1 Kaunas (Etlg f itbltr ICtbrarg This Volume is for REFERENCE USE ONLY From the collection of the 0 Prejinger San Francisco, California 2006 PRICE, 10 CENTS. JANUARY, 1897- VOL. XI. No. 1. 112 DEARBORN ST., COPYRIGHTED BY G. E. GIRLING. 3 TO 24 INCHES IN DIAMETER. 2 TO 26 FEET LENGTHS. ...FOR... Irrigation, Hydraulic Mining, Water Works, Stock Ranches, Etc. Connections and Fillings to Suit Sirvice Required. ABENDROTH & ROOT M'F'G CO., 28 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. IRRIGATION MADE CHEAP. THE "NEW ERA" GRADER AND DITCHER. ADDRES8- One mile of this style of ditch, 24 feet wide at top, 16 feet wide at bottom and 5 feet deep can be built by 3 Men and ±2 Horses in from 15 to SO Dajs; or 2£ miles of laterals per day, 3 feet wide and 15 inches deep; any size between at the rate of 1,000 to 1,500 cubic yards per day. Reversible Road Machine FOB SMALL LATERALS. Contractors' Plows. Wheel and Drag Scrapers Rock Crushers and Rollers Fn i b MFG. GO. Bound Periodical Carpenter Street and Carroll Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL. Mention the IRRIGATION ACE. 1047495 THE IRRIGATION AGE, Published by G. E. GIRLING. (IttONTHLY, ILLUSTRATED.) THE IRRIGATION' AGE is a Journal of M'estem America, t ccognized throughout the World as the exponent of Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer journal of its kind in the rcorld and has no rival in half a continent. It advocates tlie mineral develop- ment and the industrial grozt'th of the West. CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1897. THE PROGRESS OF WESTERN AMERICA Irrigation in the Message of the Governor of Wyoming 1 Some Recommendations 1 In the State Legislatures 2 A State Engineer for Utah 2 F. D. Coburn for Secretary of Agriculture 4 Some States Omitted from the National Committee 4 Opportunities in the West 4 Industries Seeking a Change 5 Information for Homeseekers Wanted 5 The Proposed Agricultural Exhibit .' 5 INTERESTING CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES The Art of Irrigation, Chapter XIX. The Amount of Water Required. By T. S.Van Dyke 6 The Influence of Forests on Irrigation. By B. E. Fernow 10 Montana as an Object Lesson. By George H. Scott 12 The Windmill in Irrigation. By W. C. Fitzsimmons 15 A Farmers Fish Pond. By R. Haldeman 16 Alfalfa Experiments 17 How Farmers Live in Cuba 17 ILLUSTRATIONS Governor W. A. Richards of Wyoming . i Boulevard, Ontario, Oregon 3 Orange Grove in California 10 A Cabbage Field in Western Kansas . . 13 TERMS:— $1.00 a year in advance; 10 cents a number. Foreign Postage 5oc. a year additional. Subscribers may remit to us by postoffice or express money orders, drafts on Chicago or New York or registered Letters. Checks on local banks must include twenty-five cents for exchange. Money in letter i« at sender's risk. Renew as early as possible in order to avoid a break in the receipt of the numbers. Bookdealers, Posmasters and News Dealers receive subscriptions. THE IRRIGATION AGE, CHICAGO. The Irrigation Age Directory. THE following list has been compiled for the benefit of those desiring to be placed in immediate communication with parties dealing in Irrigation and Mining Machinery or Appliances, Real E-ttate Dealers, Irrigation and Mining Engineers and Attorneys. If you desire to purchase anything not represented on the list kindly write direct to THE IRRIGATION AGK and you will be furnished free with information regarding it. Apt-motor*. The Acrmotor Company, Chicago. Attorney*. ('lesson 8. Kinney, Salt Luke City, Utah. J. S. Painter, 84 Adams S ., Chicago. A. G. Wolfenbarga'. Lincoln, Neb. Winder C. Davis, Marine Bldg., Chicago. < 'able ways. LidgerwoodMfg. Co.,!M> Liberty St., New York <'ity. Civil, Irrigation and Minnm Engineers. J. H. Nelson, Loveland, Colo. \Vin. Ham. Hall, San Francisco. Cal. \V. P. Hardesty. Salt Lake City, Utah. H. Clay Kellogg, Anaheim, Cal. A. C. Romig. Abilene, Kan Edw. M. Boggs, i'ucson, Ariz. Jas. T. Tayior, Los Ang-les, Cal. Current Motors. F. ( '. Austin Mfg. Co., Chicago. Dredges and Excavators. Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, Ohio. F. C. Austin, Manufacturing Co., Chicago. Drug* and IVIebicliies. R pans Chemical Co.' New York City. Dehomers. A. ( '. Brocius, Cochranville, Pa. Examiner of Lands. E. E. Owens, Los Angeles, Cal. Caroline and Hot Air Engine*. Weber Gas & Gasoline Engine Co ., Kansas City, Mo. DeLamater Iron Works, HIT West Broadway, New York City. Van Duzen Gasoline Engine ( '<>., Cincinnati'. American Well Works, Aurora, 111. Incubators. Reliable Incubator Co., Quincy, 111. Yon Culiu Incubator Co., Delaware City Del. Land (traders. !•'. ( '. An-tin, Manufacturing Co., Chicago, B. F. Shuart, Oberlin, Ohio. Live Stock. S. \V. Smith, Cochranville, Pa. Louisiana Lands. Senlell & McKcnzie, Hammond, La. E. P. Skene, Land Comr. 111. Cent. R. R., Chicago. Magazine* and Papers. Land of Sunshine, Los Angeles, Cal. Pn-scott Courier, Prescott, Ariz. The Journal of the Association of Engineering Societies, Philadelphia, Pa. The Earnest Christian, Denver, Colo. The Nebraska Farmers, Lincoln, Neb. The Tourist-Homeseeker, tiOO, 114 Dearborn St., Chicago. The Poultry Tribune, Freeport, 111. H iiii 111^ Stocks. Meehem Investment Co., Colorado Springs, Colo. New Mexico Lauds. IVrns Irrigation and Improvement Co., Eddy, N.M. John E. Frost. Topeka, Kan. New Era (»r«dcrs. F. C. Austin, Mfg. Co., Chicago. Pianos. Pease Piano Co., Chicago and New York. Poultry. J. W. Miller Co., Freeport, 111. Pump*. The Acrmotor Co., Chicago. Jos. Menge, 105 Tchoui'itouiasSt., New Orleans, La Seaman A- svhuske, Si. Joseph, Mo. American Well Works, Aurora, 111. Railroads. Santa Fe Route, Geo. T. Nicholson, G. P. A., Chicago. Burlington Route, P. S. Eustis, G. P. A. Chicago. and J. Francis, G. P. A., Omaha, Neb. Great Northern Railway, F. I. Whitney, G. P. A.. Si. Paul Minn. Northern Pacific, Railway, ('bus S. Fee, G. P. A., St. Paul Minn. Chicago Great Western, F. H. Lord, G. P. A., Chicago. Union Pacific, Denver & Gulf Railroad, B. L. Win- chell, G. P. A., Denver. Denver & Rio Grande Railway, S. K. Hooper G. P. A. 1 enver. Kio Grande We-torn Railwav, F. A. Wadleigh, G. A. P., Salt Lake City, > tab. Illinois Central Railroad,. A. H. Hanson, G. P. A., Chicago. Wisconson Central lanes, Jas. C. Pond, G. P. A., Milwaukee, Wis. Texas & Pacific Ry,, Gaston Meslier, G. P. A., Dal- las, Texas. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry., Geo. H. Heaf- ford, G. P. A., Chicago. M. K. & T. R. H., H. A. Cherrier, N. P. A., 310 Mar- qnette Bldg., Chicago. Heal Estate. Peeos Irrigation and Improvement Co., Colorado Springs, Colo. John E. Frost, Topeka, Kan. Thos. H. Girling, 803 S. Third St., Minneapolis, .Minn. J. S. Painter, S-t Adams St. Chicago. I. A. Fort, North Platte, Neb. E. P. Skene, Land Com. 111. Central Railroad, Chicago. E. D. Johnson, Lexington, Neb. Sentell & McKenzle, Hammond, La. Benj. W. Thompson, 407 Boston Blk., Minneapolis Minn. Se wing Machines. Cash Buyers' Union, Chicago. Surveyors' Instrument*. Grade Level Co., Jackson, Mich. Tree Protector*. Yucca Mfg. Co., .Los Angeles, Cal. Water Pipe. Abendroth Root Mfg. Co. 28 CliffSt, New YorkCity. water Wheel* and Turbines. Jas. Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio. Well Drilling machinery. F.C.Austin Mfg. Co., Carpenter St. and Carroll Ave., Chicago. Williams Bros., Ithaca, N. Y. Well Machine & Tool Co., St. Louis, Mo. American Well Works, Aurora, 111. Windmills. The Aermotor Co., Chicago. American Well Works, Aurora, 111. Wire Fence. K itselman Bros., Ridgeville, Ind. |i IRRIGATION ADVERTISEMENTS TflE MILIS RIVER VALLEY MONTANA FREE QOVERNflENT LAND can be easily and cheaply irrigated from running streams and storage resevoirs. Five co- operative farmer ditches in the vicnity of Chinook, Yantic and Harlem. Land can be bought with water right, or colonies of farmers can build their own ditches. Land produces all the saple grain and root crops. Good markets and shipping facilities. Bench lands furnish fine range for horses, cattle and hheep. Rich gold, oilver and copper mines and timber in the Little Rockies and Bear Paw Mountains, along the southern edge of the Valley Large veins of coal crop out of the river and creek bottoms. For information and printed matter, address THOMAS O. HANLON, Chinook, Mont. For particulars about the Teuton Valley Col- ony, write to Z. T. BURTON, Burton, Mont. For routes and rates to Montana points and descriptive matter, address F. I. WHITNEY. G. P. & T. A., Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn. $IO,OOO,OOO.OO IN GOLD was dug out of the hills at Cripple Creek in 1896. 1897 will show a much better record and this will be contributed to very materially by Mutual Benefit M. & L Co. whose property is situated on Globe Hill, and is surrounded by some of the largest mines in the camp. At a distance of 1,350 feet from the mouth of their tunnel this company recently made* A Big Strike of pay ore, eight feet wide, from which they will commence shipping soon. We advise a purchase of this stock now before they do this for the price will then be advanced. It can be had at 5%c per share in not less than 100 share lots. Orders must be sent in at once to realize at this price. Address THE MECHEn INVhSTMENT CO. COLORADO SPRINGS, «>!,<>. The Poultry Business pays when conducted under the rules laid down in our NEW POULTRY BOOK AND CATALOGUE FOR 1897. Handsomely printed in colors, giving illustra- tions and descriptions of all the leading breeds of fowls, plans for poultry houses and yards, tested remedies for all diseases of poultry that are invaluable to any breedt-r. It tells you all about our Millhook Farm, the most extensive poultry farm in the country. la fact it is the largest, best, and most beautiful poultry book ever printed, and is worth many dollars to any one interested in poultry. Sent postpaid for 10 cents, stamps or silver. TheJ. W. Miller Co. Box FREEPORT, ILL. RIO GRANDE WE GREAT SALT LAKE ROUTE. The Only Direct Line TO THE UintahandUncompachre Indian Reservations UTAH Millions of homes now awaiting settle- ment in a land fair and rich. RESOURCES UNLIMITED. The Rio Grande Western Ry. traverses the richest valleys of Utah, which can be made to provide all the necessaries and many of the comforts of life. Write to F. A. AVadleii pamphlets, etc. MENTION THE IRRIGATION AGE. | IRRIGATION ADVERTISEMENTS '&~iSF~* (THROUGH CAR SERVICE ^^ VIA THE ) ^ ILLINOIS CENTRAL NEW ORLEANS FROM A COLD CLIMATE DIRECTLY SOUTH IN A FEW HOURS TO A WARM CLIMATE PULLMAN BUFFET SLEEPING CAR SERVICE Every Tuesday and Saturday from Chicago, at 9.10 p. m. In connection with the "Sunset Limited" of the Southern Pacific from New Orleans. THROUGH PULLMAN TOURIST SLEEPING CAR Every Wednesday from Chicago, at 2.20 p. m. From Chicajro to Los Angeles and San Francisco in connection with the Southern 1'acilic Co. from >'ew Orleans. Particulars at Central Route City Ticket Office, H. J. PHELPS, CITY PASSENGER AGENT. 99 ADAMS ST. MENTION THE IRRIGATION AGE. i IRRIGATION IH ADVERTISEMENTS fcjl MINING DO YOU WANT TO GO EAS7? Or would you like to exchange your western holdings for property in the Middle States? The people of this coun- try are perpetually restless, ever seeking a change, sometimes in search of a better climate, but more frequently in the hope of bettering their condition, and conse- quently good exchanges can always be effected between the different sections. If you have farms, ranches, orchards, stock, timber lands, city property, etc., and want to exchange for property in the Eastern or Midle States, consult me, and I will assist you. J. S. PAINTER. 84 Adams St., Chicago, 111. J. H. NELSON, civil and P.O. Box 515, Loveland Colo. Sixteen years experience in charge of construc- tion and operation of Irrigation Works. Winder C. Davis Counsellor and Aitorney-at-Law Abstracts of Titles Examined Collections Promptly Made 34 MARINE BLDG. CHICAGO, ILL. Choice Irriqated Lands f\ «•' in small tracts, to suit. Easy terms at first cost. Corre- spondence solicited. E. D. JOHNSON & CO., Lexington, Neb. large and A. G. WOLFENBARGER T. F. A. WILLIAM" WOLFENBARGER & WILLIAMS IRRIGATION LAWYERS Every phase of this important branch of law professionally treated. Offices 108-109 Burr Block LINCOLN, NEB. A. C. ROMIQ, C. E., County Surveyor & Dealer in Real Estate Especial attention given to the purchase and sale of irrigable lands in the Smoky Hill Valley, Contour profiles and levels for irriga- tion plants furnished with completed sales. Office in the Court House, Abilene, Kans. Nsbraska Irrigated Lands for Sale. At low prices, on easy terms, to actual settlers' Colonies settled and located. Prices from $5 to 830 per acre. Address I. -A.. Chairman of Nebraska Irrigation Immigration Committee NORTH PL.ATTE, NEB. CLESSONS.KINNEY ATTORNEY AND COU NSELOR-AT- LAW Practices in all State and Federal Courts COMMERCIAL BLOCK, - SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH. SPECIALTY.— Law of Irrigation and Water Rights. Examination and opinion relative to titles to Irriga- tion and Water-right properties. Also examination and reports made upon the values of properties, and the extent of Irrigation enterprises in any part of the Arid West. Corporations organized. Suits brought and defended. REFERENCES.— McCornick & Co., Bankers; Com- mercial National Bank; and to any other bank or mercantile house in the city; also to the Judges of the Supreme Court of Utah; Judge Thos. M. Cooley, Ann Arbor, Mich. Author of "Kinney on Irrigation," including law of Water Rights and Appropriation of Waters. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. MORE MONEY can be made from a flock of hens than from a like amount invested in almost any other enterprise. THE POULTRY .TRIBUNE TELLS HOW. A 28 to 32 page Magazine, nicely illustrated containing each issue interesting information from the most suc- cessful poultrymen in the country. Subscription, 50 centsperyear. A TH REE MONTH'S TRIAL TRIP for 10 cents silver. It will please you. Send at once to THE POULTRY TRIBUNE, FREEPORT, ILL. EXAMINER OF LANDS. We make a specialty of examining lands. Intending Purchasers and Colonists will find it to their special benefit to have an expert's opinion before they buy land in California. Correspondence solicited. E. E. OWENS, Los ANGELES. CAL. 1 * ' 1 1 I ' 3 i i i i iWOVEN.WM.FENCE h / V \ A A A A I Best on Earth. Horse-high, Bull- i YYY\T our DUPLEX AUTOMATIC Machine '\ / A\ v 12 to 2O cts. a Rod. ffl \7\A/\/\J OYer 50 s*y|es> ^atalopnie Free. ffiffl /7T"\7l KITSELWIAN BROS., U ii V if BO* eo. Ridgeville, Ind. ' THE NEBRASKA CLUB to print for them -3=0,000 GOI^IDESaJ over and above the regular weekly issne, each month for six mouths Of Reliable Agricultural Information about Nebraska. If you are interested send for copy FREE, to MB. CHAS. E. WILLIAMSON, Secretary Nebraska Club, Omaha, Neb., or to NEBRASKA FARMER CO. Lincoln, Neb MENTION THE IRRIGATION AGE. The Pecos Valley of New Mexico. The part of the Pecos Valley which The Pecos Irri- gation and Improvement Company has undertaken to reclaim by irrigation, is situated in southeastern New Mexico, extending into northwestern Texas, and com- prises a large asea of as highly productive agricultural and horticultural land as can be found on the Ameri- can continent. At intervals along the Pecos River, for a distance of 165 miles, have been constructed dams, reservoirs and cannals, furnishing an abundant and unfailing supply of water for 400,000 acres, over one-half of which area is already covered by the cannals. The reservoirs have a total capacity of 6,300- 000,000 cubic feet of water; the cannals, with the main ai d sublaterals, have a total lenght of 1,500 miles. l,jJO miles. About 75 300 acres are al- r«_jJyin the hands of Ss ttlers, of which over 2^ JOO acres are in atixal cultivation, 2,- 50J acres being in 01 :hards and vine- yards. To further de- velop this region, a standard gauge rail- way, 164 miles long, has been built through the entire length of tie Valley. Towns aud villages have been si irtea, of which Eddy an I Roswell are the largest, the former having about 2,500, and the latter about 2,000 inhabitants. Hagerman, Otis, Flor- ence, Francis and Mal- ago are also growing villages. This work was undertaken a little over seven years ago, and has already cost over four millions of dollars. The Pecos Valley now ranks as the largest • irrigation enterprise in America, and one of the largest in the world. A THREE-YEAR. OLD ARPLE TREE IN THE PECOS VALLEY. Soil, Climate and Productions. .'he soil of the Pecos Valley is, in the main, a sandy kdtn, and is of remarkable depth and richness. The cii nate is warm and sunny, practically wiuterless, wi.h long growing seasons, and likewise possesses wonderful health-giving and restoring properties, especially for pulmonyry and many other chronic diseases. This soil and climate, with the abundant water supply unite to produce bountiful crcps of all the grains, grasses, berries, vegetables and fruits of the temperate zone. Such forage crops as alfalfa, sorghum, Indian and Egyptain corn grow most luxur- iantly, making the feeding of cattle, sheep and hogs a tujst profitable industry. The suger beet attains a perfection not reached elsewhere in the United States, if in the world. A beet sugar factory, with a daily capacity of 225 tons of beets, is being built at Eddy, and wilf be in operatiou November 1, 1896. To sup- ply this factory the farmers of the Valley are now putting in fully 2,500 acres of beets, for which the sugar factory has contracted 1o pay $4 per ton deliv- ered at any station on the Pecos Valley Railway, the company paying the freight to the factory. At this price, and with the large yield per acre in the Pecos Valley, the farmer should clear all the way from $35 to $75 per acre from his crop of beets. In the raising of fruits the Pecos Valley will take its place among the most highly favored sections of our land. All the standard .ruits of the temperate zone are successfully raised, while several of these attain a per- fection rarely equaled and nowhere sur- passed. At the head stand the apple and pear, closely followed by the peach, grape, nectarine, apricot plum, prune and quince. All the small fruits grow in abund- ance. The fruits of the Pecos Valley are without blemish, su- perb in form and color- ing, and of unequaled flavor. In a few yeari they will be found in all the great mar- kets of the country, commanding topmost prices because of their beauty and perfection. Social and Edu- cational. The Pecos Valley is being settled in the main by progressive and intelligent people, the majority being Americans, mainly from the Central West. As a result, schools and churches are found in everj' town and village in the Valley. The Pecos Valley, while attracting the general farmer and fruit. grower, holds especial attractions for those whose health requires an outdoor life in the dry, elevated region of the Rocky Mountain plateau; and these will there find not only the health they seek, but profitable occupa- tion as well. Not only does this life appeal to the health-seeker, but also to the thousands all over our land, and especially in our large cities, who wish to exchange the life of grind and drudgery and marrow- ing industrial conditions, for one of independence and a larger hope for the future. For prices of land, and terms, with copies of illus- trated publications, address The Pecos Irrigation & Improvement Co., Eddy, New Mexico. (ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. VOL. XI. CHICAGO, JANUARY, 1897. NO. i THE PROGRESS OF WESTERN AMERICA. Irrigation in the Themessage of Grov- Message of the ernor Win. A. Rich- ' Governor of Wyom= ards, of Wyoming, ing- to the legislature which convened Jan. 12. is a timely and valuable addition to the irrigation liter- ature of this country, and an event of no mean importance in the settlement and development of the arid West. So far as our information goes, he is the first Governor of an arid State to give agri- cultural development the foremost place in a legislative message, and is the first to consider not material results, but the betterment of institutions, on which the enduring success of irrigated agriculture must ultimately depend. In this message he shows clearly the importance of the grazing lands as a factor in promoting the reclamation and profitable use of the irrigable lands. This is a phase of the irrigation problem, which has been gen- erally neglected and overlooked. It is our belief that many of the facts which he cites are not only new to nine-tenths of the people of this country, but the majority of our congressional law-makers as well. Some of these are worth summarizing: First: Four-fifths of the state of Wy- oming is grazing land. It can never be reclaimed and its only value so far as agriculture is concerned, is the pastur- age it affords. Second: This land is now an open common. Those who use it pay nothing to the state or nation for the privilege. There is no incentive to its improvement, W. A. RICHARDS, Governor of Wyoming. but on the contrary, the absence of any law providing for its occupation or dis- posal makes such improvement impos- sible. Third: The growth of settlement is increasing the number who desire to use this land, and is producing various con- troversies and conflicts over its occupa- tion. It has already resulted in over- stocking and the destruction of the native grasses, in many sections and is steadily impairing its pasturage value. THE IRRIGATION AGE. Some The Governor re- Recommendations, commends that the land laws be so changed that settlers on irrigated land can have the right to lease a small portion of the contiguous grazing land. Believing that the state governments are entitled to the pro- ceeds of these leases, and they can man- age these lands better than it can be done from Washington, he recommends that the arid states be given control of all the undisposed public lands within their border, and be authorized to lease the grazing land to the settlers at a low rental. He supports his recommenda- tion by the following argument. Whatever may be thought of the ex- pediency of this action, there can be no difference of opinion as to the evils of our present land system, or of the policy of inaction and neglect, wThich has thus far characterized the national admini- stration of the arid public domain. It is subjecting the mountain forests to accelerated devastion by fire and threatens the complete destruction of the native grasses on the plains, through restock- ing and improvident use. Such a policy imperils both the growth and ultimate success of irrigated agriculture, in the arid states. It is a continuation of the policy which permitted and encouraged thousands of honest homeseekers with energy in their bodies and hope in their hearts, to attempt to make homes in the semi-arid region, where the climatic con- ditions made it hopeless from the outset. The privation and misery, the wasted lives, the millions of dollars expended and lost in this useless attempt to extend a humid agriculture into a region of in- adequate rainfall, all had its primary origin in the inducement and deception of the homestead law. The people w7ho settled the semi-arid plains thought they were the recipients of the nation's liberality. They were really the victims of its neglect. We do not wrant this repeated in the arid states. Congress should either create an arid land system or it should place the states in a position to do so.. The views of THK A(;K were expres>ed in the December number. They are in thorough accord with the recommendations of (Jovernor Richards, Few men are better fitted by experience and training to deal with this question than the executive of Wyoming. For many years a prominent civil engineer in the west: engaged in the construction and management of important irriga- tion works; the owner and cultivator of an irrigated farm; the Surveyor General of the State of which he is now the governor, he brings to the discussion of this question a thorough knowledge of both the technical and financial prob- lems of canal building; of the evils of the public land system and of practical irri- gation from the standpoint of the farmer. We believe his recommenda- tions are entitled to and will receive the thoughtful consideration of all who are interested in this question. In the State The State Legislatures Legislatures. liave convened in all the western states. The old governors have submitted their annual messages and the governors recently elected have made their inaugural addresses. In nearly all of these messages the importance of irrigation has been recognized and if some of the suggestions are adopted, it will show a good result as the winter's work. With its usual enthusiasm Kan- sas has introduced a bill in the House of Ke|>resentatives, to place the occupants of the penitentiary at work reclaiming the far western portion of the state by building irrigation canals and ditches. Of course no one seriously anticipates the passing of the bill at this time, but it will not be long before the convict contract system Avill be abolished and then something of this kind may be hoped for. Already bills have been in- troduced into the legislatures of other states and as soon as the routine of committee appointments is finished some active work may be expected. I' tali wants a state engineer: Nebraska is try- ing to adopt a revision of its irrigation district law: Colorado requires the regu- lation of water already appropriated; Idaho is seeking some means of protect- ing capital invested in irrigation enter- prises and Texas is working on a similar plan: California is deep in the intricacies of the numerous phases of irrigation applicable to that state, and so on throughout the list. Even Minnesota has taken up irrigation and a bill is o 2 w o o o Q rt -< !