From the collection of the z n m o PreTinger i a AJibrary p San Francisco, California 2006 (olorado j^oad has located along its lines the most desirable farming lands in the west. Those contemplating the purchase of agricultural lands in the state of Colorado should write to H. B. Davis, Immigration Agent of "The Colorado Road" —Colorado & Southern Ry., Denver. Our line also reaches the most desirable health and pleasure resorts in the state and is the short line to Texas. f. E. FISHER./ Ccrjcral Passeoger Agent, Denver, Colo- P. S. Have you been over thefcloop? MM SUBSCRIPTIONS, new or renewal FOR ALL American and Foreign PERIODICALS, NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES AT CUT RATES. -CAMERAS free for 10- 25-50 subscriptions. CASH PRIZES for 5 largest lists. Full information and agents outfit including more copies of magazines than yon ould buy for many dollars sent on receipt of 10 cts, to help pay postage. Cut rate catalogue free. W. P. Sub. Agency, 516 B 2nd Avenue cMlwaukee, Wis. Special bargains inllarge or small ranches, with or without stock. Write us just what you want. HOLLAND & WILLS, Amarillo, Tex. Rife Hydraulic Engine PUMPS WATER AUTOMATICALLY BY WATKB POWEB. Place this engine two feet or more below your water supply and It will deliver a con- stant stream of water 30 feet high for every foot of fall. WITHOUT STOPPING. WITHOUT ATTENTION. KIFE ENGINE CO., 126 Liberty Street, New York. THE WHEEL OF TIME for all time is the.... Metal Wheel We make them in nil sizes and varieties TO FIT AN Y AXLE. Any height, any width of tire you may want Our wheels are either di- rect or stagger spoke. Can FIT YOUR WAGON, Perfectly without change.... NO BREAKING DOWN no drying out.no resetting tires "HEAP because they endure ind for catalogue and price*' Electric Wheel Co! ox »» Qulnoy, Ilia. A WONDERFUL INVENTION. They cure dandruff, hair falling ^fya'd- ache, etc., yet cost the same as the ordi- nary comb. What's that ? Why Dr. White's Electric Comb. The only patent- ed comb in the world. People everywhere it has been introduced, are wild with de- light. You simply comb your hair each day and the comb does the rest. This won- derfnl comb is simply unbreakable, and is made so that it is absolutely impossible to break or cut the hair. Sold on written guarantee to give perfect satisfaction in every respect. Send stamps for one. La- dies' size, 50c; Gents' size 35c. Live men and women wanted everywhere to intro- duce this article. Selli on sight. Agents are wild with success. (See want column of this paper.) Add; ess D. N. ROSE, Gen. M'g-'r, Decatur, 111 THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. You can find more progressive farmers and poultrymen in the state of Washington than in any other State of the same pop- ulation. The people of this section are pattiug in all of the best, such as good cattle, stock, swine and poultry. The progressive people of the older States arc coHiiiiir in and settling up the lands. Land can be purchased at very reasonable figures, either govern incut or railroad. The Pacific Poultryman. (Harry II. Collier. Editor), Tacoma, Washington, echeo all the new •< ( ' < i f s y ( ') ; <- all of the poultry .nen. This journal is pro- gre-ssi.'e and up to dal.3. A ; amp 3 copj btaieu Q-rea : Northern Uuiiclin^. ww^vwv\ ^wv vwv -wvv ww CONFIDENT A PERFECT PEN AT A POPULAR PRICE, AND THE BEST PEN AT ANY PftlCiE. YOUR CHOICE Or S3.OO Laughlin Fountain Pens TRY IT A WEEK: If not suited, we buy it back and offer yju $1.10 for it A Profitable Proposition any way you figure it. Don't miss this opportunity of a life time to secure the best pen made. Hard rubber reservoir holder in f^ur simple parts. Finest cjuaiiry diamond point 14k gold p n and the only positively perfect ink feeding device known to the science of foun- tain pen making-. A Suggestion.— An appropri- ate gift of never ending useful- ness—for any occasion, insures a constant pleasing remem- brance of the giver.' Any desired flexibility jj in tine, medium or stub. |1 One Pen Only to One Address on this Offer. <1 LOSS — on tne pen you buy— SEED-TIME expense. .USINESS-Your pen pro- cures-Our HARVEST, By mail, postpaid, u'pon're- •ije to the occasion and who will use all the power at his command to see that adequate laws aie enacted by congress to enable him to crush out Anarchism in the United States, and clothed with that power, he will discharge his duty to the letter and spirit of the law; and in the performance of .that duty he will be sustained by all true American, citizens regard- less of party ties, creeds, or re- ligions. If beauty can come from such a terrible crime : a farm of 12 000 acres afactoryhas been built with a capacity of 500 tons every 24 hours. On the farm 1.000 men and women have been employed-during the summer, and this season's crop will be converted into sugar. The establishment of the sugar factory at this point built the town, which a few years ago consisted of a hut or two and thousands of prarire dogs. Next year fully 4.000 acres of beets will be in cultivation. The output will be in- creased as rapidly as possible, and every day the demand for workmen is increas- ing. "A general estimate of the cost of con- struction, cost of operation, and general results to be counted upon, of beet sugar factories in this district, as taken from the Rocky Ford plant places the general aver- age of sugar in the beets at 12 per cent. So far as the Arkansas Valley in Colorado is concerned, this percentage is being largely exceeded; the minimum percentage of f-ugar being about 14 per cent, while the maximum has reached 23 per cent, with a coefficient of purity ranging from 89 to 95 per cent. In stating these re- sults, reference is especially made to the factory at Rocky Ford, built and worked by the American Beet Sugar Company, a New York corporation, which works two factories in California and three in Ne- braska, the one at Rocky Ford being their fifth. The experts in charge of this last factory all express surprise at the results of this first campaign, and they have be- come thoroughtly convinced that this val- ley (Arkansas Valley, Col.) is the ideal sugar-producer, thanks to its equable cli- mate, ample supply of water for irriga- 7 HE IRRIGATION AGE. tion, cheap fuel and limestone, and an un- limited extent of available land for beet culture. It is expected that the same •company will erect one or more factories in addition to the one at Rocky Ford, one to be built further east and the other west of Rocky Ford. "As an example of the quality of the sugar beets produced upon this land, it may be mentioned that so far six car-loads of beets from one field have been tested with results as follows: one car-load, 16 3-10 per cent; three car-loads, 188-10' per cent; and two car-loads, 20 4-10 per cent. Exports and Exports of American products Imports to . „ Porto Rico. to Porto Rico in the nscal year just ended were, according to the figures of the treasury bureau of statistics, more than three times as great as they averaged when Porto Rico was under the Spanish flag and more than 50 per cent in excess of those prior to the enactment of the Porto Rican law which went into ef- fect May 1, 1900. The total domestic exports from the United States to Porto Rico in the fiscal year 1897, which entire- ly preceded the beginning of hostilities with Spain, were $1.964,850. In the fiscal year 1900, ten months of which pre- ceded the date at which the Porto Rican tariff want into effect, our domestic ex- ports to Porto Rico were $4,260.892. