Lough Neagh and
Portrush, 30.

Colgan, N.: Notes on the Inverte.
brate Fauna of Skerries, Co.
Dublin, 205; The numbering of
the Botanical Divisions of
Ireland, 245; Artemisia mari-
tima—a new station for Co.
Dublin, 247; New county records
for Monaghan and Fermanagh,

259-
Core Naturalists’ Field Club, 123. °
Corncrake in winter, II9, 134.
Crex pratensis, 119, 134.
Crossbills, decrease, 264.
Crustacea, new marine, I8I.
Ctenodrilus parvulus, 35.
Cuckoo and its egg, 164.

Dactyella implexa, 114.

Davies, J. H.: Some mosses from
County Down, 1; A rare alga in
the Upper Bann, 39.

Deane, A, noticed, go.

Deer, Red, in Donegal, 120.

Delap, Maud J:.:." Birds’ ‘of the
Skelligs, 134.
Dicranodontium

Holy wood, 222.

longirostra at

Vill

Diver, Red-throated, 20.

Dolichoglossus, 163.

Dolphin, Bottle-nosed, in Dublin
Bay, 121.

Douglas Herbarium, 11.

Dragon-flies, tame, 43.

Dryas octopetala on Muckish,
224,

Dublin Microscopical Club, 35, 66,
OAS ET 12) 5122,

Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, 17,
37, 68, 87, 115;, 16S. 180, 195, 224;
256.

Duck, Hider, early -arrival, 248;
Scaup, on inland waters, 95;
Tufted, breeding on Lough
Conn, 165; Wild, nest ina tree
200,

Enteropneust, Irish, 163.
Epilobium alsinefolium in Leitrim,
2235, 200,

Falco candicans, IIg, 201.

alco islandus, 201.

Flora of Achill Island, 220; of
Ben Bulben district, 221; of
Cavan lakes, 260; of Central
Clare, 188; of Fermanagh, 259;
of Co. Kildare, 11, 14; of Lime-
rick, 259; of Monaghan, 259;
of the Mullet and Inishkea, 229

Flemyng, W. W.: Abnormal growth
of Polypody, 40; A Cuckoo and
its egg, 164.

toraminifera from Greensand, Iog.

Foster, N H.: The Scaup-duck on
inland waters, 95; Unnecessary
Bird-killing, 96.

Fumiutories, distribution
land, 156.

Fusarium Solani, 66.

it les

Geological photographs, 72.

Geomalacus maculosus on Deenish
Island, Co. Kerry, 262.

Gibson’s Superstitions
Animals (reviewed), 38.

Glyceria festuczeformis, I9, 169.

Glyceria Foucaudi, 51.

Gough, G. C.: Foraminifera from
Irish Greensand, 109.

Greensand, Foraminifera, 109.

Greensand section, 20.

Grierson, P. H.: Notes on the
Mollusca of the North-east of
Co. Wicklow, 8; Notes on the

“ Mollusca of Co. Louth, 213.

Gull, Glaucous, at Moyview, 71;
Herring, food of, 71; Iceland, in
Moy estuary, 135.

about

Index.

Halbert, J. N.: Psithyrus campes-
tris in Co. Wicklew, 198; noticed,
14, 179. :

Harrison, Cuthbert: Sligo ferns,

39:

Hart, W. F.: Notes on Thecla
rubi, 181.

Hawk-moth, Convolvulus, at Sligo,
262; Striped, 262.

Hepatics of Ulster, 172.

Herrings, great run in Killala Bay,
70.

Hunter, J : Dicranodontium longi-
rostra at Holywood, 222.

Insects at Rosses Point, 252.
Invertebrates of Skerries, 205.
Irish Field Club Union, 36.

Irish Museum appointments, go.
Irish Society for the protection of
birds. 87.
Irish Topographical Botany, addi-
tions in 1904, 21.
Isopods, Marine, 42.

Johnson, W. F.: Orobanche rubra
in Sligo, 222: Insects at Rosses
Point, 252; Lepisma saccharina
at Portadown and Poyntzpass,
261; Phyllodromia germanica at
Poyntzpass, 262.

Johnston, J. H.: Tame Dragon-
flies, 43; Death’s-head Moth
near Wexford, 93; Common Bit-
tern in Co. Wexford, 119.

Kane, W. F. de V.: Wild Cats
formerly indigenous in Ireland,

165.

ier! Stanley W.: Geomalacus
maculosus on Deenish Island,
Co. Kerry, 262.

Knowles, Matilda C.: The Douglas
Collection in the Herbarium of
the National Museum, IT; New
plants from Co. Kildare, 14;
Atropis Foucaudi in Ireland, 51.

Lamplugh, G. W.: Review of Coffey
and Praeger’s The Larne Raised
Beach, 58. ,

Langham, Charles: Some Lept-
doptera from Co, Fermanagh,
110:

Lapwing, necrosis in foot, 32.

Lepisma saccharina at Portadown
and Poyntzpass, 261.

Lepidoptera from Co, Fermanagh,
110; Battersby collection, 251,

Lett, H...W.s) Notes, son some
Hepatics of Ulster, 172.

Lnaex.

Lilly, C. J.: Sisyrinchium angusti-
folium in Co. Tipperary, 197.

Limerick Field Club, 258.

Linton’s British Hieracia
viewed), 83.

Liverwort, new, 247.

Lohmannia insignis, 249.

(re-

M‘Cleery, H.: Curious accident to
a Sand Martin, 248.

M‘Clintock, E. L .: Whooper
Swan at Lough Neagh, 96; Turn-
stones on Lough Neagh, 165; A
light buff Skylark, 183.

M‘Endoo, W.: Quailsin Co. Down,
164.

Martin, Sand, accident to, 248.

Matricaria discoidea in Co. Cork,
223.

Melitzea aurinia in Co. Kildare, 181.

Minnow, is it native? 225.

Mite, new Irish, 249.

Moffat, C. B.:> The+duration . of
flight among Bats, 97; Unneces-
sary bird-killing, 135; Vespa
austriaca in Co. Wexford, 182.

Mole remains in Ireland, 72.

Mollusca of Co. Louth, 213; Irish,
134; of N.E. Wicklow, 8.

Mosses from Co. Down, I.

Moth, Death’s-head, near Wexford,

93:

Neale, F.: Meliteea aurinia in Co.
Kildare, 181; Quails in Co. Kil-
dare, 182.

Necrosis in a Lapwing’s foot, 32.

Nichols, A. R.: A peculiar case of
necrosis in a apwing’s foot, 32;
On some specimens of a large
squid, Sthenoteuthis pteropus
(Steenstrup), 54; noticed, 179.

Norman, A. M.: Irish Crustacea
Ostracoda, 137.

Numbering of Botanical Couuty-
divisions of Ireland, 197, 220, 245.

Obituary: J. P. O’Reilly, 45.
O’Brien, R. D.: Vitality of Seeds,

4l.
O’Reilly, J. P.: bibliography, 47;
obituary, 45.
Orobanche rubra in Sligo, 222.
Ostracoda, 137.

Pack-Beresford, D. R.: Psithyrus
campestris in Co. Carlow, 247;
Natterer’s Bat in Co. Carlow, 248.

Parsley Tern in Co. Wicklow, 222.

Patten, Prof. C. J.; noticed, 44.

Patterson Museum, 73.

1x

Patterson, R.: The Hairy-armed
Bat in Down and Antrim, 20; A
white Water-rail, 44; Corncrakes
in winter, 119; Greenland Falcon
in Co. Donegal, 119 ; Sirex gigas
in the North, 198.

Patterson, Sir R. Lloyd: Early
arrival of Hider Ducks, 248.

Pearson, Joseph, noticed, 14.

Pegomyia betz, 84.

Peziza Adee, 185,

Philitps,) 02/9 A. =
brambles, 5;

Some Irish

Distribution of
Cochlearia officinalis and C.
anglica, 118; Matricaria dis-
coidea in Co. Cork, 223.

Phyllodromia germanica at Poyntz-
pass, 262.

Plagiochila killarniensis, 247.

Plunkett, Thomas, noticed, 14,

Pollan, injuries to, 94.

Polypody, abnormal growth, 4o.

Praeger, R. Lloyd: Additions to
Irish Topographical Botany in
1904, 21; Sligo ferns, 40; Review
of Linton’s British Hieracia, 83 ;
The distribution of Fumitories in
Ireland, 156; A further Glyceria
hunt, 169; Notes on the botany
of Central Clare, 188; Achill
island plants, 220; Plants of the
Ben Bulben district, 221; The
Parsley Fern in Co. Wicklow,
222; Epilobium alsinefolium in
Co. Leitrim, 223 ; Dryas octope-
tala on Muckish, 224 ; The flora
of the Mullet and Inishkea, 229;
Plants of the Cavan lakes, 260.

Praeger, R. Li. and G. Coffey’s
The Larne Raised Beach (re-
viewed), 58.

Psithyrus campestris in Co. Carlow,
247; in Co. Wicklow, 198.

Quail in Co. Down, 164; in Co.
Dublin, 164; in Co. Kildare, 182 ;
in Co. Waterford, 264.

Queen’s College, Belfast, 251.

Ray, Numb, in Dublin Bay, 263.

Reviews: Calman’s The Genus
Nematobrachion, 116; Camp-
bell’s Notes on the Natural His-
tory ‘of; the Bell): Rock, 39 ;
Gibson’s Superstitions about
animals, 38; Linton’s British
Hieracia, 83 ; Tattersall’s Schizo-
podous Crustacea of the north-
east Atlantic slope, 116; Tutt’s
Practical Hints for the field
lepidopterist, 83.

x Index.

Rhizoglyphus echinatus, 84.

Royal Irish Academy, new mem-
DErs, 117.

Royal Zoological Society, 15, 35,
63, 34, 112, 122, 167, 180, 194, 224,
244, 256.

Scaup-duck on inland waters, 95.

Scharff, R. F.: The Wild Cat in
Ireland, 79, 184; Review of
Calman’s The Genus Nemato-
brachion, 116; Review of Tatter-
sall’s Schizopodous Crustacea of
the north-east Atlantic slope,
116; Bottle-nosed Dolphins in
Dublin Bay, 121 ; Is the Minnow
a native of Ireland? 225; Fox-
Shark in Sheep Haven, Co.
Donegal, 263; Occurrence of a
Numb Ray in Dublin Bay, 263.

Schizopods, Irish deep-water, 116,
261.

Scoter, Common, breeding in Ire-
land, 199.

Sea-Anemones, I81.

Seaforthia elegans, 66.

Seymour, H. J. (and G.A. J. Cole):
Josepk Patrick O'Reilly (obi-
tuary and bibliography), 45.

Shark, Fox, in Sheep Haven, 263.

Shearwaters in IgoI, 43.

Sheep dips, 117.

Sirex gigas in the North, 198.

Sisyrinchium angustifolium in Co.
Tipperary, 197.

Skylark, light buff, 183.

Sligo ferns, 39.

Smith, W. S.: Further evidence of
Lough Neagh fishermen as to
the causes of injuries to Pollan,
94; Wild Duck’s nest in a tree,
200.

Sparrow, Tree, at Belmullet, 72.

Splachnum ampullaceum, 67.

Sponges, fresh-water, 247.

Stephens, Jane: Irish fresh-water
Sponges, 247; noticed, 44, 196.

Stewart, S. A.: The vitality of
seeds, 19.

Sthenoteuthis pteropus, 54.

Strachan, James: Occurrence of
the fungus Peziza Ade in Ire-
land, 185.

Strepsilas interpres, 165, 182.

Swan, Whooper, at Lough Neagh,
96.

Tattersall’s Schizopodous Crus-
tacea of the north-east Atlantic
slope, 116.

Thecla rubi, 181,

Thuidium delicatulum
Dublin, 133.

Torpedo nobiliana in Dublin Bay,
263.

Trichoniscus roseus, new stations,

in +0.

198.

Trumbull, J.: Little Auk at Port-
marnock, 44; Little Auks off
Co. Donegal, 96; Turnstones in
the nesting season, 182.

Turnstones on Lough Neagh, 165;
in the nesting season, 182.

Tursio tursiops, 121.

Tutt’s Practical Hints for the field
Lepidopterist (reviewed), 83.

Tyrone Field Club, 86.

Ulota phyllantha, 35.

Ulster Fisheries and _ Biology
Association, 89.

Ussher, R. J.; Great Shearwaters
and Sooty Shearwaters in got,
43; Birds met with on Con-
naught lakes, 125; Common
Scoter breeding in Ireland, 199;
Quail in Co. Waterford, 264;
Decrease of Crossbills, 264.

Vegetation, Committee for Survey
aud Study, go.

Vegetation on brickwork, 118.

Vespa austriaca in Co. Wexford,
182.

Vitality of seeds, 19, 40, 69, 80, 163.

Waddell, C. H.: Glyceria festuce-
formis, .at .“ Portaferry, ,.a1o-
Thuidium delicatulum, Mitt. in
Co. Dublin, 133 ; The numbering
of the Botanical County divisions
of Ireland, 197.

Wagtail, White, at Bartragh, 134.

Warren, R.: Great run of Herrings
in Killala Bay and the Moy es-
tuary, 70; Glaucous Gull at Moy-
view, Co. Sligo, 71 ; Tree Sparrow
in Belmullet, Co. Mayo, 72; Corn-
crakes in winter, 134; White
Wagtails at Bartragh, 134; Ice-
land Gull in the Moy estuary,
135; Supposed Wild Cat in
Ireland, 135; ‘Tufted Duck-
breeding on Lough Conn, 165 ;
Wild Cats formerly indigenous
in Ireland, 166; The Wild Cat in
Ireland, 183.

Waterford Museum, 251.

Water-rail, White, 44.

index. xi

Welch, R.: Greensand section at
Whitehead, 20; Vegetation on
brickwork in Cork, 118; The last
wild Red Deer, Co. Donegal,
120; Some new stations for
Trichoniscus roseus, 198.

Welch, R.,and others: A new Irish
Museum ; The Patterson
Museum, People’s Palace, Bel-
fast, 73.

Westell, W. P.; Vitality of seeds,

40.
Williams, A.: Food ofthe Herring
Guill 71.

Williams, E.: Occurrence of the
Greenland and Iceland Falcons
in Ireland during the spring of
1905, 201.

Woodlice, 42,

Worms, marine, 42.

Wright, W. C.:; The Red-throated
Diver, 20.

Yew in a Queen’s County bog, 32.

Zoophytes, 18t.

SS) se

A\N Ts

= 3 VOL. RA ee DCO: ee
JANU

Q Monthly Journal

es OF ay ;
GENERAL IRISH NATURAL HISTORY, -
ORGAN OF THE

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF IRELAND,
DUBLIN MICROSCOPICAL CLUB,
BELFAST NATURAL HISTORY & PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY,
BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,
DUBLIN NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,
CORK NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,
LIMERICK FIELD CLUB,
ULSIER FISHERIES AND BIOLCGY ASSOCIATION.

EDITED BY

Prov. GEORGE H. CARPENTER, B.Sc., M.R.LA.

R. LLOYD PRAEGER, B.A, B.E,, M.R.LA.,

AND

ROBERT PATTERSON, F.Z.S. M.R.LA.

85 Mip. ABBEY-ST
BELFASt: 17 DONEGALL-ST.

LONDON:
-SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON,
Kent & Co., LTD.

.

Svinte ;

=

Son, Ltd., 49 Lower Sackville-street, Dubiin.

THEE NATURALIST 7
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The Warble Fly.

Out of Print.

Out of Print.

Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1900.
Separated Milk as food for Calves.

Charlock Spraying.

Fluke in Sheep.

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The Turnip Fly.

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Fs el Diseases of Poultry :—Gapes.

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ay ee Dishorning Calves.

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+ ce Fowl Cholera.

ee: Winter Fattening of Cattle.

es Hee Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.

3 ers Blackleg, Black Quarter, or Blue Quarter.

és tee Flax Seed, 1904.

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5s Ae oc Winter Egg Production.

+: ny POL Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys.

# » 83 | Profitable Breeds of Poultry.

‘3 5, O4 The Revival of Tillage.

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” ” 37 9 ” Meadow Hay.

3 53 oO a: he Potatoes.

= i, OF ss Ms Mangolds.

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” ” 41 ” 55 Turnips.

“ » 42 Permanent Pasture Grasses. :
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59 »» 44 “Husk ” or “* Hoose ” in Calves,

i eo Ringworm on Cattle.

* 43, 0 Haymaking.

“A ey | The Black Currant Mite.
Pn 3) Foul Brood or Bee Pest.
fe » 49 Poultry Fattening.

it 17 00 Portable Poultry Houses. |
Re ea! The Leather-Jacket Grub. |
» 5, 52 | Flax Experiments, 1903.

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Ghe Irish Waturalist.
VOLUME XIV.

SOME MOSSES FROM COUNTY DOWN.

BY J. H. DAVIES.

AMONGST recent gatherings of mosses in County Down there
are some which, besides being additions to the county list, are
of considerable rarity in Ireland. ‘The names and localities of
these are here put in the form of a short list; and the oppor-
tunity has been used for noting additional stations for a few
of the rarer or less frequent species previously recorded from
the county.

They were met with mainly in the valley of the Upper Bann,
but some of them by the sea-coast at Newcastle and near Kil-
lough. Parts of the River Bann possess features of much in-
terest, and invite scrutiny. At Knocknagor, for example, the
river is picturesquely rocky, the banks being high and well
wooded. But there the rush of water is generally such that
the bed of the river is not accessible for close examination.
Even in times of drought that is so, the water then, for indus-
trial purposes, being let down by the Bann Reservoir Com.
pany, from the extensive storage dam at Lough Island Reavy.
Taking advantage of a week-end afternoon, when the water
was unusually low, I had the satisfaction or gathering there
Fissidens decipiens, a species which in Ireland was known
hitherto only from Killarney, where it was detected by Wilson
in 1866. Another /zsszdens, of yet greater interest, also found
there, was /. vufulus. Not only was it ina good state of fructi-
fication, but in so great abundance,—growing on the face and
in the crevices of the rocks, that are nearly always sub-
merged—that one might take as much as he needed without
feeling that he was committing a botanical theft. Once be-
fore I had found it some distance higher up the same river,
but in that case sterile and only sparingly ; the Bann being
the only Irish river in which it is known to occur. ‘The find-
ing of it in fruit removes any possible doubt that might have

A

2 The Irish Naturalist. January,

existed as to the correct identification of the barren plant.
Mr. Dixon obligingly assures me that “Your Fissidens is cer-
tainly identical with the English & rufulus.”

At the same place there was noticed an unusual alga which,
in my examination of similar situations, I had never seen be-
fore. It proved to be the rare Cladophora egagropila, of which
a separate note is given on another page. It may be antici-
pated that yet other rarities will be found there.

The unexpected revelation of Weisia calcarea ona wall at
Lenaderg “seemed like a vision of delight.” Not only is ita
very beautiful little plant, but is as rare as it is interesting.
Moore, on the authority of the late Isaac Carroll, records it
doubtfully from Cork, the only other Irish county in which it
is known to occur. Not depending on my own examination
of some of Carroll’s original specimens I sent them to Mr.
Dixon, who says “ The Cork plant is also quite correct.”

Of mosses met with on the coast there are two or three
which, I think, may be accounted worthy of special mention.
Thus, 7vichostomum mutabile, var. cophocarpum, rare in Britain,
had not previously been indicated, as such, from Ireland. Mr.
Dixon, however, is strongly convinced, by his examination of
original examples, that the plant found by Dr. Lindberg at
Killarney in 1873, described by him as Mollia lutescens, and,
under that name, figured as a separate species in British Moss
Flora, is the same as the present plant. Other noteworthy
mosses from Newcastle are Barbula recurvifolia and Weista
crispata. ‘The former, Moore knew only from counties Kerry
and Sligo, and Weista crisbata, which is one of the new
British species described in the recently published second
edition of Student's Handbook of British Mosses, was before
known as Irish from a single station in Donegall.

Very gratifying, too, was it to collect at Ringfad Point a
plant, which, following the nomenclature of Mr. Dixon, is be.
low set down as Amblystegium filicinum, var. Vallisclause. In
Ireland, I think, it had been found only in the Shannon,
whence it was lately reported by a lady botanist?» Authors

1J. Hunter : North Donegal Mosses. /ourmn. Bot., vol. xl., p. IgI.
2 Miss Armitage; Mosses of Co. Limerick. J0., p. 226.

i

1905. Davirs.—WMosses from Co. Down. 3

‘differ as to the true place of this well-marked moss,:some
‘claiming that it ought to be ranked as a distinct species: and,
-indeed, Dr. Braithwaite, in British Moss Flora, assigns it that
position under the name of Amb/ystegium fallax Milde. -It is
described as aquatic, and as occurring in calcareous springs.
“The locality at Ringfad Point is an escarpment of Boulder-
clay, damp by water oozing from a superincumbent deep bed
of gravelly drift. There is evidence that the water contains
lime in solution, thus supplying a suitable matrix. There
seems to be no instance at this part of the coast, of the occur-
rence of limestone at the surface. But, whether derived from
lime contained in the drift, as has been indicated by Mr.
Praeger}, or from “calcareous bands that occur interbedded
among the Silurian rocks of that locality” as maintained by
Mr. William Gray, there are considerable calcareous deposits,
Thus, on the Ardtole side of Ardglass Bay, for example, there
are two caverns, neither of any great extent, in and around
which are masses of this deposit. On this several lime-loving
mosses luxuriate, notably Weisia verticillata and Hypnum
commutatum, thickly encrusted, as is usual, much of the former
species being so entirely embedded that its presence, in that
case, is denoted only by the inequality of the surface.

Polytrichum gracile, Dicks—Heathy places near Gilford and
Ballyroney. ;
P. formosum, Hedw.—Frequent at roots of trees about Lenaderg. A
_ common moss in England, for which Moore, in 1873, couid give only
- two Irish stations. Since then it has been found by Revs. Waddell
and Lett in this county. No doubt it has often been confused with
P. commune, and is probably not uncommon throughout Ireland,

P. commune, Liun., var. minus, Weis, including var. fastdgcatum,
- Lyle.—On peaty ground at the bog near Gilford. So far as was ob-
“served only the barren stems are fastigiately branched, the fertile

alone being simple or nearly so, both growing together in the same
- tufts. Ido not know that this moss has been previously recognised
in Ireland. |

Blindia acuta, B. & S.—Descends nearly to sea level, in company with
Hyocomium flagellare, inthe Shimna River, near Newcastle. A slender

_. state, with leaf-form very near that of var. ¢richodes.

1 Trish Nat., Xi, 207. 1602.

4 The Irish Naturalist. January,

Fissidens incurvus, De Not.—Frequent on banks at and in the
neighbourhood of Lenalerg. An addition to the county list, and
seems to be rare in Ireland.

F. bryoides, Hedw., var.=F. Inconstans, Schp.—On decayed wood
and on stones in R. Bann at Lenaderg. Avery curious little Pisszdens,
in which the fruit, although not actually axillary, is on a very short
lateral branch at the apex of the stem, often two sete springing
from one perichetium. Mr. Bagnall, who has gathered the moss in
England, has examined some of the specimens sent to Mr. Dixon, and
says it agrees well with what he has seen of it before. Dr. Braith-
waite, Mr. Dixon, and some other authors do not admit it as a
distinct species, but regard it rather as acurious form or sport. The
time of fruiting (May, 1904), and habitat are different from those of
F.. bryoides proper.

F. rufulus, B. & S.—Abundant in fissures and on the face of rocks in
swiftly-running water in R. Bann at Knocknagor. C. /r., lath July,
1904. Very rare.

F, decipiens, De Not.—Rocks by the Bann at Knocknagor. Very
rare in Ireland. ?

F. taxifolius, Hedw.—An unnamed variety of this common species
occurs, mostly under water, on stones and on decaying wood, in several
places on the Bann at Lenaderg and Stramore, A tall plant with
sete from the middle of the stem. In specimens from one locality
the characters are still more abnormal, the leaves being longer, more
acute, and the nerve distinctly vanishing below the apex. Mr. Dixon
and Mr. Salmon have this under consideration, and think it probably
merits description as a variety. The same plant had previously been
found in one or two places in England.

Grimmia trichophylla, Grev.—Walls at Lisnafiffy.

Pottia minutula, Firnr.—By the sea at Ringfad Point.

Barbula recurvifolia, Schp. (2. vefexa, Brid.). —In sand on the right
bank of the mouth of the Shimna River at Newcastle. A strong
form approaching var. robusta, but not that. Moore’s plant from
Ben Bulben has been noted as that, but it is not so stated in his
Synopsts.

Welsla crispata, C. M.—Rather plentiful on the shady side of *‘ The
Rock” at Newcastle. Very rare in Ireland.

W. calcarea, C. M.—Abundant in large dense patches on a lime-
washed brick wall at Lenaderg. Sterile. The Cork plant, also
sterile, mentioned above, Mr. Dixon adjudges to be an extreme form

of var. mutica, Boul.

W. verticliilata, Brid.—On calcareous deposit at Ardglass Bay.

Trichostomum mutablile, Bruch, var. cophocarpum, Schp.—
On “The Rock” at Newcastle. The type, as recordedin 77, V.-Z. J.
still grows there, and var. /éttorale was noticed at the same spot, but
these two mosses are not infrequent along the coast.

Bartramia ithyphylla, Brid —Rocks by R. Bann at Knocknagor.

1905. DAvIES.—Mosses from Co. Down. 5

Bryum murale, Wils.—Old walls at Gilford.
Heterocladium heteropterum, B. & S.—On rocks and earth by
the stream flowing in the Banu at Lenaderg.
Var. fallax, Milde.—On stones by R. Bann at Stramore. A
rare and well-marked moss for which there are only two other
Irish stations.
Eurhynchium speciosum, B. & S.—Bank by R. Bann at Lenaderg,
Amblystegium serpens, B. & S., var. angustifollum, Limpr.
(A. angustifolium, Lindb.)—On decaying wood at Tullyconnaught. A
very long, narrow-leaved plant, with narrow, elongated cells. It has
been found in one or two places in England, but, I think, not before

in Ireland.
A. fillcinum, De Not, var. Vallisclausze, Dixon (4. fal//ax, Milde).—

On damp Boulder clay at Ringfad Point. A slender form of 4, fi/i-
cinum, coming very near var. graczlescens, occurs on calcareous deposit

at Ardglass.
Hypnum exannulatum, Giimb.—In bog-holes, Drumnagalley Bog.

Var. stenophyllum (=var. /alcifolium, Ren.)—In other bog-holes

at the same place.

H. ochraceum, Turn.—Rocks in R. Bann at Tullyconnaught.

H. cordifollum, Hedw.— Very abundant and fruiting freely in marshy
marginsof Drumnagalley Bog. It takes there the place usually held

by Z. cuspidatum in like situations.

Lenaderg, Co. Down.

SOME IRISH BRAMBLES.

BY R. A. PHILLIPS.

In the following notes are embodied the results of some
gatherings of Irish Audi made by me as opportunities occurred
during the past summer.

The majority of the specimens were taken on or near the
banks of the Shannon in Clare and Limerick, and to the lists
for each of these counties I have been able to add several
species, one of which (2, criniger) is new to Ireland. Other
records comprise three additions to Cork East, one to Tipperary
North, and one to Galway North-east.

One of the most interesting specimens was that of 2.
hesperius, Rogers, a plant hitherto known to exist only in the
districts to the north and north-east of Lough Corrib in Galway

and Mayo.

The Irish Naturalist.

January,

About 120 specimens were collected altogether and submitted

to-the Rev. W.-Moyle Rogers, whose kindness in examining:
and identifying my gatherings, on this as well as on several

previous occasions,

I desire to gratefully acknowledge.

Several of them appear to be new or undescribed forins, and
these have been held over for further material and investiga-
tion ;soine others are interesting-looking hybrids of doubtful
sy tec

Topographical Botany ”

names printed in capitals :—

_Additions to the county or vice-county lists of “Irish
are indicated by having the county

Rubus ideeus, L.---Exceedingly abundant in the ee of the a es

north of Castleconnell.

R. Dlicatus, Wh. & N.

4,

R,

ee.

&. LIMERICK. Near the bog at Castleconnell.
rhamnifolius, Wh. & N. ‘
8. LIMERICK. By the Shannou at Castleconnell.-

g. Clare. Near the woods and on a railway embankment at Crattoe!

pulcherrimus, Neun.
8. Limerick. Castleconnell and Plassy. -
g. CLARE. Near Cratloe Woods.
Selmerii, Lindeb.
5. CorK E. The Glen, Cork.

8. Limerick. Bank of the Shannon near Plassy.

argentatus, P. J. Muell.

8. LIMERICK. By the Shannon below Castleconnell.

rusticanus, Merc.—Abundant in all districts.

Specimens from

Cratloe were the first. from Clare seen by Mr. Rogers. The plant
does not seem to vary much, but some pretty fornis’ were found near

Plassy. ms
myricze, Focke, var. hesperius, Rogers,

8. LIMERICK. Near the Shannon north of Gastecondeie Mr.* é
Rogers writes of this, “a most interesting new county record. m.

macrophyllus, Wh. & N.
8. LIMERICK. ‘Plassy and Castleconnell.
9. Clare. Doonass and Cratloe.
Schlechtendalii, Weihe.
8. Limerick. -Castleconnell and Plassy.

g. Clare. Wood near Doonass (f. wmbrosa), Cratloe and Killaloe. An :

abundant and widely distributed bramble.
pyramidalis, Kalt.
9. CLARE. Killaloe aud Cratloe (4 vnbres):
Shannon.
10, TIPPERARY N. Biltina,

2)
a

frequent near the

1905. PHILLIPS.—/rish Brambles. 7

Rubus leucostachys, Schleich,

R

2

17. GALWAY N.E. Abundant among limestone crags east of Gal way
excluding nearly all other species.

criniger, Linton.

9. CLARE. Roadside hedges near Killaloe. New to Ireland, the
supposed X&. crénzger recorded for Co. Down in ‘Irish Topo-
graphical Botany” being now referred by Rev. W. Moyle
Rogers to the allied 2. Lettz7, not distinguished until after the
publication of that work. A full description and account of
the particulars in which the two species differ is given by Mr.
Rogers in Journ. Bot., 1901, p. 381.

anglosaxonicus, Gelert.
8. LIMERICK. A remarkable variety at Castleconuell by the
; Shannon.

radula, Weihe.
8. Limerick. Near Plassy.

oigocladus, Muell. & Lefv.

g. CLARE. Cratloe Woods. “ Specimens a little off type towards

var. Bloxamianus Colem.”—W.M.R.
podophyllus, P. J. Muell. (sf. co//.)
9. CLARE. Cratloe Woods, a strongly armed form.
mutablilis, Genev.

5. CORK E. The Glen, Cork. This appears to be a very rare

species in Great Britain and Ireland.
scaber, Wh. &N.

8. LIMERICK. Near Castleconnell.

g. Clare. Killaloe (f umbrosa) apparently. Would be new to Co.
Clare if confirmed.

longithyrsiger, Bab., var. botryeros, Focke.
5. CORK E. The Glen, Cork. The second record for Ireland.
Koehleri, Wh. & N.
8. Limerick. Edge of a wood at Foynes, confirming Mr. S. A.
Stewart's record of 1890.

serpens, Weihe.

g. CLARE. Cratloe Woods, apparently abundant.
dumetorum, Wh. &N.

8. Limerick. Near Lucas Lough and Castleconnell.

g. CLARE. Doonass.

ceesius, Linn.

8. LIMERICK. Castleconnell, Plassy, and Corbally.

g. Clare. Doonass, Killaloe, Parteen. Abundant along the course
of the Shannon, hybridizing freely with R. dumetorum and
apparently, with other species.

saxatilis, L.
8. Limerick. By the Shannon below Castleconnell.

Cork.

8 Lhe lrish Naturalist. January,

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE NORTH- sens
OF CO. WICKLOW.

BY P. H. GRIERSON.

Tue following notes may be of interest, as they add 56 new
records for Co. Wicklow to the Census of the British Land
and Fresh-water Mollusca published in 1go2.

The animals were all taken in the months of August and
September last year, with the exception of some taken on 6th
April last, and are confined to one inch Ordnance Map, 121,
except a few which are specially noted.

I have, as usual, followed Dr. Scharff’s Steer: as
given in /vish Naturalist, 1892.

I have to thank Mr. Chas. Oldham, who has kindly looked
through all the specimens, and given me names of the
varieties, &c. (with the exception of a few slugs submitted to
Mr. R. Denison Roebuck) :—

Vitrina pellucida, Miill—This widely distributed shell is very
common in the Glen of the Downs and Powerscourt Demense.

Hyalinia cellaria, Miill.—Very plentiful under stones, &c., Powers-
court Waterfall and Enniskerry.

H. alliaria, Miller.—Not common. At Powerscourt Waterfall I took
var. viridula.

H. nitidula, Drap.—Common ; taken at Powerscourt Waterfall, Grey-
stones, and Enniskerry.

H. pura, Alder.—Common among damp moss in suitable situations.
Glen of the Downs, Bray; and at Enniskerry I took var. z7z¢idosa.

H. radiatula, Alder.— Rather common at Enniskerry, and var. vzr#-
descenti-alba at Powerscourt Waterfall.

H. crystallina, Mill.—Very plentiful among damp moss and leaves
at the Glen of the Downs and Enniskerry.

H. fulva, Miill.— Not uncomunon in situations similar to the last named ;
taken at Powerscourt Waterfall, in Powerscourt, Demense near the
House, and near Enniskerry on the Bray road.

Arion ater, l..—Very common. The following varieties noted :—
brunnea at Greystones; vars. Livida, fasctata and marginata at Ennis-
kerry.

A. subfuscus, Drap.—Taken at Powerscourt Waterfall, and var.
rufofusca at Hnniskerry.

A. hortensis, Fér.—Very common; taken at Enniskerry and
Greystones.

A. circumscriptus, Normand.—Fairly common among damp leaves,
taken near Powerscourt Waterfall,

1905. GriERSON.—WMollusca of N.E. Wicklow. 9

Limax maximus, [,.—Commion. Var. obscura found at Greystones,
and var. fasctata at Enniskerry.

L. flavus, L,.—Found only a few specimens at Greystones and Ennis-
kerry; at the latter place I took var. flavescens.

L. marginatus, Miill.—Common. Noted at Greystones and
Enniskerry.

Agriolimax agrestis. I.—To be found everywhere. Observed at
Greystones, near Powerscourt Waterfall, and var. fallida at
Enniskerry.

A. laevis, Mill.—Fairly common in moist places in Powerscourt
Demense.

Amalia Sowerbyi, Fér.—Greystones; var. rustica at Enniskerry.
Common in gardens, &c.

A. gagates, Drap.—Taken at Greystones, also var. p/umébea,

Helix pygmezea, Drap.—Common among leaves under plantatious ;
found at Glen of the Downs and Powerscourt Demense.

H. rotundata, Mill.—Very common. Noted at Powerscourt Water-
fall and at Enniskerry.

H. pulchella, Miill.__Not common. Taken at Enniskerry, also var.
costata.

H. lamelliata, Jeff.—Very plentiful at Glen of the Downs, also taken
at Powerscourt.

H. hispida, L.—Very common. Noted at Powerscourt Waterfall,
Greystones, and Enniskerry.

H. rufescens, Penn.—Very common on walls along roadsides. Var.
alba at Greystones and at Enniskerry.

H. fusca, Mont.—Very common in Powerscourt Demense; also var.
vitrea, not found elsewhere.

H. virgata, Da Cuosta.—Common at Greystones and at Enniskerry,
with var. /utescens.

H. intersecta, Poir.—Fairly common at Greystones and Enniskerry.

H. ericetorum, Miill.—Along railway bank at Greystones.

H. acuta, Miill.—Enniskerry, var. s/rzgata; not common. Common at
Greystones.

H. nemoralis, Miill.—Common. ‘The following noted :—Powerscourt
and at Enniskerry, var. 7wdel/a cooco and 00300, and var. /dbellula
003.09.12345. (12) (345).

H. hortensis, Miill.—_Common in neighbourhood of Enniskerry, but
only to be seen, as a rule, after rain. Very plentiful on Scalp road.
The following varieties were noted—-vroseolabzata, lutea, and arenzcola.

H, aspersa, Mill—Common. Noted at Greystones and Enniskerry.

Bulimus obscurus, Miill.—Very common about Enniskerry; to be
found on many roadside walls after rain ; these are built of granite.
It is the first time I have taken these shells away from a limestone
district. I found one specimen of var. a/bzna.

Cochlicopa Iubrica, Miill.—Very common.
Waterfall and at Enniskerry.

Noted at Pcwerscourt

Ae

Io The Lrish Naturalist. January,

Pupa anglica, Fér.—Plentiful, Powerscourt Waterfall; and var. pallida
at Enniskerry and near Sugar-loaf Mountain. |

P. cylindracea, Da Costa.— Very common at Greystones, Glen of the
Downs, Powerscourt, Enniskerry, and Bray.

P. muscorum, Miill.—Taken on a wall close to Enniskerry;
apparently rare.

Vertigo edentula, Drap.—Not rare. Taken-at Powerscourt Water-
fall and at Enniskerry.

V. pygmezea, Drap.—Rather rare. A few specimens taken at Bray.

V. substriata, Jeff.—Found at Powerscourt Waterfall.

V. antivertigo, Drap.— Found at Powerscourt Waterfall, and also in
the demense.

Clausilia bidentata, Strom.—Noted at Powerscourt Waterfall and at
Enniskerry ; to be found in most suitable situations.

Succinea putris, L.—Common. Taken at Enniskerry, Powerscourt
Demense, and at Hollybrook.

S. elegans, Risso —Taken in Powerscourt Demiense.

Carychium minimum, Mill.—Very common in marshy and damp
situations; taken at Glen of the Downs, Powerscourt Waterfall, near
Sugar-loaf Mountain, and at Enniskerry.

Limnzea peregra, Miill.—At Enniskerry, and var. zzflata fairly
common.

L. palustris, Mill.—In Powerscourt Demense. Not common.

L. truncatula, Mull.—In Powerscourt Demense. Rather rare.

Physa fontinalis, L.—Near Sugar-loaf Mountain and in Holly-
brook Lake. Not common

Planorbis marginatus, Drap.—I took this in Hollybrook Lake, but
could not find it elsewhere.

P. albus, Miill.—In Hollybrook Lake. Rare. Also near Devil’s Glen,
in Ordnance Sheet 130.

P. glaber, Jeff.—Near Sugar-loaf Mountain and in Hollybrook and
Powerscourt Lakes. It is very common in these lakes, and grows to
a larger size than I have seen it elsewhere. I took one scalariform
example,

P. crista, L.—Fairly common in Hollybrook Lake, with var. crésta.

P. fontanus, Lightf—Rather plentiful in Powerscourt Lake. I did
not take it in other localities.

Ancylus fiuviatilis., Mill—Inriverat Enniskerry. Rather common.

Acme lineata, Drap.—Comimon in damp shaded situations. Taken
at Glen of the Downs, Powerscourt Demense, and along Bray road,

near Enniskerry. J
Bythinia tentaculala, L.—In Hollybrook Lake. I did not find it

elsewhere.
Sphzerium corneum, L.—In Hollybrook Lake. I did not take it in

other places.
S. lacustre, l,.—Found a few specimens in Powerscourt Lake.

Plsidium nitidum, Jen.—Common in the Deerpark Lake,

Powerscourt.

1905. GrrEerson.—MVollusca of N.E. Wicklow. II

P. fontinale, Pfr—Common. Taken near Sugar-loaf Mountain,
Hollybrook and Powerscourt Lakes, and in Ordnance Sheet 130,
near Devil’s Glen.

P. mlilium, Held.—Found i: Hollybrook and Powerscourt Lakes, and
in Deerpark Lake, Powerscourt, and in Ordnance Sheet 130, near
Devil’s Glen.

P,. pusillum, Gmel.—Very common. Hollybrook and Powerscourt
Lakes, near Sugar-loaf Mountain, by Bray road, Enniskerry, and
var. cinerea in the Deerpark Lake, Powerscourt.

Clondalkin.

THE DOUGLAS COLLECTION IN THE HERBARIUM
OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BY MISS M. C. KNOWLES.

This is acollection of plants from the County Kildare, which
was made by Mr. John Douglas, of Straffan, in the years 1864
and 1865, for the Marquis of Kildare, who presented it to the
Royal Dublin Society. From this Society it came into posses-
sion of the National Museum, and has now been incorporated
in the general Irish Herbarium. It consisted of mounted speci-
meus of 472 species, with dates and localities. Of these, 410
are flowering plants and ferns; the remaining 62 being mosses,
liverworts, and lichens. The collection, with a list of the
plants in it, was originally contained in a large green leather
portfolio lettered on the outside—

Collection of Dried Plants
From the County Kildare,

Presented to
The Royal Dublin Society

by
The Most Noble the Marquis of Kildare.
Collected by Mr. John Douglas.

1864-1865.

The authors of ‘Cybele Hibernica’ mention having received a
list of Kildare plants from Mr. Douglas when collecting
material for that book, and the collection contains specimens
of almost all those recorded in ‘Cybele’ under his name. One
of them, Cavduus nutans, from Castle Dillon, Straffan, has not

12 The Trish Naturalist. January,

been refound. The second edition of ‘Cybele’ savs it seems to
have been little more than a casual in this station, and ‘Irish
Top. Bot.’ refers the Cork, Kildare, and Antrim records for this
plant to casuals or errors. The likely explanation seems to
be that it was a case of mistaken identity, as the specimen in
the collection labelled “ Cavduus nutans, gravelly fields, Castle
Dillon, Straffan, June, 1864,” 1s Carduus crispus. In going
through the collection before incorporating it, I made notes of
some plants that are new to Co. Kildare, and of new stations
for a few of the rarer species. These are given in the list
below, the new county records being printed in capitals. I
am much obliged to Mr. Praeger for giving me his opinion
about the specimen labelled Casduus nutans, and I would
like to thank Mr. A. Bennett for confirming my correction of
the names of some other plants in this collection.

Thalictrum flavum, Linn.—Boggy land, Kilkea, 1865.

Ranunculus Auricomus, Linn.—Wood at Lodge Park, April, 1864.
*PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM, Linn.—Near Celbridge, July, 1864.
*Cheiranthus Cheiri, Linn.—Tower, Kildare, May, 1864.

SISYMBRIUM THALIANUM, J. Gay.—Wall at Straffan church, April-

1864. .
+Reseda Iutea, Linn.—Limestone cliffs near Lucan, August, 1864,
Viola lutea, Huds.—Hill of Lyons, August, 1864.
*SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS, Linn.—Ballytore, 1865.
[SILENE ARMERIA, Linn.—Waste ground, Lodge Park, August, 1864. |

Lychnis dioica, Linn.—Naas, July, 1864.
tLychnis vespertina, Sibth.—Wood at Harristown, June, 1864.
tLychnis Githago, Scop.—Kilkea, July, 1865.

Arenaria trinervia, ULinn.—Barberstown Castle, May, 1864.
*FHVvPERICUM CALYCINUM, Linn.—Wood at Lodge Park, August, 1864.
+Malva moschata, Linn.—Gravelly bank, side of canal nearjLycns,

August, 1864.

Ulex Gallii, Planch —Corballis Hill, near Castledermot, 1865.
+MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS, Lam.—Quarry at Lyons. rare, August, 1864.

Lorus ULIGINOSUS, Schkuhr.—Kilkea, 1865.

SAXIFRAGA GRANULATA, Linn.---The Park at Harristown, May, 1864.

Myriophyllum spicatum, Linn. —Liffey at Straffan, July, 1864.
+FGENICULUM OFFICINALE, All.—Chalky cliffs, road near Lucan, 1864.

Valerianella olitoria, Poll.—Bridge at Belan, June, 1865.
t{Valerianella dentata, Poll.—Castle Dillon, June, 1864.

FILAGO GERMANICA, Linn.—Gravelly places near Castle Dillon, 1864,

Antennarta dioica, R. Br.—Ovidstown, Straffan, June, 1864.

GNAPHALIUM ULIGINOSUM, Linn —Sandy ground, banks of Jiffey,

June, 1864.

1905. KNOWLKS.—Douglas Herbarium. 13

fAnthemis Cotula, Linn.—Corn-fields, Hill of Castlewarden, August,
1864.

fArtemisia Absinthium, Linn.—Kilkea, July, 1865.

Carlina vulgaris, Linn.—Gravelly fields near Kilkea Castle, july,
1864.

ARCTIUM MaJjuSs, Bernh.—Lodge Park, August, 1864.

tCarduus crispus, Linn.—Gravelly fields, Castle Dillon, Straffan —
June, 1864.

*Centaurea Cyanus, [L,.—Kilkea, July, 1865.

*Cichorium Intybus, Linn.—Grayelly fields, Castle Dillon, August,
1864. Recorded from the county in ‘ Cybele,’ ed. I., but no locality
given.

Tragopogon pratensis, Linn.—Lodge Park, June, 1864.

Jasione montana, Linn.—Corballis Hill, near Castledermot, 1866.

tSymphytum offinale, Linn.-—Straffan, June, 1864.

*ANCHUSA SEMPERVIRENS, Linn.--County Kildare, 1864.

LITHOSPERMUM ARVENSE, Linn.—Castle Dillon, Straffan, May, 1864.

*Linarla minor, Desf.--Cultivated fields near the railway, Straffan,
May, 1864.

*MIMULUS LUTEUS, Linn.--Banks of Liffey, Kildare, June, 1864 (one
plant only seen).

LATHRAA SQUAMARIA, Linn.--Sandy woods, Lodge Park, April, 1864.

tVerbena officinalis, Linn.—Kilkea, July, 1864,

Calamintha officinalis, Moench.--Roadside near Lyons, Sept.,
1864. Recorded in ‘Cybele,’ ed. I., from County Kildare, but no
locality given.

+CalamIntha ActInos, Clairv.--Ballytore, 1865.

Galeopsis Ladanum, Linn.—Ardrass, August, 1864.

*Elodea canadensis, Michx.—Grand Canal, very abundant, July,
1864.

Epipactis palustris, Crantz.—Ballyvas Boy, July, 1865 (common in
this bog).

Ophrys apifera, Huds.—Kilkea bridge, June, 1865. Recorded from
the county in ‘Cybele,’ ed. I., but no locality given.

POTAMOGETON LUCENS, Linn.—Grand Canal, July, 1864.

Potamogeton plantagineus, Du Croz.—-Liffey at Straffan, July,
1864.

ZANNICHELLIA PALUSTRIS, Linn.—Ditch, Bayrush, October, 1864.

Cladium Jamalcense, Crantz.—Ballyvas Bog. July, 1865.

AGROSTIS CANINA, Linn.—Bog at Prosperous, July, 1864.

MELICA UNIFI,ORA, Retz.—Woods, Lodge Park, May, 1864.

Glycerla aquatica, Sm.—Banks of Liffey, August, 1864.

TRITICUM CANINUM, Beauy.—Lodge Park near the Liffey, July, 1864.

Osmunda regalis, Linn —Bog near Gowran, Grange, June, 1864.

Dublin Museum,

14 The Irish Naturalist. January,

NEW PLANTS FROM CO. KILDARE.

BY MISS M. C. KNOWLES,

Several of the following plants were sent to me at the
Museum by Master Denis Gwynn. The others were gathered
by myself during the summer—

Viola silvestris.-- Wood at Clongowes, May, 1904, D. Gwynn.

Diplotaxis muralis.--Railway at Newbridge and Straffan, August,
1904, R. D. O’Brien.

Trifolium hybridum.--Quarry at Celbridge, June, 1904. -

Geum Intermedium.—Wood at Clongowes, May, 1904, D. Gwynn.

Sedum anglicum.--Walls near Round Tower, Straffan, August, 1904.

Rosa rubiginosa.—Along the canal, Straffan, August, 1904.

Prunus Padus.--One large old tree near a cottage on the road to
Clongowes, May, 1904.

Primula ver!s x acaulls.- -Field at Clongowes, May, 1904, D. Gwynn

Salix fragills.--Liffey at Celbridge, July, 1904.

Botrychium Lunaria.—Dunmurry Hill, May, 1904.

Dublin Museum.

NEWS GLEANINGS.

J. N. Halbert.

Our renewed hearty congratulations to our valued friend and contri-
butor, who, after holding for a few months the post of Technical Assistant
in the Dublin Museum, has been promoted to fill the Assistantship
vacant by G. H. Carpenter’s transfer to the Royal College of Science.

Joseph Pearson.

We congratulate, but with regret at his departure from Ireland, the
energetic naturalist of the Larne Marine Station, who has been appointed
Lecturer in Zoology at University College, Cardiff.

Thomas Plunkett.

In electing Mr. Thomas Plunkett, of Enniskillen, to the Honorary
Membership of the Belfast Club, the members honour themselves as
much as they do the recipient of their favour. In the course of a long
life, Mr. Plunkett has ever displayed a wide interest in Irish science;
and, especially in the matter of cave research, he has backed his interest
with plenty of hard work,

1905. News Gleanings. 15
Association of Economic Biologists.

The inaugural meeting of this newly-formed Association was held at
Burlington House, London, on Tuesday, the 8th November.

._Mr. Fred V. Theobald occupied the chair, and, in the course of his
introductory remarks, he detailed the steps taken by Mr. Walter E.
Collinge to found an Association of Economic Biologists. He hoped
that the Association would welcome all investigators in economic
biology, whether agricultural, medical, or commercial. The relation-
ship between biology and agriculture was apparent to all, but only
recently had we realised the importance of its relationships with medi-
cine and commerce. Membership of the Association would be confined
to workers in Economic Biology. All such biologists employed by the
Government, or by any county or city council, university, or agricul-
tural or horticultural college or association, and all persons engaged in
investigations in economic biology may become members. In addition,
others might join the association as associates.

Mr. Collinge announced that about thirty individuals had sent in
their names as original members. A draft of the proposed laws of the
Association was then read, and, after some minor alterations, was
approved, and ordered to be printed.

The following officers were elected for 1904-5 :—President, Fred V.
Theobald, M.A.; Vice-President, A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S.; Council,
Prof. G. S. Boulger, Prof. A. H. R. Buller, D.Sc.; Prof. Geo. H. Car-
penter, B.Sc.; Dr. Francis Marshall, Robert Newstead, Major Ronald
Ross, F.R.S.; Fraser Storey, Cecil Warburton, M.A.; Hon. Treasurer,
Herbert Stone, F.L.S.; Hon. Secretary, Walter E. Collinge, M.Sc.

The next meeting will be held at Birmingham, on April 26th and 27th.

IRISH SOCIETIES.

.. ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Recent gifts include a Marabout Stork from Lieut. Stoker, a Roseate
Cockatoo from Mrs. Turner, two Frogs and a Green Lizard from Mr. F.
Frodman, a pair of Rabbits from Master Sweeney, a Sparrow-hawk from
Mr. R. Lambert, and a pair of Herring-gulls from Messrs. Williams.
Two Lion-cubs have been born in the Gardens, and a pair of Canadian
Beavers are on their way to Dublin from North America. The female
Giraffe ‘“‘Zuleika,” has begun the winter in excellent health and con-
dition. She can be well seen behind her glass screen, and she has vate
considerably since her arrival in Dublin. .

16 The Irish Naturalist. January,
BELFAST NATURALISTS’. FIELD CLUB.

OCTOBER 25.—ANNUAI, CONVERSAZIONK.—The winter session of the
Club’s forty-second year was opened by a conversazione in the Exhibition
Hall. The attendance of members and their friends was over 400, while
the exhibits were numerous and varied. .

Tea was served from seven till eight o’clock, The following is a list of
the exhibitors :—

BotTany.—N. Carrothers, George Donaldson, F. C. Forth, W. A. Green,
John Hamilton, Miss Kidd, A. Milligan, H. Lamont Orr, W. H. Phillips,
R. Lloyd Praeger, Rev. C. H. Waddell.

ZOOLOGY. -—William Allen, John Cottney, Mrs. Foster, N. H. Foster,
Rev. George Foster, W. H. Gallway, W. A. Green, Miss Hill, Rev. W. F.
Johnson, J. H. MaclIlwaine, J. N. Milne, W. S. M‘Kee, W. F. M'Kinney,
H. L. Orr, Robert Patterson, R. F. Scharff, Rev. C. H. Waddell, R.
Welch, A. W. Stelfox, Prof. Gregg Wilson.

Gro1LoGy.—Dr. George Abbott, Miss M. K. Andrews, Robert Bell,
William Christy, W. J. Fennell, George C. Gough, William Gray, J.
Strachan, Joseph Wright.

MISCELLANEOUS.,—Miss Andrews, William Gray, Mrs. Hobson, Fraulein
Magnussen, W. F. M‘Kinney, Robert May, Mrs. Riddel, D, Steel, R.
Welch, George Donaldson.

At half-past eight o’clock a short business meeting was held, the Pre-
sident (W. J. Fennell, M.R.I.A.I.) in the chair.

On the conclusion of the President’s address, William Gray,
M.R.I.A., moved, and W. H. Phillips seconded, that Thomas
Plunkett, M.R.I,A., Enniskillen, be elected an honorary member of the
Club, which was carried by acclamation, and afterwards sixteen ladies
and gentlemen were elected to membership. The remaining business
consisted of the presentation of prizes to those members to whom they
had been awarded during the year, the recipients being Rev. George
Foster, N. H. Foster, Miss Kidd, Miss May Porter, W. J. C. Tomlinson,
George Donaldson, and Miss Yvonne Courvoisier (special prize). On
the conclusion of the business meeting, the lights were lowered and the
lantern display proceeded with, when a large number of interesting
views, principally taken on the Club's summer excursions, were projected
on the screen, and described by Messrs. Fennell, Green, Hogg, and
Welch. Afterwards, the hall having been again lighted up, further op-
portunity was afforded for examination of the exhibits.

NovEMBER 15.—The President (W. J. FENNELL, M.R.LA.L), sub-
mitted his report as delegate to the Committee of Corresponding Societies
of the British Association, whose meetings he had attended at
Cambridge, August, 1904. WILLIAM GRay, M.R.LA., and RosErr
WELCH spoke to the report.

Afterwards Mr. Fennell proceeded to deliver his Presidential address,
the subject of which was the Sligo Conference, a full account of which
appeared in this Journal for September,

_ 1905. Proceedings of Lrish Societies. 17

The lecture was illustrated with 80 specially prepared limelight views.
A letter from Thomas Plunkett, M.R.I.A., Enniskillen, thanking
the members for electing him an honorary member of the Club, was
read.
The election of three members brought the proceedings to a close.

BOTANICAL SECTION.—NOVEMBER 19.—The opening meeting of the
Winter Session was held in the club room, when Rev. C. H. WADDELL,
B.D., exhibited and lectured upon an extensive collection of plants made
by him in the south of England during the summer of the present
year.

DUBLIN NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

OCTOBER 29.—EXCURSION TO TIBRADDEN.—A party of 12 proceeded
by car and cycle to the gravel pits just outside the demesne gate of Larch
Hill. The conductor, J. De W. Hinch, then pointed out the different
features of these deposits, which are among the most interesting of the
Dublin high-level drifts. The arctic shells <Astarte borealis and Leda
pernula were seen in abundance. The party then crossed the northern
spur of Tibradden into Glendoo, where two more gravel pits were visited.
After tea at Rockbrook, the members returned to town.

NOVEMBER I.—The Winter Session was inaugurated by a conversazione

- held at the Royal Irish Academy (by kind permission of the Council).
There was a large attendance of members and visitors. There were also
present representatives from other Field Clubs—Robert Patterson
and Nevin H. Foster from Belfast, and F. Neale, who represented
Limerick. The President, F. W. BuRBIDGE, M.A., took the chair at
8.30, and after welcoming the visitors who were present, called upon
R. Ll. PRAEGER for a lantern display illustrating the Triennial Conference
of the Irish Field Club Union held at Sligo in July last, and of which Mr.
Praeger had been the organiser and conductor. Afterwards the examina-
tion of exhibits was resumed. The conversazione closed at about
10.30 p.m. During the evening a number of scientific exhibits were dis-
played, including the following—

EXHIBITS ILLUSTRATING THE TRIENNIAL CONFERENCE AT SLIGO :—
G. H. CARPENTER —Xenylla brevicauda, from Lough Gill, a Springtail
new to the British Isles. J. N. HALBERT—Animals from the Sligo Dis-
trict. Miss M. C. KNowLkes—Plants collected during the Conference.
Miss M C. KNOWLES, G. J. FoGERTY, and ALEX. D'EvELYN—Flint and
stone implements from the kitchen-middens at Raghly and Streedagh
Point. Co. Sligo. D. M‘ARDLE—Mosses and Liverworts from Sligo.
‘ROBERT WELCH —Photographs and lantern slides illustrating the work
of the Conference. ROBERT WELCH and A. W. STELFOx—Mollusca of
Sligo and District, with map of distribution.

MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS:—F. W.' BURBIDGE—Odoriferous Plants.

“18 ~The Trish Naturalist. January,

G. H. CARPENTER and J. A. CLARKE—Specimens illustrating the life-
history of Common Frog. G. A. J. Conzand T. CRookK—Minerals viewed
in convergent polarized light. VERNON G.CoLE—Teeth, flint implements,
etc., from pre-historic dwellings, sand-dunes, Narin, Co. Donegal. ’J.
DuFFy—Quartz and malachite from Cloghran, Co. Dublin; fossils from
Carboniferous Limestone, Lough Gur, Co. Limerick. F..O’B. ELLIson—
Quartz minerals from Trinity College Museum. G. P. FARRAN—
Copepoda from North-east Atlantic. A. H. Foorp—Specimens from
Iceland, illustrating its volcanoes and geysers. Miss A. FRAZER--South
African Coleoptera. W. F. GunN—Fruits of Cone-bearing trees. ;
Phytoptus ribis and its effect on currant bushes. J. N. HALBERT—Insect
cases from the exhibition collection of Irish animals in the National
Museuni. J. A. HENDERSON—Irish Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Professor
T. JOHNSON—Fossil woods from the Cromer Forest Bed. STANLEY
KEMP—Coleoptera from Co. Limerick. Miss M. C. KNowlLEs—Rare
plants from Counties Clare and Limerick. Miss Massy—Some odd-
looking fish. A. R. NricHoLs—Nests and specimens of Penduline Tit-
mouse from Cape Colony. G. H. PETHYBRIDGE—Photographs of
botanical interest. R. Ll]. PRAEGER—Rare plants from Achill Island and
Co. Fermanagh; Glyceria festuceformis from new stations. A. ROYCROFT-—
Glaciated limestone block, St. Doulagh’s, Co. Dublin; petrified plants
_from Ardgillan. R. F. SCHARFF—Photograplis and photogravures of
Animals in the Dublin Zoological Gardens. HENRY J. SEYMOUR—
Geological photographs taken in Counties Kerry and Limerick. VicTor
E. SMyTH— Superimposed stereoscopic pictures. E. W1111AMs—Moun-
ted specimens of Irish birds. N. H. Wi1,soN—Photographs of Irish
birds’ nests, R. PATTERSON—Map showing distribution of white and
pied birds shot in Ireland. Fraulein MacnussEN.—Sketches of Irish
Scenery.

NOVEMBER I9.—WINTER EXCURSION TO BRAY HEAD.—Members and
friends to the number of ten turned out for this excursion. The 1.30 train
was taken to Bray, from which the Conductor (F. O’B. Ellison, B.A.), led
the party round the head by the cliff path. Some good specimens ofthe
much debated O/hamia were obtained. After tea the party returned to

‘Dublin by the 5.30 train.

NOVEMBER 22.—The first winter business meeting was held in the
Royal Irish Academy. C. B. Morrat, B.A. (Vice-President), in the chair.
R. Ll. PRAEGER, B.A., B.E., communicated ‘“ Additions to Irish Topo-
graphical Botany during 1904.” This paper will be published in full in
the /rish Naturalist, The paper was discussed by G. H. Pethybridge,
B.Sc. C. A. MATLEY, D.Sc., gave a striking exhibition of lantern slides

dealing with geological subjects. These slides were part of the British

Association series. The Hon. Sec. read an account of the-Club’s excur-
sion to Bray Head on Saturday. Mr. K. A. Montmorency Morris, M.A.
was elected a member of the Club.

EEE

1905. NESPAREBYS 20) bie)

NOTES.
BOTANY.

Chantransia Alaria in Ireland.

In the Journal of Botany for November, Mr. J. Adams records the
discovery of Chantransia Alaria at Portrush. This isa northern seaweed,
which was described by Jonsson in 1901 from Icelandic specimens, and
has since been recorded from the Feeroes. _

. The Vitality of Seeds.

In the November number of the /77sh Naturalist Mr. Adams draws at-
tention to the fact that there is a great dearth of authentic observations
on the time during which seeds can retain their vitality. He also re-
cords the appearance of certain weeds in fields where loose soi] has been
thrown up. The inference drawn from these facts is that the seeds of
the newcomers had remained for a long time buried deep in the soil, had
retained their vitality, and had germinated when brought up nearer the
surface. I cannot think that is the correct explanation, We know that
these annuals produce seeds in profusion, and no doubt very many of
these seeds are spread by winds, birds, and other agencies over the ad-
joining or neighbouring grounds. Pasture fields will be, more or less,
charged with them. They are there awaiting a chance to germinate and
spring up. This opportunity is afforded when the soil is disturbed, and
in this way we may account for the phenomenon. It is in fact an
immigration, not a resurrection.

S. A. STEWART.
Belfast.

Glyceria festuceformis at Portaferry.

I found a few tufts of this grass in a new station last July, and Dr.
Rendle has kindly confirmed the naming. The locality is close to
Portaferry, a wet, rocky bit of shore at the north-western end, where it
grows with G. maritima. I also saw it in larger quantity further round
the coast, at Mr. Praeger’s original station at Marlpit Bay. After
seeing its habitat so low down on the shore, and considering its wide
distribution, I have little doubt it is not a casual, but native on our
coast.

at CB WADDELL.
Saintfield.

20 The Irish Naturalist. January, 1905.

ZQOLOGY.
The Red-throated Diver.

All Irish ornithologists, and especially those who take an interest in
our rare breeding species, deplore the wanton cruelty and persecution
that is meted out every season to these fine birds—possibly the only
pair at present known to breed in Ireland. This year the first clutch of
eggs was taken by a native (who was doubtless well rewarded), and sent
to Dublin ; the exact address can, if necessary, be disclosed later. The
birds, thus frustrated in their first attempt, changed the nesting site,
and, although the whole country-side was searched, the second nest, I
amn glad to say, was never discovered. The parent birds were seen
during the month of August flying backwards and forwards from the
sea, generally with fish, and by the middle of September they had dis-
appeared from the district.

W. C. WRIGHT.

Belfast.

Hairy-armed Bat in Down and Antrim.

At the end of last June Mr. John Cottney sent me a fine male Hairy-
armed Bat, captured at Hillsborough. As it was quite uninjured I
liberated it at Holywood, after examining it. On the evening of Sep-
tember 10 I saw three bats of this species flying up and down at the
‘Bank Heads,” Larne Harbour, Co. Antrim. These bats do not seem to
be quite so rare as has been supposed.

ROBERT PATTERSON.

Glenbank, Holywood.

GEOLOGY.
Greensand Section at Whitehead.

This fine section, to which I called attention in the February number
(p. 49), is now in even better condition for geologists. It is about thirty
feet high at the east end, and likely to remain so for some little time.
A second section, however, alittle nearer the tunnel, may be built up,
as the railway company are putting in concrete foundations for some
building. Further quantities of the fossiliferous rock from the section
have been tipped all along the new siding. A good section of the great
basaltic columns in the quarry is now visible

R. WELCH.

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debate CONTENTS. ‘ 1905. al

Some Mosses from Co, Down. , H. DAVIES, ...
Some Irish Brambles.—R. A. PHIL.ips, a
Notes on the Mollusca of N.H. Co. Wicklow. PH. Chir aes
- The Douglas Collection in the. Herbarium of the National
Museuin.—Mrss M.-C. KNOWLES, ..
New Plants from Co. Kildare. —MIss M. C. Kxownis
NEWS GLEANINGS, .. “3 nig +s
IRISH SOCIETIES :—
Royal Zoological Society, ; << aie
Belfast N aturalists’ Field Club, 5% ~N
Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, F
NOTES :—
Chantransia Alariz in Ireland,
The Vitality of Seeds.—5S. A STEW AET, A. i S3 ;
‘Glyceria festuceeformis at Portaferry cp ey. C EL: W ADDELL, 3. Dix
The Red-throated Diver.—W. C. WRIGHT.
Hairy-armed Bat in Down and Auntrini —R. PATTERSON, M.R.I. A,
Greensand Section at Whitehead.—R. WELCH, :

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February, 1905. The frish Naturalist. 21

ADDITIONS TO “IRISH TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY”
IN 1904. |

BY R. LLOYD PRAEGER.
[Read before the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, 22nd November, 1904. }

DuRING the year now closed considerable advance has again
been made in the working-out of the distribution of Irish
plants. For the first time since I began this annual summary,
a decrease in the number of new county records has to be
chronicled—128 in 1904, against 219 in 1903, and 207 in Igo2.
In point of interest, however, the 1903 records can vie with
those of previous years. The most important botanical event
of the year is the publication of Mr. Colgan’s Flora of the
County Dublin, which greatly advances our knowledge not
only of the distribution of species in the metropolitan county,
but of Irish critical systematic botany. The chief papers of
the year on the results of field work refer to the flora of
Kerry}, Dublin?, West Mayo’, Sligo*, and Fermanagh® The
publication by Miss Knowles of the results of Mr. Pugsley’s
revision of the Fumitories in the Herbarium of the National
Museum’, is also an important item in the year’s work. Of
unpublished material, there is a considerably less amount
than in the two previous years. The chief contributors of the
new records are pretty much the same as last year :—Dr.
Scully’s additions for North and South Kerry total no less than
31 plants, of which 21 are Brambles ; the results of the Field
Club Union incursion into Sligo is to add ri species to the
flora of that county ; Mr. Colgan’s finishing touch to the Dublin

1 Scully: Notes on the Kerry flora, 1903. /. ., xiii., 77-80; and Some
Kerry Rubi. Jbzd., 128-130.

2 Colgan : Further additions to the flora of County Dublin, ... Jéid,
56-61.

3 Praeger: The Flora of Achill Island. d7d., 265-289.

4 Praeger: Phanerogamia and Pteridophyta [of Sligo I.F.C.U. Excur.
sion]. /bid., 204-207.

5 Praeger: Among the Fermanagh Hills. Jbz¢., 232-241.

6 Knowles: A List of the Irish Fumatories in the Herbarium of the
National Museum, Dublin. /d7d., 33-36.

A

22 The [rish Naturalist February,

flora adds 5 species to that division. Mr. O’Brien supplies 9
new plants for Clare and Limerick. My own exploration of
Achill Island and of the Fermanagh highlands contributes 12
species to West Mayo and 18 to Fermanagh respectively.
Every new record published during the year has made its
appearance in this Journal, a fact that much simplifies refer-
ences in the following pages.

For specimens and sotes supplied, I have to offer my best
thanks to W. A. Barnes, Miss Beauchamp, Rev. S. A. Brenan,
N. Carrothers, N. Colgan, Miss Evelyn Cradock, Mrs. Crichton,
Rev. W. W. Flemyng, Mrs. Gibbon, Cuthbert Harrison, Miss
Annette Hemphill, Mrs. Frank Joyce, W. F. de V. Kane, Miss
Knowles, Mrs. Leebody, H. C. Marshall, Rev. R. M. Miller,
S. A. Moore, R. A. Phillips, Wm. Porter, A. Somerville, S. A.
Stewart, Rev. C. H. Waddell, W. West.

The records of the year include three plants—all Awbz— new
to Ireland: namely R. podophyllus and R. serpens from Kerry,
and R. longithyrsiger (var. botryeros) from Fermanagh. Four
more of Dr. Scully’s Kerry Brambles (2. cariensis, R. anglo-
saxonicus, Ie. regillus, and R&R. Babingtoniz), and three of his
Hawkweeds (4. argenteum, FH. orvimeles, and FH. sparsifolium),
are new to the South of Ireland. Mr. Pugsley’s examination
of Irish Fumitories adds Wicklow, Louth, Tyrone and Antrim
to the range of Fumaria purpurea, which is apparently fre-
quent in Ireland. By my own work in the west, Rubus cari-
ensis and &. dunensis are extended across Ireland, Apzlobtum
angustifolium is pushed southward into Mayo, and EAuphrasia
Salisburgensis northward into Fermanagh. Also, Ranunculus
scoticus is shown to be common in Achill and on the Fermanagh
hills, Pyvola secunda to be locally abundant in Fermanagh,
and Glyceria festuceformis to extend widely along the shores
of Co. Down. Of isolated records, the finding of Wypopithys
multifiora in Fermanagh, Szsyrinchium angustifolium in Sligo,
and Z7ypha angustifolia in Clare are especially deserving of
mention. ;

A desirable split in a set of existing records comprises the
admission of Matricaria occidentalis, Greene, to sub-specific
rank under 7. discoidea, DC. ‘This involves a revision of
the records of J/. discoidea in Ireland. As a result, although
all the stations given in ‘Irish Top. Bot.” cannot at once be

1905. PRAEGER.—Jrish Topographical Botany. 23

verified, it appears that all the divisions listed under M.
discotdea aggregate in “Irish Top. Bot.” and the annual Sup-
plements, stand also for JZ discoidea segregate. The distri-
bution of the two forms that can at present be vouched for is
as follows: the note of admiration signifies that I have seen
specimens. ‘The stations without this sign are vouched for
by Messrs. Colgan, Phillips, or Scully.

M. discoldea, DC.

8. Limerick, Limerick Docks !

Io. Tipp. N., Nenagh! Dromineer
15. Galway S.E.. Ballinasloe.
16. Galway W., Claddagh.
17. Galway N.E., Rockwood! Galway.
18, King’s Co., Clara !
20. Wicklow, Greystones!
21. Dublin, Howth! Carrickmines!
22. Meath, Ballivor! Kells! Dowth. Rossan.
23. Westmeath, Mullingar! Athlone!
24. Longford, Ballywillan!
25. Roscommon, Carrick-on-Shannon! Athlone!
26. Mayo E., Ballaghaderreen! Claremorris! Ballyhaunis.
27. Mayo W., Westport! Newport! Clare Island! Achill!
28. Sligo, Ballymote !
29. Leitrim, Carrick-on-Shannon !
30. Cavan, Drumhawnagh !
31. Louth, Drogheda! Oldbridge!
32. Monaghan, Monaghan !
37. Armagh, Between Portadown and Lurgan !
M,. occidentalis, Greene.
a, Kerry N., Beale Point.
8. Limerick, Limerick.
21. Dublin, Hazelhatch. Glenasmole. Lispopple.
22. Meath, Navan !
28. Sligo, Ballysadare !

The withdrawals of the year divide themselves into two
groups. In the first place, the working out of critical plants
in Kerry has involved some revision of nomenclature, and Dr.
Scully withdraws from the county Valeriana Mikanti, Hiera-
cium vulgatum, H1. rigidum, AH. gothicum, and Hf. boreale. And
in the second place, Mr. Pugsley’s revision of the Irish

Fumitories involves extensive changes in the published lists:
A2

24° The Trish Naturalist. February,

but as considerable further material is now in Mr. Pugsley’s
hands, I refrain from going into the latter question at present,
and hope to deal fully with the 1ecords in this genus in a few
months. One other record has to be withdrawn—namely that
of Leucojum aestivum for Limerick, as the station quoted in
‘I. T. B.’ belongs to Clare. It is, however, simultaneously
restored to the Limerick flora—see p. 29 below.

Regarding Hieracium diaphanoides, to which I referred in
my summary of additions last year (Z UX., xiii., 3), it is satis-
factory to be able to report that the oriyinal record of this
plant as H. sciaphilum stands, its reference in part to #7.
diaphanoides and in part to Hf. murorum var. pellucidum proving
to be founded on insufficient material.

I now give the new county-records of the year, arranged
under the respective divisions. The numbers appended to
the names give the page of vol. xiii. of the ‘‘ Irish Naturalist”
on which those records which have been published, appear.
The occasional roman figures refer to back volumes.

1. KERRY S.— Rubus mucronatus, 129.
Rubus suberectus, 128. anglosaxonicus (raduloides),
plicatus, 128. 130.
nitidus (opacus), 128. regillus, 130.
affinis (Briggsianus), 129. Babingtonii, 130.
villicaulis (Selmeri and Galium erectum, 78.
rhombifolius), 129. Hieracium argenteum, 78,
argentatus (robustus), 129. orimeles, 79.
micans, 129. sparsifolium, 79.
2. KERRY N.—
Rubus cariensis, 129. Rubus serpens, 130.
micans, 129. corylifolius (sublustris), 13.
iricus, 129. Ginanthe Phellandrium, 78.
pyramidalis 129. Galium erectum, 78.
anglosaxonicus, 130. *Matricaria occidentalis, xii., 114.
regillus, 130. Hieracium orimeles, 79.
podophyllus, 130. sparsifolium, 79¢
fuscus, 130. *Salix pentandra, 80.
5. CORK E.—
Fumaria Borei, 34. Atriplex littoralis, 118,

7 TIPPERARY S.— Fumaria Borai, 34.

1905. PRAKGER.—/p ish Topographical Botany. 25

8. LIMERICK.

Ranunculus Auricomus. Teucrium Scordium, 251.
tLychnis Githago, 251. tLeucojum estivum.
Galium boreale, 251. Eleocharis acicularis, 251.
*Matricaria occidentalis, 251. Scirpus fluitans.
9g. CLARE. —
Cardamine flexuosa. tLeucojum estivum.
Cochlearia anglica. Allium vineale.
Callitriche stagnalis. Typha angustifolia, 259.
Tragopogon pratensis. Luzula vernalis.
*Mentha rotundifolia. Equisetum hyemale.
It. KILKENNY.— Fuimaria Borei, 34.
12. WEXFORD.— Hieracium umbellatum.
17-5 GALWay N.E.— Petasites fragrans.
18. KING’s Co.—
Fumiaria confusa, 35. tLactuca muralis, 260.
Gnaphalium uliginosum. Convolvulus arvensis.
20. WICKLOW.— Fumaria purpurea, 36.
21. DUBLIN.—
Rubus plicatus, 297. Hieracium murorum, xii., 189,
Agrimonia odorata, 56. ones te
Galium uliginosum, 56. *Salix pentandra, 59.
*Matricaria occidentalis, ili., 215. Carex pallescens, 59.
22. MEATH.—
Fumaria Borei, 34. Cochlearia danica.
confusa, 35. *Matricaria occidentalis.
27. Mayo W.— Rubus rosaceus (hystrix), 283.
Fumaria capreolata, 282. Epilobium angustifolium, 284
+Ulex Gallii, 283 Eryngium maritimum, 279.
Rubus cariensis, 283. *Tanacetum vulgare, 272.
rhamnifolius, 283. Pyrola media.
mucronatus, 283. Potamogeton pectinatus, 286.
dunensis, 283. tGlyceria aquatica, 286.
28. SLIGO. Chlora perfoliata, 206.
Papaver dubium, 205. tLinaria vulgaris, 206.
+ hybridum, 205. Chenopodium rubrum, 206.
Lotus uliginosus, 206. Sisyrinchium angustifolium,
**Sedum album, 206. 207.
Crithmum maritimum, 206. Potamogeton heterophyllus
Aithusa Cynapium, 206. 207.
*Matricaria occidentalis. Carex riparia.

Cichorium Intybus, 206. Polypodium Phegopteris.

26

29.
30.
31.

33:

34-
35:
36.

39:

The Trish Naturalist.

LEITKIM.—
CAVAN.—

LouTH.—
Fumaria purpurea, 36.

FERMANAGH.—
Ranunculus scoticus, 238.
Meconopsis canibrica, 238.
Rubus pulcherrimus, 238.

, longithyrsiger (botryeros),

238.

Sedum Rhodiola, 239.
Epilobium angustifolium, 239.
Scandix Pecten-Veneris.
Lobelia Dortmanna, 239.
Pyrola media, 239.

DoNEGAL E.—
DONEGAL W.—

TYRONE.—

ANTRIM.

February,

*Matricaria discoidea.
Fumaria officinalis, 36.

Saxifraga tridactylites.
tSedum Telephium.

Pyrola minor, 239.
Hypopithys multiflora., 259.
Euphrasia Salisburgensis, 240.
Ulmus montana, 240.
Juniperus nana, 240.
Eriophorum latifolium, 240.
Carex dioica, 240.

paludosa, 241.
Ophioglossum vulgatum 241.
Equisetuni pratense. 241.

trachyodon, 241.

Viola arvensis.
Viola arvensis.

Fumaria purpurea, 36.

Funiaria purpurea, 36,

For convenience, I now re-arrange these plants in systematic
order, with the division-numbers appended.

Ranunculus scoticus, 33.
Auricomus, 8.

Papaver dubium, 28.

+ hybridum, 28.
Meconopsis cambrica, 33.
Fumaria capreolata 27.

Borei, 5, 7, I1, 22.
purpurea, 20, 31, 36, 39.
confusa, 18, 22.
officinalis, 30.

Cardamine flexuosa, 9.

Cochlearia danica, 22.

anglica, 9.

Viola arvensis, 34, 35.
tLychnis Githago, 8.
Ulex Gallii, 27.

Lotus uliginosus, 28.

Rubus suberectus, I.

plicatus, I, 21.
nitidus, 1 (opacus).
affinis, 1 (Briggsianus)

Rubus cariensis, 2, 27.
rhamnifolius, 27.
pulcherrimus, 33.

villicaulis, 1 (Selmeri and
rhombifolius),

argentatus, I (robustus).

micans, I, 2.

iricus, 2.

pyratidalis, 2.

mucronatus, I, 27.

anglosaxonicus, I (radu-
loides), 2.

dunensis, 27.

regillus, I, 2.

podophyllus, 2.

Babingtonii, 1.

fuscus, 2.

longithyrsiger, 33 (botry-
eros).

rosaceus, 27 (hystrix).

serpens, 2.

corylifolius, 2 (sublustris).

1905.

Agrimonia odorata, 21.

Saxifraga tridactylites, 31.

Sedum Rhodiola, 33.
Telephium, 31.

. album, 28.

Callitriche stagnalis, 9.

Epilobium angustifolium, 27, 33.

Eryngium maritimum, 27.
Scandix Pecten-Veneris, 33.
Crithmum maritimum, 28.
Cinanthe Phellandrium,z2.
Ajthusa Cynapium, 28.
Galium boreale, 8.

erectuin; 1,.2.

uliginosum, 21.
Gnaphalium uliginosum, 18.
*Matricaria discoidea, 29.

= occidentalis, 2, 8, 21, 22, 28.

*Tanacetum vulgare, 27.
*Petasites fragrans, 17.
*Cichorium Intybus, 28.
Hieracium argenteum, I.
orimeles, I, 2.
murorum, 21.
sparsifolium, I, 2.
umbellatum, 12.
JLactuca muralis, 18.
Tragopogon pratensis, 9.
Lobelia Dortmanna, 33.
Pyrola media, 27, 33.
minor, 33.
Hypopithys multiflora, 33.

PRAEGER.—Jrish Topographical Botany. 27

Chlora perfoliata, 28,
Convolvulus arvensis, 18.

tLinaria vulgaris, $28.

Euphrasia Salisburgensis, 33.

*Mentha rotundifolia, 9.

Teucrium Scordium, 8.
Chenopodium rubrum, 28.
Atriplex littoralis, 5.
Ulmus montana, 33.
Salix pentandra, *2, *21.
Juniperus nana, 33.
Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 28,
Allium vineale, 9.
tLeucojum estivum, 8, 9.
Typha angustifolia, g.
Luzula vernalis, 9.
Potamogeton heterophyllus, 28,
pectinatus, 27.
Eleocharis acicularis, 8.
Scirpus fluitans, 8.
Eriophorum latifolium, 33.
Carex dioica, 33.
pallescens, 21.
paludosa, 33.
riparia, 28.
tGlyceria aquatica, 27.
Ophioglossum vulgatum, 33.
Polypodium Phegopteris, 28.
Equisetum pratense, 33.
hyennale, 9.
trachyodon, 33-

Finally, I append particulars of such of the unpublished
notes of the year as refer either to new county records, or to
plants previously recorded from only a single county locality.
New county records are distinguished by having the name of
the division printed in SMALL, CAPITALS.

Ranunculus Auricomus, L,

8. LIMERICK. Near Mullough mills, ’04—Miss Knowles.
Nasturtium sylvestre, R. Br.

9. Clare. Tidal mud, Limerick, ’o1—Miss Armitage!
*Barbarea przecox, R. Br.

38. Down. Churchtown near Strangford, ’o2—P.;
Cardamine flexuosa, With.

g. CLARE. Parteen, ‘04—R. D. O’Brien.

28 The Trish Naturalist. February,

Cochlearia danica, L.
22. MEATH. Near Boyne mouth, ’o4—Barnes!
C. anglica, L.
9. CLARE. Parteen, ’04—R. D. O’Brien.
Arenarla trinervia, L.
26. Mayo E. About Castlemagarrett, Brown Fascic. 1788—Cyb. 2.
This station was erroneously attributed to Mayo W. in Jrish
Top. Bot.
Viola arvensis, Murr.
34. DONEGAL E. Greencastle, ’?04—Mrs. Leebody!
35. DonkecGaL W. Dunfanaghy, ’04—D. Gwynn!
Onontls arvensis, L.
18. King’s Co. Near Clareen, ’o4— Miss Hemphill. For Shinrone
in my 190] paper read Sharavogue.
Saxlifraga tridactylites, L.
31. LoutH. Oldbridge, ’04—Barnes !
{Sedum Telephium, L.
31. LoutH. Dromiskin, long established, ’04—Barnes!
Callitriche stagnalis, Scop.
9. CLARE. Glenomera, ’04—R. D. O’Brien.
*Myrrhis odorata, L.
28. Sligo. Near Carrowmore, ’o4—P.
Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L.
33- FERMANAGH. Portora, ’04—W. West.
Gnaphalium ullginosum, L.
18. Kinc’s Co. Fivealley, ’o4—Miss Annette Hemphill!
*Matricaria discoidea, DC.
29. LEITRIM. Carrick-on-Shannon, ’99— P
*M. occidentalis, Greene.
22. MEATH. Navan, ’0o—P.
28. SLIGO. Ballysadare, ’99—P.
*Petasites fragrans, L.
15. Galway S.E. By railway near Athenry, ’04—Mrs Joyce.
17. GALWAY N.E. Two miles north of Tuam—Mrs. Joyce.
Arctium Intermedium, Lange.
28. Sligo. Ballymote, ’03—P.
Hieraclum umbellatum, L,., var. coronopifolium (Bernh).
12. WEXFORD. Sandhills at Gorey, ’04 (Mrs. O’Morchoe)—Miss
Knowles.
Tragopogon pratensis, lL.
g. CLARE. Parteen, ’o4—R. D. O’Brien.
Pyrola media, Sw.
27. Mavo W. ‘Treenlaur near Westport, ’04—Miss Beauchamp |
Convolvulus arvensis, lL.
18. Kinc's Co. Sand-pit near Birr, ’04—Miss Hemphill !
*Mentha rotundifolia, L.
9. CLARE. Edenvale, o4—R. D. O’Brien and G. Fogerty.