> W THE IRRIGATION AGE. under consideration and will probably be presented at this session. A State Engineer The establishment of for Utah. the office of State En- gineer is advocated in the message of Governor Heber M. Wells, of Utah. The necessity of the State supervising the building of dams is self-evident and there can be no question that such an official should be vested with power to inspect, approve or condemn all engineer- ing wrorks, whether they relate exclu- sively to irrigation or to other industries. From an irrigation standpoint the office of State Engineer is of the utmost im- portance and within reasonable limits. the power conferred upon him, should be extended until it covers the appropria- tion of water as well as the erection of dams. Utah is to be congratulated upon the stand taken by Governor Wells and the legislature cannot do better than provide for the appointment as early as possible. F. D. Coburn At its regular an- for Secretary of nual meeting in To- Agriculture. peka, Jan. 15, the State Board of Agriculture of Kansas unanimously passed a .resolution endors- ing Secretary F. D. Coburn for Secre- tary of Agriculture in the McKinley Cabinet. This is one of the most sensi- ble suggestions yet made. The Secre- tary of the Kansas Board of Agriculture is thoroughly familiarwriththenecessities of the practical (as different from the political ) farmer. Under his able admin- istration the work of the Board of Agri- culture has been modified and extended until it has become of the most practical usefulness to the every-day farmer. The bulletins and reports issued have been confined exclusively to practical and in- teresting topics and have not been de- voted to mere theorizing, and Secretary Coburn is a man of wide exparience and liberal views, and he would render valu- able service if chosen to preside over the Agricultural Department at Washing- ton. It requires a man of Mr. Coburn's ability to make the Department what it was orginally intended for, and not as it is at present, a laughing stock of the country. Some States Omitted from the National Committee. the last congress A careful examina- tion of the list of the executive com- mittee appointed at fails to reveal any members from the states of Wyoming. Oregon or So. Dakota. All of these states are identified with irrigation, and two of them, Wyoming and So. Dakota particularly so. It can truthfully be said of Wyoming that it has in force the most efficient and satisfactory laws re- lating to irrigation of any arid state. Not being as old in irrigation experience as Utah, or California, or Colorado, it was enabled to benefit by the knowledge they gained through years of trial. It stands to day as one of the leading states in its wise regulation of the appropri- ation and use of water and in its efforts to promote real irrigation development. South Dakota has becom prominent of late by developing the artesian water supply for irrigation purposes and by the interest manifested in the subject in general. Certainly states so vitally in- terested in this important matter cannot be left off the national executive com- mittee without being detrimental to the welfare of the movement, and it is hoped and expected that something will be done immediately to fill the vacancies mentioned. Opportunities The development of the in the West, resources of the mighty west proceeds along every avenue of human industry. Agriculture, manufact- ure, commerce are the leaders. It is along these lines that progress must first be made. THE IRRIGATION AGE wants to assist each and all of them to an even greater extent than it has been doing. It wants to place before the homeseeker, the manufacturer, the capitalist and the mer- chant all the facts as to the opportun- ities for the profitable employment of their labor or money in the Great West. With this purpose in view it asks for information — brief, reliable and specific — regarding such opportunities. This information will be placed on file in THE AGE office for the benefit of inquirers and much of it will appear from time to time in the columns of the magazine. THE IRRIGATION AGE is the advocate of T1IK IRRIGATION AGE. every good enterprise tending to develop the arid Empire, and during the coming year it wishes to exert even greater in- fluence in this direction than ever. In order to do this it must have the assist- ance of every friend of irrigation and the West. It asks for your hearty and active co-operation. Industries Seek- A number of letters have ing a Change, come to THE AGE office recently asking for information as to loca- tions for industries. A woolen mill and a cotton factory are seeking a change. Have you any inducements to offer them P THE AGE would be glad to bring together good locations and good industrial enter- prises, and it offers its services for noth ing. It is not expected that THE IKKIGATION AGE will do more than introduce the parties, but if it does that much it will* have accomplished a great deal. Do not neglect to write, outlining what you have to offer such industrial enterprises. Information for In the? work which The Homeseekers Homeseekers Associa- Wanted. tion is doing is present- ed an opportunity too important to be overlooked or neglected by the friends of irrigation. The principal work of this association is the furnishing of reliable information to homeseekers but it must not be forgotten that before this infor- mation can be given it must be gathered and the Association welcomes from every source, facts, statistics and general in- formation, reserving the right to inves- tigate before endorsing or publishing the matter thus sent in. It is this aspect that should and will appeal strongly to the readers of THE AGE. They have an opportunity of disseminat- ing through the medium of the Home- seekers Association a vast and most val- uable mass of information relating to irrigation its benefits and possibilities; what it has done, is doing and can do% The possibilities of the small irrigated farm should be set forth clearly and concisely. Nothing is more convincing as to what can be done than to show what has been done. The actual experi- ence of a practical irrigator giving name and location the area cultivated, the crops grown and the general results is a more forceful argument than a whole library of theory and governmental statistics to the average homeseeker. If you want good neighbors and plenty of them let the Homeseekers Association know what you have done. The Proposed There is still another Agricultural feature of the Home Exhibit. seekers Association work which should be turned to advan- tage by THE AGE readers. It is the proposed permanent public exhibit of agricultural products. In this exhibit will be represented nearly every state in the union, but above all others the Empire of Irrigation should be ade- quately represented. Such an oppor- • tunity of placing side by side the orange of California and the wheat of Dakota for the inspection of the homeseeker and settler has not been presented since the World's Fair. The only conditions of this exhibit are that it shall arrive at the office of the Homeseekers Associ- ation free of expense to the Association, and be of such a nature that it will not entail any unusual expense or care in preserving it. The Association donates the space for the exhibit free of charge. The friends of irrigation have a splendid opportunity of demonstrating its bene- fits and practicability. Now is the time to act before all the space is engaged. THE ART OF IRRIGATION. CHAPTER XIX. THE AMOUNT OF WATER REQUIRED. (Continued) BY T. S. VAN DYKE. A patient audience is often a great "^ curse to a speaker for the art of talk- ing without getting anywhere is rapidly cultivated. It is much the same with a writer and this is the hardest of all the hard subjects I ever undertook to explain. It is quite easy to say how much water is -not required, but to say how much is required is quite another thing. Suppose the irrigator orders thirty inches, two day's run, six times a year. These order» make three hundred and sixty twTenty-four-hour inches, or practi- cally an inch for a year. This would cover ten acres about a foot and a half deep; making one and a half acre feet, or eighteen acre inches. Suppose we allow the great amount of twenty per cent for waste and a little for error, we then have about fourteen inches going into the ground. This will be fully equal to twenty-eight inches of rain as it generally falls in the growing season. Much of it then comes in heavy dashes with a high percentage of run off and considerable in light showers followed at once by warm, bright sun. An inch of rain will wet ground in good condition about ten inches. As many rains do not exceed an inch a considerable portion of such is lost by evaporation and none of it reaches most of the roots of trees unless quickly followed by more. The question then is how much of a crop will twenty-eight inches of rain produce? Here we are met with many questions, but two are enough. What kind of crops do you mean and how large a crop do you want? Do you call four, six or eight tons of alfalfa a crop? Then the question comes how much of that suc- cess is due to something beside water? For.it is certain that for very large crops of anything several things beside water are needed. And so we are all at sea again. It is certain that government reports and many private reports are sadly astray about the quantity of water required to produce a good crop. Twenty-four inches is about the figure reached by govern- ment experts, agricultural colleges and other observers, but most all the data come from rainy countries and too much reliance on general averages seems un- avoidable. The following statements will therefore seem a trifle strong even to those used to California statements, in which we rarely bother ourselves about a cipher or two, provided always they are duly kept to the left of the decimal point. But as there is no state where so many rain records are kept over such small areas and people are so interested in the amount that falls California affords the best field for study of this subject. These statements are true, not for a few places but for thousands, and can be ver- ified in every county south of Tehachipi. GOOD CHOP WITH LITTLE WATER. Time and again eighteen bushels of wheat and thirty bushels of barley to the acre have been grown on a rainfall of twelve inches. In 1893 a piece of eight acres in San Marcos, San Diego county, yielded sixty bushels of barley on a rain- fall of thirteen and a half inches and the next year, a very dry one with dis- tribution anything but good, the same eight acres yielded fifteen bushels of wheat to the acre. These figures are from the books of the threshing machine and show the number of bushels for which the machine received pay. Taking the weight of the crop and straw this gives about four times the yield generally esti- mated as possible for that amount of water. Yet the rain was all the wetting it ever received. Two tons of hay to the acre made of wheat or barley cut in the milk, the best hay in the world where it can be cured in dry air without any danger of rain, are the commonest kind of a crop on this rainfall and if the ground has been summer fallowed the preceding year so as to hold the moisture of that winter and catch the first rains of the year it is planted, on a face well open to receive THE ART OF IRRIGATION. them, three tons of such hay are almost as certain as any crop in the world. If allowed to grow into grain the stand would make about such crops as those on San Marcos. • Where the winter -rains reach twenty inches, crops of corn of thirty-five to fifty bushels to the acre without a parti- cle of water from any source after the planting of the seed are a common sight on the good uplands, while potatoes, pea- nuts and all manner of garden truck, with crops of pumpkins and squashes quite paralyzing to a tenderfoot, and other stuff too numerous to mention. may be seen in thousands of places, and this is not done by moisture rising from any sheet water below or on fog or moist- ure in the air. though cool, cloudy weather for a period in the spring materially helps the filling of grain, [t is done entirely by the moisture m the ground retained by cultivation until the roots take it out. These instances cannot be used as guides for all parts of the United States. The soil of the greater part of California has a great power of retaining moisture, especially the adobes, and a porous sub- soil very deep and holding wrater with a wonderful grip is all but universal beneath the arable lands of the state. But I am certain that I have seen as large crops raised in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illi- nois on the sanie amount of rain wrhere the distribution was good, the crops well put in, and the weather good for ripening up the grain, but in many other sec- tions that I have seen that are under- laid by rock floor, or where the soil is too "leachy" and will not hold moisture up to the surface under cultivation, or where the subsoil is too gravelly and will not retain the moisture long enough, it can- not be done. But the cases given to prove that the amount of water needed under certain conditions which are very common is much less than is calculated by officials from the ordinary data taken from large areas where all carelessness and waste are counted against wThat is the real wealth of the country. On the "other hand they do not prove that it may not pay to use for some crops double or triple the quantity. The quantity needed for a fine crop of apples is no test of the requirements of a fine crop of oranges, or lemons, nor is the amount that will produce a good crop of grain any criterion of the amount it will pay to use if you wrant to work an alfalfa patch to its fullest capacity. But the fact that the duty of water is over- estimated for so many things leads us to suspect that it may be for all. SPECIFIC INFORMATION. While the following figures are far from perfect they are probably the best attainable for I have compared notes with many of the best irrigators wrho have traveled much and studied the sub- ject extensively. They are pretty safe for all those sections of the union wrhere the soil is not too open, or the climate unusually hot and dry for a long time. In plenty of places less water will suffice. These are the amounts delivered on the land during the year and not the rate at which the water is used during the irri- gating season. They are also in addition to the rainfall and represent average years, they mean also good work, wet- ting the whole ground and following it up with good and continuous cultivation for such things as can be cultivated. FRUITS. Under an average rainfall of twenty inches, for deciduous fruits of all kinds, from six to twelve acre inches. On this rainfall many do not irrigate at all yet raise profitable crops. But with very few exceptions the profits for any year except the very wet ones will be doubled and often tripled where the trees are very old and heavily loaded, and the certainty of the crop for the next year will be almost assured by one or two irrigations after the fruit is taken off. The best results are obtained with the larger quantity of water and I nave never yet seen anything damaged by a foot and a half for old trees if properly used. Nevertheless the average seems about nine inches in depth. For oranges and lemons in full bear- ing from one to three acre feet, the average is about two. One foot is rarely enough for old orange trees in full bear- ing and will never give the same profits that three wTill if carefully used. The wide difference is explained in the pre- ceding chapters. The growers of the THF IRRIGATION AGK. best fruit use three feet if they can get it. FIELD AND GARDEN CROPS. For corn and most garden stuff six to twelve acre inches, but on twenty inches of rain more of these are raised without water than with it. But the rule is the same as for deciduous fruits above men- tioned and may be taken without excep- tion for almost anything that whatever you can do without irrigation you can far surpass with it. On this rainfall grain is not irrigated at all except in a very few places and there six acre inches seem the greatest amount used. For alfalfa in small patches for home use one to two acre feet. In large fields to get a series of heavy crops from three to five acre feet. Where the rainfall is only ten inches these amounts are increased about twenty per cent, except for alfalfa. Straw- berries and many such things need water at a rate much in excess of this, and so does a lawn if sprinkled, but not if flooded, but no one keeps any account of the amount used for berries, lawns etc., and at the wrater company's office the books show only what is taken for the whole place. The larger figures above given repre- sent much waste. Except on very por- ous soil or a very hot and dry locality the average of the two sets of figures is enough. On many soils where the air is not too hot and dry the smaller figures are enough for almost anything but heavy crops of alfalfa, oranges, lemons or berries, provided the water is carefully used and good cultivation kept up. The whole subject is full of qualifications that make conclusions taken from one place almost worthless for the next. For instance there is much alfalfa land that is naturally moist and still more so open that the roots will reach standing water below. This wrill give very good crops without any irrigation if the gophers are drowned out regularly. A six inch flooding twice a year will generally do this and a nine inch one is quite sure to. Much of this moist land is so easily kept free of gophers that one six inch flood- ing a year will do, but many will put live feet of water on such a soil because they have it, the soil is so open that it drains away beneath leaving apparently no bad results. The yield under such watering is very heavy but it is certain that no such amount of water is needed on that kind of ground. A RAINFALL OF TEN INCHES. In the few parts of Southern Cali- fornia where the rainfall is below ten inches there is little, if any, more water used than where it is ten. Where it is practically nothing, as on the Mojave and Colorado deserts, there is no settle- ment from which any reliable data can be had. But from experiments I have made in a few places with the soil there, from the irrigation on the few places there are, from the results of overflow in some years and unusual rain fall at others, there is the best of reason to believe that if the ground were once well filled writh water and the subsoil kept full by winter irrigation ( that is put in the same condition it would be in on the western slope after good winters ) it would not require for the hottest and driest parts, having the longest spells of hot weather more than thirty per cent, more summer, water than on the western side of the mountains. And on all that portion which lies 2,000 feet or more above the sea, like much of the western side of the great plains of the Mojave, it would not require any more water than the average of the country on the Pacific Slope. I believe this principle will apply to most all the desert sections of the Union. The loss from the top soil by the hotter sun of some of the hottest parts amounts to almost nothing if the soil is well cultivated. The loss by the transpiration from the leaves during the hotter and longer weather is about all that need be considered. For late fruits thisi amounts to some- thing but is not so much in excess of what it is in the cooler countries as one would imagine. Neither is the difference in the dryness of the air of half as much consequence as one would suppose. Thirty per cent, more water will balance these anywhere if the other points are attended to. The land that in Arizona, New Mexico. Utah. Texas. Nevada and other states now looks so thirsty that a young river would hardly seem enough to give drink to a farm. really needs but little more summer THE IRRIGATION AUK. water that any other sections if started off, in the spring with the ground in the same condition as that of the countries having plenty of rain or snow in winter. If this were not so the development of the arid west for many years to come would be about closed. It is very difficult to approximate the duty of water wThen used in basins. Hardly any one knowrs the size of the basins, the amount of water he puts in at a time, or how many times a year they are filled. So irregular is even the same person with this work that I have found it almost impossible to guage it. I have seen much of it and done consider- able myself but it is rarely done twice just alike. Most all this work is done with windmills or some sort of limited supply where it is very difficult to meas- ure the water and none attempt it. There are but two companies that I know of anywhere under which the basins are used to any extent that make the records of the w^ater officers of any value. Under one of these the basins are so large as almost to approach flood- ing. One can here get so large a head of water that very large basins can be filled two or three times the same day on ten acres. I find the amount used is about an acre foot during the summer, but the rain fall is here about twenty- two inches. At another place the pipes are so small and the wrater supply so limited that a six-inch head for twelve hours or a twelve-inch head for six hours is about the best the most accomodating ditch tender can do for you. The amount used here is about half an acre foot also used during the summer, this with a rainfall of about twenty inches. Where the rainfall much exceeds twenty inches, no reliable data are avail- able as it is mainly in the mountains or foothill canyons where the irrigation is of the crudest and most wasteful kind. Outside of San Diego county, California, I do not know of the basin system being used on a rainfall much less than twenty inches, there it is used in some places where the precipitation is as low as five with a maximum of about fifteen, run- ning one to twenty-six, but with an average of about nine. Where nothing better can be done this certainly pays where one does one's own work and attends closely to it. You will remember that an inch under four inch pressure runs about 4,750.00'.) gallons a year. With 1,000 trees on ten acres, 1,000 gallons a year to a tree wrould require 1.000.000 gallons. This would be an inch to about forty-seven acres, or about three and one half acre inches. This would give each tree 200 gallons (or about six barrels as they are filled) at a time five times a year. It is certain that some orchards that pay over $100 an acre do not get more than this. There are places wrhere this is doubled but they are the exception. They cannot use much more than an inch to forty acres because they do not have it. While the duty of a windmill is hard to ascertain it is not hard to draw the line it cannot exceed. As before stated this style of work is bad where it is possible to do anything better. But it certainly does pay in many places. ,And for a large portion of the United States where the rainfall is just a trifle short or too irregular, and where the nature of the product will not justify more expensive systems, such irrigation may mean the difference between a pros- perous country and a cattle range. For • to make a country prosperous it by no means follows that even the greater part needs irrigation. Give a man one hundred and sixty acres of many kinds of land and you do him an injury. You might better give him a piece of desert and clean him out with neatness and dispatch so that he will have some time and money to go somewhere else. Much of the semi-desert will do .the same, but use up his life and money, but if he can irrigate twenty, or even ten acres of it he may stay and prosper, working the rest on the rain when it comes; and five, and even two acres, well watered, will often enable him to do the same. 10 THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE INFLUENCE OF FORESTS ON IRRIGATION. BY B. E. FERNOW.