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, all of which was under the Porto Rican act which levied 15 per cent of the regular Dingley law rates on goods passing into that island from this country, the total domestic exports from the United States to Porto Rico were $6.861.917. These figures include only exports of domestic merchandise and do not include foreign merchandise brought into the United States and re-exported to Porto Rico, which probably amounted to about a half million dollars, since the Porto Rican statement qf imports from the United States for the fiscal year ending Juna 30, 1901, shows the grand total including domestic and foreign to be $7,414,502. Porto Rico imported in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, goods amounting to $9.367,230 in value, and of this $7,4 14,502 came from the United States, the total from other countries being $1,953,728. Of this , $1,952,728 imported from other countries other than the United States, the value of $808,441 was from Spain; $374.837 from the United Kingdom; $294.067 from Canada; $166.823 from France; $152,201 from Germany, and $61,- 838 from the Netherlands. The Date Palm Jt is known by very few in America. even of our we]i posted fruit growers that the Date Palm is an estab- lished success in tho United States. For centuries past there has been an occasion- al tree glowing in some of the wanner parts of the country, especially in south- ern California, Arizona and Florida, but these trees have all been seedlings which have mostly come up by accident or were planted by some of the mission fathers who emigrated for Spain, and many of them have never borne any fruit to this day. It is also known only by a few that the date palm is a diaecious tree; that is, the flowers of the two sexes being on sepa- rate trees, it is absolutely necessary that a female or bearing tree should have a staminate tree growing near, or that male flowers when in a proper condition should be carried to the female tref\s and placed where their pollen will fall upon the stigmas of the bearing tree in order that fruit should be produced. This fact has been known for thousands of years by the inhabitants of the arid regions in other parts of the world where the datij has been grown very largely, and male trees are kept purposely that their flowers may be used in this way. This is a common prac- tice among the Arabs and Budouins. They also take advantage of this pecul- THE IRRIGATION AGE. iarity of the date tree in their wars. One tribe or band making a raid upon another, if successful is almost sure to burn the male date trees in order that no pollen may be obtainable for the fructification of flowers of the bearing trees, and by this means the fruit supply is cut off and star- vation, or at least the material reduction of their food supply is certain. But in order to prevent such a calamity, those who are forsighted enough to do so. take the male flowers when in proper condition, wrap them up carefully in cloth or other material which will protect them and bury them in some secret place where they can be dug up, dampened and used in case of necessity. The pollen -thus kept in the flowers retains its vitality for several years, and it seems to us a remarkable fact that the Arabs, whom we have often considered unscientific people, have long been able to take advantage of this. There are regions in Southern California and Arizonia where the date can be grown perhaps as well as anywhere in Europe. Asia or Africa, and steps are being taken to undertake its culture or an extensive scale. Some twelve years ago when in the government service in Washington City I imported plants which were taken up as suckers from some of the best bearing trees in Algeria, Arabia and Egypt, and had thpin planted near Phoenix, Arizona, and in several places in California, where they are now in bearing condition. This is the only way in which the date can be properly propagated, because to grow seed- lings would be very uncertain as to which sex would be produced, and the varieties would not likely be of much value, as is the case with seedlings of other kinds of fruits. Bat when suckers or slips are taken from the base of bearing trees they are sure to bear fruit of exactly the same character as that grown upon the original trees. This is the method always followed in date growing regions. The United States Department of Agriculture, under its present able management by Secretary Wilson and his assistants, is following up this idea by importing thousands of small plants from the regions just mentioned and plantations are being established in the arid regions of Arizonia and California. The soil and climate best suited to date trees are just such as are found in the hottest parts of those states, where rain rarely falls and where the soil is quite sandy, with abundant opportunity to irri- gate. The Arab saying that "the date tree needs fire at the head and water at the feet," which means that the climate should be very hot and dry, but the soil should be moist. Although a little fruit has been pro- duced on trees in various parts of the sec- tions mentioned, yet there has never been any of it dried and packed until last year at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Phoenix, 'Arizona, where a number of varieties were thus treated. There is a case of this fruit now on exhibition in the horticulteral building at the Pan American Exposition, on the Arizona space, where it may be seen. This marks a notable event in date culture in the Western Hemisphere. There 'is no good reason why we should not produce in this country all the dates which our people need, and it is a matter