1905; PRAEGER.—/Jrish Topographical Botany. 29

Betula verrucosa, Ebrh.
8. Limerick. White River near Foynes, ’04—Miss Knowles.
Habenarla chloroleuca, Ridley.
8. LIMERICK. ‘Thornfields,’01—Miss Armitage. This note omitted
in my paper on Additions in Igoz2.
tLeucojum zestivum, L.
8. LIMERICK. Above the railway bridge over the ‘Shannon, '’o4—R.
D. O’Brien. Below Adare rectory, ’04—Canon O’Brien.
g. CLARE. Parteen, oo (R. D. O’Brien)—/.7.8. In that work
erronously placed under Co. Limerick.
Alllum vineale, L.
9. CLARE. By River Shaunon above Limerick, ’04—R. D. O’Brien.
A. ursinum, L.
Io. Tipperary N. Birr, ’04—Miss Hemphill.
Lemna polyrhiza, L.
17. Galway N.E. lWLydecan, ’04—Mrs. Joyce.
Potamogeton przelongus, Wulf.
40. Londonderry. Port Lough, ’02—Mrs. Leebody !
Cladium Mariscus, R. Br.
31. Louth. Drumcah Lough near Iniskeen, ’o4—P.
Luzula vernalis, DC.
g. CLARE. Parteen, ’o4—R. D. O’Brien.
Scirpus fluitans, L.
8. LIMERICK. Rock Hall near Loughil, ’04—Miss Knowles.
Carex muricata, L.
20. Wicklow. By the cliff-path on Bray Head, 'o4—P.
Cc. rigida, Good.
16. Galway W. Lake on Ben Coona, °32 (e746. Shuttleworth)—eré,
S. & A. M.
C. paludosa, Good.
25. Roscommon. Kilteevan, ’98 (Mapother)—Hers. S. & A.M.
C. riparia, Curt.
28. SLIGO. Between Sligo and Knocknarea, ’o4—P.
Agrostis alba, L,.
25. RoscoMMON. Kilteevan, ’97 (T. A. Mapother)—Hers. S. &
A.M. This note omitted in my 1go1 paper.
Melica uniflora, Retz.
25. ROSCOMMON. Near Rockwood House, '99—P. This note
omitted in my I901 paper.
Bromus erectus, Huds.
15. Galway S.E. Moyode, ’99—P.
Polypodium Phegopterls, L.
28. Srico. Mountain west of Collooney—Mrs. Crichton!
Ophliogiossum vulgatum, L.
33. Fermanagh. MInishmore Hall, Lisbellaw, ‘o4—N. Carrothers.
Equisetum hyemale; L.
g. CLARE. Parteen, ’04—R. D. O’Brien.

Aj

30 The Irish Naturalist. February,

-COLEOPTERA AT LOUGH NEAGH AND AT
PORTRUSH.

BY PROF. T. HUDSON BEARE, F.E.S.

I SPENT a portion of my Easter holidays in the north of
Ireland in 1904, crossing over from Stranraer to Larne on the
morning of Wednesday, April 2oth, and returning home by
the same route on Tuesday, April 26th. The weather was
mild, but very stormy, and on Sunday, the 24th, a perfect
hurricane blew at Portrush all day; vegetation was on the
whole more advanced than it had been at Dumfries, where I
spent a few days prior to crossing over.

On the afternoon of Wednesday, the 2oth, I had a hurried
run out to Antrim, and obtained permission to walk through
the grounds of Antrim Castle; on the shore of Lough Neagh
I found Pelophila borealis, Pk., fairly common under stones on
the flat muddy beach, and with it Llaphrus riparius, L., and
Anchomenus marginatus, I, in abundance, and Bembidium
lampros, Hbst. I only had about half an hour at my disposal
owing to the necessity of catching the train back to Belfast.

On the 21st, we went out by train to Lurgan, and drove
from there by car to Ardmore Point on Lough Neagh; in spite
of the strong wind, it was a fine spring day. On the shores
of the lough, under weeds thrown up by the waves, the fol.
lowing were taken :—Felophila borealis, Pk., again fairly com-
mon; Anchomenus marginatus, l., A. parumpunctatus, F.,
Bembidium littorale, Ol., B. bipunctatum, L., and one specimen
of Szlpha dispar, Hbst.

The morning of Friday, the 22nd, was spent in the journey
to Portrush, and as the afternoon was wet, collecting was not
possible. The greater part of Saturday was devoted to a drive
to the Giant’s Causeway, and a long walk to the more interest-
ing parts of that piece of grand coast scenery ; the Causeway
has been so often described that no words of mine are needed
in its praise. I will only say that we saw it under the most
favourable weather conditions, and the reality far exceeded
our expectations. On our return, I had a ramble over the
sandhills, on the sea edge of the golf course, and saw or took

1905. BEAR):.—Coleoptera at Lough Neagh and Portrush. 31

the following beetles :—Avoscus cephalotes, L., Aphodius scyba-
lavius, F., Aphodius prodromus, Brahm., A. fimetarius, J,.,
Ei gialia avenaria, F., Otiorhynchus atroapterus, De G., Philo-
pedon geminatus, F., and feterocerus flexuosus, Steph.

On Sunday, the 24th, I walked along the coast road to
Bushmills, and then inland some three or four miles to a large
peat bog, in the hope of coming across Carabus clathratus, I,.,
but in this I was disappointed, and the furious wind made
collecting almost an impossibility ; the only beetles secured
at the bog itself were Olzsthopus rotundatus, Pk., and Lochmaa
suturalis, Th. Under stones by the road-side on the way to
Bushmills I found Aegacronus analis, Pk., Silpha subrotundata,
Steph., Staphylinus erythropterus, L.,and Otiorrhynchus sulcatus,
F_; on the return walk, all my energies and bodily strength
were needed to cope with the fury of the gale, so, needless to
say, I attempted no collecting.

Monday, the 25th, was still stormy, but as it was my last
day, I determined to do as much as possible, and walked inland
a little to get shelter from the wind; the following species
occurred under stones by the road-side, and in a narrow lane,
which would evidently have been a fine collecting ground two
months later on in the season :— Chrysomela Banks, F., Silpha
subrotundata, Steph., Pterostichus striola, F., P. versicolor, Stm.,
Praiwe, Sena. /. strenuis;, PZ:h, vernalis, Pz.,;,.Cavabus
granulatus, L. (two of these were very small examples), C.
nemoralis, Mull., Cychrus rostratus, L., Stomis pumicatus, Pz.,
Quedius tristis, Gr., and Anchomenus parumpunctatus, F.

The only possible way of collecting beetles in such a locality
so early in the season was by turning stones, and by shaking
moss, and consequently nearly all the captures belong to the
Carabide or Staphylinidg, and the time at my disposal was
insufficient to allow me to do more than sample the coleop-
terous fauna of the localities I visited: the fact, however, was
quite clear that beetles were far more abundant than they had
been in the Dumfries district, where I had been collecting
more eagerly than in Ireland. In that district one could turn
over dozens of stones without seeing a sign of beetle life,
while at Portrush under every stone I examined beetles were
to be found, and often specimens of two or three species under
a single stone. My brief visit convinced me that under more

32 The lrish Naturalist. February,

favourable weather conditions, and a little later in the year,
the Portrush district would return a rich harvest to any coieo-
pterist who worked it. It is a district easily reached from both
Scotland and England; there is a long stretch of some of the
most beautiful coast scenery in the United Kingdom, and an
exceedingly comfortable hotel (under the control of the Rail-
way Company), with grand views from its windows; it is an
ideal spot for any coleopterist from the adjoining island of
Great Britain to spend his holidays in, and to acquire some
knowledge of Irish beetle fauna.

The University, Edinburgh.

A PECULIAR CASE OF NECROSIS IN A LAPWING'S
FOOT:

BY A. R. NICHOLS, M.A.

In November last Mr. W. Hande sent to the Dublin Museum
the leg of a Lapwing, with the middle toe missing and with
the base of the toes entwined with sheep-wool, the birds
having been shot at Teer, near Crossmaglen, Co. Armagh, on
the last day of the preceding month.

The loss of the toe had apparently been due to necrosis of
the toe, caused by the wool having become tightly wound
round its base. The wool can be seen entwined round the
inner toe at J in figure 8, and would probably in time have
caused also the loss of this toe; it is also wound round the
lower end of the leg at cin figure A, but not tightly. Similar
cases of necrosis would appear to be not very uncommon, for
on the specimen being shown to Dr. Bowdler Sharpe at the
British Museum, he forwarded the ‘ Bulletin of the British
Ornithologists’ Club’ for November, 1904, containing an
account of the meeting on the 19th October, at which were
exhibited a series of legs of the Lapwing, showing various
stages of necrosis of the lower part of the leg, caused by sheep-
wool having become wound round the part affected.

1905. NicHo1s.—Vecrosis in a Lapwing’s Foot. 23

It has been suggested that the toe had been lost by an
accident, and that the bird had intentionally wound the wool
round the base of the toe to serve as a kind of bandage.
But, although birds have been credited with sufficient
intelligence to dress a wound or a broken limb (Mr. L. H.
de Visme Shaw, in “Snipe and Woodcock,” ! gives an extract
from the report of a lecture delivered by Professor Victor
Fatio before the Geneva Physiological and Natural History

INJURED LAPWING’S Foot.

A. Front view B. Side view.

a,b,c Sheep-wool.

Society, in which he mentions several cases that he had noticed
of the Woodcock, when wounded, managing to make for itself
an ingenious dressing of feathers), this explanation of the
presence of the wool must be rejected in favour of the simpler
one of it having become accidentally entwined.

1Fur, Feather, and Fin Series, London, 1903.

34 The lrish Naturalist. February,

THE OCCURRENCE OF YEW IN A PEAT BOG IN
QUEEN'S COUNTY.

BY J. ADAMS, M.A.
PLATE I.

THAT the Yew must have been widely distributed in former
times over Ireland is evident from the large number of Irish
names containing the termination uve, or a modification of
it. And yet there are very few reliable records of its being
found in the peat bogs scattered over the country. At the
end of 1903 my attention was directed by Mr. R. D. Cole
to its occurrence in Ballyfin Bog, Queen’s Co. Mr. Cole
informs me that it was so plentiful in former times that
the farmers in the neighbourhood used it for gate posts,
house roofs, &c. He very kindly obtained specimens of
the wood, of which Plate 1 (4) is a photograph of a trunk
which had been lying prostrate, and, after being sawn
through close to the roots, was raised into the vertical posi-
tion to be photographed. Plate 1 (/) is a photograph of a
cross section of the trunk. This cross section shows no less
than 395 annual rings. Possibly a few annual rings on the
outside had decayed, although in places the bark was still
attached, so that the age of the tree was somewhere about 400
years. The shape of the section, as shown in the photograph,
was peculiar, one diameter being much longer than that at
right angles toit. The longer diameter was 23,%, inches, or,
assuming that a few rings were missing on the outside, about
2 feet. The annual rings varied greatly in breadth, the
broadest being 3 mm. (,% of aninch), while 74 of the narrowest
measured 7 m:n. (35 of an inch), or an average width of 54; of
an inch for each ring. Another specimen was remarkabie in
that it showed 123 annual rings occupying a width of 39 mm.
(1,%; of an inch).

The wood is undoubtedly Yew, as it consists entirely of
tracheids with bordered pits and spiral thickenings, and is
devoid of resin passages. Mr. Cole has presented a section
similar to that in the photograph to the National Museum.

Royal College of Science, Dublin.

|
|

TRISH NATURALIST, VOL. XIV, ] [PLATE 1,

a

|

B

A. YEW TRUNK FROM BALLYFIN BOG, QUEENS Co.
Re DC oles Horo.

B, TRANSVERSE SECTION OF TRUNK,
T. Price, Fhoto.
To face page 34.|

=

1905. 35

IRISH SOCIETIES.

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Recent gifts include a Cream Bull from H.M. the King, a Badger from
Major J. W. Blackwood Price, a Banded Parrakeet from Lady Constance
Butler, and four Rabbits from Mr. Crowe. Mr. T. Smith, of Newry, has
kindly given a hundred evergreen plants, to be placed among the haw-
thorn bushes on the far side of the lake. A young Seal, caught by
fishermen at Bray, has been acquired for the gardens, and placed in the
pond already inhabited by the well-known Sea-lion.

DUBLIN MICROSCOPICAL CLUB.
DECEMBER 17.—The Club met at Leinster House.

Dr. SCHARFF showed a microscopic preparation of Ctenodrilus parvulus,
Scharff, and explained the general structure of this primitive marine
worm, and its peculiar mode of fissiparous reproduction.

W. F. GuNN showed carpellary hairs from the fruit of the common
Dog-rose, Rosa canina. Mounted in Canada balsam, and viewed under
polarized light, they provide an extremely beautiful object.

D. M‘ARDLE exhibited U/ota phyliantha, Brid, a very interesting moss,
which he collected last July on rocks at Raghley, Co. Sligo. It is more
frequently found on trees, and grows in neat clusters on the stem, and
often at the tips of the branches. It is rarely seen in fruit; it has been
reported that a few capsules were once found on Killarney specimens.
How then are we te account for its wide distribution ? It is found near
sea level, and at high elevations in Ireland, as at Glencar, &c., higher
still on the Northumberland coast, and at the highest limit of vegetation
on Chimborazo, in S$. America. In the absence of spores reproduction
takes place by adventitious budding; articulated gemme are produced
near the apex of the leaves, especially the upper ones (these were shown
under the microscope), when fully formed they drop off and, under
favourable circumstances, produce protonema, from which new plants
grow; these may possibly bear fruit, and shed their spores, and so com-
plete a second cycle in the life history.

J. N. HaLBERT exhibited a water-mite, Arrhenurus ornatus, George,
found in pools at Toome, Co. Antrim, and in the river Corrib, near
Galway. The species was first described a few years ago (Sczence Gosszp,
vol. vii., n.s. 1900, p. 204) from specimens found in England. Although
a distinct and easily recognised species it has not been discovered in any
locality out of the British Isles.

36 The lrish Naturalist. February,

IRISH FIELD CLUB UNION.

REPORT, 1904.

The chief event of the year was the fourth Triennial Conference and
Excursion which has taken place under the Union. It was held at Sligo
during the week July 11-17, and was attended by sixty-two members and
visitors (local one-day visitors not reckoned). All the Clubs were repre-
sented. A full account, embracing fifty-five pages of letterpress and
twenty-three plates and other illustrations, was published in the Jrish
Naturalist for September. A considerable portion of the expense of this
number was met by means of a special fund contributed to by a number
of members and others interested in the work of the Union ; to these the
best thanks of the Committee are due.

The formal Union meetings of the year consist of a general Conference
on July 14th, and a Committee meeting on November Ist.

The only Union lecture falling within the twelve months, January-
December, 1904, was delivered by the Secretary at Limerick on
November 15th, on the subject of the Sligo Conference.

ACCOUNTS, 1904.

RECEIPTS. EXPENSES.
57s So tk
To Balance, 1903, - O19 77)" NI Poster, attending
LE:CUSCommiuttee; > omnag
Affiliation Fees— Robt. Patterson., do. (2 (0,4ieus
TEC: 190ne SOUS"? 2 R? ii? Praeger; pide
in Wyimenek, a3 Lirgru6
GIN. (Ci t002=40 pen ORL5 x4
100 vouchers printed, . 0 4 O
BSN EC., 1003-4, ee, e2r Oo
Postage, 1904, . + tot RG
D:N.F;C., 1903; -aet h2at2
Balance from Sligo Con-
ference, ; Paes Pipeir eh 3°46
By Balance, ; orn5va7 10
49 I 6 £9 1 6
Audited and found correct. J. DE W. HINCs,

Hon Sec. DNF. C.

R. LLOYD PRAEGER,
15th January, 1905. HON, Stott Ome.

1905. Proceedings of Lrish Socteties. 37

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD OLUB.

DECEMBER 20.—The second meeting of the winter session was held in
the Museum, College-square, North, when there was a large attendance
of members and friends. Previous to the meeting the usual “ Science
gossip half-hour”? was occupied for informal discussion by members,
when a white Water Rail, recently shot in Co. Down, was exhibited by
Mr. Robert Patterson, and sample of Rhzetic bone beds of Aust, Bristol,
by Mr. Robert Bell.

The President (W. J. FENNELL, M.R.I.A.I.,) in the chair. Rev.
GEORGE FOSTER read a paper entitled ‘‘A Talk about Moths: the Life
History of a Poplar Hawk-Moth. as told by herself.”” The Poplar Hawk-
moth, and other moths born and bred on willow or poplar trees, and
reared by the writer, were exhibited. The paper was spoken to by
JOHN HAMILTON.

A paper, entitled “The Feathered World,” was read by NEvIN H.
FostER, M.B.O.U., who, after dealing with the age of birds as evidenced
by fossils, gave a description of the structure, development, and uses of
feathers, and went on to describe the two divisions of modern birds,
Ratite and Carinate,in some detail. Several of the more remarkable
forms of foreign birds were exhibited on the screen, and attention
directed to their peculiar forms and habits, after which a large series of
British birds and their nests was shown. Mr. Foster concluded his
paper by an appeal to those present to protect our birds, while at the
same time the study of birds in their native habitats was recommended,
the only weapon necessary for this purpose being a good field-glass.,

The paper was discussed by ROBERT PATTERSON, F.Z.S., ROBERT
WELCH, and the President. Two new members were elected.

BOTANICAL SECTION. DECEMBER I7.—WM. GRAY, M.R.1I.A., exhibited
a very fine series of microscopic slides, illustrating mainly the structure
of plant tissues.

DUBLIN NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

DECEMBER Io.—Winter Excursion to Trinity College Botanic Gardens,
In spite of the exreme coldness of the day thirty-eight members and
friends passed a very pleasant afternoon under the conductorship of the
Curator of the gardens, F. W. Burbidge, M.A. (President D.N.F.C.) The
party visited all parts of the gardens, the exotic plants in the hot-houses
attracting great attention.

DECEMBER 13.—The second business meeting was held in the Royal
Irish Academy House, W. F. de V. KANE, D.L,in the chair. Announce-
ments with reference to the Annual General Meeting of the Club in
January were made. F.O’B. ELLISON, B.A. (Hon. Sec.), read an elaborate
paper on “Symbiosis,” drawing illustrations in support of the theory
from both-the animal and vegetable kingdoms. The paper was discussed
by J. A. CLARKE and the Chairman.

38 The Irish Naturalist. February,

BELFAST NATURAL HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHICAL
SOCIETY.

DECEMBER Ig.—A paper was read by JAMES TAYLOR on “Stained
Glass, Ancient and Modern.” |

JANUARY 3.—The Lord Mayor (Sir OrTo JAFFE) inthechair. HARTLEY
T. FERRAR, B.A., F.G.S., lectured on ‘‘Some Results of the National
Antarctic Expedition.”

REVIEWS.
A ZOOLOGICAL BY-PATH.

Superstitions about Animals. By FRANK GIBSON. Pp. 208.
London and Newcastle-on-Tyne: The Walter Scott Publishing
Go, 1904. SPrice, 4s. 67. :

In this bright and readable little volume the author has brought
together a large store of information on a fascinating subject. At the
opening of the book he deals with the numerous instances of particular
animals being regarded as omens of either good or bad fortune. Then
we are led to a discussion of the best-known popular fallacies about
common animals and their habits. Finally, there is a chapter on
imaginary animals. The subject-matter of the book, therefore, includes
such superstitions as the belief in the Raven or Crow as a harbinger of
ill-luck; the sailors fancy that Sharks follow a ship on which a death is
shortly to take place; the supposed goat-sucking habits of the Night-jar
and the hibernation of Swallows, and the nature of the Basilisk and the
Phoenix. The various legends mentioned are illustrated with many
striking stories and appropriate quotations from the poets.

Among superstitions about animals familiar to us in Ireland, the
Wren-hunting on St. Stephen’s Day—practised also in the Isle of Man—
is described at some length, and explained asa survival of the enmity
on the part of early Christian teachers towards a bird venerated by the
Druids. The folk-lore of the ‘‘Devil’s coach-horse” and of the
Elephant Hawk-moth caterpillar are not mentioned, however. Indeed,
throughout the volume, invertebrates are hardly recognised at all.

As ascientific contribution to the subject the book is rather disappoint-
ing. The author has collected many facts, but his comments are, for the
most part, confined to moralisings on the foolishness of the beliefs which
he records. Perhaps the survival of superstition amongst us—even in the
twentieth century—may call for some such corrective as this. But these
strange fancies have causes, and a comparison of the forms which they
assume among our own and allied races of men could not fail to be a
valuable contribution towards the history of human thought.

G. Hi. Cc.

£905. Reviews. 39

RECREATIONS OF A LIGHTKEEPER.

Notes on the Natural History of the Bell Rock. By J. M.
CAMPBELL. With an Introduction by JAMES MurRpDocH. Edin-
burgh: David Douglas, 1904. Pp. xv.+112. Price, 3s. 6d. net.

The author of this pleasant little book has been for nine years assistant
at the famous Bell Rock lighthouse, off the east coast of Scotland. During
this time he has made good use of his opportunities in observing the
animals haunting the reef, and a few glances at the volume show us that
he has recorded his observations vividly, and not without literary skill.
All the world knows in how many ways we are indebted to the brave
men who spend so much of their lives on these lonely rocks. The
recently-published work on bird- migration, both in Scotland and
Ireland, had been impossible without the lighthouse keepers’ willing
help. Naturalists will gladly welcome, therefore, this modest but
valuable contribution to the zoology of the sea.

NOTES.
BOTANY.

A rare Alga in the Upper Bann.

Cladophora ( Conferva) egagropila is thus noted in Flora Hiberniva, Part III,
p- 228 (1836):—‘ In lakes, very rare. Connemara; J. T. Mackay,” and I
have no information of there being any subsequent Irish record. Its
occurrence, therefore, in the rocky bed of the River Bann at Knockna-
gor, Co. Down, where it was noticed in July last, may have some interest.
It grows in large, flat, smooth patches, only the tips of the densely com-
pacted, olive-green branches appearing above the fine, sandy deposit in
which it isembedded. The usual habitat seems to be moorland lakes,
and nowhere, perhaps, is it often seen zz sztu, but, when fully developed,
it becomes detached and rises to the surface in globose masses, varying
in size up to four inches in diameter. I have to thank Canon Lett and
Mr. William West for their kindness in examining specimens submitted
to them, and for information which they have obligingly supplied.

J. H. DAvIEs,
Lenaderg, Co. Down.

Sligo Ferns.

I see by the September issue that Bymenophyllum unilaterale is recorded
among the list of interesting plants found during the Field Club visit to
Sligo. It may be of interest to record that some two or three years ago
I found both 4. unilaterale and H. tunbridgense in the habitat given by

AO The lrish Naturalist. February,

Mrs. Leebody, viz.-—hill behind Doonee Rock. The enclosed frond of
Welsh Polypody was taken from a plant found on the shore of Lough
Gill near Doonee Rock. I have also found it and the Irish Polypody on
Goat Island, Lough Gill.
CUTHBERT HARRISON.
Ballincar, Sligo

Mr. Harrison encloses specimens of H. unzlaterale and ZH. tunbridgense,
and also a frond of true Polypodium vulgare, var. cambricum, l. This beautiful
form of the Common Polypody has a historic interest, as having been
described asa good species, Polypodium cambricum, by Linneeus. It is, more-
over, extremely rare in Ireland. The only reliable record that I know is
Co. Wicklow ; a root originally from there was sent to Edward Newman
by David Moore (Newman : History of British Ferns, 1844, p. 46). New-
man was acquainted with the plant, having examined the Linnean type,
which he figures (p. 45), alongside the more common var. semzlacerum
(= hibernicum) with which var, cambricum has often been confused. New-
man’s figure of var. semdlacerwm (as found in the Dargle by J. T. Mackay),
which he places beside that of cambrzcum, shows well the characters of the
two. Cambricum is the true plumose form of the species, and is barren,
semzlacerum is a robust fertile decomposite form.

R. LLOvD PRAEGER.
Dublin.

Abnormal Growth of Polypody.

Two botanical text books, viz., Hooker’s Student’s Flora,and Bentham’s
Handbook of the British Flora, give the measurements of Polypody (Poly-
podium vulgare) as about six inches toa foot inlength. Ashort time since
I found a couple of fronds measuring respectively 2 feet 34 inches, and
2 feet } inches in length, growing on the top of a wall near Portlaw.

WILLIAM W. FLEMYNG.
Portlaw.

The Vitality of Seeds.

I read with intense interest and pleasure the excellent and informing
contribution of Mr. J. Adams, M.A., on this subject in the November
issue of the Jr7sh Naturalist, and commented upon it at some length in the
lrish Educational Journal, of which I am Natural History Editor. My
object in now writing, however, is for the purpose of stating that I do
not agree with the statements of Mr. S. A. Stewart in the December
issue as to seeds which have remained for a long time buried deep in the
soil not retaining their vitality, nor germinating when brought up to, or
near, the surface. I entirely agree with Mr. Adams that this is not only
possible but extremely probable, and am able to back my opinion by
some rather interesting observations. Many of the botanical readers of
the Jrish Naturalist will know by repute—if not by experience—of the

1905. Notes. 41

fame of that interesting corner of rural England known as Poppyland,
in the neighbourhood of Cromer, Norfolk. The late Clement Scott did
much to immortalise the place in his ‘‘ Garden of Sleep,” and christened
it “ Poppyland.”

I visited the district in July, 1904, and had several instances brought
to my notice of the manner in which the seed of the Scarlet Poppy
(Papaver Rheas, Linn.) lies buried beneath the soil for some time and
yet retains its vitality. There are not so many Poppies in this far-famed
corner of rural England as formerly, and this is stated on good authority
to be due to the fact that when steam ploughs were used a deeper furrow
was turned up, with the result that a mass of Poppies sprung up asif by
magic! So much so indeed, that these ploughs had to be discarded and
hand-ploughs resorted to again, with the result that the mass of Poppies
disappeared, and the tiller of the soil was pleased that he had, as a con-
sequence of the change of plough, succeeded in—to a great extent—
eradicating one of nature’s pests to agriculture. These observations
clearly prove tomy mind that Scarlet Poppy seed lies buried very deeply
in the soil at and near Cromer, and also retains its vitality, germinating,
if only it is afforded the opportunity of so doing, by being brought to the
surface of the ground.

Further, wherever building operations are carried out near Cromer,
the soil thrown up from the foundations results in a mass of Scarlet
Poppies propagating themselves. I saw several gardens of recently
erected houses which were in July one dense mass of bright scarlet,
where previously not a single blossom was to be seen!

Since writing the foregoing I observe that Dr. E, Strasburger and his
co-authors in ‘‘ A Text Book of Botany” (page 294) state that “the ger-
mination of seeds, once securely lodged in the soil, may begin imme-
diately or after a longer or shorter period of rest. The seeds of many
Conifers do not germinate for several years. Some plants again, in ad-
dition to seeds which germinate in the first year, produce others which
require a longer rest (TZ7rzfolium pratense, Robinia Pseudacacia, Cytisus
Laburnum, Reseda (utea, &c.) Even under favourable circumstances
such seeds do not germinate until a definite length of time has elapsed,
Germination may be delayed also by external conditions, and the vitality
of the seed may still be retained for years. Thus, for example, on the removal
of a forest from land that had been under cultivation for forty-six years,
Peter found that a great variety of field plants at once sprang up as soon
as the requirements for their germination were restored.”

W. PERCIVAL WESTELL.
St. Alban’s, Herts, England.

In the year 1903 I had occasion to cut out a new walk through land
that has been under grass certainly not less than forty years, I used the
turf to make embankments, sodding most of it, but leaving a margin
bare to grow flowers in. The remainder of the earth removed was heaped

42 The Irish Naturalist. February,

where it now lies. In 1904 Mullein came up in quantity, both in the
flower border and in the heapof spoil. It is not land where Mullein
would grow wild, but the plant is used in this country as a remedy in
consumptive cases, and it may have been cultivated long ago in some
garden on thisspot. Fumitory and Polygonum Convolvulus made their
appearance in the cut edges of the walk. Some years ago when I was
building on this field I renioved the active soil from the site of the house,
and it lay where it was piled for about eighteen months. I was sur-
prised at the number of plants quite foreign to the pasture that came up,
and regret that I did not make a note of them. There was Fumitory in
several forms, an Azréplex or Chenopodium, I am not sure which, in
great quantity—Polygonum aviculare, the Red Pimpernel, and many other
plants that I cannot now be sure of. I would direct attention to the
very interesting speculations and experiments recorded in ‘‘ More Letters
of Charles Darwin,” particularly those with seeds of supposed geologic
date, where he seems to have too easily accepted a negative conclusion.

R, D. O'BRIEN.
Parteenalax, Limerick.

ZOOLOGY.

Irish Marine Worms.

In his ‘“‘ Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, No. 26” (Anu. and
Mag. Nat. Hist. (7.), vol. xv., 1905), Prof. M-Intosh refers to the occurrence
of the following species off the coast of Ireiand :--Glycinde Nordmanni
Malny, Glycera unicornis, Savigny, Clycera lapidum, Quatref., and Glycera
alba, H. Rathke.

Irish Woodlice and Marine Isopoda.

In the Jrzsk Naturalist of October, 1903, Dr. Norman’s supplemental
list of British Land Isopods has already been referred to. He now gives
us a second supplemental list (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. x!v. (7th S.)
1904), in which he mentions that Armadzllidium pulchellum, which was
discovered at Ballymote, Co. Sligo, by Scharff in I901, has now been
taken by Dr. Brady at Araside, in Westmoreland. Of the other new
British species alluded to by Dr. Norman, both 7Zrichoniscus albtdus and
Porcillis rathket will probably be found in Ireland also.

A second paper of Dr. Norman’s deals with some of the marine allies
of our woodlice. The Irish species mentioned are Czrcolana borealis,
Eurydice pulchra, Idotea balthica, 1. granulosa, I. pelagica, Ll. metallica, I. emar-
ginata, Astacilla longicornis and A. intermedia,

1905. Notes. 43

Tame Dragon-flies.

The following account of the intelligenceof two Dragon-flies, Dif/ax
striolata, may interest some of the readers of the Jrish Naturalist. They
were taken in August last, by my little daughter, aged ten, and kept by
her in a large glass jar which she divided into two parts, separated by a
piece of tile about 2} inches high. The larger space she filled with earth,
in which she planted Short Sedge, and placed water in the other space to
make the surroundings as natural as possible. Here her pets lived, and
after feeding them regularly for some days, with gnats from her fingers,
they became quite tame, and when released from the jar in the open air,
would fly round and round her, lighting again somewhere near, frequently
on herself, and seemed quite contented to be replaced in the jar.

It was most curious and interesting to watch these usually shy insects
greedily devouring the gnats which their little mistress caught for them

each day with her net.
J. H. JOHNSTON.
Park Cottage, Wexford.

Great Shearwaters and Sooty Shearwaters in 1901.

In the Fie/d of r2th October, 1901, Mr. H. Becher announced that he
had shot four of each of these little-known species, of which he kindly
presented two Great and two Sooty Shearwaters to the Dublin Museum.
Examples of both species are stated to have been exhibited by Mr. E.
Williams at the conversazione of the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club on
5th November, 1901, but this is the only notice of their occurrence that
I can find in the /rzsh Natura/ist (vol. x., p. 253). I, therefore, give some
particulars from letters of Mr. Becher :—

On 9th September, 1901, that gentleman passed, in his yacht “ Zulu,”
between Cape Clear and Mizen Head, ten or twelve Sooty Shearwaters,
but did not get a shot at them. There were numbers of Great Shear-
waters also seen, and Mr. Becher sailed into a flock of these which he
estimated at 200 or 300 birds. He shot four Great Shearwaters that day,
and on the 13th September, when a few miles off Valentia, he sailedinto
a large flock of both species, and shot four Sooty Shearwaters. He adds
that there were great numbers of both sorts on the latter date between
the Blaskets and the Skelligs.

I had an opportunity of examining in the Dublin Museum the four
bodies. One was of a female, and the others appeared to belong to male
birds, but the organs of reproduction were inconspicuous, so that it was
plainly not the breeding-season of these creatures. A third specimen in
the Dublin Museum was obtained off Achill Island on 22nd May, Igor.

The observations of Mr. Becher in 1892, 1899, 1900, and 1901, go to show
that both these oceanic species may be met with in August and
September off the south-west extremity of Ireland, and sometimes in

considerable numbers,
R. J. USSHER
Cappagh, Co, Waterford.

44. The Irish Natuaalitst. February, £905.

Little Auk at Portmarnock.

On 27th Novetnber a live specimen of the Little Auk (Mergulus alle, \.)
was picked up in a field at Portmarnock. It was in a very exhausted
condition, and had evidently been a long time without food. This
makes, as far as I am aware, the sixth occurrence for Co. Dublin;
Mr. Ussher, in his ‘‘ Birds of Ireland,’’ records . five.

J. TRUMBULL.
Malahide.

A White Water-Rail.

On 9th November, 1904, I was given a perfectly white Water-Rail
Rallus aqguaticus), which had been shot the same day near Seaforde, Co.
Down, by Mr. Herbert M‘Cammon. It was a most beautiful specimen,
being pure white in every part except the first primary of one wing,
which had a faint cloudy dark stain about the size of a sixpence. The
feet and legs were a very pale pinky-orange, but the bill was the usual
red colour. The bird was in splendid condition, was of large size, and
weighed 54 ounces. The only previous Irish record of a similar Water-
Rail that I know of is that of Williams & Son (Zoologist, 1882, p. 74), but
a mottled one was shot near Newry, Co. Down, on 9th January, 1899,

and was preserved by Sheals.
ra ROBERT PATTERSON.
Holywood, Co. Down.

NEWS GLEANINGS.

Prof. Charles J. Patten, M.D., D.Sc.

Our hearty congratulations to our contributor, Prof. C. J. Patten, of
Sheffield, on whom the University of Dublin has conferred the degree of
Doctor of Science, in recognition of his researches in anatomy and
zoology.

Miss Jane Stephens, B.Sc.

We are glad to announce the appointment of this talented zoologist as
Technical Assistant in the Dublin Museum. Miss Stephens has been
doing excellent temporary work for the past year in the collections of
marine invertebrates, and her accession to the post vacated by J. N:
Halbert on his promotion will greatly strengthen the Museum staff.

WILLIAMS & SON,
| Naturalists, Furriers, and Taxidermists,
2 DAME-STREET, DUBLIN,

Designers of the Life Groups in the National Museum, Kildare-street.

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Vol. xiv., No.2. = a4 Het EE tee | February, 1905.
| : CONTENTS. : x 4
e: Page ¥
Additions to “ Irish Topographical Botany” in 1904.—R. Inoyvp _
PRAEGER, io eee
Coleoptera at Lough Neagh and at Portrush.—Pror. T. Hupson. 7
= SSBHARH, F.E.S., : ne ge.
A peculiar case of Necrosis in a a Lapwing’ Ss Foot. se Ges Nicwors, Rec eec.
MGA. a G28
The occurrence of Yew in a Peat Bog i in Queen’ S Co: aT ADAMs, a
M.A. (Plate‘r.), gene : es x = 34,53
_ IRISH SOCIETIES :— 2 a
Royal Zoological Society. Dublin Microscopical Club, sp ee “BBs
Irish Field Club Union, a FTE 3
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club. " Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, ete Bi os
Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, 3 * 2253 ee or
REVIEWS :— | 2. ae
Gibson’s ‘ Superstitions about Animals.”—(G.H.C.), ats = 38x
Campbell's “ Natural History of the Bell Rock,? .. ie See Ei pees.
NOTES :— ae.
A Rare Alga in the Upper Bann —J. H. DAVIES, .. sp x 395
Sligo Ferns.—CUTHBERT HARRISON. R. LL. PRAEGER, .. s+ = 39) 40 :
Abnormal Growth of Polypody.—REv. W. W. FLEMYNG, M.A., 40 <a
The Vitality of Seeds. We beeen poe M.B 0.U.- ROD. ee

O'BRIEN, - fiers ~ 40, y 8 es

Irish Marine ‘Worms, | ae Ss i: lee 422%
Irish Woodlice and Marine Isopoda, feiss Pee eee ve at fat te ee
Tame Dragon-flies.—J. H. JOHNSTON, .-. “8 a AS 43-4
Shearwaters in 1901.—R. J..USSHER, DL, Aa Hoe 1. 4a
Little Auk at Portmarnock.—J. TRUMBULL, L.R.CS. LS a see 44°
A White Water Rail.—R. PATTERSON, M-R.I1.A:, .. pom pace ee 44.
NEws GLEANINGS, .. SEA . er acs oe af 9g

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a » © | separated Milk as Food for Calves.
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“ ,, 10 | Wireworms.
by » 11 | Prevention of White Scour in Calves (Professor Nocard).
5 Byes hited do. do. do.
NAD vOut -ojeprini.
- » lo | Contagious Abortion in Cattle.
Pe » 14 | Prevention of Potato Blight.
= » 15 | Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1893, and (Amendment)
Regulations, 1904.
as » 16 | Sheep Scab.
- » 17 | The Use and Purchase of Manures.
aa 5, to | Swine Fever.
= » 19 | Early Potato Growing.
; 3 20 ‘Calf Rearing.
3 » 21 | Diseases of Poultry :—Gapes. |
ae » 22 | Basic. Slag. |
PA ,» 23 | Dishorning Calves.
a ,» 24 | Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls,
ie » 25 | Fowl Cholera.
=I 226 | Winter Fattening of Cattle.
+ sp PLT. Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.
5: » 28 | Blackleg, Black Quarter, or Blue Wuarter.
7 by | =| lax speed.
if ,», 30 | Poultry Parasites—Fleas, Mites, and Lice.
= » ol | Winter Egg Production.
Pe » 02 | Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys.
4 ee, Profitable Breeds of Poultry.
g », 34 | The Revival of Tillage.
it », do | The Liming of Land.
3 », 86 | Field Experiments—Barley.
ae Pa Cy ee mt a Meadow Hay.
- Ano te rn Potatoes.
‘ PRE {°) uA *% Mangolds.
99 a9 40 ” >> Oats.
v» hy % + Turnips.
= yp ae Permanent Pasture Grasses.
+ 4 43 The Rearing and Management of Chickens.
é. », 44 ** Husk ” or “‘ Hoose ” in Calves, F
BS 5» 40 Ringworm on Cattle.
2 tS Haymaking.
im eg The Black Currant Mite.
» 48 Foul Brood or Bee Pest.
3 » 49 Poultry Fattening.
a » OO | Portable Poultry Houses.
a Ol The Leather-Jacket Grub.
rs ioe Flax Experiments.
: eo The Construction of a Cowhouse.
; » 04 | Calf Meal (7n the Press).
ye 9» oo | The Apple.
A » 06 | Cultivation of the Root Crop (in the Press).
a5 Pe oF Fruit Packing.
ats 5» Oe Sprouting Seed Potatoes.

Copies of the above leaflets can be obtained free of charge and post free, on ap-

anliiratinn to tho Sorrotary Donoarimont nt Aorirultiyvo and Torhuntenal JTuctyustiau fav

Mi AR . 1955

March, 1905. The Trish Naturalist. 45

JOSEPH PATRICK O’REILLY.

BORN IITH JULY, 1829. DIED 6TH JANUARY, 1905.

THE death of Prof. J. P. O’Reilly removes one of the last links
between the present generation and the active group of Irish-
men who were associated in the development of the Royal
College of Science some forty years ago. Had that college
remained under local influences, as part of the great work in-
augurated by the Royal Dublin Society in the previous cen-
tury, it cannot be doubted that the spirit of O’Reilly and his
colleagues would have been earlier felt in Irish education. As
it was, they left a small but devoted band of pupils, many of
whom were driven, by the general apathy towards scientific
studies, to seek work outside the country of their birth. For-
tunately, O’Reilly was spared to see the revival of such studies
throughout Ireland, a revival that he would always have wished
to associate with the progress of general culture, side by side
with technical advancement.

He was one of a family of thirteen, being the fifth son of
Thomas O’Reilly (known in his profession as Thomas Reilly),
a solicitor of Monaghan. His mother’s maiden name was
Cecilia Devin. He was born in Monaghan on 11th July, 1829,
and the Rev. T. Tierney, who was connected with the national
movement of 1848, was one of the sponsors at his baptism.
His father moved to Dublin, and was appointed Taxing Master
of the Court of Chancery in 1849. It may be worth recording
that his uncle John, an army-surgeon, was one of the veterans
of Waterloo.

In 1851, O’Reilly chose the independent course of study-
ing engineering in Paris, and entered the Ecole centrale
des Arts et Manufactures in 1852, receiving his diploma three
years later. He was then appointed by a French company to
develope the zinc-ores of Santander in Spain, and subse-
quently worked on deposits of sodium sulphate near Madrid.
His next engagement was in the Silvermines district of Co.
Tipperary; and in 1868, after teaching in the Catholic Uni-
versity College in Dublin, he was appointed to the chair of
Mineralogy and Mining in the Royal College of Science for

Ireland.
A

46 The Lrish Naturalist. March,

His teaching of these subjects was eminently sympathetic,
and his powers as a draughtsman made his delineations of
crystals fascinating even to the beginner. At one time, every
student who followed the associateship-course in the College
passed through his hands in the second year of the curriculum;
and few can have forgotten the genuine interest imparted to
what many would have considered dead matter and a mere
appendage to their otherstudies. From 1881 to 1895, O’Reilly
also held the post of Secretary of the College, and the Depart-
ment of Science and Art found in him a most punctilious and
faithful officer. His personal manner always retained a cer-
tain foreign distinction, acquired during his early years in
France, and his courtesy never tailed him, even when he felt
himself bound to pursue an official course in opposition to the
views of some one or other of his colleagues. A certain love
cf detail, and a scrupulous regard for authority, made his
scientific work less critical and discerning than his personal
experience would have warranted ; and to the last his papers
were liable to be overburdened with the correlated statements
and views of others, which were always accurately acknow-
ledged. Any illustrations furnished by him show his admir-
able neatness as a draughtsman. During his later years, he
was engaged, Sunday after Sunday, in a minute examination
of the succession of strata on Bray Head in Co. Wicklow, and
he left behind him a number of exquisite coloured drawings
of the rock-face as visible along the path. His interest in the
Irish language andin archeology brought him into touch with
a wide range of research.

A year’s illness in 1898-9 compelled O’Reilly to leave the
teaching of Mineralogy in the Royal College of Science in
other hands; and the chair was united with that of Geology
on his compulsory retirement at the age of 7o in 1899. The
chair of Mining was at the same time abolished; and the re-
ferences made by O'Reilly to the union of Mineralogy with
Geology, in a letter to the University Commission of 1902,
show, to say the least, a generous acceptance of new conditions.

O’Reilly was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy
in 1870, ana was Secretary for Foreign Correspondence from
1879 to 1899, and from 1901 to 1904. During these periods he
served on the Council, and was one of the Vice-Presidents from

1905. Joseph Patrick O'Reilly. 47

1886 to 1889 and from 1gor to 1904. ‘The gap in his service
on the Council, which covers a period of twenty-three years,
was occasioned by the illness above referred to. He was
President of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland in 1885.

Up to the last, O’Reilly’s active mind was directed to papers
which he was preparing for presentation to the Academy ; and
when death removed him suddenly on 6th January, 1905, he
was practically still at work on a favourite subject in Irish
archeeology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(Note.—The date in the margin is that of the year in which the paper
or papers were read. ‘The first five papers and the seventh were written
in conjunction with the late Dr. William K. Sullivan.)

1861. On the Hydrocarbonates and Silicates of Zinc of the Province of
Sautander, Spain. Proc. R./.A., viii., 5-25, 1861-64.
1863. Note on the Chemical Composition of a Lacustrine Dolomitic Lime-
stone from the neighbourhood of Madrid. A¢lantzs, iv., 315-18,
1863.
Notes illustrative of the Geology and Mineralogy of the part of the
Spanish Province of Santander between the Bay of Santander
and the River Deva. <A/lantis, iv., 319-447, 1863.
On the Deposit of Sulphate of Soda in the Valley of the Jarama,
near Aranjuez,in Spain. Ad/antis, iv., 283-315, 1863.
1864. Die Zinkerze in der Spanischen Provinz Santander. Neues Jahrb.
Sur Mineral., 1864, 849-850.
1870, Note on a New Method of disposing the Barometric Column, so as
to furnish directly enlarged indications without the intermediary
of a system of transmission of movement. Proc. R.A. (2), i,
31-36, 1870-74.
1871. Note on the great Dolomite bed of the North of Spain, in connec-
tion with the Tithonian Stage of Herr Oppel. Proc. RJA. (2),
i., 225-232, 1870-4.
1872. On a new form of Goniometer. Proc. R.L.A, (2)., 1., 294-296, 1870-74.
Extract from report to the Council of the Royal College of Science,
Dublin, on a visit of study to Cornwall, Paris, and Amiens [on
Peat]. Dublin, 1872.
1877. On the Meteor of Friday, the 6th of April, 1877. Proc. R./.A. (2),
iii., 87-88, 1877-83.
1878. On the Correlation of Lines of Direction on the Globe, and par-
ticularly of Coast Lines. &rzt. Assoc. Rep. (Sections), 1878, 574.
Trans. R.I.A., Xxvi., 611-640, 1876-79.
Explanatory Notes and Discussion of the Nature of the Prismatic
Forms of a group of Columnar Basalts, Giant’s Causeway. 7rans.
R.I.A., Xxvi., 641-734, 1876-79.
: A2

48

The Irish Naturalist. March,

1879. On the Occurrence of Microcline Feldspar in the Dalkey Granite.

Sct. Proc. R.D.S., ii., 246-249, 1878-80.
On a Cylindrical Mass of Basalt existing at Contham Head, Moon
Bay, County of Antrim. Proc. R.J.A. (2), 1il., 237-241, 1877-83.

1880. On the Directions of Main Lines of Jointing observable in the rocks

about the Bay of Dublin, and their Relations with the adjacent
Coast Lines. (Part I.) Proc. R.J.A. (2), 1i1., 295-309, 1877-83.

On the correlation of Lines of Faulting of the Palamow Coal-field

, district, Northern India, with the neighbouring Coast Lines.
Froc. R.I.A., (2), ti1., 310-12, 1877-83.

On the Relation to be Established between Coast-line directions
represented by Great Circles on the Globe, and the Localities
marked by Earthquakes in Europe. rit. Assoc. Rep. (Sections),
1880, 576. Proc. R.A. (2), iii., 503-520, 1877-83.

1881. Sur les Directions des Failles. Bz//. Soc. Géol. de France, 1x., 169-171,

1881.

On the equivalents of the Elementary bodies considered as repre-
senting an Arithmetical Progression deducible from Mendelejeft’s
tables. Mature, xxiv., 274-277, 1881.

1883. The Earthquake of Ischia. Mature, xxvi., 461, 1883.

On the Calcite Crystals from the Iron Measures of the Co. Antrim.
Sct. Proc. R.D.S., 1V-, 455-462, 1883-85. Journ. R.G.S.Lreland, Vi.,
211-214, 1880-84.

1884. On the Directions of Main Lines of Jointing observable in the

rocks about the Bay of Dublin, and their Relations with adjacent
Coast Lines. (Part II.) Proc. R.J,A. (2), iv., 116-148, 1854-88.

Catalogue of the Earthquakes having occurred in Great Britain
and Ireland during Historical Times, arranged relatively to
Localities and Frequency of Occurrence, to serve as a hasis for
an Earthquake map of the Three Kingdoms. 7Zvaus. RZA,,
XXVI1l1., 285-316, 1880-86.

1885. Alphabetical Catalogue of the Earthquakes recorded as having

occurred in Europe and adjacent Countries, arranged to serve
for an Earthquake map of Europe. 7Zvanus. RJL.A, xxviii,
489-708, 1880-88.

On the Gaseous Products of the Krakatoa Eruption and those of
great Eruptions in general. (Presidential address R.G.S.I.
Sct. Proc. R.D.S., V., 17-30, 1886-87. /ourn. R.G.S.Lreland, Vii., 75-88,
1884-89. /

On De Rossi’s Seismical and Endo-dynamical Map of Italy. Sez.
Proc. R.D.S., 1V., 455-462, 1883-85. /ourn. R.G.S.Lreland, Vvii.,
61-68, 1884-89.

On the occurrence of Beryl with Schorl in the Glencullen Valley.
Sez. Proc. R.D.S., iv., 505-506, 1883-85. Journ. R.G.S.L., Vii., 69 -70,
1884-89.

Note on the Occurrence of Granite Porphyry in the Three-rock
Mountain, Co, Dublin. Sez. Proc. R.D.S., iv., 507, 1883-85.

1905. Joseph Patrick O' Reilly. 49

1886. Note on the Amygdaloidal Limestone of Downhill, Co. Derry.
Set. Proc. R.D.S., iv., 155-157, 1883-4. /Journ. R.G.S.Lreland, Vi.,
264-266, 1880-84.

1887. Note on some Ejecta of the Hot Springs of Tarawera, New
Zealand, formed since the Earthquake of 23rd June, 1886. = Scz.
Proc. R.D.S., Vi., 67-68, 1888-90.

On the Antipodal Relations ot the New Zealand Earthquake
District of June toth, 1886, with that of Andalucia of December
25th, 1884. Sez. Proc. R.D.S., v., 455-462, 1886-7. Journ. R.G.S.
Treland, Vii., 179-185, 1884-89.

1889. On the Directions of Main Lines of Jointing observable in the
Rocks about the Bay of Dublin, and their Relations with the
adjacent Coast Lines. (Part III.) Proc. R.J A. (3), 1., 229-256,
1889-91.

On the Phosphorite Nodules of Podolia, Sct. Proc. R.D.S., iv.,

215-222, 1883-85. /ourn. R.C.S.lreland, vi., 279-286, 1880-84.

1890. Notes on the History of the Irish Wolf-dog. Proc. RIA. (3), i,
3337339, 1889-91.

On the occurrence of Idocrase in the Co. Monaghan. Proc. R.J.A.
(3), 1., 446-450, 1889-91.

On the occurrence of Serpentine at Bray Head. Proc. R.LA. (3),
i., 503-511, 1889-91.

Notes on some Assays for Gold of Rocks occurring in the
Neighbourhood of Dublin. Sez. Proc. R.D.S., vi., 450-459, 1888-90,

1892. Rédaction compléte des listes séismiques de M. Alexis Perrey, de
Dijon, pour la période 1843-1872, et carte antipodale qui en
résulte. Assoc. Francaise, 21° Session (Pau), 204

Etude relative aux éruptions volcaniques. bid. 331.

1893. Remarks on certain passages in Captain Cuellar’s narrative of his
adventures in Ireland, after the wreck of the Spanish Armada in
1588-89, followed by a literal translation of that narrative.
Proc. R.J.A. (3), 1i1., 175-217, 1893-96.

Notes on Lithothamnion met with in deep cuttings at the mouth
of the River Liffey. Proc. R.J.A. (3), iii,, 223-224, 1893-96.

Sur la corrélation des grandes lignes de la surface de la terre.
Assoc. Francatse, 22™ Session (Besancon), 220.

Relations antipodales des Iles Hawai avec la géographie physique
de l’Afrique du sud. Jézd., 220.

1894. On a Pandean Pipe from Tanna, New Hebrides. Written in con-
junction with M. Fournier d’Albe. Proc. R.L.A. (3), ili., 511-515,
1893-96.

Quelques extraits des Aunales d’Irlande, Années memorables de
froid et de sécheresse en Irlande et en Europe, et leurs rapports
avec les périodes de taches solaires en vue de la prévision du
temps. Bull. de la soczéte les Amis des Sctences et Arts de Rochechouart
(Haute-Vienne), 1894.

1897.

1898.

1902.

1903.

104.

The Irish Naturalist. March,

. On the Orientation of certain Dolmens recently discovered in

Catalonia. Proc. R.1.A. (3), ili., 573-579, 1893-96.

. On the Micas of the Three-rock Mountain, Co. Dublin. Min, Mag.,

X1., 199-210, No. 52, 1897.

On the Orientation of some Cromlechs in the neighbourhood of
Dublin. Proc. RIA. (3), iv., 689-605, 1896-98.

On the Constitution of the Calp Shale of Dublin. Proc. R.LA. (3),
iv., 563-569, 1896-98.

On the occurrence of Anatase (Xanthitane ?) and Brookite in the
‘quartzite of Shankill, Co. Dublin. Sez. Proc. R.D.S., viii., 732-740,
1893-98.

On the Round Tower of Chambles, near Firminy, district of St.
Etienne (Loire). Proc. R.J.A. (3), iv., 644-650, 1896-98.

. On the Dates of Volcanic Eruptions and their Concordance with

Sun-spot periods. Proc. R.I.A. (3), V-) 392-431, 1889-1900.

. On the Epidiorite and Mica Schists of Killiney Park, Co. Dublin.

Proc. R.f. A. (3), Vi., 19-25, 1900-2.
The Milesian colonization considered in relation to Gold-mining.
Proc. R.I.A. (3), Vi. 36-78, 1900-2.

. On the waste of the Coast of Ireland as a factor in Irish History.

Proc, R.I.A., XX1V., 95-202, 1902.

On the Mode of Ringing or Sounding Bells in the early Churches
of Northern Spain and of Ireland. Proc. &./.A. (3), vi., 480-502.
1900-02.

Suite d’observations sur les Périodes de Taches Solaires, et leurs
Relations avec les Phenoménes Météorolgiques et autres Bvéne-
ments historiques. Aull. Soc. les Amis d. Sciences ad. Rochechouart,
1904.

The teaching of Mineralogy in Ireland. Appendix to the Second Report,
Royal Comméssion on University Education in Ireland, 1902, pp. 325-327.

Some further notes on Ancient Horizontal Water-mills, Native and
Foreign. Proc. R.I.A., xxiv. (Sect. C.), 55-84, 1902.

Notes on the Orientations and certain Architectural Details of the
Old Churches of Dalkey Town and Dalkey Island. Proc. R.LA.,

- xxiv. (Sect. C.), 195-226, 1904.

The Antipodal Relations of the Eruptions and Earthquakes re-
reported as having occurred since January, 1901. Mature, \xviii.,
263, 1903.

The Kerry Straw Cloak Exhibit. Proc. R.[.A., xxv. (Sect. C.), 1-13,
1904.

Notes on the Architectural Details and Orientations of the Old
Churches of Kill-of-the-Grange, Killiney, and St. Nessan’s,
Ireland’s Eye. Proc. R.J.A., xxv. (Sect. C.), 107-116, 1904.

GRENVILLE A. J. COLE.
HENRY J. SEYMOUR.

1905. KNOWLES.—A ¢tropis Foucaudi in [reland 51

ATROPIS FOUCAUDI IN IRELAND.

BY MISS M. C. KNOWLES.

[Read before the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, 28th February, 1905. ]

IN my paper, “ Notes on some Additions to the Flora of
County Limerick,’ in the October number of the Jvish
Naturalist for 1903, I mentioned having found a grass in the
previous June, while botanising with my friend, Miss Char-
lotte O’Brien, at Robertstown Creek, in the neighbourhood
of Foynes, which Mr. Arthur Bennett said was like the French
Glyceria Foucaudit. As I had then collected very little
material, I waited until I could get a good series of speci-
mens to send to Professor Hackel, who is the authority on
this group. In June, 1904, while I was again on a visit to
Miss O’Brien, I made an excursion to Robertstown Creek
with Mr. R. D. O’Brien and Master Denis Gwynn to get
these. The season was a late one, and we did not find the
grass in such full flower as it had been on the same date the
previous year; still we gota good gathering. Through the
kindness of the Rev. E. S. Marshall, some of these specimens
were sent to Professor Hackel last autumn. His verdict is
“tvpical Atropis Foucaudi, Hack. in Husnot, Grvamina, page
49, 1896.” This is the first record of Glyceria Foucaudi (or
A tropis Foucaudi) from Ireland; Afropis is the generic name
given by continental botanists to the maritime section of
Glyceria. ‘This species was discovered in June, 1892, by the
late Mons. Foucaud on the banks of the Charente, between
Rochefort and the sea, where it grows on the muddy fore-
shores, forming large clumps on the parts washed by the high
tides. It is also widely spread along that river from Roche-
fort to Port des Barques, and has been found on the borders
of salt marshes in the neighbourhood of Fouras. A descrip-
tion of the species was published by Mons. Foucaud in the
Bulletin, Société Botaniqgue Rochelaise, 1893, p. 43; it has
also been described and figured in Husnot’s ‘ Graminées,”
page 49, plate xvii. In England the Rev. EK. S. Marshall has

52 The Irish Naturalist. March,

found it in Kent along the shores of the estuary of the
Medway, growing on alluvial mud about Port Victoria
and Grain (see Marshall and Hanbury: “Flora of Kent,”
page 405.) These are the only localities in which it was
known to grow until I found it in June, 1903, at Robertstown
Creek, on the Shannon estuary. The original spot where I
gathered it was on the west branch of the creek, close to the
railway bridge, but it grows abundantly on the slob lands all
round the creek, and on Aughinish. So far as my obser-
vation went, and Mr. O’Brien’s coincides with it, the
grass is confined to these tidal muds between the marks of
spring and ordinary tides. On the sandy point of Aughinish
we found no trace of it, nor did we meet with it along
the rocky beach of the Shannon estuary between Foynes and
Tarbert, though we collected specimens of Glyceria maritima
at several places. At Tarbert, on a piece of muddy foreshore,
we gathered specimens which may be Atvopis Foucaudi, but I
have not yet submitted them to Prof. Hackel. Mr. Marshall,
in the ‘Flora of Kent,” places his grass under Glyceria
maritima as a variety; but Prof. Hackel considers =Atvopis
Foucaudi a very distinct species, coming nearest Glyceria
maritima, and says it is distinguishable from all the other
maritime species of Glyceria by ‘‘ the silky pubescence of the
nerves of the flowering glumes, and the ciliated upper palee,
&c.” Mons. Foucaud places it near Glyceria festuceformis,
Gris., a Mediterranean species lately added to the flora of the
British Islands by Mr. Praeger; and says it can be distin-
guished from G. /estuceformis by the thin walls and large
central cavity of the culms, by the numerous barren stems,
the broad leaves, the more robust and more developed
panicle, the pubescence on the nerves of the flowering
glumes, especially at the base, and by the ciliated upper
pale. Ihave to thank Mons. Tousset, Président de la Soc.
Bot. Rochelaise, for a copy of the number of the Budletin
containing Mons. Foucaud’s original description of the
species, and also for a specimen of tropis Foucaud?, from its
original locality, collected by Mons. Foucaud. I have thus
been able to compare my Irish plant with a type specimen,
and, except that the French plant is a little more mature and
robust, they seem identical.

1905, KNOWLES.—A tvopis Foucaudi in Ireland. 53

As Dr. Rendle, in describing Mr. Praeger’s Glyceria festuce-
formis in the “Journal of Botany’ for 1903, says he was
unable either to see a specimen of A. Foucaudi, or to meet
with the journal containing the original description of this
species—-the journal seems to be rather inaccessible to
British botanists—I transcribe M. Foucaud’s original descrip-
tion :—

Atropis Foucaudl, Hackel 2 Zz.

Glauque. Souche émettant de nombreux rameaux é€pigés, trés feuillés
et stoloniformes. Chaumes de 6-10 dévimétres, striés, robustes, trés
fistuleux, radicants 4la base. Feuilles courtes, planes ou condupliquées,
a gaines trés longues (quelquefois de plus de 3 décimétres). Ligule
arrondie, entiére, 1-2 fois plus longue que large. Panicule triangulaire,
de 2-3 décimétres de hauteur sur 1-2 décimétres de largeur 4 la base,
contractée aprés l’anthése : rameaux 2-5, étalés-ascendants et quelquefois
réfléchis pendant l’anthése, réunis en quarts de verticilles, renflés 4 la
base ; les uns trés courts, les autres nus 4 la base du tiers au quart de
leur longueur. Epillets 4 6-8 fleurs laches ordinairement un peu rosées
au sommet. Glumes obtuses, Jargement scarieuses au sommet, l’in-
férieure trinervée, de moitié a un tiers plus courte que la supérieure
laquelle est 4-5 nervée et égale environ la moitié de la longueur de la
fleur; glumelle inférieure peu nervée, soyeuse vers la base surtout sur
les nervures, scarieuses du tiers 4 la moitié de sa longueur, égalant la
supérieure ou un peu pluscourte; celle-ci lancéolée 4 carénes ciliées.
Mai-juin.

Cet Atropis est voisin de lA. festuceformis, Gris. Il en différe par ses
chaumes comprimés, par ses tiges stériles épigées, allongées, par ses
feuilles planes assez larges, par sa panicule plus robuste, plus développée,
par ses fleurs 4 glumelles inférieures soyeuses 4 la base surtout sur les
nervures.

Il croit aux bords de la Charente, ot il forme de larges touffes dans les
parties baignées par les fortes marées, et est assez répandu de Rochetort
au Port-des-Barques. Je l’ai également observé aux bords des fosses
des marais saumatres des environs de Fouras et d’Yves (Charente-
Inférieure).

Science and Art Museum.

54 The lrish Naturalist. March,

ON SOME IRISH SPECIMENS OF A LARGE SQUID,
STHENOTEUTHIS PTEROPUS (STEENSTRUP.)

BY A. R. NICHOLS, M.A., M.R.LA.

A LARGE Squid was cast on the shore at Miltown Malbay, Co.
Clare, a few years ago, and kindly sent to the Dublin Museum
by Mrs. Morny, of Miltown House, Miltown Malbay.

I recognised it at the time as belonging to the family
Ommastrephide, but was not able to determine the species, as
the specimen differed considerably from the descriptions of
any of the British species of Ommastrephidee in Norman (’g0).
A paper entitled ‘“ British Cephalopoda, their Nomenclature
and Identification,” having been published in 1902 by Dr.
W.E. Hoyle, the author of the Report on the Cephalopoda
collected by H. M.S. Challenger, I recentiy endeavoured to
determine the Squid by means of the characters given in this
paper, and identified it as Sthenoteuthis pteropus.

This species inhabits the Atlantic Ocean, and the first
recorded British specimen was captured off Salcombe, Devon,
and described by Goodrich (’92), who states that there is in
the British Museum an incomplete specimen obtained at
Scarborough, November, 1883, and also one captured in the
North Sea, February, 1884.

The specimen now recorded from Miltown Malbay was
slightly damaged, the head having been detached from the
mantle, and some of the internal organs missing; from the
absence of any trace of hectocotylisation of the arms I con-
cluded that it was a female. The following are the principal
measurements taken by myself shortly after its capture and
before it was put into methylated spirits :—-Length, from the
extremity of the body to the edge of the mantle, A B (see
figure), 66 cm. (26 inches); breadth, across caudal fins, C D,
54 cm. (21.2 inches); length of caudal fins along the dorsal
line of attachment, A K, 29 cm. (11.4 inches). Each of the
first (dorsal) pair of sessile arms, EH, E’, is 33 cm. (13 inches)
long ; each of the third and longest pair of sessile arms, G G’,
is 38 cm. (15 inches) long. On the outer surface of each of
the third pair of arms there is a prominent crest or keel, and

(905. NicHors.—A Large Squid. 55

along the ventral edge a broad, thin, delicate membrane (M. M’)
about 6 cm. wide near the middle of the arm; there is alsoa
small lateral membrane on each of the second pair of arms,
and a very small membrane on each of the first pair of arms.

aml

A

Sthenoteuthis pteropus. One-tenth natural size.

The length of each of the tentacular arms, I, I’, is 99 cm.
(39 inches). The dimensions of the specimen are now rather
less, owing to the preservation in methylated spirits: but I
find that the contraction only amounts to about 5 % of the
original measurements. The length of the mantle in the
Salcombe specimen was 51 cm., and of the tentacular arms
64 cm.

56 The Irish Naturalist. March,

The edge of the mantle is nearly straight along the ventral
border, but unfortunately is damaged along the dorsal border,
and it is not possible to say if it is produced to a slight point
dorsally at B as figured by Steenstrup (87). The caudal fins
are large, broad, and transversely rhomboidal, as described
and figured by Verrill (80, ’82). The suckers on the sessile
arms are strongly denticulated on the outer side of the rim,
with smaller or sometimes rudimentary teeth on the inner
side. The large suckers of the tentacular clubs are provided
with teeth similar to those described and figured by Goodrich
(92), four of the teeth in each sucker being larger than the
rest.

Thearrangement of the smooth-rimmed suckers andtubercles
(connective apparatus) on the tentacular clubs agrees closely
with that figured by Steenstrup (80, ’87), and by Goodrich
(92). The arrangement of the folds in the funnel groove, and
of the bridles, corresponds almost exactly with the description
and figure in Goodrich (’92); the eight folds within the velum
are very distinct, and there are four rudimentary folds on
either side without, but I do not find any trace of the two
outer apertures, and if present they must be very minute.

On the inner surface of the tentacular arms there are trans-
verse ridges (t.r.), commencing close to the last suckers of the
club and extending the greater part of its length; there are
about fourteen of these ridges, the number observed by Good-
rich in the Salcombe specimen.

Sthenoteuthis Bartrami, the other species of S‘tenoteuthis
referred to in Hoyle (1902), is smaller, the arrangement of the
suckers and tubercles of the connective apparatus is different,
and the tentacular arms are not much longer than the third
pair of sessile arms (Jatta, ’96).

There is in the Dublin Museum the club of the left tenta-
cular arm of a Squid that was captured at Killala, Co. Mayo,
many years ago. There are four tubercles on this tentacular
club, and only two on each of the tentacular clubs of the
Miltown Malbay specimen, but from the arrangement and
structure of the suckers I believe this Squid also to have been
a specimen of Sthenoteuthis pteropus, of rather smaller dimen-
sions than the Miltown Malbay specimen.

$905. NicHous.—-A_ Large Squid. 57

Cephalopods of larger dimensions than the Squid described
in this paper have occasionally occurred on the British coast,
and two gigantic Cuttle-fishes have been recorded froin the
coast of Ireland. To the Zoologist, July, 1875, the late Mr.
A. G. More contributed a notice of a gigantic Cephalopod,
19 feet long, which was stranded at Dingle, Kerry, 200 years
ago. The short arms were described as being 6 to 8 feet in
length, and as thick as a man’s leg, and the long arms as
thick as a man’s arm, but unfortunately mutilated so that
their length could not bedetermined. In April, 1875, another
gigantic Cephalopod was met with on the coast of Inish-
bofin, Connemara, and some account of it was given by Mr.
A. G. More in the Aznals and Magazine of Natural History,
1875. Tne short arms were 8 feet long, and the long tenta-
cular arms were said to have been 30 feet; the beak of this
Cuttle-fish is preserved in the Dublin Museum. Both these
Cuttle-fishes belong to the genus Avchiteuthis, but their
specific determination is uncertain, though generally regarded
as Architeuthts monachus.

REFERENCES.

GoopRIcH, E. S. (’92)—Note on a Large Squid (Ommastrephes pteropus,
Stp.). Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc., n.s., Vol. il. pp. 314-321.

Hoyle, W. E. (1902)—British Cephalopoda: their Nomenclature and
Identification. /ournal of Conchology, vol. x., pp. 197-206.

JaTra, G. (’96)—I Cefalopodi viventi nel Golfo di Napoli. Fauna und
Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 23 Monographie.

NorRMAN, A. M. (’90)—Revision of British Mollusca. Axn. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(6), Vv. pp. 452-484.

STEENSTRUP, J. (’80)—-Orientering 1 de Ommatostrephagtige Blaek-
sprutters indbyrdes Forhold. Oversigt K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh.,
PP- 73--T1o, pl. iil.

(’87)—Notae Teuthologicae, 8. Of. <zt., pp. 128-146,
pl. a., 11.
VERRILL, A. E. ('80)—The Cephalopods of the North-eastern Coast of
America. PartI. TZyvans. Conn. Acad , V., pp. 177-257, pl. Xili -xxv.
('82)—The Cephalopods of the North-eastern Coast of
America, PartII. Op. cz¢. v., pp. 259-446, pl. xxvi.-xli.,
xlv.-lvi.

Science and Art Museum.

oe

58 The lrish Naturalist March,

REVIEW.

MAN AND THE RAISED BEACHES.

The Larne Raised Beach: a contribution to the Neolithic
History of the North of Ireland. By GEORGE COFFEY and
R. LLOYD PRAEGER. Proc. R. I. Academy, vol. xxv., Sect. C, no. 6,
Dec., 1904.

By the thorough-paced stratigrapher the ‘ superficial’ deposits are
often regarded as so much rubbish that impedes his work by hiding the
‘real’ geology. Yet in some respects these latest records of the earth’s
crust are the most important of the whole sequence, since in them
geological time ceases to be superhuman, and overlaps upon the history
of our race. And as the province of the geologist merges with that of
the archeologist in these deposits, it is fitting that the forces of the
two sciences should be united in their investigation. The excellent
results which may be obtained from this ideal combination are ex-
emplified in the paper before us, in which a difficult problem is attacked
on the two sides so effectively that while either attack taken separately
might fail to carry conviction, their united force is irresistible.

In an ‘Introductory Note,’ we are informed that the paper is the out-
come of further research into the age of the Post-Glacial raised beach
of the North of Ireland—a subject in which both authors had been
previously interested--for the purpose of obtaining evidence to bring
forward in the recent lawsuit between the Attorney-General (represent-
ing the Crown authorities) and the Trustees of the British Museum
regarding the custody of the gold ornaments found at Limavady, Co.
Londonderry.

We rejoice that the comparatively unimportant question with regard
to these ornaments should have led to a permanent result of such sub-
stantial scientific consequence, for assuredly this paper will long be
referred to as a standard of information on the subject with which it
deals, after the occasion from which it arose is forgotten.

The geological aspect of the problem is first dealt with by Mr. Praeger,
whose qualifications for the task are attested by his several earlier papers
on the Post-Glacial geology of the North of Ireland, which still represent
the highwater mark of our previous knowledge. In the paper before
us he summarises this previous work, and combines it with later in-
formation. He traces the course of events since the close of the Glacial
period, and brings out clearly the character of the evidence on which we
rely in recognising changes in the relative level of land and sea during
this interval. By combining the information obtained from the sections
in the estuarine clays at Belfast—more especially that at the Alexandra
Dock—and from the raised beach at Larne, Mr. Praeger is able to

1905. Review. 59

demonstrate a series of movements which he ingeniously represents by
a diagrammatic curve, the vertical co-ordinate representing the position
of the land relative to mean sea-level and the horizontal co-ordinate
representing roughly the course of time. The record starts with the
land surface elevated 30 feet, at the least, above present sea level, and
possibly much more. The chief evidence for this elevation is found in
the peat-bed which underlies the estuarine clays in the Belfast section.

Then followed a period of depression, during which the estuarine clays
were deposited, the lower clays in shallow water, say from Io to 20 feet
below present sea-level, and the upper clays of Belfast, according to the
evidence of the fauna, in deeper water, supposed to be not less than
30 feet in depth.

These upper clays lie some few feet below present sea-level, but after
allowing for this, they appear to denote a land level that was not less
than 25 feet lower than at present, and there is a difficulty on this point
which is freely discussed by Mr. Praeger. The difficulty is that the well-
marked raised beach shelf which is so well developed around the
shores of Belfast Lough indicates a depression of scarcely more than
Io or 12 feet; and it would certainly be most convenient to correlate this
raised beach with the upper clays, since there is no trace of a higher
sea-miargin in this quarter, except doubtfully at Ballyholme, where the
sand and shingle of the old beach rise higher than usual, but where it is
quite possible for a storm-beach to have accumulated somewhat above
the general level. If it were not for the deep respect that the geologist
habitually feels for the conclusions reached by the workers in other
branches of science, he might {venture to ask whether, after all, the
fauna of the upper clays could not manage, even if for this occasion only,
to dispense with Io or 15 feet of their overhead water, which cannot
surely be so absolutely indispensable to them, provided that they be
allowed plenty of congenial mud in which to disport themselves, and
that they never be brought above low-tide level! But out of con-
sideration for the settled convictions of the conchologist we _ shall
not dare to do more than whisper this deplorable heresy, and will proceed
at once to acknowledge that if the evidence for the higher shore-line is
lacking at Belfast, it is forthcoming at Larne, where Mr. Praeger is able
to correlate the implement-bearing beach-gravels, which are elevated
about 20 feet above present high-water mark, with the ‘ deep-water”
clays of the Alexandra Dock section.

After this maximum of depression was reached, there ensued a move-
ment of emergence by which the land was brought to its present relative
position in regard to the sea, or perhaps slightly above this, as the latest
change of all seems to have been a slight sinking back from its highest
level of emergence. Mr. Praeger is careful to point out that all these
changes might be explained either by postulating alterations in the
level of the land, or alterations in the level of the sea; but that his
evidence is distinctly more favourable to the former of these alternatives,
since ‘‘ the impression produced by a rapid survey of the evidence is that
these recent slight fluctuations are of an uneven and local character.”’

60 The lrish Naturalist. March,

Some very interesting results are brought out by the correlation of this
sequence of movements with those that have affected England and
Scotland during the same period. Between the north of Ireland and
the district around the estuary of the Mersey the correspondence of
Post-Glacial events is found to be remarkably close, and a very similar
order is traced in the north-east of England, from evidence afforded by the
estuary of the Humber. A more general but still correlative succession
is also recognised in central Scotland. These movements seem, indeed,
to characterise a belt that strikes across from northern Ireland through
the north of England and central Scotland, and possibly Belgium, to
Sweden, while in the regions lying to northward and southward of this
belt the movements during the same period have been of a different
character, and depression has predominated.

Having thus clearly demonstrated the order and character of the
events with reference only to their relative ages, the geologist steps
aside and calls upon the archeologist to say whether any absolute date
can be fixed for these occurrences. This duty is undertaken, in the
second part of the paper, by Mr. Coffey, and is ably fulfilled.

After giving a short historical sketch of the discoveries of flint-imple-
ments on and in the raised beach at Larne and other places in the north
of Ireland, and of the literature connected therewith, Mr. Coffey proceeds
to record his personal investigations, and to show the character and mode
of occurrence of the relics. The results of an excavation made in the
Larne gravelsin 1897 under the superintendence of both authors are first
described. The Neolithic flakes and cores obtained on this occasion
were chiefly from the surface layers; but two cores, of which figures are
given, were found at, respectively, 4 feet and 11 feet below the surface.
A systematic collection was subsequently made from another section, in
which a slice of the gravels measuring 5 feet by 4 feet was carefully re-
moved to the full depth of the deposit, here 10 to 12 feet thick; and
although the implements were obtained in much greater numbers, their
relative scarcity towards the bottom of the section was again noticed.

The condition of the implements as regards patination and abrasion is
then discussed, and it is noted that although there is much variation
in this particular, the flints are on the whole most distinctly patinated
and abraded in the upper layers, and to a much less extent in the deeper
parts of the section. It is concluded that these features are more or less
accidental, depending chiefly upon the circumstances of exposure, and
are not to be depended upon as an indication of antiquity. _A few of the
flints show some signs of beach-rolling; but erosion of this kind is not by
any means characteristic, and it is held that the gravel containing the
implements was not much exposed to wave-action after it was once
deposited. ‘The enormous abundance of flakes and the rarity of finished
implements is then considered, and is explained as follows :—‘‘ The Larne
gravels were not a dwelling-site. The general evidence leads to the con-
clusion that they were a quarry-shop, or roughing-out place, where the
flint was sought and flaked to carry away ... . . . Manyofthe
cores are evidently rejects, cast aside after a few trial flakes were struck
off.”

1904. Review’. 61

The presence of rude celts of a particular type is in this respect most
instructive, and is carefully discussed. “The Larne celts would thus
seem to be the roughed-out stage or blanks for this class of implement [ae.,
‘the rough chisel type, narrow, with somewhat straight sides,’ that is more
abundant than any other type in Ireland]. Many of them would require
little more than the striking off of two facets from one of the ends, one
from each face, to convert them into serviceable chisels of the kitchen-
midden class, the intersection of the facets producing the cutting edge,
while the grinding down of one of the ends would produce an edge of
the second [moreadvanced] class . . . . . The process ofroughing-
out the blanks was evidently rapid, and pieces which developed defects
in the working, a lump on one of the faces, or an irregular section
would be thrown aside.”’ Excellent figures of a large number of chips,
cores and celtsin various conditions of development are given to illustrate
this part of the paper.

The archzeological evidence is then brought to a point upon the
question as to the age of the Larne beach. “If then, the Larne celts are
to be regarded as the roughed out pieces, or blanks, from which the
celts of the kitchen-midden types and the narrow forms with ground
edges only were formed, the laying down of the Larne gravels cannot,
so far as this evidence can be relied on, be brought down to a later period
than the earlier stages of Neolithic times.” It may here be parenthetically
remarked that the carrying back of the Neolithic period to this com-
paratively early stage of Post-Glacial times lends support to the widely-
held view that the earlier Palzeolithic period may correspond to the time
of the great glaciation of Ireland.

The age of the raised beach is then considered from another point of
view. Inseveral places along the northern coast of Ireland, Neolithic
occupation-sites have been discovered among the sand-dunes that fringe
some of the bays. The relics from these sites indicate a more advanced
stage of culture than that of the Larne implements, and appear to range
from Neolithic times, through the Bronze Age, and into the Iron and
Christian periods. Bnt occasionally, in the pebbly beach underlying
the newer accumulation of the sand-hills, flint flakes of the arne type
have been found, and though the evidence presented under this head is
not very convincing, it supports the previous conclusion as to the
antiquity of the beach-deposits. Exception may here be taken on a
minor point, where, on p. 197, the supposed presence of blown sand
slightly below the existing high-water mark is adduced as additional
evidence for the final slight subsidence that is held to be the latest move-
ment of the land traceable in the district. Dunes of blown sand may,
and indeed frequently do, establish themselves on surfaces below the
level of high tides.

After thus recounting their evidence respectively, the authors combine
in unison in certain conclusions, with the question ofthe Limavady gold
ornaments as a pivot to the argument. These results, so far as Ireland is
concerned, are as follows:—“ The Larne beach deposits show that Neolithic
man was in existence from almost the commencement of the deposition

62 The lish Naturalist. March,

of that series, until after its. conclusion .. .. . The further
evidence of Whitepark Bay and Portstewart carries on the Neolithic
period to the conclusicn of the period of elevation. Applying this to
the Belfast [section], we have the Neolithic period extending from some-
where near the top of the lower estuarine clay (or earlier), through the
upper estuarine clay, to the beach deposit of yellow sand which overlies
it, or possibly later” . . . . . ‘*As regards the sandhill sites, the
mouth of the Bann shows an advanced Stone Age; and as that river
must have been always an important site for settlement, owing to its
importance as a salmon river and accessibility to Lough Neagh, it must
have been one of the earliest localities for metal in the north of
Treland.”’

And as regards the wider correlation :—“ Over an area, then, including
northern Ireland, the southern half of Scotland, and northern England,
the land-oscillations during Post-Glacial times appear to have been
practically identical, Outside of this area, to the southward, the
evidence points to a high land-levelin early Post-Glacial times, followed
by submergence, as in the area just defined; but the sharp Neolithic
uplift, which formed the ‘25-foot beach’ in the area mentioned, appears
to die out rapidly northward and southward. To the southward, the
evidence points to a continuous or intermittent submergence since early
Post-Glacial times, the land having at no time been appreciably lower
than at present.”

Besides the numerous figures and diagrams by which the text is
illustrated, the paper is embellished by five well-chosen and beautifully
reproduced photographic plates; and we heartily congratulate not only
the authors but also the Royal Irish Academy on the excellent style of
the publication.

As an important contribution to Post-Glacial geology the appearance
of this paper is well timed, and the authors will probably have the satis-
faction of finding that it will rapidly reach its place as a work of
reference, for there are many indications that the Post-Glacial deposits
of our Islands, after having been sporadically studied during the last
half-century, are at length arousing a more general interest, and are
likely to receive much wider consideration in the immediate future.

G. W. LAMPLUGH.

1905. 63

IRISH SOCIETIES.

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Recent gifts include Hedgehogs, from Mr. F. Godden and Mr. Madden ;
a Red-breasted Merganser, from Mr. Nagle; a Japanese Peacock, from
the Hon. R. Bellew; a Zebra Trout, some Brown Trout, and some Rainbow
Trout, from Mr. F. Kennedy; a young Otter, from Rev. EK. C. Hannan ;
two Golden Pheasants, from Mr. R. G. O’Callaghan ; and a Chinese
Gander, from Mrs. M’Donnell. A Pigmy Calf has been born in the
Gardens.

JANUARY 31.—The Annual General Meeting was held at the Royal Irish
Academy House, Rt. Hon. JONATHAN HOGG in the chair. The Report
of the Council submitted by Dr. R. F. SCHARFF, Honorary Secretary,
shows that, although the admissions to the Gardens during 1904 were
only 172,976 and the receipts £2,368 (as compared with 195,177, and
£2,671 respectively in 1903), the management of the Society’s affairs has
been so capable and economical that the financial position is stronger
now than a yearago. At the beginning of the year there was a small
balance due to the Bank, while at the close, the credit balance exceeds
the liabilities by £46.

Reference is made to the loss sustained by the Society in the deaths of
Viscount Powerscourt and Mr. H. M. Barton. The former was President
from 1864 till 1869, and his work in acclimatizing foreign species of
Deer in the Powerscourt park is well-known to zoologists. Mr. Barton
was Treasurer from 1884 till 1889; he leaves to the Society alegacy of
£100, which will be devoted to improveinents in the aviaries. Mr. A. E.
Goodbody resigns his position as Hon. Treasurer and is succeeded by
Pron A. ¥- Dixon.

How to increase the comfort and happiness of the animals in the
Gardens has engaged the serious consideration of the Council for many
years past, but out of a considerable number of schemes suggested to
improve the accommodation of the stock, it was not found possible to
carry out more than a few.

One of these seemed to the Council of such importance that it was
taken in hand at once, viz.: to provide a series of dens where animals
could be housed when undergoing some special treatment during sick-
ness.

The proper housing of rodent animals next engaged the attention of
the Council. After careful consideration of various plans, it was decided
to erect a circular structure divided into a number of railed-in enclosures.
and to raise the central portion so as to produce an ornamental rockery.
Ample accommodation for sleeping dens would thus be provided under-
neath. The whole structure was completed in August, and the dens
have proved to be thoroughly dry. The Rabbits,,Guinea Pigs, Prairie
Dogs, Porcupines, and other rodent animals seem to be thoroughly
comfortable and healthy in their new shelters.