* 'T'here has been considerable wild dis- cussion on the influence which for- ests are supposed to exercise on climate, waterflow and other conditions. On the one hand enthusiastic forestry advocates, who clamor for forest preservation in itself a misleading term — have claimed extravagantly and unconditionally such influences, on the other hand, men' wrho ought to have had enough scientific training to know better, have as uncon- ditionally and extravagantly denied such influences. The one position is as un- philosophical as the other. Every student of nature, be he only an observer of it in the field, or be he only a reader of what has been written by observers, knows that all things are in relation, that, therefore, we cannot take awray anything from the complex conditions of nature, without affecting more of less all other conditions. The question then can only be as to character, degree and extent of the influence of one condi- tion, or its change and removal on other conditions, and that this depends neces- sarily also on the character, degree and extent of the changeable condition is self-evident. In other words, the question as to whether the removal or devastation, or the continuance and proper treatment of a forest has a practical influence on cli- mate, soil or waterflow cannot be discus- sed in general terms, but its solution must be dependent upon the character, extent, location and specific conditions of the forest cover in each case. It stands to reason that the dense tall forest growth of evergreens of the northern Sierra Nevada must exercise a very different degree of influence on its surroundings, than the open, stunted, shrubby growth of acacia and mesquite around Phoenix or the beautiful. park- like, pine forest of the Colorado plateau, or the scanty growth of juniper and pinion that covers so much of our drier mountain slopes. Each of them has its influence on surroundings, but the degree must differ according to their constitu- tion and location and finally it may be practically of no value. The requisites of satisfactory water supply in irrigation, I take it, besides the quality of the water, its availability for irrigating purposes are: sufficient quantity, equable flow, absence of debris and silting in the channels. In all these directions a forest cover may exercise beneficial influence. Whether a forest area may increase the total amount of rainfall over its own or an adjoining area is still an open question, which will not be settled until we have better means of measuring rain : for as is wTell known our rain guages are but poor means for the purpose for which they are intended. Nevertheless the forest may have an influence upon the amounts that remain available of what has fallen. In the *Chief of Forrestry Division, Department of Agriculture. Address delivered at Irrigation Congress. 777 /-; IRRIGATION AGE. 11 first place, tree growth transpires as a rule much less water than the annual vegetation, or more than would be evap- orated by sun and wind if the ground was not shaded. The shade and the mere wind breaking quality of a forest growth — the velocity of the winds in- creasing their evaporative power in acceleration ratio — preserves a large amount of moisture and especially where the supply is dependent on winter snows the effect is most noticeable in prevent- ing the rapid' wasting by evaporation. In the second place, the forest floor, if in good condition and even without that, the deep reaching root system of the trees keep the soil in a granular, open condition, which allows the water to penetrate, while in the open barren the soil is compacted until the rain must run off superficially, having no chance to enter the ground. That soil con- ditions and geological structure must also have a potent influence in this re- spect stands to reason. The loose sand, no matter whether forest covered or not, will remain permeable, while compact clay soils, even though forest covered, will still resist the passage of water to a degree. The penetrability of the soil under forest cover induce subsoil drain- age instead of surface drainage, or at least a longer time is given for the for- mer, before the latter begins. This is especially important when the snow melt begins in spring; in the un- frozen penetrable forest soil the melt water has to percolate, while over the usually frozen and compact denuded soil the water rushes off superficially and makes or aggravates the spring floods. This same permeability of the ground together with the mechanical obstruc- tion which the tree trunks and the shrubbery of a well kept forest offer, and by which the .surface drainage is de- creased in amount and changed into sub-drainage, also prevents the washing of the soil, the gullying and the carry- ing of silt and debris into the water channels. Again I recall that the degree of this must depend on the character, condition and location of the forest cover; it may become nil if the forest floor has been repeatedly burned, has been trampled by cattle and sheep and the trees have been mostly removed, thereby reducing forest conditions. That these things are so modified to be sure according to local conditions, is not any more a fancy, a guess, a suppo- sition, for the experience in France dur- ing the last 100 and especially during the- last 30 years have proved them, if we did not have sufficient proof in our own country over the hill lands of Mis- sissippi, and in fact more or less in all parts of the country. In France the deforestation or devastation of about 8,000,000 acres of mountain forest has resulted in a devastation of 1,000,000 acres of agricultural soil in the plain below by the sudden changes in water stages and the torrential action of the rivers, the silting over of grounds as far as 200 miles away from the source of the evil. Again the government having spent over $12,000,000 and the impoverished communities about as much to reforest some parts — it will take three times as much to remedy the evil — the experience has been gained that this kind of a cover, forest cover, will do what is ex- pected of it and reduce the wild action of the waters and prevent the silting of the channels. While these experiences have been had without reference to irri- gation problems it is evident that they have a bearing on the same, if equable flow, instead of repeated floods and un- obstructed channels for carrying the waters to reservoirs, etc., are desirable. Irrigationists then should be interested not in the preservation, but in the proper use and conservative management of the forest cover at the headwaters and along the water courses, so as to secure the most favorable conditions of water flow, for without forest management no rational water management can be main- tained for any length of time. There are, to be sure, irrigation districts where natural forest conditions are if not absent such as to assist but little in the directions mentioned. Yet even there that little helps and would be a matter of prudent management to improve those conditions rather than to leave them to further deterioration. I have laid particular stress upon the difference between forest preservation and forest management. 12 THE HilUdATIOX AGE. Forest preservation would imply that a protection forest could not at the same time be used as a supply forest; in other words that to secure the protection which the forest cover offers to soil and water conditions we must abstain from using1 the material grown in the forest. This is by no means necessary, but the use of that material must be subordi- nate to the protective function expected from the forest cover and the utilization must be carried on with care so as to secure reproduction, not in the style of the lumberman, who simply takes the cream and leaves the rest to fire and destruction, not caring for the condition and its future. The president of the United States has the right of law to set aside from the public domain, forest reservations for the purpose of securing favorable conditions at the headwaters of streams. In spite of strenuous opposition by lum- bermen, sheep-herders and miners, some 17,000,000 acres have been so reserved. But in the absence of proper means of administrating these it has seemed best not to increase this reserve until legis- lation is secured which will enable the proper protection and use of the same. II the irrigationists conceive their in- terests on broad lines, they will insist upon the passage of such legislation and an extension of the policy of forest reservations to include all such forest areas as are situated at the headwaters and along water courses, which may become means of irrigation. NONTANA AS AN OBJECT LESSON BY GEORGE H. SCOTT. Traveling Staff Correspondent Rocky Mountain Husbandman. White Sulphur Springs, Montana. " I VHE development of arid lands to the stage to which their resources and the needs of future generations should ultimately carry their progress, will em- brace the solution of many interesting problems, and witness the unfolding of far-reaching effects. Among the many and important engineering problems will be the diversion of great streams, the recovery of vast quantities of preatic water, the construction of myriads of canals, lakes, dams, aqueducts, tunnels and reservoirs. And before the happy consummation of this period there will surely be the most significant questions to be answered as to the most economical and effective application of the power to be used, which will be wind, steam, water and electricity, especially the last. Let the careful observer for just a few moments, contemplate what all this would signify and mean to this and com- ing generations if the whole region de- nominated the Great Plains, could be completely submerged by systems of water supply sufficient for their reason- able and thorough irrigation. Such an elevated degree of development of agri- culture and horticulture as it would cer- tainly bring about and then an increased urban and manufacturing class of people as never was before known since the creation, would follow. It would estab- lish a new era in the progress of all lines of industrial improvements. The progress along all lines, the wealth, the added comforts, the superior educational opportunities, social and economic ad- vantages arising from such density of population may very easily be imagined without the aid of the Roentgen rays being thrown upon the new movements of common humanity. The readiness and ease of transportation by public highways, by rail, and by artificial water- ways; their great productiveness, their inland situation, their health fulness; their safety from foreign invasion, from floods and from tornadoes, woud render them at once the chosen homelof those who seek health and security, and make them the granary and the citadel of the continent. Since the principal support of human- THE IRRIGATION AGE 13' ity comes from Mother Earth, all that may augment or facilitate the products of the soil is of primary importance to the agriculturist and horticulturist alike, for they are sister industries, and stat- istics from along this line prove beyond a doubt that the vigilant irrigation of lands, where artificial application of the aqueous fluid, is necessary, increases its productiveness from two to ten-fold, and this has a decided tendency to increase a country's population in about the same proportion. population is sufficiently dense to afford a large attendance from their immediate locality. And it is also a remarkable fact, that advanced learning in the United States, has drawn a very large proportion of its most illustrious ex- amplars from those who were bred upon the farm. There are, I believe, four very, very important elements without which the common genus homo, cannot live — the rays of old Sol, oxygen, aqua, and this mundane sphere. There should not be, A CABBAGE FIELD The science, (for science it is, and not a scheme) of irrigation has a tendency to increase the density of population up- on the farm. It also has a most pro- nounced effect on the growth of cities, towns and villages. Plain figures show .that in modern times one farmer is taken as the basis of support, of from two to seven persons engaged in the other oc- cupjitions pursued by the urbanites. It is a well-known axiom that the high school, seminary, college and uni- versity can only be most efficient when 1047495 IN WESTERN KANSAS, there cannot be, in the name of human- ity, any monopoly of these elements so essential to man's existence, and at the present time, I think, there is no other question— not even the silver- question- that begins to equal in importance the- question of the development of the arid and semi-arid lands of the United States cf America. It is very well understood by every citizen that these arid lands belong to the American people, for they are a grand heritage from the United States. In THE IRRIGATION AGE Montana alone there are over 30.00< ).()()() acres of agricultural lands composed principally of fertile valleys, lying so that with enough capital they may all be placed under irrigation ditches and reser- voirs of water, that will be to the broad acres of these arid lands a source of fruitful fertilization. Some people have been led to believe that only the Government is capable of bringing the arid lands under the influence and magic touch of water, but there is quite enough and to spare of idle capital in America today, if invested in these enterprises to accomplish untold good to suffering humanity — suffering quite as much for something to do as for something to live upon. And this happy state will soon be realized, for the horizon is already aglow with the results of the investment of timid capital in these enterprises. There is at the present an idea on foot to gather the headwaters of the Missouri river and utilize them for irrigating purposes. The Government has not offered to do this for us as yet, but it will be accomplished in part in time without their aid. At Canyon Ferry, some eighteen miles from Helena, an ob- jective point on the Missouri river, a vast water power is being created by eastern capitalistic enterprise. The great river has recently been spanned by a dam thirty feet high to secure electric power, a small portion of which will be used in the Capitol city for lights, power for the electric car system and East Helena smelters. But that is not all. for the company will utilize the balance — 9,000 horse-power — to develop the numer- ous resources contigous to the plant. One of these is the furthering of the rapidly growing industry of agriculture, and it will be able to handle some of the billions of cubic feet of water going to waste annually, applying it to the desert which will respond at once to its revivifying influence. There is a certain greatness about the Montana valley, and they would all be fruitful with irrigation, for the whole state is well supplied wTith rivers of large volume and mountain streams in great profusion; but however productive it might be without irrigation, it is certain- ly vastly more so with it. This fact has been well recognized since the earliest settlers in the early T>0s in the Gallatin valley sowed the first wheat and oats raised in the territory near the banks of the Gallatin river from which they turned water into their growing fields. In many sections of Montana today there is a thorough system of irrigation. Millions of dollars have been invested in canals, and more attention is paid every year to that important branch of agri- culture. The smaller valleys are cut through and through with canals from which branch smaller ditches that spread out over nearly every section of the till- able land near the small streams. The most progressive section of the state along this line is to be found in the Yel- lowstone valley, near Billings. At this point, in Clark's Fork Bottom some forty miles in length there are 180 miles of irrigating ditches carrying from 1.000 to ^0. 000 inches of water. There and in Gallatin valley is to be found existing the most thorough system of irrigation to be found in the whole state, the Bit- ter Root. Teton. Madison. Missouri and Smith River come next it order in this enterprise. And it is in these valleys that the progressive farmers are paying the most attention to diversified farming. They do not depend entirely on grain as a crop, as was the case several years ago. More garden produce is being raised from year to year. Montana vegetables cannot be excelled anywhere. The far- mers are paying some attention to hog raising, dairying, etc., instead of depend- ing upon the range entirely for a certain part of their annual revenue. The mines may give out, smelters close down, and stock of all kinds perish by the tens of thousands on the range, but Montana, in the future as in the past, may be depended on to raise wonderful crops of cereals, vegetables and fruits — enough to supply ten times its present population. THE WIND-MILL IN IRRIGATION. BY W. C. FITZSIMMONS. "VYTATER may be scarce in many places *^ but wind is nearly always abund- ant everywhere and should be utilized more as a motive power in this country. Other countries are ahead of us in this respect. Holland has long been noted for the number of its wrind-mills. With proper appliances, wind power is nearly always available and effective; it is also cheap. It is the part of wisdom for farmers and especially for irrigators to make use of the wind for raising water and doing odd jobs about the farm. A windy country is often an unpleasant one, but when this disagreeable climatic feature can be utilized in pumping water for irrigation or for stock, for grinding corn, for making butter and for a num- ber of other necessary purposes on the farm, it may be easily endured if not enjoyed. In the treeless and arid regions there is seldom any lack of wind and enor- mous possibilities in the way of wind power are continually neglected. But in these days when good wind-mills (we prefer the old-fashioned name, rather than " wind engines," '' air motors," etc.) are to be had at comparatively small cost almost everywhere, much greater advantage should be taken of this ever- present, ever active force which is capa- ble of doing wonders in the way of lightening the farm labors. While we may be ready to accord to science and scientific achievement the highest enconiums in the realm of steam and electrical appliances for the genera- tion and utilization of the mighty forces so controlled, yet the wind-mill of the most modern manufacture is not neces- sarily a more effective machine than those made in the years long gone by. It is very apt to a better looking affair, if indeed there can be such a thing as a line of beauty connected with a wind- mill, but it is doubtful if any of the fin (h siecle air machines will pump more water or churn more butter than those of simpler type upon which that doughty knight, Don Quixote de la Mancha, charged so gallantly 100 years ago. An up-to-date wind motor, as it is called, may cost $150 and be well worth that sum to any farmer who buys it; but it is comparatively easy for a man with a little " gumption " to organize a home- made wind-mill that will surprise him and especially his neighbors by the amount of hard work it will do for him both by day and by night. The same breeze that fans the farmer's cheek grinds his corn and saws his firewood; and the gale that may scatter his fence rails also fills the water tank and irrigates the orchard. We are also nearing the time when all sorts of wind motors will be used to generate electrical power to be stored for use in heating and lighting country households and without a doubt to propel farm machinery and vehicles. It is alleged that the New Jersey In- sane Asylum is lighted by electricity generated from a dynamo moved by a wind-mill of the most simple construc- tion and very moderate cost. A farmer near Geyserville, Sonoma county, California, has a queer looking affair which, at a distance, looks like anything but what it really is — a wind- mill which does yeoman service in filling the water tank. The machine is of simple construction but is somewhat unique. A box without top and also open at the bottom, is made of upright boards 9 feet long, the inside dimensions of the box being 4 by 17 feet, and 9 feet in height. This is merely placed on the ground and across the top, mid-way of the length, is placed a shaft to which the arms carrying the sails are fastened. As the sails revolve, those above the box of course catch the force of the wind while those below, within the box, are pro- tected so that the wheel is always in a condition of unstable equilibrium, hence moves on and on, under the force of even a slight breeze and does good work at the pump. The main object in calling attention here to home-made appliances to utilize wind power is merely to point out to the man who would not or could not buy a complete machine of modern type composed largely or wholly of metal, THE IRRIGATION AGE. that he may provide himself mainly by his own labor with an effective machine of that kind. When the necessity of present economy is not too pressing however, it will be found generally best to buy the most approved types of modern wind-mills made largely of iron and steel. Such machines are very dur- able and while they may not be able to do more or better work than some types of home-made machines they give better satisfaction all around than any- thing \vhich the farmer might himself make at a cost enough less to prove an incentive to undertake the task. The point sought to be urged is: Get a wind- mill. Get the best one possible; if able, get one made of steel or iron; if not of these then let it be of wood and of the best type. But if you cannot buy one of these don't go without a wind-mill. Make one. A FARMER'S FISH POND. BY K. HALDEMAN. fish pond is situated five and • one-half miles northwest of Alda, Hall Co., Neb., in the Platte valley, be- tween the Platte river and the Loup. It is 185 feet long and 00 feet wide, it has at present about four and one-half feet of water, although this can be increased to six feet. It is supplied by a common wind mill which stands about 1125 feet from it. The pond and the mill are con- nected by an underground