of great satisfaction to those who are interested in this line of work to note the progress which is being made. — H. E. Van Deman. IRRIGATION IN INDIA AND AMERICA. BY. E. H. PARGITER, OF THE IRRIGATION BRANCH, PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT, PANJAB. INDIA. (Continued from last month.) It would be unwise to give to these small tenants in Endia, pro- prietary rights in their land, as the Indian agriculturist is one of the most improvident of men and many would soon run into debt, and mortgage or sell their estates to capitalists or money lenders, the very men whose ownership of such estates has been snown to be not for the general interest. Hence while seeking to give tenants every inducement to improve their holdings, and every opportunity of bene- fitting themselves thereby, it was advisable to safeguard them against their own extravagance or negligence; and therefore no means are given them of disposing of their rights in their land, and of putting themselves in the power of other landlords. Speculation in land also is thus guarded against; all the profits arising from the increase in the value of the land belong to the government which has in fact done all the speculation itself, in constructing at great expense a new canal in a barren land. As soon as the construction of the Chanab Canal approached com- pletion, work was started on another, the Jhelam Canal, from the river Jhelam, in 1898. This is to irrigate the land between the rivers Chanab and Jhelam; it is expected to take five or six years in con- struction. The rate of progress on the construction of these canals is governed by the amount of the capital money grant allotted to the province each year by the government of India. For many years past, the sum given to the Panjab annually, has been between $1,- 300,000 and $1,400,000. During the past two years, however, since Lord Curzon has been governor general of India, considerably more has been allotted, he having quickly recognized the immense advan- tages to the country that these canals prove, and shown thus his de- sire to hasten their construction. From one third to two-thirds of the annual grant in the Panjab, is usually spent each year on the large perennial canal under construction at the time, and the re- mainder on small canals and on extensions and improvements of ihe existing large canals. The condition of the land in the doab to be irrigated by the Jhe- lam Canal is similar to that for which the Chanab Canal was made. Nearly all is waste land, but the upper half has more population than 1HL IRRIGATION AGE. 7 there was on the Chanab Canal tract. This is due to the fact of its being nearer to the Himalaya Mountains, and so receiving more rain; of which enough falls to render culturable the lower lying portions and basins which receive the drainage from the higher surrounding lands. Also as the width of the doab is not great, being about forty miles, the depth below ground surface of the subsoil water is not more than 90 feet where deepest in the center of the doab, and de- creases to about fifty feet towards the edges of the higher land bor- dering the river valley bottom lands. There are a good many wells therefore in use, chiefly to supply drinking water to the people and their cattle and flocks; but these are also brought into use to irrigate a little vegetable and grain crops when rain is deficient. The rainfall is usually sufficient to produce a plentiful crop of natural grasses, on which large herds of cattle and camels are supported, and their own- ers derive a handsome profit from the sale of the clarified butter ("Chee" in Hindustani) obtained from the milk. Nearly half of the land irrigable by the Jhelam Canal is included within village boundaries, and belongs to the population there, though most of it is waste land, has never been cultivated for centuries, and is more than necessary to supply with grass the cattle kept by the people. This arrangement was effected many years ago at the time of the settlement of the country, soon after annexation, when there was absolutely no prospect of the land ever acquiring a high value through the construction of an irrigation canal. The villagers were then allowed to claim as their own, all the land for which they were willing to pay the merely nominal grazing land assessment, fixed by government for waste lands. The people are now gaining a large un- earned increment by the great rise in the value of their land caused by the approaching certainty of assured irrigation. Owing to the three years' drought that has caused the recent famine in India, these people have been very hard hit, and brought into great straits, for neither crops nor grass could be grown. Many of them were obliged to sell some of their land in order to be able to pay their way, and this they were encouraged to do by seeing their land to have now be- coming valuable. Whereas its value was only about $1 or $2 per acre before there was any hope for irrigation for it, it has already attained a value of $6 or $7 per acre, though three or four years must yet elapse before irrigation can be commenced. Their need has been an oppor- tunity for "capitalists and speculators to buy up land, and many have done so, anticipating a further rise in value when the canal is opened for irrigation. Under these circumstances of there being plenty of privately owned lands available for purchase, it is not likely that government will sell any of its land; but guided by the experience gained on the Chanab Canal, will probably keep the ownership of it THE IRRIGATION AGE. itself, and. give the tenant farmers occupancy rights where they are satisfactory tenants. During the construction of a large canal like this, that takes sev- eral years to complete, the accumulated interest charges on the capi- tal cost will amount to a large sum, before any revenne can be ex- pected. But to prevent any loss of revenue that could be obtained, when once the canal is completed, it is desirable that all the land that can then be irrigated, be already colonized, and prepared for cultiva- tion, so that the canal may start working with a fair demand for water. Now government has it in its own power to thus colonize all its own land, and has a perfectly free hand to settle the new colonists when and where, exactly as it requires, and finds best; arranging dif- ferent tribes, castes, and classes, in separate villages or townships; so that those may not interfere with each other's ways and quarrels or disputes among neighbors be avoided. 