64 The lrish Naturalist. March,

Roses and creeping plants have been planted in a portion of this
structure, inacessible to the inmates, so that it is to be hoped that before
long the rather formidable wire partitions, which it was necessary to
erect, will be hidden in an exuberant mass of foliage. Excellent photo-
graphs of the new enclosure are given with the Report.

The repairs of the Nesbitt Aviary, and the reconstruction of the bird
cages inside and outside, which were commenced in 1903, were com-
pleted last year. The small birds are now seen to better advantage, and
many of them have laid eggs and reared their young in the nesting
boxes provided for them, so that the Council have been able to dispose
of the surplus stock.

It has often been urged upon the Council that the attractions of the
Gardens should combine instruction with a certain amount of amuse-
ment. With a view to providing the latter, the Council engaged an
Elephant trainer, who very soon succeeded in inducing ‘‘ Padmahati” to
carry an old saddle on which were placed dummy figures, and heavy
weights as anexperiment. A new saddle was then ordered, and a plat-
form constructed by means of which the elevated position of the
animal’s back can be reached by children; and hundreds of them have
this suminer enjoyed the innocent amusement of having ‘‘ elephant
rides” in the grounds. Another form of recreation which has been
provided is a small carriage drawn by a Shetland Pony, which likewise
has been greatly patronized.

There still remain a number of important works which the Council
would wish to carry out as soon as funds are available, such an open-air
Monkey House, a new den for Badgers, Foxes, and Hyzenas, enclosures
for the Pig tribe, an extension to the cages for tropical birds, and many
others. At the saine time it must be remembered that there are some
of the larger animals which the Council would wish to purchase if
possible, so that a portion of the future resources may have to be spent
in acquiring desirable additions for the collection.

The gifts have been more numerous during last year than for many
years past ; we may here refer to a few of the more important :—A young
Serval from Africa, given by Captain Cramer; a large collection of Irish
native birds, given by W. W. Despard; an African Leopard, given by
Major Fairtlough ; a Mustache Monkey and several foreign Squirrels,
given by J. N. Lentaigne; a collection of small Tropical Birds, given by
General Sir John Maxwell; a Chimpanzee from W. Africa, given by Dr.
Vivian Stanley; an African Leopard, given by Drs. Garland and Mont-
gomery. Altogether no less than 202 specimens have been added to the
Society’s collection by presentation.

The gifts, however, have by no means been confined to animals. Food
for the animals, including meat as well as vegetables and fruit, has
been most generously supplied for the Gardens by members and friends
of the Society. Mr. T. Smith, of Newry, has presented a hundred holly
bushes to plant a considerable portion of the western side of the lake,
which will greatly improve the look of the grounds. Finally, several

905. Proceedings of Irish Societies. 65

members of the Council have each contributed a new cage for the
Monkey House. These cages were very much wanted, and are not only
ornamental, but most useful for the smaller species.

Since the Haughton House was built, the upper storey of that building,
including the balcony, has been used as a Refreshment Room. The
refreshment department was managed hitherto by a caterer, who paid
the Society a small annual sum for the privilege. The Council have now
decided to hand over that branch of the Society’s activities to a Tadies’
Committee. The ladies undertook to look after the whole department,
engage a manager, and present an annual statement to the treasurer as
to the work done. The Council have received many expressions of
praise from visitors to the Gardens as to the quality of the refreshments
and the manner with which they were served.

Three litters of Lions were born during the year, but it is greatly to be
regretted that two of these died at birth. The three cubs born in the
first litter on the 21st July are all males. They are now in the Lion House,
and are particularly fine specimens. Their names are ‘‘ Fergus,” “ Fin,”
and ‘“‘Feodagh.” They are the offspring of Pluto, a Dublin-reared Lion
of the old stock, and of Lady Macbeth, which had likewise reared a fine
set of cubs the year before.

There are now eight Lions and ten Lionesses in the collection, and no
less than seven of the Lions were born in the Gardens and five of the
Lionesses. Since the new Lion House was built, a collection of about
twenty Lions has generally been kept in stock, and only those for which
there is no room are sold. Two of the Lions—Remus and Vesta—were
placed in an open-air den in 1902. They have been out in the open day
and night ever since, and are spending their third winter in the open
air without any artificial heat whatever. They are sheltered from the
rain in their covered cage, and receive a liberal supply of straw. Being
the least promising examples of the collection when the experiment
was first tried, they have since greatly improved in condition, and have
acquired thick coats of fur.

It may be uoticed that in the course of the past year, besides
the Lion Cubs, some Barbary Lambs were born, some Kangaroos,
Agouties, Llamas, and a number ofbirds. The Grass Parakeets especially
have done splendidly in their open-air cage, and have produced a large
number of young.

The Council regret that a large number of deaths have occurred
amongst the animals. The Gnu, after having lived in the Gardens for
nine years, succuinbed to an attack of pleurisy, while the Cinnamon Bear
and the great Chacma Baboon lost their lives after a severe seizure of
fits. The beautiful young male Giraffe, which had been presented to
the Society in the previous year by Sir Reginald Wingate, died in April
from blood-poisoning after a serious accident, and the Bactrian Camel
succumbed to an affection of the liver. The cause of death of the
Chimpanzee was not ascertained. In many other cases the animals had
lived in the gardens for a considerable time. It may be mentioned that

66 The Irish Naturalist. March,

the bodies are always utilized to advance the cause of science. Thus
not only have the institutions in Dublin, such as Trinity College, the
Museum, the College of Surgeons, and the Veterinary College been
benefited and enriched by valuable specimens for dissection which would
not otherwise have been obtainable, but some have even gone to Belfast,
Edinburgh, Perth, and Sheffield, so that the Society has had the satis-
faction of furnishing valuable material for research.

Professor Mettam has again supplied the Council with a series of most
important statements as to the cause of death of several specimens
which were submitted to him, as Honorary Prosector to the Society, for
post-mortem examination. He has been elected, together with R. M.
Barrington and Sir F. W. Shaw, to fill vacancies on the Council.

The Council have continued their policy during the past year of trust-
ing to donations and exchanges in filling any gaps which might appear
in the Society’s collection. They have felt that any available funds
should in the first instance be utilized in providing better accommoda-
tion for the animals in the Gardens. The amount spent on purchases of
animals did not exceed £90, while five monkeys and over forty birds
were received in exchange.

As in previous years, the Photographic Committee of the Council
received a series of photographs taken in the Gardens. They were more
numerous than usual this year, and also excelled in quality.

The silver medal for the best set was awarded to D. H. Leonard, to
whom the Society is much indebted in many ways, and who has very
generously placed at the Council’s disposal many of the photographs
which adorn the report. The bronze medal was awarded to C. M.
Finny.

DUBLIN MICROSCOPICAL CLUB.

JANUARY I1.—The Club met at Leinster House. Dr. R. F. SCHARFF,
President, in the chair.

F. W. Moore exhibited hairs from leaves of a species of leagnus
from Bulgaria. The leaves appeared quite silvery, owing to being
covered with a number of much-branched stellate hairs, which formed a
very pretty object when examined under the microscope.

J. N. HALBERT exhibited mounted specimens of a ‘‘scale-insect” in-
festing the leaves of an Australian palm (Seaforthia elegans). The “scale”
has not been identified, but it is probably a species introduced with some
exotic plant.

Dr. G. H. PETHYBRIDGE showed a section of a pustule on a potato-
tuber of a fungus (/usarzum Solanz) causing a dry rot in stored potatoes,
and the spindle-shaped, four-celled conidia of the same fungus. The
parasite, which in most cases apparently enters the tuber through
artificial wounds, has caused very considerable loss in two cases coming
under his observation in stored ‘‘seed” tubers this winter, and the disease

1905. Proceedings of [rish Societies. 67

may spread from a diseased tuber to an apparently healthy one, so that
the diseased tubers should be removed as early as possible, and only un-
damaged tubers selected for seed purposes.

J. A. CLARKE showed a transverse section through the pharyngeal
region of Amphioxus showing the excretary tubules of Boveri and
Weiss.

D. M*ARDLE showed remarkably well-developed specimens of
Splachnum ampullaceum, ,., which he collected at Collooney, Co. Sligo, in
July last, on the excrement of cattle, and on the ground among moist
rocks. Under the microscope were exhibited the male flowers and the
curious fruit, with a convex lid and a peristome of 16 teeth, in pairs, of
a pale yellow colour. ‘The capsule is short and cylindrical, with the
highly-coloured, swollen apophysis at the base, which gives the form,
which the name suggests, of a Roman ampulla, which tapers into the
brilliant red-coloured seta nearly two inches long.

BELFAST NATURAL HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHICAL
SOCIETY.

FEBRUARY 7.—W. H. PATTERSON, M.R.LA., in the chair. Professor
GREGG WILSON, D.Sc., gave a lecture on ‘‘The Work of the Ulster
Fisheries Association.” Dr. Wilson said the ordinary work of the
Association was largely carried on by means of the dredge and tow-net.
The results of the work of the Association had been many. In the first
place, the waters of the Larne district had been sub-divided into areas,
and records of all animals found in these had been kept. They were thus
gradually getting an idea not only of all the local animals, but of their
associations. In the course of this work a considerable number of species
not known previously as Irish had been met with, and a few of these had
been recorded in the /vzsh Naturalist. Further, in connection with the
local work it had been found necessary to prepare lists of all known Irish
species of some groups, and several such lists had been compiled. One
of them—a list of the Copepoda of Ireland, by Mr. Joseph Pearson—was
now inthe printer’s hands, and would be published by the Fisheries
Branch of the Department of Agriculture. This list would be of great
use as showing in handy form the results of all previous work at Irish
Copepods, besides recording new species obtained by Mr. Pearson. The
group was one of the most important for the marine biologist, as mem-
bers of it were largely fed on by fishes. Besides their lists of marine
animals they had now a list of the sea-weeds of Ulster, prepared by a
Dublin visitor to their laboratory—Mr. J. Adams. A totally different but
equally important kind of work had been carried on by Mr. C. M.
Cunningham, who had undertaken the investigation of the drift of our
waters by means of bottles containing postcards. From such work very
definite results had already been obtained, and these would soon be pub-
lished. The facts were important in connection with the drift of float-
ing eggs of fishes, as well as with reference to the movements of minute

68 The Lrish Naturalist. March,

animals that served as food for fish. A great deal of attention had been
given of late by members of the Association to the study of the Herring.
With regard to the future, it might be said that, besides carrying on the
present investigations, it was proposed to make a specia study of plant
associations in their waters, to greatly extend their work at Lough
Neagh, where Pollan, Eels, and Myszs relicta all were attractive, and to
endeavour to secure for the Association a new and suitable laboratory
at Larne Harbour. ‘That would be of the greatest service to workers,
and would probably be of great use for future teachers of nature
knowledge. The lecture was illustrated by a series of lime-light views.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

JANUARY 17.—The President (W. J. FENNELL) in the chair. G. H.
PETHYBRIDGE, B.Sc., I.F.C.U. delegate from the Dublin Club, lectured on
‘¢ Plant Structure and Environment.”

BOTANICAL SECTION.—DECEMBER 17.—The evening was devoted to
the examination of an extremely interesing collection of micro-slides
illustrative of the structure of plant tissues, exhibited by Wm. GRAY.

JANUARY 21.—C. J. LILLY, D.I., exhibited and spoke on a large set of
mounted alien plants collected at Ballyrudder, Co. Antrim. Rev. C. H.
WADDELL, B.D., afterwards delivered a short address on ‘‘ Twigs, and
what may be learned from them.”

DUBLIN NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

JANUARY 24.—ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.—C. B. MOFFAT. B.A., in
the chair. Thirteen members were present. The Honorary Secretary
read the Annual Report for 1904, which was adopted. The Hon. Treasurer
read his report and presented the balance sheet. A prolonged discussion
took place on the unsatisfactory state of the Club, the speakers including
Prof. COLE, Dr. G. H. PETHYBRIDGE, Miss SINGLETON, Miss CONAN,
The Chairman, Hon. Treasurer, and Hon. Sec. The names of the Officers
and Committee for 1905 were submitted and passed. Votes of thanks to
the Council of the Royal Irish Academy for the use of the Royal Irish
Academy House for the evening meetings, and to the Dublin press for
reporting the proceedings of the Club, were passed. On the motion of
Prof. COLE, F.G.S., Prof. A. C. Haddon of Cambridge, the founder of the
Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, and Prof. E. Percival Wright of Trinity
College, Dublin, one of the original members, were elected Honorary
Members of the Club. After the formal business had been disposed of,
Dr. G. H. PETHYBRIDGE moved—“ That it be a recommendation to the
Committee that a special meeting of the Club be called to consider its
future.” The motion was seconded by the Hon. Treasurer and passed.
Miss Crook was elected an Associate member.

T1905. 69

NOTES.
BOTANY,
The Vitality of Seeds.

I have been always greatly interested in the vitality of the seeds of
farm weeds. For 60 or 70 years we have kept a book here which shows
how each field has been annually cropped.

Take the “Pond field.” It was laid down in grass in 1886, and so
remained until 1903, when it was sown with turnips without any farm-
yard manure; yet Fumaria, Atriplex erecta, Chenopodium album, Polygonum
aviculare, Papaver rheas all appeared, not plentifully, as is usually the
case, but fairly frequently, also scattered plants of Szzapizs arvensis. On
the other hand, Stellaria media and Capsella (very common weeds) were
rare or absent, and Eguzsetum arvense, once common on part of the field,
had disappeared. The surface was ploughed and cross-ploughed and
grubbed and thoroughly mixed up for the green crop—therefore it is
hard to say whether the seeds were originally on the surface or not.
This field was top-dressed when in pasture once or twice in the 17 years.

It occasionally happens, however, that we break old lea for a corn
crop. For example, “ Wall’s field” was laid down in grass in 1869, and
so remained until 1893. I well remember how surprised we were that
year to see Sznapis arvensis (“ Prassaght”) dotting the field of oats with
yellow patches here and there. My friend, Mr. S. A. Stewart, suggests
that winds, birds, etc., carry seeds to the surface of pasture fields. The
wind carries none ofthe seeds I have mentioned, and when the surface
is ploughed for oats with a ‘chilled plough” it is turned completely
upside down, and what was on the surface is buried 7 inches below it
after the ploughing, and seeds of farm weeds buried this depth do not in
my opinion germinate—I wish they did.

In 1903 I took on lease for ever a field of about 16 acres adjoining my
farm. It had been treated so badly that I knew any crop sown on it
would be half smothered with ‘ Prassaght.”’ The field was yellow with
it the previous two or three years, soI decided to sow nothing for a year.

When the days began to get warm and sunny the “ Prassaght ’ soon
showed itself everywhere. I ploughed it all down and turned up a
fresh surface, when another crop showed itself; this was again ploughed
down and the process repeated six or seven times in the year, on each
occasion taking care as far as possible to expose fresh soil. I am sorry
to say that the potato crop sown after the fallow in this field in 1904 was
full of ‘‘ Prassaght,” notwithstanding the millions of seeds destroyed,
and no plants had ripened their seeds for eighteen months. The “ Pras-
saght” occurred chiefly in the deep alleys of the V-shaped drills.

Mr. Adams gives three conditions as necessary for the germination of
seeds— water, warmth, and oxygen ; there is a fourth, ze., light, which
if not a necessity, is certainly a wonderful stimulant.

70 The Irish Naturalist. March,

I remember a well-known seedsman telling me of a salvage case in
which a large quantity of seeds were saturated with sea-water in a
damaged or sunken ship. They were in sacks, and when the sacks were
brought to the surface the seeds next the canvas sides all sprouted
through the sacks, but those in the centre though equally wet never
sprouted at all, but dried without sprouting, and I think he said did not
lose their vitality, but of this I am not quite sure. Myimpression is that
a great deal has been written on this subject from time to time, though
Mr. Adams may be right in saying that there is a paucity of authentic
observation.

RICHARD M,. BARRINGTON.

Fassaroe, Bray.

ZOOLOGY.

Great Run of Herrings in Killala Bay and the Moy Estuary.

The Herrings appeared in the bay about the middle of September,
and afew days after entered the estuary and tidal parts of the river,
where they were taken in thousands—some boats taking five and six
thousand for their night’s fishing. But the most remarkable feature of
this run of fish was, that from the time of their entry into the estuary
on the 26th of September, they apparently never left, or those taken
were replaced by other schools coming in from the bay up to the 21st of
November, when, after the severe storm, they quite cleared out of
both river and estuary. Still some schools lingered on in the bay,
especially on the Killala side, where some herrings were taken cn the
12th and 13th December. They were taken night after night, even in the
upper reaches of the river, and as the weather was fine and calm every
sort of boat was out, from the full-sized yawl with its train of six nets,
to the small punt or dingy, with its one or two nets. On some evenings
a fleet of twenty boats might be seen scattered over a mile of the
estuary. The takes on some evenings were very large, but one daya
most extraordinary haul was made inside the training walls of the
channel, for during high tide the Herrings passed over the walls from
the channel, and remaining until the ebb tide—the water having fallen—
were unable to repass over the walls, and their only egress was through
the open gaps at the end of the walls, which were closed by the fisher-
men placing nets across, and thus retained the fish until they were left
by the falling tide high and dry on the land, where the men gathered
them at their leisure. On the Castlecomer side over twenty-one thousand
were picked up, while on the Carrakelly side fifteen thousand were
secured. This great run of herrings remaining for such a long time in
the river and estuary was a great boon to the fishermen, some of whose
earnings were very large. One man, the owner of a first-class yawl,
assured me that he received for the fish taken by his boat, from the 26th
of September up to the 21st of November, £127.

ROBERT WARREN,
Moyview, Ballina,

1905. Notes. 71

Glaucous Gull at Moyview, Co. Sligo.

When out in my shooting punt on February 14, as I was setting up
to a stand of Green Plover, I observed a gull standing on a rock off the
point of one of my fields. On approaching closer, I saw that it was
either an Iceland or Glaucous Gull. So taking up my cripple-stopper, I
knocked him over with a charge of No. 6, and found that he was a very
fine specimen of an immature Glaucous Gull—probably in the first year’s
plumage. These birds are very irregular in their visits, for the last bird
I observed was on Ist January, Ig9oI.

ROBERT WARREN.

Moyview, Ballina.

Food of the Herring Gull.

Whilst spending several weeks last autumn at Ventry, West Dingle,
Co. Kerry, I had many opportunities of studying the habits of the sea-
birds frequenting the steep cliffs of that romantic coast. It was possible
at a few places for a person to clamber down the rocks to near the sea
level, where flat plateaux of low-lying rocks extended into the sea, en-
closing, in many places, pools of water much frequented by the various
species of gulls and large flocks of Curlews. In making these excur-
sions I frequently came upon little circular patches on the rocks, com-
posed of particles of coarse grain of some kinc, separated and washed
about by the rain water, and I was puzzled to account for their
appearance. Luckily I discovered a place where much of this kind of
refuse was scattered about, and found many complete balls, about one
and a half inches in diameter, covered and kept in shape by a strong
glossy mucus of some kind. On opening several I found they were
composed of the broken-up outer covering of oat grains, closely packed
together, and evidently voided by some bird of considerable size. Cor-
morants, gulls, and Curlew were the only birds noticed in the neigh-
bourhood, and I often looked forward to solving the problem of what
particular sea-bird had made so remarkable a change in its diet. One
very bright September day, whilst sketching near the village of Coome-
noole, facing the Blasket Islands, I noticed a large flock of Herring
Gulls flying in from the sea, and alighting in a cornfield on the top of
the cliffs. Their unusual movements, with outstretched wings, flapping
and tossing about among the cut oats lying on the ground, attracted my
attention, and I found, much to my surprise, that they were engaged in
tearing off the grains of ripe oats from the stalks and eagerly devouring
them. That this change of food was freely indulged in was very evident
from the number of the above-mentioned indigestible deposits scattered
over the rocks, where the birds were in the habit of coming to rest.
The lines of a well-known old writer more than once occurred to me—

“‘ My dog, too, altered in his taste,
Quits mutton bones, on grass to feast.”

A. WILLIAMS.
Dublin.

72 The Lrish Naturalist. March, 1905.

Tree Sparrow in Belmullet, Co. Mayo.

On February Io a good specimen of the Tree Sparrow was sent me by
an esteemed correspondent from Belmullet, Co. Mayo. He had dis-
covered a colony of these birds in that district and sent me the specimen
for verification, although he had no doubt of the species. It is very
interesting that a colony should have been discovered so far west, as it
appears, since its first discovery (in 1852) in the Co. Dublin, to be con-
fined altogether to that Eastern county, though indeed Mr. H. M. Wallis
states that he identified a pair frequenting the roof of a cabin on Arran-
more Island, off the coast of Donegal, in 1886. (Zoologist, 1886, p. 459.)
But in 1896, Mr. R. J. Ussher and Rev. A. Ellison visiting Arranmore,
found no trace of this bird.

ROBERT WARREN

Moyview, Ballina.

- Remains of the Common Mole in Ireland.

Mr. R. Welch has lately sent me a bird’s pellet which is especially
interesting, inasmuch as it contained a skull of the Common Mole
(Talpa europea), an animal unknown as an inhabitant of Ireland. The
pellet was found by Mr. Welch in the Benevenagh Woods, Bellarena,
Co. Derry, last March, and was most likely deposited by a hawk or
buzzard which had flown over from Ayrshire or Cantyre, a distance of
fifty or sixty miles.

IfONEL FE. ADAMS.

Reigate.

GEOLOGY.

Geological Photographs.

The report of the British Association Geological Photographs Com-
mittee for 1903-4 again makes clear the interest and importance of the
work on which this Committee is engaged. We are glad to notice that
Messrs. Muff and Wright’s set of the Pre-glacial raised beach of Cork has
been added to the series; for the rest, Ireland is represented in the list
of additions by Mr. Welch and Dr, Matley. The total number of photo-
graphs received up to the present shows 3,014 from England and Wales
459 from Scotland, and 646 from Ireland. Of the last-named total, over
400 come from the north-east, and are chiefly the work of the Belfast
Field Club. When will our other Field Clubs lend a hand? At present
Co. Dublin is represented by only 42 photographs, Wicklow by 1 (and
that one belongs to Co. Dublin!), Cork by 21 (almost exclusively Mr.
Welch’s work), and Limerick by 0. Here is a chance for all our Clubs to
do really important scientific work, ata minimum of time, trouble, and
expense,

WIbLLIaAmMs & SON
Naturalists, Furriers, and Taxidermists,

2 DAME-STREET, DUBLIN,

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Joseph Patrick O'Reilly. —PrROF. G. A. T 3 COLE, PGS, and H.
_. J. SEymour, B.A, ee we
Atropis Foucaudi in Ireland.—Miss M. C. KNOWLES, is oes
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IRISH SOCIETIES :-— °
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Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club. Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club,

NOTES :-—
‘The Vitality of Seeds.—R. M. BARRINGTON; M.A,
Great Run of Herrings in Killala Bay and fee. Moy Estuary. ae
WARREN, /
Glancous Gull at Moyview, Co. ‘Sligo. -R. WAR REN,
Food of the Herring Gull._ALEx. “WILLIAMS, R.H. Se
Tree Sparrow in Belmullet, Co, Mayo.—R. WARREN, |
Remains of the Common Mole in Ireland._LIonEL, E. ADAMS.
Geological PHD togt apne; ae ae

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REFRESHMENT ROOM OPEN ALL THE YEAR.
Donations ot Animals (irish or Foreign) thankfully received,
| RPLUS STOCK OF BEASTS AND BIRDS FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE.

| For particulars, and also for Terms and Privileges of Membership

‘the Society, apply to—

R. F. SCHARFF,

The Museum, Dublin.

DEPARIMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL
INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT.
LEAFLETS. ~

NUMBER. | NAME.

Leaflet No. The Warble Fly.

Out of Print.

Out of Print.

Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1900.
Separated Milk as Food for Calves.

Charlock Spraying.

Fluke in Sheep.

Timothy Meadows.

The Turnip Fly.

OONANRWH

4 Pies 5 6) Wireworms.

ae sattl Prevention of White Scour in Calves (Professor Nocard),

E i bla do. do. do.

Me pa Out of print.

os eon ES Contagious Abortion in Cattle.

- 5 14 Prevention of Potato Blight.
55 lS Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1893, and (Amendment)

Regulations, 1904.

a cavele Sheep Scab.

es eae, The Use and Purchase of Manures.

ee aaents: Swine Fever.

a Eames Lo) Early Potato Growing.

a Pye 8) Calf Rearing.

Pe Al Diseases of Poultry :—Gapes.

- 5) ee Basic Slag.

ms i 23 Dishorning Calves.

a »» 24 Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls.
- Pees, Fowl Cholera.

4 Zo Winter Fattening of Cattle.

5 ed Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.

¥ PrD28 Blackleg, Black Quarter, or Blue Vuarter.
7 reg. Flax Seed. :

55 ee) Poultry Parasites—Fleas, Mites, and Lice.
Zs tot Winter Egg Production.

. eae Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys.

is eee Profitable Breeds of Poultry.

5 »» 4 The Revival of Tillage.

- pose. The Liming of Land.

PA) Field Experiments—Barley.

ee me roy / 2 ¥ Meadow Hay.

Pee 505): Ai es Potatoes.

6 OD iy _ Mangolds.

2? 9 40 ” ” Oats.

Be 5,8 41 se ee: Turnips.

a » 42 Permanent Pasture Grasses.

- » 43 The Rearing and Management of Chickens.
A », 44 ** Husk ” or ‘‘ Hoose ”’ in Calves, P

- », 45 Ringworm on Cattle.

‘ », 46 Haymaking.

3 i TAL The Black Currant Mite.

3 », 48 Foul Brood or Bee Pest.

ee » 49 Poultry Fattening.

2 Py 5,6, Portable Poultry Houses.

es Pe ii) The Leather-Jacket Grub.

a ED Flax Experiments.

¥ 3 Oo The Construction of a Cowhouse.
- 4 OF Calf Meal (in the Press).

as ‘5 OD The Apple.

ee 53 DO Cultivation of the Root Crop (2% the Press).
oe oy te Fruit Packing.

Ae P32) Sprouting Seed Potatoes.

Copies of the above leaflets can be obtained free of charge and post free, on ap-
plication to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction jor
freland, Upper Merrion-street, Dublin. Letters of arplication so addressed need
not be stamped.

“LSVATA ‘HAOVIVO S.aAId0ga ‘waasa NOSUYALLV aH
‘ Cc

Soo

April, 1905, The Irish Naturalist. 73

A NEW IRISH MUSEUM:

THE PATTERSON MUSEUM, PEOPLE’S PALACE,
BELFAST.

BY ROBERT WELCH AND OTHERS.

[Plates 2-3. ]

On 6th December, 1904, their Excellencies the Lord Lieutenant
and the Countess of Dudley visited Belfast, in order that the
latter might open a new Belfast institution—the People’s
Palace. There is a special Cripples’ Home attached, a depart-
ment for the care of children during their parents’ working
hours; and Great and Minor halls will provide, by means of
illustrated lectures, concerts, &c., wholesome entertainment
for the young folk of the district in the winter evenings,
especially on Saturday nights. The Palace buildings form
two quadrangles, the Great hall dividing the enclosed area.
They are situated in a densely populated working-class district,
and will adjoin one of the proposed Carnegie Branch Libraries
of the city. In such a place one would hardly expect to find
a Natural History Museum, but there is one, specially designed
and fitted for the purpose—surely a sign of increasing interest
in the study of nature. This Museum has been named ‘The
Patterson Museum” after the late Robert Patterson, F.R.S.,
who, over fifty years ago, did so much to popularise natural
science in Belfast. It includes a fine lofty room, to which the
public are admitted free; this is 75 feet long by 25 feet wide,
with an open-timbered roof, as shown in Plate 2; and, in
addition, a curator’s store and workroom at one end: both
rooms are thoroughly heated by hot water. The Museum
portion is particularly well lighted, having ample windows
along the north side, as well as continuous roof-lights. The
wall, central, and window cases are made of well seasoned
pine, stained a mahogany colour. A simple system of

tightening the doors and lids with long screws renders them
A

74 Lhe Lrish Naturalist. April,

as dust-proof as many in much more pretentious museums.
The main collections—mammals, birds, &c—are arranged
along the blank wall of the room, while special subjects are
illustrated in sloping cases at each window and show-tables
doyn the centre of the room.

The task of planning, as well as collecting for, and filling
the cases was entrusted by the managers of the Palace to Mr.
Robert Patterson, F.Z.S., M.R.LA., who accepted the post of
Hon. Curator. He was assisted by a staff of willing helpers
from the local Field Club, who, as far as possible, undertook
some branch they had specially studied. The work was entirely
a labour of love, and the immaterial obtained was generouslv
given by a large number of friends. Space prohibits
more than the mention of the more important donations :—
~The Department of Agriculture, per Dr. Scharff, National
Museum, Dublin, 150 animals, mounted or preserved in
-spirits; Sir R. Lloyd Patterson, 47 mounted birds and mammals;
Messrs. Williams & Son, Dublin, 25 mounted birds; Robert
Patterson, 50 mounted birds, 3 mammals, 28 nests, foreign
Shells, &c.; D. C. Campbell, Indian butterflies, life-history and
mimicry cases; Rev. W. F. Johnson, Irish beetles and butter-
flies; W. A. Green, large collection of Irish land and fresh-
water shells ; R. Welch, shells, shell deposits and photographs ;
Messrs. C. E. Wright, N. H. Foster, W. Keatley, J. Cottney,
_and Miss C, Patterson, large collections of birds’ eggs ; George
-Donaldson, North American butterflies; Ven. Archdeacon
Bristow, a cabinet of eggs, butterflies, and beetles, &c.; P. F.
-Gulbransen, a herbarium of over 8co local plants, &c. ; J. W.
Taylor, Jeeds, collection of foreign land and fresh-water
shells ; W. Gray, ancient Irish implements, local rocks, &c.
All the specimens are donations, not one has been purchased
so far, some diagrams on the walls representing the entire
amount spent by the Hon. Curator. The collections could
-not be—so early in the history of the Museum—equally repre-
sentative ; there are, however, several features in the display
of them that are admirable, and that promise well for the
future. In the first place the labelling is more extensive than
is usual in provincial museums. An effort has been made to
give some account of every specimen in plain English. The
labels (nearly 800 in number) are printed, or typewritten in

"WAASATY NOSUALLY; |

‘

NOILOES VNOVY ITvOOT AHL

Lt Sel

‘S)

iD)

AWAY

A O

ML Lsuly

asd ‘poof OL

1905, WeELcH.—A New Lrish Museum. 75

permanent ink, and are placed so as to be easily read. - (See,
Plate 3.) Another point that deserves mention is the facet,
that the preparations are largely local. Prominence is -given.
to Irish collections ; and while specimens from other countries
are used to illustrate classification or peculiarities of special:
interest, they are carefully distinguished from the Irish types.
A short statement as to the principal contents of the Museusr
may be of interest. t4

L.— ZOOLOGICAL, EXHIBITS.

These form the greater part of the collections. . “The
various classes of invertebrates are illustrated by a few. speci-
mens, many local forms being lent by the Ulster Fisheries
Association, while the vertebrates, and especially the birds,
are more fully exemplified.

One window-case is devoted to the Irish land and fresh.
water mollusca. The shells are all mounted in glass-topped
boxes, and carefully named. They are not classified in ‘their
natural order, but in groups, such as sand-hill and maritime
species, shells of the marsh, of lakes and rivers, of ponds
and ditches, &e., and each group has a photograph of a
typical habitat. A few of the tiny species, such as Vertigos,
have enlarged photographs mounted in the boxes with the
actual shells ; some of the slugs are represented by drawings.
English species which do not occur in Ireland, at present find
a place also in the case, with such exhibits as a picture of. a
“‘thrush altar,” showing the bird breaking a Helix nemoraliss
some coloured drawings of /Yelices in their natural habitats
feeding, &c., &c. A second case contains such miscellaneous
exhibits as shell money, shells as ornaments, curious and
valuable shells, &c., these peing accompanied, also, with
suitable photographs.

_ There are several cases of insects, arranged i in central desk
cases by J. N. Milne, mainly lepidoptera and coleoptera. ~The
local butterflies and moths are fairly well shown, and will be
added to: the beetles are carefully set and arranged. Foreign
insects are represented by collections from India and. North
and South America, and the Donaldson collection of North

American lepidoptera is set in a way rarely seen in this
A2

76 . The Irish Naturalist. April,

country. A few cases show protective mimicry, and there are
others showing life histories. Additions to these are now in
preparation, and will be of local interest as far as possible. .
The cases for the above, as well as many others, were made
by H. 1. Ofr.

Of the 290 species of birds admitted to the Irish list, the
Museum contains representatives of 98, but, as in many cases
both male and female, and adult and immature, are shown,
the collection of Irish birds is wonderfully large. Each bird
has attached to ita label, giving its English name as well as
its scientific one, and is accompanied by a map showing the
winter and summer distribution of the species, and a note
specially describing its occurrence in Ireland. As would
naturally be expected in a gift-collection, the commoner Irish
birds are entirely absent, and rarer birds are well represented.
Thus we find the Thrush, Robin, Sparrow, Rook, Wren, &c.,
are missing; while, on the other hand, there are good
examples of Tree Sparrow, Chough, Great Spotted Wood-
pecker, Roller, Snowy Owl, Hen-Harrier, Common Buzzard
(2), Golden Eagle, Peregrine (3), Goosander, Smew (2), Turtle
Dove, and Little Auk (2). As weil as the birds in the wall-
cases, there are several small well-mounted cases displayed in
different parts of the room, and in the foreign section there
are about 20 birds to be seen, each with its descriptive label.

The cabinet devoted to the eggs of birds which breed, or
have bred, during the last century in Ireland, contains eggs
of roo species out of a total of 134 known, while 34 spaces
have been left labelled for those which have yet to be pre-
sented. The eggs are not arranged in clutches, but for each
species a separate tray is provided, bearing a label with the
scientific and common name, as well asa note of the usual
number of eggs ina clutch. The remaining drawers contain
the eggs of 26 species of birds not known to breed in Ireland,
labelled in a similar way. Of Irish birds’ nests, 34 are shown
in one of the window-cases, each mounted ina glass-topped
box, and all but two containing eggs.

Twelve species of Irish land mammals are shown, the
rarest being a Marten. There are a few of the more striking
foreign mammals, such as Sloth and Kangaroo, while the
Carnivora are represented by a Wolf, Jackal, and Bear.

i905. Weicu.—A New Lrish Museum. 77

I1.—BOTANICAL EXHIBITS.

The Botanicai Section (arranged by Miss Helen Kidd), is
not as complete as most of the others, but it is hoped—with
the assistance and co-operation of local botanists—that it will
before long possess a good representative collection of the
different divisions of the vegetable kingdom. The collection
_ presented by Mr. Gulbransen is of special interest, and con-
sists of about 800 mounted specimens : in addition to this he
also gave a large number of flowers, dried by his own method,
which preserves their natural form and colour. Most of the
latter are exhibited in the case, which also contains some very
attractive illustrations of nature’s methods of enabling certain
plants to secure the distribution of their seeds, and several
examples showing types of wind and insect fertilized flowers.
Carnivorous plants are represented by some pitcher plants
and our own common Sundew ; the parasitic group by the
Dodder and Toothwort. Various specimens of seed vessels
and fruits are shown—teazel and poppy-heads, pomegranates,
cocoa-nuts, &c., and two models, lent by Queen’s College,
show the different parts of the flower-heads of Dandelion and
Daisy on a much enlarged scale. On the wall is a series
of botanical photographs lent by R. Welch; and several cases
showing the life-history of various trees, and specimens of
plants poisonous to cattle, have been lent by the Museum,
Dublin. Two wall-frames presented hy Canon Lett, show
peat-forming Sphagnums and illustrations of the various
mosses obtained at different altitudes.

111.—GEOLOGICAL EXHIBITS.

Two cases were allotted tothe geological collection in the
Museum, one of which has been used for paleontology, the
other for the minerals and rocks. As one would expect, a
very variable set of specimers was sent in, contributed by
many donors, and naturally a great number of the common
fossils and minerals of the district are duplicated. With one
or two notable exceptions, the specimens sent were unnamed
and without locality, a fact which greatly added to the diffi-
culty in arranging them. The fossils are arranged in their
natural orders, as it was found impossible to arrange them

78 - Lhe frish Naturalist. — April,
with any success stratigraphically. A descriptive label has
Been typed for each of the orders, and also for most of the
fossils, showing, where possible, their nearest living commonly-
known relatives. One shelf has been devoted to fossil plants.
The minérals were divided into rock-forming and other
minerals, the former being followed on the shelves by the
rocks themselves. Here again descriptive labels and defini-
tions of minerals, rocks, &c., with their classification have
been typed, and where any mineral or rock is used commer-
cially this has-been noted, for instance, the making of rock
erystal into-spectacles. Specimens of the common ores are
also represented. What vacant spaces were left on the walls
of; the-case, and on the doors where they did not interfere with
the view, were filled with local and other geological photo-
graphs; mainly belonging to the British Association series.
‘This section was arranged by Miss M. K. Andrews and G, C.
Gough, assisted by R. Bell.

IV.—EHTHNOLOGICAL, EXHIBITS.

B ago window-cases are devoted to stone implements and
‘kitchen-midden finds connected with primitive man in
‘Ireland; flints from. various local settlements, bones from
Bundoran, Dundrum Bay, and Sydenham, contributed and
arranged by. Mr. W. H. Patterson; he also gave shells of
species used for food from the shell mounds or kitchen-
middens at Bundoran. Pictures, as in other sections, illustrate
the above in a popular manner. Models of a cromlech,
souterrain, dun, &c., made aud lent by Mr. W. Gray, occupy
one table, while a window case contains many foreign exhibits
of interest.

: A few exhibits in all the sections have been lent, such as
‘some very fine cases from the circulation branch of the
Museum i in Dublin, heads of cattle bred by the King, lent by
Sawers, Ltd., &c., &c., but as before stated, the great majority
-of the specimens are bE armanchen gifts. A complete list of the
donors will be given in a special report to be issued by the
eommittee of the People’s Palace.

’ Belfast. |

1905. 79

THE WILD CAT IN IRELAND.
BY R. F. SCHARFF, PHD, F.L.S

In the report of the Irish Cave Committee sent to the British
Association meeting last year, I announced the discovery ot
the remains of a wild cat in the Clare caves.

I am now working out the mammalian remains of these
caves in detail for the Cave Committee’s second report, giving
fuller particulars of the structure and affinities of this wild
cat. . [peat vd

There can be no doubt, to judge from the position and
nature of the bones found, that this animal is not long extinct
in Ireland. There is even a possibility that a few specimens
‘may yet survive in the more remote mountain recesses of the
western districts.

When William Thompson compiled his notes for the con-
templated work on the Fauna of Ireland about sixty years ago,
he received letters from correspondents who alleged’ that
wild cats then existed in the mountains of Erris in the ae
of Mayo.

It was then thought that if a wild cat existed in Ireland,
it must be of the same species as that inhabiting Scotland.
The cave remains, however, prove that the Irish wild cat was
different from the Scotch—that it resembled, in fact, a wild
cat peculiar to southern Europe and northern Africa, and
that its tail was not bushy, but pointed like that of our domestic
cat.

Might I urge upon the readers of the /vish Naturalist, par:
ticularly those living in the western counties, to find out
from gamekeepers whether anything has been seen or heard
of a wild cat lately. If so, let them if possible secure a
living specimen for our Zoological Gardens. I should also be
glad to receive cats which have met with their death in traps
-or which have been shot under the impression that they are
tame cats gone wild. Any information on the subject will be
gladly received and acknowledged.

The Museum, Dublin.

80 The lrish Naturalist. April,

ON THE VITALITY OF SEEDS BURIED IN THE
SOIL.

(SECOND ARTICLE.)
BY J» ADAMS, M.A.
(Read before the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, 28th February, 1905.)

In the /rish Naturalist for November, 1904, I gave a list of
plants, mostly annuals, which appeared after turning up the
soil of fields which had been lying for many years previously
under pasture. I have long thought that it should be possible,
by making a careful analysis of the soil, to obtain the seeds
which are actually buried therein. So during last Christmas
holidays an attempt was made on the field previously referred
to, which has been under pasture for twenty years.

The turfy sod was removed at intervals over the field to a
depth of about 3 inches ; then the underlying soil to the depth
of 3 or 4 inches more was collected. Ahout as much soil
altogether was collected as would fill a gardener’s barrow, and
the total area from which the soil was removed was about a
square yard. As the soil was taken from different places over
the field its contents would therefore be an average sample of
the whole.

This soil was then carefully washed and passed through
sieves of various mesh, and the seeds found therein were
collected and examined. ‘These reached the number of 829, -
and this number is very considerably under the correct figure,
as the washing turned out’a very tedious operation, and a con-
siderable number of the seeds were lost in the process. As
these 829 seeds were obtained from about a square yard of
soil (and probably more seeds would have been obtained on
digging deeper) there would therefore be present in this field
at least 4,012,360 weed seeds per acre.

The seeds belonged to the following 22 species :—Wheat or
other cereal, Perennial Ryegrass, Sweet Vernal, Birch,
Polygonum Convolvulus, P. aviculare, Rumex crispus or R.
obtusifolius, Chenopodium album, Atriplex patula, Euphorbia
FHleltoscopia, Ranunculus acris, Charlock, White Clover, Rasp-
berry or Blackberry, Fool’s Parsley, Yellow Rattle, a Labiate
(probably Lamium purpureum), Plantago lanceolata, Galium

1905. ApAms.— Vitality of Seeds. 81

A parine, Dandelion, and two other species, of which one was
probably Sper gula arvensis with the girdle rubbed off, and fis
other has not been determined.

Of these, Perennial Ryegrass, Sweet na Rumex crispus,
Ranunculus acris, White Clover, Yellow Rattle, Plantago
lanceolata, and Dandelion still occur in the field. Few seeds
of these species were found except in the case of Ranunculus
acris, where they were numerous. The Wheat seed is doubt-
less a relic of former cultivation. .The Birch and Blackberry
seeds are interesting cases of distribution—the former. by wind
and the latter doubtless by birds. The nearest Birch:tree at
present is distant about a quarter of a mile ina S.W. direction.
The Blackberry seeds were quite abundant, and as most of
them were quite empty inside, and have a very hard coat.
which decays slowly, they probably zepagsenty the accumulated
deposits of many years. |

The other seeds are all those of annuai weeds, none of which
occur in the field, and are doubtless the representatives of
former cultivation. Of this series, Chenopodium album and
Atriplex patula were very abundant. at

As regards the question of the vitality of the Se it was
observed that many were quite empty inside, and these floated
to the surface of the water during washing. The bulk of the
seeds were, however, heavier than water, and many of these
when cut open were quite fresh. A few of the most likely
seeds were selected for germination, with the following result.
Out of tive seeds of Polygonum Convolvulus, 3 germinated ; of
15 seeds of A/riplex patula, none germinated ; of 5 seeds of
Chenopodium album, 1 germinated; while of 10 seeds of
Ranunculus acris, 8 germinated. It must be mentioned, how-
ever, that the seeds after washing had been allowed to become
quite dry in the meantime. 1

In the November number of the /vish Naturalist I attempted
to give some teason why the buried seeds do not germinate,
and the only theory I could suggest was based on the pressure
of the superincumbent earth. Some experiments have since
been carried out to test the validity of this theory, with the
result that it is shown to be untenable—as far as some species
are concerned. [ took a number of seeds of Barley, Turnip,
Red Clover, and Flax, and buried them in soii at a depth of

A 3

82 The Irish Naturalist. April,
74 inches, the soil being firmly pressed together. Other seeds
of the same species were mixed with soil in a small stout glass
bottle 3 inches long by 1 inch in diameter, which was then laid
horizontally at the same depth. ‘The pressure of the super-
incumbent soil was, therefore, received by the glass of the
bottle. In both cases the seeds germinated. The same ex-
periments were repeated at a depth of 18 inches, and after
seven days the seeds had germinated.

These results have been confirmed by Dr. Duvel, of the
United States, one of the greatest authorities on seeds.
According to a summary of his results recently published?
“vermination tests were made of 112 different samples of seed
which had been buried in a heavy clay soil forone year. The
seeds were buried at the three different depths of 6-8, 18-22,
and 36-42 inches. ‘The majority of the seeds retained their
vitality better the deeper they were buried. With but few
exceptions the seeds of cultivated plants had either decayed
or germinated and afterwards decayed at all depths. Weed
seeds in some cases retained their vitality remarkably well.
The results indicate that the preservation of the vitality of
weed seeds when buried in the soil is directly proportional to
the noxiousness of the plants producing them.”

“IT aim unable to accept Mr. Stewart’s view as to the seeds of
annuals lying amidst the grass of a pasture field and requiring
the ground to be broken up before they germinate. There is
abundant moisture among the close blades of grass for their
germination, and the conditions of temperature and free access
of air are fulfilled. In the same field above mentioned are to
be found 77ifolium dubium and Crepis biennis, the seeds of
which germinate among the grass.

I desire to express my indebtedness to Miss Hensman,
of the Department of Agriculture, for her kind assistance in
the identification and germination of the seeds above
mentioned.

Royal College of Science,
Dublin.

' Science, 1oth February, 1905.

1905. 83

REVIEWS.
THE BRITISH HAWKWEEDS.

An Account of the British Hieracia. By W. R. LINTON, Vicar
of Shirley, Derby. Pp.8+96. West, Newman &Co. 1905. 4s, net,

The publication of Mr. Linton’s account ofthe British Hawkweeds
will be widely welcomed, as affording a key to this perplexing genus,
brought up tothe present time. The book is concise and practical in
plan. Something akin toa shudder passes over us on noting that the
list of “species”? described reaches 124, omitting a number of sub-species
and varieties. As in the case of so many English books dealing with
distribution in Great Britain and Ireland, we note the incomplete
acknowledgment that is given to Irish records. Forinstance, the widely
distributed H. anglicum would appear from the notes given to be confined
to west Ireland, 4. argenteum to Kerry, H. sctaphilum to Dublin, #.
corymbosum and H. auratum to Antrim; yet most of the omitted records
rest on good recent authority, such as that of F. J. Hanbury or E. F,
Tinton. Similarly, H. rivale, H. cesium, H. gothicum and a few others, do
not appear as found in Ireland at all, It may be that Mr. Linton has
only included plants which he has personally examined; but if so it
would be well that this were stated. Names new to the Irish list (at
least as ‘‘species””) are furnished by A. pachyphyllum (Antrim), 2. crebridens
(Clare), A. Scully¢ (Dr. Scully's Kerry former ‘‘. boreale”), and H,
stictophyllum (Donegal),

R. Lu. P.

FOR MOTH-HUNTERS.

Practical Hints for the Field Lep!idopterist. By J. W. Tur.
Part III. Pp.166. London: Eliot Stock, 1905. Price (interleaved), -
6s. net.

Like all Mr. Tutt’s writings this small volume contains a mine of infor:
mation for the earnest worker among the Lepidoptera. In his introduc-
tory remarks the author points out how effectually the field naturalist
can help the studies of the embyologist and morphologist, and how readily
the collector can and should himself turn to the solution of some pro-
blem of structure or bionomics. That we have here no ordinary moth-
hunter's guide can be seen from the instructions for the preservation and
photography of eggs (illustrated by several attractive plates), and from
the brief but accurate accounts of the external characters of larva and
pupa. The bulk of the volume is devoted to a calendar of the leading
events in the lepidopterological year, the principal insects likely to
occur in any stage of their life-history being catalogued under their
" superfamilies,” which are in turn arranged under the months. __ -

G, H, ¢,

84 The Lrish Naturalist. April,

IRISH SOCIETIES.

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

“Recent gifts include a Zebu Bull from the Hon. A. S. G. Canning, a
pair of Deer from Mr. R. O'Callaghan, a Curlew and a Golden Plover
from Mr.’ R. Warren, two Bar-tailed Pheasants from Mr. A. R. Harris-
Temple, a Marmot from Mrs. Peterkin, two dozen Brown Trout from
Mr. J. W. Lentaigne, twenty Pigeons, a Pheasant, and. a Guinea-fowl from
Mr. A. Miller, a Lapwing from Miss A. M‘Donnell, and a pair of Bunt-
ings from Mr. E. Williams.

A specially valuable gift has been made by the Duke of Bedford, com-
prising several Rheas and Emus, which have already reached the
Gardens.

‘Some Golden Agoutis have been born in the cage occupied by those
animals in the Monkey House. It is hoped during the summier to turn
out some of these interesting animals into the Rodent enclosure.

“The refreshment-room at the Gardens has been re-decorated, and
additional kitchen accommodation provided.

DUBLIN MICROSCOPICAL CLUB.

FEBRUARY 8.—The Club met at Leinster House, Dr. R. F. SCHARFF,
President, in the chair.

Prof. G. H. CARPENTER showed eggs of the fly Pegomyza betz laid be-
neath the leaves of Mangold. ‘The characteristic ridged pattern on the
surface of the egg was pointed out, and the passage by which the
maggot, as it hatches from the egg, bores into the leaf-tissue, where its
presence causes the well-known blisters.

J. N. HALBERT exhibited examples of a mite, Rhzzoglyphus echinopus,
found in great abundance between the scales of hyacinth bulbs by Mr.
W. F. Gunn.

F..W..MooRE showed one of the minute flowers of Bulbophyllum
crenulatum, Ralfe, a new species which had recently flowered in the
Gardens at Glasnevin. It is anative of Madagascar. Its inflorescence,
a closely packed spike on an elongated rachis, brings this into the
clavatum group. ‘The individual flowers are small and brightly coloured ;
the sepals have very curiously serrulated margins.

~ BELFAST NATURAL HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHICAL —
SOCIETY.

MARCH 14.— SEATON F. MILLIGAN, M.R.LA,, 1écthuida on the ‘Cruise |
around Treland with the Royal Society of Antiquaries, June, 1904.”

1905. Proceedings of Irish Societies. 85

BELFAST NATURALISTS FIELD CLUB.

JANUARY 25.—ALEX. MILLIGAN read a paper on ‘ The Evolution of
Plant as compared with Animal Life.” After dealing with several defini.
tions the speaker proceeded to trace briefly the pedigree of some existing
forms of plants and animals. In the Protozoa, he believed, were to be
found the common ancestors of both.

FEBRUARY I.—THE PRESIDENT, W. J. FENNELL, M.R.LA,I, read a
paper entitled “‘ Half an Hour in Canterbury,” in which he described the
pilgrimages to the famous shrine of Thomas 4 Becket, and briefly
sketched the history of the church, The paper was illustrated by 50
limelight views, and attention was directed to various architectural
features, Previous to the lecture R. Hanna exhibited a number of alien
plants.

FEBRUARY 8.—W, A. GREEN gave a practical demonstration on the
‘‘ Preservation of Birds.” In his introductory remarks Mr, Green said
that primitive man must have had some idea of skin preservation, He
then reviewed the embalming processes of the Egyptians and of the
Dutch early in the 16th century, and pointed out the high degree of
excellence in the work of present day taxideriists.

FEBRUARY 15.—W. H,. Galway read a paper entitled “Sea
Anemones, their Structure, Habits, and Life History.” Mr, Gallway
referred in brief terms to the great antiquity of this group of animals,
- which can be traced from the Silurian period to the present. By means
of aseries of diagrams the structure of the group and their methods of
procuring food were described.

FEBRUARY 21.—ROBERT BELT, read a paper entitled, ‘“‘ Observations on
our Home Hills.” He said that probably no area within the three
kingdoms of such limited extent as the hills in the Belfast vicinity
exhibited so many formations worthy of the attention of the geological
student. Almost all the rocks vielded fossils, and rock exposures were
frequent and easily accessible along the hillsides. The picturesque range
of mountains that overlooked Belfast was crowned with Tertiary basalt.
Underneath were the Mesozoic rocks, the only rocks of that period now
found in Ireland, and therefore of considerable interest. The Mesozoic
rocks consisted of the following formationsin ascending order :-~—Triassic
sandstone, Lower Lias, and Upper Cretaceous. From the Ammonites
planorbis zone he had obtained the following fossils :—Vertebre of
Ichthyosaurus, Ammonites planorbis, Cardinia ovalis, Lima pectinoides, Ostrea
liasstca, and Pseudodiadema lobatum (Wright). This last-named fossil was
new to our district, and had first been recorded by the lecturer. The
Upper Cretaceous rocks showed great variety of composition, and yielded
many fossil remains. Some of his finds proved records for the first
time—namely, Ostrea diluviana from the yellow sands and Belemnztella
guadrata from the nodular band. Proceeding, the speaker described
how he found for the first time a flint factory on the side of Squire’s

86 The Lrish Naturalist. April,

Hill, Subsequent searches proved the existence of similar manu-
factories at Crow Glen and above Wolfhill. The President congratulated
Mr. Bell on his paper, and W. Gray, M.R.I.A.; R. Welch, M.R.I.A.; C.,
M. Cunningham, I.D.S.; and W. J. C. Tomlinson took part in the dis-
cussion which followed.

J. STRACHAN followed with a paper on “The Origin and Growth of
Agate and Chalcedony.” He dealt fully with the distribution, characters,
and history of these well-known minerals. The paper was discussed by
W. Gray and R, Welch. Three new members were elected.

FEBRUARY 22.—R. BELL read a paper entitled ‘‘Sharks’ Teeth from
local Cretaceous Formations,” in which he said that the specific deter-
mination of the detached teeth of sharks presents great difficulties owing
to the great variation in form and proportions in different parts of the
mouth, and to the similarity of dentition in well defined species. The
paper was illustrated by means of a large series of local Cretaceous
fossils.

MarcH 1.—G. E. REILLY read a paper entitled “ The Carrickfergus
Salt Beds.” He said that the existence of salt in this district was
unknown till the year 1845, when the Marquis of Downshire found the
deposits of salt at a depth of 550 feet. The workings of the salt mines
were described, and photographs of the workings and specimens of rock
salt and the marls in which it occurs were exhibited.

MARCH 8.—PROFESSOR GREGG WILSON, D.Sc., M.R.I.A., delivered
an interesting and instructive lecture on “ Deep Sea Life.” Dr. Wilson
said that a very large part of the seais deep, the great ocean basins
varying from about two miles in depth to the extreme limit of five and
a half miles. Recent investigations, aided by improved apparatus, had
largely added to our knowledge. Auimals living at such depths were
modified to withstand the great pressure, uniform cold, and total dark.
ness.

MarRcH 15.—N. H. Foster, M.B.O.U., gave a demonstration on
“The Eggs of Irish Breeding Birds,” stating that the Irish bird list con-
tained 290 species, of which 135 species breed or have bred in Ireland
within the past century. Attention was then directed to the increase and
decrease of some of our birds. Examples of the eggs of all the Irish
breeding species of birds were exhibited, and the variations in form and
colour of the eggs, and the peculiarities in the habits of nidification,
were described.

TYRONE FIELD CLUB.

As we go to press we hear with much pleasure that another Irish
Field Club has been started, at Dungannon. We wish the new Club
every success, and hope that the work of its members may occupy much
space in our pages during the near future, .

1905, Proceedings of Lrish Societies.

DUBLIN NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

FEBRUARY 14.—SPECIAL MEETING.—F. W. BURBIDGE, M.A. (Presi-
dent), in the chair. In accordance with a recommendation passed at the
Annual General Meeting, January 24, the Committee called this special
meeting to consider by what means the interest of the members might
be stimulated in the special work of the Club. There were 30 members
present, anda number of suggestions were put forward by F. W. Burbidge,
Prof. G. H. Carpenter, R. M. Barrington, Miss Ryan, G. H. Pethybridge,
R. Ll. Praeger, A. Purser, Miss Singleton, Miss Knowles, and F. O’B.
Ellison and J. de W. Hinch (Hon. Secs.).

FEBRUARY 25.—WINTER EXCURSION TO HowrH.—Members and
friends to the number of 27 left Amiens-street terminus by the 1.52 train
for Howth, under the leadership of Prof. G. A. J. Coze, F.G.S. On arrival
the party walked round the northern cliff path to the Bailey, Prof. Cole
explaining at different points the features of geological interest, drawing
special attention to the Cambrian rocks whick form so great a part of
Howth. Prof. Cole also discussed the glacial deposits, giving an inter-
esting account of the different theories as to their formation. After
having tea at Howth summit, the party returned to Dublin by the 6.25
train, after a most enjoyable afternoon.

FEBRUARY 28.—The Vice-President (C. B. MoFrFatT, B.A.), in the chair.
There was a good attendance of members and friends. Miss M. C.
KNOWLES read a paper on Atrofpis Foucaud?, a new Irish grass discovered
by her last year in the estuary of the Shannon. The paper, which was
published in last number of the /r7sh Naturalist, was discussed by R. LI.
Praeger. J. ADAMS, M.A., then read a paper on the Vitality of Seeds,
which will be found in full on pp. 80-82. The following exhibits were dis-
played during the evening:—Case of Irish plants used for dyeing
purposes, by Miss M. C. Knowles; Plants collected at Howth during the
Field Excursion, February 25, by Miss E. M‘Intosh, B.A.; Geological
specimens from Howth by Prof. G. A. J. Cole, F.G.S. ; Varieties of Green
and Golden Plover, by Mr. Edward Williams. Messrs. A. K. Dowling,
H. K. Fayle, and Francis O’Brien were elected members of the Club.

IRISH SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS.

This Society, inaugurated 29th April, 1904, has just issued its first
Annual Report. During the year efforts were made to spread information
on the subject of bird protection by circulating the leaflets issued by the
London society.

88 The Irish Naturalist. April,

In consequence of an advertisement which appeared in the Zyzsh 7zmes,
in July, for a supply of terns for millinery purposes, the Secretary
wrote to the Chairman of the Mayo County Council suggesting that he
should apply for an extension of the protection of these birds over the
breeding season; and a leading article appeared in the Daily Express
strongly commending the action of the Society. The desired extension
was not obtained, but the advertisement was withdrawn, and it is hoped
that next year better protection to the terns will be enforced by law.

The success of the Society depends entirely on the response it meets
from the public. At present there are 68 Members and 14 Associates. It
would be very satisfactory to enrol more children as Associates.

The sympathy of the Inspector and Head Organiser of Science Instruc-
tiou, under the National Board, has been enlisted by the Society, and he
has kindly undertaken to assist in the preparation of a few composition
lessons for the use of Irish school-masters on the economic uses of birds.
It is hoped to have such lessons published in such a manner that they
will attract attention and be of real service in interesting teachers and
pupils in questions concerning bird life in Ireland. It is also hoped that
as the spring advances some Bird panies Walks with our young Associates
may be arranged.

The objects of this Society are the same as those of the Society founded
in London in 1889, which has done much good in forming public opinion,
and encouraging the preservation and protection of wild birds.

It is intended that the Dublin Society shall endeavour to protect rare
species, and prevent wanton slaughter of both sea and land birds ; to see
that existing laws are enforced; and to promote improved legislation
affecting birds in this country.

It is also intended to protest against the wearing of egret plumes and
other forms of bird decoration in millinery involving cruelty, and to
encourage children and their teachers to take a humane and intelligent
interest in nature. The public are invited to support the movement by
becoming members and associates, and by their personal influence.

All can help by becoming members or associates, and by inducing
others to join the movement: by teaching the young and others to
appreciate the value and importance of bird lite; by making themselves
acquainted with the existing laws for the protection of wild birds, and
doing all in their power to see that these laws are respected ; and by ex-
plaining to friends the cruel methods often employed in obtaining the
feathers used in millinery.

Anyone can become a member on paying an annual subscription of
2/6, or a life composition of £1. Children are invited to become asso-
ciates, and can do so on payment of 3d. as an annual subscription.
Lady ARDILAUN is President of the Society.

The Hon. Secs., Miss CONSTANCE Pim, Charleville, Blackrock, Co.
Dublin, and Mrs. Hoce, Stratford, Rathgar, Co. Dublin, will be glad to
supply information to those interested in the objects of the Society.

1905. Proceedin 9s of Irish Societies. 89

ULSTER FISHERIES AND BIOLOGY ASSOCIATION.

JANUARY 27.—The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum of the
Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, the EaArL of
SHAFTESBURY in the chair. The Reports of the Council, Director, and
Naturalist for 1904 state that satisfactory progress has been made in
most of the work undertaken by the Association, Marine investigations
have been carried on continuously, but owing to the difficulty of ob-
taining a steam-launch on Lough Neagh, the freshwater work has
suffered. It is to be hoped that a launch on Lough ’Neagh will be
placed at the disposal of the members this coming year.

In October the naturalist, Mr. Pearson, left to take up teaching work
in Cardiff, and it was with regret that the Council had to lose his ser-
vices. Mr. Pearson had carried out his duties with entire satisfaction,
and had the interests of the Association warmly at heart. After some
delay, Mr. H. J. Buchanan-Wollaston began work in Deceinber as Mr.
Pearson's successor.

The Fisheries Branch of the Department of Agriculture again gave a
grant of £100 for certain work chiefly connected with Herrings and the
drift of our local waters. This has included the examination of Herring
with a view to determining facts in connection with spawning. Nearly
4,000 fish have been examined in the course of this inquiry, with careful
records as to the size, condition of various organs, food, ete. This work
has been done by Messrs. Pearson, Patterson, Gough, and Wollaston,
and the Director. At the request of the Department of Agriculture, a
study of the drift of local waters by distributing bottles containing post-
cards has been continued. Mr. Cunningham, who has charge of this
matter, has now distributed about nine hundred of these bottles, and has
had nearly 50 per cent. of them reported as found at various parts of the
Irish and British coasts. He has tabulated the results, and hopes soon
to publisb them. The faunistic survey of Larne Lough was continued
during the whole year.

The Treasurer’s statement shows a small balance (£20 18s. 8d.) in hand,
but the Council most earnestly desire to see the roll of members largely
increased, and would urge the present members to see that this is done
without delay. If the work of the Association is not to be curtailed, the
present small income must be increased.

The Council regret that no further progress has been made towards
the realisation of their hopes of obtaining a proper marine laboratory
and aquarium. This is an urgent need, and if the importance of
fishery work and general marine zoology were only appreciated by the
public, there could be no difficulty in obtaining the necessary funds,
£5,000 would establish the project on a firm basis, and the Council
strongly recommiend its favourable consideration. Nothing would give
a greater impetus to the work and popularity cf the Association than
the possession of a properly-equipped laboratory and aquarium.

90 The Lrish Naturalist. April,

Mr. Pearson, before leaving for his new post, completed a valuable
memoir on Irish Copepoda, and Mr. J. Adams, of the Royal College of
Science, Dublin, after vacation work at I,arne, has written a paper on
the Seaweeds of Ulster.

As in the previous year, daily observations have been made regarding
the maximum and minimum temperatures of the air; the specific
gravity and temperature of the sea-water; the rainfall; and wind
velocity and direction. Whenever the launch was dredging in the deep
water outside of the lough, the surface and bottom temperatures of the
water were taken. Since the beginning of the year a barograph has
been in the Laboratory, and weekly barsmetic charts have been sent up
to Dublin from the Laboratory.

During the spring and early summer some attention was paid to the
hatching of Skate eggs at the request of Dr, J. Beard, of Edinburgh.
The ‘‘ purses” were placed in fish boxes, which were anchored near the
old pier, Island Magee. This part of the lough was chosen as it pro-
bably contained the purest water. |

Many additions to the local fauna have been made duriig the past
year, at least one specimen of every species found in the neighbourhood
being preserved. Many specimens have been carefully mounted in
museunl jars, with the intention of gradually forming a museum of
local marine animals. In addition to this collection, a large number of
local species have been mounted for the new museum at Londonderry.

On the motion of the CHAIRMAN, seconded by Sir ROBERT LLOyvD
PATTERSON, the reports were adopted, and, after other congratulatory
speeches, Prof. Gregg Wilson and Mr. Robert Patterson were re- fee
as Honorary Director and Secretary respectively. egy:

NEWS GLEANINGS.

By Winn|

Irish Museum Appointments.

We note with pleasure the Civil Service Estimates for the year 1905-6
provide for the strengthening of the staff of the National Museum,
Dublin, by the appointment of two assistant keepers. One of these,
we understand, will be attached to the Natural History section of the
Museum.

A new Curator has been appointed to the Public Museum, Belfast.
Mr. A. Deane, of the Warrington Museum, and our cccasioial cor«
respondent, Mr. W. A. Green, of Belfast, were chosen out of eighteen
candidates by the Advisory Committee, and the Corporation Committee
appointed the first named to the vacant post. He waselected a member
of the Belfast Field Club on the 21st March. .

905.

NOTES,

BOTANY,

A Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation.
[From 7he New Phytologist, vol. iv., January, 1905].

A meeting of British botanists engaged in work on the survey of the
vegetation of different areas of the British Isles was held at Leeds on
December 3rd, 1904. The object of the meeting was to discuss the pre-
sent position of the vegetation-survey begun’ about ten years ago by the
late Robert Smith in Scotland, and since continued by others.

The meeting was only a preliminary one, yet it was thoroughly repre-
sentative. Mr..C. E..Moss (Manchester), Dr. W. G. Smith (Leeds), Mr.
A. G. Tansley (London), and Mr. T. W. Woodhead (Huddersfield), were
present, while Mr. M. Hardy (Dundee), Mr. F. J. Lewis (Liverpool), Mr.
R. Lloyd Praeger and Dr. G. H. Pethybridge (Dublin), and Mr. W. M.
Rankin (Portsmouth), communicated, expressing sympathy with the
general objects of the meeting, and regretting their inability to be pre-
sent. The unanimous response from almost all those actively engaged
in vegetation-survey in the British Isles indicated the need of some closer
co-operation than has hitherto existed.

It was therefore resolved to form a Committee of thoge present, to-
gether with the other gentlemen mentioned above (with power to add to
their number), in order to co-ordinate the work which is being done, to
secure uniformity of method so far as it nay seem desirable, to have a
ready means of discussing various topics that arise in connection with
methods and results, and generally to advance the interests of the survey:
It is proposed to call the Committee ‘‘ The Central Committee for the
Survey and Study of British Vegetation.”

The following provisional resolutions, which were adopted, among
others, may be of interest to botanists interested in the work.

Scale of Maps.—The survey of the British Isles should be proceeded
with. Inthose areas where the plant-associations are largely untouched
by human agency and-extend uniformly over considerable tracts, the
scales of one inch to the mile or half an inch to the mile, which have
been found suitable in the maps hitherto published should be adopted ;
the field work may be carried out on the one inch or six inch Ordnance
tiaps. In regions which are largely agricultural, general topographical
maps on a scale of a quarter-inch to the mile are recommended, with the
local features of botanical interest marked in some distinctive manner.
‘Maps illustrating these local features, ¢.g., marshes, commons, natural
woods, &c., on a scale of six inches or of twenty-five inches to the mile,

‘or if thought desirable on an even larger scale, should be prepared as
opportunity offers. In this way it is hoped to complete a first botanical
survey within a reasonable time, i’

92 The Irish Naturalist. April,

Colours to be used.—-Steps should be taken after consulting with carto-
graphic experts to obtain uniformity in the printing of colours, a point
on which some difficulty has been experienced in the past. The question
of deciding upon a uniform comprehensive scheme of colours for repre-
senting the British plant-associations should be deferred for the present,
pending further experience anc consultation.

Photographs.—A collection of photographic prints of vegetation should
be made, each print to illustrate a definite association or feature of an
association, or a definite plant form characteristic ofan association. The
quality of the negative from which prints are accepted should reach a
high standard. There should be no limit of size up to whole plate.
Prints should be sent in unmounted and accompanied by a detailed ex-
planation. ‘The collection will be mounted on cards, properly arranged
and indexed, will be kept in a definite place to be decided on later, and
will be available for reference.

At the next meeting of the Committee, which will probably be held in
March, 1905, the provisional resolutions and constitution of the Com-
mittee will come up for confirmation. It is also proposed to consider at
that meeting a scheme of terminology of the units of vegetation, which
can be communicated to the International Botanical Congress to be held
at Vienna in June, 1905.

It may be of interest to make a short statement of the progress which
has actually been made up to the present time with the work of survey
and mapping.

Areas mapped and published, or about to be published.

ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND.

1. W. G. SmituH & Moss. ) Yorkshire (West Riding), The Pennines
| and eastward to the Vale of York. About
1,700 square miles. Scale 4-in. (Geog.
2. W. G. SMITH & RANKIN. J Journ. 1903).
3. Lewis. The Pennines and Upper Valleys of the Eden and Tees.
About 560 square miles. Scale 1-in. (Geog. Journ. 1904.)
14, Moss. East Somerset. About 1,000 square miles. Scale $-in.
5. ROBERT SMITH. Northern Perthshire. About 900 square miles,
Scale $-in. (Scot. Geog. Mag. 1900).
6. ROBERT SMITH. Edinburgh District. About 700 square miles
Scale }-in. (Scot. Geog. Mag. 1goo). j
17, W. G. SmirH and (the late) R. SmitH. Forfar and Fife. About
1,500 square miles. Scale i-in. (Scot. Geog. Mag.
1904-5).

Areas under Survey.—Messrs. Iloyd Praeger and Pethybridge, Co.
Dublin (Ireland),; Mr. Hardy (Scotland), west of Forfar, Fife and Perth-
shire, and northwards; Mr. Rankin, Lancashire west of the Pennines,

1In the Press.

1905. Notes. 93

and Hampshire; Mr. Lewis, extension of Westmoreland area, westwards
and northwards; Mr. Moss, Cheshire and Derbyshire; Dr. W. G. Smith,
Yorkshire, Clevelands, Wensleydale aid Swaledale ; in addition some work
is being donein North and South Wales, andin Aberdeenshire, It will be
seen that considerable progress has been and is being made in this effort
to obtain a systematic acquaintance with British vegetation, and to re-
duce it to a form in which comparison can be made between regions
widely apart. Gaps are still numerous, however, even in the mountain
and moorland country, while considerable areas of ecological interest are
untouched, and will probably remain so unless undertaken by fresh
workers.

Ecological Study of Vegetation.—The above-mentioned surveys of wide
areas carried out on a comparatively small scale and affording only a
primary analysis of the vegetation, ought to be supplemented by work
of a more detailed character. This is also being undertaken. Mr. T. W,
Woodhead recently communicated some of his results to the Linnean
Society (December 15th, 1904). Mr. Weodhead has devoted himself
principally to the survey and study of woodland areas in South-west
Yorkshire. The mapping is done on the Ordnance Survey maps of six
inches and twenty-five inches to the mile, and all kinds of data bearing
on the vegetation have been collected. The biological laboratory at the
Technical College, Huddersfield, is available and suitably equipped for
ecological research, and is within easy reach of the woodlands. In the
woods themselves convenient huts have been placed at the disposal of
workers for the purpose of research, and every facility has been granted
by the owners and by a neighbouring resident to those desirous of mak-
ing experiments and observations on the spot. Mr. Woodhead is thus
doing pioneer work in this department so far as this country is concerned.
Mr. Tansley has also begun mapping work on a similar scale in Kent.
The Committee is desirous of promoting this more detailed survey and
study side by side with the mapping of large and more uniform areas,
and wiil be glad to give further information.

Communications may be addressed to the Secretary of the Committee,
Dr. W. G. Smith, The University, Leeds.

ZOOLOGY.

Death’s Head Moth near Wexford.

Mr. G. Redmond, Wexford, presented me with a beautiful specimen
of Acherontia atropos, taken at Maudlenstown, near Wexford, last October.
It was dead when I received it, but I was most successful in relaxing it on
wet sand, and it is now in my collection,

J. H. JOHNSTON:

Wexford

94 The Trish Naturalist. April,

Further Evidence of Lough Neagh Fishermen as to the Causes
of Injuries to Pollan.

Henry Mulholland of Dungonnell, said the mischief was caused by
the ‘‘ramper eel” mainly, (This is the local term for the small River
Lamprey, which is from eight to ten inches long, and about as thick as a
good sized lead pencil.) The Pollan has seasons of weakness when it is
very liable to the attacks of the “ramper,” whereas, when it is quite
strong, it is seldom attacked. He had, he believed, landed as many as
forty ‘“‘rampers” after a single fishing journey, many of them still
sticking to the sides of the fish, the effect being dark wounds which
during the cooking process often appear as holes. Cormorants are
answerable for torn and gaping wounds in the backs of Pollan. They-are
in the habit of diving down to the nets, especially when comparatively
near the shore, and attacking the fish fast in the meshes of the net, and
he has occasionally found a Cormorant in his net, or so entangled as to
be caught. ‘The fishermen look upon the Cormorant as an enemy, and
about ten or twelve years since, induced the authorities to puta price
upon its head, 1s., which led to the destruction of a good many, and they,
are not now as numerous as they were prior tothis airangement. ‘The
hooked bill of the Cormorant is a weapon well adapted for causing the
torn wound in Pollan.

David M‘Keen of Dungonnell, says the ‘“ramper” cause the are
circular wounds on Pollan. There are few “rampers” now, but four
years since there were great numbers. He believes he brought in his
boat at the time stated, two dozen ‘‘ rampers” among a catch of Pollan,
and that perhaps four of that number might have been adhering to the
sides of the fish. The Cormorant is also answerable for much mischief
especially inthe early part of the season. They dive down and attack
the Pollan when fast in the meshes of the nets.

Andrew Moore of Dungonnell, says the injury noticed in Pollan is due to
the ‘‘ramper” sucking the fish. He has seen a dozen “ rampers”’ brought
in his boat with the morning’s taking of Pollan, some still sticking to
the fish. He has witnessed this frequently. The Cormorant is also
very destructive to Pollan. They dive down to the nets and tear the fish.
Pollan have been found whole in the gizzards of Cormorants.

David Moore of Dungonnell, had previously made a statement similar
to the foregoing by his father, Andrew Moore.

Edward Harkness of Ballginiff (formerly a fisherman, but now a
farmer), says the wounds on the sides of Pollan are caused by “ramper
eels.” He has seen ‘‘rampers ” sucking Pollan hundreds of times. The
Cormorant is very injurious to Pollan. It dives down to the nets as they
lie on the bottom of the lake. The “ramper” also attacks Trout, which
have been observed to jump out of the water as high as his house in their
endeavours to shake off the creature. Pollan are not strong enough to
leave the water when attacked.

1905. Notes. 95

James Haunan of Antrim, says the wounds on the sides of Pollan are
caused by “ramper eels.” He has caught the ‘‘rampers” many times
sucking the Pollan so that holes have been noticed in their sides. Has
seen Trout jump high out of the water when the ‘“‘ ramper” was sticking
to them. He has lifted a “ramper”’ by the tail when sticking to a
Pollan, and the “‘ ramper” has still held on, the Pollan being lifted with
it. The tearings and cuts in Pollan are caused by Cormorants. These are

wily birds. On seeing a buoy attached to a net, they will dive down and
attack the Polian that are caught in the meshes. and tear or cut them
in their endeavour to get them out of the net. The dark spots on Pollan
and holes were at one time thought to arise from disease, but no one
believes that now, as they have been found to be caused by ‘‘ rampers.””

William Hannan of Antrim (brother of Jammes Hannan) having heard
what was said by his brother, agreed entirely with his statement, only
adding that some Pollan when attacked rush in a distracted manner just
below the surface of the water in their efforts to rid themselves of their
foes.

Robert Heaney of Antrim, having heard the evidence of Henry
Mulholland read over, said he concurred entirely with it, and that the
Cormorant would dive seven fathoms to get to a net with Pollan in it.

W. S. SMITH.
The Manse, Antrim.

The Scaup-duck on inland waters.

Lb. The only notice of the Scaup (/u/zgula marta) on fresh water in the
North of Ireland, given by Thompson, is that of a flock on Ballydrain
Lake, 2nd April, 1848. Ussher (‘* Birds of Ireland,’) mentions that the
Scaup is a regular frequenter of Lough Neagh in winter, but its occur-
rence on inland waters is exceptional, and when the bird is so found it
is generally only as a straggler; he also gives a few instances of its
capture inland, mainly in the South and West.

In December, 1903, the remains of a bird of this species shot on a
small lake in this locality were submittedto me. On 24th January, 1905,
I heard that a large flock of duck, said to include Mallard (Azas boscas),
Wigeon (Mareca penelope), and Golden-eye (Clangula glaucion), had been
observed on another lake of about twelve acres extent in this neighbour-
hood, but on going out next morning only one duck was to be seen,
which proved to be a Scaup, though I afterwards saw two Wigeon shot
here the day previous. In both instances these Scaups were females,
the broad white band round the base of the mandible being clearly dis-
tinguished.

NEVIN H. FOSTER.
Hillsborough, Co. Down.

96 The lrish Naturalist. April, 1995:

Whooper Swan at Lough Neagh.

While walking along the shore of Lough Neagh, between the mouths
ofthe Glenavy and Crumlin rivers, in February last, I found on the shore
the body of a young swan, There were sigus of ash grey on the back,
the bill was edged and tipped with black, and showed signs of changing |
from a flesh pink, of which there was a lot remaining. The measure-
ments agreed with those of the Whooper (Cygnus musicus) in all but the
length. . This made me refer the matter to Mr. Patterson and Mr.
Foster; the former wished to see the head, the latter the sternum, both
of which I duly sent. They both agreed it was undoubtedly the
Whooper. The Whooper is much larger than the commoner Bewick’s
Swan (C. Bewick?). The peculiarity of the sternum and trachea of the
Whooper and Bewick’s Swans I copy from Newton’s Dictionary of
Birds. “The sternum is penetrated by the trachea nearly to the
posterior end of the keel, hence it turns forward and upward again to
revert and enter the lungs; but in the larger of these species (ze.
Whooper) when adult, the loop of the trachea between the walls of the
keel takes a vertical direction, while in the smaller the bend is
horizontal, thus affording an easy mode of recognising the respective
species of each.”

H. L. Ll. M‘CLANTOCE,

Glendaragh, Crumlin.

Unnecessary Bird Killing.

The shooting of a Glaucous Gull (/7zsh Naturalist, 1905, page 71), is to
be strongly deprecated by all true naturalists, this species being well
known as an occasional visitor to our coasts. Sixty-five cases of its
occurrence in Ireland have been recorded, of which no fewer than
twenty-three are assigned to the Counties of Mayo and Sligo (“ Birds of
Ireland,” Ussher and Warren). Mr. Warren can scarcely plead that he
required this bird as a specimen, for writing in 1892 (/rish Naturalist,
vol. i., p. 154), he says, that up till 1880, he had wounded one and killed
five birds of this species. And he admits that he recognised this bird
before shooting it as either a Glaucous or an Iceland Gull.

NEVIN H. FOSTER.

Hillsborough, Co. Down.

Little Auks off Co. Donegal.

On February 17th I saw from the steamer ‘‘Sicilian” three Little
Auks, Mergulus alle, three miles N.E. of Innistrahull. They allowed us
to approach them rather closely, when they flapped away in a N.E.
direction. It was blowing a moderate westerly gale, and a high sea was
running at the time.

J. TRUMBULI,

Malahide.

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Further Evidence of Lough Neagh Fishermen as to the Causes of Injury a
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Whooper Swan at Lough Neagh.—E. L. L. M'CLINTOCK,
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May, 1905. The lrish Naturalist. 97

THE DURATION OF FLIGHT AMONG BATS.
BY C. B) MOFFAT.

(Read before the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, 21 March, 1905.)

I Am not sure that the subject of Bats is of interest to most
people, or even to most naturalists ; but to me they have always
been fascinating animals, and it surprises me to find, from
time to time, how very little is known about them. Some
-years ago attention was drawn by Dr. N. H. Alcock, at that
time one of the hon. secretaries of this Club, in a most interest-
ing introduction to a series of articles which he unfortunately
has not had time to complete, to the extraordinary dearth of
our information about Bats, and particularly about the habits
of Bats. For one thing—Are they nocturnal creatures or are
they not? We all know that itis their usual practice to come
out of their sleeping places a little after sunset, some kinds
being rather earlier than others; but Dr. Alcock showed that
scarcely anything was known concerning their further move-
ments. He raised the question, ‘‘ How long do Bats fly?”
After setting out on their after-sunset excursions, do they
“not go home till morning,” or do they just fly while there is
enough lingering twilight to guide their entomological
pursuits? Surely itwasa singular thing that such a question
could need to be asked in one of the closing years of a
century famous for devotion to zoological research. Yet
there was then only one British Bat concerning whose habits
anything definite could be stated, and I have reason to believe
that only half the truth had been ascertained aboutit. I refer
to the Noctule—a species which happens not to be found in
Ireland. ‘The Noctule had been repeatedly seen by various
observers returning to its den before the twilight was quite
gone; in fact, its whole flight occupied only about an hour.
It is, doubtless, well known that the Noctule is a very large
Bat—it is the so-called ‘‘ Great Bat” of Gilbert White’s delight-
ful Selborne letters—and in consequence of its superior size
it can be seen entering its sleeping place at hours when the
Pipistrelle or the Long-eared or the Whiskered Bat would be
A

98 The lrish Naturalist. May,

practically invisible, and even the Hairy-armed Bat—our largest
Irish species—extremely difficult to distinguish against the
trunk ofatree. ‘Therefore, it was a nice lazy plan to assume
that what was true of the Noctule was probably true of most
other sorts of Bats; and that is what, up to the present time,
most English naturalists have done. I am sorry to say that
a peculiarly unfortunate example in that respect seems to me
to have been set by that very high authority, Dr. Dobson, who
lays it down as a general law in his “ Catalogue of Chiroptera”
(p. xvii., footnote) that “Bats without nasal appendages are
more properly crepuscular and matutinal than nocturnal in
their habits.” For this sweeping statement I am afraid Dr.
Dobson had no better warrant than conjecture. If it were
strictly true only one Irish Bat, the Lesser Horse-shoe, found
in a few of our western counties, would be entitled to be called
nocturnal. Dr. Dobson doubtless drew the line where he did
from an idea that those nasal appendages which adorn the
Horse-shoe Bats, and which are known to be extremely
sensitive, were of use instead of eyes when it got too dark to
see, and that Bats destitute of them would be unable to get
on without a good deal more light. However, the same could
evidently be suggested about the enormous sensitive ears
possessed by the Long-eared Bat, and so, we find, it has been
suggested about that species in Bell’s “ British Quadrupeds”
(2nd edition), where the author lays it down that the Long-
eared Bat probably flies all night, while the other common
kinds have, he believes, to retire early, in consequence of their
want of any corresponding special equipment. Of late there
have been several rather imposing books on British Mammals
produced, in which I can only say the subject is no further
advanced. The latest and most expensive is that of Mr. J. G.
Millais,’ of which the first volume appeared last November, and
which affords avery fair sample of the way Dr. Dobson’s guess
has influenced scientific thought—or, at least, the thoughts of
scientific persons—on the subject of the habits of Bats. Treat-
ing of our very commonest Bat, the Pipistrelle, Mr. Millais
admits that little or next to nothing is actually known about
the duration of its flight; but he adds that he has ‘‘no reason

1“«¢ The Mammals of Great Britain and Ireland,”

1905 Morrat.—Duration of Flight among Bats. 99

to suppose that it is nocturnal,” and so he thinks that it “only
flies late in the evening.” Thus the acknowledged fact of
nothing being known about it is made a ground for placing
it in the crepuscular rather than the nocturnal class. The
adoption by a leading naturalist of so singular a line of
argument shows how fashionable the belief has become—in
consequence, no doubt, of Dr. Dobson's dictum—that evening
flight is the rule among British Bats, and all-night flight the
exception.