inch and a half pipe which comes up out of the ground just outside of the pond. This pipe has a waste joint where it is con- nected with the pumps, to keep it from freezing in the winter. We stocked our pond with German carp, which we re- ceived from the state fish commission at North Bend, Neb. Besides these \\e have a few catfish and some suckers. There are countless small fish which were hatched last summer. We feed our fish bran, bread and corn. We have used our pond as a reservoir, as well as a fish pond, irrigating a garden and a small truck patch, by means of a rubber hose, for two seasons. Although it was not necessary to irrigate, we have had belter success with our garden by irri- gatiug some through the dry weather han before we made the pond. Our pond also makes a nice skating rink in the winter as well as a good place to get ice to put up for summer use. Our pond was made with a common road scraper. It took two men six days to make it. One man can use a scraper by himself, although it is better to have one man extra to load. In making our pond we first commenced at one corner and made a bank all around the embryo pond as high as the dirt from the first scraping would make it. The first scraping does not need to be plowed. We then plowed it as deep as we could with common plow. We then took the second scrap- ing out, putting it entirely around the pond the same as before and keeping the bank as nearly level as possible, each scraping raising the bank about six inches, although this depends on the size of the pond. Each succeeding scraping is disposed of the same as the first and second, although the deeper you get the harder it is to plow and scrape, as the soil here is a kind of clay, after the black soil is taken off the top, which bakes in the sun and gets sticky and hard. This clay, although hard to handle, is very good for a pond for it will hold water until it evaporates after it gets packed solid. When starting, the bank should be fifteen or twenty feet wide, this will, by constant tramping and rolling down of dirt, spread out to twenty or thirty feet, and if the back is to be more than four or five feet above the surface will need to be wider than this. Our pond is three feet deep below the surface, while the dirt taken out makes a bank about three and one-half feet high, making the pond about six and a half feet dee]) from the top of the bank. The more driving over the bank the better, as this tramps it and keeps it packed as it is added to. After the pond is done it will have to be puddled, which is done by letting five or six inches of water into it and then tramping with horses or harrowing and tramping it to make it solid in the bottom. Our pond cost us six days work with a team and two men to make the pond. Three men one day to lay the pipe and twelve and one-half cents a foot for l'jr> feet of one and one-half inch pipe. Of course besides this the wind-mill is to be THE IRRIGATION AGE. 17 partly considered, although we had the wind-mill before we thought of the pond, and it has done all the pumping for the stock as well as standing idle part of the time. Although we have not had our pond long enough to have fish large enough to use, yet I think it will pay anyone to make a small pond to irrigate, if for no other purpose, for then they are sure of a good garden every year. ALFALFA EXPERIMENTS. "Dulletin No. 44 of the Utah Experi- ment Station reports the results of extended feeding experiments on (a) Yield and feeding value of early, medium, and late cuttings of alfalfa; (b) Yield and feeding value of the first, second and third crops; and (c) feeding value as compared with red clover, timothy, mixed hay, and alfalfa mixed with straw. The trials (a) and (b) are thus sum- marized by the writer of the bulletin, A. A. Mills: 1. Steers, fed either the alfalfa with or without grain, made the most rapid gains on the early cut, and the lowest on the late cut, or they stand as follows: Early cut, 100; medium cut, 77; late cut, 68. 2. For both first and second crops, the early cut was first in rate of gain, while for the first crop, the late cut was better than the medium cut, and for the second crop, the medium cut is far the better of the two. 3. The food eaten per day was slightly the highest for the early cut and lowrest for the late cut, standing as 100 for the early cut. 99 for the medium cut, and 85 for the late cut. 4. Pound for pound, the early cut wras the best, the late cut, second best, and the medium cut poorest. They stand as 100 for the early cut; 78 for the medium cut, and 81 for the late cut. r>. The early cut yielded the most hay when weighed into the barn, the medium cut coming second and the late cut last. fi. The early cut contained the most moisture, and when all are reduced to the same moisture content, 12 per cent, which the hay contained when fed, the yield stands: Early cut, 100; medium cut, 93; late cut, 90. 7. In amount of beef produced per acre the standing is: Early cut 100; medium cut, 71; and late cut, 71. 8. In yield of protein, a very valuable nutrient, the standing is: Early cut, 100; medium cut, 78, and late cut, 82. 9. During the two weeks of budding and flowering there appears to be no additional growth; in fact our results show a loss of 82 Ibs. per acre of dry matter during this period. HOW FARMERS LIVE IN CUBA. I F it be the government dictated by Spain, that makes possible the con- ditions in Cuba depicted by Mr. J. Knapp Reeve, one can easily understand the fighting humor in which the Cubans are. But if it be the home government that is chargeable with all or any part of the horrors of rural life on that sunny island we cannot conceive a man insane enough to raise his hand to save such a govern- ment from going straight to the devil. Mr. Reeve says: u Between the condi- tion of the planter and that of all other agriculturists whatever in Cuba the widest difference exists. The laborer has nothing, never has had anything, and is happy in the knowledge that he never will have anything. The small farmer, the owner of a few acres, is the most abjectly poverty-stricken son of the soil that I have ever met. He lives in the poorest habitation known to civi- lized men, a hut made of the bark of the palm tree. Beside it the adobe dwelling of the Mexican is a palace. It has one room, a dirt floor, neither window nor chimney. In this the family live like cattle, subsisting upon the poorest of food, as most that the soil produces must go to pay the taxes. Children run about, guiltless of the knowledge of clothes until six or eight years old. Books, education, the world, are things of which they have never even dreamed.1' Professor Troop, of Perdue Univers- ity, Indiana, gives the following as a remedy against apple tree lice (aphis.) KEKOSENE EMULSION. "This is made by dissolving one-half pound of hard soap in one gallon of hot water, after which add one gallon of kerosene or coaloil and mix thoroughly, by forcing the mixture back into the same vessel by means of a spraying 18 777 A' I It If J(; AT/OX A(tK. pump, until it becomes a thick creamy mass. Dilute this with ten times its bulk of water before applying it to the trees." Besides producing annually almost an ocean of wine, the people of France also make large quantities of cider. In 1892, the French vintage amounted'to 039,804- 000 gallons of wine of the various classes, while the cider output of that year is given by Le Cidre of Paris at 333,109.000 gallons. In 1893 the vintage reached the enormous quantity of 1,101,540,000 gallons, or about thirty-six times the amount produced the same year in the United States. TEXAS. The wheat crop of the Wichita Valley, Texas is reported in fine condition for a large crop the next season. That part of the state has recently been visited by abundant rains and farmers are much encouraged over the lookout. The valley has become famous as the center of the wheat belt of Texas, but being too far west for a dependence on rainfall with much certainty, its enter- prising citizens have succeeded in inter- esting capitalists to install an irrigation plant, which, in its greatness of concep- tion, will at once attract the attention of all who delight to see the Great West brought forth from its state of aridity. The reservoir to be constructed on the Big Wichita river will be numbered among the largest in the world. We hope to be able, in the near future, to give our readers a complete account of the whole affair. 1NTERST1NG ITEMS. Distilling sweet potatoes for alcohol and whisky is a new industry in the south. The United States consumed last year more than 4,000,000 bunches of Jamaica bananas. A man in South Carolina has about forty acres of land under cultivation devoted to tea plants. His shrubs are about three feet high and planted in rows six feet apart. Foreign lemons are being shipped in- to New York and sold in such quantities that the California growers of lemons have abandoned the eastern market. Over the 10,500 miles of railroad in Illinois last year there were carried 03,- 485,413 passengers with a loss of only twelve lives. It requires 15.000.000 cows to supply the demand for milk in this country and the products of 00.000.000 acres of land to feed them. The state farms in North Carolina where convicts are employed have 5,000 acres in corn and 4.000 acres in cotton. There are more than 500.000 telephones m use m the United States and they are used more than "J.000.000 times daily. Oregon has 25,000 acres of prune or- chards. BOOKS AND REPORTS. During the past month THE IRRIGTION AGE has been favored with copies of the following books and reports, all sub- stantially bound for preservation. Tenth Biennial Report of the State Board of Agriculture of Kansas, includ- ing the state decennial census of 1895; edited by F. D. Coburn, Secretary.Topeka. Can be obtaind by remitting 30 cents to cover postage. Thirteenth Annual Report of Agri- cultural Experiment Station of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin; Madison. Report of the work of the Agricul- tural Experiment Station of California for the years 1894-1895; Berklely! Agriculture by Irrigation; Eleventh Census of the United States, New Edi- tion prepared by F. H. Newell of the Geological Survey, Washington. Manual of Irrigation Engineering, by Herbert M. Wilson, C. E. Second Edition Revised. Published by John Wiley & Sons., New York City. Tables showing Loss of Head due to Friction of Water in Pipes. Bv Kdimmd B. Weston, C. E. Published by 1). VMM Nostrand & Co., New York City. Price $1.50 Tenth Annual Report of the Commis- sioner of Labor on Strikes and Lockouts, Carroll D. Wright, Washington, D. C. Eight Special Report of the Commis- sioner of Labor on the Housing of the Working People, Carroll D. Wright, Washington, D. C. Production of Gold and Silver in the United States in 1895. R.E. Preston, Di- rector of the Mint. TllK IHUIGATIOX AGE. 19 Eighteenth Annual Report of the State Board of Agriculture and the Agricultural College; including the Ninth Annual Report of the Experiment Station, Fort Collins. Colo. A copy of the Ogden (Utah) Standard Annual has been received, and contains many illustrations of handsome business buildings and residences of the Gate City, together with information concern- ing the resources of Weber County, and Bear River Valley in particular, and the state in general. Persons interested in Utah shoud send for a copy. Price 5 cents. SOUTH GILA DAM. Mr. W. Crouch, member of the Insti- tute of Civil Engineering, residing in Glasgow, and associated with some of the largest enterprises of Great Britain, was sent over some time ago to examine and make a report 011 the South Gila Com- pany, who are building the enormous dam at Sentinel, Arizona. The report is interesting. That portion of it refer- ring to the method of construction, reads as follows: k'A Lidgerwood cable- way is stretched across the canyon on which a trolley runs, and by it the stones are picked up and deposited wherever required on the work. This appliance is a very ingenious one, and has been very successfully used in the construction of similar work in the states, and for rapidity of handling material and de- positing it on any part of the work, is, in the circumstances in question, un- doubtedly superior to any system of railways or tramroads that could be devised," J. F. Ward was the chief en- gineer of the dam. ^EXAS COAST COUNTRY. The Texas Coast country vies with California as a place to profitably raise FARMER pears, grapes, and strawberries. Six thousand dollars' worth of pears from thirteen acres has been produced there in one season, and can perhaps be dupli- cated by you. G. T. Nicholson, G. P. A. A. T. & S. F. Ry. Chicago, will be glad to furnish without charge and illustrated pamphlet telling about Texas. Send to nearest agent for ticket rates. There is usually a low fare in effect to all import- ant Texas points. SEEKERS FOR HOMES Who wish to start over again in some locality where good land is plentiful and climate is favorable, should post them- selves retative to the irrigated districts of Kansas. New Mexico and Arizona, the dirt-cheap farms of Oklahoma, and the fruit tracts in southern Texas. To find out the facts, address G. T. Nicholson, G. P. A., A. T. S. F. Ry., Chicago, or J. E. Frost, Land Commis- sioner, Topeka, Kas. And the Santa Fe is the best line to almost every part of the Great South- west. why not acquire a new home in the prosperous, growng Trie coast country of - fertile plains of- OKIalioma improved farms of - and the irrigated lands of-Jff tzotta - California ^ be reached via the SANTA FE ROUTE or Canal Owner needing help will be put in communication with a reliable man by addressing this office. Has had many years experience in farming by Irrigation and can give the best of references and recommendations. Address GATOR, Care Tlie IRRIGATION AGE, 112 Dearborn St, Chicago. B ERKSHIRE, Chester White, Jersey Red and Poland China PIGS. Jersey, Guernsey and Hoi- stein Cattle. Thoroughbred Sheep, Fancy Poultry, Hunting and House Dogs. Catalogue. 8. W. SMITH, Oochranvllle, Chester Co., IVnnu. m IRRIGATION ADVERTISEMENTS TEXAS. In the Agricultural line. Texas leads all other states in the variety of its products. Cotton, corn and the cereals grow and are raised in every section of the state and in the central and southern portions, sugar cane and sorghum cane are profitably cul- tivated. On the Gulf Coast two and three crops of vegetables are raised each year. Berries are shipped six weeks in advance of the home crop in !he north. Pears, peaches, plums, oranges, figs, olives and nuts all grow abundantly and can be marker ed from > wo to three weeks in ad- vance of the California crops. Large quantities of rice are now grown. If the land seeker, the home seeker and the settler desires to secure a farm larger than the one he occupies, on vastly more reasonable terms; if he wants more land to cultivate, a greater variety of crops to harvest, with proportionately in- creased remuneration, at a less outlay for cost of production; if he wants an earlier season with correspondingly higher prices; if he wants milder win- ters, all the year pasturage for his stock, improved health, increased bodily com- forts and wealth and prosperity, he should go to Texas. Send for pamphlet descriptive of the resources of this great state ( mailed free). Low rate excursions via the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railwray every month. Address H. A. Cherrier, Northern Pass- enger Agent, 316 Marquette Building. Chicago. I I.K. VVI HOLIDAY GIFT. What shall we do with our boys and girls? How a Farmer's Daughter Earned $25,000.00 in Eleven Years. By the Girl Who Did it. THIRD EDITION, ILLUSTRATED. Ackno vledged to be the best help for young people ever published. It reroirnizes the fact that the strongest and best business men were reared as farmers' boys, and that the farmers' girls are the best and most useful girls, and that both should be shown the way and helped to rise. Handsome Cloth Bound Volume, 225 pp. $1.00 pre p'd. If your dealer has not got it send Postal Note or Money Order to The Anna C. Reifsnider Book Company, Mention this paper. ST. LOUIS, MO. Well Drilling Machinery. MANUFACTCRKD BY WILLIAMS BROTHERS ITHACA, N. \. Mounted and on Sill*, tor Deep or Shallow Well*, ivitli Meant or Horse Power. CATALOGUE ADDRESS WILLIAMS BROTHERS ITHACA, N Y. i WELL DRILLS Awarded Highest Medal at the World's Fair. All Latest Improvements. Catalogue free. F.C.AUSTIN MFG. CO. CHICAGO, ILL. ST. LOUIS MO., U. S. A. WELLT'CO, CATALOG U« PRSB. LIGHTNING WELLMACHT PUMPS, AIRLIFTS.. 1 GASOLINE ENGINESlfes CIRCULARS FREE Lgfts THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS/ AURORAJLL- CHICAGO.- DAL LAS, TEX Own Your Own Water Supply. YOU CA.fi DO IT \VITH A MENGE PUMP. Simplest and Lightest Running Pump. ... No Valyes.Glandi, Stuffing Boies or Joints: nothing to get out of order; 36 per cent, more work guaranteed over all pumps with name power. Over 2,000 now In use. send for CATALOGUE Not affected by freezing. JOS. MENGE, 105 Tohoupltoulas Street, NEW ORLEANS, LA. ^ADVERTISEMENTS rfSy ' ARE YOU SEEKING A HOME. Arrangements have been made with the HOME- SEEKERS ASSOCIATION, whereby the IRRIGATION AGE offers its subscribers a paid membership in the Association free. New subscrib- ers sending One Dollar for subscription will receive not only the AGE for one year, but a full paid certifi- cate of membership, entitling them to all the privi- leges enjoyed by the other members of the ASSO- CIATION, including a years subscription to the TOURIST-HOMESEEKER. Old subscribers can take advantage of this offer by renewing their subscriptions for .e year in advance. THE IRRIGATION AGE. Chicago. 1 12 Dearborn St. Irrigate Your Land USE THE LINK BELT WATER ELEVATOR. Cheapest machine on the market. Capacities frqm 500 to 6,000 gallons per minute. Hundreds now in suc- cessful operation. Send for circular and price list. Agents wanted. LINK BELT MACHINERY Co. Clilrago. 111., U. S. A. INFORMATION WANTED of an economical and profitable irriga- tion project, involving about ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRES to be located in Southern California, Arizona or New Mexico. Address T D. DAY, Jr., 45 Exchange Place, N. Y. City. THE PRESCOTT COURIER THE BRIGHTEST PAPER IN ARIZONA. SAMPLE COPY FREE. ROGERS & DILLON, PUBLISHERS. PRESCOTT, ARIZONA. SILVER AND GOLD, road; elevation about 4,000 feet; unlimited supply of water; delightful climate; NO WINTER; the upbuild- ing of a town; toll bridge and steamboat to be added. No locations or improvements commenced at this date. A rare chance for investment to prepare homes for many families. Those interested in reclaiming land and looking for permanent homes please write SINOL.A COMPANY, CISCO, I tali. A NEW LEVELING INSTRUMENT SIMPLE, PRACTICAL. CHEAP. For $10 you can do your own leveling, etc. Anyone who can read simple fig- ures can use this. H. GIBSON, ST. PAU£,, Mini... or M. B. SHERMAN, PAYETTE, Idaho. MENTION THE IRRIGATION AGE. ADVERTISEMENTS FROM GASOLINE? YES. It's very ECONOMICAL, SIMPI^E, SAFE and RELIABLE, and WEBER GASOLINE ENGINES require no 1 Engineer. His salary goes in your pocket. For information address, Weber Gas I Gasoline Engine Co,, 426 sorest The Short Steel Improved Land Grader AN IDEAL MACHINE For grading earth to a beautiful surface and especially for leveling land for irrigation. Moves earth rapidly, requires but single operator and reduces cost of farming by irrigation so greatly that no irrigator can afford to do without it. For descriptive circular giving price and telling how to start alfalfa, address B, F, SHUART, Oberlin, Ohio, A New Principle in Pumping. The Seaman Patent PUMP Took First Premium at the ST. JOSEPH FAIR, 1895. It is simple in construction and easy to run, requires less power than any other pump made. Will raise from 8O to 2O,OOO sal- Ions of water per minute, from a to 9O feet at a very low expense. Full particulars mailed on application. SEAMAN & SCHUSKE, 1604 Frederick A v., - St. Joseph, Ho. BUY NO INCUBATOR and pay for It before giving It a trial. The firm who is afraid to let you try their incu- bator before buying it has no faith in their machine. ,We will sell you ours ON TRIAL NOT A CENT until tried, and a child can run It wltli 5 minutes attention a day. We won FIRST PRIZK WORLD'S FAIR, and will win you for a steady customer if you will only buy ours on trial. Our large catalogue will cost you 5 cents and give you 8100 worth of practical information on poultry and incubat- ors and the money there is In tin- business. Plans for Brooders, Houses, etc., 25 cents. N.B. —Send us the names of three persons interested in poultry and 25 cents and we will send you " The Bicycle: Its Care and Repair," a book of 180 subjects and 80 illustrations; worth $5 to any bicvcle rider. VON CULI1V INCUHATOR CO., Box 434, Delaware City, Del. •«««•<»*•••••* For a knife that will cut a horn withcut crushing, because it cuts from four sides at once uet THE KEYSTONE «— -DEHORNER— It is humane, rapid and durable. Fully warranted. HIGHEST AWARD AT WOBLP'S FAIK Descriptive circulars IFR-IEIE. A.C HROSirs. CochraoviUe, Pa. Gasoline Engines Are the most reliable and cheapest power for Pumping Water for Irrigation. Catalogue Free. Tlie VaiiDiizen Gasoline Engine Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. TRY IT FREE lor "o days in your own home and j save $10 to $2:"i. No money in advance. Kfnnooil flai-hiiii- for $28.00 | $50 Arltiik-too Jlnrfclni'for . $19.50 ii.T-. i Made by us) >s, $ll.r>o. sl.'i and 27 other i styles. All aUuchmrnt!) VKKK. Vif pay freight. Huy from factory. Save agents larpte profits. IT 1(HMMK» in iisi-. Catalogue and ____testimonials Fr*e. Write at once. £FU"*!.. "•Adiipi-ss , i,. f,,n i. CASH BUYERS' UNION 158-164 West Tan Buren St., B- 1 20 I'hlcuiro, UN. MENTION THE IRRIGAT ON AGE. IRRIGATION PJTJlADVERTiSEMENTS GASOLINE POWER CHEAPEST Best and Most Reliable Fully Warranted. Sent on Trial Witt* Iron Worlds (p. Ask for Catalogue I. A. KANSAS CITY, MO. AGENTS WANTED. ACME PULVERIZING HARROW, Ul L CLQD CRUSHER AND LEVELER. Adapted to all soils and all work. Crushes, cuts, lifts, pulverizes. turns and levels the soil in one operation. Made en- tirely of cast steel and wrought iron—practically indestructible. Illustrated pamphlet mailed free. Cheapest riding* harrow on earth. $8.00 and up. DUATVE H. NASH, Sole M'f'r, Millington, New Jersey, and Chicago, II AM TDTjT To be returned at my expense lUlrtU if not satisfactory. N.B.— I deliver free on board at distributing points. PLEASE MENTION THIS PAPER. TEE HOMESEEKERS rtSSOCMTION. \\2 Dearborn St., CHICAGO. DIRECTORS. REV. DR. JOHN RUSK, Pres. REV. W. H. CARWARDINE, Vice-Pres. GEO. E. GIRLING, Sec'y. and Treas. WASHINGTON HESING. REV. H. W. THOMAS. ROBERT F. SULZER. Address all communications to the Secretary. The Homeseekers Association will fur- nish the most reliable information at its command regarding locations for settlers and homeseekers to its members. Membership Fee $1.00. Send for further Information. ARE YOU SEEKING a new location? If so, we may be in a position to help you out. Wisconsin has a variety of good things; immense iron ranges; extensive forests of hard wood suitable for the manufacture of furniture, wooden ware, staves, headings, hoops, and veneering, granite and lime stone quarries of the best quality; a num- ber of clay, kaolin and marl beads for the tile, brick and pottery industry; and fine farm lands tributary to the line which are attracting the progressive farmer. If you are interested, write us and we will be pleased to give you further infor- mation. W. H. KlLLEN, Industr'l Com'r. JAS. 0. POND, Gen'l Pass. A2t. H. F. WHITCOMB, Gen'l Mgr. Milwaukee, Wis. MENTION THE IRRIGATION AGE. 1 IRRIGATION ADVERTISEMENTS "THE BOSS" TREE PROTECTOR. Protect your growing trees Iroin Rabbit*, Squirrel*, Ciophers, Frost, Sunburn, Grass- hoppers Big Made of Yucca Palm; Stiong, Durable, Cheap and Guaranteed to give Perfect Satisfaction. We make all sizes. Send for Sample Free. Prices. Iri in. long, 812.50 per M. 24 in. long, 15.00 per M. 30 in. long, 17.50 per M. Agents Wanted Everywhere YUCCA MFG. CO. Third St., Near Santa Fe R. K. Los Angeles, Cal. TO THE SOUTH To Buy Railroad Lands we are going, cay the drought-stricken, frozen farmers of the North and West "We are going to the YAZOO VALLEY of MISSISSIPPI, where the black, rich soil is twenty feet deep, needs no irrigation and crops are growing continuously all the year round." Irrigation will redeem the arid lands of the great American deserts of the West, but in the YAZOO VALLEY of MISSIS- SI PPI you will not have to irrigate the lands, for the climate and soil a.e so excellent, thst it makes no difference whether i he- season is dry or not; you simply drop the seed in the prep;m-d ground and the crops will grow luxuriantly and produce ino«t abundantly. Listen, while we tell you what will grow there with such fabulous results that we hesitate to tell of them COTTON, RICE and SUGAR CANE, the chief product- ol the South; GKASSPS, CLOVER, OATS, WHEAT and CORN the chief products of the North. HEMP. 15 to 20 leet high, JUTE and other fibrous plants, also BROOM CORN. EARLY POTATOES and EARLY VEGETABLES for the earlv markets of Chicago and elsewhere. PEACHES, FIGS and other fruits that will rival those ol California in size, and far surpass them in flavor. The YAZOO VALLEY is already irrigated with streams, lakes and rivers, and you do not have to pay for the water, for it always rains just at the right time and just enough for your needs. 