'But with regard to pri- vately owned lands, government has no guarantee that proper' ar- rangements will be made to ensure early and extensive irrigation. Speculation in land may only hold back their land to sell it again at a good profit afterwards; owners may be unable to obtain sufficient ten- ants, or laborers at once to take up all their land; while the old inhabi- tants of the district are mostly very loth to change their long estab- lished patriarchal mode of life, that cf keeping large flocks and herds on the waste land, and iustead take up irrigation farming. Their favorite recreations also hitherto have been cattle lifting and thieving, a profession easily carried on, and difficult to check in the extensive and uninhabited jungles of the district; but they would have to take to more honest ways with the advent of a large population, and the transformation of the jungle wastes and hiding places, into villages, farms and open fields. So that if the government had to depend on the irrigation of villages and privately owned lands alone for revenue, it might be many years before the canal became remunerative; and meanwhile, annual interest charges would be accumulating as a debit against the account of the canal. In fact it would not pay the gov- ernment to construct a canal for such land in such circumstances, and it needs to have full powers for colonizing the land to be irrigated. In the case of the Jhelam Canal, it does own more than half of the land commanded, and this is sufficient to commence with as a revenue, producing area. After the completion of the Jhelam Canal, the next most feasible large project to be undertaken, is the construction of one or more large canals from the left or east bank of the river Indies; to irrigate the doab lying between this river on the west, and the river Jhelam and lower down the river Chanab on the east side. This will be a very large work, and detailed survey of the country have yet to be 1HE IRRIGATION AGE. made for it. If a single large canal be considered most advisable in- stead of two or more canals, this canal will be, by far, the largest ir- rigation canal in the world. At present, the Chanab Canal holds this position. But here, much more than in the case of the Jhelam Canal, the question of the ownership of the land to be irrigated, comes in, and forms the cru.r of the project. A very large proportion of it belongs to the village inhabitants of the country, made over to them many years ago at the settlement of the country, in the same manner as the land of the Jhelam Canal tract. As already explained, a canal is not likely to be remunerative in such tracts, which need colonizing, unless the ownership of most of the laud is in the hands of the goverment; and it has lately been notified to the people that no canal will be be- gun until most of the waste land, now useless to them, is given back to the government. This track receives hardly any rain; the land produces but little grass for cattle, and is practically valueless to the people, except in patches here and there of lower depressions, and where there is a well, in some cases. The government therefore, a few years ago, endeavored to persuade them to relinquish their own- ership in most of the land, as being far more in area than they had any need for, or could utilize; but without success, as they got wind of the proposals to make a canal in their district, and therefore naturally wished to hold on to laud, which would become valuable when irriga- tion was made available. They believed that government would ulti- mately construct the canal for the land, in any case, and therefore of course refused to part with any of their land. So government has had to put its foot down firmly, and has clearly notified to the people, that it will not think of constructing any canal at all until the land asked for has been given up. There is no injustice or real hardship to the people, involved in this procedure; they will be allowed to keep as much land as they now need for the purposes of their present cul- t ivation, and pasture; as well as a certain proportion of the waste land, Probably about one quarter of the whole area will be left-to them, and about three quarters become the property of government, who will then be put in a position to undertake the construction of a canal or canals with a reasonable prospect of its expenditure being remun erative, and the irrigation project a success commercially. The vil- lage owners also will be largely benefite'd by the great rise in the value of the land that will still belong to them; and by the change for the better in their prospects, from their present precarious state, with an uncertain and scanty rainfall, to one of assured prosperity and the certainty of irrigation. It now remains to be seen if they will respond to the invitation, and accept the terms offered ; for until they do, nothing can or will be done to give irrigation to their land. To 10 THE IRRIGATION AGE. bring the waste labor of congested districts on to the waste land, by a profitable employment of its capital, is the main object of the gov- ernment; not to risk its money on a costly undertaking, which might not for long, if ever, prove remunerative, and the profits of which would even then mainly go, as an unearned .increment, to those who have in no way deserved them. The construction of one of these canals for the irrigation of waste lands, includes the laying and marking out of every farm and hold- ing, in squares of about twenty -six acres each, and the completion of a watercourse leading to each holding. Each village or township is arranged to contain from about thirty to sixty of these holdings or squares, which are not grouped together according to any geometri- cal plan or pattern, but entirely in accordance with the watersheds and drainage lines of the country, so as to allow of irrigation by flow or gravity being carried out in the simplest and readiest manner. Consequently no two villages are similar in size and shape. To do this, of course, requires a complete detailed surveying and contour- ing of the whole track, with plans showing every holding and con- tours for each foot in level. These preliminary works are laborious, expensive, and take time to complete, but when done, they permit of ideal arrangements being made, so that no subsequent alterations are required. One of the squares is set apart as a village site, and roads are made from it to the neighboring villages, and past every holding. As soon as the watercourses of a village are ready, and canal water is available, the village is colonized. The new settlers clear sufficient land, each in his own holding, to grow what crops