Well, with Dr. Alcock’s help, I made some observations on
these subjects, extending over several summers, which resulted
in our ascertaining the truth about four species of Irish Bats,
of which there are altogether seven. The four whose flight-
times we succeeded in ascertaining are the Long-eared Bat,
the Hairy-armed Bat, the Common Bat or Pipistrelle, and
Daubenton’s Bat. As regards the first two, the results have
already been published,! but I may repeat here that the Long-
eared Bat was shown to fly all night, and the Hairy-armed
Bat to conduct itself in a very different manner. That
creature flies only in the two twilights, morning and evening,
each time for about an hour or an hour and a quarter, and
passes the rest of the night—that is to say, far the greater
part of the night—in the same sleeping-hole in which it
spends the day. So the Hairy-armed Bat’s idea of the
quantity of sleep it requires on a summer's day is 214 hours,
while in winter it takes an almost uninterrupted rest for
six months. Of course, these facts were only ascertained
gradually. We were first led to suspect them—or rather, Dr.
Alcock was led to suspect the early retirement— because this
big Bat used to disappear from view before the little Bats did,
which is the opposite of what ought to happen if they all
flew equally late. Then Dr. Alcock shot some specimens
which could not have been flying more than an hour, and
really the creatures were so monstrously full—so round and
firm and hard (almost like cricket-balls)—with the quantity
of insect food they had gorged in that short interval, that it
seemed to both of us utterly impossible that they could want
to feed any longer. In the end, having discovered that they

| Trish Naturalist, vols, ix., pp. 235-40, aud x., pp. 241-51.
2

100 The lrish Naturalist. . May,

were visible in the mornings as well as in the evenings, I got
one of their sleeping places by watching a group of these
Bats in the morning till they went home into the hollow of a
decaying ash-tree; and then, as it proved useless watching
in the dim light of late evening to see whether they also went
home for the night, I tried pinning a net in the middle of the
night (August 12th-13th, 1900), across the mouth of the
sleeping-hole, with the result that about three o’clock in the
morning a Hairy-armed Bat was caught in the act of coming
out. That proved beyond question that this largest of Irish
Bats passes the night indoors, as it also does the day, flying
only in the short intermediate zones of the twilight, during
which it whizzes about with wonderful velocity, and does
remarkably well for itself in the way of laying in food.

Of course, the precise time of the Hairy-armed Bat’s retire-
ment for the night was not ascertained by the midnight net
experiment. The morning flight was shown by that experi-
ment not to exceed some sixty-five or seventy minutes; but
for the measurement of the evening flight we have still to be
pretty largely guided by the fact of the animal’s almost in-
variable disappearance from view, and of the cessation of its
characteristic screeching cries, about an hour and twenty
minutes after sunset. On two occasions, however, I was for-
tunate enough to see the Bat in the act of going home: on
the evening of August 13th, 1900, when (as already recorded
in the /rish Naturalist) the retirement took place 81 minutes
after sunset, and on that of June 5th, 1901, when it took place
82 minutes after sunset. Jn the earlier instance the Bat
observed belonged to a small colony, so the period for which
the individual had been on the wing could only be told ap-
proximately, but it had certainly not exceeded seventy-five
minutes, nor had it been less than seventy-one. The obser-
vation of June 5th, 1901, which was not recorded in my
former paper, is in this respect more complete, since the Bat
which formed the subject of it lived quite alone, and had
been timed, the same evening, quitting its retreat four —
minutes after sunset. It had, therefore, flown for exactly
seventy-eight minutes.

I now come to the Pipistrelle. This is the common Bat
which we see everywhere. Systematic zoologists have com-

tg05. Morrat.—Duration of Flight among Lats. IOl

monly placed it in the same genus with the Hairy-armed Bat
and the Noctule, and from that we might expect that its
habits would not greatly differ from theirs. So, though one
good naturalist, William Macgillivray, said long ago, in his
“History of British Quadrupeds,” that it probably flies all
night, it is not, perhaps, very surprising that since that time
other naturalists have almost unanimously contradicted him,
and asserted that it probably flies only in the evening.
However, the net result of my observations on the Pipistrelle
is that it really flies all night. On an average, it is only
about seven minutes later than the Hairy-armed Bat about
starting on its flight in the evening, and it is equally late
with the Hairy-armed Bat in returning to its retreat in the
morning; but the difference between them is that the
Pipistrelle has been. out the whole of the intermediate time,
while the Hairy-armed Bat, putting his evening and morning
flights together, has not been out for much more than a quarter
of it. These facts seem to me so singular, that J think the
evidence for them should be made plain.

Of course, in observing Bats, one must be very careful
that one knows what sort of Bat one is observing. The diffi-
culty of being quite certain on that point vitiates a good
many observations that might otherwise be useful. However,
I began my inquiries into the Pipistrelle’s habits by passing
a night in the open air in bright moonlight, in a spot where
large numbers of bats generally fly. The result of this pre-
liminary mode of inquiry (on the night of August 21st-22nd,
1899) was that I found that there were lots of Bats visible on
the wing at all hours throughout the night, as well as in the
clear light of early morning. That was not conclusive,
because, in the first place, these Bats might not all have been
Pipistrelles, and, even if they were, some might have gone
home early and others come out late, so that there was no
proof that any individual Bat, Pipistrelle or otherwise, had
been flying about the whole time. The next thing to do was,
therefore, to find out where some of these Bats went in the
morning. By watching on several mornings, in the summers
of 1899 and 1900, I ultimately got the retreats of half a dozen,
each living a perfectly solitary life in a little den of its own—
some in holes in walls, and some in the trunks of trees.

102 The Trish Naturalist. May,

That made it possible to play the detective on these six indi-
viduals, and I soon found that the hours of all six were very
similar, and, on the whole, very regular. Each of them left
its retreat every evening during the half-hour after sunset,
and returned to it every morning during the hour before sun-
rise. The time of emergence would, indeed, vary, even for
the same individual Bat, from so early as ten minutes to so
late as thirty minutes after sunset, and the time of retreat
similarly varied, from so early as forty to so late as eighteen
minutes before sunrise; but in no instance did a Bat whose
sleeping-place was known, on occasions when I watched for
its emergence, fail to come out during the evening twilight,
or, when I looked for its return in the morning, disappoint
my expectation of seeing it go in. After ascertaining this
much concerning their habits, I caught three of these animals
as they were coming out, and they proved to be Pipistrelles.
I have no doubt the remaining three were the same. That
does not yet tell us all that we want to know, but it tells us
something. Not only is it shown that a good many Pipis-
trelles are on the wing during the hour before sunrise, but it
is also established that these are the same individual Pipis-
trelles which left their retreats early after sunset the previous
evening, and not, as might be imagined, mere belated indi.
viduals that had overslept themselves before coming out, and
were inaking up for it by breakfasting late.

But no amount of mere watching, moonlight or otherwise,
would tell whether these animals remained away from their
sleeping-places all night, or whether they followed the Hairy-
armed Bat’s rule of taking a midnight nap. So, on the night
of August 16th, 1900, I did what I had done four nights pre-
viously in the case of the Hairy-armed Bat, and fixed a net at
midnight over a hole which a Pipistrelle had quitted the
previous evening twenty-eight minutes after sunset. The
result was the opposite to what had happened in the case of
the Hairy-armed Bat. At 3.45 in the morning no Bat had
come out of the hole, and as it now wanted onlv an hour to
sunrise, it was time to remove the net so as to let the Bat in.
Of course I kept watch to see that it did go in, and at twenty
minutes past four—some twenty-eight minutes before sunrise
—I had the gratification of seeing it make its usual return

1905. Morrat.—Duration of Flight among Lats. 103

Now there could be no doubt, in the case of that animal, that
it had been out all night. All that remained was to make
sure—a very important matter—-that I was right concerning
its species; su the next evening I set the net again over the
same hole, caught the Bat as it came out, and found that it
was a male Pipistrelle.

The above experiment was made on a fine bright night, so
I thought it safer to try it again on another Bat under less
comfortable conditions, choosing, this time, a dark and foggy
night, when nobody could suppose that Bats would be
specially tempted to fly late. Such a night occurred on
August 30th, 1900, when I netted the residence of a second
Pipistrelle. The result, however, was just the same as in the
former case. No Bat came out after midnight; but, at the
usual time before sunrise, the occupant of the hole went in.
Hence, it follows that even during raw and foggy nights,
when insects might be presumed scarce, the Pipistrelle does
not retire into its den, but continues abroad till its usual hour
for seeking sanctuary in the twilight of the early morning.
I even find that the same thing happens in winter when the
nights are warm enough for the Pipistrelle to fly. I have
several times seen it at midnight in the long nights of
December and January, and though I have not stayed out at
that season to see it going home at seven or eight o’clock in the
morning, I have trustworthy information from one whose
vocation brings him out at those hours (Mr. James Kelly,
Ballyhyland), that it stays on the wing till nearly daylight—
in other words, flies through a sixteen hours’ night.

Now surely this animal must differ more than is commonly
supposed, in point of structure and relationship, from creatures
like the Hairy-armed Bat and Noctule, which feed fast and
furiously for a short hour or so, and then sink into lethargy
like the sleep of winter. The contrast is rendered greater
when we consider the disparity in size. The Pipistrelle, being
less than one-third of the weight and bulk of the Hairy-
armed Bat, or one-fifth that ot the Noctule, cannot in the
nature of things require nearly so much food as these
animals do; yet it allows itselt the whole night to collect the
lesser quantity, while each of its formidable cousins despatches
the greater in little less than an hour.

104 The lrish Naturalist. May,

Of late years it has becomea moot point whether the Hairy-
armed Bat, Noctule, and Pipistrelle should continue to be
grouped in the same genus (Vesperugo), or whether the first
and second should be grouped apart from the third in a
genus for which the name Prerygistes has been proposed.
This alteration appears to have been rather reluctantly
accepted by Mr. Oldfield Thomas,’ who expressed himself as
doubtful whether the differences were sufficient to warrant it ;
and Mr. Millais is evidently of opinion that Mr. Thomas’s
doubts were justified. For my part, I cannot help thinking
that the very wide difference shown to exist between the
feeding habits of the Pipistrelle and those of the two other
species amounts to a strong argument for the genus Pfery-
gistes, and that there must be some important internal
differences, sufficient to justify generic separation, between
those bats which take a whole night to satisfy their feeding
requirements and those that cram themselves to bursting-
point, either once or twice in the twenty-four hours, during a
70-minutes’ career of mad excitement among the twilight-
flying beetles and gnats. ;

By the way, I must not be taken as suggesting that the
large crepuscular Bats ‘‘ bolt” their food. On the contrary,
nothing is swallowed by these animals which has not first
been masticated with the most consummate thoroughness.
In proof of this, I may mention that the contents of the
stomachs of several Hairy-armed Bats shot during their
evening flight were examined with great care at Dr. Alcock’s
request by Professor G. H. Carpenter, who, however, found
all the fragments so minute that the species of only one
insect—the yellow-haired fly, Scatophaga stercoraria—could be
identified with certainty ; while among the countless other
fragments, chiefly dipterous, a few were found referable to
an Acalypterate muscid, a midge, probably a Mycetophilid,
and some caddis flies (7M, vol. viii., pp. 35 and 172). The
teeth of the Noctule, doubtless, do their work with equal
effectiveness, and all lovers of Gilbert White will remember
that passage in his letter of September, 1771, in which he
gives Pennant the description and measurements of the two.

1 Zoologist, 1898, p. 100.

1905. Morrat.—Duration of Flight among Bats. 105

examples he had shot at Selborne, and adds that “ their
maws were full of food, but so macerated that the quality
could not be distinguished.”

These facts must increase our astonishment at the truly
monstrous rate at which the Bats of this group consume their
prey. In the case of the Hairy-armed Bat I may add that the
rate of digestion must be equally prodigious, since I have
found that even in the short nights of June that creature takes
its two flights, evening and morning, with the same regularity
asinAugust. Thatisto say, havingretiredin the ‘cricket-ball”
state, already referred to, a few minutes before ten on a June
night, it comes out again a few minutes after two, active and
hungry as a hawk, for another short but furious banquet.

Whether the Noctule shares this last-mentioned habit is a
point on which I can only speak with diffidence. It may now
be taken as admitted (Dr. Alcock’s verdict in the Jrish
Naturalist for August, 1899, on the subject of Mr. Barrington’s
captures at Tandragee is accepted by Mr. Millais as final)
that this large Bat does not occur in Ireland. In England
much attention has been given to its habits! by Mr. Charles
Oldham, and that gentleman has expressed the opinion that
it comes out only once in the twenty-four hours, confining its
time of flight to the evening twilight. Mr. Oldham is careful
to admit that he is not certain on the latter point. Assuming
his view to be correct, we have in that small group of British
Bats that was lately comprised in the single genus Vesperugo
(or Pzpistrellus) as many as three different types of flight, viz. :—

1. All-night Flight (Pipistrelle) ;

2. Double Twilight (Hairy-armed Bat);

3. Single or Evening Twilight (Noctule).
I am afraid, however, that the truth of this singular conclusion
is open to some doubt: firstly, because Mr. Oldham does not
appear to have looked for his Noctules in the morning ; and
secondly, because when I once myself visited a haunt of that
species hefore sunrise—at Madeley, in Staffordshire, on the
morning of June 27th, 1901—I undoubtedly saw two Noctules
flying. But I should add that the particular haunt where ‘wo
were then seen was generally frequented of an evening by

' Zoologist for February, gol.
=

106 The Irish Naturalist. May,

several dozens, if not scores; so my observations are not at
all conclusive as to morning flight being a habit of the species,
as it undoubtedly is a habit of the Hairy-armed Bat, both
when living in colonies and when living singly’.

- Daubenton’s Bat, the fourth and last Irish species to which
I have been able to pay attention, belongs to a different genus
from any of those yet touched on, so that we have nothing to
suggest one rule of flight as more probable for it than another,
unless we accept Dr. Dobson’s law, according to which, as it
has no nasal appendages, it should be a creature of the twilight.
This law, however, has already broken down in the case of the
Pipistrelle, and it turns out to be equally misleading in the
case of Daubenton's Bat. JI have not had the good fortune to
find any sleeping-places of the latter species, but luckily it can
be recognized on the wing with a confidence that would be
impossible in the case of the Pipistrelle, and it was by watch-
ing it in one of its known haunts near Bray, to which I was
introduced by Dr. Alcock, that I was able, after a large number
of unsuccessful attempts, to find that Daubenton’s Bat is
another all-night flying species.

The difficulty in the case of this Bat is not to identify but
to see it. Gliding as it does along the surface of the shadowed
water, it has to be seen against the most difficult background,
and I have often been surprised to find that even in moderate
moonlight no trace of its quaint little white-breasted figure
flitting up and down the stream was discernible later than an
hour and forty minutes after sunset. One night spent in its
haunts, however (that of July 21st-22nd, 1900), taught me that
as soon as the same degree of light had been restored in the
morning, an hour and forty minutes before sunrise, Dauben-
ton’s Bat became visible again ; wherever it had been in the
meantime, there it was now, passing and re-passing, an inch
or two above the surface of the stream, in the same methodical
way as when I had lost sight of it in the fading twilight of

'Mr.J Steele Elliott also states in the Zoo/og¢st for April, TQOT, Pp, 133, that
he has on two occasions—in Bedfordshire and Warwickshire—seen Woctules
flying in the morning. I regret that I overlooked this note when
preparing my paper. Mr. Elliott’s observations strengthen the suspicion
I have expressed above, that double flight may be the regular practice of
Pterygestes noctula as well as of P. Lezs/lerz,

1905. Morrat.—Duration of Flight among Bats. 107

evening. Sometimes I could see as many as three together.
Their appearance became less frequent from 3.17 a.m. (forty-four
minutes before the time of sunrise), but one example remained
in sight until thirty-eight minutes before sunrise—a later period
than one wouldexpect from the fact that Daubenton’s Bat seldom
shows itselfin the evening until about fifty minutes after sunset.
The further question how this Bat spends the interval of more
complete darkness had to be postponed until at last, on one
night of beautiful moonlight—it was in the full serenity of the |
harvest moon (September, 1901)—I found Daubenton’s Bat
flying freely and plentifully during the fourth, fifth, and sixth
hours after sunset, and at the very stroke of midnight. This,
added to the morning observations, may, I think, be taken as
conclusive that here we have a third case of a Bat which flies
all night.

We now see how far from correct is the view so commonly
prevalent, that a majority of our Bats are crepuscular. We
have examined the ways of four Irish species, all belonging
to the group which Dr. Dobson pronounced “ crepuscular and
matutinal,” and have found that three of them belonging to
three different genera—Plecotus, Pipistrellus, and Myotis—fly
all night, while only one—representing, I think, we should
say, a fourth genus, Prerygistes—trestricts itself to the period
of twilight. There remain three Irish species of which noth-
ing has been found out; but two of them—the Whiskered Bat
and Natterer’s Bat--belong to the same genus with Dauben-
ton’s, which we know to be nocturnal, so it seems the natural
thing to suspect that they also share the all-night habit. The
other kind whose habit remains unknown is the Lesser Horse-
shoe Bat, abont which we have absolutely nothing to guide us.
Being the only Irish representative of the group with nasal
appendages, it ought, on Dr. Dobson’s principle, to fly all
night ; but it is much to be wished that some of our friends in
Clare, Kerry, and Galway, where this interesting Bat is found,
would bring the matter under the test of observation.

When we know more about the Lesser Horse-shoe Bat’s
habits of flight, we shall probably be much better able to form
opinions as to the use of those peculiar leaf-like appendages
which it carries on its nose, and which are so extremely sensi-
tive that nobody doubts they are supplementary in some way

108 The Irish Naturalist. May,

to its powers of sight, though in what way we cannot yet tell.
Unless the animal is afflicted with very inferior sight to that
of—for instance—the Pipistrelle, it does not need special
organs to enable it to fly in the dark; nor can it be for that
purpose that the Long-eared Bat has developed those enormous
ears that make it so great a curiosity amongst our mammals.
Naturalists have, indeed, supposed this to be the explanation ;
but then they did not know that the Pipistrelle and Dauben-
« ton’s Bat, which have no such appendages, fly equally late
with the Bats that have them. For my part, I think the Long-
eared Bat’s ears can be explained by the nature of the situa-
tions in which it flies. This Bat’s habit is to glide about
among the foliage of trees with its eyes apparently rivetted on
the leaves in search of insects at rest ; and while its eyes are
thus occupied it naturally wants well-deveioped “feelers” to
enable it to thread its way among the branches without colli-
sions. Jn fact, many carnivorous animals—Seals, for instance
—have been described as using their whiskers in the same
way, when stealing on their intended victims, as the Long-
eared Bat, in my opinion, uses its ears. However, the feeding
habits of the Lesser Horse-shoe Bat in its natural haunts have
still to be ascertained, and it would be very rash to start any
theory as to what those habits may be until they have been
more accurately studied. In the observations I have offered,
{ hope I have shown that Bats are worth a little watching, and
have secrets in their economy which must be found out by
watching, and which tke most skilful scrutiny of the largest
series of dead specimens will not suffice to disclose. It is true,
no doubt, that the time available to most of us for this kind of
observation is rather limited; but to those who realise how
attractive, not to say exciting, a form of pursuit it may become,
opportunities will, every now and then, suggest themselves,
and I hope no member of the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club
will despise them when they occur.

Ballylyland, Co. Wexford.

1905. 109

FORAMINIFERA IN IRISH GREENSAND.
BY GEORGE C. GOUGH, A.R.C.SC.(LOND.), F.G.S.

LAST summer, during a visit of the geological section of the
Belfast Field Club to Whitehead, I was struck by the suita-
‘bility of the ‘“‘Chloritic Sands” there for “floating,” and
brought home a sample, together with a sample of the “Yellow
Sands,” in order to examine them for Foraminifera. As far
as I can gather there is no reference to the presence of such
organisms in these deposits, with the exception of Hume’s
paper.' Here they are referred to as being in the form of
glauconitic casts, not specifically recognisable. In the
Chloritic Chalk they were also found by him as recognisable
casts, the other reference being to a solitary Flabellina cordata,
accidentally found when dissolving glauconitic marl. By
floating I was able to obtain a large number of Foraminifera,
and there is no doubt that a thorough examination of these
deposits would yield a great number of species. They are
preserved in calcium carbonate, and have become very chalky,
but can be recognised with a little trouble. Unfortunately I
have not sufficient time thoroughly to work them out row,
so I ain just recording their presence in the hope that someone
else will be able to submit them to a thorough examination.
In both the Chloritic Sands and the Yellow Sandstones
Textularia globulosa and Globigerina cretacea are extremely
abundant. The foilowing Foraminifera were easily recognised:

CHLORITIC SANDS, WHITEHEAD.

Textularia globulosa, Ehr. Orbulina ?

Verneuztlina, sp. Planorbulina exsculpta, Rss.
Bulinina, sp. Truncatulina, sp.

Bolivina obsoleta (Eley.). Pulvinulina micheliniana, d’Orb.

Globigerina cretacea, V’Orb.

YELLOW SANDSTONES.

Textularia globulosa, Ebr. Orbulina ?
Verneutlina, sp. Truncatulina lobatula (W. & J.).
Globigerina cretacea, A’Orb. Pulvinulina micheliniana, d’ Orb.

Queen’s College, Belfast.

"Q.f.G.S , vol. ht:, 1897:

110 The lrish Naturalist. May,
SOME LEPIDOPTERA FROM CO. FERMANAGH.
BY CHARLES LANGHAM.

Tue following list of the scarcer Irish Lepidoptera, not
including the Geometree or the ‘‘ micros,” taken during the
seasons of 1902-03 in the neighbourhood of Tempo, Co.
Fermanagh, may be of interest to some of your readers. ‘The
season of 1902 was very productive of the Noctue, and
especially so in the case of the Plusias, which were in unusual
numbers. ‘The nomenclature is that of South’s “ List” :—

Argynnis paphia.—Numerous.

Melitazea aurinia.—Very abundant; three large colonies in the
neighbourhood.

Coenonympha typhon. —Very common on one bog.

Cheerocampa elpenor.—Very abundant, flying round the beds of the
common yellow flag.

Smerinthus ocellatus.—Several taken in 1902.

Macroglossa bombyliformis.—Fairly abundant.

Ino statices.—Always abundant in one marshy field near Tempo.

Zygzena lIonicerze.—Common on some of the islands on Lough
Erne.

Nudaria mundana,.—Especially common in 1902.

Gnophrla quadra.—One larva beaten from an oak tree.

G. rubricollis.—Fairly abundant on the beech trunks in the demesne.

Hepialus velleda.—Very common, flying at dusk over a rushy field
in the demesne.

H,. hectus.—Fairly abundant; taken mostly at dusk sitting on tree
trunks and grass stems. |

Poecilocampa populi.—Males abundant ; a few females taken at light,
and laying their eggs on the white sheets placed behind the lamps.

Cilix glaucata.—A few taken in Ig02.

Cerura furcula.—A few cocoons (empty) found on an island on
lL. Erne.

Pterostoma palpina.—Two specimens taken in 1903, pupa digging.

Thyatira derasa.—Several taken at sugar in 1902.

Cymatophora or.---One taken 26th July, 1902, on an island on
L. Erne. ;

C. duplaris,—Fairly common in 1902.

Acronycta Ieporina.—One taken in 1902; curiously enough it was
taken on the back of one of the servants, who had been for a short
walk to the spring well.

A. megacephala.—One taken flying over yellow flags in 1902.

Xylophasia monoglypha.—Several extremely dark forms taken at
sugar in the seasons both of 1902 and 1903.

X. hepatica.—A few taken at sugar.

1905. LANGHAM.—Some Lepidoptera from Co. Fermanagh. 111

Cerigo matura.—Oue taken at flowers of privet.

Apamea unanimlIs.-—One taken at light by my brother-in-law while
staying here in 1902.

A, ophiogramma.-— One at lime flowers, Igo02.

Miana strigilis.—Fairly common at sugar, 1902.

Grammesia trigrammica.—Several taken at light, and flying over
flowers.

Caradrina alsines.—Several taken at privet flowers.

Agrotis saucia.—A tew taken at sugar, 1902.

Noctua augur.—Generelly fairly common most seasons at sugar.

Amphipyra pyramidea.—Commion at sugar.

Mania maura.—Scarce, but two or three taken in most seasons.

Panolis pini perda-—One in 1902 at sugar.

Pachnobia rubricosa.—Fairly common on the sallows on a bog.

Tzeniocampa gothica.—A few nice varieties taken in I903 on the
bogs.

T. gracilis.—Fairly numerous, especially on the sallows on the bogs.

T. munda.--Two taken in 1903, by pupa digging,

Calymnia trapezina.—One taken in 1902.

Aplecta prasina.—The larve very common on low-growing plants
in March, 1903.

Hadena glauca.—One at light in Igo2.

Xylina socia.—Fairly common at ivy flowers.

Habrostola triplasia.—Fairly common.

H. tripartita,— Very common in 1902.

Plusia chrysitis.—Very abundantin 1902. Several with the unbroken
median brown band.

P. bractea.—In 1902 I took forty-seven specimens, mostly fresh, flying
or feeding at yellow flag, sweetwilliam, or martigon lilies. These
three flowers are the very best resorts for the plusias in this locality,
far better I find than honeysuckle.

P.festucze.—In clouds on the yellow flag, and afterwards on garden
irises, sweetwilliams, and lilies, in 1902; fairly abundant in 1903

P. iota.—Fairly numerous at sweetwilliam and lilies in 1902 (one
nice pink variety taken).

P. pulchrina.—Very abundant both in 1902 and 1903 at the flowers
of the yellow flag, sweetwilliam, and lilies, also on rose campion.

P. gamma.— Fairly numerous, though in nothing like such abundance
as P. festuce or P. pulchrina.

P. interrogationis.—Abundant at sweetwilliam in 1902, and fairly
numerous in 1903.

Heliothis peltigera.—One at privet flowers in 1902.

Chariclea umbra.—Two at privet flowers in 1902.

Euclidla glyphica.—Common in restricted localities on the shores
and islands of L. Erne.

_ Tempo Manor, Co, Ferinanagh.

I12 The lish Naturalist. May,

IRISH SOCIETIES.
ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Recent gifts include four Jerboas from Sir Frederick Shaw, a Crested
Grebe from Mr. W. P. H. Vaughan, a Muscovy Duck, a Kestrel, twelve
Chaffinches, four Greenfinches, and a Goldfinch from Mr. W. W.
Despard; an African Owl from Capt. Cassellis, a Curlew from Mr. R.
Warren, and a pair of Guinea-fowl from Mr. EK. Carton. Many new
Monkeys, a Bear, a pair of Racoons, some Marmosets and Pelicans are
on their way from Antwerp, while one of the young Lions lately born in
Dublin has been sent to Germany. The Council has decided to erect the
proposed new open-air aviary on the far side of the lake.

DUBLIN MICROSCOPICAL CLUB.

MarcH 8.—The Club met at Leinster House.

F. W. Moore exhibited Dactylella implexa. This fungus was found
covering the roots of some Apple trees, and was supposed to have caused

the roots to decay. However, the species is purely saprophytic, and on
enquiry it was found that the injury to the roots had been caused by
frost.

W. F. Gunn exhibited living specimens of a small Nematode worm
found in decayed Potatoes. The species was not detertnined, but it
appears to be very frequent in potatoes, in which the decay is caused or
accompanied by liquifying bacteria. In the potatoes examined the
process of decay appeared to be as follows:—The tubers are first
attacked by a fungus (/wsarzum Solanz) which disorganises and kills the
tissues, which are then seized on by putrefactive bacteria. These
organisms soon reduce the substance of the tuber to a semi-fluid glairy
mass, providing the moist condition necessary for the existence of the
worms.

D. M'ARDLE exhibited, for the REv. CANON H. W. LE?Tt, of Lough-
brickland, Co. Down, specimens of -Adelanthus dugortensts, Douin and
Lett, a new species of Liverwort from Achill, described and figured in
the /rzsh Naturalist, vol. xiii., 1904, pp. 157-8, pl. 2. Canon Lett also sent
for exhibition specimens of Codonta Ralfsic (Wilson) whose capsules,
ripened in May, appear when the little lettuce-like frond of the previous
season has almost entirely withered away; they are about the size of
turnip seed, and are raised just above the sand, so that one has to lie down
to discover them. A few collected by the exhibitor in May, 1904, among
the sand dunes at Magilligan, Co. Londonderry, were grown on sand,
in pans 3} inches across, where their spores were shed, with the result,
in the following November, of a crop of 70 nice plants. The tissue of
the capsule breaks up, when ripe, longitudinally and irregularly. It is
composed of two kinds of cells, some being oblong, very thin, mem-
branous, and hyaline; others very narrow, full of brown pigment, en-
circling the hyaline cells or connecting them with each other,

1905. Proceedings of Irish Societies. 113

BELFAST NATURAL HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHICAL
SOCIETY.

APRIL, 4.—Professor SYMINGTON, F.R.S. (President) in the chair. JoHN
HORNER read a paper on “ Russia, its People and Politics,” after which
E. J. E‘KEAN read a paper on ‘Some Irish Ghosts.”

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

FEBRUARY 18.—BOTANICAL SECTION.—Rev. C. H. WADDELL, B.D.,
delivered the second of a series of lectures on ‘Twigs and what may be
learned from them.”

MARCH 21.—The President (W. J. FENNELL, M.R.I.A.) in the chair.
A very large audience assembled to hear a lecture on “‘ Forests, Wild and
Cultivated,” by AUGUSTINE HENRY, M.A., F.L.S., L.R.C.P. (Ed.). At
the commencement of the proceedings the Vice-President (Robert
Patterson, M.R.I.A.) brought before the notice of the Club the interesting
fact that during the previous week three members of the Club had been
elected members of the Royal Irish Academy, and he moved the follow-
ing resolution :—‘‘ That the hearty congratulations of the Club be con-
veyed to our fellow-members, Major Berry, Messrs. W. J. Fennell, and
R. Welch, who have had the distinguished honour of being elected
members of the Royal Irish Academy.” The motion was carried by
acclamation. Mr. Patterson then presented Robert Welch with his
certificate of Life Membership of the Academy, which had been sub-
scribed for by twenty-five members of the Club.

Dr. HENRY then read his paper, which dealt with forest vegetation in
all parts of the world. In the discussion which ensued, the Chairman,
F. J. Bigger, R. Welch, W. H. Patterson, and R. M. Young took part,
and a vote of thanks to the lecturer was passed.

The Chairman mentioned that a new Field Club had been started in
Tyrone, and was sure the members of the Belfast Field Club would do all
in their power to further the success of the new organisation.

Five new members (one being Mr. Deane, the newly-appoiuted Curator
of the Municipal Museum and Art Gallery) were elected.

MARCH 22.—The President (W. J. FENNELL, M,R.I.A.) in the chair.
GEORGE DONALDSON read a paper on the “ Marine Shells of our District.”
The lecturer illustrated his remarks by a large array of specimens kindly
lent by the Museum authorities for the purpose.

MARCH 29.—The concluding meeting of the winter session was held
in the Club’s room at the Museum in College Square—the President,
W. J. FENNELL, M.R.1.A., presiding. There was a large attendance.
R. WELCH, M.R.I.A. read a paper on the drift survey of the Dublin,
Belfast, and Cork areas, with special reference to the photographs taken
to illustrate the geological Memoirs which describe the areas mapped.
All the photographs taken were exhibited, and the more interesting ones
in each area pointed out. Among these were the dry gap in the Dublin

ir4 The lrish Naturalist, May,

hills known as the Dingle, the sections in the Greenhills esker, and
the crushed slates at Howth Head; in the Belfast area, sections in the
deposits of the ancient ‘Lake Belfast,” and the volcanic sills at Scrabo
hill; in Cork, submerged pre-glacial river gorges, which cut across the
Old Red Sandstone ridges and the pre-glacial raised beach. Some
recent geological work in other parts of Ireland was also mentioned and
partly illustrated. The lecture was followed by a good discussion.

APRIL, 11.—ANNUAL MEETING.--The President in the chair.

JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.G.S., read a paper on “ Perforations in Primary
Limestone from North Donegal.” He said:--While spending a few
weeks last September near the village of Dunfanaghy, North Donegal,
his attention was drawn by one of his party to a great number of
peculiar circular perforations in the primary limestone on the shore of
Lough Sessiagh. The limestone in which those occurred was in situ,
and sloped down at a very slight angle to the margin of the lake. The
perforations, which were hemispherical in shape, varied somewhat in
size, the largest and best-preserved being one inch in depth. As he had
never seen perforations like these before, his curiosity was aroused as to
the manner of their formation. The only signs of life on the rock were
a few small rounded clumps of moss, in size and shape the almost exact
counterpart of the surrounding holes. As the moss would naturally
accumulate moisture on the spot in which it grew, this moisture would
act on the underlying limestone and gradually wear it away. Oncea
cavity was formed, even should the moss die, rain water would enlarge
and deepen it considerably in the course of time Since his return a
member of the Club had drawn his attention to various references on
this subject in the first volume of the /yzsh Naturalist. Three explana-
tions were given there, viz.:—The action of water, boring by the Pholas
shell when the land was submerged, and excavations by our common
land shell, Helix aspersa. Whatever might have been the origin of the
perforations mentioned in the /risk Naturalist, he thought those seen
at Lough Sessiagh, in Donegal, were undoubtedly produced in the
manner he had described. Mr. Wright handed round specimens of this
limestone, showing the perforations, and a discussion ensued, in which
William Gray and R. Welch took part.

E. J. M‘KEAN, B.A., B.L., then read a paper on ‘ Folklore.” The
Chairman, William Gray, and A. Milligan took part in the discussion.

The President then called on the Hon. Secretary (N. H. Foster,
M.B.O.U.) to read the annual report, which again records increased
membership, and shows the Club to be full of vigour.

The statement of accounts was read by the Treasurer (W. H.
Phillips), and the reports of the botanical and geological sections by
the Sectional Secretaries (A. Milligan and G. C. Gough). George Donald-
son read the Librarian’s report, and R. Welch the report of the Sub-
Committee who adjudicated on collections submitted in competition for
prizes offered by the Club. The reports were adopted.

The office-bearers for 1905-6 were elected as follows :—President, W.
H. Phillips; Vice-President, Robert Patterson; Treasurer, W. H.
Phillips; Librarian, L. J. S. Jackson; Secretaries, G. C. Gough and

1905. Proceedings of Lrish Societies. 115

George Donaldson; Committee, Robert Bell, W. J. Fennell, N. H.
Foster, W. H. Gallway, W. A. Green, Alex. Milligan, H. L. Orr, James
Orr, R. Welch, Prof. Gregg Wilson. Two new members were elected.

DUBLIN NATURALISTS’ PIELD CLUB.

MARCH 18.—EXCURSION TO ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.—A large attend-
ance of members and visitors assembled before the Superintendent’s
House in the Gardens. Here they were met by Dr. R. F. Scharff, Hon.
Sec. of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland, who acted as conductor
during the afternoon, and took the party round the various houses.
Among the birds, the Emus and Rheas, recently presented by the Duke
of Bedford, attracted much attention. After having tea in the Haughton
House the party broke up.

MARCH 21.—R. M. BARRINGTON, LL.B., in the chair.

C. B. Morrat, B.A. (Vice-President), read a paper on *‘The Duration
of Flight among Bats.” This paper, which is published in full on
P- 97 supra, was discussed by the Chairman, E. Williams, and F. O’B.
Ellison. The following exhibits were displayed :—J. Durry, Carbon-
iferous Fossils from Castleisland, Co. Cork, etc. J. N. HALBERT, Nest
of South American Wasp (Chartergus). J. CRAMPTON WALKER, Carbonifer-
ous Fossils from ‘St. Doulough’s, Co. Dublin. KDWARD WILLIAMS,
specimen of Iceland Falcon (Fa/co zs/andus), from Co. Donegal.

The following were elected members of the Club—Mrs. F. W. Burbidge,
F. G. Bell, J. Crampton Walker.

APRIL, 8—ExXcCurSION TO LUCAN.—A large number of members and
visitors asseinbled at Parkgate-street in time for the 2 p.m. electric
tram for Lucan. On reaching Lucan the party proceeded up the
northern bank of the Liffey, under the guidance of Miss M. C. Knowles.
The attention of members was directed to the botany of the district,
especially to the buds of the many varieties of trees which clothe the
banks of the river. On reaching Leixlip return was made along the
southern bank. After tea at the Spa Hotel the party returned to Dublin
by the 7.10 p.m. tram. Among the rarer plants noted were Scrophularia
umbrosa, Orobanche Hederaz, and Lamium Galeobdolon.

APRII, 11.—C. B. Morrat, B.A. (Vice-President), in the chair. Dr.
C. A. MATLEY displayed a number of lantern slides from the British
Association Geological Series. Davip Houston discussed the flowers
and buds collected on the excursion held on April 8 Miss M. C.
Knowles, Miss E. M‘Intosh, B.A., and I. Swain, B.A., joined in the dis-
cussion. The Hon. Secs. presented the report for 1904 of the correspond-
ing societies of the British Association. The following exhibits were
displayed during the evening:—W. F. GUNN—Examples of diverse
specific coloration in the seeds of Phaseolus and other plants, and a species
of Primula with enlarged foliaceous calyx; J. CRAMPTON WALKER—Nest
of Weaver Bird; EDWARD WILIJAMS — Specimen of Night-Heron,
Nycticorax griseus, from Co. Dublin. Miss Sybil M‘Comias, Rev. John Pim,
anil Mrs, Pim, were elected meimbers. I. Swain, B.A., was elected an
associate member. i

116 The lrish Naturalist. May,

REVIEW.
SOME NEW IRISH CRUSTACEA.

The Schizopodous Crustacea of the North-east Atlantic
Slope. By E. W. L. Hort and W. M. TaTTERSALL, B.Sc.

On the Genus Nematobrachion. By W. T. CArMan, D.Sc.
Appendix to Part ui. of the Report on the Sea and Inland Fisheries
of Ireland, 1902-1903. No.iv. Dublin, 1905. -

The report on the scientific investigations (No. iv.) of the Fisheries
Branch of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for
Ireland again contains some papers of considerable faunistic interest.
The subject ofthe first paper embraces a much larger area than what has.
been described as the ‘‘ Irish marine area.”

It is worthy of note that those naturalists who joined in the work of the
Royal Irish Academy Fauna and Flora Committee in their endeavour to
produce complete and up-to-date lists of the various groups of Irish
animals and plants showing the range of the Irish species, have agreed
to limit their sphere of action to the terrestrial area of Ireland, and to a
certain distance beyond, so as to include the forms inhabiting the sea.
They could not logically do otherwise. They also agreed to call this
limited area of their sphere of action the “Irish” area, for if an author
speaks of a marine crustacean as “ Irish” or as an addition to the Irish
list, he thereby implies that he has arrived at some conclusion that there
is an '‘ Irish marine area,” and that it has some definite boundaries.

The authors of the first report seem to be rather afraid to commit
themselves on this point, for they inform us in a foot-note, p. 131, that
they use the term “British and Irish” ina compound sense and not in
recognition of a separate Irish marine area. Surely the action of the
Irish Fisheries Branch must be limited toa certain area! Would it not
be well therefore for the members of that Branch to recognise a separate
Irish marine area? However the authors acknowledge, p. 133, that the
British and Irish area has its limits, and that there isan ‘“ Irish list,” so
that they do recognise the claims of certain creatures to be labelled as
‘‘Trish,’’ which is some consolation.

But the object of this note is not to criticise the paper adversely.
The descriptions of the new species—there are several—are carefully
drawn up and acconipanied by excellent drawings of the species. It
would be useful, however, to Irish zoologists to be informed where
the type specimens are to be preserved for future reference. ‘The textis
worthy of a better quality of paper and printing than that bestowed upon ~
it by the authorities in charge. . .

The second paper of the report by Dr. Calman deals with the single
genus WMematobrachion, which was originally described by that author
under the name of Mematodactylus. The latter name had unfortunately
been previously used fora genus of fishes, and had to be withdrawn.

1904. Review. 117

The species referred to 4. doofs was first discovered during the Royal
Irish Academy Expedition, 1888, and described in the Zransactions R.L.A.,
1896, from an imperfect specimen. Mr. Holt having handed to Dr.
Calman perfect ones from the Bay of Biscay, the author is enabled to
extend and correct the account previously given.

ik. FS.

NEWS GLEANINGS.

New Royal Irish Academicians.

Of the twelve new members (the maximum annual number permitted
by the Bye-laws) who were elected into the Royal Irish Academy
on March 16, seven are men of science—five of them being resident in
Dublin, one in Belfast, and one in Liverpool. Their names are—Prof.
A. W. Conway, M.A., F.R.U.I.; George Fletcher, S. B. Kelleher, M.A.,
1c). - Prof, J. A. M‘Clelland, M.A.,' F.R.U:1I. ; Major Ronald Ross;
C.B., F.R.S., Sc.D,, F.R.C.S. ; Robert Welch, and Prof. Sydney Young,
Ae Bee

The Belfast Field Club’s Proceedings.

Part iii., of volume v., dealing with the session ending March, 1904,
has been issued. The number contains the usual accounts of summer
excursions, and abstracts of papers read at the winter meetings. An
interesting feature is a two-page plate, illustrating a paper by the
President (W. J. Fennell, M.R.I.A.,) on “ The Club’s Builders,” and giving
portraits of sixteen of the members who have taken a leading partin the
conduct of the Club during the forty-two years of its existence.

Approval of Sheep Dips for Sheep Scab.

Under the Sheep-scab Orders made on the 25th March, 1905, by the
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, the
use of sheep-dips approved by the Department is required.

The Sheep-scab (Ireland) Order of 1905 contains three prescriptions
for dips which the Department have approved after experimental trials.
The Department are prepared to receive applications from manufacturers
of any sheep dip for their approval of its use for Sheep Scab, and have
arranged that any analytical examination necessary to verify the stated
composition of the dips submitted to them shall be made at the
Government Laboratory in London.

Forms of application for the approval of a dip may be obtained from
The Secretary,
Department of Agriculture and Technical
Instruction for Ireland,
(Veterinary Branch),
Dublin.

118 The Trish Naturalist May,

NOTES.
BOTANY.

Vegetation on Brickwork in Cork.

In the February number last year, Mr. W. H. Patterson called attention
to the contrast between the absolutely bare walls of the old bottle-works
cone at Belfast and those of a similar old cone at Cork, also brick-built,
but now covered with luxuriant vegetation. I have been in Cork since
then, and noticed that old ruins, and indeed any old walls built with
brick or limestone, had a luxuriant crop of the Wall Pellitory (Pardetaria
officinalis), a plant that flourishes on the limestone walls of many old Irish
abbeys, castles, etc., this being especially the case in the west or south.
At Cork I only noticed the Pellitory ; it was thick also on the quay walls
at Patrick’s Bridge, bringing a breath of the country into the heart of
the city. Mr. R. A. Phillips tells me however that a much more con-
spicuous plant on the old cone is Senecio sgualidus, which gives it quite a
yellow appearance. markedly so in early summer and early autumn.
Plants flourish more, he thinks, on old walls and ruins about Cork than
elsewhere 1n Ireland, especially the Sevzeczomentioned and other aliens,
such as Linaria Cymbalaria, Centranthus ruber, Erinus alpinus, and Hypericum
hirctnum. In the north-east the Pellitory is not uncommon on some old
walls, but not with the luxuriant growth that the Conference party ob-
served on Sligo Abbey, and on the bridge at the hotels there last July.

Belfast. : R. WELCH.

The Distribution of Cochlearia officinalis and C. anglica.

My experience during several vears past of the distribution of these
two species in the South of Ireland leads me to believe that the first is
not so common or the last so rare as the information given in various
works on Irish botany would seem to show, and that the two have been
more or less confused. Taking the County of Cork as an example of ~
what I mean, we find that Drummond (1819) gives only one locality for
C. officinalis, z7.e., the top of Hungry Hill; Power (1845) records it as com-
mon about Cork and the mouths of rivers; and Allin (1883) states, with-
out giving localities, that it is common on muddy shores.

C. anglica is recorded by Drummond from Cork and Bantry, and Power
gives four additional stations, but throws some doubt on the plant’s
existence near Cork city, while Allin states that all these stations belong
almost certainly to C. officinalis.

My own experience, having examined every likely spot about Cork
Harbour and the: river Lee, from its estuary to its tidal limit, also the
Blackwater and Ilen estuaries, is that the plant of our muddy shores and
banks is C. angelica, var. Hortiz. I have also seen the same plant in estuaries
in Counties Waterford, Kilkenny, Limerick, Clare, and Wexford, and it
has been found near Kenmare, Co, Kerry, by Dr. Scully.

1905. Notes. 11g

C. officinalis I have seen growing only on rocks and cliffs near the open
sea, never so frequently nor so abundantly as to be called common.

As these notes refer only to portions of the southern half of Ireland,
perhaps botanists in other parts of the country having opportunities
during April and May, when both species are in bloom and fruit, would
examine the maritime and tidal districts within their reach, and state,
as their experience (1) if typical C. officinalis is really common on our
coasts, and (2) 1f it, or C. anglica, var. Hortiz, is the plant of the muddy
shores of our estuaries and tidal rivers, or if both species grow together
in these situations.

Reo, Y HILEIPS,

Cork.

ZOOLOGY.

Greenland Falcon in Co. Donegal.

I am informed by Mr. D. C. Campbell that on March 21st a Greenland
Falcon (Falco candicans) was trapped at Horn Head, near Dunfanaghy.
It is an immature female, and measured 1 ft. 11 in. from beak to tail, the
wing expanse being 4 ft. 3in. This is the eleventh record for Donegal,
being one-third of the total Irish records.

ROBERT PATTERSON.

Holywood, Co. Down.

Corncrakes in Winter.

A Corncrake (Crex pratensis) was shot near Lurgan on 31st January,
1905. The man who shot it was attracted by the sound of the bird’s
“craking,” otherwise its presence would not have been detected. This
seemis a most unusual occurrence, and I can find no reference to the
well-known sound having been heard in mid-winter in any of the
authorities I have consulted. Again, two gentlemen out walking in the
neighbourhood of Belfast on r9th February observed a Corncrake
running across the road a few feet in front of them. It disappeared into
a thicket of brambles. It will be noted that neither of these birds was
hibernating.

ROBERT PATTERSON.

Holywood, Co. Down.

Common Bittern in Co. Wexford.

A fine specimen of this irregular visitor to our shores was shot last
November near Curracloe, Wexford, and given to W. J. O’Neill, Esq.,
Kilmacoe, who had it mounted by Messrs. Williams of Dublin. Mr.
O’Neill heard it previously booming near his house.

J. H. JOHNSTON.
Wexford.

1zO The lrish Naturalist. May, 1905.

The last wild Red Deer, Co. Donegal.

Some years ago, while we were looking across a wild stretch of country
towards the Lough Salt mountains in N.W. Donegal, Mr. W. F. de
Vismes Kane told me the following history. I had forgotten the details,
but hearing lately that it would be of interest, I wrote to Mr. Kane, and
he writes me as follows from Nice, S. France :—

“Tt must have been about the year 1862 that I was salmon fishing
in the Lackagh, and Mr. Stewart’s (of Ards) water keeper, Edward
Gallagher (if I do not mistake a name that was once familiar to
me) attended me. The salmon were then more keen at taking the fly
than they became afterwards, and he was a sure hand with the gaff. He
had a very old bedridden father-—-he might have been 90 years old from
his looks—who told many stories about that part of the country. He
said Azs father, a very old man, told him that when he first came to those
parts the country was very sparsely inhabited, and to see any of his
neighbours he had to travel over the hills and bogs seven to ten miles.
The Lackagh was then so full of salmon that it was easy to gaff as many
as one wauted, in the season, and the rocky banks (“ Lack ach) were full
of wild cats, who fed on the fish killed by the otters, and left with only
a bite or two taken out of them. Also that there were still plenty of
deer in the mountains still surviving, and that very occasionally word
was sent round that part of Donegal to appoint aday and have an
organised hunt. Certain passes were known and appointed toward
which the whole available beaters drove the deer: and a palisade on
each side was repaired, which narrowed little by little as it approached a
bog. Here right across the mouth of the palisaded route was dug a very
deep trench in the bog, at the bottom of which were upright
sharp stakes, and all this was lightly covered with heather. This
story carries one back I should say to the beginning of the 18th century,

‘‘The manner in which the last deer was killed is as follows, and
happened quite in the old man’s lifetime, if I recollect aright.

“ There was a single surviving stag frequenting Glenveigh. Many.times
he was hunted, but never could be shot. It was observed that whenever
the chase took a certain direction he evaded his pursuers, and those
lying in wait, by making for a path which crossed the precipitous face
of a mountain (probably one of those on the far side of the lake from
the present castle). This path at one place was broken off, and the stag
jumped the gap, and followed the track on the other side. On one
occasion an old woman, hearing the shouting, coricluded that the
quarry was once again trying this method of escape. She was on the
far side of the gap, and so taking off her red petticoat, she placed it on
the stone on the edge where the deer would alight when he took his
usual leap. The animal, coming to the off-take, swerved in his jump to
avoid the unwouted and surprising coloured garment. He slipped on
alighting, and could not retrieve his footing, but fell down and was
killed.”

R. WELCH.
' Belfast,

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CONTENTS. fee Bee,

The Dyas of Flight among Bats.—C. B. MOFFAT, nese > 2 ;
Foraminifera in Irish Greensands.—Gro. C. Goucu, A.R.C. Sc. :

Some Lepidoptera from Co. itis —CHAS. LANGHAM, reser
‘ IrtsH Socre TEs :— ies oer
Royal Zoological Society. Dublin Microscopical Club, ms fee a
Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, — itil, 3a
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, - oe os Be yPaarar S
Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, ~ ie Pane PORE See ie ie aa
REVIEW :— ee ce ee | me
Holt and Tattersall’s “ Sehizopodous Crustacea” Gatninh's “Nemato- ~
brachion” (R.F-.S.), es os easy FS a
_NEws GLEANINGS, .- oN ate Sacer g i
NOTES :-—

Vegetation on Brickwork in . Cork. —R. WELCH, M:-R.TA,;)- 5's
Distribution of Cochlearia officinalis and C. anglica. Re Be PHILLIPS,

Greenland Falcon in Co. Donegal, Corncrakes in Winter.—R. PATTERSON, s.

M.R.L.A., : °.
Common Bittern in Co. Wexford. —J. H. JOHNSTON, eerie
The last Wild Red Deer, Co. Donegal.—_R. WELCH, M.R.1I. AGS oe ae

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‘THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

OF THE

eae eOOLvOGICAL SOCIETY ORYIRELAND,

PHCENIX PARK, DUBLIN.

Open daily from S$ a.m. (Swidays from 12 noon}
till dusk.

dmission, 1s., except Saturdays, 6d., and Sunday
Afternoons, 2d.

Children, Half-price.

eee kale S FOR SCHOOL: ‘CHILDREN AND
EXCURSION PARTIES!

FINEST COLLECTION OF LIONS IN EUROPE
EXHIBITED IN THE NEW “ROBERTS” HOUSE.

ELEPHANT RIDES EVERY AFTERNOON (Weather Permitting).

CHILDREN CAN ALSO DRIVE ROUND THE CARDENS IN A PONY-CARRIAGE.

THE NEW ROCKERY FOR RODENTS HAS NOW BEEN COMPLETED.

REFRESHMENT ROOM OPEN ALL THE YEAR.

Donations otf Animals (Irish or Foreign) thankfully received,

SURPLUS STOCK OF BEASTS AND BIRDS FOR SALE OR EXCHANGH.,

For particulars, and also for Terms and Privileges of Membership

Of the Society, apply to—

R. F. SCHARFF,

The Museum, Dublin.

DEPARIMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL
INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND.

LIST OF THE DEPARTMENTS LEAFLETS.

NUMBER. NAME.
Leaflet No. 1 The Warble Fly.

Pore: Out of Print.

s ee) Out of Print.

©: ,» 4 | Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1900.

a4 te Separated Milk as rood for Calves.

- 50,10 Charlock Spraying.

23 a7 | Fluke in Sheep.

is 24:6 Timothy Meadows.

- » 09 |. Phesitienp sr iy:

A ymlO Wireworms.

4 ae i Prevention of White Scour in Calves.

i ane 4 Out of print.

- » 16 | Contagious Abortion in Cattle.

- » 14 | Prevention of Potato Blight.

4 a do Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1893, and (Amendment)

Regulations, 1904.

oa eK) Sheep Scab.

- ats Wi The Use and Purchase of Manures.

_ » 18 | Swine Fever.

a vue Early Potato Growing.

5 7 LO Calf Rearing.

‘ Pee Diseases of Poultry :—Gapes.

s mee Basic Slag.

LE aes) Dishorning Calves.

s se Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls.

Be ios Fowl Cholera.

mt 20 Winter Fattening of Cattle.

, ae i Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.
¥ 28 Blackleg, Black Quarter, or Blue Quarter.
» 29 |*Flax Seed:

ig PP) Poultry Parasites—Fleas, Mites, and Lice.
? | Winter Egg Production.

A ee Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys.

be Are) Profitable Breeds of Poultry.

= ae The Revival of Tillage.

re FSD The Liming of Land.

+ 5 0 Field Experiments—Barley.

ey oo Or i ~ Meadow Hay,

~ , Sie a es Potatoes.

. Doh) es x Mangolds.

‘- », 40 “3 ) Oats.

i oer. | i a Turnips.

Ee Ewe: Permanent Pasture Grasses.

= ao The Rearing and Management of Chickens
- 5, 44 ** Husk ” or “‘ Hoose ”’ in Calves,

A 3 45 Ringworm on Cattle.

? »» 46 Haymaking.

AS » 47 The Black Currant Mite.

a », 48 Foul Brood or Bee Pest.

” pie? Poultry Fattening.
ene 0) Portable Poultry Houses.

me aes The Leather-Jacket Grub.
7 02 Flax Experiments.
2 eo. The Construction of a Cowhouse.

a3 oe Calf Meal

5 te) The Apple.

ae aie) Cultivation of the Root Crop.

‘ Sy OL. Fruit Packing.

se Petes: Sprouting Seed Potatoes.

x Berek) Seed Testing Station for Ireland.

Coptes of the above leaflets can be obtained free of charge and post free, un ap-
plication to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruciton for
Ireland, Upper Merrion-street, Dublin. Letters of application so addressed need
not be stamped.

Sakae tata

121 dong avf of

WNW OD

19P
‘eZIS [ViNJvU YJal}UIM4-aUC)

“AB Ulqud wos

‘(ojsang sdoisan f ) NIHdTOd GHSON-HILLOG

Vette |

NIE sion ari IVYQLYN HSIN]

j une, 1905. The Lrish Naturalist. 121

BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS IN DUBLIN BAY.

BY R. F. SCHARFF, PH.D., F.L,S.
(PLATE 4.)

WHEN I wrote a short account on the Irish Cetacea! five
years ago, I mentioned (p. 90) that the only certain record of
the Bottle-nosed Dolphin (Zursiops tursio) having occurred in
Irish waters was that mentioned by Bell, according to whom
a specimen had been taken on the south coast in 1829. Mr.
M‘Cabe, of the South City Markets, in Dublin, informed me,
on the 29th April last, that two young whales had been cap-
tured the night before in salmon nets set near the mouth of
the River Liffey. Mr. Nichols and I went to examine them
at once, and identified them as Bottle-nosed Dolphins ; clearly
the species is of great rarity on the Irish coast.

Both specimens were females, one being 10 feet 6 inches
long, and the othera little smaller. They were of a uniformly
dark slaty-grey colour above, including the flippers, and
underneath of a dirty white. The white colour extended in
anatrow strip along about half of the upper jaw, while the
anterior portion of the lower jaw was grey. There were
_ forty-two teeth in the lower and forty-six in the upper jaw.

I herewith give a figure of one of the specimens, and may
point out at the same time that it differs to some extent from
the only other drawing published of an Irish Bottle-nosed
Dolphin. The late Dr. Gray had in his possession a drawing
made by Robert Templeton of the Irish specimen obtained
in 1829, and referred to above. This he reproduced in his
paper. To judge from this drawing, which evidently repre-
sents a Bottle-nosed Dolphin, it would seem as if the extent
to which the white colour invades the head region is variable.
The head is almost entirely white in this specimen. Then,
again, in Prof. Flower’s figure of the same species,’? the whole
of the lower jaw is coloured white.

1 Trish Naturalist, vol ix., 1900, pp. 83-91.
2 Annals of Natural History, vol. xvii., 1846.
8 Zrans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. xi., 1885, plate 1, fig. 2.
A

¥22 The Irish Naturalist. June,

The Bottle nosed Dolphin resembles the Bottle-nosed Whale
in shape, and both belong to the great group of toothed
whales, but whereas the latter has only a single pair of teeth
in the lower jaw, the former, as we have noticed, possesses a
very large number of conical teeth. The distribution of the
Bottle-nosed Dolphin is world wide. The Common Dolphin
differs from the Bottle-nosed Dolphin in having a much
longer beak, smaller and more numerous teeth, while it is
unusually variegated in colour for a whale. :

It may be of interest to add that Mr. M‘Cabe has kindly
presented the larger of the specimens referred to to our
National Collection; the other has gone to an English
museum.

The Museum, Dublin.

IRISH SOCIETIES.

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Recent gifts include twelve Chaffinches, four Greenfinches, a Gold-
finch, eight Redpolls, and three Hooded Crows from Mr. W. W. Despard ;
and a Badger from Mr. O’Brien. Many animals have been lately acquired
by exchange or purchase, including a number of Monkeys and Marmo-
sets, two Dwarf Lemurs, a pair of Black Porcupines, a Bear, and apair of —
Racoons, two Ura! Owls, a Marabout Stork, and some Pelicans. Three
Lion cubs have been born in the Gardens, and four young Lions have
been sold and exported to Germany.

The well-deserved honour of an Honorary Vice-Presidency has been
conferred on Mr. W. E. Peebles after twenty-five consecutive years’
service on the Council. The vacancy thus created has been filled by the
co-option of Dr. E. M‘Dowall Cosgrave.

DUBLIN MICROSCOPICAL CLUB.

April, t2,—The Club met at Leinster House. Dr. R. F. SCHARFF,
President, in the chair.

J. N. HALBERT exhibited an uttcommon fresh-water mite—7orrenticola
anomaia (Koch)—found in the River Nore, near Thomastown, Co. Kil-
kenny. The species is very local, occurring in rivers and streams in
various parts of Ireland, notably in the Flesk (Killarney), in the Black-
water (Listnore), and in the Tolka, near Finglas, Co. Dublin. It has also
been recorded from Scotland.

1905. Proceedin 9s of L; vish Societies. 123

F. W. Moors exhibited Bulbophyllum tremulum, Wight. This is a very
scarce and interesting orchid, a native of India, belonging to the small.
group in which the labellum bears numerous hairs. In the present
instance, a heavy fringe of hairs hangs downwards from the labellum,
resembling a beard, these hairs being flat, strap-shaped, and in colour
dull red. Slight breaths of air cause these hairs to vibrate, and a strong,
breeze, sufficient slightly to shake the inflorescence, causes the labellum.
of each flower, with the attached hairs, to oscillate.

Prof. G. H. CARPENTER showed Lohmannia tnusignis, an Oribatid mite, .
from Tibradden, Co. Dublin, recently described as a new species by-
Prof. Berlese (Redza, vol. ii., 1904, pp. 23-4, pl. ti., fig. 41). This mite.
occurred in numbers, and had proved injurious to bean seediings in the,
_ garden at Tibradden House, where it was detected by Mr. T. Bell.

D. M‘ARDLE exhibited Pezzza granulata, Bull, a fungus which occurs.
in considerable quantity on cow-dung, and presents the appearance of ,
scattered grains or seeds. When very young the cup is. round; it after-
wards expands flatly, is of a fulvous orange colour, and is composed .
_ of cylindrical asci containing eight eliptical sporidia, with stout linear
_paraphyses, club-shaped at the apex, which is full of orange-red.
granules; these present a beautiful object under the microscope. It is
common in Co. Dublin. ‘There is an excellent figure of the plant in -
Cooke’s ‘‘ Micrographia,” page 34. plate 15, fig. 59.

CORK NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

APRIL 11.—ANNUAL MEETING.—The annual meeting was held in the
Club rooms, which are now open to members every evening, except
Thursday, from 7 to 9.45 o’clock. .
The following reports were read and adopted, the treasurer showing a.
balance in hand of over £9.
| THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT—SESSION 1904-5.—The membership
of the Club is now fifty-four, including eleven hon. members, as against ,
fifty-eight last year, and also we have eighteen junior members,
During the past session, a special effort was made to resuscitate the
excursions, which had fallen into abeyance during the Exhibition years.
_A full programme was arranged, and your secretary issued a special
circular, stating that, as far as possible, he would personally superintend
them. The result has not come up to our expectations, for while the
excursions were fairly attended, many more members should have come, |
and the practical results might have been more encouraging.
: At our last annual meeting our rules were altered so as to facilitate the
formation of a junior branch at the nominal subscription of Is.; this
resulted in about twenty joining, principally from the High School; but
though several prizes were offered, none were competed for, which is
tiuch to be regretted, as it was thought this would encourage collecting .

and nature-study.
A 2

124 The lrish Naturalist. June,

The following series of excursions was arranged, all of which, except
that to Innishannon, were held; the Innishannon one, fixed for August
Bank Holiday, having to be given up owing to wet weather :—

April 4.—Raffeen to Carrigaline, through a most picturesque and
- interesting piece of country. April 23.—Lota Lodge, by kind permission
of A. F. Sharman Crawford, Esq., J.P., rail to Glanmire and walk back
by Bennett's Bog. This was the most largely attended of all, about
thirty, chiefly the junior branch, going. May 7.—Waterfallto Ballin-
collig. May 14.—Drive to Carrignavar and home by Templemichael.
May 28.—Rochestown to Monkstown. June 4.—Douglas district. June
8.—Blarney line, getting out at junction and walking back to Leemount ;
some of the party walked back to Cork. June 25.—Little Island; con-
ducted by Mr. Farrington. August 25.—Kinsale. The weather kept
some away, but those who went had a most interesting dredging
excursion in the harbour, under Mr. Rohu’s guidance, and obtained
some interesting marine specimens. September 10.—Raffeen and walk —
to Currabinny, where the party were kindly entertained to tea by Mrs.
John Pickering. September 17.—Rail to Blarney, and walk home by
the old road.

The 4th Triennial Conference and excursion under the Field Club
Union was held at Sligo, and well attended, though only one of our
members, Mr. Charles Baker, was able to go from Cork. An account of
this was given as a joint lecture with the Cork Literary and Scientific
Society, by R. Lloyd Praeger; it was most interesting, and was fully
illustrated by magnificent views taken by R. Welch. The only other
lecture so far was on ‘“‘ The Relation of Art to Nature,” by your secretary,
which was also, by request, given under the same joint auspices.

Mr. Praeger expressed the hope that the 5th Field Club Union Con-
ference of 1907 should be held in Cork. This we hope may bedone, as
it would prove a great stimulus to local study ; but to make it a success,
we need to gird up our loins and make much more effort than has been
done to ensure practical results.

The most important event of the year is the joining of our Club with
the Historical and Archeological Society, and the Scientific Association,
in taking the reading-room of the Cork library for the society’s use, five
evenings in the week from 7 toto o’clock. This will take all our funds,
and unless it results in greatly increasing the numbers of our member-
ship, the interest in the Club cannot be continued beyond the year.
That stch may not be, is our sincere hope, after thirteen years of
existence, and we urge upon all our members to take more interest in
the various meetings, and thus contribute towards their success.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing session :--

President—W. Humble Johnson. Vice-Presidents—Prof. M. Hartog,
D.Sc.; Miss Martin, T. Farrington, J. Ll. Copeman, R. A. Phillips, J. H.
Bennett, H. H. Lund. Hon. Treasurer--W. B. Lacy. Hon. Secretary —
and Curator—Charles Baker. Committee--Miss Porter, F. R. Rohu, ©
W. Miller, J Noonan, C. Peyton.

1905. 125

BIRDS MET WITH ON CONNAUGHT LAKES,
BY R, J» USSHER.

{ HAVE drawn attention in this magazine to the use made of
the Shannon and its lakes by migrants and wandering sea-
birds when migrating north and south, but another easy
route is afforded by the great lakes, Corrib, Mask, and Conn,
by which wild fowl can pass from Killala Bay to Galway Bay,
and thus cut off the dangerous circuit round the coasts of
Mayo and Connemara.

Mr. Warren lives at the northern end of this short cut, and
has for over half a century recorded observations, many of
which illustrate this migration route. Thus, in October, 1851,
and again in October, 1862, remarkable numbers of Skuas, of
two species, were seen entering from Killala Bay, and on the
latter occasion these birds were immediately afterwards ob-
‘served in numbers on Tralee Bay.

My own acquaintance with this part of Ireland is limited
to summer, so that the species which breed there are more
familiar to me than migrants, and I will relate some of my
observations made in May and June in different years.
Leaving Galway by boat one has tu traverse the River Corrib
for three miles before reaching the lake, passing through
the cut of Menlough. This channel leads through a wide
extent of rough, sedgy ground, onceaswamp. Here many
breeding Curlews performed their favourite exploit of ascend-
ing with rapid strokes, and then projecting themselves, with
Wings stretched out rigidly, and descending like a parachute.
Redshanks and Dunlins, which also breed on this lake, per-
form the same manceuvre in the nuptial season.

Lough Corrib is about thirty miles in length, and has two
broad, deep expansions—the rest being a flooded tract of
limestone crag, with rocky points and masses of all sizes,
either projecting from the surface or barely submerged.
Much of this extraordinary basin is so dangerous to navigate
that the feathered inhabitants nest undisturbed except by
winged enemies. Of these the Marsh Harrier, once a wide-
spread resident, still lingers on the lonely bogs beside the
lake, where I have watched it sailing, soaring, and wheeling

126 The Irish Naturalist. June,

at no great height; its wings are often held slanting upwards.
The Hen Harrier was also common up to 1872, previously to
which it nested on several of the islands towards the north
end, but these were sought out and the birds shot. Of all
birds of prey the Harriers are the most easy to kill, from
their low, deliberate flight.

~ Among the birds that people the numerous islands of Lough
Corrib; the Arctic Tern is most in evidence. Its colonies are
dispersed through the central portion of the lake, where a
boat is ever in danger of having its bottom pierced by a
sunken point of limestone. I have found some nests of
Common’Tern among those of the Arctic. While both species
have been proved by Mr. Warren to breed on Loughs
Mask and Carra, I understand that the proportion of
S. fluviatilis is larger on those lakes. Ata point in Lough
Corrib, fully eight miles from the Port of Galway, the nearest
sea, Isawa pair of Little Terns fishing near an island, and
they seemed to be quite at home there. I could see their
white foreheads, as they were close to me. |

The Black-headed Gull has several colonies on the islands
of these lakes, but a more remarkable member of this family,
the Lesser Black-headed Gull, breeds on many islands. I
have seen as many as four pairs at their nests on adjoining
islets or rocks at a shallow, dangerous part of Lough Corrib,
where the site chosen was frequently under or in the midst
of a willow or other small bush that was open enough for
their large nest. Elsewhere on this lake, and on Lough
Mask, where islands are largely formed of huge bare boulders,
the single nest is placed among these; but on one island
that I have not visited, Mr. Warren found twenty nests of the
Lesser Black-backed Gull. He also found some scattered
nests of the Common Gull on the points and rocky islets of
Lough Mask, which seems to be the most inland breeding
resort of this bird in Ireland. It also nests on Lough Conn
and Lough Cullin, and on an island in the latter lake about
thirty pairs were breeding in 1894 (Warren).

In Ireland the Common Gull chiefly frequents in the nuptial
season the small islets of freshwater lakes near the western
coasts of Donegal, Mayo, and Galway, and the fact that it
breeds on some of the great lakes of central Connaught

1905. USSHER.—Birds met with on Connaught Lakes. 127

corroborates the semi-marine character of their bird-life. But,
to return to Lough Corrib; nowhere have I seen more
Mergansers, sometimes in pairs, sometimes in little bands. In
June the females may be found hatching on the islands of all
these Connaught lakes, and a favourite nesting-site is in a
rank bed of Meadow-sweet, through which the bird makes a
tortuous pass from the shore, As the Merganser feeds on fish,
it is not incommoded by the rocky nature of the bottom; but
this does not seem to suit the Great Crested Grebe, a bird that
I failed to meet with on the larger lakes. I met with it, how-
ever, on Lough Hackett, a small lake near Headford, which
was muddy, and grew flags or rushes.

The islands of Lough Corrib are much resorted to by the
Common Sandpiper, and Dunlins are to be seen some-
times in unaccountable little flocks at the height of the breed-
ing-season, sometimes in pairs that seem to have nests.

The Cormorant is to be seen in all directions, one prominent
rock, which formed a favourite perch, being well whitewashed.
A small colony of Cormorants used to nest (as Mr. Warren in-
forms us) on the ivy-covered walls of an isolated castle in Lough
Mask, until storms stripped off the ivy. I have described else-
where! considerable colonies of Cormorants that nest on
the trees of lake-islands in Connaught; and on Lough Tawny-
ard, in Mayo, I counted eighty nests on one side of such an
island, on which I found several Herons’ nests in tall, straggling
Hollies in the interior of the thicket.

Herons habitually build on Hollies, which often grow toa
great size, and on any low trees or bushes available, on the
islands of the moorland lakes of the West of Ireland from
Donegal to Kerry. In Connemara, a district of bogs and
granite mountains, the only attempts at a bush-growth (for one
cannot call this trees) is on the islands of the many lakes.
Here such species as the Merlin and Hooded Crow resort to
breed, and Wood-Pigeons are common. Mr. Witherby found
two nests of the latter on the ground among heather on an
island in Lough Corrib. This is not so surprising to me, when
I remember a Heron’s nest on the stony brow of an islet in
Lough Ilion, Co. Donegal, and the nest of a Magpie but two
feet from the ground, not far from that of the Heron.

ee

1 Birds of Ireland, p. 153.

128 The lrish Naturalist. | June,

Sedge Warblers are common on Lough Corrib, and that in-
evitable bird of the Irish lakes, the Reed Bunting. It seems
to breed on every island in many counties. I found a nest
well under a boulder on one of the stony islands of Lough
Mask. Sand-Martins excavate the escarpment of the boulder-
clay that caps several of the islands in these lakes, and they
breed in the walls of a ruined castle on Lough Cullin (Warren) ;
but the small bird that aroused my interest most was the
Yellow Wagtail, which nests extensively on the three lakes,
Corrib, Mask, and Cara, chiefly on the islands. I was attracted,
by the female leaving it, to one nest containing six eggs, over-
hung by a stone, among short sedgy grass. In parts of Lough
Corrib a pair seems to occupy each island. Mr. W. H. Good,
of Westport, informed Mr. Warren and me that this species |
so local in Ireland, was to be found breeding on Lough Mask,
and our surprise at finding it on these lakes is due to the fact
that the only other breeding-ground of the species known in
Ireland is on Lough Neagh, in Ulster. This discontinuous
distribution in Ireland is paralled by similar habits of the
Yellow Wagtail inthe Norih of England. Asa migrant it has
occurred at Co. Wexford light-stations, which shows that some
at least of this species cross by the Wexford migration-route
used by so many of the Passerine birds that visit Ireland.

Before quitting Lough Corrib I may mention that I have
found the Brimstone Butterfly (Gonepteryx rhamni) on many
of the islands in June, as well as on those of the Shannon
Lakes.

Of winter migrants to the northern lakes of this chain
Bewick’s Swan is the most remarkable; flocks of this fine bird
have repeatedly been seen on Loughs Conn and Cullin by
Mr. Warren.

The Woodcock, a migrant of more interest to the sportsman,
after coming down the Donegal coast, crosses Connaught on
its southern journey in large numbers by this line of lakes,
where many take up their winter abode. The plantations of
Lord Ardilaun at Ashford, on Lough Mask, being carefully
preserved, afford a great annual cock-shoot, which has become
famous, and in which Royalty has taken part this year. 209
and 211 birds have been killed in one day on different years,
while as many as 508 have been shot in six days by seven guns,

19055 UssHer.—Zirds met with on Connaught Lakes. 129

Lord Ardilaun has given me to understand that after each
spell of severe weather, which drives the cock in from the
hilis, a smaller number leave the coverts ; and thus more birds
may be met with in the end of January than at an earlier
period of the winter. Some breed at Ashford, and these
appear to be increasing, for in the spring of 1902 for the first
time a considerable number nested in a valley in the hills.
These do not as yet approach the numbers that nest in Co.
Wicklow, but as our summer Woodcocks have been steadily
on the increase since the first notice in 1833 (Thompson) there
can be little doubt that Connaught woods are destined to be
more largely used as breeding-quarters.

Among the species that are extending their breeding-range
in this country is the Shoveler, whose nest has been repeatedly
taken of late years on Lough Conn; and though I have not
yet learned that the Tufted Duck frequents that lake, and
those to the south of it, in summer, this bird has become so
numerous on the Co. Sligo lakes in the breeding-time that its
presence at that season further west may be looked for.

The lakes of Sligo and Roscommon form a group rich in
bird-life ; they comprise Loughs Gill, Arrow, Key, and Gara,
some of which have shores and islands adorned with natural
wood, and afford some of the most beautiful lake-scenes in
Ireland.

The Whinchat, though not a lake-bird, frequents the boggy
lands in the neighbourhood of these lakes and the marshy
hollows towards Ballymote, being probably more numerous
in that district than elsewhere in Ireland. It seems to be
absent from the greater part of Munster and Leinster.

The range of the Garden-Warbler includes the wooded
shores and islands of Lough Arrow and Lough Key, and I
have met with itin song in successive seasons in the same
haunts.

The Blackcap has also been identified by its song in
Rockingham woods by Mr. Ellison and myself.

Siskins were seen and heard by us in June among
the lofty fir-trees in the demesnes of Hazlewood, Markree,
and Rockingham. We met with them in family parties, and
they evidently breed there, as well as Crossbills, which were
observed at the same seasons at Hazlewood and Markree.

am 3

130 The Irish Naturalist. June,

The Lesser Redpoll was found nesting near Lough Key,
and though its breeding-range in Ireland is a wide one, I
notice it here as a species that easily escapes observation.

The ducks which make these lakes their breeding-haunts
are numerous. Besides Mallards in abundance, we were
entertained by a female Shoveler, which disported herself near
our boat with agonized antics to allure us from her brood, in
a reedy bay of Lough Key; elsewhere males ot this beautiful
species were seen on the same lake, having evidently with-
drawn from matrimonial cares, as they do when the females
are hatching.

The Tufted Duck is the species most in evidence on these
lakes, and its increase within recent memory has been
marked. New as itis among the breeding birds of Ireland,
it had become so numerous on Lough Key in 1896, that at
least ten of these ducks might be counted on any part of its
waters. ‘The nests are to be found in June on all the islands,
and on Lough Arrow we found them in dense clumps of
rushes on a grassy peninsula, with cattle grazing between
them. The completed clutch was generally covered with a
veil of dusky down that concealed the eggs. I visited a similar
breeding-ground of the Tufted Duck on an island in Lough
Gara in Igol.

Mergansers add conspicuously to this bird-population, and so
do the Cormorants, notwithstanding efforts to reduce them
in the interests of fishing. I saw thirty of these birds
together on a stony island in Lough Key in 1896. They
probably represented broods that had quitted neighbouring
nests with their parents. On an island in this lake a colony
of Cormorants have long bred, in ash trees from 30 to 4o feet
high. Their nests here, as on Lough Tawnyard, Co. Mayo,
are more compact than the wide, basket-like structure of
Herons. We find the four species of Limicola nesting on
the lake-islands—the Ringed Plover, Common Sandpiper,
Redshank, and Dunlin—the last chiefly on Lough Gara,
where I saw numbers in June inhabiting a long, little-
frequented point. I also saw the eggs taken on Inch Island
in short herbage near the shore. Redshanks make a lively
outcry as they flit round over the intruder, or descend like
parachutes to divert attention from their nests.

t905. UssHEr.—Birds met with on Connaught Lakes. 13]

Of the Black-headed Gull I found dense assemblages
bréeding on two stony islets in Lough Key, though in 1896 these
had been repeatedly robbed of their eggs to feed pheasants,
I was interested to watch these gulls chasing moths on the
wing over a field near that lake in the evening twilight.

The Lesser Black-backed Gull may be met with on Lough
Key in summer. It probably breeds in some lonely bog in
the district. Common Terns also nest on the stony islands
of all the lakes, and in 1891 I found five nests below the
margins of the sod of avery small islet overlooked by the
pleasure-grounds at Rockingham. The next time I visited
it, the brushwood had overgrown it so much that there was
no room for the Terns, but a Tufted Duck nested in the
centre.

The Great Crested Grebe breeds on those lakes, on whose
waters its quaint form adds variety to the diverse bird popu-
lation so representative of the woodland, the marsh, and the
inland waters, including also species that one expects to find
rather on the sea-coast.

On the west side of the Moy estuary, in the County Mayo,
a shallow piece of water, with marshy shores, is named
Rathroeen Lake. On the single island that this lake contains
Mr. Warren discovered a colony of Sandwich Terns breeding
in 1858, and they continue to nest there in the midst of a
host of Black-headed Gulls, the place being carefully pre-
served; great numbers of Mallards and Teal breed round the
lake, and Redshanks and Lapwings also take advantage of
this excellent asylum. Being close to Killala Bay, the Terns
have ample fishing-grounds, whence they may be seen flying
to the lake with sand-eels in their bills. These fine birds are
the feature of interest in the bird-life of the place, only one
other colony of Sandwich Terns being known in Ireland, in
an Ulster county. They are not merely distinguished from
the Common Terns by greater size and breadth of wing, but
by their proportions, the large head and shoulders reminding
one of the form of a fish, and contrasting with the propor-
tionally short tail and hindquarters. The cry is also very
distinctive.

In the month of June, as one views the island from a
neighbouring rising ground, its centre seems paved with

132 The Irish Naturalist. June,

white birds, the Gulls far outnumbering the Terns, Which
frequent the centre.

In 1890 I reached that island by swimming, in spite of the
menacing stoops of the crowd of excited Gulls. The bank
was overgrown with large sallows, on creeping through
which I was confronted by a zone of tall nettles; trampling
down these I reached the open space which forms the citadel
of the Sandwich Terns. It was strewn with their eggs on
what I can only describe as a common floor of nesting
material, composed of bits of reed, the nesting hollows in
this being very slight. The newly-hatched Terns were not
in fluffy down like the young Gulls, which occupied nests all -
around, and even under the trees and bushes. The coating
of the former lay close to their bodies. By this time, 15th
June, most of the fertile eggs had evidently been hatched,
as those that remained, being mostly single and discoloured,
seemed to be addled. We found the caretaker of this lake
came at once upon the scene when the birds were disturbed,
and without permission of the owner no one is allowed to
visit the place.

In north-western Mayo, Lough Carrowmore contains islands
on which Cormorants and Herons breed on low trees and
bushes, and some of the former nest on the ground among
tall weeds. The Common Gull also breeds on the islands of
this lake, as it does on many ot the small moorland lakes
near the coasts of Donegal, Mayo, and Connemara. Its nests
are to be found in depressions of the rocky surface, and even
perched on isolated rock-masses in these lakes, which are not
always in districts deserted by man. The peasant’s cottage
may overlook a lake where Herons and Gulls are nesting on
islets in full view, but these are no more disturbed than a
rookery would be in other counties.

Before Eagles of both species were so widely exterminated
in Ireland, there were instances in which they nested on
low trees or bushes on lake-islands in the bogs of western
Connaught.

The number of Herons that breed on some of the islands
of Connemara lakes is surprising. On Tough Bolard, in
Connemara, seventy Herons, old and young, were killed on
one occasion, and many dozens of eggs taken. I visited it in

1905. USSHER.—Zirds met with on Connaught Lakes. 133

June after this raid had been made, and found the eggs and
nestlings of second clutches in the huge open nests. These
were in Hollies, which grow there into trees of consider-
able size, being evidently of great age. All that district,
from Clifden along the southern margin of Co. Galway, is
full of Herons, which are met with on the creeks and loughs,
and seem to replace the Rook in abundance. Of course there
are no stately trees for them to breed in, but that is quite
unessential, as isolated bushes in a bog-lake suit them
as well. ;

The Hooded Crow builds in similar positions, and the
Kestrel uses the old nest when deserted by the Crow.

The two small lakes of Termoncarra and Cross in the
Mullet are favourite resorts of Bewick’s Swan in winter,
aud in hard seasons large flocks of these birds may be seen
there, and fly from one lake to the other. In ordinary
seasons they occur in small parties, but from November, 1892,
to February, 1893, upwards of a thousand were to be seen
daily for weeks, as the late Dr. Burkitt informed me.
Numbers of wild fowl of other species are said to frequent
those lakes, and on or near them the Snow Goose has more
than once occurred ; while the Greenland Falcon has been
repeatedly taken in that district, notably in the spring of 1905.

Cappagh, Co. Waterford.

NOTES.

BOTANY.

Thuidium delicatulum Mitt. in Co. Dublin,

I found this rare moss on the sandhills at Malahide last spring (1904)
when botanising there with Mr. D. M‘Ardle. It has been found twice
before in Ireland, in Co. Derry and Co. Down, in similar localities by the
sea, and should be looked for in suitable places inland.

C. H. WADDELI,.
Saintfield.

ow

134 ; The lrish Naturalist. June,
ZOOLOGY.

Notices of Irish Mollusca.

The current (April) nuinber of the Journal of Conchology contaius a note
by Chas. Oldham on the findings of Vadllonia excentrica, Sterki, at Morn-
ington, Co. Meath, by P. H. Grierson, and a note by R. Welch on fresh-
water shells in masses in shell-marl, and one by Miss Massy on the
opercula of Bythinza tentaculata.

Birds of the Skelligs.

One of the keepers of the Skelligs lighthouse (Mr. R. James) tells me
that in March last they shot three Greenland Falcons and saw a great
number of Little Auks round the rock. One of the Falcons was devour-
ing an Auk when it was shot. I believe the Falcons were sent to Messrs.
Williams, Dame-street.

MAuD J. DELAP.

Valencia.