61)0.000 acres of ihe=e lands are owned by the YAZOO & MISSISSIPPI VALLEY RAILROAD COMPANY. For information as to prices and terms of sale and how to reach these lands, apply in person or by letter to EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner, No. 1 Park Row, Chicago, III., or G. W. McGINNIS, Assistant Land Commissioner, Memphis, Tenn. AND FARMS FARM LANDS AT HAMMOND. LA THE BEST TRUCK AND FRUIT LANDS IN THE SOUTH. YOU ASK, WHAT ARE ITS ADTANTA«0 Strawberrys will net from $200 t>. per acre. Sweet Potatoes will net about bushels per acre. Cabbage will make $500 per acre. Beets will clear $400 per acre. Cucumbers will clear from $300 to SMO. Will sell you a Farm from $300 up to $5,000. Have a few places, nice dwellings on them, under cultivation, at prices from $900 to $3,500. If you wish to leave the extreme cold sections of the North and settle on the main line of the Illinois Central R. R,., 52 miles from New Orleans, where drouths and blizzards are unknown and only 26 hours from Chicago, CALL ON OR ADDRESS SENTELL &. McKENZIE, HAMMOND, LA. MENTION THE IRRIGATION AGE. ADVERTISEMENTS MJNIMC 1 Association of Engineering Societies Boston, Cleveland, St. Louis. St. Paul, AJ mne- sota, Kansas City, Mon- tana, Denxer, Virginia, San Francisco. lYIONTHlFjOURNAL Subscription $3 per an 'm 30 cts. per copy JOHN C. TRAUTWINE, R. Sec'y 2-57 South 4th St., Phila. "i6" LONG RANGE: TELESCOPE. . — C ' l^ f { I HARRIS' NEW GRiDE - » LEVEL. No. 1.... 82.5.00 No. 2 ... 20.00 Jxo. 3.... 10.00 Target and Rod Free with Each. FOR FARMERS DITCHERS IRRIGATORS Do you grade, or drain, or irrigate? If so you heed this level. Itlost Simple, Durable, Accurate, Tlie BfKt. Recommended by hundreds who have used it. and some of whom you doubtless know. Their names and addresses with full descriptive price list and illustrated catalogue sent free on application to porties who men- tion this paper. Address (.1C \ III: LEVEL CO., Jackson, Mi< h. TABULES REGULATE THE STOMACH, LIVER AND BOWELS ; AND PURIFY THE BLOOD. RIPAN8 TABIJLES arc the best Medi- cine known for Indigestion, Biliousness, Hcnduchc, Constipation, Dyspepsia, Chronic Liver Troubles, Dizziness, Bad Complexion, Dysentery, Offensive Breath, ui:d all dis- orders of tlie Stomach, Liver and Bowels. Ripans Tabules contain nothing1 injurious to the most delicate constitution. Are pleasant to take, safe, effectual, and give immediate relief. Price— 50 cents per box. May be ordered through nearest druggists or by mall. Sample vial, 10 cents. Address THE RIPANS CHEMICAL CO., 10 SPRCJCE STREET, NET'V YORK CITY. NEARLY 60,000 SOLD! No Better Testimonial Needed "NY rite for Catalogue with full Information PEASE PIANO CO. 316-322 W. 43d Street, NEW YORK 248 Wabash Avenue, CHICAGO THE CELEBRATED DeLamater=Rider and DeLamater- Ericsson Hot Air Pnmping Engines ARK FOR IRRIGATION AND WILL. PUMP WATER FOR Your Stock Your Land Your Garden Your House Your Lawn Your Stable Your Crop* Your Dairy Everything Dependent Upon Water Xo other meons so safe, simple, economical and free from care. Will pump water from any source and force it 1o any height or distance. Will burn any kind of fuel, these engines are supplanting all other means of supplying water on farms, country resi- dences and dairy and stock farms, etc. Will save property from loss by fire. Send for Catalogue to The De Lamater Iron Works 467 West Broadway. N, Y. C'lty Be Independent of Ditch Companies, ADVERTISEMENTS jjj ANY ONE OF THESE BOOKS AND THE IRRIGATION AGE ONE YEAR FOR $1.OO HANDY VOLUME CLASSICS. In convenience of size, attractiveness of make-up and in literary excellence this line is without a peer. It embraces no select standard and books by the world's greatest authors. Printed from a uniformly Urge clear type on a supe- rior quality of paper, bound in full cloth, stamped in silver from attractive and unique designs. This series contains the greatest variety of titles published, and embraces only works of standard merit in poetry and prose. The list of titles is unsurpassed. Each book has a printed wrapper." PRICE, PER VOLUME, 40C. Any one of these books given FREE, postage prepaid to any ad- dress in the United States, Canada or Mexico, to subscribers who pay for one year in advance. Those already on our list can take advantage of this offer by renewing. 1 The Abbe Constantin Ludovic Helevy 2 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Lewis Carroll 3 The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table Oliver Wendell Holmes 4 Bacon's Essays Francis Bacon 5 Beyond the City A. Conan Doyle 6 A Bird of Passage. By the Author of "Ships That PassintheNipht," Beatrice Harraden 7 Book of Golden Deeds C. M. Yonge 8 Black Beauty Anna Bewail 9 Browning's Poems Robert Browning Burns' Poems Robert Burns 58 Mill on the Floss, Vol. I ?,„„„! M Ml on the Floss. Vol. II \ boxed Geo- Ellot Mornings in Florence... John Ruskin Mosses From an Old Manse. Nathaniel.Hawthorne Cariyle's History of the French Revolution. Vol- ume 1 Thos. Carlyle Cariyle's History of the French Revolution. Vol- ume 2 Thos. Carlyle Childe Harold's Pilgrimage Lord Byron The Coming Race Lord Lytton The Confessions of an English Opium Eater. Thos.DeQuincey Cranford Mrs. Gaskell Crown of Wild Olive John Ruskin Dickens' Story Teller Chas. Dickens Dickens' Shorter Stories Chas. Dickens Dream Life D. G. Mitchell (Ik Marvel) Dreams Olive Shreiner ( Ralph Iron) Drummond 's Addresses Drummond Emerson's Essays, 1st Series, I ^nv0A Emerson's Essays, 2d Series, j R. W. Emerson Essays of Elia Chas. Lamb Ethics of the Dust John Ruskin Evangeline H. W. Longfellow Favorite Poems. Frankenstein Mrs. Shelley Half Hours With Great Authors. Half Hours With Great Humorists. Half Hours With Great Novelists. Half Hours With Great Story Tellers. Heroes and Hero Worship Thos. Carlyle Heroes or Greek Fairy Tales, The. Charles Kingsley House of Seven Gables, The. .Nathaniel Hawthorne House of the Wolf, The. By the author "A Gentle- man of France." Stanley J. Weyman Ideala. By the author of " Heavenly Twins." Sarah Grand Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow, The Jerome K . Jerome Idylls of the King Lord Tennyson Imitation of Christ Thos. a-Kempis In Memorials Lord Tennyson John Halifax, Gentleman, Vol. 1 ) v>_VA.i John Halifax, Gentleman, Vol. 2 ] D Miss Mulock The Lady of the Lake Sir Walter Scott Lalla Rookh Thos. Moore The Last Essays of Elia Chas. Lamb Lays of Ancient Rome Lord Macaulay Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers W. E. Aytoun Light of Asia Sir Edwin Arnold Longfellow's Poems H. W. Longfellow ; boxed R- Love Letters of a Wordly Woman. Mrs. W. K. Clifford Lowell's Poems James Russell Lowell Lucille Owen Meredith Marmion Sir Walter Scott 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Natural Law in the Spiritua World 'Drummond Paradise Los Milton Past and Present Thos. Cai lyle Paul and Virginia Bernardin de St. Pierre The Pleasures of Life Sir John Lubbock Poe's Poems Edgar Allan Poe The Princess and Maud Lord Tennyson Queen of the Air John Ruskin Raband His Friends Dr. John Brown Rasselas — Dr. Samuel Johnson Representative Men Ralph W. Emerson Reveries of a Bachelor. . D. G. Mitchell (Ik Marvel) Sartor Resartus Th' s. Carlyle Sesame and Lilies John Ruskin The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne Ships That Pass in the Night .... Beatrice Harraden The Sign of the Four A Conan Doyle Sketch Book Washington Irving St. Mark's Rest John Ruskin Story of an African Farm. Olive Schreiner (Rali h Iron) Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Robert Louis Stevenson A Study in Scarlet A. Conan Doyle Tales From Shakespeare C. and M. Lamb Teachings of Epictitus. Tennyson's Poems, Vol. 1 ) hnYP(1 T ftr,i 'i>nnvson Tennyson's Poems, Vol. 2 f boxed. .Lore Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Through the Gates of Gold Mabel Collins Tillyloss Scandal T. M. Barrie Treasure Island Robert Louis Stevenson Twice Told Tales Nathaniel Hawthorne Uncle Tom's Cabin. Harriet Beecher Stowe Vanity Fair, Vol. 1 ( hovprl w V Thackerav Vanity Fair, Vol.2 f Doxecl W. M. lhackeray Vicar of Wakefleld Oliver Goldsmith The Wide, Wide World, Vol. 1 / ,,,ivo,i The Wide, Wide World, Vol. 2 J »oxeu- Elizabeth Wetherell (Susan Warner) Wonder Book for Boys and Girls. Nathaniel Hawthorne Whittier's Poems Jno. away in overcoming friction on small pipes when larger ones would cost but a trifle more and carry two or three times the amount with the same power. Engines are sometimes rated at their theoretical power not al- lowing for the loss on their bearings which may be as high as thirty per cent. The maker will give you a fair allowance for this but he cannot allow for what you fasten to it. Nor can he be blamed if you run the machine at a low efficiency because you have a well that pumps out so easily that the machinery must be slowed down to allow it to fill. All the machinery I have ever seen was miser- ably handicapped in its operation by one of these causes and generally by both. Often the buyer is not getting over forty per cent of the power and I have seen many in which one-half was wasted in overcoming friction in pipes too small, rough or dented, and with one or more right-angled bends. The major- ity of windmills are doing less than half duty from these and other causes. And you cannot expect good results from steam and none too good from gasoline unless the machine can run at full power or very near it for a long time. The gasoline looses almost nothing in stopping or firing up but even it does best running steadily at a good speed for a long time. You will never invest a few dollars better than in getting a compe- tent engineer to figure all possible fric- tion out of your works. No matter how cheap fuel may be you cannot af- 28 THE IRRIGATION AGE. ford to waste much of it in pumping against friction. A full feed of water at the lower end is almost as important as the height of the lift. If you can throw a stream of twenty-five to fifty inches for two or three days at 'a time, so that there wTill be no more pumping to do for several weeks, you can lift water cheaply with steam in many places. Ten days run of thirty-six and a half inches would be a whole inch for a year, and if divided into five periods of two days each or into six periods of twenty inches running three days at a time it should be enough for ten acres in almost anything but al- falfa, oranges, lemons or some kinds of garden stuff in a dry country. But the ordinary farm well surrenders to such a draught in about three minutes. An extra well in earth or.sand may stand it for a few hours but after a few days begins to dry and when it does it is gone. It wants a pond or flowing stream or a well on a good gravel bed, or some big crevice in rock, connecting with some big watershed. The well should gener- ally be large, with drifts so as to give sufficient percolating space, or you may find it fail even with a good supply back of it. In such cases don't try to save a few dollars by being your own engineer. The man who is his own lawyer finds out very quickly where he is hurt but the man who is his own engineer may scratch a long while before he suspects he has the seven years itch. The work is so simple that no engineer would charge as much as you lose in a week by trying to dispense with him. In orchard work of all kinds in the arid and semi-arid countries the rabbit is a factor in irrigation. The festive "Jack" will travel miles at night to nibble the bark on young trees at certain times of the year and there are times when no amount of alfalfa will stay his passion. The cotton tail is bad enough. A low fence will keep either out as they do not jump high, but it is much safer to pro- tect the trunk of the trees when young as they do not trouble it when old. Tarred paper and wire netting made into a roll and tied around the trunk are used but the best, and cheapest, is the Yucca Veneer made in Lo» Angeles of the " desert palm " by the Yucca Manu- facturing Company. This is the most popular with the fruit growers on ac- count of lightness and durability, ventil- ating the tree and at the same time keeping the sun from it, yet being as light and convenient to ship and put on as paper. On some kinds of soil you may be ap- palled at seeing the water disappear like magic at the first irrigation into the many holes made by gophers and other animals, and often a large tract may cave in so that it seems a hopeless task to irrigate it. But these troubles will soon cease with regular and suffici- ent irrigation. Even without any holes, as on some parts of the desert where no animals live, the soil seems at first so awfully thirsty that you think it ridi- culous to try to wet it enough. But you will find this difficulty pass away after you have the subsoil well filled with moisture and you will like your desert soil better than that of the wet country. As a rule you will find it not only quite as rich but so free from hard pan or other impediment to good drain- age that it is worth much more. I would far rather have the soil of the Salt River Valley in Arizona, on which absolutely nothing of value can ever exist without irrigation, than the richest prairie of the west underlaid by clay or other impervious material. But you must not infer from this that soil with hardpan cannot be well irri- gated. They cannot be drenched while the well drained soil will stand drench- ing better. From stupid work many a man has concluded that his soil was not susceptible of irrigation. In many a section all attempts have been aban- doned for this reason. There is no soil that cannot be irrigated but some can be handled more easily than others by any one and will not suffer so much from bad work. There are some that cannot be irrigated except in a certain way. If there is a clay or other subsoil that interrupts the drainage it should be well filled with moisture by winter irrigation if it is porous, the moisture retained by as good cultivation as is pos- sible, all trees planted upon it and never in it unless a hole is dug or blasted through into some open material, It should then be irrigated carefully and never treated to too long a run of too much water. In the case of tough clay THE IRRIGATION AGE. 29 with a thin top soil it is best to crown the rows of trees a little, scrape away the top soil and spread out the roots of the trees and never make a hole in it, heap the top soil around it and do not let the water come near the tree. In sum- mer, irrigate the intermediate space. In winter you may W7et it anywrhere .if the trees are dormant but in summer be careful. With good winter irrigation and cultivation the roots spread out to the moisture and burrow in to the clay in such a way that the tree will not be hurt. Many have an idea that on very gravelly ground you must water very often and some keep large streams run- ning nearly all the time. Some say you have to run large streams to soak it at all. while others will say that it can't be flooded at all and still others will aver that you cannot irrigate it in any way. Pure nonsense all of it. I must repeat there is no soil that cannot be irrigated. Anything with enough fine material to be worth planting can be irrigated with- out running water one-quarter the num- ber of times supposed necessary by verdancy. Any soil that will hold water in the ditches necessary to get the water up to it will hold it 1 ong enough to flood. If it will not, it is not worth working for any purpose. As a rule all you have to do is to make the checks small enough and the irrigating head large enough. If the head is too small in proportion to the size of the check you will of course come to grief and find most of the water gone before the whole bottom of the check is covered. But if the head is' large enough and the check small enough this cannot happen unless your soil is a nest of cobble stones with no fine material between. A head of one hundred inches or iwo cubic feet a second will cover about twenty-two feet square three inches deep in one minute. You will find no soil worth anything that will take one- half an inch in depth in that time. If you should find it still too porous, yet can use it for anything, make the checks still smaller or the head still larger. But nothing that you can do will be as bad as keeping a stream running all the time. You might better cut the checks to ten or even five feet square if you cannot get a large enough head for twenty-foot checks. And sometimes you may do the same thing with furrows by making the streams larger, but in some way or another you can irrigate every kind of land no matter what its- shape or quality. To be concluded in our next issue. YOUNG ORANGE TREES IN A NURSERY. DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT EXCHANGE IDEA. BY FRANK S. CHAPIN. A S California fruit came into market •^^ so much faster than facilities for its disposal developed, especially in times when the mass of consumers were down to bed rock and cutting off all luxuries, the growers took it into their own hands. Some of them are in the position of the boy kicked in the face by a mule wrho asked his father if he thought he would ever be as pretty again. u No, my son, but you'll know more." Now some of them know that it is as much of a trade to sell good's as to pro- duce them; that there is as much advant- age in curing fruit on a large scale with every facility as the creamery has over the farm dairy and that the plan by which you can reach the retailer most directly and make the deal most interest- ing for him is the best. They have found that prunes yield all the way from 25 per cent to 45 per cent of their fresh weight and other fruits in proportion and that flavors vary as much or more than yields. So it is even harder than in the ordinary business to agree upon a just basis of credits. The banks advancing money on fruit in warehouses, cured and graded, have not been pleased owing to the policy of exchanges of holding too long on declin- ing markets. Under such considerations "The Visalia Exchange11 has adopted the policy of storing each man's crop separately in their warehouse and grad- ing and packing to suit order of buyer as goods are shipped. Whenever a customer wants to draw an advance he consigns the goods to some commission house, forwarding sample and authorizing them to act as his agent in disposing of same. When- ever they secure an offer it is submitted for acceptance and goods are sold from sample i. o. b. The house acts as producer's agent in guaranteeing goods up to sample and has such arrangements for arbitration that trouble seldom occurs. Houses are disposed to encourage the trade in ordering goods packed under their own brands and then crowding their sale as specialties. When a traveling man is able to show a customer samples of nearly all the stock in the market and to furnish same in any style of pack- age he is in very different position from a huckster along the water front whose store is crowded with dirty sacks of fruit that the worms are destroying, and there are so many more sellers than buyers that he is glad to have it out of his way at any price. The time is coming when it will seem as important to send cured fruit in pack- ages that will reach the consumer with recipes for cooking as it is to pack oat- meal or baking powder in that way. In co-operative drying plants it has been found hard to avoid such favoritism as made the work too expensive. It has been suggested that after the neighborhood has equipped the plant they let the work of curing to the lowest responsible bidder with as careful specifi- cations as they would make for a bridge or a house. He might hire the same people but they would not have the same pull and could be controlled. As the amount of money that its net proceeds pays interest or fixes land value and determines rate of develop- ment, questions like the above have a deep interest for all engaged in develop- ing the arid west. We summarize: Neighborhood cur- ing plants; curing done by contract; crops stored separately at warehouse; advances made by commission house; sales made by houses employing travelers to interview retailers; goods packed to order; dealers encouraged to order priv- ate brands and push sale of specialties; advertise merits of goods and methods of cooking on each package. I I In Diversified Farming' by Irrigation lies the Salvation oi Agriculture. THE AGE wants to brighten the pages of its Diversified Farm department and with this purpose in view it requests its readers everywhere to send in photographs and pictures of fields, orchards and farm homes; prize-taking horses, cattle, sheep or hogs. Also sketches or plans for convenient and commodious barns, hen houses, corncribs, etc; Sketches of labor-saving devices, such as ditch cleaners and watering troughs. A good illustration of a wind-mill irrigation plant is always interesting. Will you help us improve the appearance of THE AGE? ALFALFA.