they require for their first years' support; and they construct their houses on the vil- lage site. These first houses would be made very rapidly and cheaply of adobe walls, and roofed with jungle wood cleared from off the land, with a covering of a few inches of earth. For the first two years of irrigation no water rates are assessed on the crops grown, as the peo- ple require all they can grow and earn, to support themselves while preparing their farms and buildings. During the third year, half rates only would be assessed; and then by that time, they should be fully at home, with plenty of land under cultivation; so that in the fourth year they could easily pay the full water rates fixed for the various crops grown. One square of 28 acres is sufficient to support one man with a family, and is large enough to occupy his whole time. Where the family contained grown up sons, they would be given other squares, as many as the.y could keep fully cultivated. While the government of India can, is prepared to, and usually does, wait several years after the opening of one of its large canals, before the canal proves remunerative, it cannot afford to do so for an 1HE IRRIGA I TON AGE. li indefinite or prolonged period, (unless the canal is maintained as a protective work against famine in times of different rainfall in well population districts). In all projects for canals designed expressly as remunerative or reproductive works, careful forecasts are drawn out showing the anticipated revenue and expenditure for twenty or more years after completion. These show the growth of the irrigated area, and revenue therefrom, year by year, the gradual paying off of the accumulated interest on the capital cost by the net revenue, (total re- ceipts minus all working expenses) until, after a certain number of . years which may be ten, fifteen or twenty, the annual net revenue forms a handsome interest on the capital cost. A less rate of interest than 4 per cent would not be considered sufficient to render the work remunerative; and on the canals of North India, a rate of 8 or 10 per cent or even more, is realized frequently. Without a satisfactory assurance that a canal would be, in this way, remunerative, the gov- ernment would not be prepared to construct it. Ordinarily, when a canal of this kind is constructed in any country, by private capitalists or a company as a remunerative undertaking, the owners would ex- pect a much quicker return of profits on their expenditure, and there- fore would be less likely to undertake a single large canal carrying as much as 8,000 cubic feet per second, (as the largest canals in North India do) and which could not be expected to be remunerative for sev- eral years after commencement. The state ownership of rivers and canals has this advantage, that the government can afford to wait sev- eral years, and can spend money more freely on so constructing a work as to be permanent, without renewals being acquired. Efficiency and permanent success are better ensued in the case of large and costly undertakings by the government carrying out their design and construction by a competent staff of trained and reliable engineer. In the early days of a country such a staff is not usually available, and in order to have its first railways constructed, the government of India was obliged to have recourse to the system of inviting their con- struction by guaranteeing a regular rate of interest on the capital ex- penditure from their very commencement. But for many years past, with an efficient staff of engineers in its own railway branch of the Public Works Department, government has been able to do its own construction work, and keep all profits for itself. In the development of irrigation no such urgency was called for, and irrigation works have been uniformly carried out by government agency, the depart- ment being increased as more engineers were required. All these perennial canals are designed to flow continuously throughout the year. The works on them are constructed, once for all, solidly of concrete, iron, brick and stone, with a view to perma- nently withstanding the heaviest strain ever likely to be brought on 12 THE IRRIGA 1 1ON A OE them, and to requiring th.e minimum of periodical repairs. While it is usual for each canal to be closed entirely at its head, for a few weeks, at some time in each year, to enable ordinary repairs and clearances of the bed to be carried out, yet it may happen any year through a failure of the rains, that the canal has to be kept in full flow at that time to save the crops dependent on it. In such a case, the usual annual repairs, must be postponed, perhaps for many months; and the canal should be able to do its duty efficiently without them. Deep and solid foundations are therefore given to all works where any scour in the bed close by, is possible from any cause. In the southwest regions of the Panjab, and throughout the province of Sindh the annual rainfall is so slight, averaging less than six inches, that without irrigation no crops can be grown. Along the strips of bottom land bordering the great rivers, the spring level is sufficiently near the ground surface to allow of water being profitably lifted from wells by bullock power- Close to the river the amount of life may not be more than ten or fifteen feet, but it rapidly increases with the distance from the river, and would usually exceed thirty feet at a distance of three miles, the land being fairly level along a line at right angles to the river throughout the width of the bottom land of the river valley. With a greater lift than forty feet but little irriga- tion can be done during the intense dry heat of the hot weather in the plains of North India. These plains are less than 1,000 feet above the sea level; and in the arid regions now alluded to, only strips of land a few miles wide bordering the great rivers, can be cultivated without canal irrigation. For the tracts further distant, numerous small in- undation canals take out from the rivers Indus, Jhelam, Chanab, Ravi and Satlaj. The largest are about fifty or sixty miles in length, have bed widths up to eighty feet, can carry a full supply depth of from eight to ten feet, with a discharge up to about. 