White Wagtails at Bartragh,

The White Wagtails (Motacz//a alba) paid their usual spring visit to the
island during the prevalence of the fresh northerly winds of the three
weeks preceding May 10. They were first observed about the 25th April,
when four or five birds were seen at the usual haunt. These remained
all that week, and early the next were joined by others, making up the
nuinber to eight, the entire flock remaining until the 6th May, when the
wind changing to the south, they left the island before 11 o’clock. How-
ever, to replace those, four others arrived that evening, and pr hr will
be joined by fresh arrivals if northerly winds prevail.

ROBERT WARREN.
Moyview, Ballina.

Corncrakes in Winter.

In the /r1sh Naturalist for May Mr. R. Patterson notes the shooting of a
Corncrake near Lurgan on the 31st January, by a man who was attracted
by the sound of its craking. It is to be hoped that the specimen has
been preserved, for surely a Corncrake that has craked in January is
deserving of the highest position in the local museum.

On the igth February a Corncrake was seen by two gentlemen near
Belfast as it crossed the road before them—another strange time of year
for Corncrakes to be about—but then in explanation of their wanderings,
we are told (what is very evident) that neither of these birds were
hibernating This of course is quite satisfactory to those who believe in
the hibernating birds. .

ROBERT WARREN,

Moyview, Ballina

1905. Notes. 135

Unnecessary Bird Killing.

I do not think that Mr. Nevin H. Foster’s protest, under the above
heading (p. 96), against the killing of a Glaucous Gull is altogether called
for. This species runs no risk of having its numbers seriously, or even
appreciably, reduced by the shooting of individuals that have straggled
in winter to spots so far away from their breeding quarters as Ireland ;
and though it may be pleasanter to read of their being spared than
killed, it might surely be left to a trained naturalist and life-long student
of the Gull family like Mr. Warren, to judge for himself how many
specimens it would be desirable for him to secure. In the case of the
Glaucous Gull, and, indeed, of most Gulls, a very considerable number
would be necessary to illustrate the different phases of plumage: and it
is impossible to lay down a satisfactory hard-and-fast rule as to where
the line should be drawn.

C. B. MOFFAT.
Dublin.

Iceland Gull in the Moy Estuary.

I have been much amused by Mr. Nevin H. Foster’s attack on me in
the April number of the /r7sh Naturalist, for shooting the Glaucous Gull
recorded in the March number. I now have the pieasure of informing
him, and other naturalists, that on April the 26th, I shot a very
fine specimen of the Iceland Gull as it was swimming in the water

‘near one of my fields here, in company of a young Herring Gull. Itis

very white in colour, being in the last season’s stage of the immature
plumage, this very peculiar white colour being common to both the
Glaucous and Iceland Gulls of the same age. Its dimensions were :—
Length, 214 inches; carpus, 16 inches; tarsus, 2 inches; while its closed
wings extended 24 inches beyond the end of the tail feathers.

ROBERT WARREN,
Moyview, Ballina.

Supposed Wild Cat in Ireland.

I do not expect that Dr. Scharff will ever succeed in obtaining an Irish
killed specimen of a Wild Cat, no more than one of Adustela vulgaris :
though quite as grave statements of captures have been made from time
to time, yet up to the present no specimen has beeu produced of either
animal for inspection by couipetent naturalists.

Mr. Thompson never got one, neither did Dr. Ball nor Dr, Harvey, and
we thus have our three greatest Irish naturalists of the north, middle,
and south of Ireland, never seeing or obtaining a specimen of either
animal during their long years of enquiry and observation.

136 Lhe Lrish Naturalist. June,

There is no doubt that the Domestic Cat when wild-reared for several
generations grows to an abnormal size and strength, almost rivalling its
wild relative, and when with its dense coat of thick coarse fur, and of the
true wild colour, it is easily mistaken by ordinary observers fur a true
Wild Cat.

I have myself trapped, and seen shot, old male specimens that were
nearly twice the size and weight of the house cats, and one, that was of
the wild colour and markings, only for his pointed tail, might easily have
been mistaken for a true Fe/zs catus.

Since Mr. Thompson’s time, and that of his fellow naturalists, the
trapping of rabbits has become so general all over Ireland, that scarcely
a rabbit burrow anywhere has been untrapped, and when this has been
the case, without specimens of either Wild Cat or Weasel being forth-
coming, I do not see the slightest probability of either animal ever being
obtained. Surely, the single instance of the finding of semifossil bones
of a cat in a Co. Clare cave does not prove the Wild Cat to be a native of
Ireland; something more will be required to prove it to Irish naturalists.

In proof of how easily persons may be mistaken, I may state that lately
in the Dublin Museum there was a specimen of a wild reared: domestic
cat, of the wild colour and markings, sent to me by an English naturalist
as a Wild Cat received by him from Ireland.

I do not think that the old fisherman’s story to Mr. de Vismes Kane,
as related by Mr. Welch in this month’s /résh Naturalist, need be taken
seriously, for if Wild Cats are so numerous as stated on the banks
of Lackagh, in such a wild uninhabited district, where probably no
{rapper ever laid a trap, some reninants of the race must be yet in
existence.

ROBERT WARREN.
Moyview, Ballina. .

[Reference to Dr. Scharff’s paper will show that the bones discovered
n the Clare cave do not belong to Fels catus but toa distinct South
European Wild Cat. It is of course this latter species which Dr. Scharff
thinks may possibly still survive in remote corners of Ireland, and being
externally much more like the Domestic Cat than / catus is, it is the
more likely to be overlooked We disagree with Mr. Warren that Irish
naturalists will not be content to accept this most interesting addition
to our matimalian fauna on the evidence of Dr. Scharff’s discovery, as it
seems to us that no better evidence can be brought forward of the recent
occurrence in any country of a particular animal than the existence of its
bones in a sub-fossil condition.—EDs. ]

1905. 137

IRISH CRUSTACEA OSTRACODA.
BY CANON A. M. NORMAN, M.A., D.C.Iy) LIyD., F.R-S., F.L.S.

THE object of this paper is to bring together all that is known
respecting the representation of the order of Crustacea called
Ostracoda in the Irish fauna.

The great extent of fresh water in Ireland ought to make
that country very rich in species of Entomostraca which are
not marine; but very little has been done among the fresh-
water forms, although that little has brought to light species
which have hitherto escaped detection elsewhere in the British
Isles. It may be hoped that the publication of this list will
induce some young naturalists in Ireland to take up this
interesting study.

In recording habitats, I have given my own authority for
some habitats where the species has been also found by other
observers ; because in thus acting I am giving confirmation to
the record of localities already mentioned in Prof. Brady’s and
my monograph. I have looked through a great deal of material
which I had not had time to examine when that monograph was
published. ‘This material has been for the most part collected
by myself; but the Youghal sand was given me by my late
friend, Dr. Jeffreys; the Aran sands were collected by the late
Mr. George Barlee, and the Lough Foyle material gathered by
the late Mr. Edward Waller.

The following publications have reference to Irish Ostracoda:
and in the monographs are to be found very numerous Irish
records, which are embodied in this paper :—

1. BRADY, G. S.—A Monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda. Trans.
Linn. Soc., vol. xxvi., 1868, p. 353.

2. BRADY, G. S., and D. ROBERTSON.—Notes on a Week’s Dredging in
the West of Ireland. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, Vol. ili., 1869,
P- 353-

3. BRADY, G. S., and D. ROBERTSON.—Contributions to the study of the
Entomostraca. VI. On the distribution of the British Ostracoda.
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ix., 1872, p. 48.

4. MALCOMSON, S. M.—Recent Ostracoda of Belfast Lough. Proc. Belfasz
Nat. Field Club, Appendix 1884-1885, p. 259.

5. MALcomson, S. M.—List of Ostracoda, in Haddon, &c.: First Report
of the Marine Fauna of the South-west of Ireland. Proc. Roy. [rish
Acad., ser. 2, vol iv., 1886, p. 632.

138 The Trish Naturalist. June,

6. BRADY, G. S.,and A. M. NorRMAN.—Monograph of the Marine and
Freshwater Ostracoda of the North Atlantic, and of North-western
Europe—Section I. Podocopa. Trans. Roy. Dubl, Soc., ser. 2, vol. iv.,
1889, p. 63; and Part 2, Section ii.-iv. Myodocopa, Cladocopa, and
Platycopa. /ébzdem, vol. v., 1896, p. 621.

7. SCHARFF, R. F.—A list of Irish Ostracoda, compiled from Brady and
Norman’s Monograph. Jrish Naturalist, 1897, p. 74.

8. BRADY, G. S.— Copepoda and other Crustacea taken in Ireland, and on
the N.E. coast of England. Mat. Hist. Trans., Northumberland,
Durham, and Newcastle-upon- Tyne, vol. Xiv., 1902, p. 54.

9. BRADY, G. §.—List of the Ostracoda collected by Mr. George Murray,
F.R.S., during the Cruise of the “Oceana” in 1898. Ann. and Mag.
Wat. Hist Sr, 7. VOU xi. 106419: 447.

I have taken the following excursions in Ireland. (I only
mention those, or those parts of excursions, where I collected
material for Ostracoda) :—

1858. Bantry and Glengarriff.

1868. Belfast and Strangford Lough.

1870. Valentia, dredging in company with my friend, Mr.
Edward Waller, in Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys’ yacht ‘“‘Osprey.”
Dr. Jeffreys was unable to be with us.

1874. Westport and Roundstone, in company with my friend,
Dr. D. Robertson.

1900. Clifden and Connemara, and subsequently counties Clare
and Monaghan, in company with my friend, Mr. W. F.
de Vismes Kane.

In 1885, with the very kind help of a gentleman in thie
neighbourhood, I employed two men for a week to use the
townet and dredge in Lough Neagh. My chief object was, if
possible to find ALyszs velicta, which I had sought for in vain
in some of the largest lakes of Scotland. Amidst an enormous
amount of plankton material was a single specimen which
proved the presence ofthat A7yszs in Ireland. It has since been
taken in the same lough in abundance by Mr, Kane and others,
and also in Lough Erne.

The present catalogue gives a larger number of marine
Ostracoda than are found on the coasts of either England
or Scotland. The deep water off the west of Ireland affords
that country great advantages, which must increase more and
more as the investigation of its deep-sea fauna is carried on
more thoroughly. 7

1905. Norman.—Z/rish Crustacea Ostracoda. 139

The nomenclature employed is that of Professor Brady and
my monograph, unless otherwise noted.

OSTRACODA,
Section I.—PODOCOPA.
Fam. 1.—CYPRIDE.
Genus 1.—Cyprla, Zenker.

Cypria opthalmica (Jurine.)—No doubt common everywhere, as I
have found it to be in the counties Antrim, Meath, Monaghan, Fer-
managh, Mayo, Galway, and Clare.

C. exsculpta (S. Fischer).—Lough Neagh (A.M.N.), contained in B. and
R.’s! list of species of Galway and Mayo.

Genus 2.—Cyclocypris, Brady and Norman.

Cyclocypris Izevis (O. F. Miiller)—Lough Neagh (A.M.N.); Lough
Erne (Kane !); Grand Canal, Dublin, and counties Galway and Mayo
(B. and R.). .

C. serena (Koch).—Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare; Braggan, Cornacassa,
and Drumreaske, all near Monaghan (A.M.N.) ; Loughs of Mayo and
Galway (B. and R.).

C. globosa (G. O. Sars).—Ballinahinch and Clifden, Co. Galway;

mountain tarn at Braggan, near Monaghan; Cregduff Lough, Round-

stone (A.M.N.).

Genus 3.—Cypris, O. F. Miiller.

C. virens (Jurine).—Belfast (A.M.N.).

Cc. incongruens (Rambohr).—Belfast (A.M N.), Isle of Aran (Inish-
more), Co. Galway (G.S.B.).

C. pubera, O. F. Miiller —Mr. W. F. de V. Kane sent me specimens of
this species for examination, which he had taken in Lough Neagh. Dr.
G. W. Miiller has instituted a new subgenus Zurycypris with this species
asthe type. This cannot stand, for while most of the other species
which O. F. Miller included in his genus Cyfrzs have been assigned
subsequently to other genera, Cyfr7s pubera has been left as the type,
and with especial propriety, since it was the first species of those
ranged under Cyfrzs in his Zool. Dan. Prodromus.

C, reticulata, Zaddach.—Ireland (G.S.B.).

Cc. fuscata, Jurine.—Ireland (G.S.B.) This and the last species are
entered in the Irish column, p. 250, of Prof. Brady’s and my
Monograph; Ido not remember on what authority, but conclude
that it was that of Prof. Brady.

1 Here, and throughout, used as the initials of Brady and Robertson.

i40 The Irish Naturalist. June,

Cypris hbispinosa, Baird.—When Mr. E,; Waller and I were
together at Valentia in 1870 he brought me some living examples of
this splendid species, which he had procured in a small pond, which
I think was on anisland in the harbour. The types described by Baird
were from North Africa, where it has since been again found. Very
many years ago the late Dr. Lukis gave mesome examples which he
had taken in Guernsey. Judging from its known habitats it would
seem to be a species which likes a little taste of salt in the water
which it inhabits.

Genus 4.—Cyprinotus, G, S. Brady.

Cyprinotus prasinus (S. Fischer).—-The Cyprinotus salinus of Brady is
undoubtedly a synonyn of Fischer’s species. That author found his
types at Palermo in Sicily, where I have myself taken the species in
the Botanic Gardens. Cyfrinotus prasinus, Cypridopsis aculeata, and
Cytheridea torosa are three Ostracoda which, although found also quite
inland, seem to prefer water not far from the sea which has some
slight admixture of salt; and Cyfris tucongruens may perhaps be
associated with them. They must not, however, be classed with
denizens of such brackish water as is the home of Hydrodia ventrosa,
Alderia modesta, Palemonetes varians, Neomysis vulgaris, Spheroma
rugicauda, Idotea viridis Slabber (=. salznarum Dollfus), Corophium
grossipes, Lexoconcha viridis, Cytherura gibba, many Copepoda, and of
Foraminifera, Nonionina depressula, and Polystomella striatopunctata, all of
which species are peculiarly typical of brackish water, and are found
neither in absolutely salt nor in absolutely fresh water. Bally-
vaughan, Co. Clare; Newport, Co. Mayo; and in a locality far inland,
a mountain tarn at Braggan, Co. Monaghan (A.M.N.,).

Genus 5.—Herpetocypris, Brady and Norman.

Herpetocypris reptans (Baird).—Tlough Neagh (A.M.N.); Lough
Erne and Achill (Kane!) ; Loughs in Mayo and Galway, aud Grand
Canal, Dublin (B. and R.).

H. tumefacta (Brady and Robertson).—Cornacassa near Monaghan

(A.M.N.).
Genus 5.—Ilyodromus, G. O. Sars:

ilyodromus olivaceus (Brady and Norman).-—Mr. de Vismes Kane
sent tome for determination specimens taken in Upper Lough Erne.

Genus 7.—Pionocypris, Brady and Norman.

Plonocypris vidua (O. F. Miiller).—Lough Neagh, Cregduff Lough
near Roundstone, and many places near Monaghan (A.M.N.);
Loughs in Mayo and Galway, and Grand Canal, Dublin (B. and R.).

P. obesa, Brady and Robertson.—Belfast and Mullingar canals, and
Loughs in Mayo and Galway (B. and R.) I believe that this must be
united with the last, but Prof. G. O. Sars keeps them distinct.

1905. NorMAN.—/rish Crustacea Ostracoda I4I

Genus 8,—Cypridopsis, G. S. Brady.

Cypridopsis aculeata (Costa).—I found this in abundance in com-
pany with Cyfrinotus prasinus in slightly brackish water at Bally-
vaughan, Co. Clare; also in company with the same speciesin a
mountain tarn at Braggan near Monaghan; and I have also taken it
at Newport, Co. Mayo.

C. villosa (Jurine).—This species is included in B. and R.’s list of the
species of Mayo and Galway, and Dr. Malcomson found it washed
down into the sea at Belfast.

C, Newtonl, Brady and Robertson.—Rossmore, Co. Monaghan
(A.M.N.).

C. variegata, Brady and Norman.—In a small pond on the east side of
Lough Neagh through which a stream of spring water runs into the
lough; also in Lough Neagh canal (A.M.N.).

Genus 9.—Potamocypris, G. S. Brady.
Potamocypris fulva, G. S. Brady.—-River Liffey at Dublin, and
‘* West of Ireland” (G.S.B.).

Genus 10.—Aglalia, G. S. Brady.

Aglaia complanata, Brady and Robertson.—Low water, Ballyvaughan,
Co. Clare, and Birturbuy Bay (A.M.N.); Westport Bay in four fathoms
(B. and R.) This species has not yet been found on the coasts of
Great Britain.

Genus 1t.—Paracypris, G. O. Sars.

Paracypris polita, G. O. Sars.—Aran, Dingle Bay, Killary Bay
(A.M.N.); tide marks, Island Magee, Co. Antrim (Malcomson),

Genus 12,_Notodromus, L,lljeborg.

Notodromus monacha (O. F. Miller).—Newport, Co. Mayo, and in
two places near Monaghan (A.M.N.); Coolbarreen Lough, Mayo
CB I).

Genus 13.—Candona, Baird.

Candona candida (O. F. Miuller).—I have seen this common species
from the counties Antrim, Monaghan, Clare, and Galway.

Var. Claveeformis, Brady and Norman.—Lough Neagh, sent to
me by Mr. Kane.

C. elongata, Brady and Norman.—The types, and as yet only known
examples, were found in a gathering taken from the bottom of
Lough Neagh in 1885 (A.M.N.).

Cc. compressa (Koch).—Brady, in his monograph, writes: ‘‘ A single
valve, belonging apparently to this species, occurred amongst
Ostracoda found by Dr. Alcock in shell-sand from Roundstone.”

C. fabzeformis (S. Fischer).—Coolbarreen Lough, Mayo (B. & R.).

Cc. lactea, Baird—lLough Neagh (A.M.N.); Drumreaske, near
Monaghan (Kane).

142 The Irish Naturalist. June,

Genus 14.—Candonopsis, Vavra.

[Vavra, Monographie der Ostracoden Bohmens, 1891, p. 54, and G. W.
Miller, Zoologica. Deutschiands Siisswasser Ostracoden, 1900, p. 37-]

Candonopsis Kingsleii (Brady and Robertson).—Ballynahinch, Co.
Galway (A.M.N.); Brady also includes it in his list of the species of
Mayo and Galway.

Genus 15.—Ilyocypris, Brady and Norman.

Ilyocypris Bradii, G. O. Sars.—Ballyvaughan (A.M.N.).

Genus 16.—Pontocypris, G. O. Sars.

Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman).—Valentia, Aran, Birturbuy and
Westport Bays, Lough Foyle, Strangford Lough (A. M.N.); Clifden
Bay (B. & R.); Bantry Bay, and off the Maidens Lighthouse, Co.
Antrim (S. M. M.).

P. trigonella, G. O. Sars.—Valentia, Aran, Birturbuy Bay, Westport,
Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare (A. M. N.); Clifden and Dublin (B. & R.);
Rockport, Co. Down (S. M. M.).

P. hispida, G. O. Sars.—Birturbuy Bay(B. & R.). The only other known
habitat in our fauna is Shetland, whence I recorded it in 1868.

P, acupunctata, G. S. Brady.—Valentia (A. M. N.); in shell-sand,
Roundstone (Dr. Alcock). This is a very rare species.

Genus 17.—Anchistrocheles, Brady and Norman.

Anchistrocheies acerosa (G. S. Brady).—Off the Maidens Light-
house in 60 fathoms; east of the Gobbins, 60 fathoms; and off Black
Head in 75 fathoms, all off the Antrim coast (S. M. M.). This is a
very rare species, and where found is, as far as our observations go,
numerically very scarce. ;

Genus 18.—Argilloecia, G. O. Sars.

Argilloecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars.—Valentia, Aran, Roundstone,
Lough Foyle (A. M. N.); Clifden and Birturbuy Bays (B. & R.);
Bantry Bay, off the Antrim coast, and in Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

Fam. II].—BAIRDIIDZE.

Genus 1.—Balirdia, M‘Coy.

Balirdia inflata, Norman.—Valentia, Westport, Larne (A. M. N.);
Birturbuy Bay, in 10-15 fathoms (G. S. B.); Aran and Galway Bay
(Prof. Rowney) ; Berehaven, 4 fathoms; off Antrim coast in 10-62
fathoms, and in Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

1905. NorMAN.—/rish Crustacea Ostracoda. 143

Bairdia hirsuta, G. S. Brady.
1880. Bairdia hirsuta, G. S. Brady, Report “ Challenger” Exped.
Ostracoda, p. 50, pl. viil., figs. 3 a-d.

Two specimens, which exactly agree with the above description and
figures, were taken by the “ Porcupine” Expedition of 1869, station 20,
lat 55° 11’ N., long. 11° 31’ W., to the west of Donegal, in 1,443 fathoms.
The “ Challenger” specimens were dredged in the South Atlantic in 1,375
aud 1,825 fathoms (A. M. N.).

B. subdeltoidea (? Miinster), T. R. Jones.

1856. Bazrdia subdeltoidea, T. R. Jones, Mon. Tertiary Entom. Palwont.

50¢., Pp. 52, pl. iv., 2, 2a.

1894. ? Batrdia decipiens, G. W. Miiller, Fauna tnd Flora des Golfes

von Neapel—Ostracoden, p. 269, pl. xili., fig. 29; pl. xiv., figs,
£O;, 23, 22.

A single valve dredged in 1869 by the “ Porcupine,” station 19, lat.
56° 1:’ N., long. 10° 56’ W., in 1,366 fathoms, exactly agrees with the
figure of Prof. T. Rupert Jones, to which I have above referred. Of the
various species described by Brady and by Miiller, it seems to come
nearest to B. dectpiens, Miiller. The Aazrdie are a very difficult group.
The sexual differences would seem to be considerable, and the difficulty
is increased by the difference in form of the two valves, and of the
variation of outline at different periods of development.

Genus 2.-Macrocypris, G. O. Sars.

Macrocypris minna (Baird).—Dredged by the ‘ Porcupine,” 1869,
station 3, in the ocean west of Bantry, lat. 51° 38’ N., long. 12° 50’ W.,
in 722 fathoms. The only other British locality is off Shetland, where
it was dredged first by Mr. M‘Andrew, and subseqnently in two

different years by myself (A. M. N.).

M. siliquosa, G. S. Brady.—‘‘ Porcupine,” 1869, station 19, a broken
but unmistakable part of a valve, lat. 56° 11’ N., long. 10° 56’ W., that
is, to the west of Donegal, in 1,366 fathoms (A. M. N.).

Genus 3.—Bythocypris, G. S. Brady.
B. obtusata, G. O. Sars.—Off the Antrim coast, in 60 fathoms (S. M. M.).

Fam. III._DARWINULIDZ,

Genus 1.—Darwinula, Brady and Robertson.

Darwinula Stevensoni, Brady and Robertson.—Cregduff Lough,
Roundstone (A. M. N.); Coughs Inagh, Corrib, Agraffard, Arddery,
and Mesarahoge, in Connemara (B. & R.)

144 The lrish Naturalist. June,

Fam. IV.—CYTHERIDZ.
Genus 1.—Metacypris, Brady and Robertson.

Metacypris cordata, Brady and Robertson.—This interesting fresh-
water species has been taken by B. and R. in Coolbareen Lough, Co,
Mayo, and Lough Aubwee, Galway.

Genus 2.—Cythere, O. F. Miiller.

Cythere lutea, O. F, Miller.—Bantry, Valentia, Ballyvaughan, in Co.
Clare, Aran, Clew Bay (A. M. N.); Birturbuy and Dublin Bays
(B. & R.); Antrim coast and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.)
Cc. cyamos, Norman.
1865. Cythere viridis, G. O. Sars—Oversigt af Norges Marine Ostracoden,
Vid. Selsk. Forhand, p. 30.

1868. Cythere viridis, G. S. Brady.—Mon. rec. Brit. Ostrac., Zvans. Linn.
Soc., Vol. xxvi.,’ p.., 307, pl xxvill., gs. 40-41, ane wa) 9a,
pl. XxXxvili, ie, o.

I had for some time thought that this was the young of C. “wea, and
it is true that the young of the latter species is very like C. cyamos, yet it
has not quite the same form. Sars referred this species tothe Cythere
viridis of Miller, but I regard Miiller’s species as that which Prof. Brady
used to name Loxuconcha elliptica.

Newcastle, Co. Down (Brady); Berehaven, 4 fathoms (S. M. M.).

C. confusa, Brady & Norman.—Bantry, Valentia Harbour, Dingle
Bay, Aran, Clew Bay, Lough Foyle, Strangford’ Lough (A. M.N.);
Dublin, Clifden, and Birturbuy Bays (B. & R.); Berehaven and Bel-
fast Lough (S. M.M.). This is C. pellwerda of Brady’s monograph.
I donot quote localities given in that work, as at the time when it
was published several species were confused with this.

C. pellucida, Baird.—Valentia, Westport, Lough KEoyle (A. M. N.);

Clif€en Bay (B. & R.); Dublin Bay and Belfast canal (G. S. B.);

Belfast Lough and off Black Head, Co. Antrim, 15-18 fathoms

(S. M. M.).

porcellanea, G. S. Brady.—Valentia, Aran, Westport (A. M. N.);

Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

C. macallana, Brady and Robertson.—Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare,
tide marks at Aran, Westport (A. M. N.); Dublin Bay, Clifden Bay,
3-5 fathoms, and Birturbuy Bay (B. & R.); Belfast co tide
marks (S. M. M.).

C. tenera, G. S. Brady.—Valentia, Dingle Bay, Aran, Lough Foyle
(A. M.N.); Dublin and Birturbuy Bay (B. & A.); coast of Kerry
and Belfast Lough, tide marks to 60 fathoms (S. M. M.).

Cc. semipunctata, G. S. Brady.—Aran, Birturbuy Bay, Westport
(A. M. N.); Mulroy Bay (B. & R.); Antrim coast and Belfast Lough
(Ss. M. M.):

C. badia, Norman.—Bantry, Aran, Roundstone Bay (A. M. N.); West-
port (B. & R.); Antrim coast and Belfast Lough (S, M, M.).

ig

1905. Norman.—Jrish Crustacea Ostracoda. 145

Cythere crispata, G. S. Brady.—Valentia, Aran, Roundstone, West-
port (A. M. N.); Dublin, Clifden, and Birturbuy Bays (B. & R.);
Berehaven, Antrim coast, and Belfast Lough, tide marks to 60
fathoms (S. M. M.).

C. cribrosa, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson.—Dr. Malcomson records
a single specimen of this species as having been found by him at
Rockport, Co. Down. This is the only instance of C. cvtbrosa, which
was described as a fossil of the post-tertiary beds, being found recent.
When we remember that off Belfast the dredge brings up arctic
post-tertiary Mollusca which no longer live in our seas, but which
have a remarkably recent appearance, it is possible that the speci-
men found by Dr. Malcomson may have been washed out of the
same sub-marine strata.

C. sulcifera, Brady and Norman.—“ Porcupine,” 1869, station 19, east
of Donegal, in 1,360 fathoms. The type and only known specimen.

C. gibbosa, Brady & Robertson.—A brackish water species. Newport
and Westport, Co. Mayo (A. M. N.); Roundstone, Mulroy Bay,
canal at Belfast (B. & R.); Dundrum (G. S. B.); Rockport, Co.
Down, and off the Maidens Lighthouse in 60 fathoms (S. M. M.).
The specimen in this last locality must have been washed out to
sea.

C. rubida, G. S. Brady.—I found this species in 1902, living at low
water, at Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare. This widely extends our know-
ledge of its distribution in our seas. All previous examples had
occurred in the Clyde district, the second Irish locality being
between tide marks, Rockport, Co. Down (S. M. M.); and the re-
mainiug two habitats are both in the Firth of Clyde itself—namely,
Lamlash Bay, where I took the type specimens in 1854, and the
Isle of Cumbrae, where it was found by the late Dr. D. Robertson.
It occurs in Norway, and was described by Professcr G. O. Sars
under the name Cythere drammensts.

C. albomaculata, Baird—Youghal, Valentia, Dingle Bay, Bantry,
Baliyvaughan, Aran, Roundstone, Lough Foyle, Strangford Lough
(A. M.N.); Dublin, Clifden, and Birturbuy Bays (BR. & R.): New-
castle, Co. Down (G.S. B.); Antrim coast and Belfast Lough
S71. MY:

This species is abundant in rock-pools all round our coast. North-
wards, in Norway, it would seem to be very scarce, as Professor Sars had
not met with it; but I took a few specimens at Lervig,in the Hardanger
Fiord. ‘Io the south itis not recorded in Dr. G. W. Miiller’s fine work
on the Mediterranean Ostracoda. Nevertheless it would seem to be a
southern form, since I found it to be common in rock-pools at Madeira
in 1897.

C. Robertsoni, G. S. Brady.—Bantry, Aran, Westport (A. M. N.);
Roundstone (Robertson in Mus. Nor.); Dublin (B. & R.); Bere-
haven, entrance Bantry Bay; 4o fathoms off Antrim coast, and in
Belfast Lough (S. M. M.,).

i46 The lrish Natiralisl. June,

Cythere convexa, Baird.—Youghal, Valentia, Dingle Bay, Bally-
vaughan, Aran, Clew Bay, Strangford Lough (A. M.N.); Cork (G.°H;
Davison); Dublin, Roundstone, and Birturbuy Bays (B. & R.);
Berehaven, Antrim coast, and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.). Aspecies
of wide range from tide marks to a considerable depth.

Cc. marginata, Norman.—Birturbuy Bay (B. and R.); four miles E.
of the Gobbins, Antrim, in 60 fathoms (S. M. M.).

C. Jeffreysii, G. S. Brady.—Roundstone in shell-sand (Dr. Alcock) ;
Birturbuy Bay in 10-15 fathoms (B. & R.).

Cc. limicola, Norman.—Off $.W. Ireland, in 110 fathoms; one mile off
the Gobbins, Antrim, in 15-18 fathoms, and Belfast Lough, 6-10
fathoms (S.M.M.). This I have myself only met with in deep water.

Cc. cunelformis, G. S. Brady.—Aran (A. M. N.); shell-sand from
Galway (Prof. Rowney); Roundstone Bay, 2-3 fathoms (G. S. B:).3
Dublin and Westport Bays (B. & R.); off Antrim coast and in Belfast
Lough, down to 60 fathoms (S. M. M.)

C. navicula, Norman.—Roundstone and Birturbuy Bays, Larne
(A. M. N.); Berehaven, Antrim coast, and Belfast Lough, tide marks
to 60 fathoms (S. M. M.)

Cc. globulifera, G. S. Brady,—Off Valentia, 112 fathoms (A. M.N.);
Roundstone, in shell-sand (G. S. B.); S.S.E. of Maidens Lighthouse
on Antrim coast, 72 fathoms, and off the Great Skellig, Co. Kerry
(S. M. M.)

C. cluthze, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson.—Dr. Malcomson wrote
of this very rare species-—“ Although rare, this species appears to be
generally distributed in the deeper water.” ‘The localities in which
he found it were off the Antrim coast, in 60-72 fathoms, 2-5 miles
S.E. of the Maidens Lighthouse, and half a mile off Coalpit Bay, in
13 fathoms; also off White Head in Belfast Lough, in 10-18 fathoms.
The only other known locality in our seas is och Fyne, where it
was taken by Dr. Scott, in about 20 fathoms. It is an Arctic form.
In Nares’ Arctic Expedition it was dredged in 80 fathoms off Cape
Frazier; and in 1890 I dredged it living in two localities in Kast
Finmark, viz., in the Varanger Fiord, in 125-150 fathoms, and in
Bog Fiord, in 20-30 fathoms.

C. pulchella, G. S. Brady.—‘‘A great many somewhat dwarfed
specimens, apparently belonging to this species, were found at
Berehaven in 4 fathoms” (S. M. M.)

C. villosa, G. O. Sars.—Bantry, Valentia Harbour, Ballyvaughan, Aran,
Westport, Lough Foyle, Strangford Lough, Youghal (A. M. N.);
Donegal Bay (E. C. Davison) ; Newcastle and Birturbuy Bay (G. S, B.);
Dublin and Clifden Bay (B. & R.); Berehaven, Antrim coast and
Belfast Lough (S. M. M.)

C. acanthoderma, G. S. Brady.—‘‘ Porcupine,” 1869, station 19, lat.
54° 53’ N., long. 10° 56’ W., to the west of Donegal, in 1,360 fathoms,
and also at station 20, lat, 55° 11’ N., long. 112 31’ W., in 1,443

fathoms (A. M. N.)

1905. Norman.—Jrish Crustacea Ostracoda. 147

Cythere echinata, G. O. Sars.—‘‘ Porcupine,” 1869, with the last at
station 19; also a few specimens and a single valve, station 34, lat.
49° 51’ N., long. 10° 12’, that is, due south of Bantry, in 75 fathoms
(A. M.N.)

C, dasyderma, G. S. Brady.—‘* Porcupine,” stations 19 and 20, as
above (A. M. N.)

Cc. scabrocuneata, G. S. Brady.—Dredged with the three preceding
abyssal species at station 19, in 1,360 fathoms. All these species have
a wide geographical range in very deep water in the Atlantic.

Cc, quadridentata, Baird.—Valentia, in 80 fathoms; Aran, Birturbuy,
and Killary Bays(A. M. N.); Clifden Bay and Mulroy Bay (B. & R.);
off Kerry coast; off Black Head, Antrim, in 15-18 fathoms, and in
Belfast Lough, tidemarks to Io fathoms (S. M. M.)

C. emaciata, G. S. Brady.—Bantry, Valentia, Dingle Bay, Aran,
Birturbuy Bay, Clew Bay (A. M. N.); Baltimore (C. E. Davison);
Clifden Bay.and Mulroy Bay (G. 8S. B.); Galway Bay (Prof.
Rowney); Berehaven, Antrim coast and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.)

C. tuberculata (G. O. Sars).—Bantry, Valentia, Westport (A. M. N.);
Roundstone (Dr. Alcock); Baltimore (Prof. Rowney); off Great Skel-
lig, Antrim coast, and Belfast Lough, tidemarks to 60 fathoms (S.M.M.)

Cc. concinna (T. R. Jones).—Off Valentia, Lough Foyle (A. M. N.);
Roundstone (Dr. Alcock); Antrim coast, tidemarks to 18 fathoms,
Rockport, Co. Down, and off Kerry coast (S. M. M.)

C. finmarchica (G. O. Sars).—Roundstone, in shell-sand (Dr. Alcock);
Galway Bay, in shell-sand (Prof. Rowney), off Great Skellig, Co.
Kerry, Brown’s Bay, Co. Antrim, tidemarks to 72 fathoms; Belfast
Lough, ro fathoms (S. M. M.)

C. angulata (G. O. Sars).—Dublin, Birturbuy, Clifden, and. Westport
Bays (B. & R.); off the Maidens Lighthouse, Antrim, in 60 fathoms;
Belfast Lough, 6-8 fathoms; between tidemarks at Rockport,
Donaghadee, and other places N.E. of Ireland (S. M. M.)

Cc. Whitei (Baird).—Dublin Bay (B. & S.); Island Magee, Co. Antrim,
tidemarks, and off the coast of Kerry (S. M. M.)

C. antiquata (Baird).—Bantry, Valentia, and Aran (A. M. N.);

' Birturbuy and Westport Bays (B. & R.); Kerry coast; Antrim coast,
15-60 fathoms ; Belfast Lough (S. M. M.)

C. duneilmensis Norman).—Off Valentia (A. M. N.); off Great
Skellig, Co. Kerry ; Rockport, Co. Down (S. M. M.)

C. Jonesii (Baird).—Off Valentia, to 112 fathoms; Bantry, Killary Bay,
Aran (A. M. N.); Roundstone, in shell-sand (Dr. Alcock); Birturbuy
Bay and Mulroy Bay (B. & R.); off Kerry coast, Antrim coast,
15-60 fathoms, Belfast Lough (S. M. M.)

Genus 3.—Limnicythere, G. S. Brady.
LimnIicythere inopinata (Baird).—Lough Neagh (A. M. N.); Mullin-
gar, canal at Dublin (B. & R.)
L. Sancti-Patricii, Brady and Robertson.—Lough Neagh and Ross-
more, Co. Monaghan (A. M. N.); Lough Moher, which is about five
miles south of Westport, Co. Mayo (B. & R.)

148 The Trish Naturalist. June, 1908.

Genus 4.—Cytheridea, Bosquet.

C. elongata, G S. Brady.—Bantry, Valentia, Dingle Bay, Aran, Clew
Bay, Lough Foyle, Strangford Lough, Youghal (A. M. N.); Round-
stone (G. S. B.); Dublin and Clifden Bay (B. & R.); Berehaven,
Antrim coast, tide marks to 60 fathoms; Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

C. papillosa, Bosquet.—Off Valentia in deep water, Westport
(A. M. N.); Antrim coast, 15-60 fathoms; Belfast Lough, tide marks
to 10 fathoms; off Great Skellig, Co. Kerry (S. M. M.).

C. punctillata, G. S. Brady.—Off Valentia (A. M. N.); Dublin Bay,
3-4 fathoms (B. & R.); off Great Skellig (S. M. M.).

C. stigmosa, Brady & Norman.—The types were dredged in deep
water off Valentia in 1870 (A. M. N.). It has not as yet been found
elsewhere.

C. torosa (T. R. Jones).—In brackish waters, Newport and Westport
Bays, Co. Mayo (A. M. N.).

C. lacustris (G. O. Sars).—Lough Neagh (A. M. N.).

C. subflavescens, G. S. Brady.—Off the coast of Antrim, 15-72
fathoms; Belfast Lough, 10 fathoms; Donaghadee, tide marks
(S. M. M.).

C. sorbyana, T. R. Jones.—In 112 fathoms, 30 miles off Valentia, in
1870 (A. M. N.); off the Great Skellig (S. M. M.).

Genus 5.—Eucythere, G. S. Brady.

Eucythere declivis (Norman).—Bantry, Valentia, Dingle Bay, Aran,
Lough Foyle, Strangford Lough (A. M. N.); Galway and Round-
stone (G. S. B.); Donegal Bay (E.C. Davison); Kerry coast, Antrim
coast, Belfast Lough, and Donaghadee (S. M. M.).

Var. argus, G.O. Sars.—In shell-sand, Galway Bay (Prof. Rowney);
Dublin and Westport Bays (B. & R.).

E. anglica, G. S. Brady.—Westport, Co. Mayo (A. M. N.); Clifden
Bay to 6 fathoms (B. & S.). This is the same form which was sub-
sequently called by Brady and Robertson var. prava ; they apparently
having forgotten that the former had already described it under the
name E. anglica in an appendix to his monograph (p. 475). I am
disposed to regard it as a good species.

Genus 6.—Krithe, Brady, Crosskey, & Robertson.

Krithe bartonensis (T. R. Jones).—Off Valentia, Youghal (A. M. N.);
Donegal (E. C. Davison); Aran, Roundstone, and Birturbuy Bays
(G. S. B.); off the Great Skellig (S. M. M.).

K. producta, G. S. Brady.—‘‘ Porcupine,” 1869, station 19, lat. 54° 53’
N., long. 10° 56’ W., tothe west of Donegal, in 1,350 fathoms ; station
20, lat. 55° 11’ N., long. 11° 31' W., in 1,443 fathoms, and station 34,
south of Berehaven, lat. 49° 51’ N., long. 10° 12’ W., in 75fathoms. In
this last locality only a single valve was found. It is a species of
very wide distribution in very great depths in the ocean.

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Bottle-nosed Dolphins in Dublin Bay.—R. F, Seuanry, Pu. D.~

F.L.S. (Plate’4), 55 Soe a a4 : 6!

IRISH SOCIETIES :— fe : GA Pp Oe a a
Royal Zoological Society. Dublin Microscopical Club, on ae F
Cork Naturalists’ Field Club, .2 a SS Sea

Birds met with on Cc Lakes. ae a, UssHEr, . Sere eh ae

NoTES:— “oe
Thuidium delicatulum in Co. Davin. _—REv. C. H. WADDELL, B.D... 36
Notices of Irish ‘Mollusca, .. We RE 3%

Birds of the Skelligs. —MIss MAup J. DELAP, :
White Wagtails at Bartragh, Corncrakes in Winter. —ROBERT WARREN,

Unnecessary Bird Killing.—C. B. MOFFAT, #5 oa +
Iceland Gull in the Moy Estuary.—R. WARREN, . a e a
Supposed ‘Wild Cat in Ireland.—R. WARREN, os +5 3

Irish | Crustacea Ostracoda.—RrEv. Canon A. M. Norman, ite ve 3 be

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July, 1905. The lrish Naturalist.. 149

Krithe glaclalls, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson.—‘‘One or two
specimens of this species have been found in tro fathoms off the
Great Skellig. It does not appear to have been previously recorded
in a recent state” (S. M. M.). Was Avithe producta, which is ex-
tremely variable, mistaken for it ?

Genus 7.—Loxoconcha, G. O. Sars.

Loxoconcha Impressa (Baird).—Apparently found all round the
coast between tide marks—Bantry, Valencia, Dingle Bay, Aran;
Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare; Westport, Lough Foyle, Strangford
Tough, Youghal (A. M. N.); Galway, Birturbuy, and Roundstone
Bays (G. S. B); Dublin and Clifden Bay (B. & S.); Berehaven,
Antrim coast, Belfast, and Donaghadee (S. M. M.); Newcastle
(G.’SB:)

L. viridis (O. F. Miiller)—This is not the Cythere viridis of Sars and
of Brady, but the Loxoconcha elliptica of the latter author. It is a
brackish water form. Westport and Newport (A. M. N.); Dundrum
(Ga*S, 55.)-

L. guttata (Norman).—Bantry, Valentia, Dingle Bay, Aran, Killary

Bay, Roundstone (A. M. N.); Dublin, Clifden, and Westport Bays,

Lough Swilly and Mulroy Bay (B. & R.); Kerry coast, Antrim coast,

and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

tamarindus (T. R. Jones).—Bantry, araticliid Dingle Bay, Aran,

Lough Foyle, Strangford Lough (A. M. N.); Galway and Round-

stone (G.S. B.); Kerry coast, Dublin, Clifden, and Westport Bays

(B. & R.); Antrim coast, Belfast Lough, and Donaghadee (S. M. N.).

The Ostracod which Dr. Malcomson recorded under the name

Loxoconcha cuneiformis was the male of this species.

Yi

L. multifora, Norman.—Valentia, Dingle Bay, Aran, Roundstone
(A. M. N.); Clifden and Westport Bays (B. & R.); off Great Skellig,
Antrim coast, and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

L. pusilla, Brady & Robertson.—Westport, Co. Mayo (A. M. N.); two

miles N.E. of Muck Island, Co. Antrim, in 50 fathoms; and several
places between tide marks in Belfast Lough and at Donaghadee
(S. M. M.). Not as yet known outside the British Isles.

L. fragilis, G O. Sars—In 112 fathoms west of Valentia in 1870
(A. M. N.); off Great Skellig (S. M. M.).

Genus 8.—Xestoleberis, G. O. Sars.

Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird).—Tide marks Aran, Roundstone
Renvyle, Co. Galway, Westport, Strangford Lough (A. M. N.); Bere-
haven, Dublin, and Clifden Bays and Lough Swilly (BRB. & R.);
Antrim coast, Belfast Lough, and Donaghadee (S. M. M.).

X. depressa, G O. Sars.—-Bantry, Valentia, Aran, Westport, Lough
Foyle (A. M. N.); Birturbuy and Clifden Bays (B. & R.); Kerry
coast, Antrim coast, Belfast Lough, and Donaghadee (S. M. M.).

X. lablata, Brady and Robertson.—Abundant among weeds at low
water, Ballyvaughan, Co, Clare (A. M. N.),

: A

150 The Irish Naturalist. July,

Genus 9.—Cytherura, G. O. Sars.

Cytherura gibba (O. F. Miiller).—Westport (A. M. IN.) 3 Callan ae
Belfast (B. & R.). Dr. Malcomson states that it was taken four
miles off the Gobbins, on the Antrim coast, in 60 fathoms. How did
this brackish-water species get there? Dundrum (G. S. B.):

Cc. cornuta, G. S. Brady.—Bantry, Valentia, Ballyvaughan, Aran,

Westport (A. M. N.); Dublin, Clifden, and Roundstone Bays

(B. & R.); Berehaven, Antrim coast, and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

sella, G. O. Sars.—Valentia, Ballyvaughan, Aran, Westport, Lough

Foyle (A. M. N.); Birturbuy and Clifden Bays, and Dublin

(B. & R.); Berehaven, Antrim coast, Belfast Lough, and Donagha-

dee (S. M. M.).

C. acuticostata, G. O. Sars.—Bantry, Aran, Westport (A. M. N.)
Birturbuy and Clifden Bays (B. & R.); Kerry coast, Antrim coast,
Belfast Lough, and Donaghadee (S. M. M.).

C. striata, G O. Sars.—Bantry, Valentia, Dingle Pay, Aran, Birtur-
buy, Westport, Lough Foyle (A. M. N.); Dublin and Clifden Bays
(B. & R.); Kerry coast, Antrim coast, Belfast Lough, and Nonagha-
dee (S. M. M.).

C. angulata, G. S. Brady.—Rantry, Aran; ‘‘ Porcupine,” 1869, stat. 6,
west of Shannon, in go fathoms (A. M. N.); Antrim coast and Belfast
Lough (S. M. M.); Birturbuy Bay (B. & R.).

C. producta, G. S. Brady.—-Bantry, Aran, Valentia, Lough Foyle,
Westport, Strangford Lough (A. M. N.); Roundstone and Mulroy
Bay (B. & S.); Kerry coast, Antrim coast, and Belfast Lough
(S. M. M.).

Cc. undata, G. O. Sars.—Aran, Westport; ‘‘ Porcupine,” 1869, in go
fathoms west of the Shannon (A. M. N.); Dublin, Clifden, and Bir-
turbuy Bays (B. & R.); entrance to Bantry Bay, Antrim coast,
Belfast Lough, and Donaghadee (S. M. M.).

C. nlgrescens (Baird).—Everywhere between tide marks; also in
the Laminarian zone and moderately deep water.

Cc. simplex, Brady and Norman.—Roundstone (A. M. N.); Birturbuy
Bay (B. & R.); Belfast Lough (Malcomson, fide G. S. B.). I presume
that it 1s this species which Dr. Malcomson himself thence recorded
as Cytherura propinqgua, and under that same namie he records a species
as being common at Berehaven.

Cc. concentrica, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson. ---Two specimens off
Great Skellig, Co. Kerry (S. M. M.).

C. similis, G. O. Sars.—Dublin Bay, 3-4 fathoms (B. & R.); Bere-
haven, and Newcastle, Co. Down (G. S. B.).

C. fulva, Brady and Robertson.—Valentia, Westport (A. M. N.);

i, Clifden Bay (G. S. B.); Berehaven, very common ; Antrim coast and
Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

c. clathrata, G. O. Sars.—Antrim coast and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).
This is an arctic form which has been found as far north as Franz

Josef Land,

»

1905. NORMAN.—/rish Crustacea Ostracoda. I5I

Cytherura cellulosa (Norman).—Bantry, Valentia, Dingle Bay, Aran,
Roundstone (A. M. N.) ; Dublin and Clifden Bays (B. & R.); Donegal
and Newcastle (G. S. B.) ; Antrim coast and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

Genus 10.—Cytheropteron, G. O. Sars.

Cytheropteron latissImum (Norman).—Bantry, Valentia, Dingle
Bay, Lough Foyle, Strangford Lough (A. M. N.); Antrim coast and
Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

C. nodosum, G. S. Brady.—In shell-sand from Roundstone (Dr.

Alcock, fide Brady); Clifden Bay (B. and R.); Antrim coast, Belfast

Lough, Kerry coast (S. M. M.).

punctatum, G. S. Brady.—Bantry, Valentia, Roundstone (A.M.N.) ;

Clifden and Westport Bays (B. & R.); Antrim coast and Belfast

Lough (S. M. M.).

crassipinnatum, Brady and Norman.—The types, and as yet only

known specimens, were dredged by me in 1870, in 112 fathoms,

off Valentia.

alatum, G. O. Sars.—Off Valentia in 80-112 fathoms (A. M.N.);

off the Great Skellig, Co. Kerry, in 70-110 fathoms (S. M. M.).

C. laeve, Brady & Norman.—A single valve dredged by the “ Porcu-
pine,” 1869, in 1,366 fathonis, at station Ig, lat. 56° 11’ N., long. 10° 56’
W., in the ocean west of Donegal Bay. Only two other valves are
known. These were procured in the same expedition of the ‘ Por-
cupine,” station 41, lat. 49° 4’ N., long. 12° 22’ W., in 584 fathoms;
this station was S$.S.W. of the S.W. of Ireland, but outside the
British area.

C. angulatum, Brady and Robertson.—Off Valentia, Roundstone
(A.M.N.); off the Antrim coast in 60 fathoms (S. M. M.).

C. inflatum, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson.—‘‘ Porcupine,” 1869,
station 19, lat. 54° 33’ N., long. 10° 56’ W., in the sea to the west of
Donegal in 1,366 fathoms (A. M. N.).

G. montrosiense, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson.—Roundstone
Bay (B. & R.); rare off the Great Skellig (S. M. M.).

G. depressum, Brady and Norman.—Valentia, Aran, Roundstone,
Westport, Lough Foyle (A. M. N.); Clifden and Galway Bays and
Lough Swilly (B. & S.); Berehaven very common, Belfast Lough,
and Donaghadee (S. M. M.).

Genus It.—Bythocythere, G. O. Sars.

Bythocythere constricta, G. O. Sars.—Bantry, Valentia, down to
112 fathoms, Dingle Bay (A. M. N.); Dublin and Mulroy Bays
and Lough Swilly (B. & S.); Antrim coast and Belfast Lough
(S. M. M.).

B. turgida G.O. Sars. — Off Valentia (A. M. N.) ; Roundstone(B. & R.);
Antrim coast and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

B. recta, G. S. Brady.—Roundstone (A. M. N.); Westport (B. & S.);
Antrim coast and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

B. simplex (Norman).—Twenty-five miles off Valentia in 80 fathoms
(A. M. N.); rare off Antrim coast and in Belfast Bay (S. M. M.).

J, SP

5,

2

m

152 The Irish Naturalist. July,

Genus 12.—Pseudocythere, G. O. Sars.

Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars.—Bantry, Valentia, Bally-
vaughan, Aran, Strangford Lough (A. M. N.); Dublin and Birturbuy
Bays (B. & R.); Berehaven, Antrim coast, Belfast Lough, and
Donaghadee (S. M. M.).

Genus 13.—Sclerochilus, G. O. Sars.

S. contortus (Norman).—Valentia, Aran, Westport, Lough Foyle,
Strangford Lough (A. M. N.:; Dublin and Birturbuy Bays (B. & R.);
off Great Skellig, Antrim coast, Donaghadee, and Belfast Lough
(S. M. M.).

S. lzevis, G. W. Miiller.—

869. Sclerochilus contortus var. abbreviatus, Brady and Robertson,
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, vol. iii., p. 20 (separate copy),
Pl, xx. figs. 15-16.
1894. Sclerochilus levis, G. W. Miiller, Hauna und Flora des Golfes von
Neapal. Die Ostracoden, p. 283, Pl. xvi., figs. 3, 8, 20, 23, 28.
The Sclerochilus described by Muller under the above names is
clearly the same as that which Brady and Robertson regarded as a
variety of S. contortus. I adopt Miiller’'s views here, but am not
confident that the species is a good one. I found it myself at Naples,
and at Madeira, where it prevails rather than S. contortus.
Clifden Bay (B. & R.).

Genus 14.—Cytherideis, T. R. Jones.

Cytherideis subulata, G. S. Brady.—-Valentia, Aran, Lough Foyle,
Strangford Lough (A. M. N.); Dublin, Birturbuy, and Westport
Bays(B. & R.); Antrim coast, Belfast Lough, Donaghadee (S. M. M.).

Genus 15..-Cytherois, G. W. Miiller.

C. Fischeri (G. O. Sars).—Valentia, Aran, Ballyvaughan, Westport,
Lough Foyle (A. M. N.); Dublin and Clifden Bays (B. & R.) ; Antrim
coast and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

Fam V.—PARADOXOSTOMATID<£.
Genus 1.—Paradoxostoma, S. Fischer.

Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).—Bantry, Valentia, Aran, Bally-
vaughan, Roundstone, Westport, Strangford Lough (A. M. N.);
Dublin and Clifden Bays (B. & R.) ;, Newcastle, Co. Down, and Dun-
drum (G. S. B.); Antrim coast and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

P. ensiforme, G. S. Brady.—Bantry, Valentia, Dingle Bay, Aran,
Lough Foyle, Strangford Lough (A. M. N.); Donegal Bay (EF. C.
Davison); Dublin and Birturbuy Bays (B. & R.); Berehaven, Antrim
coast, and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

1905. NorMAN,—/rish Crustacea Ostracoda. 153

Paradoxostoma abbreviatum, G. O. Sars.—Valentia Harbour,
Dingle Bay, Aran, Roundstone, Lough Foyle (A. M. N.); Dublin Bay
(B. & R.); Berehaven, Antrim coast, and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

P. obliquum, G. O. Sars.—Valentia Harbour, Aran, Westport, Lough
Foyle (A. M. N.); Clifden Bay, Mulroy Bay, Lough Swilly (B. & R.);
Berehaven, coast of Antrim, Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

P. Normani, G. S. Brady.—Aran, Westport, Lough Foyle, Strangford
Lough (A. M. N.); Roundstone Bay and Lough Swilly (B. & R.);
Antrim coast and Belfast Lough (S. M. M.).

P. pulchellum, G. O. Sars.—Valentia, Aran, Ballyvaughan, Round-

stone (A. M. N.); Mulroy Bay (B. & R.) ; Belfast Lough and Rock-

port, Co. Down (S. M. M.).

hibernicum, G. S. Brady.—Valentia, Aran, Ballyvaughan, Round-

stone, Westport, Strangford Lough (A.M.N.); Clifden Bay and Lough

va1é Swilly (B. & R.); Berehaven, Rockport, Co. Down (S.M.M.).

P. fasciatum, Brady and Norman.--Clew Bay, 2-4 fathoms (A.M.N.).

P

Pp. arcuatum, G. S. Brady —Roundstone (A.M.N.); Birturbuy Bay

(G.S.B.); Clifden Bay (B. & R.).
P. orchadense, Brady and Robertson.—Berehaven, common (S.M.M.).
P. flexuosum, G. S. Brady.—Valentia, Aran, Roundstone, Westport
(A.M.N.); Clifden Bay, Mulroy Bay, Lough Swilly (B. & R.); Bere-
haven, Antrim coast and Belfast Lough (S.M.M.).

Genus 2.—Machzerina, Brady and Norman.

Machegertina tenulssima (Norman).—Off Valentia; Roundstone and
Killary Bays (A.M.N.); Belfast Lough (S.M.M.).

Section Il.—MYODOCOPA.
Fam. I.—ASTEROPID 4.
Genus 1.—Asterope, Philippi.

Asterope Marize (Baird).—Valentia and Birturbuy Bay (A.M.N.);
Mulroy Lough (B. & R.).

A. elliptica, Philippi. —Off Valentia, 1870 (A.M.N.).

A. teres (Norman).—Off Valentia, 1870, affid Birturbuy Bay (A.M.N.);
Mulroy Bay and Lough Swilly (B. & R.).

Fam. II].—CYPRIDINIDZ.

Genus 1.--Crossophorus, G. S. Brady.

- Crossophorus Imperator, G. S. Brady.—I quote the following note

regarding this magnificent Ostracod froin Professor Brady’s and my
monograph :—“‘ The type specimen, a male, was dredged by the
‘Challenger’ Expedition, Stat. 168, which is a little to the east of
New Zealand, lat. 40° 28° S., long. 177° 43’ E., in 1,100 fathoms,
bottom temperature 2° C. on grey ooze. The second specimen,

154 The Trish Naturalist. July,

from which the animal is here described, and the drawings made. is a
female, which apparently differs in no respect from the male except
in sex, was procured by the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition in 1869 in the
‘Atlantic, west of Donegal Bay, Ireland, Stat. 20, lat. 55° 11’ N., long.
11° 31’ W., in 1,443 fathoms, bottom temperature 37° Fahr. It is
interesting to observe that though the specimens were found so
very far apart the teinperature ofthe water only differed by 14 degrees,
since 2° C. equals 35° 6’ Fahr.”” Owing to the great unitormity of
temperature in the great depths of the oceans, I believe that it will
be found generally, as experience is gained, that the deep water
species havea much wider distribution than those which inhabit
depths subject to alteration of temperature dependent upon
atmospheric conditions.

Genus 2.—Philomedes, Lilljeborg.

Philomedes interpuncta (8aird).— Valentia, 1870, and Birturbuy
Bay (A.M.N.); off White Head, Belfast Lough, 19 fathoms (S.M.M.).

P, MacAndrei (Baird).--Taken by the ‘ Porcupine,” 1869, at two
stations off the south-west of Ireland, viz., Stations 3 and 7, in depths
of 722 and 159 fathoms; and also at Station 18, off Mayo, in
183 fathoms.

Fam. 3.—SARSIELLIDZ.

Genus.—Sarslella, Norman.

Sarsielia capsula,Norman.—The form we described in our monograph
as Nematohamma obligua is, according to the observations of Herr
G. W. Miiller, who has found the genus ‘avrsze//a to be not uncommon
at Naples, the male of Sarszed/a capsula. Both sexes were dredged by
me in 1870, in 112 fathoms, off Valentia, and the male also off
Birturbuy Bay.

Fam. 4.—HALOGYPRIDZ.

Genus 1.—Conchoecia, Dana.

Conchcecia Haddoni, Brady and Norman.—Captured by Professor
Haddon in a townet sunk to 200 fathoms, 4o miles off Achill Head.
These are the types. q

Cc. magna, Claus.—“ Oceana,” Station 1,1 270 fathoms; Station 4,
150 fathoms.

1 The “ Oceana ” had four days townetting in very deep water ; the first
and fourth of these were within the British area, and I shall term them
Stations 1 and 4. See Brady, Azz. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. it1., 1903,
P- 337:

Station I Lat. 522 4°5’ N., long. 12° 27’ W., in 270 to 650 fathoms.

Station IV. Lat. 52° 20’ N., long. 15° 7°9’ W., 150-560 fathoms. The
remaining days were spent working over depths beyond 1,500 fathoms.

a gna es pentane Ness aa amen

Ee re ae

ee ee eee er

a TT
ing ee ee Ee ees

Ne oD ota +

1905. NorMAN.—Jrish Crustacea Ostracoda. 155

?Concheecia maxima, Brady and Norman.—‘“ Oceana,” Station 1,
374 fathoms; but marked with a query.

Cc. Imbricata, G. S$. Brady.—‘ Oceana,” Station 1, 620 fathoms;
Station 4, 510 and 560 fathoms.

Cc. hyalophyllum, Claus.-—*‘‘ Oceana,” Station I, 620 fathoms; Station

4, 510 and 560 fethonis.
C. spinirostris, Claus.—‘‘ Oceana,” Station 4, 150 fathoms.
Genus 2.—Paraconcheoecia, Claus.

Paraconcheecia oblonga, Claus.—‘‘ Oceana,” Station 1, in 464, 620,

and 650 fathoms.
P. spinifera, Claus.—‘ Oceana,’ Station I, in 270 fathoms; and

Station 4, 150 fathoms.
Genus 3.—Microconchoecia, Claus.
? Microconcheecia Clausli, G. O. Sars.—‘ Oceana,” Station I, 270
fathoms, recorded with a query.
Genus 4.—Concheoecilla, Claus.

Conchoecilla lacerta, Brady and Norman.—‘ Oceana,” Station 4, 510

and 560 fathoms.
Cc. daphnoldes, Claus.—A single specimen, taken by Professor Haddon

in the same gathering as Conchacta Haddonz.

Section III.—-CLADOCOPA.
Fam. I.—POLYCOPID€.

Genus 1.—Polycope, G. O. Sars.

Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars.—Off Valentia, Dingle Bay, Birtur-
buy Bay, Clew Bay (A.M.N.); Roundstone, in shell-sand (Dr. Alcock) ;
Lough Swilly (G.S.B.) ; off Great Skellig in Kerry, Antrim coast and
Belfast Lough (S.M.M.).

Genus 2.—Polycopsis, G. W. Miiller.

Polycopsis compressa, Brady and Robertson.—On an oyster bed in
Clifden Bay, in 4-6 fathoms (B. & R.).

Section IV.—PLATYCOPA.
Genus 1.—Cytherelia, Bosquet.

Cytherella abyssorum, G. O. Sars.—Malcomson records this under
the name C. scotica, Brady, as taken in 60 fathoms, four miles east of
the Gobbins, on the coast of Antrim.

C. serrulata, Brady and Norman.—Two valves in the » Porcupine,”
dredging from 1,366 fathoms west of Donegal Bay (Station 19).

Berkhanisted, Herts.

156 The lrish Naturalist. july,
THE. DISTRIBUTION OF FUMITORIES IN IRELAND.

BY R. LLOYD PRAEGER.

Mr. H. W. PuGsLEy’s revision of the British Capreolate
Fumitories in 1903!, showed that much confusion had arisen
in the naming of these plants in the British Islands. An
examination which Mr. Pugsley kindly made of the Fumi-
tories in my own herbarium in the same year proved that the
distribution of the various forms as given in “ Irish Topo-
graphical Botany” was not to be relied upon. I published?in
the /rish Naturalist both the additions and subtractions which
this examination entailed. Mr. Pugsley’s subsequent re-
naming of the series preserved in the National Herbarium
reduced the previously existing Irish list to a state of chaos.
Miss Knowles has published in this Journal? the positive
results of this revision, and has left to me the equally
important task of publishing the negative results—ze, the
withdrawal of published records now known to be erroneous.
Since it was clear that the Ivish list must be built up again
from its foundation, I issued a circular in June of last year
asking for dried specimens of Irish Fumitories, which Mr.
Pugsley had kindly undertaken to examine. This appeal inet
with a_ satisfactory response; but unfortunately several
correspondents insisted on sending up ‘ fresh” specimens,
which generally arrived in a condition so far from fresh as to
be totally useless. Mr. Pugsley has now examined the series
which I succeeded in getting together. For contributing to
this series or for supplying information I offer my best thanks
to J.Adams, M.A., J. IT: Abraham, W. A. Barnes, Captain
Barrett-Hamilton;” BvA. 7) FeZiSooRev.- S. vAs Brenan,” BeAc,
N. Colgan, M.R.I.A., N. Carrothers, J. H. Davies, Miss M. J.
Delap, G. J. Fogerty, P. H. Grierson, Miss S. Grubb, Rev.
Canon Hartley, M.A.; Mrs. Frank Joyce, Mrs. Leebody, Gomes
Lilly, D.f., T. Av’ Rai Mapother, D.1.j Rev. HK. 5. Matsiare
M.A.; F.L.S., Ri D: O'Brien, Miss. (Charlotte © Briciwieee
Phillips, Miss Reynell, Miss Rosa Smith, A. Somerville,
B.Sc., S.A. Stewart, AcL.S., W..N- Tetley, W.J. C. lomlinson,
Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.D.

' Journ. Bot., xl., pp. 129-136, 173-181, tab. 436.
«Irish Nat.; xiil., pp: 4; 11. 1904. ® 7rish Nat., xiit., pp. 33-36" 1004,

7905. PRAEGER.—Dustribution of Fumitories in Ireland. 157

I shallin the first place list all the withdrawals which must
be made frem the records given in “Irish Topographical
Botany”; and subsequently proceed to the more congenial
constructive work of giving, in the usual form, a revised list
of localities fer each of the several Fumitories known to occur
in Ireland. This will serve as a groundwork on which a
more extended list may by degrees be built up.

WITHBRAWALS FROM “ IRISH TOPOGRAPHICAI, BOTANY.”

Fumaria capreolata, L.
Withdraw—nene.
©. Borzei, Jord
10. Tipperary N. Withdraw.
18. King’s Co. Withdraw.
20. Wicklow. Withdraw Shillelagh.
21. Dublin. Withdraw.
24. Longford. Withdraw
25. Roscommon. Withdraw Athiene.
28. Sligo. Withdraw.
3r. Louth. Withdraw.
confusa, Jord.
7. Tipperary S. Withdraw.
rr. Kilkenny. Withdraw.
13. Carlew. Withdraw.
30. Cavan. Withdraw.
Ff. muralis, Sonder.
7. Tipperary S. Withdraw.
14. Queen’s Co. Withdraw.
15 Galway S.E. Withdraw.
18. King’s Co. Withdraw.
22. Meath. Withdraw Oldcastle.
31. Louth. Withdraw.
F, densiflora.
Withdraw—none.
Ff, officinalis, L.
13. Carlow. Withdraw.
15. Galway S.E. Withdraw Kilcolgan.
22. Meath. Withdraw Slieve Bregh.
31. Louth. Withdraw T ermonfeckin.

a

Of the new records for Fumitories summarized or first
published in my annual lists of additions to 7.7-B., none are
to be withdrawn, as the plants referred to have in all cases
passed through Mr. Pugsley’s hands.

; .;

158 The Lrish Naturalist. July,

The material available for the reconstruction of the Irish
list is still scanty. By far the most important published con-
tribution is the revised list of the National Herbarium
Fumitories, as published by Miss Knowles. More than half
of the plants in this collection—54 out of 93--are of my
own collecting, “and it 1s “chielly ~on. the Tevistomesor
these that the withdrawal or confirmation of records published
in “Irish Topographical Betany”’ is based. Next in order
come Fumitories collected by Messrs. Colgan, Scully, Phillips,
Marshall, and others, submitted to Mr. Pugsley by the finders,
and most of them published subsequently in this Journal (see

my annual “ Additions to Irish Topographical Botany ” for the - ©

last four years). Finally, we have the unpublished material
arising from the response to my circular of last June. This
constitutes a tolerably large series, embracing about a hundred
gatherings; but the stations represented are not at all evenly
distributed over the country. Ulster claims over one-half of
the total, and the counties of Antrim and Down have between
them the bulk of the Ulster records. Altogether, only about
twenty out of the forty divisions are represented in the series.

So many of the undermentioned records are based on
specimens in the National Herbarium, as published in this
Journal by Miss Knowles last year, that for the sake of brevity
I have indicated these by the initials V.., without repeating
dates or the names of finders. To other published records I
have added references. The initial P stands for my own name,

F. capreolata, L.
8. Limerick. Foynes, in several stations—/V.Z., &c.
g. Clare. Several stations—WV.Z.
12. Wexford. Near Wexford—J. 7B.
15. Galway $.E. Castle Taylor, ‘50 (A. G. More)—#erd. S. and

A.M.
20. Wicklow. Greystones—JWV.Z.
21. Dublin. Locally abundant—Colgan, F7/. Dublin. y

27. Mayo W. Achill I., ’04—Praeger, /.1V., xiil1., 282.

28. Sligo. Strandhill—/.7\2., and in 1904—Mrs. Leebody.

31. Louth. Greenhills near Drogheda, ’04—Miss Rosa Smith.

34. Donegal EK. Greencastle, ’04—Mrs. Leebody.

38. Down. Many stations—WV.2., Herd. Belf. Nat. Hist. and Phil.
Soc., and P.

39. Antrim. Ballymoney, ’o4-—-D. C. Campbell; Larne, ’o4—N.
Carrothers ; Island-magee, ’o4—C. J. Lilly; Carrickfergus—1V.A.

(905. PRAEGER.—D2istrvibution of [umitories in Ireland. 139

The above list replaces for the present a considerably larger one in
7.7.8. But from the fact that 'those records in the 7. 7. A. list which have
been checked prove to be all correct, we may infer that this plant has
usually been correctly diagnosed in Ireland, and without much fear of
error we may accept the unverified existing records. ‘This will add te
dhe above list divisions 1; 2,.3, 4, 5, 6,.7; 10, 14, 16, 17, 35, 36, 37, and do.

F. purpurea, Pugsley.
1. Kerry S. Castlegregory, 1888-1902—Scully, ZM., xii., 113 ; Killar-
ney. ’02—E. §. Marshall.
2. Kerry N. Killarney and Ballyheigue, ’02—Scully, ZW, xii., 113.
12. Wexford. -East of Wexford, ’97—E..S. Marshall.
20. Wicklow. Bray Head—JW. Zz.
21. Dublin. Rush, ’02—Colgan, //. Dublin; Rathfarnham, ’94—P.
31. Louth. Dunleer, ’0o—J/. 4. .
36. Tyrone. Donemana, ’04—Mrs. Leebody ; Strabane, ’96—M. H.
38. Down. Lenaderg, ’04—J. H. Davies; near Shaw’s Bridge, ’?o4—
N. Carrothers.
39. Antrim. Antrim, ’o4—W. J. C. Tomlinson; Glenmore--/.Z.

This plant has been added to the Irish list since the publication of
“* Trish Topographical Botany.”

F. Borzei, Jord.

2; Kerry N. “Near.Headford. Junction, *03—Scully, Z2V., xili., 77;
Ballymalis Castle, ’85—Scully, 7.V., xii., 113.

4. Cork Mid. Currabinny, 03 (var. serotina)— Scully, 7.N., xiii:}1T8.

5. Cork FE. Youghal—M.//.

6. Waterford. Coolfin and Baylouwgh. ’o4--W. W. Flemyng; Cappo-

quin (ferd. Brit. Mus.)-—H. W. Pugsley ;-Ardmore--.Z,

. Tipperary S. Carrick-on-Suir--V. 7.

. Limerick. Corbally and Castleconnell, ‘o4--R. A. Phillips :

Limerick, ‘92 (H. and J. Groves)— /.WV., xii1., I1.

g. Clare. Delmege’s Glen, ’04 (var. serotena)--R. D.-O’Brien; Par-

teenalax——V.77.

to. Tipperary N. Ballina, ’o4—R. A. Phiilips.

11. Kilkenny. Granny--.Z.

12. Wexford. Near Wexford, ’97, Crossbridge, ’96--V. 7.3; near’Gorey,
’97 (var. ambigwa)--E. S. Marshall.

13. Carlow. St. Mullins and Goresbridge--J.Z.

21. Dublin. Malahide, ’o4—Miss Knowles; Old Bawn, ’03—P. ; Bally-
brack, ’02—Colgan, 47. Dublin; Portmarnock—/NV.7.

22. Meath. Oldcastle—WV.Z.

34. Donegal E. Bridge End, ’o4—Mrs. Leebody (‘very abnormal,
simulating /. purpurea in the length of the bracts”—H. W.
Pugsley).

28. Down. Comber, ’04—N. Carrothers; Ballylesson, 772 (S. A,

- Stewart)—Herd. Belf. Nat. Hist. and Phil. Soc.
39. Antrim. Antrim,’o4-—J. Adams; Malone, ’92—5. A. Stewart.

A ~1

160

The Lrish Naturalist. Jul

Although N. Tipperary, King’s Co., Dublin, Longford, Sligo, and
Touth, disappear fronx the list on the “Irish Top. Bot.” evidence, and.
only the Carlow stations of that list are confirmed, the new list shows
that this is a coinzron plant,.restores two of the withdrawn counties,,
and adds nine new counties.to the distribution list. Little faith can be
placed on the few unchecked records in /.7.2.

iS)

iss

OO

rs.
. Wicklow. Shillelagh and Bray—WV_ZZ,

. Dublin. Many statioms--Colgan, Druce, W.Z., and P.

. Meath, Moynalty, ’03--Barnes; Oldcastle aud Slieve Bregh—

F. confusa, Jord.

. Kerry S. Valencia, ’0o4—Miss Delap; Brandon and Stradbally—

Scully, 7.4.,2x11., E53,

. Kerry N.. Banna, ’o2, Spa and Fenit,88—Scully,. 7A“, xii, 113;

Killarney (4erd.. Scully)—H. W. Pugsley.

. Cork W. Schull, ’94—R. A. Phillips.
. Cork Mid. Reochestown, ’04—Miss H. Martim; Capwell, 89—R.

A. Phillips; Currabinny, ’03—E. 8. Marshall.

. Cork EK. Fermoy—J_Z.
. Waterford. Tramore, ’o2—H. W. Lett and C. Hi. Waddell; Port-

law, ’o4—W. W.. Flemyng ; Ardmore—WV.Z.

. Limerick. Foynes, ’o4—Miss Knowles; Castleconnell, ’o4—R..

A. Phillips.

. Clare. Corofin—JWV.H.; Parteenalax, ’o4-—-R. D. O’Brien.
. Tipperary N. Nenagh and Cloughjordan—W. 7.
. Galway S.E. Near Loughtea, ’o4—Mrs. Joyce; Kinvarra amd

Kilcolgan—W..#..

. Galway N.E. Oranmore, North of Tuam, Bellahillan Bridge—

DV Ld.
King’s Co. Edenderry—W_Z.

N.ff.

. Longford. Ballymahon—JwW.Z.

Roscontmon. Ki.teevan, ’97 (T. A. P. Mapother) —He76.S. & A. M..
Athlone (two stations) —V.7.

. Mayo W. Achill 1, ’o4=—P., 7.4., xill.,282 Clare i] 03; —Paaus,.

xii, 288.

. Sligo. Rosses Poimt, ’o4--Mrs. Leebody; Strandhill, ’04—Miss.

Knowles.

. Louth. Ballymakinny and near Drogheda, ’o4--Miss Rosa

Smith ; Boynemouth, ’96--P., 7.V., xiii., 11; Dunany--4./7.

. Fermanagh. Enniskillen, ’o2—J. T. Abraham and F. M‘Cullagh.
. Donegal E. Greencastle, ’04—Mrs. Leebody.
. Tyrone. Donemana, ’o4—Mrs. Leebody ; Omagh and Strabane—

WV. 77.

. Armagh. Portadown, ’o4-~Miss M‘Ardle.
. Down. Many stations--N. Carrothers, J. H. Davies, 5. A. Stewart,

W. J. C. Tomlinson, C. H. Waddell, W Z., and P.

i905. PRAEGER.—Distribution of Fumitories in Ireland. 161

39. Antrim. Cushendun, ’o4—S. A. Brenan; Malone, ’92, and Rathlin,
’82--S. A. Stewart.
40. Londonderry. Bellarena, ’o4—Mrs. Leebody.

S. Tipperary. Kilkenny, Carlow, and Cavan, disappear for the present
from the list, but on the other hand six divisions are added in the new
list, which is thus already more complete than the old one in records for
this common plant. Most of the unchecked records of 7.7.4. are pro-
bably correct

F. confusa, Jord., var. hibernica, Pugsley in Jit.

2. Kerry N. Brandon village, Ballinskelligs, and Castlegregory
(Herb. Scully)—H. W. Pugsley.

10. Tipperary N. Cloughjordan, ’oo—P.

13. Carlow. Milford—-W.7.

18. King’s Co. Clara--.H.

20. Wicklow. Kilcoole—J/V. 77.

21. Dublin. Rush bulb farm, ’o4--Miss Knowles; Killiney, Skerries,
Portrane (rb. Colgan) --H. W. Pugsley; Dunsink—W.Z.

22. Meath. Moynalty, ’o4--W. A. Barnes.

24. Longford. Granard--/WV.Z.

25. Roscommon. Kilteevan, ’90—T. A. P. Mapother.

27. Mayo W. Clare Island, ’03---P., /.V., xi1., 288.

28. Sligo. Strandhill, ’97 (P.)--Herd. S. and A. M.

29. Leitrim. Mohill, ‘oo--A. Somerville.

31. Louth. Ardee, o4--P. H. Grierson; Ballymakinny, ‘o4--Miss
Rosa Smith ; Termonfeckin—J/.Z.

34. Donegal E. Bridge End, ’o4-- Mrs. Leebody.

36. Tyrone. Dungannon, ’o4--Mrs. Leebody.

38. Down. Many stations--N. Carrothers, Hugh Robinson, S. A.
Stewart, W. J. C. Tomlinson, C. H. Waddell, and P.

39. Antrim. Drain‘s Bay and Island-magee, ’o4—C. J. Lilly.

40. Londonderry. Bellarena, ’o4-—Mrs. Leebody.

Mr. Pugsley proposes this name, which he will shortly publish, for a
form which in Ireland appears to be almost as widely distributed as the
type, although it does not appear to have been as yet collected outside
this island. Its most striking character is the dark-tipped corolla, which
in its coloration simulates /. Borez.

F, densiflora, DC.
17. Galway N.E. Frequent around Tuam—/.7.2,
21. Dublin. Finglas and Portmarnock--7.7:2.
22. Meath. Moynalty, ’o4—W. A. Barnes.
29. Leitrim. Mohill, ’00—/Z7.A.
37. Armagh. N.E. of Armagh, ’92--/.7.8.

The distribution of this species stands, on revision, as published in
Trish Top. Bot., with the addition of Meath to the list.

162

Omar M

Io.
12.

14.

17.

18.
Ig.

21.

22.

22.
25.
30.
ai.

34-
36.
oi

38.

39:

The Irish Naturalist. July,

F. officinalis, L.

. Cork FE. Queenstown—JW 4.

. Tipperary S. Five stations—V.Z.

. Limerick. Foynes—JW.Z.

. Clare. Corofin, ’o4—G. J. Fogerty; Parteenalax, ‘o4—R. D.

O’Brien.
Tipperary. Nenagh and Cloughjordan—w. Z.

‘Wexford. Enniscorthy—--¥.Z.

Queen’s Co. Near Graigue, ’98—P.; Maryborough and
Cullenagh—J. H.

Galway N.E. Dunmore—Jw.Z.

King’s Co. Edenderry, ’96—P., /.4., xiii., 11.

Kildare. Straffan, ’o4—Miss Knowles; Kilcock and Kilkee
Castle—WV.H.

Dublin. Greenhills, ’04, and Old Bawn, '03—P.; Baldoyle, Sandy-
mount, Rathfarnham—W.4. Frequent—Colgan, 7. Dublin,
Meath. Moynalty, ’o4—W. A. Barnes; Drumcondra, ’o4—
P. H. Grierson ; Oldcastle, ’96-- P. ; Bective—W.Z.

Westmeath. Drinmore and Knock Drin—JW.Z.

Roscommon. Kilteevan,’907—T.A P.Mapother; Athlone--¥V.Z.
Cavan. Mount Nugent—J/.Z.

Louth. Ardee, ’0o4—P. H. Grierson; near Drogheda, ‘o4—Miss
Rosa Sinith ; Ardee bog and Dunleer—J/.Z.

Donegal E. Bridge End and Shantallon, ‘o4—-Mrs. Leebody.
Tyrone. Ardtrea, ‘o1—S. A. Brenan.

Armagh. Castor’s Bay, ’96 (Waddell)—Watson B.E.C., 1902-3 ;
Lurgan, ’92—P. ,
Down. Many stations—N. Carrothers, S. A. Stewart, C. H.
Waddell, V.H. and P.

Antrim. Near Larne, ’04—C. J. Lillv; Glenmore, ’95 (J. H. Davies)
— Herb. S. A. Stewart.

Of the stations givenin /.7.4., thirteen are confirmed and four rejected.
The new list leaves only six divisions of the old list unaccounted for,
and these may be provisionally accepted as correct.

8.

4.

[F. Vaillantli, Loisel.
Limerick. Limerick, ’99—P. Casual].

[F. parviflora, Lam.
Cork Mid. Old Botanic Gardens—WV.H. Casual or introduc-
tion ].

As regards /. muralis, Sonder, for which fourteen divisions
were listed in 7.7:4., on the authority of Colgan, Corry,
Marshall, Phillips, Stewart, Waddell, and myself (most of the
plants having been named by critical botanists), every one

t905. PRAKGER.—JDistribution of Fumitories in Ireland. 163

of these plants which can at present be checked (eight out of
eighteen) proves, according to Mr. Pugsley, to be incorrectly
named. He states that this plant appears to be extremely
rare in the British Isles, former records resting on a mis-
conception of its identity. Till further information is forth-
coming it appears wise to withhold it from the Irish list.

NOTES.
BOTANY.

Further note on the Vitality of Seeds

Can seeds which have absorbed water and have swelled, be again dried
up and afterwards germinate ? Or, is this absorption of water and con-
sequent swelling up to be regarded as the first stage in germination, and
if the seed be now dried up will it lose its vitality ? To settle this ques-
tion, I took a number of dry seeds of Pea, Barley, Flax, Red Clover, and
Swede, and soaked them in water—the Barley for 48 hours, the others
for 24 hours. They were then taken out and allowed to dry upin the
laboratory. When thoroughly dry they were put in a pot and gertni-
nated in the usual way with the following results:—96 per cent. of the
Peas germinated, 73 per cent. of the Barley, 93 per cent. of the Flax, 65
per cent. of the Red Clover, and 87 per cent. of the Swede, so that the
soaking and drying seems to have had little effect on them. I have
lately found that no species of seed when in the swelled condition as the
result of absorbing moisture can survive being subjected to a temperature
of — 190° C., (— 310° F.) for 6 hours.

J. ADAMS.

Royal College of Science, Dublin.

ZOOLOGY,

An Irish Enteropneust.

A new species of Dolichoglossus is described by Mr. W. M. Tattersall in
the British Association Report, 1904, pp. 603-604.

This is the first Enteropneust which has been recorded from British
waters. It was discovered by Mr. Farran in a dredging from Ballinakill
Harbour, Co. Galway, and later on other specimens were obtained by
dredging in a mixture of wet coarse sand and mud at low tide. This
interesting addition to the Irish fauna will also be more fully dealt with
in the Department of Agriculture’s Report.

164 The Lrish Naturalist. July,

A Cuckoo and its egg.

A farmer near here, whom I know well, was witness afew days since
to the Cuckoo’s act of introducing its egg into a Titlark’s nest. He has
given me the following particulars, and I have seen the spot where the
sccne took place. On the 23rd May he was walking in one of his fields,
and noticed a Cuckoo flying over a sinall clump of furze bushes. It
hovered round and round a particular spot, and then flew away a short
distance. He then walked up and found in the spot, just beneath where
the bird was circling, a Titlark’s nest with three eggs. Then hiding
behind a fence quite near, he watched the Cuckoo, which returned in a
few minutes. It perched some few yards from the nest, laid its egg on
the ground, and carried it in its bill to the Titlark’s nest, and placed it
therein. One of the three eggsin the nest he saw in its bill after it left
the nest, and this it lefton the ground quite near, and when he went up
to look at the nest after the bird had flown away, he found the Titlark’s
egg broken in two and the contents on the ground. The Cuckoo’s egg,
which is now in my collection, differs considerably in colour from those
of its foster parents. It is a good bit larger than the other eggs, but yet,
after all, would hardly attract the notice of the real owner of the nest
either from its size or colour.

I have every confidence in the man who gave me the above informa-
tion. He is a most reliable observer.

WILLIAM W. FLEMYING.
Coolfin, Portlaw.

Quails in Co. Dublin.

It may interest some readers to know that Quails have appeared this
year in our neighbourhood. I heard one or two on Saturday last, 20th
May, and I believe that they have also been heard near Swords. I have
not heard one in Ireland for the ten years preceding. Mr. Moffat’s
theory as to their appearance in dry seasons seems highly probable.