* When to Cut, How to Cure and How to Stack. BY W. H. FANT. T A M confronted with three questions. It is an easy matter to propound questions, but often, not an easy task to give clear, well-defined answers. We may feel quite competent to properly discharge certain lines of work, but to tell how it is done, in a manner that will be fully understood and comprehended by others, will also prove a difficult task. One may read the best essays on the subjects under consideration, yet it will require experience, and the more the better, to cut, cure and stack alfalfa to the best advantage. When to cut? The proper time to cut is when it fairly commences to bloom, let that be May or June. Unlike other plants which yield but one crop in the season, alfalfa begins growing again, immediately after it is cut, so that what diminution of weight may be suffered on account of early cuttings is made up in after-growth and subsequent crops. Do not cut too much at once or more than can be readily handled when cured, for reasons which will be given later on. The first crop contains more water than will be found in subsequent ones, and the mower, in consequence, may be used at all times of the day without prejudice, but later on in the season, the best time to cut is in the forenoon, while the air and alfalfa are yet to a degree, moist; often the liquidation of the moisture by the action of the sun and drying winds, the knives of the sickle will accumulate gum, while in use rapidly, thus causing heavier draft, extra wear and friction on all parts of the machine, especially the sickle. As a remedy, water should be kept at one corner of the field, and ap- plied by pouring on the knives of the sickle each round, which will loosen the gum and cause it to rub off easily. Otherwise, sooner or later a breakage of the mower will occur somewhere, (usually the sickle-head), then, as is often the case, the mower, the agent who sold it, and the manufacturer, come in for a full share of abuse, when the fault was with the driver, whose mind and body had been allowed to lapse into a state of inertia. Next, how to cure alfalfa so as to re- tain its bright color and nutritive pro- perties, requires watchfulness, vigilance and prompt action at the right time, or the best results will fail to be obtained. Would advise the alfalfa be raked into winrows as soon as practical, that is as soon as it has dried sufficient to be taken up without being unduly trying and slavish to the rake, and allow it to cure principally in the winrows, where the green color and leaves are better retained. On account of the humidity of the at- mosphere, the first crop, as a rule, cut in June, requires to remain untouched as it falls from the mower, for a longer period to cure than the after crops; the time to so remain must be determined by the drying out conditions, then exist- ing, usually from one to two days. The following crop can frequently be raken the same day it has been cut. During the drying months of August, Septem- ber and October L have had the rake fol- low the mower within two or three hours after the cutting; for, unless quickly placed in winrows a loss in color, leaves and weight will follow. After being *Address delivered belore Finney County Farmer institute Garden City, Kans. IRRIGATION AGE. raked into winrows and the work accum- ulates so that it cannot be readily stacked when cured, it should be placed into nice, well rounded shocks, which protects it from the drying sun and scorching winds and I am not sure, but its the very best way to cure the alfalfa. In the shock the alfalfa may be allowed to remain until one can feel certain it has become ripe for the stack, which can be determined largely by taking hold of the stems and see if they will break readily by twisting, if instead of break- ing when bent the sterns yield like a string, then it has not cured sufficiently to be placed in the stack with safety, as it will be almost certain to stack burn, which renders it unfit for commercial purposes or for feeding to horses. Alfalfa should never be moved when the dew is on and if possible rain should never be allowed to fall upon it between the cutting and stacking, as the rain bleaches it, and the leaves fall off readily afterward. When properly cured it should be placed in the stack, and the sooner it is done the better. At this period above all others, there is not a place to be found for a lazy or drowsy man, for if allowed to remain in the winrow it dries out and the leaves more readily fall from the stems, a rain also is liable to come unawares, and does it much damage; then push the stacking and its color, weight and nutritive qual- ities are the better preserved. If a large crop is tj be harvested and fifteen to twenty acres have been cut and made ready, two or three go-devils to convey the alfalfa to the stack may be used to good purposes when two good stout men should be on the stack, one of whom should take charge of shaping the stack and to build a good stack he cannot too well understand this work; watching the sides and walking over the stack occas- ionally to find out and fill in the places that need evening up, is very essential and at all times keeping the center full and highest, especially as it nears the top. Alfalfa will settle in the stack very considerably in a few days, there- fore retopping once or twice would be very advisable, and until it settles pro- perly a good-sized canvas might be used to great advantage to prevent the rains soaking in, for new alfalfa stacked will not turn off water as it falls like other grasses, but the rain readily soak, in, doing much damage if the tops are not carefully protected in some way. It is now time I should close, but will take the liberty to say that alfalfa is our main and most valuable crop. It pays a greater per cent, of profit than any other. Cattle fed on it through the winter come out in better shape to place on grass than from any other one feed as it contains just the elements needed to make and develop bone and muscle and give health and vigor to the animal. Not only the best bred Hereford, the Shorthorn, the Galloway, the Poll-Angus and other strains of high grade cattle (of which Kansas produces among the best in the United States) but the stringy, knotty, tow-headed stock of Arkansas and Louis- iana, when once they become introduced will run and bawl for it and from its use will widen out rapidly. Instead of baling our alfalfa and shipping it to the heathens in the different cities of the east who are slow to become acquainted with its merit and value, we have at last become fully persuaded that the best way to dispose of it is to compress it into the stomachs of cattle. With alfalfa and cattle, the bright shining star of hope and success beams upon us. CORN UNDER IRRIGATION. BY A SUBSCRIBER. " I 'HERE has been much said and writ- ten on the different methods of irri- gation and the best means of getting water over the ground, and as what has been the experience of the writer and a cost of time and labor may be of benefit to beginners in irrigation, we will give what we have found best adapted to this western country where corn and wheat are the principal crops raised. To put in corn we find the best method is what we call double listing. That is we list out the stubble ground in the fall and give it a thorough watering in October, running the water down the furrows till the soil will take no more. This leaves the field in good condition to catch winter moisture and keep the sub-soil moist, which in a country where irrigation is necessary, is almost always dry. When planting time comes these ridges are thrown out with a lister with a good sub-soiler attached and planted THE IRRIGATION AGE. 33 with an ordinary corn planter. The check-rower is used when it is desired to cultivate both ways or planted in hills but drilling is the general custom, as the ridging leaves the furrows in bet- ter shape to run the channels or stream of water between each row of corn which is necessary. If the corn has been cross cultivated it is more difficult to get an even channel or run of water, as the ridges are imperfect and in case we have rain at the time of watering and the fields are not properly drained there is danger of getting too much water in the low places which is a detri- ment even in dry western Nebraska. Another point in favor of planting in listed furrows is this: In this country we are subject to high winds about the time of the crop growing season and where the ground has been ordinarily plowed the corn growing on this loosened soil after a thorough wetting will be blown over first one way then another until the brace roots are broken or pulled loose. We had a field of corn planted on plowed ground that was very promis- ing, just when we had the ground well soaked we had a storm accompanied by high wind which bent the corn to the ground, the following night a high wind blew from the opposite direction, laying it over the other way, pulling up the brace roots and tangling badly. Another field planted on listed ground withstood the wind with little or no evil effect. In regard to watering the second time: do not let the corn suffer or even get dry before applying the second time or even the third watering. We had a crop mature fully that was planted June 1st, and watered late but the water was kept running till the corn showed signs of maturing, while another field planted May 10th, watered as soon as laid by July 1st, was then let get dry before the second watering, took on a second growth after the second watering and did not mature fully before the cold nights and frost caught it. The corn was loose on the cob and of a chaffey quality. We also find that by listing out the stubble and thoroughly watering and then as soon as the ground can be watered, clos- ing or filling the furrows with a disc harrow, we have a splendid seed bed for the sowing of winter wheat which will come up quickly and get a good growth before winter sets in thus covering the ground and retarding the evaporation of the moisture during the dry season of early winter. American Imports.— Sugar is our larg- est article of import. Last year the total reached nearly $90,000,000. Coffee comes next, with $85,000,000; wool $33, 000,000; raw silk, $27,000,000; woods, $21,000,000; hides, $20,000.000; india rub- ber, $17,000,000; goatskin, $14,000,000; tea, $13,000,000; vegetable fibres, $11,000, 000; chemicals, $10,000,000; gums, $7,000, 000; soda, $7,000,000, and other raw mat- erials amounting to a total of $370,000, 000 last year, upon which no duty was paid being 47 per cent of our entire im- ports. In 1895 49 per cent was free. In 1894 58 per cent. The raw materials which with the exception of sugar, con stitute the free list of our tariff came from Brazil, $71,000,000; Cuba, usually $80,000,000; Japan, China and the West Indies, Mexico and the countries of Central and South America, which tax every ounce of our products that passes through their custom houses. They have not asked us to admit their products free. We have done so volun- tarily; and have thereby thrown away the opportunity to secure similar con- cessions in return. Fighting1 Poultry Lice. — The best time to fight poultry lice is during the winter, when they are dormant. The larger sorts can be killed with insect- powder if it is sprinkled among the plumage of the fowls. The insects that produce scaly-legs can be killed by greas- ing the shanks thoroughly with any kind of vegetable or animal oil. This should be rubbed into the legs thorough- ly, and worked down until it gets under the scales, where it will reach the insects and kill them. For the red mites heroic measures are necessary if they are pres- ent in any considerable numbers. The perches and all nest-boxes or other inside furnishings should be removed, and then the whole inside of the house should be drenched with boiling-hot water, after which it is a good plan to paint the inside with kerosene, and then thoroughly whitewash the house inside and out. The perches, nest-boxes, etc., should be treated in the same way before being replaced. 34 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Production of Beet Sugar.— The fol- lowing figures according to the " Pecos Valley Argus " show the growth of the beet-root sugar industry in the United States from its first inception in 1830, when but a few hundred pounds were made, to the present time when 40,000 tons are manufactured, and when new factories are being built in all sections of the country. The following beet sugar factories are now in operation: The Western Beet Sugar company, Wat- son ville, California; the Chino Beet Sugar factory, Chino Valley, California; the Alameda Sugar company, Alvarado, California; the Norfolk Beet Sugar com- pany, Norfolk, Nebraska; the Oxnard Beet Sugar company, Grand Island, Neb- raska; the Pecos Valley Beet Sugar company, Eddy, New Mexico; the Utah Sugar company, Lehi, Utah; 0. K. Lap- ham & Co., Staunton, Virginia. New factories are approaching completion, or proposed at places as follows: at Rome, New York, now being moved from Can- ada; at Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin (Wisconsin Beet Sugar company, Mil- waukee, Wisconsin); at Alamitos, Cali- fornia, (the Alamitos Sugar company, Los Angeles, California); at Salinas City, California, proposed by Mr. Claus Spreckels. PRODUCTION BY YEARS FROM 1830 TO 1896. YEAR. ESTIMATED PRODUCTION YEAR TONS. 1830 A few hundred pounds. 1884 953 1831-7 None. 1885 600 1838-9 lS3!Mi2 1.300 pounds. None. 1886 1887 800 255 1863-71 300-500 tons per annum. 1888 1,910 1872 500 tons. 1889 2,600 1873 700 tons. 1890 2,800 1874-7 Under 100 tons per annum. 1891 5,359 1878 200 tons. 1892 12,091 1879 1,200 tons. 1893 20,453 1880 500 tons. 1894 20,443 1881-2 Less than 500 tons. 1895 30,000 1883 535 tons. 1896 40,000 Wheat's Northern Limit. — In Europe the growth of wheat ceases with an im- aginary line connecting Inverness, Scot- land, latitude 58 degrees; Drontheirn, Norway, latitude 64 degrees, and St. Petersburg, Russea, latitude 60 degrees 15 minutes. Oats reach a sligntly higher latitude. Barley and rye ascend to latitude 70 degrees but require a favorable aspect and season to produce a crop Best Oranges in Florida.— Professor E. S. Hubbard, of Florida, lately spoke as follows regarding the most desirable varieties of oranges for cultivation in Florida: " Throughout the orange belt gener- ally, the Red Tangerine is probably the most satisfactory of the earlier ripening class of Mandarin oranges; it can be shipped for the Christmas market. Among the round oranges, Contenial, Parson Brown and Nonpareil are the most satisfactory of the early varieties; they have sufficient acid to make them palatable, and are sweet enough to eat when colored enough for shipping. For mid-season the Jaffa may be con- sidered the standby. There is quite a long list of mid-season varieties that have little advantage over each other, such as Ruby, Knickerbocker and Aniory. among the bloods, and Prolific and Paper Rind among the St. Michaels. Among the late oranges, I know of no superior to Hart's Late; the tree, in my experience, stood the last cold, as well, or better, than any other variety. The Valencia Late is also desirable." Uses of Lemons. -A writer in the New York Herald gives the following information regarding the uses of lemons: u The hands and nails are kept clean, white, soft and supple by the daily use of lemon instead of soap. It prevents chilblains also. Lemon is often used in intermittent fevers, mixed with strong, hot, black coffee, without sugar. By rubbing the part affected with a cut lemon, neuralgia may be cured. It is valuable also to cure warts and to destroy dandruff 011 the head, by rubbing the roots of the hair with it. It will alleviate and finally cure coughs and colds and heal diseased lungs, if taken hot on going to bed at night. Its uses are manifold and the more we all employ it internally and externally, the better we shall find our- selves. Lemon juice is useful in remov- ing the tartar from the teeth. A doctor in Rome is trying it experi- mentally in malarial fevers with success, but he thinks it will in time supersede quinine." THE IRRIGATION AGE. 35 A VALUABLE RECIPE. " For fevers, chills, rheumatism or constipation, throw the pulp, rinds and seeds all together with the juice into a vessel of stoneware or porcelain. Sweet- en to taste. Pour boiling water over the mass. Stir until the sugar is dissolved. Cover closely and let stand until luke- warm or cold. Drink the liquor freely. A gallon taken in twelve hours has been known to check chills and fever. Do not put the liquor into metal, for that will poison it.11 Let us indulge in some figures while on the subject of lemons. Almost every one believes that the use of a lemon a day would prove not only agreeable but of decided benefit to the general health. If, therefore, the people of the United States (70,000,000) should consume but one lemon each per day it would require 85,166,545 boxes of lemons to supply them each year if we estimate 300 lemons to each box. But it will take a long time to convince our people that lemons are better and far cheaper than beer, whisky, cigarettes and doctors. Farm Secrets.— Cost of producing wheat, corn, oats, hay and all products which farmers produce are common sub- jects to be found treated in farm papers and which are heard discussed a great deal on the streets when merchants talk about farming. We do not hear so much about the cost of production of coal, iron, calico and coal-oil. The men who produce wares to sell to the farmers keep the cost price secret if they can. They know the cost but do not tell every one. It is not likely that two farmers living side by side can raise corn at the same outlay. We see one farmer becom- ing well-to-do selling products at low rates while his neighbor is closed out by the sheriff. The cost of production on the farm depends upon the man who does the planning and the work. The producers should know the cost, but it is not necessary for them to tell every one. What the Nations eat.— A statistician compiled the following figures, showing the price of nourishment for the various nations: The average Englishman con- sumes $250 worth of food per year; Germans and Austrians, $216 worth; Frenchmen $212; Italians, $110, and the Russians only $96 worth of eatables per year. In the consumption of meat the English speaking nations are also in the lead, with 128 pounds of meat a year per capita of the population, the Frenchman using 95 pounds; Austrians 79; Germans 72; Italians 52; Russians, 50. The con- sumption of bread is reversed, being compared to that of meat. The English use 410 pounds a year; the Frenchman, 595; the Austrians, 605; Germans, 620; Spanish, 640; Italians, 660; the Russians 725. One Source.—" A little house well filled, a little farm well tilled.11 One source of hard times among farmers in the West is the attempt to wTork too large an area of territory. New begin- ners should take small farms, irrigate and diversify. Black,— Red pepper should never be given to poultry in large quantities. The practice of putting red pepper in all the soft food should be discarded. The best effect from its use is when it is given once or twice a week, and half a grain for each fowl is sufficient. A Registry f'Or dairy shorthorns was determined upon at the recent annual meeting of the American Shorthorn Breeders Association in Chicago. Ad- mission must be based upon actual per- formance at the milk pail. Care of Stallion Colts.— A contributor writes: " I wean them when about five months old and put them where they cannot see their dams, and if they can- not hear them all the better, as they will then forget them sooner. If I have a good pasture with water and feed troughs handy, they have it; if not, they have a good yard with box stalls to run in and get their feed, which consists of oats and wheat shorts fed separate and dry, all they will eat and clean up well. I also feed good timothy and clover hay, corn fodder and straw, letting them run in bunches of six or eight, selecting those nearest of an age and size to run together. Sometimes they have to be separated when a year old, but I have had them run together until they were 2i| years old. However, as soon as they begin to find out that they are stallions it is better to separate them." THE IRRIGATION AGE. American Pork Proved Wholesome. -The effort made in Germany to pro hibit the importation of American pork and its products has resulted in proving that the charges that it was unfit for fo( > Cottonseed-oil trust 20,000,000 Wall-paper trust 20,000,000 Lead trust 30,000,000 Rubber trust 50,000,000 Linseed-oil trust 18,000,000 Match trust 8,000,000 School-furniture trust 15,000,000 Type trust 6,000,000 Dressed Beef and Provision trust 100,000,000 Condensed Milk trust 15,000,000 Straw-board trust 6,000,000 Leather trust , 125,000.000 The Size of a Poultry House.— The size of a poultry house will, of course, depend on the number of fowls it is designed to keep. Practical experience has shown that flocks of forty are large enough for best results. If a large number of fowls are to be kept it will be better to build two or more houses, and nave them located at quite different points, so that each flock's ranging grounds will be as distinct as possible. The beginner should however, invariably commence with one flock, and branch out as he gets experience that will jus- tify him in so doing. The Russian Thistle which first made its appearance in this country about 1873 in Bonhomme County, South Da- kota, has at last found its way east. Its presence was discovered by Wm. H. Van Sickel, supervising principal of the schools of western New York. He is of the opinion that the seeds had been carried east in a cattle car. Sun, rain, rust and exposure wear out tools faster than the use of them Well said; Drainage from a manure pile indicates a lack of drainage. THE IRRIGATION A(iK. California Productions. — The follow- ing are the statistics of productions in the state during 1896. Gold, $14,160, 613; borax $800,000; petroleum and bitumen, over $1,000,000, salt $130,000; mineral waters, $400,000; natural gas, $150,000; quicksilver, 30,743 flasks; beet sugar, 46,000,000 pounds; wheat, 28,682, 200 bushels; brandy distilled from grapes nearly 1,000,000 gallons; barley 10,800, 000 bushels; beans 68,000,000 pounds; raisins, 84,000,000 pounds; dried fruit, 148,500,000 pounds; dried prunes 51,000, 000 pounds; canned fruits, 1,340,000 cases; wool 24,500,000 pounds; hops, over 52,000 bales; oranges, 1896-97 es- timated 8375 carloads; 1896, 2,512,500 boxes; butter, annual product, 48,000,000 pounds; cheese, 16,000,000 pounds; wine receipts at San Francisco, 12,914,670 gallons; brandy, 163,650 gallons; provi- sions, $5,500,000; value of nuts, $350,000; powder, 12,000,000 pounds; total gold product since 1848, $1,368,429,278; quick- silver since 1877, 810,767 flasks; gold and silver since 1848, $1,475,434,107. Seventy-six thousand acres are set to orange trees and 70,000 to prunes; there are 3,900,000 acres of land under irriga- tion. There are 340,000 milch cows in the state and $106,00,000 invested in dairies. Nebraska Canals.— In Nebraska it is stated that there are completed 3,740 miles of canals, and that there are in process of construction 1,045.6 miles, making a total mileage at the present time of canals completed and in process of construction of 4,785.6. The estima- ted cost will exceed $3,000,000, of which over one-half has already been expended. This will bring under irrigation 1,207, 966 acres of land, increasing the value of the land nearly $10,000,000. In addi- tion to this there are applications on file for contemplated canals of a total mileage of 2,946. The Fence that Turns Everything. The fence made with the Duplex Automatic Woven Wire Fence Machine, which is made entirely of wood and malleable iron, and is so simple and easily operated that anyone who knows how to turn a grindstone can take it right into the field or any place and make 40 to 60 rods a day of the best fence on earth, horse-high, bull-strong, pig, chicken or rabbit-tight at a cost for the wire of only 12 to 20 cents a rod. It can be made in a variety of styles or designs, using either plain or barb wire for the top and bottom margin wires, and by using wire pickets, weaving them right into the fabric ornamental designs can be made suitable not only for farm residences but also city and suburban residences. Messrs. Kitselman Bros., Ridgeville, Indiana, whose advertisement appears elsewhere in this issue, claim this Duplex Automatic Machine is the result of their ten years experience in the manufacture of woven wire fence machines and is perfection itself. Send for catalogue. Bran Rather than Corn. — If food for stock has to be purchased it is best to buy that which will make the great- est return to the soil in manure. This means the purchase of bran, oats and linseed meal, and the growing at home of all the corn needed. We can grow corn with very little soil exhaustion, and the corn fodder is excellent to feed with the stronger foods that are purchased. Bran can nearly always be bought for but little more than its manurial value. It has been used as a manure without feeding. But that is wasteful, as it is excellent feed for both cows and horses. No Car Fare Tempe is undoubtedly the only place in the United States which operates a street car line that does not collect fares. The line is owned by the Goodwin Bros, and it has been in operation for about four years. It paid for itself for a couple of years and then the patrons got out of the habit of paying fare. The car still runs however, and at a dead loss to the owners, but they manage to keep it going for the accommodation of the public. The car has no regular driver of conductor, but anybody who wants to go to the other end of the city takes pos- session of the car and leaves it for some one else to bring back. Protect the lambs against being drenched by sudden showers. Never use the hands in working butter or in handling it. 38 THE IRRIGATION AGE A Consolidation of two Large Firms. For many years our readers have been informed of the merits of the Hot Air Pumping Engine for supplying water. Two firms— The Rider Engine Co., of 37 Dey street and the DeLamator Iron Works, 467 West Broadway, New York City .