2,000 cubic feet per second. Some are quite small, with a length of only about ten miles, and a bed width of eight or ten feet. Many of these were made and were in use by the people long before the commencement of British rule. They were usually very badly aligned, and crossed drainages or low ground with weak embankments which often breached, so that they gave great trouble. Ever since the annexation of the country the engineers in charge have been busy in improving and extending these; amalgamating two or more small adjacent ones by giving them a common head channel. None at first had any head regulator, or any head works; they were simply open ditches fed from the river, and their supply fluctuated with it. But by this time most have been provided with head regulators to control the discharges and keep out excessive 'flood supplies which were always a source of danger. These regulators cannot be built at the very commencement of a canal, as they would be destroyed before long by river erosion, which may cut away from a quarter to a half of a mile in width of land along a river bank in one year. They have to be built at some distance off, so as to be always safe from river erosion. (Continued next month.) TWO WINDMILLS IN ONE LOT, BY HEZEKIAH BUTTERWORTH, IN Farm and Fireside.. The time of protected crops is at hand, and the "glass gardens"" of New England and the irrigating windmills of Dakota but follow the suggestion of the most productive crop-raising abroad. The dike- and windmill made Holland a garden, and one of the most beautiful of all garden lands of the world. Nowhere do flowers bloom brighter; nowhere do small plants yield more vegetables. A Holland story is told of a man who acquired an estate with' two mills on one lot. He caused one of them to be taken down, be- cause there might not be wind enough for two windmills in one field. "Out West " there is wind enough for two windmills in a single' field, and an irrigated garden even in the short season of the Dakotas. will support a family. Thousands of toilers in the Northwest have gone into debt, mortgaged their farms, into which they had put their hard-earned money, and lost all they had. Their crops failed for the' want of water. "I could have succeeded had I had the means of irri- gation,'1 has been said thousands of times by the hapless, half-starved wheat farmer,, as he turned.back to some city to live in a few rooms of an apartment house, and to work for small wages, a slave to circum- stances. A modern hydraulic machine or a simple patented windmill for raising water would have saved his crops, turned his fields into gold, made him a home in the pure airs of Nebraska or the Dakotas,. and surrounded that home with cotton-trees, shrubs, vines, etc. But he had no means of securing such hydraulic power. Farmers rushed into the Dakotas and the Middle Northwest and raised a single crop of wonderful proportions. They saw a clear for- tune for them in a few years in their mind's. eye. They thought they saw how much money they could borrow on next year's crop. The East lent them money. The next year brought a drought; the "next"" year a crop almost ready to harvest, but which suddenly shrank and withered for want of water. They must live; their families must be supported. How they struggled and toiled, and wrote to their friends in the East for help, or perhaps to relatives in Europe! Their friends helped them for a time, and then inconsiderately lost faith. How those poor wives toiled and prayed and wept alone! How true these sufferings and disappointments made the whole family to each other! All that was needed was water — or the money to procure it. The needed water was running in streams just below the earth. Certain farmers in Nebraska who could, not get away or purchase expensive hydraulic power, -turned their attention to home-made 14 THE IRRIGATION AGE. windmills, such as would cost less than ten dollars, so at least to save the garden. They made little windmills of old machinery, with any- thing for fans that would turn the wind into service. One man favor- ably situated made the wings of his little mill of coffee sacks, and ir- rigated five acres for five dollars. Some used barrel- staves with fence 'wire; others turned roofing-tin to this service. A few years served to show the- value of these home-made windmills in many arid localities. The idea spread, the mills enlarged, when, presto, change, those who experimented with the little home-made mills had gardens, while those who did not had withered acres! Now a book has appeared on the subject. The traveler may see green gardens in many places over •which curious windmills of home production are turning. The agricultural experiment station in Nebraska sent out an ob- server among those windmill gardens. His published report is most interesting to young farmers in the Middle West. The home made Tfindmills offer new opportunity in garden farming. It is one of the new suggestions that will help to bring a new order of farming to the true-hearted industrious young farmers of the Middle West. There is room for "two windmills" in most of the fields of honest industry. Costa Rica protects her coffee; the United States of Colum- bia her cocoabeans, and Florida is developing protected orange groves which will yield golden fortunes. Glass gardens are filling New England. Wendell Philips used to says that there were two kinds of people in the world — one kind "went ahead and did something; the other showed how it should have been done in some other way." There are a multitude of people that reason that there will not be room for two windmills in the same field. There is room. " He can who thinks he can, " and a purpose of success will make a way anywhere. The writer spends his life in writing narratives of travel, and has traveled considerably, and one of the things that has greatly inter- ested him is how people are protecting their crops in our own and other countries. The example of brave little Holland is being fol lowed the world over, and the people who have the idea that two windmills cannot be run in one lot are disappearing. Let me give some examples of crop protection which I have seen by the way, be- ginning at New England. Some years ago there arose in Arlington, Mass. , a glass garden. It was for the raising of cucumbers. It was remarkably successful. It grew and spread, and became almost a farm. It was imitated. One may see such gardens glittering along the old family roads around Boston; and near Fall River, on what is called Gardener's Neck, and near it one may see wonderful developments of New England farming under glass. There is a farm in Connecticut that has ten acres under THE IRRIGA TlON A GE 15 glass. With what result? The protecting farmer will get a larger profit from an acre under glass than his grandfather did from a hun- dred acres. Let us turn from the North to frost- smitten Florida. The pro- tected orange groves are filling the state. Some of this