CHARLES W. BENSON.
Balbriggan.

Quails in Co. Down.

Mr. Joseph Watson, a gentleman who lives a couple of miles outside
Lurgan on the Co. Down side, has informed me that on two occasions
recently he heard in his neighbourhood a Quail. Mr. Watson is quite
positive in his statement. The particular place where he heard it was
in former years a famous place for these birds; he remembers as a boy
seeing and hearing them there in hundreds.

Wn. M‘ENDOO.

Ballymore Rectory, Co. Armagh.

1905. Notes. 165

Turnstones on Lough Neagh.

While on Ram’s Island, Lough Neagh, on May 18th, my attention was
attracted to asmall flock of birds, two of which were strange to me.
They were flying with about four Dunlins (77inga alpina). I got within
about twenty yards of them as they sat on a stone that was washed by
the small waves. They were Turnstones (S¢repst/as interpres), birds which
have never been found breeding yet in the United Kingdom. Mr.
Patterson tells me they were observed there about two years ago by him.
(See /rish Nat.. 1902, vol. xi., p. 221.)

FL... L.. M'CEmnr0cx,
Crumlin, Co. Antrim.

Tufted Duck breeding on Lough Conn.

I have the pleasure of noting that the Tufted Duck has extended its
breeding range to Lough Conn this season, where, a few days ago, my
friend Mr. S. Scroope observed several pairs of adult birds on the lake,
and found one nest containing eleven eggs. This is the first season that
they have been met with on this lake in summer.

ROBERT WARREN.
Moyview, Ballina.

Wild Cats formerly indigenous in Ireland.

In reply to Mr. Warren’s remarks in last month’s /r7sh Naturalist, I think
few will agree with him in treating so lightly the discovery of semifossil
bones of a species of wild cat in a cave in the Co. Clare, though we may
well concede that it is extremely unlikely that any now survive here.
Even ifit were possible to prove a negative, the non-survival of any animal
would not in the slightest degree affect the question of its former
presence. I suppose we are all agreed that no lemmings now survive
despite of the presence of their bones in a Sligo cave. Mr. Warren
discounts the old fisherman’s story by a curious inversion of argument.
Seeing, he says. that in most parts of Ireland trapping is frequent,
and, so far as we know, has not resulted in the capture of wild cats, there-
fore in a thinly populated mountain district where no traps are used, and
where cats are traditionally stated to have been numerous some 200
years since, feeding on fish, some remnants of the race may still exist.
So far I follow him, but fail to see his further inference that the story
must therefore be without foundation. To be sure, if any survive they
will long ago, as they have had to do elsewhere, have taken
to other food, for salmon and white trout are not now in such
vast abundance as we know they were in the rivers of the North
of Ireland even 150 years ago. In1776, at one haul of a net in the Bann,
1,452 salmon were landed.! I wonder, indeed, that a naturalist like Mr.
Warren does not grasp the verisimilitude of the story. The teeming

1 ** Notes on Nets,’”’ Hon. and Rey. Charles Bathurst.

166 The lrish Naturalist. July,

supply of salmon might well be attended by a commensurate abund-
ance of seals and otters, which even yet are fiumerous in Donegal:
but if there were no foundation for the tradition, the gratuitous introduc-
tion of cats in the story, to prey upon the remnants of the otter’s feast,
would argue a fecundity of imagination in the old man of no mean
order. It reminds one of what Humboldt tells of the habits of the puma
on the banks of the upper reaches of the Orinoco. Is not the predilection
of the domestic cat for fish a survival of a time when that food was
abundant ? May lincidentally point out as suggestive that some topo-
graphical names in very uninhabited districts of Ireland refer to the cat ?
Coom-cat-quin is the designation of a wild tarn embosomed in the
mountains which border the Bay of Kenmare, near Sneem. A wilder
solitude more difficult of access does not exist I think in Ireland.
Carn-na-gat on Slieve Beagh, and another in Antrim, derive their
apellations, says Joyce, ‘‘ from having been the resorts of wild cats.”

The other portion of the old man’s story is plainly reliable ; for remains
of deer trenches and palisades, such as he described, accompanied some-
times, to my own knowledge, by skulls and antlers, have been found in
Irish bogs. I note, indeed, that Mr. Warren apparently uses the present
instead of the past tense, but this must surely be a printer's error (“if
wild cats are”); otherwise if red deer and wild cats ‘‘are” very plentiful
in Donegal, specimens of the former may equally be expected to be met
with about Muckish mountain. But as they are not, are we to infer that
they also never existed, and the whole narrative is imaginary ?

Wo. F. de VISMES KANE.
Drumreaske, Monaghan.

When writing on the supposed Wild Cat in Ireland, I was under the
mistaken impression that only one set of bones had been found in the
Clare caves, and therefore could not accept this one instance as proof
that the animal had beena native. However, since then, my friend Mr.
Ussher informs me that the bones of cats were found in several cases,
which I readily acknowledge, proves that in arcient times some species
of Wild Cat did exist in Ireland as a living contemporary of Mammoth,
Cave Bear. and Arctic Lemming.

But as no evidence has as yet been forthcoming to prove the existence
in a living state in Ireland of any species of wild cat, I still adhere to
the opinion that no specimen will ever be obtained. J

There have been many reports of wild cats and weasels being seen and
killed ; but why, I ask, do not the captors send forward specimens in the
flesh to be identified ?

I beg to correct a printer’s error in my notes on the Supposed Wild
Cat in Ireland (p. sapra): instead of the supposed Irish Wild Cat being
“sent to me” by the English naturalist, it was direct to the Museum it
was sent, probably to the late A. G. More.
ROBERT WARREN.

Moy View, Ballina.

1905. 167
IRISH SOCIETIES.

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Recent gifts include four young Badgers from Mr. W. W. Despard, a
Kingfisher from Mrs. Nixon, two Rudd from Mr. J. Godden, and a Long-
eared Owl from Messrs. C. andJ. Freeman. Four Yellow Baboons, pairs of
Teal, Pintails, Shovellers, and Wigeon, and a pair of Axolotls have been
purchased. The alteration in the out-door aviary, to prepare it for the
reception and proper exhibition of the Monkeys and Parrots, is making
satisfactory progress.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

MAy 20.—A party of over seventy members met at the G.N.R. station,
and took the 11.15 train for Donaghmore. ‘They were joined ev route by
other members, and at Dungannon by a party belonging to the newly-
formed Tyrone Field Club. Arriving at Donaghmore, the party, now
numbering over one hundred, and under the leadership of Mr. Bradley,
of the local Club, walked to the old cross of this village. The Rev. Mr.
Latimer having briefly described the cross, a move was made to the
graveyard, in front of which the cross stands. Mr. Brown then conducted
the party over his soap-works. A start was now made for Dungannon,
and while some of the party took the train the majority walked along
the old road, a distance of about two and a half miles, which yielded a
large number of wild flowers to the botanists. On arriving at Dun-
gannon, the party proceeded up the hill to the site of O'Neill’s Castle,
of which Mr. James M. Hamilton, Town Clerk, gave a brief account.
The party proceeded to Northland House, the seat of the Earl of
Ranfurly, who had kindly granted permission to the Club to visit the
park, and also to inspect some of the curios which he had brought with
him from New Zealand and adjacent islands. At 5.30 the members
assembled at the Northland Arms Hotel. After tea a business meeting
was held, the President, Mr. W. H. Phillips, in the chair, after which the
6.45 train was caught, and the party arrived in Belfast soon after eight
o'clock. The ornithologists reported that thirty-eight species of birds
were observed during the day. The most interesting observation made
by them was that of a male Wigeon (MJareca penelope) on the lake in Dun-
gannon park. It would be interesting to discover if this bird were breed-
ing here, as the species usually migrates northwards at a much earlier
date, and so far no authenticated instance of its breeding in Ireland has
been recorded. Owing to the excessively dry, hot weather, even the
commonest species of land and freshwater mollusca were absent 1n many
typical habitats, and the day’s collecting, on what would have been con-
sidered good ground under the conditions, resulted in only sixteen
species being collected, where over thirty might have been expected. The

168 The lrish Naturalist. July, 1905.

entomologists reported the Red Admiral and Orange-tip butterflies,
while one member obtained a small but perfect wasp’s nest. The
botanists were also very busy, being stimulated by the offer of a book
prize by the President for the best collection of wild flowers. This was
won by Miss Ella Boyd, of the Dungannon Club, whose vasculum con-
tained eighty species of plants. The best find of the day was Ranunculus
trichophyllus, which has only been recorded from County Tyrone on one
previons occasion.

MAY 27.—The Geological Section held an excursion to Cave Hill and
Carr’s Glen. The party proceeded from Castle Junction by tram to the
foot of Cavehill Road, at which point they were met by a further detach-
ment of members and friends.

On reaching the Cave Hill quarries Mr. Gray drew particular attention
to the missing Oolitic formations which should occur between the
Rhetic (lower Jurassic) and the Greensand (Upper Cretaceous) forma-
tious, representing a gap of about 5,000 feet. This feature shows that at
a period between Lower Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous times the region.
had heen elevated above sea level, with the result that great masses of
the strata had been stripped from the land. .

A few of the members proceeded to Carr’s Glen to work at the Lias,
but several returned to town, as after the heavy rains the glen was not
in good order for geologising. The find of fossils was not large, the
specimens recorded being Lxogyra conica var. levigata, Belemnites ultimus,
Belemnitella mucronata, Echinocorys vulgaris, Rhychonella limbata, spines of
Cidaris, and Cardinia ovalts.

DUBLIN NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

May 20—EXCURSION TO K1LLAKEE DEMESNE.— Mennbers and visitors, |
to the number of twenty, assembied at Terenure at 2 p.m. From here
cars took the party to Rockbrook Post Office. The party then. entered
the demesne of Killakee. where, under the conductorship of D. Houston
F.L.S., some hours of steady botanizing took place. The party returned
to Rockbrook at 5.30 p.m. for tea.

JUNE 3—EXCURSION TO Two ROCK Moun’ratn. ie party, twenty-
four in number, started by car from Terenure at 2 p.m. for Harold’s Grange,
From here an ascent of the Two Rock Mountain took place under the
conductorship of F. O’B. Ellison, B.A. (Hon. Sec.). The special object
of the excursion was the study of plant associations, as displayed by the
flora of the Two Rock Mountain. The party returned at 6 o’clock to
Dundrum, where they were hospitably entertained by Miss Bernard, of
Elm Lawn, a member of the Club. Messrs. EGaes sley, Lyons, and
Murray were elected members of the Club,

WILLIAMS & SON,

- Nataralists, Furriers, and Taxidermists,
2, DAME-STREET, DUBLIN,

3 Designers of sig Life Groups in the National Museum, Kildare-street.

HEAD AND ANTLERS OF THE’ GREAT EXTINCT IRISH DEER, CERVUS
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Trish Deuctacer Ostracoda —Rev. Canon A M. Noraan, D. Cap ee
F.R.S.—(concluded) ~ be ss ae eee ee a3

The gs ae of F ainitgpne in Ireland, =k. Ti PRAFGER,

NOMES: oe oR See fe oe ae a =
Further note on the Vitality of Seeds.—J. Apams, M A., ig an Cale
An Trish Enteropneust, ; So = se EOS
A Cuckoo and its Egg. ”_REV. W. W. FLEMVING. MAGS. Oi = Se ee ae
Quails in Co. Dublin.—Riv. Co W. Benson, LL D., a Paes 16
Quails in Co. Down.—REv. WM. M‘ENnpDoo, M A., Bases eid oe ee ea
Turnstones on Lough Neagh.—E. L. L. M! ChInTocK, 65g Ee aie ee Se
Tufted Duck Breeding on Longh Conn.—R. WARREN, .. ae)
Wild Cats formerly incigenore in Ireland,—W. F. DE V. KANE, M. A, oS Gee

R, WARREN, ee ; oe = ee : * Bic os. eo 2s c=
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Dublin Naturalists’ Hise See ee es oes aes 768

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND.
LIST OF THE DEPARTMENT’S LEAFLETS.

NUMBER. | NAME.

Leaflet No. 1 The Warble Fly.
a Ee Out of Print.
s pe Out of Print.
Bs » 4 Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1900,
a 496.15) Separated Milk as Food for Calves,
ee ey (6) Charlock Spraying.
5 Bry / Fluke in Sheep.
= ue Timothy Meadows.
= oe) The Turnip Fly.
as 10 Wireworms.
Ee a” til Prevention of White Scour in Calves.
ae 62 Out of print.
5 pred cy Contagious Abortion in Cattle.
‘3 5, 14 Prevention of Potato Blight.
lS Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1893, and (Amendment)

Regulations, 1904.
= 2 16 Sheep Scab.
os Bae WV! The Use and Purchase of Manures.
. S10 Swine Fever.
. 19 Early Potato Growing.
2 2) Calf Rearing.
x ee All Diseases of Poultry :—Gapes.
: BO Basic Slag.

mn ee Dishorning Calves.

= »» 24 Care and Treatment of Premium Bulhs.
ml e275 Fowl Cholera.

Ps »» 20 Winter Fattening of Cattle.

a ea Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.

ex ass: Blackleg, Black Quarter, or Blue Quarter.
- eA Flax Seed.

7 Ry .<'8) Poultry Parasites—Fleas, Mites, and Lice.
= 55 Ol Winter Egg Production.

Ne Oe Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys.

- aaye S| Profitable Breeds of Poultry.

a », 34 The Revival of Tillage.

is 3, 3D The Liming of Land.

a 3» OO Field Experiments—Barley.

ie prey, a = Meadow Hay,
= Oo - ae Potatoes.

5 SES) a 4 Mangolds,

x 3 40 - os Oats.

Me » 41 ee * Turnips.

a sey ae Permanent Pasture Grasses.

GS » 40 The Rearing and Management of Chickens,
s », 44 ** Husk ”’ or “‘ Hoose ”’ in Calves.

- 7 40 Ringworm on Cattle.

cy », 46 Haymaking.

a 5047 The Black Currant Mite

= », 48 Foul Brood or Bee Pest.

= », 49 Poultry Fattening.

- eH 0) Portable Poultry Houses.

cs On The Leather- Jacket Grub.

a Loe Flax Experiments.

Be epee oro The Construction of a Cowhouse.

3 9» 04 Calf Meal

9 DD The Apple.

3 eras) Cultivation of the Root Crop

% wey Fruit Packing.

ee ss DS Sprouting Seed Potatoes.

09 Seed Testing Station for Ireland.
e thay 216, The Packing of Butter.

a Ol The Care of Milk for Creameries.
3 ples | Plans for Creamery Buildings.

Copies of the above leaflets can be obtained free of charge and post free, on ap-
plication to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for
Ireland, Upper Merrion-street, Dublin. Letters of application so addressed need
not be stamped.

24 1905

August, 1905. The Irish Naturalist. 169

A FURTHER GLYCERIA HUNT.
BY R. LLOYD PRAEGER.

It may be remembered by my botanical readers that last year,
in describing a search for Glyceria festuceformis round the
shores of Strangford Tough, it was found that wherever cattle
had access to the shores (and this was almost everywhere),
there was no use in searching for the grass; and that a small
ungrazed islet to which I swam was found to be literally in
possession of the plantin question. Acting on this hint, I
devoted two July days this year to an exploration of the
islands of the lough. I had the advantage of the company of
Mr. H. C. Marshall, himself a local man and a keen botanist,
and (through him) of two excellent boatmen from Ardmillan,
whose exact knowledge of the myriad channels and reefs of
Strangford Lough continually filled us with admiration.
According to local statement, there are 365 islands in the
lough, one for every day in the year—a peculiarity belonging
to several Irish localities ; but of these, almost all are grazed,
the animals being brought by boats or by swimming as the
case may be. The conditions imposed by experience—
namely, reefs rising above spring tide level, and not invaded
by cattle—imposed a strict limitation on the number of islets
to be examined.

Slipping down the channel from Ardmillan, we first, after a
preliminary unsuccessful cast on the mainland shore, explored
the Lythe Rock. Here, over two miles north of its most
northerly mainland station (Ringhaddy) we found the plant
growing in great abundance and luxuriance. Wetried, as a
kind of control experiment, the rough shore of Mahee Island
close by, but here cattle have played their usual part and no
trace of the grass was to be seen. Then we went south a
couple of miles to Craigaveagh, the next spot fulfilling the re-
quired conditions. Here, again, G. festuceformis formed one of
the leading features of the vegetation, especially on the
southern shore. Green Island Rock, lying west of the Minnis
Islands, was our next point. It proved to be in complete pos-
session of the grass—indeed, the only other plants present

A

170 The lrish Naturalist. August,

were Atriplex, Suada, Lepigonum medium, and Aster, all in
comparatively small quantity. Terns were here in numbers,
with a nest every yard along the circular fringe of sea-
weed that marked storm-level. After a halt for lunch at
Ringhaddy, we went on to the “ Gull Rock of Dunsy,” off the
east shore of Dunsy Island, whose fauna consisted of a cloud
of Terns and ten baby Mergansers, and the flora of a forest of
G. festuceformis. ‘Thence to Dunsy Rock, where our grass
grew in a broad band thirty feet wide, looking like a waving
field of corn two feet in height. From Dunsy we directed our >
course to Black Rock, off Ringdufferin, recognizable afar by
the cloud of Terns hovering over it. Here G. festuceformis
was in still greater profusion, and particularly fine. The

normal succession of maritime plants, which we had already

observed on other islets, was here conspicuously displayed.

First the zone of G. festuceformis. Above that the maritime

Atriplices, and above that again Agvopyron repens. From

Black Rock we went to Dunnyneill. Here there are two islets,

more elevated than any we had visited. Ourskipper, Hamilton

Gilmore, predicted that the grass would not be here, and he

proved to be correct. These Strangford islets, though their

names frequently end in ‘‘Rock,” are banks of tough red

Boulder-clay. On the larger or higher islands, sufficient

material is presentto form by attrition a gravel-beach of some

little depth. On this substratum Glyceria festuceformis does

not grow. What it likesis aninch or two of stones resting on

the drift. This it gets in many places on the mainland and

the smaller islands. The islets which were in possession of
this grass were all of the same character—low enough to be
washed during winter storms, with a thin layer of gravel

intermixed with boulders, lying on the Boulder-clay. Dunny-

neill, with its gravelly shore and high interior, is thus unsuit-

able, and even the absence of cattle does not induce the plant
to put in an appearance.

Next morning we left Killyleagh early. It was dead calm,
with a thick mist on the water; there was not a sound save
the occasional splash of a fishing Tern, and we crept silently
up the Quoile to Swan Rock, alias Rat Island, lying north of
Gore’s Island, and tear the islet on which I found such
quantity of G. festuceformis last year. Like the latter island,

1905. PRAEGER.—A Further Glyceria Hunt. 171

Swan Rock yielded the plant in the greatest abundance.
Here, again, the succession of zones of maritime plants was
extremely well marked. In ascending order, first came a
grand fringe of G. festuceformis, then Atriplex plus Aster,
then Agropyron, then Fes/uca ovina, and finally a little plateau
of meadow plants, such as Leontodon autumnalis, Cnicus
lanceolatus, &c., growing above the highest storm level.

We had next a long row to Bird Island, lying in the middle
of the lough opposite Kircubbin. This islet, like Dunnyneill,
is higher than most, with a more gravelly beach, and in con-
sequence the G. festuceformis zone is missing, save at the
south-eastern side, where the Boulder-clay comes to the sur-
face. A couple of miles of sailing northward, now with a fair
breeze, brought us to Sheelah’s Island. This is a low gravel
ridge, yielding only 4 triplex, Silene, Cochlearia, and Festuca
ovina—not to mention a vast quantity of Terns. Our last call
was at Gabbock Island off Greyabbey, where we were pleased
to see a fine fringe of the grass along the western shore ; on
the eastern shore the plant was rarer. It was now low water,
which made these upper islands of the lough difficult of ap-
proach, and prevented access to the last of the likely spots, a
tock called Chanderies, off Mountstewart. Our skipper, who
had already proved correct in predicting the botanical capa-
cities of almost every island we visited, assured us that the
§tass was abundant there, and promised to procure and post
us specimens.

With a brisk southerly breeze, we slid across the lough, and
again landed at Ardmillan. The result of our cruise was to
show that on every island in Strangford Lough where suitable
natural conditions prevail, and where cattle have not des-
troyed the taller vegetation, Glyceria festuceformis is the most
abundant maritime species, forming a broad dense fringe
rather lower down than the fringes of Atriplex, Agropyron,
and Festuca ovina by which it is usually accompanied.

172 ‘The Irish Naturalist. August,

NOTES ON SOME HEPATICS OF ULSTER.
BY REV. CANON H. W. LETT, M.A., MRA.

In the supplement to the Flora of the North-east of Ireland,
reprinted from the Proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists’
Field Club for 1894-95, at p. 235, at the end of the Cryptogams
there occurs this paragraph :—‘‘ HRRONEOUS OR DOUBTFUL
HEpatics—-The following Hepatics quoted from the Temple-
ton MSS. have been deemed too doubtful for insertion in the
foregoing list. While the greater part are certainly errors, it
is probable that some may yet be verified, and with this view
they are now made public.

Porella thuja. Jungermantia pumila.
Cephalozia curvifolia. J. barbata.

C. byssacea, J. exsecta.
flarpanthus scutatus. J. Cxcisa.

Plagiochila tridenticulata. J. incisa.

Mylia anomala. Nardia compressa.”

Jungermania cunetfolta.

In the foregoing list Tfempleton’s nomenclature, which was
that current in his time, has been replaced by names now
adopted. In this quotation Templeton’s localities, which are
given for the species, have been omitted, as they are referred
to further on in this paper.

It is pleasant to be able to write and show that since the
above “ black-list” was printed, almost the very thing that the
editor expected has occurred. Several of Templeton’s records
which were doubted have been verified by the rediscovery of
the plants in Antrim and Down ; concerning which the follow-
ing notes are offered :—

Madotheca thuJa (Dicks.)—Mr. Templeton, who knew this Hepatic
as Jung. thuja, made two beautiful and characteristic coloured drawings
of it, to which are these remarks, which I quote in full to shew that he
made no mistake in identifying this plant :—“ Pinnate, with the branches
(most unbranched), gradually narrowing towards the apex, leaves round
imbricated, having underneath a triple series of stipules. Reticulations
of the leaves a series of circles, in all others they are hexagons, Found
on the rocks at the Waterfall of the river crossing the road, about a mile
on the Belfast side of Carrickfergus, the fall is about two miles up the
river, discovered March 31st, 1807.” The locality, so very precisely

1905. Lerr.—lVotes on some Hepatics of Ulster, 173

indicated, is of course Woodburn Glen, and there on the occasion of a
visit by the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club in 1885, I found a patch of

is plant. I found it also on Cave Hill, on rocks east of the first cave,
Ist June, Igor.

Plaglochila tridenticulata, Tayl.—On this Templeton’s remarks
are :—“ Jungermania spinulosa, var. tridenticulaia, with a surculus scarcely
an inch high, and a few small leaves with tridentate apices, Brit. Jung,,
var. 13. Common on the rocks of the Cave Hill, near Belfast.” He gives
a coloured drawing of what he names “ Jung. decipiens,” but which is
undoubtedly the above Cave Hill plant. This I have myself gathered
on several occasions on the rocks north-east of the first cave. And to
this drawing of his “dectfsens,’’ Templeton has this note:— Without
the rigidity is supposed sufficient, I can scarcely reckon this, and var,
tridenticulata of the foregoing distinct.” Templeton’s ¢ridenticulata is a
larger plant than Taylor’s and Carrington’s, from the Co. Kerry, which
still abounds at the Torc Waterfall and on Brandon Mountain. Temple-
ton was uncertain as to 4. decipiens and his tridenticulata being inseparable.

Mesophylla ‘‘[Mylia] compressa (Hook.), near Belfast.”—
Occurs in abundance in many of the streamlets amongst the Mourne
Mountains, where Mr. Waddell and I have often gathered it. It does
not appear to have been found by recent botanists in the county of
Antrim.

Cephalozia curv!ifolia (Dicks.)—Templeton’s locality is:— Found
in the crannies of rocks at Binian [Slieve Bingian], Mourne Mountains,”
I met with it on the sheep tracks amongst the heather, about half way
up the slope on the north side of the Hen Mountain, near Hilltown,
1898.

Cephalozia divaricata, Sm.—Templeton knew this plant as Jung.
byssacea, the name under which it is figured in Hooker’s Jungermaniz.
Mr. Stewart seems to have been doubtfully of this opinion, when at
p. 232 of the Flora of the N.E. of I. he wrote of C. divaricata, which
Mr. Waddell and I fourd in the Mourne Mountains, &c.:—‘‘ This was
probably the plant noted by Templeton as C. dyssacea, occurring at
Lambeg, &c.”, and yet in the next page he placed it in the list of
‘‘Rrroneous, &c.” Moore, in his Irish Hepatice, enumerated dyssacea as
distinct from dzvarzcata, while acknowledging that he was “ by no means
clear about the characters which distinguish” them. Husnot in Hep.
Gall. makes dyssacea a var. of divaricata, and ‘‘more common than the
typical plant.”

Jungermanla Incisa, Schrad., “found in Lambeg Bog” by
Templeton. The specimens of this plant which I have from the north-
east district are from Rasharkin Bog, 1889; and Ballygowan Bog, and a
small bog one mile west of Saintfield, Co. Down, 1898, Lett and
Waddell; it was plentiful in both localities, creeping over decaying
Sphagnum and other mosses in very wet spots.

Aplozia pumila (With.).—Templeton records ‘' Jung. pumi/a common
on bare ground about Belfast,” and he gives two drawings in which two

174 : The Irish Naturalist. August,

species are represented. It isto be noted that the habitat which he
gives opens a question as to whether he meant pumila or Alicularia
scalarts. ‘The home of the former is “on rocks close to water ;’’ while a
favourite habitat for the latter is on bare ground at the edge of paths
and roads, and in such places, according to my experience, in Ulster,
Connaught, and Munster it abounds. My record of pumila is from Co.
Down, Moygannon Glen, near Warrenpoint, 1900, Lett and Waddell.

Jungermanla bicrenata, Schmid. (/ung. excisa, Sm. Eng. Bot.,
t. 2497).—Templeton’s records of ‘“‘excésa” are, “‘ growing on Divis
Mountain, the Black Mountain, Co. Antrim; Holywood Warren, Co.
Down; among Dicranum heteromalla in the Co. Derry.” It was demon-
strated many years since in the ‘‘ Transactions” of the Botanical Society
of Edinburgh, by Mr. Spruce and Dr. Carrington, that “we have no
such British species as Jung. excisa.” But Templeton collected the plant
that is figured and described in Smith’s E. Botany under the name
excisa. Of this plant, which was the excisa of English botanists of his
time, Templeton gives a drawing, which is a good representation of
what is now known as Jung. bicrenata, Schmid.

The figures in Smith anc in J. Dickson's Plant Crypt. Bot., Fasc. 3,
p. 11, t. viii, f. 7, to both which Templeton refers as his authorities,
are undoubtedly not exczsa as at present known to European botanists,
but, according to my judgment, Jung. dicrenata. And what strengthens
me in this view is, that I have in my herbarium a specimen collected by
W. Wilson, and labelled in his handwriting ‘‘/. exczsa from Delamere
Forest, Cheshire, 1830,” which is /. dicrenata. I am aware that Mr.
Pearson considers the excisa of Smith and Dickson to be the same as
capitata ; my reason for differing from this authority is that I have also
in my herbarium two specimens of /. capitata, Hook., collected and
labelled by W. Wilson in 1831, which are that plant, and not what he
named in the other specimen as excisa.

J. bicrenata does not appear to have been often found in Ireland. I
myself have never met with it but at one place, “Co. Down, on road-
side between Scarva and Banbridge, on the vertical face of a rock (1900) ;”
it has probably been overlooked owing to its habit of getting coated
with dust to such an extent that all the leaves are concealed, and
nothing appears but the abundant capsules, which might easily be
passed over for the seeds of some phanerogam shed on the earth.

Jungermania barbata, Schreb.—There is a drawing by Mr.
Templeton (MSS.) of this plant made from a specimen gathered in the
Ness Glen, Co. Derry, June 20, 1809. It is a beautiful portrait, and
about it there can be no doubt. He also gives a similarly correct
drawing of what is now known as /ung. lyont, Tayl., but which he and
succeeding botanists named /ung. guinqguedentata, and his specimen was
‘““found at Divis, March 26, 1813.” But while the illustrations are
correctly named, a note about /. darbata by Templeton is not free from
the confusion that for long hung about this plant and /. lyonz. This is
the note—‘ /, darbata common in the perfectly procumbent state on the

1905. LEetr.—LVotes on some Hepatics of Ulster. 175

rocks about the Cave Hill, near Belfast, fig. 1. With the ascending shoots
and tridentate leaves, found in the Ness Glen, Co. Derry, June 20, 1809,
fig. 2. With the ascending shoots and quadridentate and quinquedentate
leaves found at Divis Mountain, near Belfast, March 26, 1613.) i Tne
drawings, though not marked “fig. 1 and fig. 2,” are unmistakable, as
on each is named the locality where the specimen represented was
collected. However, Templeton’s note is hazy. But /. lyont, Tayl., is
still common on the rocks at the Cave Hill; I have on several occasions
found it there. /. dardara is still wanted from Antrim and Down.

Thus eight of the ‘errors and doubtfuls ” of Templeton are
removed, and there remain yet to be rediscovered these five :—

Clasmatocolea cuneifolia (Hook.).
Jungermania exsecta, Schmid.
flarpanthus scutatus (Web. et Moshr.).
Coleochila anomala (Hook.).
Jungermania barbata, Schreb.

It is to be hoped that the botanical members of the
Belfast Field Club will seek and find them.

I have collected during the past few years some other
Hepatics that are rare or have been overlooked in Ulster, and
several of these are? very interesting, being new to the
Province. I also add below some new county records.

Riccla sorocarpa, Bishoff.--Londonderry, Magilligan, May, 1904,
Lett and Waddell.—In flat, wet meadow-ground near the middle of the
sand dunes; the locality is covered with water in the winter season.
The only other Irish locality that I know of is near Dingle, the same
where Moore and Lindberg collected it.

Targiona hypophylla, L.—Templeton’s record of this plant is—
‘“‘On the rocks of the Cave Hill, on the north side of the first cave,
Nov. 6, 1809.” Local botanists often searched for this plant, but in vain,
till the 21st June, 1902, when I rediscovered it. Moore found it “on
warm basaltic rocks at the Little Deer Park, Glenarm, Co. Antrim, 1834.
Very rare.” It is worth mentioning that this locality is not in the
present park of the Earl of Antrim which surrounds his stately
residence, Glenarm Castle. The Little Deer Park lies to the south-east
of Glenarm town, between the cliffs and the sea, and is now traversed
by the coast road from Larne to Glenarm. Before this road was
engineered it was an ideal natural enclosure for deer, they being shut
in between the cliffs and the sea.

Codonla ralfsli (Wils.).—Co. Londonderry, Magilligan, May, 1904,
Lett and Waddell. In damp hollows amongst the sand dunes. This is
an addition to the Ulster flora. The plants were in fruit, growing just
at the margin of the dwarf herbage, and the fronds being in great part
worn away nothing was-visible on the sand except the little capsule,

like a cabbage seed, of a dark green colour.

176 The lrish Naturalist. August,

Fossombronia cristata, Ldbg.—This was growing abundantly

ou the shore of Lough Briclan, close to my residence, where I discovered

‘it in October, 1890 (Pearson, Hep. Brit. Isles, p. 420), but though I have

kept a look out every year since, I have not been able to find even one

plant. It grew on a whitish deposit of clay left exposed by the falling

water in the summer, which would not have been accessible that
autumn had it not been a very dry one.

Colura calyptrifolia (Hook).—Co. Down, Mourne Mountains,
Slieve Donard, 18¢9, Lett. This also I have added to the Ulster flora.
It grows on the perpendicular face of the rocks in the chasm into which
the streamlet falls at the Black Stairs, associated with Leseunia hamati-
folia, Lejeunia ovata, and Frullania fragillifolia.

LejJeunta flava (Sw.).—The plant so named from Co. Donegal,
contributed two years ago to the Moss Exchange Club, was L. serpyllifolia
v. heterophylla, Carr.; L. flava has not hitherto been found anywhere in
Ireland outside of Co. Kerry.

Madotheca lIzevigata (Schrad.),—Co. Antrim, Drumnasole, 1890,
Rey. S. A. Brenan; Co. Tyrone, Benburb, rocks below the castle,
1880, Lett. Glenarm Park, 1895, Lett and Waddell. This plant is not
mentioned in the Flora of the North-east of Ireland (1888), nor in the
Supplement to same (1895). The above appear to be the only records of
it from Ulster.

Diplophyllum obtuslfollum (Hook.).—Co. Armagh, Camlough
Mountain, Carriffkeeny, at 800 ft., August, 1904, Lett. Another
addition to the flora of Ulster. In hollows on the shady, vertical
face of an earthen fence. Growing along with Dz. albicans, Webera
sessilis, Dicranella heteromalla, and Scapania compacta.

Diplophyllum dicksoni (Hook.)—Co. Down, Mourne Mountains,
Shanlieve, at 1,500 ft., 1898, Lett. Co. Louth, Carlingford Mountain, at
1,400 ft., I900, Lett and Waddell. Co. Donegal, Slieve League, 1902,
Lett; (/. Bot., Nov., 1903). Iam not aware ofany other notices of this
rare plant having been collected in Ulster.

Scapania calcicola (Arn. et Pers.)—Co. Derry, Magilligan, Ig00,
Lett and Waddell. On heathy mossy patches at the edge of damp spots
amongst the sand dunes. The fine sand of this place contains a large
proportion of sea-shell dust, which accounts for the presence of this and
the moss Entodon orthocarpus, Ldbg., both plants being calcicolous. This
is an addition to the flora of Ireland. There is an interesting account
of it by Prof. Douin, of Chartres, in the Revue Bryologique for May, 1905.

Scapania curta (Mart.)—Co. Derry, Magilligan, 1900, Lett and
Waddell, in damp mossy places amongst the sand dunes near the fore-
going species. It was also found in the ravine on Benevenagh Mountain.
Co. Donegal, Slieve League, 1902, Lett, (7. Bot., Nov., 1903).

Scapanla compacta (Roth.)—Co. Down, Scrabo Hill, 1903, Lett
and Waddell; in several places on the rocks on the top of the hill near
the Londonderry Tower; Co. Armagh, 1890, Lett, at Carriffkeeny on the
north of Camlough Mountain, (M‘Ardle’s List of Irish Hepatice.)

1905. Lurr.—LVotes on some Hepatics of Ulster. 177

Scapanila irrigua, Nees.—Co. Down, in bogs near Saintfield, 1899,
Lett and Waddell. Near Loughbrickland in the Brown bog, 1901, Lett.
In both gatherings the plants have perianths in abundance.

Scapania rosacea (Corda.)—Co. Donegal, Slieve League, 1902,
Lett; (7. Bot., Nov., 1903). This was the first record of this little gein
of a plant from an Irish locality, and it does not appear to have been
found since; itis not mentioned in M‘Ardle’s List (1904). From Prof.
Douin, of Chartres, to whom I sent a portion of this gathering, and who
has made a special study of the genus Scafenia, I have received this
note :—‘‘This I consider to be true Scag. rosacea (Corda), from _ its
perianth, the direction of the leaves which do not cross the stem, and
from the rounded shape of the leaf-cells. C. Miiller, of Fribourg, con-
siders Scap. rosacea to be of acertainty a very good species.”

Scapanla speciosa (Nees.) Lett.—Co. Down, Slieve Donard, at the
Black-stairs, 1887, Lett; Co. Louth, Carlingford Mountain, the Golden
river, 1889, Lett; Co. Armagh, Camlough Mountain, 1900, Lett; Co.
Donegal, Slieve League, 1902, Lett (/. Bot, Nov., 1904.) All the
specimens from these localities are very fine examples of this the
largest and most beautifully coloured of the British Scapanias. They
have been submitted to Prof. Douin, who agrees with me about them.

Scapania lIaxifolia (Dmrt.) Lett.—Co. Down, Mourne Mountains,
Shanlieve, 1898, Lett. David Moore (Proc. R.I A., 1876) recorded this
hepatic from Co. Donegal, while he considered it identical with
resupinata. He says :—“ On Muckish Mountain, Co. Donegal, I have
seen it tall and straggling among the heath in loose stems quite unlike
the fawn-coloured patches on the west coast, yet easily recognizable as
the same plant.” I have examined Moore’s specimen from Donegal, in
the Herbarium of the Science and Art Museum, Dublin, and it is pre-
cisely the plant which I have gathered in Ulster, Kerry, and Mayo.

Scapania nemorosa, Dmrt.—Co. Down, Rostrevor, 1899, Lett.
Abundant on the rocks—the tufts being filled with sand—along the
south bank of the river just above the bridge at Rostrevor. I refer to
this record as Templeton in his record of the plant says—“ Found in my
journey to Mourne Mountains in August, 1803, in Rostrevor Glen.” No
doubt the same spot in both cases. ;

Marsupella funckil (Nees.)—Co. Down, Mourne Mountains, Kina-
halla, 1902, Lett. A small patch was found by the side of a path at east
of Kinahalla Wood. Co. Armagh, Camlough Mountain, 1902, Lett
(M‘Ardle’s List of Hepaticce). Abundant and in fine fruit at the edge of
an old road that passes over the mountain between Newry and
Killeavy, just at the gap called Barnish. And also (1904) in abundance
at Carriffkeeny on the north-east face of this mountain, where a long
lane ends above the cultivated ground; some of these patches were a
foot wide and funckiz was unmixed in them with any other species, in
other patches there was a mixture with A/icularia scalaris. |Moore’s
record (1837) and the above seem to beall that is known of this plant for
the nine counties of Ulster,

178 The Irish Naturalist. August,

Marsupella emarginata (Ehrh.) v, minor.—Co. Armagh, 1898,
Lett.. I found at the same place (Barnish) as the foregoing, a variety of
emarginata, which seems to be the plant collected by Dr. Carrington at
Cromagloun in the Killarney district [Zrams. Bot. Soc. Edinb., 1863].
In a paper entitled ‘‘ Gleanings among the Irish Cryptogams,”
Carrington says ‘‘There is a small neat variety growing on wet
boulders, Cromaglan, almost intermediate between this and funckiz.” The
plants in Co. Armagh grow in unmixed patches at the opposite side of
the old road from funckiz. The stem is 6-12 mm. high, seldom branched,
the leaves increase in size upwards to apex, where they surround the
very large bracts. It isa larger plant than fwchkez and grew on shady
but not wet rocks. Since I wrote the foregoing, I have been in the
wood on Rostrevor Mountain, Co. Down—(27th June, 1905) and found
this var. mznor in several places on rocks.

Gymnocolea Inflata (Huds.)—Co. Antrim, Derryaghy, on sand-
stone rocks, 1905, Waddell; Co. Armagh, Barnish, between Newry and
Killeavy, 1904, Lett; Co. Down, between Banbridge and Scarva, near
Ballyvarley School, 1904, Lett.

This species is not given by Stewart in the Flora of the North-east of
Ireland (1888), nor in the Supplement to the same (1895). It was known
however to Templeton, who writes—‘‘ Found on the rocks of the high
rocky bank above the Many Burn Bridge at Purdysburn Race Course.
On the ground at Ballynafoy Moor. In alittle glen on theshore side
about half way between Holywood and Bangor.” (Templeton MSS.)

Jungermania riparia, Tayl.—_This does notseem to beacommon
hepatic, though it is not scarce where it doesoccur. The following
additional Co. Down localities may be added to the list. Moygannon
Glen, 1900; and rocks inriver Bann above Hilltown, 1900; Lett and
Waddell.

Jungermania bantriensis, Hook.—Co. Antrim, Colin Glen,
1898, Waddell. Co. Down, Moygannon Glen, 1900, Lett and Waddell;
a remarkably fine and fertile tuft.

Jungermaniacapitata, Hook.—Co. Armagh, Camlough Mountain.
Carriftkeeny, 1904, Lett. The specimens that were found were furnished
with mature perianths.

Jungermania minuta, Crantz.—Co. Down, Slieve Donard, in the
White River Glen, 1899, Lett. A few plants, mixed with Aarsupella
emarginata and Kantia sprengelit. ‘This seems to be an addition to the
flora of Ulster.

Jungermania gracills, Schleich.—Co. Armagh, Camlough Moun-
tain, on the face towards Newry, at goo ft., 1899, Lett. Growing on dry
rocks in shady places, associated with a dark green form of
Scap. resupinata.

Jungermania alpestris, Schleich.—Co. Down, Saintfield, about a
mile west of the town on vertical rocks in a road cutting, 1898, Lett and
Waddell. We also collected this on rocks near the top of Scrabo Hill,

1903.

1905. Lert —LWVotes on some Hepatics of Ulster 179

Aplozla cordifolla, Hook.—Templeton (MSS.) found this plant in
the Mourne Mountains. In Moore’s album of mounted specimens of
Co. Antrim mosses and hepatics, now kept in the Science and Art
Museum herbarium, Dublin, there is a specimen of this plant, with
the note—‘‘ Frequent in the northern glens, especially near waterfalls,
always barren.” And he records it in his Report on Irish Hepatice
(1876) from the “river which flows to Cushendun, Co. Antrim, three
quarters of a mile above the village, 1836.” But it has not been since
found in either county. It may be mentioned here that it was while
searching for this plant in the Cushendun River that the Rev. S. A.
Brenan discovered Azccia glaucescens.

Cephalozila catenulata (Hiibn.)—Co. Down, Mourne Mountains,
Hen Mountain, 1885, Lett.

Cephalozia flultans, Nees.—Co. Antrim, Parkmore, 1887, Lett.
Co. Down, Slieve Donard, the White River Glen, 1899, Lett.

Cephalozia Iunulzefolla, Dmrt.—Co. Down, Mourne Mountains,
Slievenamaddy, 1885. Co. Armagh, Parish of Montiaghs, Derrycrow
1885, Lett.

Cephalozia pallida, Spruce.—This, which I collected in Co.
Donegal, 1902 (7. Bot., Nov., 1903), has not yet been found in any other
part of Ulster.

Cephalozia lammersliana (Hiiben.)—Co. Down, in a bog between
Saintfield and Kilaney, 1898, Lett and Waddell.

Cephalozia starkii (Funck.)—Co. Armagh, Camlough Mountain,
1887, Lett and Waddell.

Cephalozia francisc! (Hook.)—Templeton (MSS.) has the follow-
ing interesting notice of the occurrence of this plant. “Ina bog on the
Co. Donegal Mountains, about half way between Letterkenny and Dun-
fanaghy, in company with Mr. Hooker and Dr. Taylor, July 11th, 1815.
Found at High Town Hill (Carnmoney, Co. Antrim), near the Cave Hill,
Aug. 28th, 1815.”

Aghaderg, Co. Down.

NEWS GLEANINGS.

The Dublin Museum.

We are very pleased to announce the appointment of Mr. A. R. Nichols
as Assistant Keeper in the Natural History Section of our National
Museum. Mr. Nichols has done excellent work in the collection for
nearly a quarter of a century, and we congratulate him heartily on this
recognition of his labours. Mr. J. N. Halbert uow becomes First
Assistant,

180 The Irish Naturalist, August,

IRISH SOCIETIES.

ROYAL ‘ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Recent gifts include a Chinese Jay Thrush from Lord Bellew, a Mona
Monkey from Justice Smyly, a Purple-capped Lory from Mr. Yeames, a
a Suricate from Mr. G. Armstrong, a Crested Grebe from Mr. O’Callaghan,
a Parrot from Mrs. Bradley, and two Peacocks from Mr. Flood. Monkeys
and Parrots have now taken possession of the transformed out-door
aviary.

DUBLIN NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

JUNE 24.— EXCURSION TO MOORHILL, BRANNOXTOWN. —A large
number of members and visitors left Kingsbridge by the 8.20 train for
Harristown. On arriving the party walked through Harristown demesne
to Moorhill, which, by invitation of the owner, Mr. W. B. Brownrigg,

M.A., was made the headquarters for the day. The members now en-

tered on their various pursuits, the glacial drift being examined with
great interest. It is represented in this district by a stiff boulder-clay
charged with boulder, and fragments of Carboniferous limestone, quartz
rock, and igneous rocks. A fragment of Balanus was discovered by J. de
W. Hinch. The party. which was very hospitably entertained to lunch
aud afternoon tea by Mr. Brownrigg, returned to town by the 5.27 train
after a most enjoyable outing. Miss Wilson was elected a member of
the Club.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

JUNE 10.—The second excursion of the season took place, when one
hundred and twenty members and friends left by the quarter-past two
train to Ballycarry ex route for the Gobbins.

Arriving at Ballycarry, the party divided—half driving to the “ path,”
and the rest walking the whole distance along the undercliffs to the
basaltic bastions of the coast. Much indignation was felt when it was
discovered that the Sea Spleenwort (Asplenium marinum), which Mr.
Berkeley Wise had taken so much pains to protect, had almost entirely
disappeared.

At six o’clock tea was provided at Hill’s cottage, after which a short
business meeting was held, and some new members elected; then the
return journey commenced,

me

i905. 181
NOTES.

ZOOLOGY,

Irish Zoophytes and Sea Anemones.

A paper, valuable to students of our marine fauna, has been published
by Miss Jane Stephens in the Proc. R. Trish Acad., vol. xxv., section B.,
No. 3; this is ‘‘ A List of Irish Coelenterata, including the Ctenophora.”
The Irish marine area is defined and divided into regions, as in Mr.
Nichols’ faunistic papers, and the distribution of each species is recorded
with great care and accuracy, with references to an exhaustive biblio-
graphy. Anindex in genera and species makes the list easy in use. Miss
Stephens calls attention to the mingling of northern and southern forms
of life off our western shores among the Coelenterates as among other
groups of marine animals.

New Marine Crustacea.

In the British Association Report for 1904 (pp. 602-603) is a paper on
“Some new Copepoda from the Atlantic Slopes,” by G. P. Farren. Dur-
ing the dredging cruise of the “ Helga” tothe Porcupine Bank a number
of new species of Copepods were obtained, These are briefly described
here, but a fuller account is promised for the forthcoming Report of
the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland.

In the same Report (pp. 601-2) Mr. W. M. Tattersall contributes a
paper on “Some new and rare Isopoda taken in the British Area.” The
species dealt with were captured during two cruises of the ‘‘ Helga” off
the west coast of Ireland and in Ballinakill Harbour, Co. Galway. Eight
species new to science were found, four of them belonging to new
genera, while two have been made types of new families. Full descrip-
tions, with figures, of these Isopoda will appear in the Reports of the
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland.

Melitea aurinia in Co. Kildare.

On June 12th, at Leixlip, I saw several ‘Greasy Fritillaries,” and
secured a specimen.

FRANCIS NEALE.
Dublin.

Notes on Thecla rubi.

Iam greatly pleased to be able to add to the list of butterflies found
here the Green Hairstreak (Thecla rudi). Among British butterflies I
have seen no more beautiful example of mimetic disguise. Itis in all
respects a true “‘leaf-insect,” not only in colour, size, and form, but in

182 The Irish Naturalist. August;

its correlated instincts. This would hardly be recognised in a mounted
cabinet specimen. It must be seen in its peculiar position of rest on the
foliage of the Birch, the wings close pressed together, inclining down-
wards and to one side, andthe brown marginal dots exactly producing
the effect of the dentate edge of the leaf. It allowsitself to be closely in-
spected ; but it is all alive. An incautious movement, and it flutters gd
and vanishes like a ghost.

W. HE. Hart.
Kilderry, Co. Donegal.

Vespa austriaca in Co. Wexford.

~ On June 5th I found running up a window-pane at Ballyhyland a light
yellow wasp, which on being caught proved to be a female Vespa austriaca.
As far as I know, this is the first recorded occurrence of austriaca in Co.
Wexford, the counties already credited with that species or form in the
Trish Naturalist being Wicklow, Carlow, Dublin, Down, Derry, Donegal,
and Kerry. On the following day, June 16th, I took a second example
as it was flying about a hedge-bank. These were the only two wasps I
caught during the few days that I was in the country, and it is curious
that they should both have belonged to the rare form which I have
looked for vainly in previous summers. Of course, before catching them
I could tell from their pale colour that they were either 7#fa or austriaca,
but in former years I have caught numbers of similar light-coloured
wasps in the hope of meeting austrzaca, and have invariably obtained only
rufa. Probably, therefore, 1905 is an azstriaca year.

C. B. MOFFAT.
Ballyhyland, Co. Wexford.

Turnstones in the nesting season.

In the July number Mr. E. Ll. M‘Clintock seems to be surprised at see-
ing Turnstones so late in the year as May. I believe odd birds are not
uncommon on some parts of the west coast during the summer months.
Two years ago on the Rockabill, off the coast of Dublin, in June I sawa
flock of nineteen. They were very tame and allowed me to approach
them close enough to see that they were in full breeding plumage. To
find birds in breeding season has been long known to be no criterion
that they are nesting in the district.

J. TRUMBULL.
Malahide. :

[It was the fact of finding Turnstones on an inland freshwater lake

that was deemed noteworthy.—EDs. |

Quail in Co. Kildare.
On June 12th, between Celbridge and Leixlip, I heard a Quail, but could
not see the bird as it was in a meadow still standing.

FRANCIS NEALE:
Dublin.

1905. Notes. 183

A light buff Skylark.

While walking along the banks of the River Dee in Co. Louth, between
Drumecar and Dromin Junction, I saw a Skylark (Alauda arvensis) of a
light buff colour, hovering with some ordinary coloured birds of the
same species. Is not this a curious variation from the ordinary colour?
I have seen stuffed a similar variation of the Common Snipe ( Gallinago
celestis) that was shot by my uncle some forty years ago near Randals-
town, Co. Antrim.

E. Ll. L. M‘CLINTOCK.

Crumlin, Co. Antrim.

Irish Cetaceans.

In proceedings which have just been issued of the International
Zoological Congress held at Rerne last year, Prof. R. J. Anderson gives
us some particulars on the rarer species of the Irish Whale tribe. He
states (p. 703-711) that during the last few years Balenoptera rostrata,
Globiocephalus melas, Grampus griseus, and Mesoplodon Hector, were stranded
on the west coast. The last species which has been obtained from the
Aran Islands had already been described in the /7ish Naturalist (June
1904). The Grampus griseus was cast up near Galway, while Glodiocephalus
melas seems to have been received from the north of Ireland. The paper
is accompanied by four plates representing skulls of whales, but Prof.
Anderson might have informed us where the originals are to be found.
The term “‘ Nat. Mus.” in itself does not convey much to the reader of
the Proceedings of an International Congress.

The Wild Cat in Ireland.

Mr. de Vismes Kane’s remarks in the July number of (ish Naturalist
on my notes on Wild Cats in the previous number, evidently shows that
he has mistaken my meaning, and he even misquotes one paragraph.

I made no comments on the fish-eating habits of the cats mentioned
by the old fisherman, but merely remarked that his story need not be
taken seriously, and [I am still of that opinion. The paragraph mis-
quoted reads thus :—“ For if wild cats are so numerous, as stated, on the
banks of the Lackagh, in such a wild uninhabited district, where pro-
bably no trapper ever laid a trap, some remnants of the race must be yet
in existence.”

I will further remark, that if in the old fisherman’s time wild cats were
sO numerous in the locality, how is it that no remnants of the race exist
at the present time? While in Scotland, the wild cats with similar sur-
roundings, still hold their own against all the attacks made on them by
game preservers and keepers.

Their disappearance from the fisherman’s district cannot be attributed
to scarcity of food, for both small mammals and birds are as
numerous as ever; nor can it be ascribed to what caused the extermi-

184 The Irish Naturalist. August, 1905

nation of the Red Deer, for we have no evidence that the natives ever
hunted the wild cat for food. No doubt there are many places in Ire-
land named after cats, but may not the places be named from being
frequented by the Marten, in some districts known as the Marten Cat?
According to the late F. J. Foot, in an article on the mammals of
West Clare, in the Dublin Natural History Society’s Journal for April,
1862, the Marten is known to the country people by “the name of Cat
Kinse, or Cat of the Woods.” If I do not mistake, it has been called in
parts of Kerry the Hunting Cat.

; ROBERT WARREN.
Moyview, Ballina.

[We do not think that any further discussion of this question is called
for. Mr. Kane did not “‘misquote” Mr. Warren’s argument; he sum-
inarized it fairly enough as it seems to us. Mr. Warren argues that if
the story be true, Wild Cats should still survive in Co. Donegal, but they
do not; therefore the story is unreliable. Mr. Kane agrees that they
should survive, and thinks it possible that they may do so; therefore he
brings forward his story as a support to Dr. Scharff’s suggestion that the
Irish Wild Cat still lingers on in remote districts. Let us hope that the
production of a specimen will set the question at rest.—EDs.].

In my note on the discovery of the remains of a Wild Cat in the caves
of Co. Clare in the April (p. 79) number of the Jrish Naturalist, I ex-
pressed the hope that a few specimens of the species might still exist in
some of the more inaccessible districts of the west. I cannot have ex-
pressed myself very clearly, for Mr. Warren has evidently misunderstood
my note when he wrote his own in the June number with ‘‘ Supposed
Wild Cat in Ireland.”

I wished to convey to the readers of the /r7sh Naturalist that I had com-
pared the cat remains found in the caves with those of domestic cats
with those of the European Wild Cat (Fe/zs catus), and with those of the
African Wild Cat, and that they agreed with those of the latter. Hence
I concluded that the African Wild Cat existed formerly in Ireland. But
the African Wild Cat resembles the European one very closely except
that it has a pointed tail and not a bushy one. If, therefore, the African
Wild Cat existed at the present moment in Ireland, it is extremely likely
that it would be taken by competent naturalists like Mr. Warren for an
escaped domestic cat. Even the great naturalists quoted by Mr.
Warren have made mistakes in identification some time or other in their
lives, and none of them probably dreamt of the possible existence in
Ireland of a Wild Cat with a pointed tail. If they had been shown such
a one, they would no doubt have put it down as an escaped domestic
cat, and so would I have done until my special attention was directed to
this subject by means of the cave researches which are being prosecuted
with so much energy by Mr. Ussher,
R. F. eed

Dublin.

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CONTENTS. eon as ae a

A further Giyesshi HuntoR. Liovp PRAEGER; aie sae
Notes on some Beeuce: of Ut CANON, # Ww. . Tat,
M.A.,: 0° ne 10. axe iy te pao as “3 =F
NEws GLEANINGS, — ee eg ys ce ee ae ee s ee
IRISH SOCIETIES :— ; z es 3
Royal. Zoological Societe Dublin Nat. Field Club,” Belfast. Nat.

Field Club, oo - oe : oe F ee = 7 oe Te hee
NorTEs :— ee :
Irish Zoophytes and Sea Anemones, = ee ay
New Marine Crustacea; . Eee ae oa
Melitzea aurinia in Co. Kildare —F° NEALE, Ee Se aie

Notes on Thecla rubi.—W. EH. HART, ..

Vespa austriaca in Co. Wexford.—C. B. Morra’t,

Turnstones in the nesting season.—J. TRUMBULL, ae ES cS Ss
Quailin Co. Kildare.—F. NEALE, 5 sisok ee

A light buff Skylark.—. L. lL. M‘CLINTocK, .. asia
Irish Cetaceans, .. ;

The Wild Cat in Ireland. 255, WARREN. R. F, ‘Scuares, PH. Dex

7
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NATURALIST, VOL. XIV. PLATE 5,

PEZIZA ADAE.
(About natural size.)
To face page ; ]. Strachan, P}

September, 1905. The Lrish Naturalist. 185

OCCURRENCE OF THE FUNGUS PEZIZA ADAE
IN IRELAND.

WITH A NOTE ON THE CONDITIONS ATTENDING ITS GROWTH.
BY JAMES STRACHAN.
[PLATE 5. |

TowaArps the end of May, 1905, while collecting wild flowers
in Ballyclare, Co. Antrim, Mr. Hugh Cairns drew my atten-
tion to a fungus growing in an outhouse on the surface of an
old lime-heap. As it appeared to be rather an uncommon
fungus, a specimen was forwarded to the Rev. Canon Lett, of
Loughbrickland, through whose kindness it was identified at
the Botanic Gardens, Kew, as the somewhat rare and in-
teresting fungus Peziza Adae. ‘This species of Peztza was
so named after its discoverer, Miss Ada Balfour, of Edin-
burgh. This is the first recorded occurrence of Peziza Adae
in Ireland.

Peziza Adae, Massee, ‘ British Fungus Flora,” vol. iv., p. 433.
References :—
Sadler, in 7rans. Bot. “oc. Hdind., 1857, p. 45, with figure.
Cooke, ‘‘ Mycographia,” page 349.
Phillips, ‘‘ British Discomycetes,” page 62.
Description :—

** Sessile, somewhat scattered, at first closed then expanding, usually
irregular, margin entire or lobed, often reflexed, flesh quite thin, 1-2°5
cil. across; excipulum composed of septate, interwoven hyphae; exter-
nally pallid, the free portion almost or quite glabrous; basal portion
giving offnumerous septate, branched, thin-walled colourless hyphae that
fix the fungus to the matrix; disc white, or more or less deeply tinged
rosy, lilac, or ochraceous; asci elongated, narrowly cylindrical, base
tapering, 8-spored; spores obliquely I-seriate, hyaline, continuous,
usually 2-guttulate, elliptical, ends obtuse, smooth; paraphyses linear,
slightly clavate, hyaline.”

Habitat :—

“On damp, plastered walls. Distinguished among the larger species

of Peztza by the very thin, delicate ascophore, also the small spores.”

About a dozen groups of the fungus appeared, the largest
of which measured 8°3 cm. across; the largest member of
A

186 The Irish Naturalist. September,

this group measuring 6°3 c.m. across. ‘This is more than
twice the normal size of 25cm. Excepting this extra large
specimen, the average measurement of the full-grown speci-
mens was 3 to 35 cm. ‘The young fungi, from their first
appearance, developed to maturity in a period of from 5 to 7
days; the large specimen mentioned above lived for nearly
a fortnight, when it began to turn yellow and fade. The
young fungi appeared in two distinct forms, firstly, quite
open, flat, or disc-shaped, with a very regularly-lobed edge,
and secondly, elongated or tall and cup-shaped, with the edge
almost entire. The former invariably developed into a very
regular and extremely pretty form, with reflex edges, lobed
most regularly; the latter, on the other hand, without ex-
ception, developed into a more or less irregular folded form,
with the edges sometimes entire, but usually lobed irre-
gularly. This irregular form was much more common than
the other, and figures wellin the accompanying photograph
(Plate 5). In colour, the specimens varied from white, tinged
with a trace of violet pink, to a creamy colour.

As very little is known concerning the exact conditions
attending the growth of fungi, this seemed to present a fit
opportunity for making a few observations of the physical
and chemical conditions under which this species of fungus
seemed to thrive to a remarkable degree, producing a speci-
men of more than twice the normal maximum in diameter.

PHYSICAL CONDITIONS.—Being under cover, the interior ot
the outhouse in which the fungi appeared was not exposed
directly to climatic extremes; nevertheless, there was
abundant space of communication with the outside atmos-
phere through an open door and several openings in the brick
wall. The roof was quite water-tight, and rain could only
gain an entrance by soaking up through the floor. There were
no side windows, but a glass roof-light allowed the interior to
be fairly well lighted. The average temperature of the soil
in which the fungi grew, during a week, was 16°C. (60°8°F.),
while, during the same time, the average temperature of the
soil outside in the open was 18°6° C. (65'5° F.). -

CHEMICAL CONDITIONS.—The soil on the floor of the out-
house consisted of the remainder of an old lime-heap. This
had not been disturbed for over two years, and in some places

1905. STRACHAN.— Occurrence of Peziza Adae in Ireland. 187

the surface was covered with a dark-coloured substance, which
proved to consist of mortar which had cracked and dropped
from the walls, together with a little organic matter, probably
dust, carried in by the wind. It was observed that the more
irregular forms of the fungus grew on this dark-coloured
earth, while the soil on which the more regular specimens
developed was almost purely white in colour. This arrange-
ment, however, may have been a mere chance. ‘The fol-
lowing analyses give a good idea of the nature of the soils;
No. 1 is the white, and No. 2 the dark-coloured soil—

No. I. Noz'2:
Moisture (at Too° C.), . : ; -ee0'l, Der Cenk, Sls per cent
Calcium hydrate (containing traces
of Mg., Na., and K.), 5 : A icy; 55 IO'L iA
Calcium carbonate, ; : : sine: 2 40°6 a
Ferric oxide and alumina, ‘6 5 *5 vA
Organic matter, . 2 ‘ : . -tace 50 =A
Residue (chiefly sand), . ; é : “4 2 12°5 f
100° 100°

An average sample of soil taken outside a few inches under
the grass yielded 23'2 per cent. of moisture at 100°C. Some
of the black organic matter in No. 2 appeared to consist of
soot. The comparatively greater percentage of moisture in
the soil from the outhouse over that taken from the normal
earth is accounted for by the presence of an open water-drain
which runs close to the wall and partly under the floor of the
outhouse ; the exhaust from a steam-pipe also drips against
the side of the house.

In conclusion, the above considerations are submitted to
the botanist in the hope that they may be of some slight
value in that the above conditions represent very favourable
circumstances for the growth of this particular species of
fungus. By imitating the conditions artificially, I was
successful in keeping a number growing for eight days in the
laboratory.

Ballyclare, Co. Antrim.

1&8 The Llrish Naturalist. September,

NOTES ON THE BOTANY OF CENTRAL CLARE.
BY R. LLOYD PRAEGER.

THE County of Clare, with a flora surpassed in numbers only
by a few of the rich eastern counties adjoining Dublin and
Belfast, is to be looked on as one of the best worked, as well
as one of the most interesting, areas in Ireland. Little of a
novel .nature could be expected as the result of field-work
there, nevertheless some notes made during four days spent
in the neighbourhood of Curofin last July may be found not
devoid of interest. The great bulk of Clare records come from
the north—the famous Burren area--which has attracted in-
numerable botanists, and from the south, along the Shannon,
where S. A. Stewart and others have worked. The centre is
thus left with comparatively little representation in our floras,
though half a century ago F. J. Foot, Rev. T. O’Mahony, Dr.
DD. Moore, and more recently P. B. O'Kelly, BC Device
and Miss Knowles have raided the area in question. My
rambles extended from Inchiquin Lough on the west to
Crusheen on the east, with a north and south extension of
less than ten miles. This is flattish limestone country, con-
sisting of low ridges of bare grey rock, or of tilled land, with
water-logged hollows occupied by mazy lakes or turloughs.
To the north, the outposts of the grey hills of Burren rise
gaunt and bare; westward the Coal Measures form low hill-
ranges, which, in their softer outlines and grassy or rushy
surfaces, contrast sharply with the limestone. On the east,
again, the area is bounded by hills of Old Red Sandstone and
Ordovician rocks, which further back, towards Lough Derg,
rise to the dignity of mountains. The limestone basin drains
southward into the estuary of the Fergus, and that erratic
stream and its tributaries flit like wraiths through the district,
appearing and disappearing, and springing underground
from lake to lake. This latter fact is accountable for the
wonderful clearness and purity of the water of these ap-
parently stagnant lakes and marshes—a character that
recalls what one reads of the Everglades of Florida. Peat
occurs in the district only around a few of the lakelets;
usually there is a flat marginal fringe of close grass and

\ ar

1905. PRAEGER.—LVotes on the Botany of Central Clare. 189

sedges growing in white marl, and the same deposit, in times
of drought like that of my visit, forms a dazzling broad
margin of sticky mud round most of the lakes.

So much work has been done at the flora of Clare, that my
notes may be much curtailed. The flora in general divides
itself into three main groups :—(1) The calcicole group, in-
habiting the limestone pavements; (2) the hydrophile group,
colonizing the marshes and lakes ; and (3) the agrarian group,
affecting chiefly the fields and hedges of the tilled areas. As
regards the first, I was interested in observing whether the
remarkable flora of Burren descends iuto the lowlands on the
south, as it does into the low country on the east, about Gort
and Kinvarra. This I found to be the case. The limestones
of the district at present under survey yields a full ‘“‘ Burren ”
flora, as the following list of plants, frequent or common
thereon, will show :—

Arabis hirsuta, 7 Galium boreale, 7.

Arenaria verna, 7. sylvestre, c.

Geranium sanguineum, c. Gentiana verna, c.
Rhamnus catharticus, c. Euphrasia Salisburgeusis, c.
Rubus ceesius, c. Taxus baccata, 7.

Saxifraga hypnoides, f Juniperus nana, f

Rubia peregrina, 7 Sesleria czerulea, c.
Asperula cynanchica, c. Ceterach officinarum, c.

All of these run southw-.'rd towards Ennis, and may be set
down as characteristic of the central Clare limestones.

A few other Burren plants, though present, appear to be
mainly confined to the hills,and in the lowgroundsoccur more
or less sporadically—Dyyas octopetala and E-pipactis atro-rubens
are examples.

One or two of the limestone group, notably Rhamnus
Frangula, Spirea Filipendula, fPotentitla fruticosa, and
Luphrasia Salisburgensis, proved to be more widespread in
this district than previous records would have led one to
believe. Plantago maritima was abundant throughout, as over
so much of the western limestone areas.

The flora of the lakes, streams, and marshes proved interest-
ing. Where a fringe of reedy vegetation surrounds the deeper
waters, it is often largely composed of Cladium Mariscus,
Juncus obtusifiorus, and Carex filiformis, all of which are

190 The Lrish Naturalist. September,

common in this district. Carex fludsonit (previously
unrecorded from Clare), is also characteristic and abundant,
accompanied by C. vestcaria. Butomus umbellatus is remarkably
abundant and widespread, and other characteristic marginal
plants are Ranunculus Lingua, CGinanthe crocata and CG.
Phellandrium, Rumex Hydrolapathum, and three Nasturtiums
(VV. sylvestre, NV. palustre, and NV. amphibium), the first-named
sometimes in great profusion. Of hydrophytes proper,
Potamogeton lucens is the most conspicuous plant, and in
shallow water it is replaced by P. heterophyllus (unrecorded
for Clare), and P. plantayineus. ‘The pools yield great masses
of Characeze (C. polyacantha, C. fragilis, C. hispida), the first-
named (new to Clare) being the most abundant. Where the
bottom is peaty, Lemna trisulca and Sparganium minimum
occur in quantity, with /vodea canadensis. In marshy meadows
Orchis incarnata (unrecorded from Clare), is a frequent
ingredient, with Vzola canina occasionally.

The flora of the inhabited and cultivated areas comprises
an unusually small proportion of the total flora, on account
of the small percentage of arable land and thinness of the
population. Trees and woods are rare. Ash dominates the
patches of native wood, and Hazel is widely spread. Yypericum
dubtum was almost the only uncommon woodland plant noted ;
it is of frequent occurrence. In damp pastures Habenarias
(HZ. conopsea, viridis, bifolia, and chloroleuca), ana in dry pastures
Orchis pyramidalis are conspicuous. By roadsides, Senzebzera
didyma and SS. coronopus, Veronica agrestis and V. fpolzta,
Origanum and Verbena, are familiar sights, with Convolvulus
arvensts occasionally. The most conspicuous weed of
cultivated land is Brassica alba; withit one notices Centaurea
Scabiosa, and three Poppies (P. Rhaas, P. dubium, and P.
hybridum).

It was with some surprise that I found that as many as 21
of the plants noted are additions to the well-worked Clare
flora. These are:—

Thalictrum flavum. tSalix fragilis.
Ranunculus peltatus. purpurea.
*Arenaria tenuifolia. Orchis Morio.
Myriophyllum verticillatum. incarnata.
spicatum. Sparganium affine.
*Petroselinuin sativum. Lemna polyrhiza.

Betula verrucosa.

1905. PRAKGER.—JVotes on the Botany of Central Clare. gt

Potamogeton heterophyllus. Melica uniflora.
nitens. Glyceria plicata,
prelongus. Equisetum trachyodon.

Carex Hudsonii. Chara polyacantha.

I have often looked with some despair on the devious mere
spider line that, on even a large scale map, represents the
botanist’s field of observation on his passage over the country.
There was, therefore, a certain satisfaction in discovering
independently, and without forethought, already published
stations for some of the rarest plants of the district. In this
manner I stumbled on Mr. O’Kelly’s original station for
Limosella ; also what is probably the same observer's station for
Teucrium Scordium; and Rev. T. Warren’s station for
ffelianthemum vineale, subsequently noted by Corry.

The notes below refer, in addition to the above plants new
to Clare, mainly to species of which the Clare record rested
hitherto on a single station, sometimes of some antiquity, as

in the case of Lepturus filiformis, recorded from Aran by
Mackay in 1806.

*Clematis Vitalba, L.—Established on rocky banks of the Fergus
below Riverstown bridge.

Thalictrum collinum, Wallr.—Lakelet a mile S.E. of Glasgeivnagh
hill, and by Muckanagh L,.

T. flavum, L.—Ballycar, Inchicronan L., Ballycullinan L., and east end
of Dromore L.

Ranunculus circinatus, Sibth.—L. Atedaun and Dromore L,.

R. peltatus, Fr.—Stream out of Inchicronan J, and (A. elongatus,
F. Schultz) in Inchiquin IL.

R. pseudo-fluitans, Baker and Foggitt.—Frequent in streams.

Nasturtium sylvestre, R. Br.—Around Inchiquin L.; thence very
abundant down the Fergus and around IL. Atedaun. Plentiful also
round Drcemore L., especially on the southern shores. Much
commoner in this district than WV. palustre.

Helianthemum vineale, Pers.—Glanquin Mountain, which I take
to be the name of the limestone hill (marked 629 feet on O.S. map),
half a mile north of Coolreash L.—clearly the station described by
Corry, and attributed by him to T. Warren.

Viola stagnina, Kit.—Skaghard L., growing in “turlough” ground,
so baked by the sun that only with difficulty could the characteristic
thread-like soboles be dug out.

*Arenaria tenuifolia, L,.—On railway near Crusheen.

A. leptoclados, Guss.—Roadside near Moyrhee schoolhouse.

Malva rotundifolia, I,.—Ballyportry castle.

Geranium columbinum, [,.—Roadside near Rinnamona L.

192 The Lrish Naturalist. September,

Rhamnus Frangula, 1,.—Widely spread in the Rockforest district,
from Coolreash I. to Bunny ., and about Templebannagh L. and
Muckanagh L.

Spireea Filipendula, [,.—Widely, but sparingly, distributed N. and
N.E. of Rockforest.

Dryas octopetala, I,.—Rare on the low grounds, but noted about
‘Shandangan lL. and Muckanagh I. Becomes abundant as soon as
one ascends the limestone hills.

Potentilla fruticosa, L.--The abundance of this interesting plant
in what may be called the Rockforest district was truly delightful.
I first came across it forming a fringe round two lakelets a mile S.E.
of Glasgeivnagh hill, a station recorded by Foot. Thence it extends
eastward by Castle L., Skaghard L., Cooloorta L., and Rockforest L.,
to the eastern end of Bunny L. Another area occupied by the
shrub extends from Templebanragh L. to the west end of Mucka-
nagh L. Both Wade and Mackay have long since recorded it from
the district, and subsequently Corry.

Drosera intermedia, Hayne.—Ballyogan L.

Myrlophyilum- verticillatum, [.—Pool north of Drummeen
castle. |

M. spicatum, L,.—Outlet stream from Inchicronan L.

Apium inundatum, Reichb. fil., var. Moorei, Syme.—By springs
at the lakelet S.W. of Glanquin Mountain.

*Petroselinum sativum, Hoffin.—Dromore castle.

Sium latifolium, [,.—Around Dromore LL.

Cheerophylium temulum, L.—Near Cooga House.

Valeriana Mikanii, Syme.—East shore of Inchicronan L.

Carduus crispus, I,.— Near Ballyportry castle.

Myosotis repens, G. Don.—Hill over I. Raha. Not seen on the
limestone.

*Linaria minor, Desf.—Railway at Crusheen; also on the bare shore
of L.. Sillaun, far from roads or tillage.

Limosella aquatica, L.--Abundant and fine over an acre of ground
at Mr. O Kelly’s original station, at north end of Inchiquin L. Also
sparingly by L. Sillann.

Euphrasia Salisburgensis, Funk.—Abundant all over the lime-
stone country down to Ennis. Also seen on the tops of large
boulders of impure limestone on the east side of Inchicronan Lough,
among calcifuge plants, such as Azhyrium and Dzgitals.

Utricularia intermedia, Hayne.—Ballyogan L., and lakelet 5.W.

/

of Glanquin mountain.
Mentha sativa, I,.— Dromore L.
Teucrium Scordium, 1,.—On flat “turlough” ground, south of
Castle L.
Euphorbia exigua, L,.—Castle L., and on railway at Crusheen.
Betula verrucosa, Ehrh.—Marsh west of Ballyline House, and east
shore of Inchicronan L.
tSalix fragilis, L.--Dromore Gi.

ee eee ee ee ee

re ORR

1905. PRAEGER.—-Wotes on the Botany of Central Clare. 193

TS. purpurea, L.—Inchiquin L,

Populus tremula, L.—Around the lakelets S.W. of Glanquin Moun-
tain, and on rocks behind Rockforest.

Ceratophyllum demersum, L.—Pool near Drummeen Castle.

Hydrocharis Morsus-ranz, L.—River south of Templebannagh L.

Epipactis atro-rubens, Schultz.—_Shandangan L. and Glanquin
Mountain. Seems very rare on the low-level limestones.

Orchis Morio, L.—Muckanagh L,.

Typha angustifolia, I.—Near the north end of Inchiquin L., and
in the R. Fergus below Riverstown bridge.

Sparganium affine, Schnizl.—In the Fergus above Inchiquin L,,
and river south of templebannagh L.

Lemna polyrhiza, .—Pool 14 miles S.W. of Corofin.

Potamogeton plantagineus, Ducr.—Shandangan L, &c.; frequent.

P. heterophylius, Schreb.—Frequent in the lakes.

P. nitens, Weber.—Ballyportry L., with floating leaves, which, Mr.
Bennett remarks, are rare in the Irish plant.

P. preelongus, Wulf—Coolarta L.

Eleocharis multicaulis, Sm.—Ballyogan L., Inchicronan L., and
near Glanquin.

Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf.—Bunny L.

Carex dioica, L.—Ballyogan L.

Cc. teretiuscula, Good.—Near Ballyline House, Ballyogan L., Inchi-
cronan L,.

Cc. extensa, Good.—Lehinch.

C. filiformis, L.—Ballyportry L., &c.; common.

Cc. Pseudo-cyperus, L.—Templebannagh L,, Caheraphuca L,, and
abundant west of Ballyline House.

Phileum arenarium, L.—Lehinch sand dunes.

Melica uniflora, Retz.—Inchiquin L.

Glyceria plicata. Fr.—Near Corofin.

Festuca Myuros, 1.—On limestone rocks near Castle L.

Lepturus filiformis, Triu.—Lehinch.

Lastrea Thelypteris, Presl—West shore of Ballycullinan L., and
N.W. shore of Inchicronan L.

Osmunda regalis, L.—Absent from the Upper Limestone district,
but appearing at once on the Lower Limestone at Crusheen, and on

the Coal Measures in the west.

Equisetum trachyodon, Braun.— Outlet
cronan L.

E. variegatum, Schleich.
rocks east of Rockforest L.

Chara polyacantha, Braun.—Abundant in

stream from Inchi-

_West shore of Ballycullinan L., and on

lakes and pools.

ver, pending further
Arthur Bennett and
species.

A number of critical plants remain 0
examination. My thanks are due to Mr.
Rev. E. S. Marshall for giving their opinion on a few

194 The Irish Naturalist. September,

IRISH SOCIETIES.

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Recent gifts include a Cherry-crowned Monkey from Major Pike, a
Raccoon from Mrs. Scrivener, a pair of Stags, anda pair of Peregrine
Falcons from Captain Arbuthnot, a Kestrel from Mrs. Gumbleton, and a
Monitor from Dr. Langley.

Three Lion cubs have been born in the Gardens. One of the young
Llamas lately born has been exported to Scotland.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

JuLY 1.--The third excursion of the summer season took place to the
Diamond Rocks and Tollymore Park when forty-four members met the
conductors at the County Down Railway Station, where the 9 35 train
was taken for Newcastle. On arrival here the party were driven to
Trassey Bridge. Jeaving the vehicles here the members divided, one
half exploring Tollymore Park, and the other starting on the climb to
the Diamond Rocks, led by Nevin H. Foster, and accompanied by
two quarrymen. The granite of the Diamond Rocks shows well the
«“ drusy” cavities where the essential minerals of the rocks have been
able to crystallise without mutual interference, and, as a result, fine
crystals of felspar, smoky quartz, and mica were obtained, Not
uncommonly crystals of beryl and topaz are also to be got, but, with two
exceptions, only small specimens of these were found. The exceptions
were two very nice crystals of topaz.

The start for Trassey Bridge was made about 4 o’clock. and the whole
party were driven back to Newcastle, where tea was provided at the
Donard Hotel.

Afterwards a short business meeting was held. The senior Secretary,
then, on behalf of the Club, said how pleased they were to see the Rev.
J. F. Blake, one of the best known of the British geologists, with them
that day.

Juty 8.—GEoLocicaL, SECTION—Excursion to Tardree Mountain.
Mr. Robert Bell acted asconductor. Proceeding by car from Antrim, the
first stopping place was on the slope of Carnearney to examine the
obsidian here exposed. After several specimens were obtained the party
proceeded to the main exposure in a quarry which is being worked at
Tardree Mountain. In this quarry a prominent feature is the columnar
structure of the rock. This is taken advantage of in working the rock
into pillars, sills, kerbs, &c , but, on account of its coarsely crystalline
nature, it is not suitable for fine work. .The rock, which resembles a
granite, is whitish or greyish in colour, and contains porphyritic crystals
of sanadine, plagioclase, quartz, mica, and tridymite. After a thorough
investigation had been made of the quarry, a start was made for the

1905. Proceedings of Lrish Societies. 195

Sandy Braes, so called from the rhyolite, which, on weathering, decom-
poses into fine gravel and sand. There are several exposures throughout
the Braes, but, as they are allon asmallscale, much difficulty was met
with in securing specimens owing to the rock surfaces being greatly
weathered. However, the party were rewarded with good examples of
the various rocks, the most noticeable being the bluish and pink
rhyolites, which are well banded, and show the flow marks very plainly.
Attention was also given to the fluidal obsidians which were met with,
specimens being quickly aunexed by the members.

JuLy 29.—The fifth excursion was held to Magheramorne. Forty
members and friends assembled at the Northern Counties Railway at
2.45 and took seats in the reserved carriages in waiting. On reaching
Magheramorne, by permission of Colonel M‘Calmont, M.P., the demesne
and glen were thoroughly explored and many specimens obtained. The
well-known quarries were next visited, and various fossils extracted by
hammer and chisel. After a short business meeting, at which some new
metbers were elected, the members proceeded to examine the Kstuarine
clays beside the pier. The 8.20 train was taken for Belfast.

BELFAST AND DUBLIN NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUBS.

JULY 12-14.—JOINT EXCURSION TO DUNDALK.—The combined party,
which was small in numbers, having reached Dundalk before noon, drove
to the first place to be visited, Louth Abbey. On arriving at Dromiskin
the round tower, church, and graveyard, were all examined, and again
nothing but regret could be expressed at the way the hands of the care-
less and the vandal are destroying our ancient monuments.

Thursday found the party eager for the day’s work, and at 9 o’clock
all were again seated in brakes, and were fortunate enough to be
accompanied by a large number of the members of the Louth Archzolo-
gical Society (under whose guidance the Clubs were for this day), and
started for Castletown Castle and tke great mound or fort called Dun-
dalgan, which is said to have given the name Dundalk to the town. A
little further along the road the very interesting fort of Rosskeagh was
examined, and Mr. Tempest gave the party all the information available
about this very curious structure. The party then drove to Faughart,
where a most interesting group of remains was visited—fort, church, and
graveyard. Then past Moira Castle, or what remains of it, a very strong
and important structure, once guarding the celebrated Moyra Pass, to
the remarkable stone of Kilnasaggart.

The next visit was to Ravensdale Park, kindly thrown open for the
inspection of the members of the united Clubs. Here the party broke
up into various sections. Some visited the gardens, others went
botanising through the park, and the remainder went to view and photo-
graph the stone circle lately discovered here by the Rev. N. Lawless, P.P.,
of Faughart. The nextitem on the programine was the visit to the
great cromlech known as the Giant’s Load.

196 The lrish Naturalist. September,

After dinnera business meeting was held—W. F. de V. Kane, D.L,, in
the chair—when the following resolution was passed: —‘‘ That the best
thanks of the Belfast and Dublin Naturalists’ Field Clubs are due to the
Council and members of the Louth Archzological Society for their kind
assistance and company during the day.”

On Friday, the 14th inst., the 8.48 a.m. train was taken to Ardee. Here
the party was met on the platform by Joseph T. Nolan, M.A., President
of the Louth Archeological Society, who kindly acted as local guide
during the day. The first place visited was the church. They then
visited the two ancient castles in the town. Then the party broke up, one
section going to Ardee Bog for botanical and conchological purposes ,
but the main party followed Mr. Nolan to a large fort, situated about a
quarter of a mile from the town, called variously the Priest’s Mount,
Castle Guard, and in the ordnance survey maps Dawson's Court.

The 3 o'clock train was taken back to Dundalk, and in the evening the
party broke up and returned to Belfast and Dublin.

NEWS GLEANINGS.

The Dublin Museum.

The appointment of Mr. A. R. Nichols as Assistant Keeper of the
Natural History Collections of our National Museum caused the second
Assistantship to become vacant. This post has now been filled, we are
pleased to learn, by the promotion of Miss Jane Stephens, B.A, B.Sc.,
who was made Technical Assistant last autumn in succession to Mr. J.
N. Halbert.

The Belfast City Museum.

Thanks to the efforts of its new Curator, the Public Museum, Belfast,
is showing marked signs of improvement. Some of the wall cases
(Ethnography) and other departments of the museum already show
evidences of a trained hand, and the marine-store methods are fast dis-
appearing. The Grainger stone implements are emerging from their
long hibernation in dusty drawers and dustier stores. Still more
pleasant it is to record the courtesy inquirers receive from Mr. Deane,
whose exhibit of our wild flowers, freshly gathered week by week, and
clearly labelled, are giving much pleasure and instruction to many folk,
old and young. The latter may now be seen regularly brought into the
Museum to the flower exhibit by both parents and governesses. We
witnessed the other day an excellent little demonstration given by a
governess to her three young pupils, when there were over forty
species on the shelves. These included plants of the meadow, shore,
anc river bank, with such extras as the Irish Spurge (Zufhor bia hiberna),
&c., and a fine sod of Drosera rotundifolia.

ee Sel

1905. 197
NOTES.