-have made and sold thousands of these engines, and this consolidation means an enlargement of the facilities for producing the engines, as well as a cheapening of the cost. The successors of these two firms,-The Rider-Ericsson Engine Co.,-propose to give the benefits of this consolidation to their customers in the way of reduction of prices, as well as supplying an engine superior to those heretofore produced. These en- gines are simple in construction. They require no attention after a fire is started. Any kind of fuel can be used, and a very small quantity of heat will drive them to their utmost capacity. They are capable of supplying thou- sands of gallons of water per day, which on a farm or country residence can de distributed to any point with the proper piping, thus facilitating the watering of stock, sprinkling lawn, irri- gating crops, and not only supplying water in every part of the house, barn, ect., but extinquish a fire if one should occur. A shallow stream or well, either dug driven or artesian, is all that is necessary for the water supply and the engine does the rest. We commend this new firm to the best consideration of our readers. They are thoroughly reliable. After April 1st, 1897, the office of the consolidated firms will be at 22 Cortlandt street, and until that time all communications should be addressed to the Rider-Ericsson Engine Co., 467 West Broadway, New York, N. Y. Gasoline Engines. The Weber Gas & Gasoline Engine Co., of 426 S. W. Boulevard, Kansas City, Mo., is doing quite an entensive export business. Among recent foreign shipment of engines by this well-known firm are: Two Weber Gasoline Hoisting En- fines going into a mining country of aslo. B. C.; one large size gasoline engine to operate a machine shop at Halifax, N. S. one complete electric light p ant, including engine and fixtures, Merida, Yucatan; duplicate order for two engines for Piraeus, Greece; engines for mining, irrigation and for driving agri- cultural machinery have been reseutly shipped to Monterey, Guanajuato and Guadalajara, Mexico. This company reports its trade as very satisfactory. It is just finishing the installation of a large amount of irrigation machinery for the Consoli- dated Canal Co., at Mesa. Ariz., Beyers Bros., of Sugden, I. T., the last named having a capacity of 4,000 gallons of water per minute; and the first named 7,500 gallons per minute Its 1896 design engine is meeting with great favor among operators of flour mills, mining machinery, electric light plants and other users of heavy and uni- form power, ranging from 18 to 50 H. P. Another of its specialties is a 4 H. P. Special agricultural engine which is designed particularly to meet the wants of farmers, ranchmen, feeders and others requiring a small power for grinding, pumping for small irrigation plants and pumping water for stock supplies. Parties interested in Gas, Gasoline, Crude Oil or Distillate engines are re- quested to write the above company for copy of catalogue and testimonials. Do You Want a Paying Buisiuess That is safe and will be permanent? If you have a pair of horses and from 850 to $500 capital, the P. C. Austin Mfg. Co., of Chicago, will be pleased to cor- respond with you as to the use of certain special road-grading and earth-moving machinery; also well-drilling machinery. To save correspondence, write plainfy stating your situation fully and naming parties to whom you can refer. A Small Community Nestled among the fierce monarchies of Europe are several quiet little republics that enjoy the blessing of free govern- ment. The republic of St. Martin has 8.000 inhabitants; Andorra (>.000: Mor- esnet, the smallest of all, on the frontier between Germany and Belgium. 1.200 inhabitants who carry on important in- dustries. PULSE OF THE IRRIGATION INDUSTRY. MORMON COLONY LIFE. BY JOEf SHOMAKER. TTHE Mormons, inhabiting Utah and the west possess many peculiar traits of character, among the most noticeable are those of colonial customs. No colony founded by those people ever fails or becomes disorganized. The men and women are called by church author- ities to settle upon arid lands and reclaim and always respond to the dictatorial mandates of their authorities. Scores of beautiful little cities now adorn spots in Utah that a few years ago were not re- garded as fit for the habitation of Indians. The deserts have been con- quered by irrigation and luxuriant vege- tation covers the earth where once not even sage brush could grow. A spirit of co-operation prevails among the mormons to a greater extent than with any other class of colonists in the west. The organization is such that an officer presides over five lay members and counsels from superior officials as to the best policy to pursue in all matter. Colonies are organized primarily for the advancement of church interests which depends of course upom the individual success of the colonists. The irrigation canals necessary for all colonies in the West are constructed by co-operation of those interested. The produdts of the farm are sold and machinery purchased through the same principle of co-opera- tion. Utah is composed of numerable towns where citizens reside. The farm are sit- uated around the little colonies. Some farmers travel five miles morning and evening going to and from work. No fencing is to be seen except surrounding a few pasture fields. The co-operation plan. of colonies secures the safety of the farm and prevents damage from roving animals. One man is as much interested as another in tjhe growing crops, the ripened grain and the harvested stacks. The entire colony cares for the property of each other and individual prosperity thereby insures colonial happiness. Colony life among -the Mormons in- creases the social and moral obligations so as to make the people better. The spirit of competition is more strongly enforced in colony life. Men and wo- men compete for honors in superiority of demeanor,dress,education and refinement. The desire for individual wealth is not diminished in colonial organizations. Every family desires a home and as a re- sult of their teaching over ninety per cent of the Mormon families own their homes. The consumers of commodities are more thoroughly trained and the tastes more completely modernized by a systematic colonial adminisration. The Mormons have demonstrated that colony life is conductive to healthf ulness. Abetter sanitary condition prevails among colonists and diseases are more readily controlled. Health brings wealth and wealth insures the comforts of life. Colonial schools are better disciplined, more thorough in system and more com- prehensive in education. The luxuries of life in food, dress and recreation are more generally enjoyed and easier ob- tained under colonial jurisdiction. Many lessons have been learned from the Mormon colonies and the entire west seems to be adopting more or less of the information. With all their faults the Mormons have made rapid progress in the development of Arid America and their success can be attributed to the plan adopted for the guidance of col- onies. LAND AND CANALS IN WASHING- TON. There are in the state of Washington 206,458 acres of land under irrigation and a total of 807 miles of ditches. The greatest number of acres in any one sec- tion is 139,410 in Yakima county, and the next greatest is 40,000 in Kittitas county. Following these the third and fourth highest in the list are Walla Walla and Okanogan counties, the for- mer with 10,498 acres and the latter with 10,000 acres. As regards the expense of putting in these ditches, shown by the miles of ditches, Yakima county comes 411 THE IRRIGATION AGE. first with 420 miles, and Okanogan sec- ond with 120 miles. The known ditches in the state are as follows: Acres Miles of Counties. Irrigated. Ditches. Adams 900 10 Asotin 500 15 Douglas 4,700 60 Franklin 20 Kittitas 40,000 95 Okanogan 10,000 120 Pierce 250 Walla Walla 10,498 87 Yakima 139,410 420 Totals 206,458 807 The arid regions are all embraced in the counties of Yakima, Kittitas, Frank- lin, Adams and the lower half of Doug- las, and contain 8,098,360 acres, as fol- lows: Yakima county 3,547,800 Kittitas county 1,095,130 Franklin county 785,500 Adams county 1,220,000 Douglas county (lower half). .1,449,930 All of this section classed as ''arid lands" should not be so included, for in the counties named, while arid in the main, there are fertile spots that are highly successful in horticulture and agriculture without water. The estimate of actual arid lands in the state has been put at from 3,000,000 to 3,500,000 acres, of which fully one-half can be irrigated profitably, while with the increase in land values it will be found profitable to irrigate an additional million of acres. The remaining arid lands, on account of their location on hills, or alkali or gravel- ly soil, will remain untouched. In Yakima county there are com- pleted or projected canals on which sur- veys have been run. There are 383 miles completed, 286 uncompleted, 141,410 acres reclaimed under the ditch lines, 69,910 acres under cultivation and over 60,000 acres for sale. This includes seven artesian wells at the Moxee farm, which vary in depth from 300 to 1000 feet, delivering eight cubic feet of water per second of time and covering 1250 acres of land, of which 550 are cultivated and the balance in the market. One of these artesian wells flows 1,000,000 gal- lons of water every 24 hours. It is estimated that there are in Kitti- tas county about 40,000 acres under constructed ditches and in cultivation, in addition to which there are about 100, 000 acres which can be irrigated by canals, some of which have been partly constructed, and their feasibility demon- strated. The most extensive irrigation enter- prise in the Yakima valley, and in the entire state at this time, is what is local- ly known as the high line canal. The survey of this canal was undertaken a short time ago jointly by the state and the Northern Pacific Railway Company within the limits of whose land grant it is located, and after a careful survey and ex- amination its construction was found en- tirely practicable at low cost. This canal has its source of supply in the Natchez river, an important tributary of the Yakima, and its total length from the Natchez river to the Columbia river is 114 miles. It commands an area of about 400,000 acres, of which it is estim- a^ed that 285,000 acres are of first class quality. The state under the provisions of the Carey law, has selected 85,000 acres of this land, and as the Northern Pacific Railway Company owns nearly one-half of the total amount, these two large ownerships insure the early con- struction of this important enterprise. Growth of Southern Manufactures. In 1880 the South had $257,244.561 invested in manufacturing; by 1890 this had increased to $659,008.817, a gain of 156 percent., while the gain in the en- tire country was 120.76 per cent. The value of the manufactured products of the South rose from $457,454.777 in 1880 to $917,589.045, in 1890 a gain of 100 per cent, against an increase of only 69.27 per cent in the whole country. The factory hands of the South received S7rV.H 7.471 in wages in 1880 and in 1890 $222,118.505. Since 1890 the gain has been very large, and the South is now turning out $1,200,000.000 of man- ufactured products ja year. Get your hay in the barn or stack be- fore the dew falls. Alfalfa is a great mortgage lifter. Never send dirty eggs to market. ADVERTISEMENTS MINING I MOBILE & OHIO RAILROAD CO. This Railroad has for sale the finest farming and timber lands in the South, at astonishingly low rates and upon easy terms, in the States of Tennessee, Mis- sissippi and Alabama; also Government lands subject to homestead entry. Im- proved and unimproved farms. Most delightful and even climate in America. For descriptive matter and full informa- tion apply to Alabama Land and Devel- opment Company, Mobile, Ala. Excursions at low rates run from St. Louis, Mo., Cairo. 111., and intermediate points as well as other points in the north, on several days in each month. Tickets allow stop-over at any point South of and including Cairo, 111. Low one-way rates also, for settlers and household goods and stock. For information as to tickets, rates, etc, apply to Chas. Rudolph, D.P.A., Room 329 Marquette Bldg., Chicago, 111. M.H. Bohreer, D.P.A., No. 135 Griswold St., Detroit, Mich. W. H. Harrison Jr., D.P.A., No. 220 Fourth St., DesMoines, la. F. L. Harris, Passenger Agent, No. 10 Sixth St., Cairo, 111. W. B. Rowland, Gen. Agent, 215 N. Fourth St., St. Louis, Mo. E. E. Posey, General Pas- senger Agent, Mobile, Ala. Horns On or Off. There was a time, many years ago, when a mulley or polled animal, one without horns, was something of a curi- osity. More recently, by almost com- mon consent, the people have demanded that for reasons of profit and humanity, both to man and among the animals themselves, there should be more mul- lies and the practice of dehorning sprung into popular favor. While the operation in itself seems a little severe it is certainly no more so than is the drawing of a tooth, to which we all submit willingly, because it subserves our best interests. In uhe selection of an instrument for dehorning, that one which will remove the horn quickest, cutting clean and not crushing the horn, must occasion the least pain and there- fore be the most humane and best. These are among the claims made for the Keystone Dehorning Clipper, by its inventor and maker, Mr. A. C. Brosius, of Cochranville, Pa., writes to the gentleman, who will send you circulars, testimonials, etc., which will help you to reason this matter out to your entire satisfaction and profit. MENTION THE Well Drilling Machinery. MANUFACTURED BY WILLIAMS BROTHERS ITHACA, N. Y. mounted and on Sill-, for Deep or Shallow Wells, with steam or Horse Power. SEND FOR CATALOGUE ADDRESS WILLIAMS BROTHERS ITHACA. N. Y. WELL DRILLS Awarded Highest Medal at the World's Fair. All Latest Improvements. Catalogue free. F.C.AUSTIN MFG. CO. CHICAGO, ILL. E Traction, Portable and Semi-Port- able. Simple and Compound. Also Tkreshers.Horse Powers,Saw Hills NGINE Send for illustrated catalogue free Ours are equal to all— Surpassed by none. "It's a way we have." M. Rumely Co. Laporte,lnd. y •^o-O-D . <3 LIGHTNING WELLMACHTf, PUMPS, AIR LIFTS, l i GASOLINE ENGINESJfef. CIRCjLARfS FREE.. L^oV"^* THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS/fer*^ AURORA, ILL. -CHICAGO.- DALLAS.TEX. Own Your Own Water Supply. YOU CAN DO IT WITH A MENGE PUMP. Simplest and Lightest Running Pump. ... No ValTes.Glanda, Stuffing Boxes or Joints: nothing to get out of order; 25 per cent, more work guaranteed over all pumps with same power, Over 2,000 now in use. Send for CATALOGUE Not affected by freezing. JOS. MENGE, 105 TohOHpitoulas Street, NEW ORLEANS, LA, IRRIGATION AGE. IRRIGATION ADVERTISEMENTS Irrigate Your Land USETHE LINK BELT WATER ELEVATOR. Cheapest machine on the market. Capacities from 500 to 6,000 gallons per minute Hundreds now in successful operation. Send for circular and price list. Agents wanted. LINK BELT MACHINERY CO Chicago. 111., U. S. A. ^'There has never been a time wheu K,uw- erg shonld guard against failure with moro care. Ihere has never been a time when ferry'* Seeds were more essential. Thevars , always Ibe best. For sale by leading ealera everywhere. Insist on having them. FERRY'S SEED ANNUAL 18 full of information for gardeners and ' planters. There will never be a better time kf.han now to send forthe 1897 edition. Free. O. IW. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Wlich. — ^O-^ '~^*\^^> Sherman Level This level does its own figuring regard- less of grade, rough- ness of ground or in- tervening objects. This is a new level- ing instrument. Sim - pie, Practical, Cheap. For $10 you can do your own leveling". Anyone who can read A simple figures can use it. Invented by a man in irrigated country, with experience, hence it is practical. For sale by H. GIBSON, St. Paul, - Minn. CALIFORNIA i ii i T^oclj Island & Pacific Give* you the choice of two Routes, one via < oi.oie \l>0 and tlie SCENIC MM). and tlie other via our TEXAS LINE and tlie SOI TI1- ERN PACIFIC. Our Texas Line Is mm h quicker than any other Hue through to SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA -FOR- PEBSDBALLY COHDDCTED EXCURSIONS THE PHILLIPS ROCK ISLAND EXCURSIONS Are the most popular, and carry the largest liiisiiit'ssot'aiiy other California Route. This signifies that you get the best attention and receive the best service. The lowest rate tickets to California are available on these excursions. Don't start on a trip to California until you get our Tourist Folder, containing map showing routes and all information. For rates and reservations apply to any agent of the C.K.I. A r. Ry. Or address JOHN SEHASTIAN, General Passenger Agent, Chicago, 111. 1897 High Bicycles \ for Men.Wonien, Girls & & vBoys. Complete line at [lowest prices eier quoted #100 'Oakwood' for$4B.OO rlington' " *:i7.:>() $56 " " $25.00 i«20 Bicycle ".$10.75 $75 'Xujwood' Simplest, Strongest Bicycle on Earth " $:<2.op Fully guaranteed. Shipped anywhere C.O.D. with privi lepre to examine. No money in advance. Buy direct from manufacturers, save agents and dealers profits. Large illustrated catalogue free. Address (in full). CashBuyers'Union,l62 W.VanBurenSt.BI 70Chicago ANY OF YOUR FRIENDS can be accommodated with a sample copy of THE IRRIGATION AGE if you will send in their names and addresses on a postal card. They will thank you for remembering them and so will we. 100 BEST EVERGREEN SEEDUNGS delivered free by mail, only 31. 1OO best "•ergreeiis a to 5 ft. delivered east of Rocky .Mt.-. , only $>1O. Write for free catalogue and price list & 5O l>ij; bargains. MJk'ct i»ns from complete nursery stock. Cash paid for gret- tlnpr up clubs or to salesmen with or without experience. Address D, HILL EVERGREEN SPCIALIST, DUNDEE, ILL. MENTION THE IRRIGATION AGE. | IRRIGATION ADVERTISEMENTS Irrigation Literature Let us prepare and print your prospectuses and circulars. Our intimate knowledge of irri- gation and the people interested, investors, land buyers and home- seekers, enables us to make your literature particularly effective. Low Prices Gooo Work No Worry George E. Girling Publisher THE IRRIGATION AGE, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO. [WOVEN .WJRE.FENGE >i//\//v i WW\ AA A A "Ur DUPI'EX AUTOMATIC machine i ,.Z,. A AA WW1!9 to 2O cts- a I*«H. :K V/V l\l\l\l Over 50 styles. Catalogue Free. MM r/1/'" KITSELMAN BROS., v u M V BO* eo. Ridgeville, Ind. 1 BERKSHIRE, Chester White, Jersey Red and Poland 'China Jersey, Guernsey and Hol- I stein Cattle. Thoroughbred Sheep, Fancy Poultry, Hunting — „ and House Dogs. Catalogue. 8. W. SMITH, Cochranvllle, Chester Co., I'enna. FARMER or Canal Owner needing help will be put in communication with a reliable man by addressing this office. Has had many years experience in farming by Irrigation and can give the best of references and recommendations. Address IRRIGATOR, Care The IRRIGATION AGE, 112 Dearborn St, Chicago. why not acquire a new home in the prosperous, growng Tt\e coast coaatry of - fertile plains of- improved farms of - andthe irrigated lands of*Jf|» tZOtt Jl be renched via the SANTA FE ROUTE Kr infomution ibcut ucursion rxtts, ind for illustrated dexriptivt land pwnphUti , addrtu Summer Tours IN THE Rocky Mountains Via the Beautiful Denver and Bio Grande Railroad "Scenic Line of the World" From May to November Special Bound Trip Bates will be in effect to all Points of Interest in the ROCKY MOUNTAINS. While you are in COLORADO Do not Fail to visit at least one of its Famous Besoi-ts. For Bates, Boutes, Printed Matter, etc., call on Local Agents, or address E. T. JEFFBRY, Pres. and Gen Mgr. A. S. HUGHES, Traffic Munager. S. K. HOOPER, G. P. and T. A. DENVER, COLORADO. It IRRIGATION flTo50H.R l>& ADVERTISEMENTS IRRIGATION ENGINES GASOLINE POWER CHEAPEST Best and Most Reliable Fully Warranted. Sent on Trial Writ? Iron Worljs (p. Ask for Catalogue I. A. KANSAS CITY, JIO. ACME U L. PULVERIZING HARROW, CLOD CRUSHER AND LEVELER. Adapted to all soils and all work. Crushes, cuts, lifts, pulverizes, turns and levels the soil in one operation. Made en- tirely of cast steel and wrought 1 Y*/"\T~1 i— 'Xi ?*/¥/'*/'? /* /Y/A?/ <9 49 /A0 0/4*4 //>/4 A//? Ulostrated pamphlet mailed free. L P' a mij vrM*6etrUCVlVI#. Cheapest riding harrow on earth. $8.00 and up. SENT ON TRIAL TO be returned at my expense DUAMC H. NASH, Sole M'f'r, K.B.-IdeUver free oufi8afmstCri°buytW points. Millington, New Jersey, and Chicago, Hi. /t is Perfect for Prepar- ing Grouno jor irrigation PLEASE MENTION THIS PAPER. THE HOMESEEKERS rtSSOCMTION. \\2 Dearborn St., CHICAGO. DIRECTORS. REV. DR. JOHN RUSK, Pres. REV. W. H. CARWARDINE, Vice-Pres. GEO. E. GIRLING, Sec'y. and Treas. WASHINGTON HESING. REV. H. W. THOMAS. ROBERT F. SULZER. Address all communications to the Secretary. The Homeseekers Association will fur- nish the most reliable information at its command regarding locations for settlers and homeseekers to its members. Membership Fee $1.00. Send for further information. ARE YOU SEEKING a new location? If so, we may be in a position to help you out. Wisconsin has a variety of good things; immense iron ranges; extensive forests of hard wood suitable for the manufacture of furniture, woodenware, staves, headings, hoops, and veneering, granite and lime stone quarries of the best quality; a num- ber of clay, kaolin and marl beads for the tile, brick and pottery industry; and fine farm lands tributary to the line which are attracting the progressive farmer. If you are interested, write us and we will be pleased to give you further infor- mation. W. H. KlLLEN, Industrl Com'r. JAS. C. POND, Gen'l Pass Agt. H. F. WHITCOMB, Gen'l Mgr. Milwaukee, Wis. MENTION THE IRRIGATION AGE. ADVERTISEMENTS FROM GASOLINE? YES. It's very ECONOMICAL, SIMPLE, SAFE and RELIABLE, and WEBER GASOLINE ENGINES require no Engineer. His salary goes in your pocket. For information address, "^^•B^SS ^^^?"^*(i^Sfflll^ft~ Weber Gas I Gasoline Engine Co., 426 sorest m\mti, mm cm. MO. The Shirt Steel Improved Land Grader AN IDEAL MACHINE For grading earth to a beautiful surface and especially for leveling land for irrigation. Moves earth rapidly, requires but single operator and reduces cost of farming by irrigation so greatly that no irrigator can afford to do without it. For descriptive circular giving price and telling how to start alfalfa, address B, F, SHUART, Oberlin, Ohio, A New Principle in Pumping The Seaman Patent PUMP Took First Premium at' the ST. JOSEPH FAIR, 1895 It is simple in construction and easy to run, requires less power than any other pump made. Will raise from SO to 2O,OOO gal- lons of water per minute, from a to 9O feet at a very low expense. Full particulars mailed on application. SEAMAN «& SCHUSKE, 1604 Frederick A v., = St. Joseph, Ho. BUY NO INCUBATOR and pay for It before giving It a trial. The firm who is afraid to let you try their incu- bator before buying it has no faith in their machine. We will sell you ours ON TRIAL NOT A < i: VI until tried, and a child can run it with 5 minutes attention a day. We won FIRST PRIZE WORLD'S FAIR, and will win you for a steady customer if you will only buy ours on trial. Our large catalogue will cost you 5 cents and give you 8100 worth of practical information on poultry and Incubat- ors and the money there is In the business. Plans for Brooders, Houses, etc., 25 cents. N.B. — Send us the names of three persons interested in poultry and 25 cents and we will send you " The Bicycle: Its Care and Repair," a book of 180 subjects and 80 illustrations; worth 85 to any bicvcle rider. VON CUMN INCUBATOR CO., Box 434, Delaware City, Del. »•»•»•»• •*•«•«••••••• For a knife that will cut a horn without ' crushing, because it cuts from four aiHBs at once RBt — THE KEYSTONE — DEHORNER— » It is humane, rapid and durable. Fully warranted. HIGHEST AWARD AT WOELD'S FAIR Descriptive circulars ZFK-JEtE. A. C. BKOSIUS, Cochranville, Pa. Gasoline Engines Are the most reliable and cheapest power for Pumping Water for Irrigation. Catalogue Free. The VaiiDuzeu Gasoline Engine Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. ,is about the actual worth of ( |our new book on Incubation . and Poultry. Contains a full ' and complete description of' the Reliable Incubator1 & the Brooder of same name, i together with cuts and in- ( "ractions for build'g poultry . ses and much of interest, and , ,u ^**w j^^.