protection is done by sheds with movable roofs, some by glass, and much by cloth tents, after the manner of protecting hay- cocks in a New England hay field. In Marion County, Florida, lives a man by the name of Dolittle, whose name belies his occupation and enterprise. He saw the frost cut down hundreds of beautiful orange groves, and out of his northern blood he resolved that his delightful trees should not be destroyed. He made frames for his trees, and in the winter filled uhem with dried pine needles. This did not prove wholly satisfactory. He then tried cloth tent covers. His orange trees now are the pride of the town. The returns from choice orange groves will pay for protection. I have seen a grape fruit tree near Belleview, Fla., that has borne fifteen hundred grape fruits in a single year. These grape fruits at ten cents apiece would have brought the owner one hundred and fifty dollars. A hundred protected grape fruit trees would yield an in- come of a thousand dollars or more, and support a man and his family in Florida, a place where one may live more cheaply than anywhere else in the world, as the sun fnrnishes him largely fuel and clothingj and one's gardens may be made to produce sweet potatoes, cabbages, strawberries, cumquats and figs and grapes nearly all the year. Like Holland from the dikes, so Florida is to rise again and in golden glory by protected trees. The rich are protecting . acres of orange and grape fruit trees in this way. A poor man .may protect enough to support his family. There is a quality of the Florida orange that will always give it a. distinct place in the markets of the world. The Florida orange can never .be driven from the market. The great use of grape fruit in the Northern cities would alone secure Florida fruit growers from failure. The fruit is reported to contain quinine, and to be a very good tonic and vitalizing. However this may be, banquets that used to begin with soups now start with halved grape fruit which have stood soaked with sugar for half a day or more, awaiting the festal hour. In some places the grape fruit pulp is frozen, and served like sherbet. The hardy bush orange of China, or cumquat orange, is likely to be grown extensively in Florida. It finds an immediate market. The Citrus Deliciosa, or China Mandarin orange, is also likely to come into use more largely than before, as it can be easily protected. A few years ago I was in Costa Rica. I went from Port Lemon to Costa Rica's beautiful city, San Jose. Passing through loft y 16 THE IRR1GA 72 ON A GE. groves of cocoanut palms to what seemed to be an ocean of banana fields, I was surprised to find cart loads of ripening bananas heaped up along the way — bananas enough, it would seem, to feed all New England. I turned to a friend sitting beside me and looking out of the car windows. "Why does the country pile up bananas by the roadsides to rot:' " ''That the leaves may grow stronger and last longer." "But the people do not grow banana leaves." "Oh, yes, they do." "Why?" "To protect their coffee plants. Those are not banana fields. They are coffee fields. Coffee has to be protected from the sun." It is so everywhere. Holland protects her glistening gardens from the sea; New England makes her short season long by gardens under glass. The Dakotas protect their crops from drought, and by <5anned fruit and vegetables secure for the winter the products of long season crops. They are doing what the hardy people of northern Europe so well have done. Florida is protecting her oranges, and Costa Rica her coffee. The agricultural and horticultural world is finding out the value of the agricultural college; two windmills may be placed in a single field; both of them will go. What is worth growing is worth protecting. Thrift finds a way; creative genius is money. One may conquer the soil. FEDERAL AID TO IRRIGATORS. With only 3,000,000 people at present occupying the Pacific slope of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, President James J. Hill, of the Great Northern Railway system, say that when that slope shall have 20,000,000 people Chicago ought to be the largest city in the world. He bases this interesting possibility upon the fact that 76,000,000 people in the country are supported more or less di- rectly by trade with Europe and Africa, with their 400,000,000 popu- lation. "On the other hand," he says, "there are a thousand million peo- ple off our Western coast with whom we should trade, and yet we have only 3,000,000 population to reach out for it," He confesses to the handicap of the present coast country, but he is sanguine of the good time coming when the United States shall dominate the trade of Asia. Mr. Hill insists that the building up of such a trade will depend in great measure upon the development of the agricultural resources of the Pacific slope. To develop this he says that government aid in building irrigating canals will be neces- sary. "Except for manufactured stuffs and cotton, these far Eastern exports will be grain and flour," said Mr. Hill in a Chicago interview, "and these agricultural products must be grown on the Pacific coast. For this purpose we have a territory 1.000 miles square, which, through centuries of aridity, have become vast beds of fertility, need- ing only water to make them the most productive spots in the world. There is water enough for the purpose melling from the mountain snows; all that is needed is the canal system. "The execution of this irrigation work is the one thing needed to give to the United States the domination of the Pacific Ocean com- merce and the supremacy of the world's trade. Without it progress will be slow, because, unless there is an abundant supply of food pro- ducts always available at shipping ports, it will be impossible to in- sure full cargoes and quick dispatch to the vessels of large capacity, which alone can be profitably employed in the trade. Every business interest which hopes to benefit by participation in the trade of the Pacific Ocean must be in favor of the reclamation of the great moun- tain valleys for the occupation of agricultural workers. If successful in the advocacy of this public improvement full rewards will come in the shape of new markets in the orient, and it will be found, addition- ally, that the settlement of the Western mountain region has devel- oped a local market richer in natural resources than any other portion of the earth's surface. 