BOTANY.

The numbering of the Botanical County-Divisions of Ireland.

The Moss Exchange Club is preparing a Catalogue of Hepaticz show.
ing the distribution of these plantsin the County Divisions throughout
Great Britain and Ireland, after the manner of the London Catalogue of
British Mosses.. A great practical difficulty has arisen in representing
the distribution in Ireland. If the numbers used by Mr. Praeger in
Trish Topographical Botany are used for the Irish county-divisions, then the
same nuinbers will stand for different districts in England and Ireland,
and confusion will be sure to result. I think the divisions as arranged
by Mr. Praeger are admirable, but that it was a great mistake not to
make his numbers to run consecutively with those of Great Britain.
We want a numeration which can be used without confusion for the
British Isles. Mr. Groves used consecutive numbers in his paper on the
distribution of Characee, and conchologists have done the same in Adams’
Manual of Land and Fresh Vater Shelis, and Taylor’s Monograph. Contrac-
tions for the county names have been used in Lett’s Hefaticz, and Rogers’
British Rubi, a troublesome plan not free from confusion where county
names begin with the same letter, and which takes no account of divi-
sions ina county itself. The ideal plan would bea numeration of English
and Irish county-divisions, according to latitude, as was pointed out by
Mr. Praeger in his paper on this subject in the Journal of Botany, and
Trish Naturalist, February, 1896, but I suppose it is too late in the day to
dothis. I can see no practical way out of the difficulty but, while adopt-
ing the 40 county-divisions of /rish Topographical Botany, to re-number
them, and instead of counting from 3 to 4o to count from 113 to 152. It
would be useful if a Catalogue were issued of British Flowering Plants,
with the county-divisions arranged like the London Catalogue of Mosses.
In that case the revision of numbers I advocate would be essential, and
the sooner this or some similar plan is carried out the better.

We owe a debt of gratitude to my friend Mr. Praeger for his labours
on the distribution of Irish plants, but I think he was ill advised in the
numbers adopted, and that it is not too late to set this right. I shall be

glad to know what others think on the subject.
C. H WADDELL.
Saintfield, Co. Down.

Sisyrinchium angustifolium in Co. Tipperary.

When botanizing along the Co. Tipperary shore of Lough Derg on
12th June, I found a single specimen of Szsyrinchium angustifolium in full
bloom on a rocky point at Curraghmore. This place is nearly opposite
and about three miles distant from the mouth of the Rossmore river.

. Cea; 1t,1,V.
arne.

198 The Lrish Naturalist. September,

ZOOLOGY.

Some new stations for Trichoniscus roseus.

This very local and usually rare species of woodlouse, easily recognised
by its small size, and beautiful rosy colour with a yellow or orange band
down middle of back, has again (7.4. vol. xiii., p. 260), turned up in
several localities, 11cluding two which are the first records for the West
of Ireland. While visiting the old graveyard in Castle Upton demesne,
Antrim, a few days ago, I found a fine bright-coloured specimen, as large
as the form from Bushy Park, Dublin; it is likely rare here as I could
not find a second specimen. While shell-hunting along the margins of
the Shannon, with Mr. J. T. Tatlow, at Castleconnell, Limerick, I found
it plentiful but very local under stones about a quarter mile north of
The World’s End. Some small stones had five or six individuals under
them. As I write, a tin box comes to hand from Mr. R. Ll. Praeger con-
taining living specimens from the basement of Glenade House, Co.
Leitrim. In April last while on a visit to Mr. Pinion, at The Priory,
Grassendale, Liverpool, his boys and I found it abundant in the old
garden there. It is much more local in England than in Ireland.

Belfast. R. WELCH.

Sirex gigas in the North.

This troublesome insect has been much more in evidence than usual
here. Atleast a dozen specimens have come under my notice during
the month of July. Three were taken at Cultra, two at Ballymacarrett,
two more in other parts of Belfast, while four or five were brought to the
Curator of the Municipal Museum to be identified. I saw two flying
about one of the principal streets of Belfast on two successive days, and
heard of several being seen in Holywood.

ROBERT PATTERSON.

Holywood, Co. Down.

Psithyrus campestris in Co. Wicklow.

Last July and August the Misses Barrington found the above-named
parasitic Humble-bee at Fassaroe, Co. Wicklow. The specimens, three
in number, are all referable to the very dark variety of this species, with
only slight traces of the usual bands of yellow hairs present in the typical
form. Although it isa common species in England there are very few Irish
records of Psethyrus campestris, Panz. In Mr. Freke’s list (/rish Naturalest,
1896), the only definite locality mentioned is Rosscarberry, Co. Cork.
We have, however, in the Museum collection examples of this bee
collected by Mr. Freke at Borris and in Co. Kildare, and a dark form
similar to the Fassaroe ones collected by Colonel Yerbury in the Kenmare
district. Mr. H. G. Cuthbert has also recorded (/r7sh Naturalist, 1898), it

1905. Notes. 199

from the last-mentioned locality. There are very few Irish records of
the species of Pstthyrus, owing, perhaps, to their close resemblance to
the common Humble-bees (Boméus). on which they are parasitic. Mr.
E. Saunders has kindly verified the identification of the species.

J. N. HALBERT.
Museum, Dublin.

Common Scoter breeding in Ireland.

It is very satisfactory that through the careful investigations of Major
Herbert Trevelyan, the Common Scoter has been proved to have hatched
out and brought away nestlings this summer on a northern lake about
ten miles from the sea. He has announced the facts in the Feld of July
15th, as follows :—

‘‘ When fishing on one of the larger loughs in Ireland last year, I saw
for the first time during the week ending June 11, a pair of ducks that
were new to me. Subsequently, on one or two occasions, I observed
them with my Zeiss binoculars. A reference to Yarrell’s British Birds led
me to believe they were Common Scoters, and a visit shortly afterwards
to the Natural History Museum confirmed me in this belief. Up to my
departure from the loughs, on July 1, when seen by me they were always
together, and a man whom I gave instructions to watch them, informed
me that though he did so from time to time, till about August 18, he
never saw them apart. On May 24, this year, aud on subsequent occa-
sions, I saw a pair of the same species in the same locality for the last
time together on May 30, and the female alone for the first time on
June 5. Ou the morning of June 13 I found her on her nest, which was
under a small bush (locally known as a sallagh bush), but otherwise with
no attempt at concealment. It was on an island. She allowed me to
have a good view of her from about three yards distance, but on advanc-
ing another yard, she rose and flew off. There were eight eggs, partially
incubated, and all somewhat dirty. The duck was last seen on June 28;
on visiting it on the 3oth she was away, and the nest was empty, except
for a few bits of egg shell. On July 1 I found her on the lough with five
young ones. On our boat coming near them she uttered curiously
plaintive cries, but did not simulate a wounded bird, contenting herself
with rising, flying a few yards from her brood, and settling again. On
July 3 I obtained one of the young ones, which, with an egg and some
of the down, I submitted to my friend, Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, who kindly
identified them, pronouncing them to be those of the Common Scoter
(Gidemza nigra.) I may add, that Major Trevelyan kindly sent me many
communications during the above observations. He described the colour
of the female as being like that of the Grey Hen, the female of the Black
Grouse; he stated that her cheeks and neck were lighter than the rest of
the plumage, that her head was darker than her back, and the colour
seemed to come down the back of her neck in a triangular form. He
recognized, when he saw her on the nest, that the colour of her eye was

200 The lrish Naturalist. September, 1905.

darker than that of the Tufted Duck, a species that breeds numerously
there, and that she was a larger bird.

Of the two eggs which he took he kindly sent me one, and after the
young had left the nest he sent me the latter, which contained down and
feathers. These I sent to Mr. Heatley Noble, who has made a special
study of ducks’ eggs and down, and who set me right as to a supposed
case of the Wigeon breeding in Ireland. Without seeing the duckling
Mr. Noble wrote :—‘‘ There is no other duck’s egg in my collection like
yours but the Common Scoter’s, and I can match the down and feathers
with my nest of this bird, and zo other.” Subsequently he saw the nest-
ling duck taken by Major Trevelyan and had no hesitation in saying it
was a young Scoter, thus confirming the opinion previously formed by
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe.

The parent duck might have been easily shot, but I congratulate Major
Trevelyan in having obtained proof of her species without destroying
this bird in her attempt to rear her young in Ireland. One of the eggs
and the young duck are in the Natural History Museum, South Kensing-
ton, and the other egg and the nest are in the Museum of Science and
Art, Dublin, having been kindly presented by the finder.

R. J. USSHER.
Cappagh, Co. Waterford.

Wild Duck’s Nest in a Tree.

I saw last season a Wild Duck’s nest in a spruce fir tree near here. It
was about eighteen feet from the ground. Notwithstanding the fact
that the nest, in consequence of the novelty of the situation, was often
visited, and the sitting bird alarmed, it was not deserted. All the nine
eggs were hatched and the young ones safely removed. Unfortunately
no one saw the method adopted by the parent ducks for the conveyance
of the young from the nest to the Sixmule-water near. [am indebted to
Mr. John White, late gamekeeper to Lord Massereene, for information
respecting the nest.

It may be added that during the past few years two other Wild Ducks’
nests have been noticed in unusual situations. They occurred near the
Dunore river on the eastern side of Antrim Bay, and about three-and-
a-half miles from Antrim town. One was on the top of a post about ten
feet high, which partly supported the roof of a shed, and the other was
in the hollow of a decayed tree trunk. about six feet from the ground.

W. S. SMITH.
Antrim.

Birds of Balbriggan.

To the Zoologist for May, Rev. C. W. Benson contributes an article on
birds observed at Balbriggan in the years 1903 and 1904. During that
period the author has noted ninety-eight species,

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hctrenck of the Fungus Peziza Adae 1 in Ireland (Plate ‘shy — .

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October, 1905. The Lrish Naturalist. 201

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE
GREENLAND AND ICELAND FALCONS IN IRELAND,
DURING THE SPRING OF 1905.

BY EDWARD WILLIAMS.

[PLATE 6].

THE first intimation of the arrival of the Greenland Falcon
(Falco candicans), ertainly the handsomer of the two large
arctic falcons that occasionally visit Ireland, was conveyed in
two letters read by Mr. Barrington, presiding as Chairman at
a meeting of the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club. One, dated
13th March, was from the lhght-keeper on Clare Island
lighthouse, asking if there is such a bird as a white hawk, and
then describing a bird the size of asea-gull, which he watched
on the roth March eating a Curlew. The other letter, dated
14th March, was from a retired light-keeper on Owey Island,
Kincaslagh, Co. Donegal, who said he was informed by the
boys about a white hawk frequenting the cliffs and hills and
occasionally the village, and destroying some of the domestic
fowl each winter; he writes: “‘I got a fine opportunity of
observing this bird, walking near the top of the highest hill ;
he flew across my path a little below me and lit on arock. I
was quite exposed, but he did not mind me for about fifteen
ininutes, then he flew to the cliffs. I observed him closely ;
he is somewhat larger than the Peregrine, lighter on the back
than the Herring Gull, white neck and head, and a little rusty
on the end of the wings and tail.” ‘The writer then concludes
with a lament that he had not a gun to obtain the specimen.
There can be very little doubt that the Clare Island bird was
a Greenlander. Possibly the other bird mentioned may have

been an Icelander.

During the month of March quite a number of Greenland
Falcons were obtained along the west coast of Ireland. Mr.
H. J. Moran of Carne, Prospect, Belmullet, says :—‘‘ Three
were obtained; one, an immature male, I received, and two
were forwarded to a gentleman near the city, both of which
I have seen; judging from their size I should say both were

A

202 The Lrish Naturalist. October,

iminature females. Three others were seen along the sand-
hills, one being trapped, but afterwards making its escape.
Their principal food was rabbits, barn-door fowls, and an
occasional duck.” The island called the Great Skellig, off the
coast of Kerry, supplied three specimens, an adult male and
female, and one immature female, which were shot by the
light-keepers, and came into my possession. I might mention
that during the previous visitation of these birds (1883-1884),
several were obtained on the same island, two of which are in
the Irish collection in the National Museum. One specimen
is mentioned as occurring at Dunfanaghy in the current
volume of the ‘Irish Naturalist’ (p. 119), and one was
trapped on goth April by the game-keeper on Mr. Orme’s
property at Crossmoliua, Co. Mayo, a female in nearly adult
plumage. I have also had the opportunity of examining
another shot in the month of March at Mizen Head, Co.
Cork, a very large immature female, with the wings and tail
greatly barred.

Ata meeting of the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club on March
31st, I had the pleasure of exhibiting an immature female
Iceland Falcon (Falco islandus) which had been obtained at
Oughterard, Co. Galway. The game-keeper belonging to a
gentleman in the district, hearing a great commotion amongst
his poultry, rushed out, and was just in time to secure the fine
specimen which occupies the centre of the photograph (Plate
6), accompanying this paper. Another was seen, probably a_
male, but was not obtained, although seen about the district
for some time afterwards. I may here remark that Falco
islandus can always be distinguished from /. candicans by the
dark ground with light edges to the feathers, whereas in the
latter the groundwork is always white, with dark spots or
longitudinal marks according to the age of the bird. It
would thus appear that nine specimens of the Greenland
Falcon were actually obtained to one Iceland Falcon, a
strange fact that the bird resident so near our shores should
be the much rarer visitant to our coast, this being the third
Irish specimen in existence. According to Mr. Ussher it
his invaluable work on the Birds of Ireiand, the Greenland
Falcon has been obtained nineteen times; if we include the
nine mentioned above, it brings the total to twenty-eight

a -

1905. WILLIAMS.— Greenland & Iceland Falcons in Ireland. 203

Greenland Falcons compared to three Iceland, which gives a
very fair idea of the rarity of the Iceland Falcon in Ireland.

I now give weights and measurements.

Iceland Falcon (female) weight 3 lbs. 14 ozs. Spread of
wings, 4 feet 3 inches. From point of beak to point of tail,
23 inches.

Greenland Falcon (female), weight 3 lbs. 114 ozs. Extent of
wings, 2 feet roinckes. From point of beak to tail 214 inches.
In the adult Greenland Falcon the legs and cere were a very
pale yellow, in the immature birds the legs and cere pale
bluish grey, as were those of the Iceland Falcon. The irides
in all ages a dark hazel. Four of the birds were obtained in
Co. Mayo, three in Kerry, one in Donegal, and one in Cork.

For the following facts as regards the distribution of the
Greenland Falcon I am indebted to Yarrell’s ‘‘ British Birds,”
Vol. 1, page 39.

The Greenland Falcon seems to be most plentiful in the
inhospitable regions which enclose Baffin’s Bay, and extend
to the westward.

From this tract adult birds seldom wander to other lands,
though the young, especially in autumn and winter, occur
regularly in Iceland and not unfrequently in the Dominion
of Canada from Newfoundland (where according to Mr. Reekes
itis a regular visitant in the fail) westward, in the United
States, the British Islands and even countries still more
remote from the place of their birth. They are no doubt driven
away by their parents, as is commonly the habit of birds of
prey, and follow the large flocks of waterfowl which are bred
in the north on their southward migration, though it would
appear the Ptarmigan forms the chief sustenance of the old
birds. At the same time it must not be supposed that in
Greenland the white form only is found. In the southern
districts of that country the Iceland Falcon in certainly more
numerous, and on the other hand, there is good reason for
believing that the Greenland Falcon occurs in some of the
southern parts of British America, and perhaps even in the
Old World.

Writing of what doubtless is this form of falcon, Sir John
Richardson in the ‘‘ Fauna Boreali-Americana”’ says, “‘Inthe
middle of June, 1821, a pair of these birds attacked me as I

A 2

204 The Irish Naturalist. October,

was climbing in the vicinity of their nest, which was built on
a lofty precipice on the borders of Point Lake, 65°. They
flew in circles, uttering loud and harsh screams, and alter-
nately swooping with such velocity, that their motion through
the air produced a loud rushing noise; they struck their
claws within an inch or two of my head. I endeavoured by
keeping the barrel of my gun close to my cheek, and suddenly
elevating its muzzle when they were in the act of striking, to
ascertain whether they had the power of instantaneously
changing the direction of their rapid course, and found they
invariably rose above the obstacle with the quickness of
thought, showing equal acuteness of vision and power of
motion; although their flight was much more rapid, they
bore considerable resemblance to the Snowy Owl.” Sir John
also remarks that at the season which he saw them, the
ground was still partially covered with snow, and the lakes
with ice, but that this bird, like the owl just mentioned, is
well adapted, ‘‘ from the whiteness of its plumage, for travers-
ing a snowy waste without alarming the birds on which it
preys.” And further that when the falcon pounces upon a
flock of Ptarmigan, the latter endeavour to save themselves
by diving instantly into the loose snow, and making their
way into it a considerable distance.

The photograph (plate 6) which accompanies this paper
represents the Iceland Falcon in the centre, and shows very
clearly the dark ground with the pale edge-marking. The
bird on the right hand is a singularly beautiful adult male
Greenland Falcon, head, breast, and tail spotless white, while
the back and wings are dotted over with transverse dark spots,
the legs and cere a very pale yellow. The bird on the left is
an immature female Greenlander, showing the dark markings
of immaturity.

Dublin,

, ——

1905. 205

NOTES ON THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF
SKERRIES, CO. DUBLIN.

BY NATHANIEL COLGAN, M.R.I.A.

AMONGST the many branches of nature study which have
been treated of in these pages from time to time, perhaps
marine zoology has occupied least space. And yet there are
few pursuits of greater interest than the dredging which
furnishes to the student of sea life his indispensable raw
material. Dredging, in fact, may be regarded as a species
of angling, and shares with angling, properly so-called, all
the fascination that comes from the uncertainties and wide
possibilities of its results. The unexpected is perpetually
happening, and yet not with sufficient frequency to dull the
edge of appetite. Though you may draw blank after blank
in your day’s work, the moment when the dredge-net swims
into your ken in the blue water at the stern of your boat,
as the last couple of fathoms of dripping rope are hauled in,
is always one of excitement even for the experienced dredger.
For custom can never quite stale the infinite variety of the
hidden world of the sea-floor which the dredge can but
blindly grope along.

It is, however, the novice in marine zoology who enjoys
the full zest of dredging. Nine-tenths of his hauls bring him
up something strange, some living mollusc which he has
known hitherto only from its worn shell cast up on the shore—
some brilliant star-fish or urchin with its wonderfully complex
organism in full activity, or some delicate form of zoophyte
rooted in the battered valve of a scallop. The present notes
are written by just such a novice. They give, in condensed
form, the results of his first essay in sea-dredging, carried on
during the course of a quiet holiday at Skerries in July last.
It need hardly be said that the notes aim rather at arousing
interest in what is, perhaps, a somewhat neglected branch of
nature study in Ireland than at adding anything really new
to our knowledge of the well explored sea-fauna of Co. Dublin.
Anda if the intrusion of a mere beginner into the abstrusities
of marine zoology calls for justification, I would only quote

206 The lrish Naturalist. October,

the apt words of Thomas Fuller when he sat down to write
an account of Wales—a country he had never seen :—-‘‘ It
matters not,” he says, ‘how meanly skilled a writer is so long
as he hath knowing and communicative friends.” ‘The writer
of these notes, having spent some eight months in a very
desultory study of his subject along the shores of Co. Dublin,
can hardly claim to have so open a mind in matters of marine
zoology as was Fuller’s in Welsh topography ; but he is quite
as happily circumstanced in the matter of “knowing and
communicative friends.”

In naming some of the more critical species of mollusca I
have received valuable assistance from Mr. A. R. Nichols,
whose list of the Marine Mollusca of Ireland! is so indispen-
sable to the student of distribution. I have to thank Mr.
Nichols, too, for naming my small collection of Polyzoa.
Miss Jane Stephens who, in her recently published list of
Irish Coelenterata,? has so well summed up our present
knowledge of this branch of marine zoology, has been good
enough to examine some of the more puzzling zoophytes, and
a few sponges and sea worms, while Professor Carpenter has
kindly named the pycnogons.

The dredging trips whose results are given here were five
innumber. They extended no farther seaward than Rockabill,
some five miles from Skerries harbour, nor did any of them
carry the dredge into soundings deeper than 153 fathoms,
low water. ‘The boats used were the ordinary row boats of
the local line and lobster fishermen—rather roomy, steady
craft of broad beam, and carrying sail enough to enable us
to change ground or run home rapidly on the rare occasions
when the wind was favourable. Twenty-four effectual hauls
wefe made. ‘These were so distributed as to test all the
different types of bottom known to the fishermen. Stiff mud,
mixed mud and sand, gravel, and pure sand, were all sampled
again and again, and one or two cautious scrapes were made
over rocks. The best ground was found to lie north and
east of St. Patrick’s island, or Church Island, as it is called
by the Skerries folk. The deepest scrape, and perhaps the

(1), Prow #.LA., 310. Ser; -vol.av., m0. 4, 1900,
(2) Proc. R.1wA., VOl. xxv., Sec: B., 10. 3.1905;

1905. CoLGAN.—-Lnvertebrate Fauna of Skerries, Co. Dublin. 207

most productive of all, was made in a 154-fathom hole about
midway between Church Island and Rockabill.

The survey of the ground thus made may be considered as
fairly exhaustive, and if the knowledge gained by a few
months of desultory shore collecting along the Dublin coast be
enough to justify a general statement, I would say that the
Skerries sea-fauna is a rather poor one for the county.
Special attention was paid to the Skerries mollusca, and,
adding together the results of dredging and shore collecting,
the total of species secured, living or dead, was but ninety.
Of this number, forty-five, or precisely one half, were found
living.

In notes, such as these, written by a beginner for beginners,
a few words on what may be calied the technique of coast
dredging may be given. The chief points to be attended to
are the following :—(a) Let each cast of the dredge be preceded
by a sounding, and a note of the depth found. (4) Except
when working in stiff mud or pure sand, it is well to use a
long line, say 24 times as long as the depth of your sounding.
This has two advantages—the obvious one, that it ensures a
good “bite” of the dredge scraper—the less apparent one,
that it prevents a sudden strain on the gear should the dredge
foul a rock. (c) Unless your dredge be heavily weighted, tow
with the tide or current. If you tow against it with a dredge of
ordinary weight, the scraper will be kept lifted off the bottom,
and after your men have bent their backs to the oars fora
quarter of an hour you will haul up a perfectly clean dredge.
A little practice will enable you, by feeling the pulse of the
tow line, to learn whether the dredge is scraping or floating.
The rope thrills and throbs when the dredge is biiing—it
keeps a steady tautness when it lifts against a current.
(dq) Take with you on each cruise three or four galvanized
buckets, and a half dozen wide-necked jars—ordinary peach
or pine-apple jars, with a cord handle to lift by, will do
admirably ; for you must isolate the fruits of each haul, and
preserve them living for a time in fresh sea water if you wish
to determine the various species accurately, and note their
range in depth. When a full dredge net comes up, and there
is no suitable accommodation on board for its varied and
possibly valuable contents, then the minor morals of the
dredger are apt to go by the board.

208 . The lrish Naturalist October,

You need not take out a change of clothing with you or a
suit of oil-skins. If you are really in earnest with your
dredging you will probahly be wet through from the hips
downward by the time your third haul has been dealt with,
for you have already handled some 150 fathoms of dripping
rope, and sat down once or twice in a puddle where the
streaming dredge net rested as it came on board half filled.
But it is warm summer weather, salt water is preservative,
and, unless it is your first day’s dredging, you will not find it
necessary when you reach home to attend to the comfort
of. your marine spoils in the matter of fresh sea-water and
roomier quarters, until after you have changed into dry
clothes.

-As a large proportion of the species dredged around
Skerries were quite common for Hast Ireland, space will not
be occupied here by a complete list. Only the more interest-
ing species will be treated of in some detail, and before doing
so a specimen “log” will be given showing the precise results

of one of the more successful hauls. The living and dead
species of Molluscs are arranged separately, a species found
both living and dead being entered ouly in the living list,
and except where otherwise stated the dead bivalve species
may be taken as having occurred only in the form of single
valves. Of the Zoophytes, only the more conspicuous were
attended to, the microscopical species being passed over from
lack of time, or of appliances for their examination in a
living state. No attempt was made at preserving all the Polyzoa
included in the dredgings, and little or no attention was given
to the Worms or Sponges. ‘The lists,in fact, aim at complete-
ness only as regards the Mollusca and Echinodermata. ‘The
nomenclature adopted throughout these notes is Jeffreys’
‘ British Conchology’ for the Mollusca, Forbes’ ‘ History of the
British Starfishes’ for the Echinoderms, Bell’s ‘ British Stalk-
eyed Crustacea’ for the Crabs, Hincks’ ‘ British Hydroid Zoo-
phytes’ for the Zoophytes, and the same author’s ‘ British
Marine Polyzoa’ for the Polyzoa.

Log 6.—/July 18th, 1905.—14 fathoms; about one. mile N. by
E. of Church Island. (Coarse gravel and sand. A) haulcot
very varied contents, though yielding nothing of great rarity.

1905. COLGAN.—/nvertebrate Fauna of Skerries, Co. Dublin. 209

Total of species determined, 67, made up as follows :—-
Molluscs, 41; Echinoderms, 3; Crustacea, 4; Polyzoa, 8:
Zoophytes, Sponges, &c., 10; Pycnogons, 2.

MOoLjLusca (living).

Natica catena, I.

Velutina levigata, I.

Rissoa parva var. interrupta, I.
Aporrhais pes-pelecani, 2.
Trophon muricatus, many.
Nassa incrassata, many.
Buccinum undatum, many.
Nucula nucleus, 4.

N. nitida, 2.

Pecten opercularis, 3.

MOLLusca (dead).

Trochus zizyphinus.
Natica Alderi.
Tittorina littorea.
Turritella terebra
Murex erinaceus.
Defrancia gracilis.
Pleurotoma turricula.
Mytilus modiolus.
Pecten varius.

P. maximus.

P. tigrinus.

Cyprina islandica.
Axinus flexuosus.
Scrobicularia alba.
Venus exoleta.

V. lincta, 1 double.

V. fasciata.

V. gallina,

V. ovata, frequent.
Lucinopsis undata, 1 dozdle.
Tapes virgineus, frequent.
Cardium echinatum.
C. nodosum, I dude.
C. fasciatum, I dozzble.
Psammobia ferroensis.
Mya truncata.

M. arenaria.

Corbula gibba.

Solen pellucidus.

S. ensis

Saxicava rugosa.

ECHINODERMATA.

Ophiura albida, mavy.
Solaster papposa, I.
Echinus sphaera, 3.

CRUSTACEA.

Stenorynchus phalangium,
many.

Hyas araneus, many.

Portunus pusillus, many.

Pagurus Beinhardus, abendant.

PYCNOGONS,

| Nyiphon rubrum, 3.

POLYZOA.

Scrupocellaria scruposa.
Gemellaria loricata.
Bugula flabellata.

B. avicularis.

Cellepora avicularis.
Crisia eburnea.
Bowerbankia imbricata.
Cellaria sinuosa.

ZOOPHYTES AND SPONGES.

Campanularia verticillata.
Halecium halecinum.
Sertularella polyzonios.
Diphasia rosacea.
Sertularia cupressina.
Hydrallmania falcata
Antennularia ramosa.
Alcyonium digitatum, sary.
Sycon coronatum, I.
Suberites donumicula, I.
A 3

210 The Lrish Naturalist. October

Having shown in this list the varied contents of a successful
haul, it remains only to set out the more interesting results of
the dredgings as a whole :—

Chiton cinereus.—Apparently rare; detected only in two hauls, in
12 fath., quite close to Rockabill, and in 134 fath. E. of Church Is.,
2 living specimens in each.

Velutina laevigata.—Only once taken, a single living specimen in
14 fath. I have never found this in shore collecting in Co. Dublin.

Adeorbis subcarinatus.—One dead shell in 13 fath. 2 miles E. of
Shennick’s Is.

Skenea planorbis.—Abundant on sea weeds at low water, Red Is.
Distributed all along the Dublin coast, where I have gathered it,
chiefly on Laurencia pinnatefida, at Ballybrack and at Balbriggan.

Trophon muricatus.—Quite a nest of this species was encountered
in 14 fath. N. by E. of Church Is., 22 specimens living or dead coming
up in the net.

Defrancia gracilis.—Twice brought up, once in 13} fath. E. of
Church Is. (a single shell), and again in 14 fath. (2 shells), all three
shells large and perfect but empty. Dredged off Skerries by Walpole
more than 50 years ago. .

D. linearis.—Brought up in 4 different hauls ranging from 8 to 14
fath., 6 specimens in all, none living but the shells quite fresh.

Pleurotoma costata.—One specimen in shell sand, Skerries beach.
Quite frequent on the Shelly Bank, Dublin Bay, August, 1905.

P. turricula.—A single dead specimen at 13 fath. and another at 14
fath. off Church Is. Also dredged at Skerries by Walpole upwards
of 50 years ago. Not infrequent on the North Bull and Shelly Bank,
Dublin Bay, where I gathered it in June and August last. One of the
North Bull specimens measured fully $ in. in length.

Utriculus obtusus, ) —Both brought up dead in the same haul from 8

U. truncatulus, tee off Colt Is., only two examples of each.
The first species I found rather frequent in shell sand at North Bull
in June last.

Philine aperta.—In great profusion, living, in stiff mud near the
mouth of Skerries Harbour at a depth of from 3 to 4 fath., some hauls
here bringing up fully 50 specimens of all sizes from } in. to If in.
A single shell brought up from 13 fath. between Church Is, and
Rockabill. Though a common species, I have not so far found either
the animal or the shell cast up on the Dublin coast.

Dentalium entalis.—Jiving in three distinct hauls from 8, 13, and 15}
fath., but not abundant, the largest number in any one haul being 3.

Nucula nitida.—Living in several hauls from 3 to 13 fath. Most
frequent at depths from 3 to 4 fath. in mixed sand and mud, fully a
dozen specimens coming up in one haul. M. nucleus, though found
living here at 13 and 14 fath., was much rarer.

Modiolaria marmorata.—A single living specimen from 12 fath.
quite close to Rockabill,

1905 CoLGAN.—J/nvertebrate Fauna of Skerries, Co. Dublin. 21%

Pecten maximus.—Three well grown living specimens from 15} fath.,
between Rockabill and Church Is., along with numerous living
examples of P. oferculavis.

P. tigrinus.—A single valve from 8 fath. and another from 14 fath.

Axinus flexuosus.—One, living, from 13 fath. ; single valves from 8,
13, and 14 fath, Rather frequent in shell sand at North Bull in June
last, and at the Shelly Bank in August last.

Tellina donacina.—A single valve from 8 fath.

Scrobicularia prismatica.—A single valve from 13 fath.

Cardium exiguum.—A single valve from 3 fath.

C. fasciatum.—One living from 8 fath. : valves from 13 and 14 fath.

C. nodosum.—Seven living examples from 8 fath.: numerous valves
from 13 and 14 fath.

Solen pellucidus.—‘Two double valves from 13 fath. : many single
valves from 5 distinct hauls ranging from 4 to 13 fath.

Thracia distorta.—A single valve from 13 fath. north of Church Is.

Of the few Polyzoa collected, the most frequent was
Bowerbankia imbricata. ‘This was brought up at almost every
haul from 8 to 154 fath., and in some cases was very luxuriant,
exceeding 4 inches in height. To the Zoophytes already
listed as included in the 14 fath. haul, the other hauls added
but 3 species, Hudendrium ramosum, Antennularia antennina,
and Plumalaria Catharina; all of these occurred but once.
Of all the Zoophytes noted, the commonest was Campanularia
verticillata, which appeared in every haul from 8 fathoms
downward. Next in frequency came Azxtennularia ramosa,
flydrallmania falcata, and Halectum halecinum, the first of these
often a very beautiful object, as its bright orange branchings
came to the surface. One example from a depth of 13 fathoms
E. of Church Is. measured fully ro inches in height and in
spread of branches. ‘This even extorted the admiration of the
boatmen, who, speaking of the contents of the dredge-bag in
general, had been careful to let me know that they “put no
pass on them things,” to “ put pass on” being the Skerries
idiom equivalent to “set value on.”

The Echinoderms collected, being but few, may be set out
here in full :—

Comatula rosacea.—Quite rare. One perfect example from 13} fath.,

and several broken arms from 13 fath. When placed in spirit the

single specimen captured exuded its exquisite carmine dye, which in
a few seconds tinged the whole contents of the phial.

212 The Llrish Naturalist. October,

Ophiura texturata.—Commion in all the deeper hauls. In one from
13 fath. the dredge appeared to have passed over a battle ground of
this species, most of the larger specimens brought up (some with a
disk } in. diameter, and with 5} in. spread of arms), having one or
more of the arms repaired by a fresh growth, slender young arms
growing out from thick stumps fully twice their diameter.

O. albida.-—Very common in the hauls from shallower water.

Ophiocoma rosula.—Frequent from 12 to 15 fathoms, and extremely
variable in colour.

Uraster rubens.— Rather rare. One 8 inchin diameter from 13 fath.,
two from 12 fath., and two from 15} fath.

Solaster papposa.—Rare. One specimen from 13 and another from
14 fath.

Asterias aurantiaca.—Very rare. Only one specimen, a full grown
one, from a depth of 133 fath., was brought up in the whole series of
24 hauls.

Echinus sphaera.—Not infrequent from 4 to 15% fath. One fine
example measuring 12§ inches in circumference, without the spines,
was dredged living in 12 fath. N. E. of Church Is.

Amphidotus cordatus.—Very common, cast up on the sandy shores
at low water, but not once captured in the dredge, although the
characteristic spoon-shaped oral spines were detected in many of the
hauls from deep water.

No special attention was paid to the Crustaceans, but the
following species of crabs were observed either in the
dredgings or by the shore :—two Spider Crabs, Stemorynchus
phalangium and flyas araneus, and one Hermit Crab, Pagurus
Bernhardus, were common, appearing in almost every haul,
and sometimes in abundance, from 5 to 153 fathoms; the Porce-
lain Crab, Porcellana longicornis, and two Swimming Crabs,
Portunus depurator and P. pusil/us, were all three dredged in
154 fathoms, and the third again in 14 fathoms, but none of
these appeared to be common, and of the second only one
specimen was captured. Adding to these the ubiquitous Red
Crab, Cancer pagurus, and Shore Crab, Cavcinus ma@nas, the
total of crabs observed was but eight. Only two species of
Pycnogons were dredged, Vymphon rubvum, already mentioned,
and Pycnogonum littorale. ‘The first was brought up twice,
three specimens in one haul and two in another ; of the second
species, only a single specimen was captured, in 13 fathoms.

In conclusion, a few of the Skerries local names for sea
animals may be given. ‘These were all found current amongst
the Skerries fishermen in July last. The Limpet (Paella
vielgata) is called Barnacle, and the Whelk (Buccinum undatum)

t905. CoLGAN.—Jnvertebrate Fauna of Skerries, Co. Dublin. 213

Walk. The Common Mussel is known as Muskel, Zvochus
umbilicatus as Bachelors Button, and the Large Scallop
(Pecten maximus) as Lamp Shell. ‘Two of the older fishermen
told me they recollected having seen the scallop shells filled
with fish oil and used as lamps in Skerries cabins many years
ago. The popular Skerries names for the crabs and _ star-
fishes yielded three evident survivals from the Gaelic—
Parthawn for the Long-legged Spider Crab (Stenorynchus
phalangium), Crossane for the Common Starfish (Uvaster
vubens), and Morane for the Lesser Sand-star (Ophiura albida).
The restriction of the Gaelic ‘‘Parthawn,” the original of the
Lowland Scotch Partan, to the economically worthless Spider
Crab is interesting. Originally the Gaelic word was probably
used at Skerries, and throughout the Fingal district of Co.
Dublin, generically for all the crabs, including the edible
species, Cancer Pagurus, the Great or Red Crab. But this
edible crab, being an article of trade between the Fingal fisher-
men and English-speaking dealers and consumers, has had
gradually imposed upon it the English name Red Crab, by
which it is now known at Skerries, while its despised long-
legged relative, being never mentioned in such trading inter-
course, retained the old Gaelic name.

Sandycove, Co. Dublin.

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF COUNTY LOUTH.

BY PP. HH. ‘GRIERSON.

THE following are notes taken on the Mollusca of County
Louth during the years 1904—1905. ‘Though it is the smallest
county in Ireland, without any very large lakes, yet it has
proved to be one of the richest in Mollusca, having yielded
88 species.

The county comprises portions of the following sheets of
the one-inch Ordnance Map—6o, 70, 71, 81, 82, 91, 92. My
endeavour has been to procure specimens of each species
from one or more localities in each sheet, and in my list I
give the number of the sheet where found, together with the
name of the nearest town or well known demesne.

214 The Irish Naturalist. October,

I have, as usual, followed Dr. Scharff’s nomenclature as
given in /7sh Naturalist, 1892. I am much indebted to Mr.
Chas. Oldham for help given in determining the various
species and varieties.

Vitrina pellucida, Miill.—Dundalk; Flurry Bridge (70). Bally-
mascanlon; Omeath; Ravensdale (71). Darver; Collon (var.
depresstuscula) (81). Annagassan; Barmeath ; Clogher (82). Townley
Hall (91). Beaulieu (92). Common nearly everywhere, except the
var. depressiuscula, which, though plentiful at Collon, I did not find
elsewhere.

Hyalinia cellaria, Miill.—Dundalk; Flurry Bridge (70). Omeath
(var. albina); Carlingford ; Grange (71). Ardee; Collon (81). Dunany;
Barmeath; Blackhall (82). Mellifont Abbey; Townley Hall; near
Drogheda (91). Beaulieu and Baltray (92). Common; the variety
found at Omeath is a very delicate pretty shell.

H. alliaria, Mull.—Near Narrow Water (60). Ravensdale: Omeath ;
Carlingford (71). Collon (81). Townley Hall (91). Beaulieu (92).
Fairly common; the variety vr7du/a was taken at Narrow Water,
Townley Hall, and Beaulieu.

H. nitidula, Drap.—Narrow Water (60). Dundalk; Flurry Bridge (70).

Omeath ; Ravensdale (71). Ardee; Collon (81). Townley Hall (91).

Beaulieu (92). Not common.

pura, Alder.—Dundalk ; Flurry Bridge (var. m7z¢/dosa) (70). Bally-

mascanlon; Omeath (71). Collon (81). Barmeath (82), Townley

Hall (var. zz¢2dosa) (91). Beaulieu (92).

radiatula, Alder.—Dundalk; Blackrock (70). Ravensdale (var.

viridescentt-alba); Carlingford (71). Ardee; Darver (81). Townley

Hall (91). Rather scarce. I did not take these shells in sheets 82,

92.

crystallina, Miill.— Dundalk; east of Inniskeen; Flurry Bridge

(70). Ballymascanlon; Ravensdale; Omeath; Bush Station (71).

Collon (81). Salterstown; Barmeath; Lough Drumshallon (82).

Townley Hall (91). Beaulieu (92). :

fulva, Miill.—East of Inniskeen; Blackrock; Flurry Bridge (70)

Ballymascanlon; Ravensdale; Carlingford; Bush Station (71).

Ardee (81). Barmeath; Blackhall (82). Townley Hall, and near

Drogheda (91). Beaulieu (92). Common in moist situations.

nitida, Miill—Kilcurry (70). Near Bush Station (71). Ardee (81).

Near Blackhall; Lough Drumshallon (82). Beaulieu (92). Scarce.

Arion ater, I,.—Narrow Water (var. drunnea) (60). Dundalk (70).
Carlingford (vars. aterrima, reticulata, oculata, brunnea); Omeath (771)
Ardee; Darver; Dromiskin (81). Barmeath; near Blackhall de-
mesne (var. drunnea) (82). Mellifont Abbey (91). Beaulieu (92).
Common. é;

A. subfuscus, Drap.—Narrow Water (60). Dundalk (70). Omeath
(71). Dromiskin; Ardee (81). Togher; Blackhall Demesne (var.
byrunnea) (82). Mellifont Abbey (91). Beaulieu (92). Fairly common

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1905. GRIERSON.—Wotes on the Mollusca of Co. Louth. 215

A. hortensis, Fér.—Narrow Water (60). Dundalk; Louth (70).
Omeath ; Carlingford (71). Ardee; Drumear (81). Barmeath;
Blackhall demesne (82). Mellifont Abbey (91). Beaulieu (92).
Not uncommon,

A. circumscriptus, Johnst.—Louth (70). Omeath (71). Drumcear ;
Ardee (81). Annagassan; Barmeath; Blackhall (82). Mellifont
Abbey (91). Beaulieu (92). Common.

A. intermedius, Normond.—Ardee; Drumecar; Collon (81). Anna-
gassan; Blackhall (82). Townley Hall (91). Beaulieu (92). Fairly
common,

Testacella scutulum, Sow.—Miss Sidney Smith sent me a dozen
specimens from Piperstown garden (82), where they are very plentiful,
and mentioned that she had taken them in her garden at Greenhills,
near Drogheda (92). I made many enquiries among farmers in the
district, but was unable to obtain specimens from the open fields,
though several people said they often saw them when ploughing in
the springtime.

Limax maximus, [,.—Narrow Water (var. sylvatica) (60). Dundalk
(70); Ardee (81). Blackhall (var. Ferussacz) (82). Mellifont Abbey (91).
Beaulieu (92). Fairly well distributed.

L. flavus, J,.—Louth (70). Carlingford (71). Ardee (81). Togher (82).
Near Drogheda (92). Not common. I have only found it near
houses.

L. marginatus, Miill.—Narrow Water (60). Dundalk (70). Omeath ;
Carlingford (71). Collon; Dromiskin (var. de¢tonzz) (81). Blackhall
(82). Mellifont Abbey (91). Beaulieu (92). Comnion in woods,

Agriolimax agrestis, I,.—Dundalk (var. sylvatica) (70%. Omeath;
Carlingford (71). Dromiskin ; Ardee (81). Annagassan; Barmeath
(82). Mellifont Abbey (91). The commonest of all the slugs; said to
do much injury to crops in spring.

A. lezevis, Miill.—Castleroche (7o). Carlingford (71). Ardee and near
Castlebellingham (81). Blackhall (82). Beaulieu(g2). Fairly common
in marshy ground, but easily overlooked.

Amalia Sowerbyi, Fér.--Carlingford (71). Drumcar; Ardee (81).
Barmeath ; Blackhall (82). Mellifont Abbey (91). Baltray (92). Not
very common.

A. gagates, Drap.— Dundalk (var. vava) (jo). South of Carlingford
(var. plumbea) (71). Dromiskin; Drumcar (81). Annagassan (82),
Baltray (92). Not common,

Helix pygmeea, Drap.—Narrow Water (60). Flurry Bridge; east of
Inniskeen; Dundalk (70). Ballymascanlon; Ravensdale; Omeath
(71). Darver; Collon (81). Barmeath; Lough Drumshallon (82).
Yownley Hall (91). Beaulieu (92). Well distributed.

H. rotundata, Miill.— Narrow Water (60). Dundalk; Flurry Bridge
(70). Ballymascanlon; Omeath (71). Drumear; Darver (81).
Dunany; Barmeath (82). Mellifont Abbey; Townley Hall (1).
Beaulieu ; Baltray ; (92). To be found nearly everywhere.

ad

216 The Lrish Naturalist. October,

Helix rupestris, Drep.—Castleroche; near Dundalk (70). Drogheda

H.

cs

=

=

=

(91). Very uncommon.

pulchella, Mill.—Dundalk (70). Ballymascanlon (var. excentrica) ;
Grange; Bellurgan (var. excentrica); Carlingford (vars. costata and
excentrica) (71). Ardee; Collon; Dromiskin (81). Dunany; Clogher;
Barmeath (var. costa¢a); Salterstown (vars. costata and excentrica) (82).

Townley Hall (var. costata) (gt). Baltray (92).

This newly discovered variety, or as it is now called, Helix
(Vallonla) excentrica, appears to be rather common in the
counties of Meath and Louth.

aculeata, Miil.—-North of Dundalk; Flurry Bridge (70). Bally-
mascanlon (71). Collon (81). Townley Hall (91). Beaulieu (92).
Not common except in a district over 2 miles north of Dundalk.
lamellata, Jeffr.—Flurry Bridge (70). Ravensdale demesne (71).
I could not get it in any other district in Co. Louth.

hispida, I,.—Dundalk ; Flurry Bridge; Lough Cortail (70). Bally-
mascanlon; Omeath; Bush station (71). Ardee; Collon (81).
Dunany; Barmeath (82). Mellifont Abbey; Townley Hall (var.
albo-cincta) (91). Beaulieu (92). Very common.

rufescens, Penn.—Dundalk (70). Omeath; Carlingford (71).
Ardee(81). Dunany ; Blackhall (82). Townley Hall (var. albo-cincta) ;
near Drogheda (var. aba) (91). Beaulieu (92). Fairly comimon.
fusca, Mont.—I have not been able to find this shellin the county,
but I believe it should be taken in the glen south of Ravensdale
House, or possibly in Townley Hall demesne. I took it in counties
Arinagh and Down, adjacent to Co. Louth. ]

pisana, Miill.—Termonfeckin ; Clogher (var. a/a) (82.) Baltray (92).
Miss Sydney Smith mentioned that she took this snail close to
Drogheda. It is distributed along the coast from the mouth of the
Boyne to just south of Clogher Head. I could not find it at any
more northerly station.

virgata, Da Costa.—Dundalk (70-71). Ballymascanlon (71).
Ardee; Dromiskin (81). Termonfeckin (type and var. /ztescens); near
Blackhall; Barmeath (82). Townley Hall (var /utescens), and close
to Drogheda (gt). Baltray (92). Comuon Jocally.

intersecta, Poir.—Dundalk (70). Ballymascanlon (71). Dunany;
Barmeath (82). Townley Hall and near Drogheda (91). Not
common.

ericetorum, Miill.—This species is very rare inthecounty. Ionly
took a few living specimens at Dromin railway station, where they
may possibly have been imported with gravel. P

acuta, Mill.—Ballagan (71). Dromiskin (81). Annagassan ;
Clogher (varieties fammudiata, a ticulata) ; Salterstown (var. strigata) ;
Termonfeckin (82). One mile north of Drogheda (91). Baltray (92). ©
Common along the coast south of Dromiskin; not common on the
more northern coasts. Very scarce inland.

nemoralis, Miill.—Dundalk (70). Ballymascanlon; Bush station
(71). Dromiskin; Ardee (81). Barmeath (82). Mellifont Abbey (91).
Beaulieu; Baltray (92). Common in most localities.

1905. GRIERSON.—WVotes on the Mollusca of Co. Louth. 217

Helix hortensis, Miill.—Ardee, and 5 miles north on old Carrickma-
cross road (81) were the only localities in which I took it, and the
shell was not plentiful. Miss Sydney Smith showed me some
H. nemoralis taken near Termonfeckin; there was one J. hortensis
among them (92).

H. aspersa, Miill—Dundalk (70-71). Ballymascanlon; Omeath;
Grange (var. wnzdulata) (71). Ardee; Dromiskin (81). Annagassan
(82). Mellifont Abbey (91). Beaulieu; Baltray (92). Fairly common
in most places.

Bulimus obscurus, Miill.—Ardee (type and var. a/dina) (81). Townley
Hall (91). Rare ; taken in both places on or close to limestone.
Cochlicopa lIubrica, Miill—Dundalk; Blackrock; Cortail (70).

Ravensdale ; Omeath ; Carlingford (71). Ardee (type and var.
hyalina); Darver ; Collon (81); Dunany; Barmeath (82). Townley Hall
(type and var. hyalina) (91). Beaulieu; Baltray (92). Common

everywhere.

Ceecilianella acicula, Miill—vThree miles north of Dundalk (70).
Carlingford (71). Ardee (81). E.and W. of Drogheda (91-92). Fairly
common in the south of the county in the limestone district; rare,
except in one quarry hole at Ardee, and very rare north of Dundalk.

Pupa anglica, Fér.—East of Inniskeen (70). Ballymascanlon (71).
Collon (81). Townley Hall (type and var. fa//ida) (91). Rare; found
very locally.

Pupa cylindracea, Ja Costa.—Dundalk (70). Ballymascanlon;
Omeath ; Carlingford (type and var. cura) (71). Annagassan; Ardee;
Darver (81). Dunany (82). Mellifont Abbey; Townley Hall (91).
Beaulieu ; Baltray (92). Common everywhere.

P. muscorum, Miill.—Dundalk (70). Ballymascanlon; Omeath (71!).
Dromiskin ; Ardee (81). Barmeath; Dunany (82). Townley Hall
(var. drevts) (91). Drogheda (92). Fairly common along the coast,
rare inland.

Vertigo edentula, Drap.— East of Inniskeen (7o). Ballymascanlon ;
Omeath ; Carlingford (71). Collon (81). Barmeath (82). Townley
Hall (gt). Rather common in old plantations.

V. pygmezea, Drap.—Dundalk; Blackrock (70). Ravensdale; Omeath ;
Carlingford; Bellurgan (71). Salterstown (82). Baltray (92). Rare,
except near the sea coast.

V. substriata, Jeffr.—Ravensdale; near Bush station (71). Ardee,
Collon (81). Lough Drumshallon (82). Townley Hall (91). By no
means common.

V. antivertigo, Drap.—East of Inniskeen ; Blackrock (70). Carling-
ford and south of Bush station (71). Ardee; Collon (81). Barmeath
(82). N. of Townley Hall and near Drogheda (gr). Common in
marshy places.

Balea perversa, L.—louth (70). Carlingford (71). Ardee; Collon
(81). Blackhall (82). Townley Hall (gt). Baltray (92). Very local.

Clausilia bidentata, Str6ém.—Dundalk (70). Ballymascanlon ;
Omeath; Carlingford (71). Collon (81). Annagassan; Barmeath
(82). Townley Hall (91). Beaulieu; RBaltray (92). Fairly common.

218 | The lrish Naturaltst. October,

Succinea putris, 1,.—Blackrock (70). Grange (71). Ardee (81).
Lough Drumshallon (82). Townley Hall (91). Beaulieu (92) Not
very common.

S. elezans, Risso.—Dundalk (70). Ballagan (71). Ardee (81). Black
hall (82). Beaulieu (92). Not common.

Carychium minimum, Miill—Dundalk (70). Ballymascanlon;
Omeath ; Carlingford (71). Ardee; Collon (81). Barmeath; Lough
Drumshallon (82). Townley Hall (91). Beaulieu (92). Common in
most damp situations among leaves and moss, &c.

Alexia denticulata, Mont,.—Dundalk (70-71).

Limngzea stagnalis, [.—Killany (70). Grange (71). Ardee (81).
Beaulieu (92). Not common.

L. auricularia, I,.—Near Blackhall (82). Beaulieu (92). Rare..

L. peregra, Miill.—Killauy ; Dundalk (70). Lough Aumore; Omeath;
Grange (71). Ardee (81). Annagassan; Barmeath; Blackhall (82).
‘Townley Hall (91). Beaulieu (92). Common everywhere.

L. palustris, Miill.—East of Inniskeen; Dundalk (70). Carlingford
(71). Ardee; Collon (81). Annagassan; Barmeath; Lough Drum-
shallon (82). Townley Hall(g1). Drogheda(g2). Rather common.

L. truncatula, Miill.—Dundalk; Blackrock (70). Carlingford (71).
Ardee; Collon (81). Annagassan; Clogher; Lough Drumshallon
(82). Townley Hall (gt). Beaulieu (92). Common.

Physa fontinalis, I.—Killany (70). Dundalk (70-71). Darver;
Ardee (81). Annagassan (82). Beaulieu (92). Common.

Aplexa hypnorum, [..—Dundalk (70-71). Carlingford (71). Ardee
(81). Near Blackhall (82). Not common.

Planorbis marginatus, Drap.—Killany; Dundalk (jo). Lough
Aumore (71). Ardee (81). Blackhall (82). Near Drogheda (91).
Beaulieu (92). Fairly common.

P. carinatus, Miill.—Rathescar (81). Annagassan (82). Near Townley
Hall (gt). Rather rare.

P. vortex, L.—-Killany (70). Very rare.

P. spirorbis, [,.-—Killany; Dundalk; Blackrock (7o). Lough
Aumore; Carlingford (70). Ardee (81). Blackhall (82). North of
Townley Hall (91). Fairly common.

P. contortus, L.—Killany; Dundalk (70). Near Bush station (71).
Darver; Collon (81). Salterstown; Blackhall (82). Beaulieu (92).
Common.

Pp. albus, Miill.—Lough Ballybony; Ardee; Collon (81). Notcommon.

P. glaber, Jeffr.—Ballymascanlon (71). Quarry-hole near Townley

Hall (gt). Beaulieu (92). Very local, but plentiful where found,

crista, l.—East of Inniskeen; Lough Cortail; Dundalk (70).

Lough Armore ; Omeath(71). North of Ardee; Coilon (81). Salters-

town; Barmeath; Dunleer (82). Beaulieu (92). Frequent.

fontanus, Lightf.—Near Blackrock (70). Lough Aumore (71).

Collon; Rathescar (81). Beaulieu (92). Fairly common.

Ancylus fluviatilis, Miill.—Dundalk (70). Carlingford (71). Ardee
(81). ‘Townley Hall 1). Not uncommon.

P.

——— a

1905. GRIERSON.—WVofes on the Mollusca of Co. Louth. 219

Ancylus lacustris, L,.—lLough Ballybony (81). Barmeath; Lough
Drumshallon (82). Beaulieu (92). Not common.

Acme lineata, Drap.—East of Inniskeen; Flurry Bridge (70).
Omeath (71). Collon (81). Barmeath (type and var. alba) (82).
Townley Hall (91). Beaulieu (92). Very plentiful at Townley Hall.
Fairly numerous near Omeath, taken in moss on the north side of
Ballyoonan mountain, where it was quite exposed; no trees or
shelter of any kind growing.

Bythinia tentaculata, L.—Killany; Dundalk (70). Ballymascanlon
(71). Ardee; Darver (81). Annagassan; Blackhall (82); Drogheda
(91). Beaulieu (92). Very common.

Hydrobla ulvze, Penn.—Dundalk (70-71). Carlingford (71).

H. Jenkinsi, Smith.—Dundalk (70). Carlingford (71). Drogheda
(91). Baltray (92). Very plentiful in suitable situations.

Valvata piscinalis, Miill—Killany ; Dundalk (70); Darver; Collon;
Rathescar (81). Annagassan (82). Beaulieu (92). Common.

V. cristata, Miill.—Dundalk (70). Ballymascanlon (71). Darver;
Ardee; Collon (81). Barmeath; Blackhall (82). Drogheda (91),
Beaulieu (92). Fairly common.

Sphzerlum corneum, [..—Dundalk (70). Grange (71). Darver;
Ardee; Collon (81). Annagassan; Blackhall (82). Beaulieu (92).
Common.

S. lacustre, Miill.—Killany ; Dundalk (70). Grange (71). Ardee (81).
Togher ; Blackhall (82). Beaulieu (92). Fairly common.

Pisidium amnicum, Miill.—Fane Valley (70). Ardee (81). Common
in some rivers.

P, nitidum, Jenyns.—Omeath ; Carlingford (71). Ardee (81). Salters-
town (82). Not common.

P. fontinale, C. Pfr.—Dundalk; Lough Cortail (70). Carlingford ;
Grange (71). Ardee; Collon; Rathescar (81). Salterstown; Bar-
meath; Blackhall (82). Drogheda (91). Beaulieu (g2). Common.

P. milium, Held.—East of Inniskeen; Lough Cortail; Dundalk (70).
Carlingford ; Grange (71). Ardee (81). Salterstown ; Lough Drum-
shallon (82). Drogheda (91). Beaulieu (92). Common.

P. obtusale, C. Pfr.—Dundalk (70). Ardee (81). Blackhall (82). Not
common.

P. pusillum, Gmel.—Dundalk (70). Carlingford (71). Ardee (81).
Lough Drumshallon (82). N. of Townley Hall (91). Beaulieu (92).
Fairly common.

Unio margaritifer, L.—Kilcurry River (70). Very plentiful in this
river, and is also to be found in the Falmore river.

Anodonta cygnea, L.—Lough Corradoran (70). This shell is difficult
to get; there are few natural lakes near the limestone area of Co.
Louth, and the margins are too boggy to reach the edges. They are
reputed to be in Lough Ballybony (81), but I could not get near the
lake or obtain a specimen from it.

Clondalkin.

220 | The Irish Naturalist. October,

NOTES.
BOTANY.

The numbering of the Botanical County-Divisions of Ireland.

I need hardly say that the difficulty to which Mr. Waddell refers
(seepra, p. 197) was fully before me during the years in which I worked at
the question of the botanical subdivision of Ireland. Themore I studied
the question, the more my mind recoiled from that totally unscientific
and misleading numeration which, beginning in Cornwall and proceeding
to Shetland, would pass thence without a break to South Kerry.
The solution of the difficulty which occurred to me at the time, and
which I would now suggest, is a very simple one; namely, to use a
prefix (I) to the Irish numbers, which would distinguish them from
corresponding English ones. The Britannic series would then run 1, 2,
35 e\« 112, 11, 12,13. +. 140. a herseries Ia, Io0de. oe. aie, aeiaeceaen
and as short to write, print, or say aS 113, II4, 115, ... » 152; so there
exists no practical difficulty against its adoption; and I submit that
scientifically it isinfinitely preferable. Another point worthy of mention
is this: that the numeration I... 40 for the Irish divisions having
been adopted in a book that may fairly be called a standard work,
the advantages of following the same system, unless it be so bad as to
be untenable, are sufficiently obvious. I do not claim that the numera-
tion which I adopted is perfect, but the absurdity of using one scheme
for the Flowering Plants and Vascular Cryptograins, and a different one
for those plants which follow next, would undoubtedly strike a by-
stander. Whatever plan Mr. Waddell adopts, I cannot think that his
suggestion of accepting the forty divisions of ‘Irish Topographical
Botany,” and numbering them 113 to 152, will meet with approval,
This would be hopelessly confused with Babington’s scheme, in which
a different set of divisions is numbered 113 to 149, and with that adopted
by English conchologists, in which a still different series is numbered
113 to 148. Both of the latter schemes have been recently used in
important books or papers, and inust be regarded as 77 esse.

The whole question of a satisfactory scheme is hedged round with
difficulty, but it seems to me that the latest suggested improvement
will only make confusion worse confounded. I also, like Mr. Waddell,
would ask the opinions of others.

R. LLOYD PRAEGER.

Dublin.

Achill Island Plants.

Three days spent in Achill last July, though not specially devoted to
botany, were productive of a few additions to the flora of the island, as
listed by me last year (/r’sh Nat., xiii., 278), and of new stations for some
rarer plants. One of the additions is a really rare plant, namely,

1905. Notes. 221

Lycopodium tnundatum, the previously known range of which in Ireland
consisted of a few stations in West Cork, one in North Kerry, and two
in West Galway. The species new to Achill are marked with an
asterisk.

Cochlearia danica.—At the signal tower.

Hlieracium anglicum.—On an inaccessible ledge on the Slieve More scarp,
at about 1,500 feet. No doubt the plant noted by H. C. Hart under
this name, and one of the four plants recorded from Achill which
I did not find previously.

Arctostaphylos Uva-urst.—Plentiful on the signal tower hill.

Salix herbacea.—Rocks at west end of Slieve More, about 1,500-1,700 feet.

* Ceterach offictnarum.—Plentiful on the wall surrounding the signal tower,
elevation about 800 feet. A strangely isolated and exposed
station for this fern. It was accompanied by 4. Adiantum-nigrum
and A. 7richomanes.

*Lastrea Oreopteris.—One good clump in a ditch S.W. of Dugort. A very
rare plant in West Mayo.

Tcoetes lacustres—Abundant in Bunnafreva Lough East, with a vast
quantity of Lodelza Dortmanna.

*Lycopodium tnundatum.—This, one of the rarest plants which Achill
yields, was found at the place which of all others on the island has
been most frequently visited by botanists, namely, Sraheens Lough,
on the west shore of the lake.

R. LLoyD PRAEGER.

Plants of the Ben Bulben District.

Epilobium angustifolium.--On Glenade cliffs the ordinary deep rose form
is accompanied by a plant with red sepals and delicate pink petals,
forming a really beautiful sight.

Euphrasia Salisburgensis.—This is abundant on both sides of Glenade,
among the alpine plants. Here on the cliffs it grows more lax and
less branched, with larger greener leaves, than the little bushy brown
form of the limestone pavements. I have it also from Glencar and
Annacoona, in Sligo, from which county it is hitherto unrecorded.

Ulmus montana.—Clearly native on limestone cliffs among Zaxus, Pyrus
Aria, &c., far from planted trees or woods, on the north side of
Glenade. New to the Ben Bulben district.

Agropyron caninum.—Also an addition to the Ben Bulben flora; growing
with the last. This grass seems particularly partial to dry limestone
cliffs.

Equisetum hyemale.—By the Bonet River, near Lurganboy. This station
helps to fill a large gap in its distribution, its only recorded
Connaught stations being far south—in Clare and S.E. Galway.

A number of other plants, additions to the flora of Sligo or Leitrim, in
themselves not rare species, will be duly mentioned in my next annual
summary. The above were collected in August last.

R. LLOYD PRAEGER.
Dublin.

222 The Lrish Naturalist. October,

Dicranodontium longirostra at Holywood.

About a couple of years ago I found on the rotten stump of a tree on
the hill above Holywood, Co. Down, a moss which I made out to be
Dicranodontium longirostra, B. & S.; this naming has been confirmed by Mr.
J. E. Bagnall, of Birmingham. Iam not aware of the typical plant having
been previously recorded for Ulster, but var. a/pinus was found by Dr.
Moore “on moist rocks at Cushendall ” (Proc. RATA 1872). Ti 48 Gt
at alla common moss, and its occurrence in Ulster is worthy of record.

J. HUNTER.
Edinburgh.

The Parsley Fern in Uo. Wicklow.

Last autumn Mr. R. V. Dixon brought me some small fresh fronds of
Allosorus crispus, which he and his son had found growing in a crevice in
a boulder beside the stream that drains Lough Nahanagan. In view of
the fact that this fern has not hitherto been recorded from any station
outside the North of Ireland, I delayed publication of Mr. Dixon’s
interesting discovery until I had examined the locality. This was done
on June 18s. The fern was not refound, but my examination convinced
me that no doubt can be entertained as to the plant being indigenous in
this station. The habitat is a wild moor, 1,100-1,300 feet, far from any
house or former reclamation. Along the stream Polypodium Phegopteris
and Saxifraga stellaris, both of which I found in abundance on the cliffs
overhanging Lough Nahanagan (1,400-1,700 feet), descend from their
alpine habitat to mingle with the riverside vegetation, between the
deserted mines and the lake. I have littie doubt but that the Parsley Fern
likewise has come down stream from some station higher up, more in
keeping with the alpine proclivities which it usually displays in Ireland
(though in Co. Antrim it descends to 300 feet). I searched portion of
the cliffs over Lough Nahanagan with some care with this thought in
mind, but P. Fhegopteris, as stated above, and Cystopterts fragilis, were the
only uncommon ferns seen. With them was Audbus saxatilis, of which the
only Wicklow records appear to be those in “‘ The Irish Flora,” 1833.
Unfortunately, unaware of its rarity, the discoverers of the Parsley Fern
in Wicklow brought away with them the only plant they found.

R. LLOYD PRAEGER.
Dublin.

Orobanche rubra in Sligo.

At the end of June Mrs. Johnson found a specimen of Ovebanche rubra,
Smith, in the sandhills at Rosses Point. It was growing among the
Bent at the end of the sandhills nearest to the golf links. As it was
almost our last day we had not an opportunity of looking for more
specimens. The Rev. Canon Lett kindly determined the plant for me.

W. F. JOHNSON.
Poyntzpass.

1905. Notes. 223

Epilobium alsinefolium in Co. Leitrim.

Since there is apparently no note of this plant’s having been gathered
in its only Irish station since its discovery by Messrs. Barrington and
Vowell twenty-one years ago, a note of its distribution as seen last
August may be of interest ; especially since its quantity as now observed
is considerably greater than the note of the finders (voc. R.I.A. (2), iv.
(Science), p. 505). would indicate—on which account I need not hesitate
to specify the locality where it grows. The Report on the Flora of Ben
Bulben, &c., states ‘‘ 1,000 feet. Seen only in two places on the Glenade
cliffs, both close to each other. In one locality there is a large bed of
it, and it is scattered in patches along a small stream.” I found it ex-
tending for half a mile along the low cliffs in the townlands of Crum-
paun, Moneengaugagh, and Carrowduff. It may extend further east-
ward and westward, as my exploration of this part of the Glenade cliffs
did not reach beyond these townlands. It occurs at frequent intervals
along this scarp. At the eastern end it ascends a small stream (as
described above), attaining an elevation of about 1,200 feet. Elsewhere
it occurs in large colonies in dripping rocks, growing among the
Cochlearia alpina and Chrysosplenium oppositifolium with which they are
hung. It also follows the rills down their course over the talus, below
the cliffs, and I found the plant browsed by cattle as low down as 700
feet. The Irish plant is a desideratum in most herbaria, and I shall be
happy to send a specimen to any botanist who needs it for his

collection.
. R. LLOYD PRAEGER.
Dublin.

Matricaria discoidea in Co. Cork,

Early in August last I found this colonist, as we may now call it, by the
roadside between Carrigrohane and Ballincollig ; since then I have noticed
it growing abundantly in a market field at Midleton, and freely on waste
ground and roadsides at Little Island. Judging by the freedom with
which it grows in these widely separated localities I have no doubt that
it will be found in similar situations, if looked for, in other parts of the
county.

This plant, though first noticed in Ireland as recently as 1894, is now
known to be abundant in many parts of the country from north to
south, but it can hardly have spread to all iocalities from one centre and
it would be of much interest to trace its origin or manner of introduction
in different districts.

In most of the places in which I have seen it I think it is probably a
product of the miscellaneous collections of seeds and waste corn sold
everywhere in recent years as poultry food; though at Limerick, where
it seems at present confined, with many other aliens, to a disused quarry,
it has most likely sprung from the sweepings of flour mills which are
sometimes deposited there.

RAs) PaILE es:
Cork. se

224 The Lrish Naturalist. October, 1905.

Dryas octopetala on Muckish.

Mrs. Leebody sends a specimen of Dryas octopetala, collected in August
last by Miss Leebody on Muckish, Co. Donegal. The station is described,
as being on the south side of the mountain, about one quarter way up.
As Muckish rises from ground some hundreds of feet in elevation, this
signifies a height of probably about 1,000 feet. The new station furnishes
a very interesting link between Slieve League (the only previous Donegal
station, lying forty miles S.W.) and Benevenagh in Derry, forty-five
miles to the eastward. The distribution of the plant on Muckish has
not yet been worked out.

R. LLOYD PRAEGER.
Dublin.

IRISH SOCIETIES.

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Recent gifts include a Civet from Dr. F. Hatch, a Crest-crowned Crane
from the Rev. E. P. Low, a Gannet from Mr. A. W. Samuels, a Hawk
from Mr. T. Marshall, and a pair of Swans from Mr. Blackwood Price.

The three Lion cubs born early in August are doing well; two of
them are males and one a female. The three older cubs will shortly be
on view in one of the outer cages. The young Lion “Conn” of the old
Dublin strain is growing rapidly and developing a fine mane; he will
be reserved by the Council. Two young Marmosets have been born in
the Garders; they attract much attention and interest from visitors.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

AUGUST 12.—EXCURSION TO BALLINDERRY.—A party nuinbering fifty-
six drove to Lisburn, where the cathedral was examined under the
guidance of Canon Pounden. Thence to Ballinderry, where the several
churches were visited. Around Portmore Lough some natural history
work was done, the most interesting ornithological item being a Great
Crested Grebe with its brood. On the journey home the party were
entertained by Mrs. Walkington at Oatlands.

4

DUBLIN NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEPTEMBER 2.—A large party visited St. Anne’s, Clontarf(by kind per-
mission of Lord Ardilaun), and went through the very fine collection of
hardy and greenhouse plants under the conductorship of W. F. Gunn.
Mr. Campbell, head gardener, gave much useful information respecting
the many rare plants.

a
§

| WILLIAMS & SON
Beer iS Naturalists, Furriers, and Taxidermists,

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November, 1905. The Irish Naturalist. 225

IS THE MINNOW A NATIVE OF IRELAND?
BY R. F. SCHARFF., PH.D., M.R.LA.

It seems strange that there should be any doubt among
naturalists as to whether the Minnow is really a native of
Ireland, or whether it has been introduced by man within
recent times. Thompson!, who collected information on
almost every Irish species of animal with extraordinary perse-
verence and industry, could only ascertain the occurrence of
the Minnow in the Counties of Dublin and Wicklow. But
even there, doubts were entertained at the time that the
Minnow was a true native. Professor Kinahan?, for instance,
wrote in 1854 that the Minnow swarmed in the Dodder in
certain parts, yet he believed that it and the Gudgeon had
been introduced from the Swords River about twenty years
before. We have his admission, therefore, that about the year
1830 the Minnow inhabited the small stream near Swords,
which is quite unconnected by canal with any other river
system, and to which, unaided by man, it could not have
spread. Besides these two streams it is also known in Co.
Dublin from the Tolka. From the Dodder and the Tolka the
Minnow certainly had an opportunity during the last hundred
years, or, at least, since the opening of the Grand and Royal
Canals, of spreading throughout a large portion of the plain
of Ireland. Yet it seems to occur also in districts quite
tunconnected with our canal system.

Thompson states (p. 139) having heard from Dr. Robert
Ball in 1846 that Minnow were common in Lough Dan (Co.
Wicklow), and that a fisherman had assured the latter that
they were as plentiful twenty-five years previously as they
were then.

1“ Natural History of Ireland,” vol. iv., 1856, p. 138.
2 Proc, Dublin Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 1., p 131.

226 ‘The Irish Naturalist. Noveinber,

No further efforts were apparently made in ‘Thompson’s
time to settle the question as to the claims of the Minnow to
be considered a native or an alien. And if it was difficult to
solve the problem at that time, it is even more sonow. I do
not pretend to be able to do so; but it occurred to me that
this might be an opportune moment to ascertain, as far as we
can, the range of the Minnow in Ireland at the present time.
It is probable also that such an inquiry might elicit informa-
tion fron: correspondents of a nature that might throw light
on the subject of the origin of the Minnow in Ireland. At any
rate it is of interest, from time to time, to take stock of the
various members of our fauna, especially of those which are
known to have a local distribution. If a species has been
introduced, and we know certainly that the Minnow has been
liberated in several Irish streams, the history of such intro-
ductions might, as far as possible, be recorded for future
reference.

I have only recently heard from Mr. Richard Carey, of
Skibbereen, who has fished most of the rivers in County Cork,
that he has not met with the Minnow in any of them. Yet,
according to Mr. R. P. Williams!, Dr. Herrick, of Mallow,
placed dozens in 1848 in a stream at Rathpeacon, near Cork,
and also in the Blarney River. Mr. Carey heard that Minnows
did occur in the Awbeg River, near Doneraile, County Cork,
but he believed they had been introduced by Mr. Lefanu.
The latter gentleman is also credited by Mr. Carey with
having introduced the Minnow into the River Loobagh, which
runs through Kilmallock, in the County Limerick.

Mr. G. W. Forsyth, of Cappagh, County Waterford, informs
me that Minnows are absent from the County Waterford. He
believes, however, that they occur near Templemore. ‘This
would probably be in the River Suir, in which case they must
turn up before long in the County Waterford.

From the whole west coast of Ireland I have but a single
record, Mr. J. N. Halbert having noticed the Minnow near
Derryclare Lake, in Galway. Mr. Halbert ‘kindly elicited
further information on the subject from Mr. H. H. N. Wheeler,
of Gaiway, whose knowledge of fishery matters enables him to

' Proc. Dublin Nat, Hest. Soc., vol. i, p. 119.

1905. SCHARFF.—Z/s the Minnow a Native of Treland ? y-4 |

speak with authority on the fishes of the district. He writes
that he believes the Minnow to be an introduced species,
since it seems to be only found in streams convenient to
trout rivers or lakes. He further states that it is common in
a stream near Oughterard, and that it is used by the Corrib
fishermen when trolling for Trout. According to Mr. Wheeler,
the Minnow was put into this river by Dudley Persse about
thirty-seven years ago. At the sametime he admits that two
attempts to introduce the species into a small stream at Salt-
hill near Galway city, failed, probably owing to the water
being too shallow.

In 1892 a specimen of the Minnow was sent to the National
Museum by the Rev. A. H. Delap, of Strabane. He tells me
that this fish is common in the Mourne River, County Tyrone,
close to Strabane, but that he remembers having heard from
the Duke of Abercorn that Minnows were formerly put into
the lake at Baron’s Court, which communicates with the
Mourne River. They may possibly have spread down stream
in this manner.

Twenty years ago Mr. J. D. Ogilby’, a distinguished Irish
zoologist, wrote that nowhere had heseen Minnows in greater
abundance than in the River Maine and in the Kells Water in
County Antrim, and that he considered the theory of its intro-
duction as excessively doubtful.

That Minnows aiso occur in many other rivers in the County
Antrim is probable. At any rate Mr. Barney Meenan, of
Muckamore, forwarded me some splendid specimens from the
Six-mile Water, and states that Minnows have been in the
river as long as the people of the district can remember, and
that they also occurin the River Maine and on the Lower Bann.
All these river systems communicate with Lough Neagh.

Going further south along the east coast into the Counties
of Meath and Louth, the Minnow turns up again. It was in
1879 that an old member of Dublin Museum staff, Mr. John
Boshell, discovered it in the Corkey River in Co. Louth, and
brought specimens to the Museum. And later on in 1888
some were deposited in the Museum by Mr. James Duffy,
another member of our staff, who took them in Lake Mentrim

1 Proc. R. Dublin Soc., vol iv. (N.S ) 1885, p. 531.

228 The lrish Naturalist November,

in the County Meath. Both of these waters communicate
with the River Dee. On asking Admira! Singleton, of Ardee,
Co. Meath, for further information, he assured me that
Minnows also inhabited the River Dee, but he believed them
to have been introduced by Mr. Fitzherbert, of Navan. When
I applied to the latter, he wrote that about 4o or 45 years ago
he transported a number of Minnows and Gudgeon to Shan-
tonagh, in the County Monaghan. MHe changed the water in
the can containing the fish on his arrival at the River Dee,
when some escaped, but he could not say whether the same
species had already been an inhabitant of that river at the time.
The remainder were placed into the stream at Shantonagh
which runs into Lough Erne, but no Minnows have since been
Seem dene

There are two other small streams from which we possess
specimens of Minnow in the National Museum. In 1896 Mr.
Edward Williams found it in a brook at Loughlinstown, in
the County Dublin, which is not, as far as I am aware, fished
for trout. Finally in 1894 I obtained specimens in the Bray
River, in the County Wicklow. Mr. Holt, of the Fisheries
Branch (Dept. of Agriculture and Technical Instruction)
informs me that the Minnow also inhabits the River Slaney
near Wexford.

It will be noticed from the above that in a number of
instances the presence of the Minnow in Irish lakes and
rivers is attributed to introduction by man, though precise
information is not always obtainable. On the other hand we
possess several definite records of introductions which have
been unsuccessful and have failed to establish the species
where it did not previously exist. This clearly shows that the
introduction of a species into a new area is not by any means
so easy as it is generally held to be the case, which makes me
inclined to believe that the Minnow is really indigenous in
Ireland, at least in some of the eastern counties.

Dublin Museum of Science and Art.

1905. 229
THE FLORA OF THE MULLET AND INISHKEA.
BY R. LLOYD PRAEGER.

RAILWAY extension has brought most of the remoter parts of
Ireland within easy reach of the scientific traveller and
unscientific tripper, but the wild mountain district of Erris,
and storm-swept peninsula of the Mullet, still maintain much
of their ancient isolation

Forty miles of road, running for the most part through bog
and heath untouched by the hand of man, still separate Bel-
mullet, the tiny town which is the capital of a barony of nearly
400 square miles, from the nearest railway station.

This almost treeless and fenceless district is interesting to
the botanist chiefly from its being the head-quarters of Erica
mediterranea, the beautiful Iberian-Irish heath. As Dr. David
Moore wrote :—‘‘ To find a district of at least a quarter of a
million of acres in extent covered with this lovely heath, in
full bloom, during the second week in April, forms perhaps
the most remarkable botanical feature the British Islands can
afford.” Apart from this, a high interest attaches to the flora
of an area so primitive and undisturbed by human industry,
especially when situated on the extreme edge of the Eurasian
continent. This view was evidently taken by A. G. More

when he wrote to S. A. Stewart in 1883 :—‘ Erris in Belmullet,
the Mullet, and Binghamstown, and round the large lake
Garrowmore, is a promising district . . . Ifyou prefer to

leave your own ground, I should say take either Belmullet
and Erris, including the Mullet; or the north of Limerick

Hither of these two districts, viz.:—N. Limerick and
N. Kerry, or Erris and Belmullet, would be well worth
attention.”?

Up to the present our knowledge of Erris botany has been
scanty. ‘The only portion of the district that can be said to
have been botanicaily examined at all is the peaks of the
Nephin Beg range, which rise along the south-eastern boun-
dary of the barony. These have received attention from Dr.
Moore, from H. C. Hart, and from N. Colgan and Bishop
D’Arcy, and their alpine flora is now well known.

1“*Tife and Letters” of A. G. More, p. 301.

230 The Irish Naturalist. November,

The first traveller in Erris who published any account of
its plants was Prof. Babington,' who visited this remote tract
in July, 1836. Babington entered Erris by way of the grand
pass that lies between Nephin and Birreencorragh ; thence
down the Owenmore valley, past Carrowmore Lake to Bel-
mullet. To the Mullet he devoted two days, and traversed it
from end to end. His botanical notes are not copious. Some
forty Erris species are mentioned, many of them as found on
the Mullet. The majority are plants common throughout
Ireland ; but two, though now known to be widely distributed,
were then noted for the first time in this country—namely
Callitriche peduneulata and Myosotis repens. No mention is
made of Avica mediterranea or any other of the western species,
unless Osmunda regalis be so classed.

In April, 1852, Dr. David Moore made a pilgrimage to
Erris, his object being to see the Mediterranean Heath in its
Mayo stations, and to secure plants for cultivation. The
season was too early for general botanizing, and E47ica
mediterranea is the only Erris plant noted in his paper,?
which was read before the Royal Dublin Society immediately
after his return.

A few years later (in July, 1859), Dr. Moore was again in
Erris.2 He travelled “partly on foot and partly by car”
from Ballina to Bangor in the Owenmore valley, where he
established his head-quarters, and thence ‘“‘made excursions
in every direction.” He collected a good many plants on the
Nephin Beg range, and inade further enquiries into the range
of Erica mediterranea, the principal object of his visit being
to obtain plants of the dwarf dark-flowered form of. that
plant.

1On the Botany of Erris, County Mayo, and a notice of several
additions to the Flora Hibernica. Mag. of Zool. and Bot., ii., pp. 119-124,
1837. Also “Memorials, Journal, and botanical correspondence of
Charles Cardale Babington,” pp. 52-54. 1897.

2On the Distribution of the Lyrcca mediterranea, var. Hibernica, and
some other Plants,in Ireland. VPhytol., iv., 597-599. 1852.

3 Observations on the prevailing and rare plants of Erris, and of some
other portions of the County of Mayo. Wat. Hist. Review, vii., Proc.,
PP. 414-417. 1860.

1905 PRAEGER.— Zhe Flora of the Mullet and [Inishkea. 231

Mr. More was frequently in Erris in the seventies, but was
chiefly engaged in dredging and shooting, and the time spent
on shore was short. The only trace of his visits that the
botanical records afford isa note of Juncus obtustflorus, from
sands near Belmullet (Cydele, ed. ii.)

A record in Cydele, ed. 11. of Hvica mediterranea from near
Belmullet in the name of H. C. Hart, dated 1887, leads one to
conclude that that botanist penetrated to this, as to most other
remote corners of our island, but this note appears to be
his sole published observation from western Hrris.

My own only previous experience of Erris rests on a brief
scamper over the bleak hills which fringe Broad Haven at
4 oclock on a June morning in 1896, till the horn of the
“ Granuaile” summoned us aboard again. On that occasion I
met with no plant of interest.

Of the flora of the several islands lying off the EHrris coast;
not as much as a single note appears to have been published ;
and indeed, the ill-fated visit of A. G. More to Inishkea in
1873 is the only record we have of a botanist having landed on
these remote islands.

Last July my wife and I sailedfrom Achill to Inishkea, and
spent a day and a half in exploring the north and south
islands ; thence to Belmullet, where five days were spent on
the Mullet and one about Carrowmore Lake; and thence by
steamer along the grand cliff scenery of north Mayo to Sligo.
In the present paper I shallendeavour to sketch the botany
of the Mullet and Inishkea.

THE MULLET.

The Mullet is an almost insular area, Broad Haven on the
north, and Blacksod Bay on the south, approaching each other
to within 300 yards at the town of Belmullet. Through the
intervening neck a sea canal has been cut. ‘The area,
embracing about 45 square miles, thus isolated, divides itself
into two parts of different physical aspect. ‘The portion south
of Belmullet consists of a long narrow promontory, some ten
miles in length by one to two miles in width, of low elevation
save in the extreme south, where a group of bare hills rise to

1More’s “ Life aud Letters,” chans. 34-36. 1898.

232 The Lrish Naturalist. November,

between 300 and 4oo feet. The outer coast of this area is
occupied by great stretches of sand-dunes, with occasional
low projections of rock covered with stony drift. ‘The eastern
side, on the other hand, facing Blacksod Bay, is largely
occupied by poor pasture and tillage. Bog vegetation is
absent, though peat is dug from below the farmed surface ;
and heath is represented only by a miserably starved flora.
Trees are absent save for a few dwarfed Sycamores, &c., beside
a couple of houses. A single small bush of Salzx cinerea and
one of S. aurvitfa were seen in sheltered nooks at opposite
ends of the Mullet. Otherwise gorse and brambles in small
quantity are the only native shrubs, save a few low-growing
forms like Salix repens. Several shallow lakes occupy
depressions on this part of the peninsula.

In the broader northern end of the Mullet, on the other
hand, the ground is higher, the sands give way to rocks and
cliffs, and cultivation to wind-shorn moorland, over a con-
siderable depth of peat; and though the greatest elevation is
only 434 feet, the flora takes on a mountain character. As
one proceeds northward towards Erris Head bare moorland,
bounded by sea-cliffs, comes to occupy the whole scene.

The rocks of the district consist wholly of gneiss, mica
schist, quartzite, and granite. The granite is confined to the
southern end of the Mullet, where it rises into several low
hills. Quartzite occurs at the north end of the Mullet, between
Erris Head and Broad Haven. ‘The remainder of the area,
including Inishkea, is almost entirely gneiss, half smothered,
in the part south of Belmullet, under blown sand, andin the
part north of Belmullet, under peat bog.