^ryman. Sent on : CUBATOR & BROODER CC hon 164 West Vai TRY IT FREE for 30 days in your own home and save $10 to $25. No money in advance. .f (Ml Kenwood Machine for $2S.OO $50 Arlington Machine for . $19.50 Sinners (Made by us) $H, $11.50, $15 ,nd 27 other styles. All attachments FREE. We pay freight. Buy from factory. Save agents large profits. Over 100,000 In use. Catalogue and testimonials Free. Write at once. Address (In full). CASH BUYERS' UNION in Buren St., B- 1 20 Chicago, Ills. MENTION THE IRRIGAT ON AGE. ADVERTISEMENTS i IRRIGATION Association of Engineering Societies Huston, Cleveland. St. Louis, St. Paul, Minne- sota, Kansas City, Mon- tana, Denxer, Virginia, San Francisco. * IYIONTHL7~JOURNftL Subscription 83 per aii'm 30 cts. per copy JOHN C. TRAUTWINE, J. R. Sec'y 257 South 4th St., Phila. Ib LUNO HANGE. TELESCOPE. Targetand iacdhFree with FOR FARMERS DITCHERS IRRIGATORS Do you grade, or drain, or irrigate? If so you need this level. Most Simple, Durable, Accurate, The Best. Recommended by hundreds who have used it. and some of whom you doubtless know. Their names and addresses with full descriptive price list and illustrated catalogue sent free on applicotion to porties who men- tion this pa'per. Address GRADE LEVEL CO., Jackson, »li< h. •••••••••••••••••••A R.I.P.A.N-S TABULES I REGULATE THE STOMACH, LIVER AND BOWELS AND PURIFY THE BLOOD. RIPANS TABULES arc the best Medi- cine known for Indigestion, Biliousness, Headache, Constipation, I>yspepsla, Chronic Liver Troubles, Dizziness, Bad Complexion, Dysentery, Offensive Breath, and all dis- orders of the Stomach, Liver and Bowels. Ripans Tabules contain nothing injurious to the most delicate constitution. Are pleasant to take, safe, effectual, and give immediate relief. Price — 60 cents per box. May be ordered through nearest druggists or !by mall. Sample vial, 10 cents. Address THE RIPANS CHEMICAL CO., 10 SPRCJCE STREET, NEW YORK CITY. f • •* »•••••••••••••••».'>•••••••••••» NEARLY 60,000 SOLD! No Baiter Testimonial Needed Write for Catalogue with full Information PEASE PIANO CO. 316-322 W. 43d Street, NEW YORK 248 Wabash Avenue, CHICAGO Great Reduction in Price, On account of the consolida- tion of the two firms — Rider Engine Company and the DeLamater Iron Works, which have heretofore man- f actured the Rider & Ericsson Hot Air PUMPING ENGINE. a great reduction in prices has been made and the enlarged and improved facilities enable the new firm to produce a better engine than ever before offered for securing an abundant water supply for all purposes on Dairy, Stock and other farms, and for country seats, city resi- dences, etc. New catalogues are ready, and will be sent to those who ask for them. RIDER-ERICSSON ENGINE CO. 37 Dey St., New York City. Be Independent of Ditch Companies. MENTION THE IRRIGATION AGE. SAMPLE PAGE FROM OUR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. AERMO The above is a reproduction from a. kodak photograph, taken by Mr. I. A. Fort, President of the Nebraska State Irrigation Society, of a 12-foot Aermotor and Aermotor irrigation pump,_ owned by S. E. Beachler, Big Springs, Neb. (See testimonial below.) Fills a Lake 150 feet in diameter, 3 ,'2 feet deep, in two days. Biu SpKiN(;s, NEB., July 25, 1895. AERMOTOR Co., Chicago, III. Gentlemen.— Your inquiry of July 23d In regard to how I like my Aermotor mill and Irrigating pump, also la regard to crops under Irrigation, received. In reply, will say I am well pleased with crops «nd irrigating plant. My Aermotor is a 12-foot wheel, and have it attached to an 8-Inch Aermotor irrigating pump, 20 feet long. My well is dug 5 feet in diameter, 10 feet to water, and 8 feet of water, so I have the pump 6 feet in water, and 4 feet above platform. In a good wind it keeps the well lowered 4 to 6 feet. It will pump 21/3 gallons at a stroke, and 30 to 40 strokes per minute. My reservoir is 150 feet in diameter, and 31/2 feet deep. In an ordinary wind the pump will fill it in two days. With an fe-lnch pump I can successfully irrigate 8 to 10 acres in general crops, or 25 to 30 acres In alfalfa. Intend to sow 5 to 10 acres alfalfa each year till I have 25 to'SOacres, which I consider your mill will irrigate when it is well rooted down. Had six acres sowed this spring, first cutting July 15th ; also have 6 acres in corn, potatoes and garden truck which are doing nicely. Yours truly, S. E. BEACHLER. N. B. A boom Is thrown across the center to prevent the force of the waves from washing the banks. Runs Two Aermotor Grinders and a 12-inch Irrigating Pump at the same time. ARKANSAS CITY, KAS., July 15, 1895. AKHMOTOB Co., Kansas City.Mo. Gentlemen:— The 12-inch Aermotor irrigating pump is attached to a 10-foot Geared Aermotor, and is run by a pump jack about 40 feet from the mill, put in by a well-to-do farmer for a fish pond and for irrigating. He is well pleased with it, and so is every one that sees it run. I have seen the wheel running two grinders, grinding about -10 bushels per hour, and pumping the 12-inch pump full ca- pacity, and not seem tolighten or check the power in the least. It does a person good to watch the expression of pleasure on the faces as they watch the pump roll out the water, which it does in fine shape, I can tell you. Respectfully, W.'E. MA11TIN. OR COMPANY, We will furnish you upon application our ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE containing complete treat- ise upon WINDMILL IRRIGATION with full instructions for building reservoirs, ditch- es, applying water to land, etc. Send to us or our nearest 'branch house. At the following Aermotor liranch Houses we carry a full stock of the following goods- 27 & 29 Beale St., San Francisco, Cal. Front and Monroe Sts., Ft. Worth, Tex 228 E. Houston St., San Antonio, Tex. 730 Sj. 732 " O " St., Lincoln, Neb. 1310 West St.. Kansas City, Mo. 115 South llth St., St. Louis. Mo. Second & Iowa Sts., Sioux City, la. Jones and Main Sts., Dubuque, la. 109 Kast Front St., Davenport, la. 131 Second St., Des Moines, la. ;«2 1st. St. North, Minneapolis, Minn. S. Water St., Ft. Harrison, Peoria, 111. 18&-187 Keed St., Milwaukee, Wis. Lake Shore Middle Grounds, Toledo, O. 18-20 Ellicott St., Buffalo, X Y. 6f> Park Place, New York, N. Y. 69-71 Pearl St., Boston. Mass. 304 S. Eutaw St., Baltimore, M'l. STKKI, AKKMOTORS, Pumping and <; eared. STKKL TOWERS, Fixed and Tilting. STKEL Srr.sTKUCTURics of Various Kinds. STEKL TANKS, also Cypress ;jnd Pine. STKEL FEED CUTTKRS at Lowest Price. STKEL FRAME Br/.x SAWS; we can't make them fast enough. POMPS, Windmill, Hand and Irrigating. CYLINDERS, all Sj/es and Varieties. WROUGHT Iiiox PII-K, Black and Galvan- ized. FITTINGS. Brass and Iron. PUMP ROD, Polished steel. Galvanized and Ash. FEED GBINDKRS: the Aermotor Grinder and Mill is best. (Hi., AXTI-FREKZIMY;, for Windmills and Farm Machinery. ETC., ETC., ETC.; almost everything a farm wants. Do not order a big stock of any of the above articles until the Aermotor Company has given you its bargain price on them. We carry these things in large quantities at your door. We are tlie price makers of this entire line of goods. You can order them any day of us and get them in one or two days, and save having your place lumbered up with goods you do not yet need . The great saving however, will be in the price that you will get from us. Address the nearest branch house or AERMOTOR CO . 12th. Rockwell and Fillmor* Sts.. Chicago. Mention the IRRIGATION ACE. Home Building in the Pecos Valley. Independence on 40 Acres. Pecos . Imgatioji & Improvement EDDY, NEW MEXICO. WRITE US FOR INFORMATION. MANUFACTURED UNDER 20 PATENTS. Especially adapted for the construction of IRRIGATION The engraving presents a good view of LIDGERWOOD CABLEWAY, As used in the construction of the famous Austin Dam, across the Colorado Eiver, at Austin, Texas, Span, 1,350 feet; Load, 8 tons. SEND FOR CABLEWAY SKETCH BOOK. LIDGERWOOO MFG. CO,96 Libert> S1 NEW YORK. CHICAGO OFFICE, OLD COLONY BLDG. • t >J MARION STEAM SHOVEL COMPANY MARION, OHIO. Build and Enlarge Your Canals with Machinery. Excavate for the Underflow/ WE MAKE A SPECIALTY OF MACHINERY FOR IRRIGATING CANALS. Our Steam Shovels are largely used on railroads and by con- tractors, and in exca- vating, and are a most desirable machine where excavating ma- chinery can be used. Our dredges are suit- able for all classes of work, both wet and dry, deep and shallow, to which this class of machinery is adapted. Send for Catalogue. THE MARION STEAM SHOVEL COMPANY* Marion, Ohio. ...OR... GEO. W. BARNHART, j Manager Western Office, 4 S utter St., San Francisco, Cal. Manufacturers of Barnhart's Steam Shovels DREDGES, DITCHING DREDGES, TRACTION DREDGES, WRECKERS, BALLAST UNLOADERS ETC. WATER WHEELS 140 Styles and Sizes, Upright and Horizontal, Specially designed and adapted for driving Irrigating, Mining and Electric Plants. Easy working gates. We guarantee highest power with smallest quantity of water. Wheels adapted to all heads from 2 feet to ZOOO feet. FLUME AND HEAD GATE IRONS, STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, Write to us, stating your Wants, and which famphltt we shall send. JAMES LEFFEL & CO.,Springfield, 0., U.S.A. Profitable Farming and Jruit Raising ADDRESS rN THE PECOS VALLEY, - Pecos Irrigation & Improvement ( MEXICO. EDDY, NEW MEXICO. Mention the IRRIGATION ACE. UrCULX PRICE, 10 CENTS. MARCH, 1897 VOL. xi. NO. 3. $1.00 A YEAR. I hnin ^ >-%%*^v5 112 DEARBORN ST., t^%%^^%^%^%^V%/ CHICAGO. COPYRIGHTED BY G. E. GIRLING. 3 TO 24. INCHES IN DIAMETER. 2 TO 25 FEET LENGTHS. ...FOR... Irrigation, Hydraulic Mining, Water Works, Stock Ranches, Etc. Connections and Fittings to Suit Service Required. ABENDROTH & ROOT M'F'G CO., 28 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. IRRIGATION MADE CHEAP. THE "NEW ERA" GRADER AND DITCHER. ADDRESS F. G. AUSTIN MFG. GO. One mile of this style of ditch, 24 feet wide at top, 16 feet wide at bottom and 5 feet deep can be built by 3 Men and 12 Horses in from 15 to 2O Days; or 2£ miles of laterals per day, 3 feet wide and 15 inches deep; any size between at the rate of 1,000 to 1,500 cubic yards per day. Reversible Road Machine FOR SMALL LATERALS. Contractors' Plows. Wheel and Drag Scrapers Rock Crushers and Rollers Carpenter Street and Carroll Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL. Mention the IRRIGATION ACE. THE IRRIGATION AGE, Published by G. E. GIRLING. (MONTHLY, ILLUSTRATED.); THE IRRIGATION AGE is a Journal of Western America, tecognized throughout the World as the exponent of Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer journal of its kind in the world and has no rival in half a continent. It advocates the mineral develop- ment and the industrial growth of the West, CONTENTS FOR MARCH, 1897. The Progress of Western America. President Cleveland's Forrest Reservation. 41* A Survey Required 41 Irrigation Securities , 42 Trans-Mississippi Exposition Assured 42 Irrigation Opportunity 42 Some Suggestions 43 Stimulate Home Consumption 43 Important Decision 44 The Problem of the Grazing Lands 43 Encourage Factories Westward 44 Immigration and Industrial Associations 44 Beet Sugar Industry 44 The Flood Waters of the Large Rivers , 45 Why Court Destruction? 45 Consideration for the Producer 45 Mistaken Policy 46 Traveling Dairy 46 Interesting Contributed Articles. Water Development by Tunnelling, By James T. Taylor 47 The Art of Irrigation, By T. S. Van Dyke 40 Features for Farmers and Fruit Growers. The Threatened European Boycott 52 Washington for Sugar Beets 52 Sugar versus Wheat 52 Two Methods of Tree Planting 53 Peach Growers Ten Commandments 54 Our Export Trade 54 A Remedy for Burdocks 54 A Blessing in Disguise 55 Fertilizer 55 Western Wealth 55 Alfalfa . .... 55 Farm and Farm Rentals in the United States 55 No Danger from Irrigation. 55 Wheat Consumption 56 The Best Fertilizer 56 An Ohio Beet Sugar Factory 56 Pulse of the Irrigation Industry. John Gerald Griffin 57 Forrest Preservation 58 Hershey, Neb 58 TERMS:— 81.00 a year in advance; 10 cents a number. Foreign Postage 5oc. a year additional Subscribers may remit to us by postoffice or express money orders, drafts on Chicago or New York or registered Letters. Checks on local banks must include twenty-five cents lor exchange. Money in letter is at sender's risk. Renew as early as possible in order to avoid a break in the receipt of the numbers. Bookdealers, Po^masters and News Dealers receive subscriptions. THE IRRIGATION AGE, CHICAGO. J. F. MUELLER, Advertising Manager. The Irrigation Age Directory. THE following list has been compiled for the benefit of those desiring to be placed in immediate communication with parties dealing in Irrigation and Mining Machinery or Appliances, Real Estate Dealers, Irrigation and Mining Engineers and Attorneys. If you desire to purchase anything not represented on the list kindly write direct to THE IRRIGATION AGE and you will be furnished free with information regarding it. Aermotors. The Aermotor Company, Chicago. Attorney*. Clesson S. Kinney, Salt Lake City, Utah. J. S. Painter, 84 Adams St., Chicago. Winder C. Davis, Marine Bldg., Chicago. Bicycles. Cash Buyers Union, Chicago. Cableways. Lidgerwood Mfg. Co., 96 Liberty St., New YorkCity Civil. Irrigation and Mining Engineers. J. H. Nelson, Loveland, Colo. Wm. Ham. Hall, San Francisco, Cal. W. P. Hardesty, Salt Lake City, Utah. H. Clay Kellogg, Anaheim, Cal. A. C. Komig, Abilene, Kan Edw. M. Boggs, Tucson, Ariz. Current Motors. F. C. Austin Mfg. Co., Chicago. Dredges and Excavators. Marion Steam Shovel Co.; Marion, Ohio. F. C. Austin, Manufacturing Co., Chicago. Drugs and Medicines. Ripans Chemical Co., New York City. "Engines. M. Rumely Co., LaPorte, Ind. Deuoriiers. A. C. Brocius-Cochranville, Pa. Examiner of Lands. E. E. Owens, Los Angeles, Cal. Gasoline and Hot Air Engines. Weber Gas & Gasoline Engine Co., Kansas City.Mo Rider-Ericsson Engine Co., 37 Dey St. Witte Iron Works Co., Kansas City, Mo. Van Duzen Gasoline Engine Co., Cincinnati. American Well Works, Aurora, 111. Incubators. Reliable Incubator Co., Quincy, 111. Von Culm Incubator Co., Delaware City Del. Land Graders. F. C. Austin, Manufacturing Co., Chicago, B. F. Shuart, Oberlin, Ohio. Live Stock. S. W. Smith, Cochranville, Pa. Louisiana Lauds. E. P. Skene, Land Comr. 111. Cent. R. R., Chicago. Magazines and Papers. Land of Sunshine, Los Angeles, Cal. Prescott Courier, Prescott, Ariz. The Journal of the Association of Engineering Societies, Philadelphia, Pa. The Earnest Christian, Denver, Colo. The Nebraska Farmer, Lincoln, Neb. The Tourist^Homeseeker, 600, 114 Dearborn St., Chicago. The Poultry Tribune, Freeport, 111. Mining Stocks. Mechem Investment Co., Colorado Springs, Colo. New Mexico Lauds. Pecos Irrigation and Improvement Co., Eddy, N.M. John E. Frost, Topeka, Kan. New Era Graders. F. C. Austin, Mfg. Co., Chicago. Pianos. Pease Piano Co., Chicago and New York. Poultry. J. W. Miller Co., Freeport, 111. Pumps. The Aermotor Co., Chicago. Jos. Menge, 105 TchoupitoulasSt., New Orleans, La Seaman & Schuske, St. Joseph, Mo. American Well Works, Aurora, III. Railroads. Santti Fe Route, W. T. Black, G.P A., Topeka. Burlington Route, P. S. Eustis, G. P. A. Chicago, and J. Francis, G. P. A.. Omaha, Neb. Great Northern Railway, F. I. Whitney, G. P. A.. St. Paul Minn. Northern Pacific, Railway, Chas. S. Fee, G. P. A., St. Paul Minn. Chicago Great Western, F. H. Lord, G. P. A., Chicago. Union Pacific, Denver & Gulf Railroad, B. L. Win- chell, G. P. A., Denver. Denver & Rio Grande Railway, S. K. Hooper G. P. A. Denver. Rio Grande Western Railway, F. A. Wadleigh, G. A. P., Salt Lake City, I tah. Illinois Central Railroad, A. H. Hanson, G. P. A., Chicago. Wisconsin Central Lines, Jas. C. Pond, G. P. A., Milwaukee, Wis. Texas & Pacific Ry., Gaston Meslier, G. P. A., Dal- las, Texas. Pecos Valley Railroad, E.W. Kalukner, Gen. Mgr., Eddy, N. M. Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton R. R., D. G. Ed- wards, Traffic Mgr., Cincinnati, Ohio. Colorado Midland R. R.. W. F. Bailey, G. P. A. Denver, Col. St Louis South Western R. R., E. W. LeBeaumo, G. P. A., St. l.ouis, Mo. Mobile & Ohio R. R., Chas. Rudolph, G. P. A., 321 Marquette Bldg., Chicago. Southern Railway, W. A Turk, G. P. A., Wash- ington, D. C. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, John Sebastian, G. P. G., Chicago. M. K. & T. R. K., H. A. Cherrier, N. P. A., 316 Mar- quette Bldg., Chicago. Sam a Fe, Prescott & Phoenix Railway Company, Geo. M. Sargent, G. F. & K. Agt. Real Estate. Pecos Irrigation & Improvement Co. Eddy, N. M. Thos. H. Girling, 303 S. Third St., Minneapolis, Minn. J. S. Painter, 84 Adams St Chicago. I. A. Fort, North Platte, Neb. E. P. Skene, Land Com. 111. Central Railroad, Chicago. Benj. W. Thompson, 407 Boston Blk., Minneapolis Minn. Seeds. D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Mich. Sewing Machines. Cash Buyers' Union, Chicago. Surveyors' Instruments. Grade Level Co., Jackson, Mich. H. Gibson St, Paul, Minn, Trees. D. Hill, Dundee, 111. Tree Protectors. Yucca Mfg. Co., .Los Angeles, Cal. Water Pipe. Abendrot h Root Mlg. Co. 28 ClifTSt., New YorkCity Water Wheels and Turbines. Jas. Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio. Well Drilling Machinery. F. C. Anstin Mfg. Co., Carpenter St. and Carroll Ave., Chicago. Williams Bros., Ithaca, N. Y. American Well Works, Aurora, 111. Windmill*. The Aermotor Co., Chicago. American Well Works, Aurora, 111. Wire Fence. Kitselman Bros., Ridgeville, Ind. ^j^S^gygjS^s^g^sr^ ADVERTISEMENTS MILIS VALLEY MONTANA FREE GOVERNMENT LAND can be easily and cheaply irrigated from running streams and storage resevoirs. Five co- operative farmer ditches in the vicnity of Chinook, Yantic and Harlem. Land can be bought with water right, or colonies of farmers can build their own ditches. Land produces all the saple grain and root crops. Good markets and shipping facilities. Bench lands furnish fine range for horses. cattle and hheep. Rich gold, oilver and copper mines and timber in the Little Rockies and Bear Paw Mountains, along the southern edge of the Valley. Large veins of coal crop out of the river and creek bottoms. For information and printed matter, address THOMAS O. HANLON, Chinook, Mont. For particulars about the Teuton Valley Col- ony, write to Z. T. BURTON, Burton, Mont. For routes and rates to Montana points and descriptive matter, address F. I. WHITNEY. G. P. & T. rt., Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn. $IO,OOO,OOO.OO IN GOLD was dug out of the hills at Cripple Creek in 1896. 1897 will show a much better record and this will be contributed to very materially by Mutual Benefit M. & L Co. whose property is situated on Globe Hill, and is surrounded by some of the largest mines in the camp. At a distance of 1,350 feet from the mouth of their tunnel this company recently made A Big Strike of pay ore, eight feet wide, from which they will commence shipping soon. We advise a purchase of this stock now before they do this for the price will then be advanced. It can be had at 5^c per share in not less than 100 share lots. Orders must be sent in at once to realize at this price. Address THE MECHEH INVESTMENT CO. COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO. Poultry Money. The Poultry Business pays when conducted under the rules laid down in our NEW POULTRY BOOK AND CATALOGUE FOR 1897. Handsomely printed in colors, giving illustra- tions and descriptions of all the leading breeds of fowls, plans for poultry houses and yards, tested remedies for all diseases of poultry that are invaluable to any breeder. It tells you all about our Millhook Farm, the most extensive poultry farm in the country. In fact it is the largest, best, and most beautiful poultry book ever printed, and is worth many dollars to any one interested in poultry. Sent postpaid for 10 cents, stamps or silver. TheJ. W. Miller Co. Box FREEPORT, ILL. RIO GRANDE WESTERN RY- GREAT SALT LAKE ROU-.C. The °nly Direct Li"° TO THE Uncompachre Indian Reservations UTAH. Millions of homes now awaiting settle- ment in a land fair and rich. RESOURCES UNLIMITED. The Rio Grande Western Ry. traverses the richest valleys of Utah, which can be made to provide all the necessaries and many of the comforts of life. Write to F. A. Wadleigli, Salt Lake City lor copies of pamphlets, etc. MENTION THE IRRIGATION AGE. i IRRIGATION DO YOU WANT TO GO EAST? Or would you like to exchange your western holdings for property in the Middle States ? The people of this coun- try are perpetually restless, ever seeking a change, sometimes in search of a better climate, but more frequently in the hope of bettering their condition, and conse- quently good exchanges can always be effected between the different sections. If you have farms, ranches, orchards, stock, timber lands, city property, etc., and want to exchange for property in the Eastern or Midle States, consult me. and I will assist you. J. S. PAINTER. 84 Adams St., Chicago, 111. / H Kir/ JUTE and other fibrous plants, also BROOM CORN. EARLY POTATOES and EARLY VEGETABLES for the early markets of Chicago and elsewhere. PEACHES, FIGS and other fruits that will rival those of California in size, and far surpass them in flavor. The YAZOO VALLEY is already irrigated with streams, lakes and rivers, and you do not have to pay for the water, for it always rains just at the right time and just enough for your needs 600.000 acres of the«e lands are owned by the YAZOO & MISSISSIPPI VALLEY RAILROAD COMPANY. For information as to prices and terms of sale and how to reach these lands, apply in person or by letter to EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner, No. 1 Park Row, Chicago, III., or G. W. McGINNIS, Assistant Land Commissioner, Memphis, Tenn. of Art * * * § i # * for little or ?£ nothing. Su- * perb half tone engravings of Colorado's most beautiful and impressive scenery, in gold embossed papier-mache frames, Five Cents, in stamps, each, or the entire set of 12 pictures for Fifty Cents, stamps. Address, B. L. Winchell, Gen. Pass. Agt., U. P., D. & G. Ry., Denver, Colorado. IRRIGATION AND LAND ADVERTISING BUREAU AND PRESS AGENCY. Advertisements written and placed. Press notices arranged. Our years of experience and know- ledge of this business may save you some money. If of sufficient importance will ar- range a personal interview. 1 12 DEARBORN ST., CHICAGO. MENTION THE IRRIGATION AGE. l IRRIGATION Arkansas and are the two states which are attracting more at- tention to day than any other states in the union. The tide of immigration has been set in this di- rection fora number of years now, and people are pouring into these states by the thousands. The land is the finest, the climate the most healthful and the oppor- tunities for making a living the most abun- dant. If you want to know all about these states write for free copy of the following hand- somely illusi rated pamphlets issued by the COTTON BELT ROUTE: "Homes in the South- west," "Texas," "Truth about Arkansas," and "Glimpses of Arkansas," also "Lands for Sale Along the Cotton Belt Route." E. W. LABEATTME, G. P.