The Cultivated Area.

The most conspicuous feature of the flora of the ground
affected by human operations—fields, banks, and roadsides—
is the replacement of mesophile by hydrophile species. Thus
Senecio aquaticus brightens the pastures instead of S. /acobea ;
the Purple Loosestrife is everywhere ; and no cry bank is too
dry for Hydrocotyle and Anagallis tenella.

Fields of hay are sometimes filled with Hevacleum and
Daucus. ‘The tillage is mostly occupied by potatoes and oats,

1905. PRAKGHR.—VZhe Flora of the Mullet and Inishkea 233

with some turnips, barley, and rye. Here Chrysanthemum
segetum and Brassica campestris are conspicuous; B. Sinapis
being quite rare. Of Dead-Nettles, Z. zxtermedium is frequent,
L. purpureum rare, with Stachys arvensis. Fumitories are rare,
F. officinalis and £. capreolata being each once seen, the latter
as grand plants up to five feet long, approaching F. speciosa.
The Brambles which shelter on the lee side of the ditches are
not abundant, but display a fair variety. There is a difficulty
in obtaining satisfactory material for determination. Mr.
Rogers names six forms, of which R. corylifolius is new to
West Mayo. The balance includes the endemic R. zvicus, and
also FR. dumnoniensis, which is rare in Ireland. Were it not
for the shelter afforded by ditches and loose stone walls,
Brambles would possibly not exist on the peninsula. The
roadside flora is very limited; Senebiera Coronopus is abundant
in such places, while S. didyma was seen near Belmullet.
Very few of the plants which haunt the vicinity of houses are
present. A few plants of typical Rumex sanguineus, found
close to Binghamstown Castle, had probably an extraneous
origin. Burdocks are frequent. In view of recent experiments
in the cultivation of these plants, Mr. Bennett hesitates to
apply positive names to them, but a plant which would be
generally called <A. zxtermedium Lange is frequent, while 4.
Newbouldii was gathered near Cross Lough. Ulex europeus is
the only plant with which any attempt is made to form
hedges; but the gorse is in some places clearly native.

Salt Marsh and Sea Rock.

Salt marsh is but poorly developed on the Mullet, but the
upper part of the Portnafranka inlet consists really of a
brackish lake, filling at high water through a narrow drainage
channel, and yielding a fair halophile flora. Here alone were
observed CGinanthe Lachenalit and Scirpus rufus; also
Potamogeton interruptus, either the type or P. vaginatus.
This Portnafranka lake is only slightly brackish, however, and
Bidens ceronua, Utricularia intermedia, and Chara aspera (var.
subinermis) may be seen growing amicably with 7Z7riglochin
maritimum, Scirpus maritimus, and the other halophiles

. A 3

234 The Trish Naturalist. November,

mentioned above. Ruppia rostellata occurs, in addition to
brackish pools in several places, over a large area of tidal
sands on the Portnafranka inlet.

Spergularia rupestris, Crithmum, Beta, Carex extensa, and
Asplenium marinum are concentrated on rocks at the northern
and southern extremities of the peninsula. A few non-
maritime plants find on the northern seacliffs their sole refuge ;
such are the Ivy and Honeysuckle; and on the same seacliffs
in the north, Sedum Rhodiola has its home, and in some spots
forms a very conspicuous feature.

The Dunes

The area occupied by blown sand is very extensive, and the
dunes are large, the highest of them rising to 188 feet above
O.S. datum. On the sandy beaches, in addition to Oraches,
the only plants are Avenaria peploides, Agropyron junceum,
Salsola Kali, and Polygonum Raiz. On the dunes, the seaward
part isin many places being denuded, and vegetation is almost
nil. Behind that lie the high dunes, with Psamma in undis-
puted sway. Further inland, a close mossy vegetation comes
in, with enormous quantities of Galium verum, Thymus
Serpyllum, aud Salix sepens ; and often behind that again lies
low smooth ground of damper sand, with a flora characterized
by Sagina nodosa, Parnassia, Pinguicula vulgaris, and
Selaginella. Eryngium maritinum, which grows abundantly
and very luxuriantly on the dunes, extends over all these belts
except the last, and may be found more than a quarter of a
mile from the sea margin. eracleum often occurs in remark-
able abundance. Senecio _/acobeaa, which over the rest of the
Mullet is usually replaced by S. aguaticus, is abundant on the
dunes, var. flosculosus being as abundant as the type, accom-
panied by every intermediate stage. Campanula rotundifolia
is present in charming profusion, with quantities of Cevastium
tetrandrum, Leontodon hirtus, and Keleria cristata. Phieum
arenarium is frequent ; and also /estuca rottbellioides, especially
on stony sands. ‘The extensive dunes west of Belmullet
formed the only habitat noted for 47adbzs hirsuta (a rare plant
in West Mayo), Gentzana Amarella, and G. campestris, and the
curious var. /zttoralis Parnell of Catabrosa aquatica; while the

1905. PRAEGER.—TZhe Flora of the Mullet and Inishkea. 235

dunes near Binghamstown Castle yielded a profusion of Viola
tricolor, and also the sole station of Vzcza sepium, in a dwarf
form six inches high and almost devoid of tendrils, with
handsome rose-purple flowers, forming patches many yards in
area among the Bent. On the sands at Cross Lough a
glabrous form of Cevastium triviale, with dark green shining
foliage, was present.

The Lakes.

Although the several lakelets on the Mullet present similar
physical conditions, their flora varies considerably. Ardmore
Lough, lying on the Blacksod side, occupies a very flat depres-
sion, which at the time of our visit was quitedry, and presented a
plain of red sand, largely covered with a green mantle of
Littorella. ‘The sward was thickly strewn over its entire area
with the graceful flower-stems of Lobelia Dortmanna, and more
sparingly with those of &v7iocaulon septangulare. Juncus
supinus and Lleocharis multicaulis made up the bulk of the
other plants present. Cross Lough, the largest sheet of
water on the Mullet, covering some 250 acres, is formed by
the damming back of drainage by the dunes of the western
shore. It also is extremely shallow, with a flat bottom of
hard sand, and slightly brackish water of yellowish colour.
Here the bottom is covered with Chava aspera (subsp.
desmacantha), and Littorella. fotamogeton pectinatus is
common, and with it are two rarer species, P. prelongus and
LP. filiformis. Ranunculus trichophyllus, R. Baudoti (both new
to W. Mayo), and ALyriophyllum spicatum, make up the total of
hydrophytes. A ditch south of the lake forms the only
station for Chara vulgaris (type and var. longibracteata). Leam
Lough, where I hoped to get some additional plants, turned
out to be salt; it fills by means of its drainage channel at
spring tides. Its shores have a halophile vegetation, and its
waters contain only a few alge. But the furthest lake on the
Mullet—a mere sandy pond lying behind the dunes at New-
town—proved unexpectedly interesting. It is choked with
Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton prelongus, Chara hispida,
and C. aspera, along with which are Ranunculus Baudotit and
Mynophyllum spicatum. . Of these, the Hornwort is the most

236 The lrish Naturalist. November,

interesting. Its nearest stations lie in Clare, Westmeath, and
Londonderry, and it was strange to find it in so remote and
isolated a scrap of water. Two small lakes lying on the
moorland three miles north of Belmullet proved'to be ordinary
bog-lakes, with a flora chiefly of Lodelia and Juncus supinus.

Fleath, Bog, and Marsh.

Although when well developed, the heath, bog, and marsh
vegetations are sufficiently distinct, yet in these western areas
they fuse to a large extent, both heath and marsh so frequently
tend to boggyness. On the low hills that terminate the
Mullet on the southward, a stunted grassy heath is developed,
Here Habenaria conopsea has its only station, and among the
other plants are . vzz7dis and Ophioglossum, each found else-
wherein only one spot. On the hill-tops at the north end of
the Mullet, and along the cliffs to Krris Head, there isa large
extent of wind-shorn heath, the carpet being formed of
Erica cinerea, Calluna, Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, and Empetrum,
with sometimes a small admixture of /unzperus nana.

Here in the north, peat bogs are well developed, but,
excepting Drosera anglica, no plant peculiar to them was noted.
Elsewhere, shallow bog, marshy spots, and wet sandy areas
are intermixed, and their flora is to a great extent similar.
Characteristic and abundant species are Radiola linoides,
Flypericum elodes, Peplis Portula, Guaphalium uliginosum,
Cnicus pratensis, Myosotis repens (first recorded for Ireland from
the Mullet by Babington, and here replacing 17 palustris),
Veronica Anagallis, Fydrocotyle vulgaris, Anagallis tenella,
Eleocharis multicaulis. Drosera anglica was seen only on the
northern bogs; DY. zztermedia is widespread, like Pinguicula
lusitanica. Sium angustifolium has its head-quarters about
Cross Lough and Leam Lough, lke Lotus uliginosus,
Bidens tripartita, and Lysimachia vulgaris. Lpipactis palustris
favours the sandy marshes and is frequent therein; /uzcus
obtusiflorus forms several large colonies on similar ground by
the roadside between Belmullet and Binghamstown, no doubt
the station observed by A. G. More. “7ica mediterranea, poor
and stunted, haunts the tract west of Belmullet, between the

1905. PRAKGER.— The Flora of the Mullet and Inishkea. 237

northern hill-bogs and the sands and tillage which extend
southward. The rare little Cen/unculus minimus was frequently
seen, and often rewarded a search among the Radiola that was
so constant a feature of the road edges. Axnthemis nobilis
occupied its usual habitat on sandy road edges in the north.
Sedum anglicum characterized dry peat fences, like Potentzlla
procumbens, while S. acre was confined to sea sands. In the
shelter of the rude fences, two western ferns, Osmunda and
Lastrea emula, were conspicuous. ‘The viviparous form of
Festuca ovina, usually found on mountains, occurred on dry
heath near sea-level at the extreme south of the Mullet.

INISHKEA,

Inishkea consists of two islands, North and South, separated
by a verv narrow channel. MKach is of irregular shape; the
north island has an area of 464 acres, the south of 344 acres.
They lie off the Mullet at a distance of two to three miles.
Their position, rising as they do from the open Atlantic, is
exposed to a desperate degree, and they are absolutely bare
and wind-swept—in part sea-swept, in fact, since during
winter gales the waves pour across the islands in a number of
places. The north island is a mere ridge of gneiss, half
smothered under drifting sand. It rises to over 100 feet on
the western edge, which is carved into wild ciiffs and deep
gullies. So great is the force of the waves here that this
highest point is actually the crest of a storm beach of huge
fragments of rock. Thence the ground slopes eastward, and
the eastern part of the island is all sand. South Inishkea is
higher, rising in the centre into a conspicuous rounded hill
(Knocknaskea), 230 feet high, crowned with a stone beacon ;
while the southern part forms a ridge over 100 feet high,
sloping as usual from west to east, and almost cut through by
the ocean in several places. ‘Trees are entirely absent, and
the largest shrubs seen were a few prostrate brambles spread-
ing over a sheltered nook on the shore.

Each island has on the eastern shore a little sandy bay,
around which are clustered the cottages of the islanders, who
number 289 (1901 census), distributed almost equally between

238 The Irish Naturalist. November,

the two islands. The cultivated ground is in each case con-
fined to a few sheltered slopes and depressions. The salinity
of the conditions is shown by the occurrence of Cakile asa
weed in potato fields, of dgropyron junceum on cottage roofs, and
of Asplenium marinum and Spergularta rupestris on old walls.

The extensive sands which form so conspicuous a feature
of North Inishkea have only a sparse semi-covering of vegeta-
tion, consisting mainly of Agvopyron junceum and Potentilla
Anserina, dotted in places with curious dense bosses of
Armeria maritima, Which attain a diameter of two to three
feet and a height of a foot and ahalf As the ground rises, a
close sand-sward is developed, consisting largely of Galium
verum, Achillea Millefolium, Lotus corniculatus, and Plantago
lanceolata, with a curious stemless form of Daucus Carota,
bearing a single terminal umbel close set among the little
rosette of root leaves. On the western or ocean side Plantago
sward of the type described by me from Clare Island and
Achill Island, is a conspicuous formation, and yields, among
other plants, the tiny unbranched var. simplex Duby of
Leontodon autumnalis. ‘The 230 foot hill on South Inishkea
allows of the presence of a stunted heath association. While
its seaward face isin possession of Plantago sward almost to
the summit, on the other sides Calluna, Erica cinerea and
FE. Tetralix, Scabiosa succisa, fasione, Triodia, Potentilla
Tormentilla, Polygala serpyllacea, Viola Riviniana, Rumex
Acetosella find their only Inishkea habitat. On the north
island are several tiny lakelets. Owingto exceptional drought
these were all dry, but most of their flora still recognizable.
The iargest of these, the brackish Doon Lough, presented a
surface of mud and weeds full of great eels, half of them dead
in fantastic attitudes, half still writhing—a weird sight worthy
of the Doré Dante. This lake yielded Scirpus Tabernemontant
and S. maritimus, as well as the hydrophytes found in the
tvro other lakelets on the island—namely a batrachian
Ranunculus (R. Baudotii), Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton
pectinatus, Chara fragilis, and C. hispida. ‘The cultivated land
is, on the north island, mostly sandy, on the south mostly
peaty. Potatoes are almost the only crop grown, but a little
rye, barley, and turnips may be also seen. The only native
plant which is cultivated is Salix viminalis, of which a few

1905. PRAEGER.—-T7he Flora of the Mullet and lnishkea. 239

tiny beds may be noticed. The commonest plants of the
tilled land are Brassica campestris, Matricaria inodora, and
Chenopodium album. Artemisia vulgaris, Polygonum aviculare,
Potentilla Anserina, and Glaux maritima also sometimes make
themselves conspicuous. Lamdtum intermedium is the com-
monest of the three purple Dead-nettles, all of which occur.
Fine plants of Fumaria capreolata were gathered on North
Inishkea, and F/. confusa (var. hibernica) grows on both
islands. Convolvulus arvensis, a plant hitherto unrecorded for
West Mayo, has formed an extensive colony on the north
island, flowering in delightful profusion. The effect of the
shelter afforded by the hill on the south island is seen in the
increased weed flora of the tilled ground of its eastern slope.
Here also occurred the only bramble of which sufficient
raaterial could be collected for positive naming—a form of
RR. cesius, unknown to M. Rogers. But at least two other
brambles grow on Inishkea. The sea cliffs of the western
shores are mostly utterly wave-washed and almost devoid of
vegetation, but in sheltered gullies Spergularia rupestris,
Crithmum, Angelica, Aster Tripolium, Beta, and Asplenium
marinum grow vigorously. One of the most remarkabie
plants of Inishkea is Hyoscyamus niger, the Henbane, hitherto
unrecorded for West Mayo, which flourishes about the
ancient inscribed cross which stands above the harbour on the
south island. This plant is held in a kind of apprehensive
veneration by the islanders, and vivid stories are told of its
poisonous properties. It increases year by year, we were
assured, till in the seventh season it grows up in great abund-
ance and blossoms profusely. We were unable to discover
when the next ‘seventh year” would be, but atthe time of our
visit, sure enough, only immature plants were present, though
it was just flowering time.

LIsts AND ANALYSES.

In order to allow of comparison between the Inishkea flora
and that of the Mullet, and between both and that of adjoin-
ing insular or mainland areas, I list first the Inishkea flora,
and then supplement it by adding those plants of the Mullet
whick were not found on the islands.

240

The Irish Naturalist.

Flora of Inishkea.

November,

N.=North island; S.=South island; no suffix=both islands;
c.=conspicuously common (on both islands).

Ranunculus Baudotii.
Flamimula, c.
acris, S.
repens.

Fumaria capreolata.
confusa (hibernica)

Nasturtium officinale.

Cochlearia officinalis.
danica, N.

Brassica campestris, c.
Sinapis, S.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris

Senebiera Coronopus,

C.

Cakile maritima, N.

Viola Riviniana, S.

Polygala serpyllacea, S.

Silene maritima.

Cerastium tetrandrum,

c.
triviale.
Stellaria media.
Arenaria serpyllifolia,
N.
peploides.

Sagina maritima.
procumbens, c.
nodosa, N.

Spergula arvensis, 5.

Spergularia media, N.
Salina, CG:
rupestris.

Radiola linoides,

Tinuin catharticum.

Geranium molle, N.

Erodium cicutarium.

Trifolium pratense.
repens.

Anthyllis Vulneraria.

Lotus corniculatus.

Vicia Cracca.

Rubus czesius.

Potentilla Tormentilla,
S.
Anserina, c.
Sedum anglicum, S.

acre, Ne
Hippuris vulgaris, N.
Myriophyllum — spica-
tum, N.

Callitriche stagnalis, S.

Lythruim Salicaria, S.

Epilobium parviflorum,
S.

Hydrocotyle vulgaris,
C.

Eryngium maritimum,
S:

Apium nodiflorum, c.
inundatum, S.
Crithmum maritimum.

Angelica sylvestris.
Heracleum Sphondy-
lium.
Daucus Carota.
Galium verum.
Aparine, S.
Scabiosa succisa, S.
Solidago Virgaurea.
Bellis perennis.
Aster Tripolium.
Guaphalium uligino-
sun, S.
Achillzea Millefolium.
Ptarmica, 8.
Matricaria inodora, c.
Artemisia vulgaris.
Tussilago Farfara.
Senecio vulgaris, c.
Jacobzea.
aquaticus, c.
Arctium intermedium.
Cnicus lanceolatus.
pratensis, S.
arvensis,

Cichorium Intybus, S,
Hypocheeris radicata.
Leontodon autumnalis.
Taraxacum officinale.
Sonchus oleraceus.
asper.
arvensis.
Jasione montana, S.
Calluna vulgaris, S.
Erica Tetralix, S.

cinerea, S.
Armeria maritima, c.

Glaux maritinia, c.
Anagallis arvensis.
tenella, c.
Samolus Valerandi.
Erythreea Centaureuni.
Myosotis czespitosa, S,
arvensis, S.
Convolvulus arvensis,
N. .
Hyoscyamus niger, S.
Euphrasia officinalis, c.
Bartsia Odontites.
Mentha hirsuta.
Thymus Serpyllum.
Prunella vulgaris.
Stachys palustris, S.
arvensis, S.
Lamium intermedium.
purpureum.
hybridum.
Plantago major.
lanceolata, c.
maritinia, c.
Coronopus, c.
Littorella lacustris.
Chenopodium album,
e:
Beta maritima.
Atriplex erecta, S.
hastata, c.
Babingtonii, S.

_- b

1905.

Salsola Kali, S.
Polygonum Convolvu-
lus.
aviculare.
Raii, N.
Persicaria.
amphibium.
Rumex obtusifolius.
crispus.
Acetosa,
Acetosella, S.
Euphorbia Helioscopia
Urtica dioica, N.
urens.
Salix repens.
Iris Pseud-acorus.
Juncus bufonius.
Gerardi.
supinus, S.
lamiprocarpus.
Alisma ranunculoides.
Triglochin palustre.
maritimum, S.
Potamogeton polygoni-
folius, S.
pectinatus.,

PRARGER.— Zhe Flora of the Mullet and [nishkea.

Eleocharis palustris.
multicaulis, N.
Scirpus Savii.
Tabernzemontani,
N.
maritimus, N.

Schzenus nigricans.
Carex arenaria, N.
vulgaris, N.
glauca.
distans, N.
extensa.
flava.
Alopecurus geniculatus
Ss.
Agrostis alba.
vulgaris, S.
Psamina arenaria,
Aira preecox.
Holcus mollis, S.
lanatus, S.

Arrhenatherum elatius.
Triodia decumbens.

Phragmites communis.
Cynosurus cristatus, S.

241

Keeleria cristata.
Dactylis glomerata, N.
Poa annua.
pratensis.
trivialis, S.

Glyceria fluitans, S.

maritima, N.

Festuca rottboellioides,
ce
ovina, c.
Bromus mollis, c.
Lolium perenne, S.
Agropyron repens.
junceum.
Pteris aquilina, S.
Asplenium marinum.
Polypodium vulgare,
S.
Osmunda regalis, S.
Ophioglossum vulga-
tum, N.
Equisetum arvense, N.
palustre, N.

Chara fragilis, N.
hispida, N.

Of the above, the few species which were not also seen on
the Mullet form a somewhat mixed assemblage :—

Fumaria confusa.
Cochlearia danica.
Cakile maritima.
Rubus cesius.

Cichorium Intybus.
Convolvulus arveusis.
Hlyoscyamus niger.

Lamium hybridum.
Atriplex Babingtonii.

Chara fragilis.

Of these, all but the second, third, fourth, and last two
are probably introduced on Inishkea; and the others are
probably not really absent from the adjoining mainland.

By now giving a list of Mullet plants not seen on Inishkea,
the comparison between the two areas is brought out fully,
and the list of the Mullet flora rendered complete.

Mullet Plants not seen on Inishkea.

Ranunculus tricho-
phyllus.

Fumiaria officinalis.

Caltha palustris.
Arabis hirsuta.
Cardamine pratensis.

Cardamine hirsuta.
Sisymbrium officinale.
Senebiera didymia.

242

Raphanus
trum.
Viola palustris.
tricolor,
Lychnis Flos-cuculi.
Cerastium glomeratum
Stellaria graminea.
uliginosa.
Monuntia fontana.
Hypericum
terum.
pulchrum.
elodes.
Geranium dissectum.
Ulex europzeus.
Trifolium dubium.
Lotus uliginosus.
Vicia sepium.
Lathyrus prateusis.
Spireea Ulmaria.
Rubus dumnoniensis.
pulcherrimus.
rusticanus.
iricus.
pyramidalis.
corylifolius (cyclo-
phyllus),.
Potentilla procumbens.
palustris.
Rosa spinosissima.
Parnassia palustris.
Sedum Rhodiola.
Drosera rotundifolia.
anglica.
intermedia.

Raphanis-

tetrap-

Callitriche hamulata.

Peplis Portula.

Epilobium obscurum.
palustre.

Conium maculatum.

Sium erectum.

(Hnanthe Lachenalii
crocata.

Hedera Helix.

Louicera Periclyme-

num.

Galium saxatile.

palustre.

The Lrish Naturalist.

Valeriana sambucifolia.
Eupatorium cannabi-
num.
Pulicaria dysenterica.
Bidens cernua. .
tripartita.
Anthemis nobilis.
Chrysanthemum lLeu-
canthemum.
segetum.
Tanacetum vulgare.
Senecio sylvaticus.
Arctium Newbouldii.
Centaurea nigra.
Lapsana communis.
Crepis virens.
Hieracium Pilosella.
Leontodon hirtus.
Lobelia Dortmanna.
Campanula _ rotundi-
folia.
Arctostaph. Uvaursi.
Erica mediterranea.
Primula vulgaris.
Lysimachia vulgaris.
Centunculus minimus.
Gentiana Amarella.
campestris.
Menyanthes trifoliata.
Calystegia sepium.
Veronica Tournefortii.
arvensis.
Chameedrys.
Anagallis.
Beccabunga.

Pedicularis palustris.
sylvatica.
Rhinanthus Cristagalli.
Utricularia minor.
intermedia.
Pinguicula vulgaris.
lusitanica.
Galeopsis Tetrahit.
Salicornia herbacea.
Suceda maritima.

Polygonum Hydrc-
piper.
lapathifolium.

November,

Rumex sanguineus.

Myrica Gale.

Salix cinerea.
aurita.

Empetrum nigrum.

Ceratophyllum demer-

sum.

Juniperus nana,

Listera ovata.

Epipactis palustris.

Orchis incarnata.
maculata.

Habeuaria conopsea,
viridis.

Narthecium

gum.

Juncus squarrosus.
effusus.
maritimus.
obtusiflorus.
acutiflorus.

ossifra-

Luzula erecta.

Typha latifolia.

Sparganium ramosum
simplex.

Lemna minor. _

Potamogeton natans.
prelongus.
pusillus.
interruptus.
filiformis.

Ruppia rostellata.

Zostera marina.

Eriocaulon septangu-

lare.

Scirpus pauciflorus.
ceespitosus.
fluitans.
setaceus.
lacustris.
rufus.

Eriophorum

tum.
angustifolium.

Rhynchospora alba.

Carex pulicaris.
paniculata.
vulpina.

vagina-

1905- PRAEGER.—-7he Flora of the Mullet and Inishker. 243

Carex echinata. Agrostis canina. Lastrea Filix-mas.

ovalis. Aira caryophyllea. dilatata.

reecox. i .
pre Catabrosa aquatica. Lycopodium Selago.
panicea. Festuca sciuroides. . : :

: : Selaginella selagin-
binervis. rubra. :

oides.

Hornschuchiana. Nardus stricta.
Anthoxanthum odor- Blechnum Spicant.
atutm. Athyrium Filix-fe- vulgaris.
Phleum arenarium. mina.

Chara aspera.

Three plants, recorded from the Mullet, were not found by
me. Camelina sativa, noted by Babington as frequent in flax
fields in 1836, has disappeared along with the flax in which it
was a denizen. Sezecio viscosus, recorded by the same writer,
appears to have been SS. sylvaticus. Finally, Geranium
pyrenaicum, noted by Dr. Moore as ‘near Belmullet, close to
the town,” may be there still, but was not met with. Its only
other western stations are inland and on the limestone, and
it may have been casual here.

The flora of Inishkea as enumerated above numbers 185
species and sub-species, according to /visk Top. Bot. standard.
The additional plants of the Mullet number 165, and deducting
from the sum of these two ro Inishkea plants not seen on the
Mullet, the total Mullet flora is seen to be 340, or 350 for the
Mullet and Inishkea. ‘Ihe following brief comparison
between three neighbouring isolated areas in West Mayo may
be instructive :-—

]
—— Mullet. | Achill. Clare I.
Axea, , : 45 sq. m. 57 sq. m. 64 sq. m.
Greatest height, 434 feet. 2,204 feet 1,520 feet,
Flora, : . 350 | 419 368

In this comparison, the extreme poverty of the Mullet flora
is the striking feature. This must be attributed mainly to
the absence of variety of conditions—to the monotonous
repetition of blown sand, poor tillage, and bog; and more
especially to the absence of mountains, which not only bring
in a new group of plants, but provide a certain amount of
broken ground and shelter.

244 The Irish Naturalist. November,

It is not necessary to analyse the flora of the Mullet accord-
ing to types of distribution, as the features of the Achill and
Clare Island floras are repeated there. Of the Irish types, the
Marginal is the only one largely represented; and the flora is
strongly calcifuge.

Hight of the plants recorded in this paper are additions to
the now well-worked flora of West Mayo :—

Ranuaculus trichophyllus. Convolvulus arvensis
Baudotii. Hyoscyamus niger.

Fumiaria officinalis. Ceratophyllum demersum.

Sium angustifoliuin. Potamogeton interruptus.

In conclusion, I wish to express my indebtedness to Messrs.
Arthur Bennett, H. and J. Groves, E. S. Marshall, H. W.
Pugsley, and W. Moyle Rogers, for kind assistance as. regard
certain critical plants.

IRISH SOCIETIES.

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Recent gifts include a Touracou from Mrs. Wilfred Davidson-Houston,
a Rhesus Monkey and some Chipmunks from Miss Evans, a Marinoset
from Mrs. Taaffe, two Cockateels and a Parrakeet from Mrs. Jackson.
wo young Nubian Lions, the gift of His Majesty the King, have arrived,
and form a valuable addition to the collection. Two Brown Lemurs,
two Black Lemurs. two Slender Loris, three Ichneumons, two
Chestnut-bellied Squirrels, and two Malabar Squirrels have been pur-
chased.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEPTEMBER 16.—GEOLOGICAL SECTION.—An excursion was made to
Colin Glen. On arriving at the lower portion of the glen a visit was
paid to several sections of the Rheetic and Liassic formations, which are
very well exposed at the present time. Various specimens of Rheetic
were picked up, containing a large number of fish scales, &c. The
party then proceeded to the upper glen where there are several good
exposures of Keuper marls, Liassic and Cretaceous rocks.

The following fossils were recorded: — Rhetic beds— fish teeth,
scales, &c., <Avicula contorta, Modiola minima, Protocardium: rheticum.
Liassic :—Ammonites Johnstoni, A. planorbis, Cardinia ovalis, urchin spines.
Cretaceous :—Corax sulcata, Lamna appendiculata, Hxogyra contca var.
laevigata, Exogyra columba, Rhychonella dimidiata var. convexa, &c.

1905+ 245
NOTES.

BOTANY.

The Numbering of the Botanical Divisions of Ireland.

In contributing a few words to the discussion which has been carried
on under this heading in the September and October issues of the Jrish
Naturalist, 1 would first of all draw attention to the headingitself. It is
decidedly misleading, since the real question at issue is not the number-
ing of the Botanical County Divisions of Ireland but the numbering of
the Botanical County Divisions of the British Isles considered as forming
a single botanical region. The numbering of the county-divisions of
Treland on a rational system is happily an accomplished fact. The
scheme of division and the sequence of the numbers proposed by Mr.
Praeger in this Journal in 1896, and used by him five years later in his
Trish Topographical Botany, is now accepted by Irish botanists as quite
adequate for the purpose in view. That purpose is to exhibit the
distribution of Irish plants in Ireland in much fuller topographical
detail than was admissible under the scheme of District Divisions adopted
in Cybele Hibernica. A scheme accepted by Irish botanists as the best
possible for their own island must of course stand, even should it fail to
meet with the approval of British botanists, whose acquaintance with
Irish botany and topography must be comparatively limited.

When Mr. Waddell (sugva p. 197) says that Mr. Praeger made “a
great mistake ” in not making “‘ his numbers run consecutively with
those of Great Britain,’”’ he seems to me to overlook the primary purpose
of the scheme of sub-division and numbering he finds fault with. When
he proceeds farther on to say that “it would be usefulifa Catalogue
were issued of British Flowering Plants,” he evidently means a Catalogue
of the Flowering Plants of the British Isles, which is a very different
thing. After all, Ireland is geographically no less than financially a
*“‘separate” entity from Great Britain, and there is little reason to
suppose that the fashion of “thinking imperially ” will ever become so
ingrained with Irish botanists as to lead them to confound their own
island with the more important island across the water.

The difficulty of devising a satisfactory scheme of numbering for the
botanical divisions of Great Britain and Ireland, viewed together as a
single botanical region, is a very real one, and is ably stated by Mr.
Waddell. Indeed, I think it is overstated, since the plan of numbering
suggested by Mr. Praeger (sugra p. 220) for use, when it is desired to
treat Ireland as a part of the botanical region of the British Isles, seems
to me to offer an adequate solution. An even simpler one might be
suggested. Let the numbers in the proposed Catalogue for the British
Isles have the contraction #7. set in front of the series of numbers
denoting the British distribution, and /y. in front of those denoting the
Irish distribution. By this plan it is possible at once to avoid all
ambiguity, and to save the space which might be occupied by the

246 The Lrish Naturalist. November,

frequent repetition of.the capital J before each of the Irish county
numbers. In cases where it may be necessary to refer to one of the
Irish county numbers separately, then the capital 7 may be prefixed to
avoid confusion.

With Mr. Praeger’s statement of the objections to Mr. Waddell’s pro-
posed scheme of numbering the Irish divisions from 113 to 152, as stated
in last month’s issue of this Journal, I fully concur. The proposed con-
secutive numbering for the British Isles from 1 to 152 has no doubt a
specious air of simplicity and uniformity, but none the less is it
essentially unscientific and misleading. Nor can any plea of necessity
be urged in its favour, unless it be a necessity to reject a carefully
thought out and already well accepted scheme of Irish county numbers
simply because it is Irish.

What is of cardinalimportance for Irish botanists—and, indeed, for
Irish zoologists as well, since the day is not far distant when the county
distribution of the various branches of our Irish fauna will be taken in
haud—is this, that the accepted scheme of numbering and sub-division
of the Irish vice-counties should continue to hold the field. The use,
even in a British Isles Catalogue, of the numbers 113 to 152 for the Irish
County Divisions would inevitably tend to weaken the hold of Mr.
Praeger’s scheme of numbering in Ireland itself, a scheme which so far
from being ill advised, as Mr. Waddell considers it to be, is in my
opinion the only really well considered scheme in existence.

N. COLGAN.

Sandycove, Co. Dublin.

The advantages of one common scheme for recording the range in
Ireland of all living creatures, whether animals or plants, are too obvious
to need advocacy. When such a scheme has been carefully thought
cut and published for the best-known of all our groups—the Seed-plants
and Fern-plants—it seems to me only reasonable to accept and use it
for our lists of other organisms. And I would venture to express a very
earnest hope that in the forthcoming list of the Hepaticee of the British
Islands, Mr. Praeger’s numbering of the County-divisiors may be
adopted, with the prefix “I.” to each number as suggested by him, or
of “Ir.” to the series as suggested by Mr. Colgan. Of these alternatives
the former seems to me preferable, because each number would then tell
its own complete story. P

Mr. Waddell’s suggestion to adopt Mr. Praeger’s divisions, numbering
them 113-152, seems to me the worst possible solution of the
difficulty. A series of numbers in which South Kerry follows Shetland
is thoroughly unscientific, and Mr. Waddell’s enumeration would clash
hopelessly with the two schemes (Watson’s and Taylor’s) already put
forward on this principle, with their numbers 113-149 and 113-148,
respectively. If the authors of the projected Catalogue of Hepaticze
cannot accept Mr. Praeger’s scheme, they had better adopt Watson’s old
scheme as it stands. But a mere Englishman fails to understand how
there can be two opinions among Irish botanists on such a question.

Gko. H. CARPENTER.

1905. Notes. 247

A new Liverwort from Ireland

In the Journal of Botany for October, Mr. W. H. Pearson describes and
figures a new species of Plagzochz/a, which he names P. £illarniensis, which
was discovered by him last June growing on a moss-covered stone close
to Tore Cascade, Killarney.

Artemisia maritima—-a new station for Co. Dublin.

In July last this rare species turned up quite unexpectedly in a new
County Dublin station, at the shore end of the Cardy Rocks, about a
mile north of Balbriggan, where it grows in some quantity on the top of
a low reef hardly five feet above tide mark. I had passed within a
stone’s throw of this station fully half a dozen times while engaged ina
botanical survey of the county without noticing the plant, and should
have passed it again on this occasion had my eye not been caught by a
single tall budding spike. The Artemzsta is admirably protected from
discovery by association here with a common lichen, closely resembling
it both in colour and in stature.

N. COLGAN.

Sandycove, Co. Dublin.

ZOOLOGY,

Irish Fresh-water Sponges.

Dr. Hanitsch, in his paper on ‘‘ The Freshwater Sponges of Ireland ”’
(Irish Nat., iv., 1895), noticed that Zuspongilla lacusti 7s liad been found in
Camlough River, Co. Armagh, and at Killakeen, Co. Cavan ; and fetero-
meyenia Rydert in Lough Doon, Co. Kerry. Since then, specimens of
these sponges have been received at the Dublin Museum from various
parts of the country.

Euspongiila lacustris has been found in the following localities: —Lough
Neagh ; Woodburn, Co. Antrim; Portarlington; Lough Carrowbeg, Co
Mayo; and Lough Corrib. This sponge thus seems to be as widely
distributed throughout the country as Dr. Hanitsch predicted. etero-
meyenta Rydert has been found in Lough Eagher, Co. Kerry (see /rish
Nat., viti., 1899, p. 217), and Loughs Fee and Ballynakill, Co. Galway.

JANE STEPHENS.
Dublin Museum.

Psithyrus campestris in Co. Carlow.

Referring to Mr. Halbert’s note on the above (suwfra, pp. 198-9), I have
taken this Pszthyrus here in considerable numbers. I have also taken a
few females of P. vestal?s, which seems to be much less commion here.

DENIS R, PACK-BERESFORD.
Fenagh House, Bagnalstown.

248 The Irish Naturalist. November, 1905.

Curious Accident to a Sand Martin.

A few weeks ago, when poking about the rocks to the south of Donagh-
adee, I heard a fluttering as of some bird in difficulties. Following the
sound I soon saw on a large rock, facing the sea at an angle of about
seventy-five degrees, a bird caught in some way. Making my way to it,
I put my hand on the bird, which turned out to be a Sand Martin.
One of its feet, which by the way was deformed, and short of a toe, was
caught under a limpet, by no means a large one, but all the efforts of
the bird were of no avail to free itself, and without doubt it would have
been drowned when the tide came in, had I not happened on the spot,
forced the limpet off, and let the bird fly away.

HAMILTON MCCLEERY,
Belfast.

Early Arrival of Hider Ducks.

On Saturday, I9th August, 1905, I saw at Cultra Point two ducks
which, from their large size, heavy build, peculiar markings, and
characteristic shape of bill and head, I am quite sure were Eider
Ducks; and subsequent reference to the plate in Dresser confirmed
my identification. On consulting that valuable and recent work
‘‘The Birds of Ireland,’ I find Mr. Ussher says—‘‘The Eider Duck
appears in Ireland only as a straggler on rare occasions, of which more
than thirty records are extant. These come from all sides of the island,
but most frequently from the north coast, especially Rathlin Island,
where Eiders have been shot on several occasions. It is only surprising
that they do not visit it more frequently, as the distance of Rathlin from
Islay—where the species breeds and is seen in large flocks—is less than
twenty miles. At Rathlin, Eider Ducks have been met with in April
and May, and once in September; but the bird is not known to have
occurred on the main Irish coast before November, the month in which
it most frequently visits this country.” Thus the above-noted occurrence
in Belfast Lough on 19th August appears to constitute an unusually
early record for Ireland. The only previous records from Belfast Lough
are one shot off Greencastle in October, 1877, and two shot in February,
1890.

R. LLOYD PATTIRSON.

Holywood, Co. Down. :

Natterer’s Bat in Co. Carlow.

I have to record the capture here, in August last, of a Natterer’s Bat,
kindly identified for me by Dr. Scharff. As this bat has only been
recorded from about six different localities in Ireland its occurrence
here is worth noting. I have also taken the Long-eared Bat and the
Pipestrelle here at different times.

DENIS R. PACK-BERESFORD

Fenagh House, Bagnalstown.

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Vol. xiv., No. 11.

CONTENTS. on err
Is the Minnow a Native of Tree ?—R. F. SCHARFF, Pu. D., woe
. M.R.I.A., .. : 5a . er
The Flora of the Mullet and Inishkea —R. ty. PRAKGER, ete = =gaGe-
IRISH SOCIETIES :— ae = ‘ ee 2
Royal Zoological Society. Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, <a os 244
NOTES :— : 2
The numbering of the Botanical Divisions of Ireland.—N. CoLGan, 2
M.R.LA. Prof. G. H. CARPENTER, ae ae ae -. 245-6
A new Liverwort from Ireland, Lie ee
Artemisia maritima—a new Station for Co. Dublin pi COLGAN, <5 21 ee
M.R.LA,, = 2 ee
Irish Fresh-water Sponges. —JANE STEPHENS, B. SCto as cee 7. I te
Psithyrus campestris in Co. Carlow.—D. R. Pack- BERESFORD, D Ag 5 fey
Curious Accident to a Sand Martin.—H. McCLEgRY, ..— ia 248
Early Arrival of Eider Ducks.—Sir R. Li. PATTERSON, .. oso 5 = ee

Natterer’s Bat in Co. Carlow.—D. R. PACK-BERESFORD, D.L oe 228

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRIGULTURE AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND.
LIST OF THE DEPARTMENT’S LEAFLETS.

NUMBER. | NAME. :
Leaflet No. 1 The Warble Fly.

” ” z Out of Print.

* Pe) Out of Print.

4) ae Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1900.

” Faye Separated Milk as Food for Calves.

+ 7 ae Chariock Spraying.

- aye, Fluke in Sheep.

~ 5. Timothy Meadows.

a | The Turnip Fly.

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» » 14 Prevention of Potato Blight.

: ao Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1893, and (Amendment)
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- 10 Sheep Scab.
ale. The Use and Purchase of Manures.
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an ra Early Potato Growing.
4 A 4) Calf Rearing.
a reat Diseases of Poultry :—Gapes.
; eee Basic Slag.
i ees Dishorning Calves.
* + 24 Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls.
= 125 Fowl Cholera.
‘ “20 Winter Fattening of Cattle.

_ eee Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.

:, Lee Blackleg, Black Quarter, or Blue Quarter.
x nee, Flax Seed. ‘

F pee.) Poultry Parasites—Fleas, Mites, and Lice.
- Po Winter Egg Production.

val 4 eA Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys.

Be re) Profitable Breeds of Poultry.

as »» o4 The Revival of Tillage.

es BIO The Liming of Land.

= 7 30 Field Experiments—Barley.

y ey 3 . Meadow Hay.

‘s 1» 38 is > Potatoes.

9? +9 39 9 ”» Mangolds.

” ” 40 ” o° Oats.

99 $9 4 v) ” Turnips.

» 42- | Permanent Pasture Grasses.

+ » 43 The Rearing and Management of Chickens.
‘“ » 44 ** Husk ”’ or ** Hoose ” in Calves.

»» 40 Ringworm on Cattle.
» » 46 Haymaking,
2 Sy OL The Black Currant Mite.
F » 48 Foul Brood or Bee Pest.
5 4D Poultry Fattening.
- 700 Portable Poultry Houses.
* 0) The Leather-Jacket Grub.
* eae Flax Experiments.
i oo The Construction of a Cowhouse.
- 59. 04 Calf Meal.
= 19 OO The Apple.
s sesle) Cultivation of the Root Crop.
.% EON, Fruit Packing.
mo Peet) Sprouting Seed Potatoes,
eS: Oo Seed Testing Station for Ireland.
*s 7 OO The Packing of Butter.
- sol The Care of Milk for Creameries.
re i, 02 Plans for Creamery Buildings.

Copies of the above leafiets can be obtained free of charge and post free, on ap:
plication to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for

Ireland, Upper Merrion-street, Dublin, Letters of application so addressed need
not be stamped,

IRISH NATURALIST, VOL. XIV. |

To face page 249. |

JOHMANNIA INSIGNIS, Berlese.
Co. Dublin.

(PLATE:

{sist

December, 1905. The Lrish Naturalist. 249

A NEW IRISH MITE,

LOHMANNIA INSIGNIS, BERLESE.

BY PROF. GEORGE H. CARPENTER, B.Sc., M.R.I.A.

CPCArE. 7).

[Read before the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, 14th November, 1905.]

IN June, 1904, I received from Mr. J. Bell, gardener at
Tibradden House, near Rathfarnham, Co. Dublin, seedlings of
Kidney Beans with the roots badly gnawed on the surface.
The work of devastation was due in part to springtails of the
genera chorutesand Lifura,and in part to elongate, light-
brown mites, about 1 mm. in length, which were crawling
over the roots, and biting up the epidermis with their
cheliceree. The appearance and habits of these mites were
suggestive of large Tyroglyphidze, but microscopic examina-
tion soon showed that they possessed the _ peculiar
pseudostigmatic organs (Plate 7, fig. 4) that characterise the
Oribatide or ‘‘ Beetle-iites,”’ and that they must therefore be
referred to that family. It soon became clear thai they did
not belong to any species described in Michael’s well-known
monograph of the British Oribatidz', and I took the oppor-
tunity of showing specimens to Mr. Cecil Warburton, who
happened to be in Dublin ebout that time. He expressed the
opinion that they represented a species new to science, be-
longing or closely allied to Michael’s genus Lohmannia.
About twelve months previously a number of Irish mites
collected by Mr. J. N. Halbert and myself, had been sent for
identification to Dr. A. Berlese, the eminent Italian acarinolo-
gist. A week or two afterwards he sent to us a copy of a paper?
in which he had described from an Irish specimen the very
species that was puzzling us! He had referred it to the
genus Lohmannia, naming it L. zwszguis. I have given a short

1 A.D. Michael “ British Oribatide,” 2 vols. London (Ray Society,
1883-7.
2A. Berlese. “Acari Nuovi,” Manipulus 3. fedza. vol. 1i., 1904, pp.
IO 32, pls. I, 2.
A

250 The lrish Naturalist. December,

account of the mite in a recent paper’ and figured its principal
details. The faunistic importance of the animal justifies, I
believe, a somewhat fuller reference to it in this magazine, and
by the courtesy of the Royal Dublin Society’s committee of
scientific publications I am able to reproduce (Plate 7) the
figures.

The genus Lohmannia was formed a few years ago by
Michael? for two continental species, one German, the other
Italian, and Berlese has, in the paper just quoted, described two
or three additional species from Italy. The genus is therefore
new to the British Islands. Its species are remarkable among
the Oribatidze for their elongate, pale appearance, resembling
the immature (nymph) forms of the typical, rotund and
blackish members of the family, whose firm, dark cuticle has
given rise to the term ““Beetle-mites” In Lolimanwia ene
abdomen is elongate; each short, stout leg terminates with
a single claw, the second pair of legs being situated close
to the first, and the fourth pair close to the third (Plate 7,
figs. I, 2, 5). The cheliceree (fig. 3) are powerful and well
adapted for gnawing vegetable tissues. The dorsal plate of
the abdomen is flexed far round on the ventral surtace where
it touches the lateral “ cover” that bounds the anal and genital
areas (fig. 2).

Dr. Berlese describes Lohmannia insignis as follows :—

“Terreo badio-fuliginea, abdomine vix pallidiore, pedibus laete badio
depictis. Corpus elongatum. Anticum conicuim, apice peracutum sat
convexum. Abdomen ad dorsum planum, rectangulum, antice recte
truncatum, postice rotundatum, pilis aliquot brevibus, simplicibus
ornatum. Derma nitidum. Organe pseudostigmatica (ex pseudostigmis
dorsualibus exorta), longa exilia ramusculis exilibus ornata. Pedes
crassiusculi, fuscescentes, uniungues, tarsis anticis ovalibus, sat latis.
Inter congeneres maxima.”

The features which seem specially to distinguish ZL. zusignis
from other species of the genus are the simple bristles on the
abdomen, and the slender, pectinate pseudostigmatic organs
(fig. 4). It is not often that an animal, which forces itself on
our attention by damaging cultivated plants, is found to be

1G. H. Carpenter, ‘‘ Injurious Insects and other Animals observed in
Ireland during the year 1904.” LZcon. Proc, R. Dublin Soc., vol. 1., pp.
281-305, p's. Xxlii.-xxvl.

2A.D. Michael. Oribatidein “ Das Tierreich.” Berlin, 1898.

1905. CARPENTER.— A new Lrish Mite. 251

referable to an undescribed species, still less to a genus hitherto
unknown in its fatherland. - There is no evidence to suggest
that the mite has been introduced from abroad. Its increase
in numbers and consequent discovery are very probably duc
to a change of feeding habit, for the Oribatide as a family,
though vegetable-eaters, are generally found among moss or in
decaying wood. ‘The attack by Lohmannia insignis on the
living tissues of the bean seedlings may well have beenincited
by the provision, through the gardener’s labours, of such a rich
supply of a new food which on trial proved highly satisfactory
to the mites.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7.

Fig. 1. Lohmannia insignis, Berlese, dorsal view; legs removed, x 45.
2 -: na 5 ventral view, X 45.

3 a - chelicera, x 120.

4. - , 4: left pseudostigmatic organ, X 120.
5 = 5 ; terminal segments of foreleg with

claw, X 120.

NEWS GLEANINGS.

The Battersby Collection of Lepidoptera.

We are glad to be able to record that the well-known Battersby
collection of British and Irish Lepidotera has been presented by Mrs.
Battersby to the Museum of the Belfast Natural History and Philo-
sophical Society in College-square, Belfast. Among the many thousand
specimens are the original var. hzbernzca of Melitea aurinia, being the
types from which Birchall named the variety. In view of the confusion
which has existed about the var. Azbernica, it is important to know where
the original specimens can be seen.

Queen’s College, Belfast.

The Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club has opened a subscription list in
aid of the special effort now being made to improve the equipment of
the local Queen’s College. Subscriptions can be sent to the Secretaries
before December 25th.

The Waterford Museum.

The small museum started some years ago at Waterford has been
transferred to a room in the new Carnegie Library, under the direction
of R. J. Ussher, the Hon, Curator. We wish the institution every
success,

4:2

252 The Trish Naturalist. December,

INSECTS AT ROSSES POINT, CO. SLIGO.
BY REV. W. F. JOHNSON, M.A., E.E.S.

Mrs. JOHNSON and I spent the month of June at Rosses Point
and devoted most of our time to collecting insects, which,
however, were by no means as abundant as might have been
expected, a state of affairs probably attributable to the cold,
wet spring. Our collecting grounds were practically three,
the sandhills and adjoining grass lands as far as Drumcliff
Bay; the shore of Sligo Bay adjoining the coastguard
tation ; and inland among low, juniper-clad hills) ‘The first-
mentioned was the most extensive and productive and claimed
most of our attention.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Of butterflies I met with but four species, Satyrus semele,
Epinephele janira, Cenonympha pamphilus, and Polyommatus
icarus ; the last-named was the most numerous and very fine
and brilliant.

Three species of Ghost Moths were met with, Hepizalus
lupulinus, H. velleda, and H. humuli, the last two being very
abundant. Numbers of the larve of A7ctia caia were observed
crawling about in the sandhilis on the Bent, &c. I did not
employ sugar, so we had to rely on our nets for any captures
of moths, the only Noctuze met with were Mana fasciuncula
and Habrostola triplasia. Besides these we captured Vudaria
mundana, Fidonia atomaria, Melanippe subtristata, Coremia
fluctuata, several of the beautiful C. pectinitaria, a couple of
Thera simulata at Juniper, Emmelesia albulata, Eupithecia
venosata, a single specimen at Szlene maritima (I think I was
rather late for this species), &. vivgaureata ; Pionea fuscalis, P.
forficalis, and Scoparia ambigualis were common in meadows ;
on the shore near the coastguard station there was a quantity
of Bindweed growing, and here were numbers of the beautiful
White Plume 4ciptilus pentadactylus ; they were very con-
spicuous in the grass atdusk and we secured a long series ;
they appeared to be just emerging from pupa. The only
other Plume obtained was Mimesioptilus bipunctidactylus.
Among the Micro-lepidoptera the most noteworthy is

1905 Jounson. —/nsects at Rosses Point, Co. Sligo. 253

Cnephasia octomaculana taken on the shore near the coast-
guard station flying at dusk: this appears to be an addition to
the Irish list, as I cannot find any record of its previous occur-
rence. Besides this we captured /Yefterognomon icterana, and
Penthina pruniana, which occurred in some numbers, flying
round blackberry blossom on a curious abrupt hill which had
evidently in bvgotie days been a rude fortress, and which we
found the country folk believed to be the haunt of fairies ;
Sericoris cespitana was in great numbers, and many varieties ou
the golf links and race course ; aid along with it S. /acunana,
Aphelia osseana, Xanthoselia hamana, and 7inea fuscipunctella
coniplete the list.

COLEOPTERA.

Beetles were fairly plentiful, and though the list is not a
very long one it makes up for quantity by quality, as I have
the pleasure of recording four species hitherto unrecorded
from Ireland, as well as several additions to the records of the
province and county.

The species new to the Irish List are Philonthus lepidus,
Stenus incrassatus, Platystethus capito,and Saprinus immundus,
all four were taken on the grassy land immediately behind the
sandhills, the first and last in cowdung and the other two
among the herbage.

Philonthus lepidus, Grav. which I have introduced above as
an addition to our Irish List, seems to be very local. The
only places where it has been taken in England appear to be
Deal, where it was taken among Marram on the sandhills,
and Lancaster, where it occurred in river refuse. Commander
Walker, M.A., F.L.S., kindly compared my specimen with his
taken at ;,Deal, and tells me that it agrees well with them
except that it is a shade larger. It is remarkable to find on
the west ‘coast of Ireland a beetle whose chief habitat is on
the south-east coast of England. JI should not, however, be at
all surprised if it turned up in other suitable localities.

I have marked those new to Connaught with + and those
new to Sligo with *, and I have omitted the very common
species. Votiophilus substriatus* exhibited a very small form,
being only 34 mm. in length. Three species of Dyschiszus
were met with, viz. :—D. znpunctipennis, D. politus, and D.

254 The lrish Naturalist. December,

globosus ; all were plentiful. Amara bifrons*, A. tibialist,
and 4. familiaris*, were none of them plentiful, and were
taken crawling about on the sand; in two places we took a
large number of Zachypus pallipest, one place was a large
depression among the sandhills which might at one time
have been a shallow lagoon, the other was the point at
Drumcliff Bay; they were very numerous and very active
but difficult to detect at first from their habit of remaining
quite still beside a stone or a plant. Mrs. Johnson first
detected them, but it took us some practice to find them with
facility. This beetle has been recorded in Ireland trom only
one other locality, viz., Coolmore, Co. Donegal, where it was
taken by Mr. Langham (/rish Naturalist, vi., p. 58). ¢

J was very much disappointed about water-beetles, as I fully
auticipated meeting with some good species in a place so well
supplied with suitable localities, but the results of our efforts
in this direction were meagre in the extreme, //ybius obscurust
being the only one worth mentioning. Among the
Hydrophilidz I need only record Laccobius minutust.

I was much pleased to find a specimen of Xantholinus
cribripennis, Fauvel, among my captures at Rosses Point. This
capture extends its range southwards. It has been already
recorded from Magilligan, and Buncrana, where it was taken
by the late Mr. Buckle, and from Coolmore, Bundoran, and
the banks of the River Erne, near Ballyshannon, where it was
taken by myself. It would be very easily overlooked in the
tield, for it looks very like the commou X. /inearis.

I was much surprisedto find so few Staphylinidee in sea-
weed, which is usually so prolific of them. Vainly did we
turn and shake suitable lumps, the beetles were not there, and
at last we gave it up. I may say that most of the “staphs”
captured were taken in cow-dung. The most interesting were
the following :—Quedius rufipes*, Philonthus intermedius*,
Ph. cruentatust, Ph. sordidust, Ph. quisquiliarius, Stilicus
simtlist, Bledius arenarius (very abundant at the mouth of a
little stream) B. pallipest taken sparingly with the following
in the sandy plain behind the sandhills and near toa small
lake. I believe in winter this part is subject to flooding, and
there were pools of water near which the Lledius were most
numerous This species has only been recorded once

1905. Jounson.—Z/nsects at Rosses Point, Co. Sligo. 255

previously in Ireland by myself from Ardara (Ent. Mo. Mag.,
XXVilil., pp. 310-311). B. fuscipes, B. longulus, B. erraticus,
Lesteva longelytratat, and Homalium riparium which exhibited
some small forms. We found no burying beetles nor any
Silphas except S. swbvotundata, in fact this section was very
poorly represented; we got a few Hister carbonariust and
Saprinus eneust in cow-dung; Coccinella xi-punctata were
evidently not emerged as we saw but few. Besides this I may
note C. vii-punctata, Khizobtus litura, Coccidula rufa, and
Meligethes eneus. Aphodit were fairly well represented, eight
species being obtained, viz, <A. fossort, A. fetens, A.
fimetarius, A. scybalurius, A. ater, A. pusillust (very abundant,
has only been known from Antrim and Down vide Irish List’,
Pp. 731), A. rufipes and A. depressus. Other Lamellicorns were
Geotrupes stercorarius, Serica brunnea, and Plyllopertha horticola.
Only one species of skip-jack was met with---the common
but handsome Corvymbites cupreus. Donacia sericea was very
abundant on Iris in a little stream, and D. szmplex*, F. was
taken on the shore of one of the lakes, and in the same
locality Phedon armoracie*, 1, Longitarsus was represented
by L. jacobze and L. levist, both pretty plentiful on the sand-
hills. Mrs. Johnson took a single Wacerdes melanuray on the
point at Drumecliff Bay, and might have got more but that
she thought it was TZelepbhorus fulvus, to which it bears a
resemblance. I had hoped to meet with the large white form
of Philopedon geminatus, but could only find the type;
Poophagus sisymbrit* was captured by sweeping water-plants
in the little stream mentioned above.

I have to thank Mr. J. J. Walker, F.L.S., for kind help
with some of the critical species.

Acton Glebe, Poyntzpass.

1 Johnson and Halbert, Proc. R./. Acad. (3) vol. vi , 1902

256 The Irish Naturatst. December,

IRISH SOCIETIES.

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Recent gifts include six Silver Pheasants from Mrs. S. lL. Low, two
Chameleons from Miss MacDonnell, two Peacocks from Mrs. H. Devine,
a Goldfinch and a Canary-finch from Mr. John Beers, and a Macaque
Monkey from Mr. Edward B. Curzon. Four Jackass Penguins and two
Cinereous Vultures have been purchased.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEPTEMBER 9.—Excursion to Church Hill. A party of eighteen took
train to Portadown, whence, being reinforced by some local members,
they drove to the peat factory near Maghery, over which they were con-
ducted by Mr. Garnet, managing director. On arrival at Church Hill
the party was swelled by the arrival of fourteen members of the Tyrone
Field Club. At Church Hill the leading feature proved to be the large
nests of the Wood Ant (Formica rufa) which were studied with much
interest. Tbe best plant found was J/ercurialis perennis, a new station for
this rare species. The number of species of birds noted during the day
was twenty-nine. Tea was served at Portadown, and a prize for the best

collection of plants was awarded to W. H. Robitison, whose set numbered
seventy—one species.

BELFAST NATURAL HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHICAL
SOCIETY.

NOVEMBER 7.—Arthur C. Muir, C.A., lectured on “ Belfast Civic
Undertakings.”

DUBLIN NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEPTEMBER 23.—EHXCURSION TO PORTRAINE.-—Members and visitors
to the number of twenty-six took the 12.30 train to Donabate. From
there the party walked to the shore, where the Ordovician inlier was in-
vestigated under the conductorship of J. de W. Hinch, Hon. Sec. Great
interest was shown in this striking development of volcanic activity and
many typical specimens of porphyritic andesite were obtained. The
coral reefs and graptolitic shales of the district also yielded good results.
The party returned to Dublin after having tea at Portraine Asylum.

OCTOBER 31.—ANNUAL, CONVERSAZIONE.—The winter session 1905-06
was opened by a conversazione in the Royal Irish Academy House, which

1905 Proceedings of Irish Soctettes. 257

was largely attended by members and visitors. The meeting commenced
at 7.30 o’clock, and at 8.30, the’ Vice-President (C. B. Morrat, B.A.) took
the chair and welcomed the visitors. Prof. Core then delivered a
lecture on ‘‘A Student’s Tour around Ireland.”’ which gave an account,
illustrated by lantern slides, of the annual tour of the agricultural
students of the Royal College of Science. Messrs. W. H. Phillips
{President Belfast N.F.C.) and Nevin H. Foster, M.B.O.U., represented
the Belfast Field Club at the meeting. During the evening a number of
scientific exhibits were displayed, inciuding the following:—R. M.
BARRINGTON, F.L.S.—/unco hion:alis and Hypolats polyglotta, two birds new
to Ireland. F. G. BELY,.—Collection of photographs relating to natural
history. Miss BERNARD.—Speciimen of Russian Convolvulus. W. B.
BRUCE.-—Collection of Irish grasses. J. J. BucKLEHyY.—Tonga clubs.
F. W. BURBIDGE, M.A. (President). —Collections of Botanical Specimeus.
Prof. G. H. CARPENTER. B.Sc.—(a) Irish specimens of the Warble-fly
(Aypoderma bovis) with eggs, larvee, and puparia; (4) New Pycnogonida
from the deep Atlantic region of the Irish marine area. Miss CONAN.—
Collection of South African plants. H. K. GoRE CUTHEERT.—Lantern
slides from photographs taken on D.N.F.C. excursion to Moorhill, June,
1905. J. Durry.—Gold-bearing quartz from Croghan Kinshelagh, Co,
Wicklow. F. O’B. EL ison, B.A. (a) Microscopic exhibit of young
wood-louse entrapped in a utricle of U¢ricudarta; (6) Illustrations of
diffraction in microscopic objects. Miss ELMES, B.A.—Collection of
rock-specimens and crystals from the St. Gothard, Switzerland. A H.
FooRD, Ph.D.—Scottish Carboniferous fossils. N. H. Foster,
M B.O.U.—Down feathers from nests of Axnatide (12 species). W. F.
GUNN.—Some diagrammatic statistics of the Club. W. F. GuNN and
Miss WINIFRED GUNN.—Autuuminal fruits. J. N. HALBER?T.—(qa) Irish
Lepidoptera (Moths) from the collection of the Science and Art Museum ;
(2) Arrhenurus neumani, Piersig, a Water-mite new to the British Isles.
J. A. HENDERSON.—Collection of rock-specimens from: Co. Fermanagh.
STANLEY W. Kemp, B.A.--Deep-water Echinodermata from the West
Coast of Ireland. Prof. TI. JoHNson, D.Sc, F.L.S.—(@ Spongosphora
Solani, Brinch, a Potato Slime-fungus; (4) Stereograph from the
Botanical Collection, National Museum. Miss M. C. KNowLkEs.—(a)
Leaves from awhite deposit underneath a cut-away bog. Drumshambo,
Co. Tyrone; (4) Collection of casuals from Straffan, Co. Kildare. [Both
from Botanical Collection National Museum.| Miss M‘ARDLE.—Set of
Irish flowering plants yielding dyes. [From the Botanical Collection,
National Museum.] F. NEALE.—Nest of Long-Tailed Tit from Mul-
huddart, Co Dublin. A. R. NicHors, B.A—(a) Eggs of Chilian
Tinamou (Nothoprocta perdicaria); (6) Eggs of Pentland’s Tinamou
(Ztnamotis pentland?), Chili. GRO. H, PETHYBRIDGE, Ph.D., B.Se., and
R. LL. PRAEGER, 3.A., B.E.—Map showing distribution of vegetation in
district south of Dublin. Gro. H. PETHYBRIDGE, Ph. D., B.Sc.—Field
maps, showing progress of Vegetation Survey in district north of Dublin.
R LL. PRAEGER, B.A., B.E.—Some rare plants collected last season in

258 The lrish Naturalist. December,

Clare, Mayo. Leitrim, Cavan. and Monaghan. R. F. SCHARFF, Ph.D.,
M.R.I.A.—Some animal remains obtained during the excavations for the
foundations of the new College of Science in Dublin. Henry J.
SEYMOUR, B.A., F.G.S.—Geological photographs from North Donegal
and Lambay Island. R. C. Simpson.—(a) Banksia aiba (Bottle Brush),
New South Wales; (4) Xylomelum pyriformis, Native or Wooden Pear,
New South Wales. EDWARD WILLIAMS.—(a) Specimens of Greenland
Falcon (Falco candicans), and Iceland Falcon (Falco islandus); (6) Ruffs
(Machetes pugnax) in various stages of plumage.

LIMERICK FIELD CLUB.

NOVEMBER I.--ANNUAIL, MEETING.—H. V. Moroney, B.E., President,
in the chair. The President delivered an address on ‘‘ Field Club work,
aud what it includes.” The Annual Report was read by J. F°G. Windle,
Hon. Secretary, and contained the following :—The membership shows
an increase of 8, being 125 as against 117 last year. ‘The Committee
regret the loss, through removal to Cork, of R. A. Phillips, one of the
Club’s most active botanists. The winter programmie, as carried out,
was as follows: NOVEMBER 3—Annual meeting and exhibition of
scientific objects. &&. NOVEMBER 15—Account of the Sligo Field Club
Conference, by R. Lloyd Praeger. Attendance, 60. DECEMBER I6—
‘Microscopic Animal and Vegetable Life,” by Rev. J. H. Thomas, B.A.
Attendance, 50. JANUARY 17—Photographic night. Attendance, 30.
JANUARY 31—Short papers and exhibits, including “ Design,’ by Miss
Alice Doyle; ‘' Leucojum estivum and its habitat around Ijmerick,”
by R. D. O’Brien, and additions to the Limerick flora by R. A. Phillips.
Attendance, 30. FEBRUARY 21—‘ Rocks and Rock Structures,” by
H. J. Seymour, B.A. Attendance, 50. MArcH 14—Forests, wild and
cultivated, by Augustine Henry, M.A. Attendance, 56. MARcH 28—
Rambles in Desmond and Thomond with a Photographer, by P. J.
Lynch. . Attendance, 65. Three excursions were held during the
suvimer—to Adare on June 8, to the Glen of Aherlow and Ballinacourty
on July 20, and to Rathkeale and Knockfierna on August 10. The Club
“Journal” was published in August at acost of £20125. As regards
finance, a small credit balance is carried forward, and the Conimittee
make another appeal on behalf of the O’Curry Memorial Fufid. During
the year the Club has lost two members by death—G. J. Hewson, M.A.,
and Mrs. Goggin. ‘he report and accounts were adopted. The fol-
lowing executive for the eusuing year was elected :— President, J. F’G.
Windle ; Vice- Presidents, H. V. Morony, P. J. Lynch; Committee, Mrs
Gibson, J. F. Gaffney, E. H. Bennis, W. J Foyerty, B Barrington, Rev.
J. H. Thomas, W M. Beauchamp. Hon. Treasurer, Joseph Stewart
Hon. Secretaries, George Fogerty, Miss Alice Doyle. Journal Com-
mittee, Rev. James Dowd, P. J. Lynch, George Fogerty.

R. J. USSHER subsequently lectured on ‘‘ What the Caves teach us.”

1905. 259

NOTES.
BOTANY.

New County Records for Monaghan and Fermanagh.

Towards the end of July last, while on a visit to my friend the Bishop
of Clogher at Bishopscourt, near Clones, we made a rather careful
survey of the grounds and the adjacent bog-land, with the result that
five new species were added to the flora of Monaghan, No. 32 of the
Irish botanical vice-counties. In the grounds quite close to the house
we found Leontodon hirtus and the rare sedge, Carex strigosa; in the bog
Andromeda Folifolia appeared in considerable quantity, associated with
Rhynchospora alba, while Veronica montana was found in abundance in a
shady lane leading towards the Ulster Canal. Adding to these the
Toothwort (ZLathraca sguamarta), which was observed in Bishopscourt
wood in the spring of the year, the total of new records for Monaghan
from this small area is brought up to six. Evidently the flora of
Monaghan has been but imperfectly explored.

A day spent in ascending Cuilcagh from Belcoo, by way of the Marble
Arch, was very disappointing in its botanical results, since it added but
one new species to the flora of Fermanagh, vice-county No. 33. Although
it attains to a height of 2,188 feet, and has a considerable extent of cliff-
surface facing north-east, and in some points reaching to fully 1,900
feet, Cuilcagh yielded a very poor flora. At 1,000 feet Lizstera cordata
appeared; at about 1,600 feet Vaccinzum Vitis-Idea and Hymenophyllum
unztlaterale ; at 1,800 feet Polypodium Phegopteris, and Saxtfraga stellaris ; and,
sole addition to the Fermanagh’ flora of all the plants on this north-
eastern face of the mountain (which belongs entirely to that county),
Lycopodium clavatum turned up insome quantity on grassy slopes at 1,400
feet. Returning to Clones from Belcoo by rail next morning, another
addition to the Fermanagh flora was observed at Lisnaskea station,
where that pushing alien, A/atricaria discotdea, appeared ou the per-
manent way. ‘This record’ brings up to 24 the total of Irish county
divisions in which this species has appeared.

N. COLGAN.

Satidycove.

Limerick Plants.

To the current number of the Journal of the Limerick Field Club (June,
1905), Mr. R. A. Phillips contributes a readable article on ‘‘ Some notes
on the Flora of Limerick.’”’ The best plants new to the district which
are mentioned are Polygonum mite and Carex aguatilis, the former not
found previously in Ireland south of Leitrim, nor the latter south of
Dublin. The proof-reader has hardly done justice to the paper, and the
generic names Lynohnzs and Hzeraciuns strike us as unfamiliar. The paper
is illustrated by a plate made from an excellent photograph by Dr.
George Fogerty of Leucojum estivum growing in the Ballinacurra marshes—
a plant of which we hope to hear more from Mr. Phillips and others.

To the same number Mr. R. D. O’Brien contributes some botanical
notes, chiefly on the distribution and standing of Leucojum.

260 The lrish Naturalist. December,

Plants of the Cavan Lakes.

Last August I spenta little time in the lake country lying between Cavan
and Belturbet. There are innumerable small lakes here, all drained by
the River Erne, which flows as a broad winding sluggish stream through
the country, often assuming a lake-like form. The botany of this Upper
Erne district is little known, though David Moore did some exploration
about Belturbet, and three of the rarer plants which I found— Hyd ocharis
Morsus-rane, Carex Pseudo-cyperus, and Lastrea Thelypteris—already stood
recorded from the district in his name. Of the plants I mention, some
dozen are new to Cavan, and half a dozen to the Erne basin.

Of species frequent about this lake country, Ranunculus Lingua,
Myriophyllum spicatum, Callitriche autumnalis, Cicuta virosa. aud Potamogeton
heterophyllus, are worthy of mention. The following also occurred each
in several stations— Siam Jatifolium, S angustifolium, Hydrocharis Morsus-
van@, Cladium Mariscus, Carex teretiuscula, C. Pseudo-cyperus. The little
Bun Lough, south-east of Belturbet. proved a productive spot. Here
grew Rumex Hydrolapathum, Juncus obtusifiorus, Sparganium minimum, Chara
polyacantha, In drains extending thence to Tonawally Lough Lemna
gibba, rare away from the sea, was present in vast quanity; and along a
hundred yards of the eastern shore of the lake Lastrea Thelyfleris
flourished in greater profusion than I had seen before, forming a
miniature forest thirty feet in breadth, with a height of up to two feet.
Annagh Lough yielded, in addition to other plants, Potamogeton Zizti and
Isoetes lacustris, both new to Cavan. The following may also be men-
tioned :—Polygonum minus—plentiful by one of the arms of Lough
Oughter ; P. mzte, Shantemon L., and a puzzling form which Mr. Bennett
is inclined to refer to the same species is abundant by L. Oughter, west
of Devon Cottage ; Juncus diffusus—by Shancorn Lough (the fourth Irish
station) ; Potamogeton obtusifolius var. fluviatilis Lange and Mort., Beaghy L, .
Carex filifornits, lake-side north of Devon Cottage; Glycerta plicata, Tona-
wally Lough.

The Mints of this district are varied and puzzling. Mr. Bennett made
the following determinations :—J/. hirsuta var. nederheimensis Strail?,
Shantemon L.; 4/. sativa var. paludosa, Annagh L.: JZ ventilts, Lough
Oughter.

R. LLOYD PRAEGER.

Dublin.

Epilobium alsinefolium in Co. Leitrim.

Mr. Praeger’s note on Epilobium alsinefolium in the Lrish Naturalist for
October suggests a long delayed notice of an incident regarding its
discovery in Glenade. Mr. R. P. Vowell and I were botanizing together
on the cliffs in the beginning of July, 1884, having received a small
grant from the Royal Irish Academy for exploring the Ben Bulben range.
Mr. Vowell drew iny attention to a couple of large beds of an Zpzlobium
which was not in flower. I pulled a few bits and threw them away,

1905. Notes. 261

saying, ‘‘ only montanum.” However, on again looking at the plant and
observing its somewhat brittle stem with shining greasy-looking leaves,
I became reconciled to Vowell’s opinion that it might be something else,
and we collected more. Returning to Dublin, anything out of the
common was, as usual, shown to my old friend, Mr. A. G. More; he
at once decided that the Zpz/obium might be alsinefo/ium, and said, “Send
it to Baker at once.” This was done, and Mr. J. G. Baker not only
confirmed More’s suspicion, but said the plant was undoubtedly
E. alsinefolium. On the facts above stated it is clear that it was Mr. R. P.
Vowell who really detected this interesting plant for the first time in
Ireland, and not myself.

It may be readily confounded with Z. montanum when not in flower,
and Syme, in Sowerby’s “ English Botany,” 3rd Edition, says under this
species, ‘‘ The figure in Engl. Bot., No. 2000, certainly does not repre-
sent £. alsinefolium. It seems to mea broad-leaved form of £. obscurum,
but possibly it may have been taken partly from Z. obscurum and partly
from the small mountain state of 2. montanum.’ See also ‘‘ Notes on the
drawings for ‘English Botany,’” by F. N. A. Garry: Journal of Botany,
July, 1903.

R. M. BARRINGTON.

Fassaroe, Bray.

ZOOLOGY.
Irish Deep-water Schizopods.

In a report of the Schizopods collected by Mr. George Murray during
the cruise of the ‘“‘ Oceana” in 1898 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) vol. xvi.,
1905, pp. I-10, pls. i, ii.), Messrs. Holt and Tattersall describe and figure
two new species, viz.: Katerythrops oceane and Gnathophausia drepanephora.
These were obtained in deep water, about 200 miles west of Valentia, in a
tract which lies partly within and partly without the Irish marine area.

Lepisma saccharina at Portadown and Poyntzpass.

A specimen of this Apteron was sent to me bya friend from Portadown
with a request for information respecting it. As Iwas quite unacquainted
with it I sent it to Mr. J. N. Halbert, who very kindly identified it
for me.

In Professor Carpenter’s note on the Aptera of Belfast district (Guide
to Belfast: British Association, 1902, p. 216), he gives this species as
recorded by Templeton from Cranmiore, which is now part of Belfast. I
cannot find any other record of its occurrence in Ireland. My friend
found the insect in his kitchen and I have found it in mine. I should
be very glad of any information respecting its habits. Mr. Halbert
informs me that, as far as he knows, it is not injurious.

W. F. JOHNSON,
Poyntzpass.

262 The lrish Naturalist. December,

[Zepesma saccharina occurs in some Dublin houses, and I have received
specimens from Mr. R. J. Ussher, taken at Cappagh, Co. Waterford.
Probably the insect is widely distributed in Ireland. It may occasionally
devour food-stuffs, but I believe its usual food is old paper and wood-

work.
Gy Een

Phyllodromia germanica at Poyntzpass.

I was very inuch surprised to find a specimen of this cockroach in my
dairy. It had evidently been brought in an egg bcx from London, for I
had just opened the box previous to observing the insect. Iam the
more confirmed in this opinion as Mr. Eland Shaw, F.E.S., in his
Synopsis of the British Orthoptera (Zz. Mo. Alag., xxv., p. 370), states that
he has met with it in large numbers in London restaurants, and in
the Zoological Gardens; andthe same gentleman recordsit from Lincoln
(Ent. Mo. Mag., 2nd Series, vol. xiv., p. 92). It appears to be a native of
woods in Central Europe. This occurrence gives a good example of the
manner in which insects are spread.

W. F. JOHNSON.
Poyntzpass.

[Some years ago I saw Phyllodromia germanica swarming in the kitchen
of acertain Dublin hotel; I have also received it from Strabane.

GhHeey

Convolvulus Hawk-moth at Sligo.

In Nature of October 27th, 1904, the Rev. J. Meehan recorded the
capture of a ‘‘ Striped Hawk-moth” at Sligo. Having been recently in
correspondence with Father Meehan on the subject, I learn from him
that the insect is not (as might be inferred from the above name)
Deilephila livornica, but a worn specimen of Sphinx convolvult.

GO. H. CARPENTER.
Dublin.

Geomalacus maculosus on Deenish Island, Co. Kerry.

While ashore on Deenish Island on July 22nd, a friend drew my
attention to a slug which he had found. The specimen proved to be
Geomalacus maculosus, Allman, the Kerry Spotted Slug. This species has
several times been taken on the mainland near Derrynane, but, so
far as I know, has not hitherto been found on any of the islands.

STANLEY W. KEmp.,
Dublin,

1905. Notes. 263

Occurrence of a Numb Ray in Dublin Bay.

The Torpedo Fish (Zorfedo nobiliana) or Numb Ray, as it is locally
called by fishermen, is the only species of electric fish we possess in
Irish waters. Itis rarely obtained, being really a southern species which
has extended its range northward as far as the British Islands. A
specimen was caught a few weeks ago in Dublin Bay by a trawler. The
spiracles were unfringed, and the colour of the back was of a reddish
grey with a few darker spots scattered about here and there. It wasa
female fish measuring 2 feet 9 inches in length and 1 foot 8 inches in
width. The weight was 25 lbs.

R. F. SCHARFF.

Dublin Museum.

Fox Shark in Sheep Haven, Co. Donegal.

The Rev. A. G. Stuart, of Ballymore, Letterkenny, kindly sent me the
photograph of a large fish which was caught in a net by fishermen in
Sheep Haven. The forked tail, the upper branch of which is extremely
elongated, also the general shape of the body and pectoral fin
pointed clearly to the specimen belonging to the Fox Shark (A/ofzas
vulpes). The fish measured 15 feet Io inches according to Mr. Stuart.
The largest Irish specimen hitherto recorded measured only 14 feet in
length.

R. F. SCHARFF.
Dublin Museum.

Ornithological Notes from Londonderry.

From reports I had received from time to time I had reason to believe
that the Grasshopper Warbler (Locwuste/la navia) was a visitor to our dis-
trict, but it was only this year that I had the pleasure of seeing the bird,
and hearing its characteristic song. Mr. Thos. Gibson found it last
May near his garden at Altnafoyle. within a mile of our city.

A second Greenland Falcon (Falco candicans) has turned up on the
Donegal coast. One wasshot at Horn Head. and reported in the /7sh
Naturalist. Another was shot at Glenties, about 25th October. I had
the pleasure of examining it. It was a mature female, in the beautiful
white plumage.

The Shoveller ( Spatula clypeata) has increased very much as a breeding
species at Lough Swilly of late years. Last spring fifteen nests were
found in one field on the slob-land near Inch.

The Sheld-duck (7adorna cornuta) also seems to be on the increase.
Larger numbers are now annually seen on Lough Swilly and Lough
Foyle.

The Quail (Coturnix communis), bred within a few miles of Derry in
1904 ; and again this year they were reported from the same place, and
from another locality. I think of late years the Quail has been a regular

264 The Trish Naturalist. December, 1905.

visitor to this district. I had the pleasure of acquiring for our City
Museum a specimen of the rare Rednecked Grebe (Poddcipes grisetgena).
It was shot at Lough Swilly in 1875 by Mr. John Bond.
I) C. CAMPBELT,.
Londonderry.

Decrease of Crossbills.

Since 1889, when the first nest was found here, Crossbills bred
annually, and were to be seen almost daily, summer and winter, except
at certain times, when they probably wandered away for a few weeks at
a time.

Their breeding-haunt has been a grove of old Scotch firs on a hill-top,
but their distinctive call-note of ‘“‘Gip, gip,” was to be heard in all
directions as they flew overhead; they daily visited running water, or
the eave-shoots of my house, from which they drank when there was
water in them. |

In the end of March, 1904, two Crossbills’ nests were found; one of
these was examined on 17th April, and was found to contain young
which had recently been killed, and the brains of one of them picked
out. Isent them to Mr. Edward Williams, who suggested that they
had been killed by a Squirrel, as the nature of the wounds appeared to
have been caused by biting,

Since then Crossbills have almost disappeared, and through the
breeding season of 1905 they were absent from their favourite haunts.
They have been once observed near my house on 7th November, but
that is the only observation of them made here this year.

This lack of Crossbills coincides with a rapid increase of Squirrels,
animals that were formerly unheard-of in this county. In May, 1899,
we saw the first of them, and then a Squirrel about once a year, until
the last couple of years, where they have built through the plantations,
and may be seen daily in every direction.

I should like to know if Crossbills have cisappeared in other parts of
Ireland where they settled after their great immigration, or increase, in
the later eighties, and if there is any reason to think that the increase
of Squirrels observable in so many localities may have contributed to
this decrease of Crossbills.

R. J. USSHER.

Cappagh.

Quail in Co. Waterford.

On 6th June, 1905, I heard a Quail calling distinctly in a meadow at
3allynamedagh. The last time I had heard it in this district was on
1Ith July, 1888.

R. J. USSHER.

Cappagh.

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eS seer eS Le Aztec eee Sa oie se

Vol. xiv., No. 12. 3 . eae = ae igs age "December, 1905.
| CONTENTS... BS SS nese ee ;
A New Trish Mite (Plate 7): —Prof. Gro. H. ‘Ganonsrn B. Sa! Sag
NEws GLEANINGS, .. ieee = Z 2
Insects at Rosses Point, Co. Sligo. —Rev. W. ©: ‘JouNSON, tes a
| MA VRS? Se ‘ Se eS ee ese

IRISH SS eraRS: —
Royal Zoological Society. “Belfast Naturalists! Field Club. Belfi | :
Natural History and ease cue Society, a 22 = 256

Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, _ AF = z 256
Limerick Field Club, % 0 23 a ee eS: 328
NOTES :— : eae
New eR for Monaghan and Ease _N. i COLGAN, :
Limerick Plants, ist ee ae
Plants of the Cavan Lakes, se LLOYD PRAEGER, ‘3 oe
Epilobium alsinefolium in Co. Leitrim.—R. M. BARRINGTON, M. A, aoe
Trish Deep- -water Schizopods, = = ee a
Lepisina saccharina at Portadown and Poyntzpass. —Rev. W. F. ae
JOHNSON, M.A,, -. 261
Phyllodromia germanica at Poyntzpass. —Rev. W.F. JOHNSON, M. A., 262
Convolvulus Hawk-moth at Sligo.--Prof. GEo. H. CARPENTER, .. 262
Geomalacus mwnaculosus on Deenish Island, Co. Kerry. —STANLEY Woo ae
Kemp, B.A., -262-—
Oecurrence of a Nunib Ray in Dublin Bay. “Fox shark in Sheep Bess a
Tayen, Co. Donegal.—R. F. SCHARFF, PH.D., = FS. 263
Ornithological Notes from Londonderry. ie oe CAMPBELL, 263 =a
Decrease of Crossbills. Quail i in Co. Waterford.—R. J. USSHER, D. i Ee so 96res

Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland.

DUBLIN MUSEUM.

—

MUSEUM DEMONSTRATIONS, 1905-1906;

Demonstrations or Informal Lectures, intended to direct attention to ‘some of the aa
most interesting parts of the Collections will be given in the Museum durins the Winter. - |
The following will be given on Tuesday afternoons and will be followed by others of

which due notice will be given.

Dec. 5 Col. G. T. Plunkett,C.B., ©. NEW OBJECTS IN THE MUSEUM.
, 12 Mr. Nichols, M.A,M.RIA., ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE. -
» 19 Mr. Brenan, R.H.A., .. . LACE.
Jan. 9 Mr. Halbert, : ‘ . INSECT ENEMIES OF DOMESTI-
. CATED ANIMALS.
, 16 Mr. Alabaster, . : . JAPANESE BRONZE.
, 23 Professor Cole, F.G.S., . THE GROWTH OF A MINERAL.
,, 30 Mr. Dudley Wostronp:: PEWTER.
Feb. 6 Prof. Johnson, D.Sc., F.L.8., THEPLANTS IN SHAKESPEARE’ Ss
PLAYS.

The Demonstrations will commenc2 at 4.35 p.m., and Visitors are requested to be inthe

Museum by 4.30 p,m
Tickets free on sllause at the Office in Leinster House, Kildare-street.

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