18 1 HE IRRIGATION AGE. "There, where the soil under irrigation will grow the best quality and greatest quantity of all the grains, except corn, .all the grasses and fruits, the ground is seamed with deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, iron and coal. There the largest supply of standing timber, and petroleum and natural gas abound. Under the influence of the dry atmosphere and constant sunshine, good health prevails, and the melted snow in falling to the sea level creates a water power avail- able for electric heat, light, and motor service, equivalent in energy to the combustion of 300,000,000 tons of coal per annum. "People regard with amazement the present rapid growth of wealth in the United States, but this will be comparative poverty when with twenty million people on the Pacific slope engaged in rais- ing grain and manufacturing flour for the orient, we can dispatch large freighters daily from each of the Pacific ports loaded with the manufactured goods of the Eastern factories, the cotton of the South, and the food products of the mountain valleys. Then a river of wealth will be turned into the United States, which will put to shame the visions of the wildest dreamers. "If Congress at its next session will appropriate $100,000,000 in 2 per cent bonds to be used in canal and reservoir construction, the money will be returned directly many times in the increased value of the public land. Indirectly, in trade results, the benefits will be per- manent and incalcuable. As a matter of political policy, the party which will take up and boldly advocate an immediate and liberal ap- propriation will receive the support of millions of people now home- less and discontented who desire homes and the opportunity to make a living by honest labor. "The agricultural products of the Pacific slope cannot come into competion with the farmers of the middle West. On the contrary, the section will open a large market for corn and hog products not producable here. The storage of the water in mountain reservoirs will reduce the flood level of the lower rivers and measurably relieve the cotton and sugar estates from the dangers of overflow. . "A policy of arid land reclamation to be effective must be con- ducted on a large scale. An entire appropriation of only 161,000,000 would be childish. Two hundred and fifty million dollars was voted without discussion for the Spanish war. This was for waste. In these days of large undertakings an expenditure of $'00,000,000 for a permanent improvement which will benefit millions of people should not cause hesitation. Such an amount, properly used, would add three billion dollars to the national wealth. Wnile it would make homes for a multitude of settlers, the greatest benefits would come to the manufacturers of the Eastern and middle Western states and their employes, and to the cotton raisers and spinnzrs of the South. ''- California Cultivator. THE DIVERSIFIED FARM. In diversified farming by irrigation lies tne salvation of agriculture. PAN-AMERICAN LETTER. (Written by Herbert Shearer.) The lion's share of space in the Horti- culture Building was assigned to the State of California. The State govern- ment deserves no credit because they failed to make an appropriation, and it became necessary for tbe fruit and busi- ness men of California to come to the front with both money and material or al- low the state to go unrepresented at this important exposition In the exhibit made by the business men of Fresno County, that of raisins is one of the most important, the extent of which already Covers a territory of 55,000 acres; three-fourths being in Fresno County. Until recent years we imported all our raisins from foreign countries, and it was the exception to get a product that was satisfactory, as the methods employed in packing were not only slovenly but in many instances downright dishonest. The California product, on the other hand, is systematically handled, packed and shipped in a thoroughly straightfor- ward business-like manner. Besides tbe diffepent brands of selected raisins, rang- ing from Imperial Clusters down to Two- crown London Layers, I wish to call especial attention to the seeded raisins that are now being put up in such quanti- ties, as well as the manner in which this branch of the industry is being conducted. There are two grapes known as "raisin grapes" — the Muscatel and the Muscat of Alexandria. The time of picking is de- termined by the use of the sacharometer in the following manner: About a peck of grapes are picked promiscuously from a great many different vines and the whole lot pressed to extract the juice. Sufficient juice to float the sacharometer is placed in a glass tube and the record taken, which in order to be right must be about 25 per cent, sugar. Picking begins about the first of Sep- tember. The grapes are picked and placed on wooden trays about 24 by 36 inches and left exposed to the sun's rays for a week or ten days according to the condition of the atmosphere. They are then turned over by placing an empty tray over the full one and inverting the two, which empties the first tray, and this in turn is used to hold the grapes that the second tray contains, and so on down the row; two men — one on either side of the row— accomplish this turning very rapidly. After the grapes have been turned and exposed to the heat until about dry — a condition that requires some skill and judgment to determine — the trays are all taken up and put in piles where they re- main a few days until they "equalize." They are then sorted out and divided into "Clusters," "Layers" and "Loose," when they are placed in the "Sweat Boxes." As the loose grade is what we are especially interested in, we will not fol- low the other and more extensive grades. The cleanly, mechanical handling of the loose California raisin grape marks an era of progress in machine-manipulated edi- bles in a very typical manner. As all grapes and raisins are more or less dusty from exposure to the atmos- phere during the growing period, they are passed through a machine that brushes the dust free and blows it out with an air 20 THE IRRIGATION AGE. blast, thereby starting the packing opera- tion with a thoroughly clean product. The loose dried raisins are next run through a recent invention — a "large ma- chine called a ;'stemmer'; or '"grader" that is the evolution of a great deal of work and mechanical ingenuity. This machine stems and grades into*four different clas- ses, from 30 to 40 tons of raisins per day. It is the two grades — the Two-crowned Loose and the Three-crowned Loose, as they come from this machine — that are seeded and have become such an impor- tant factor in the raisin business. The seeding is done by another machine that is a wonder in the mechanical line. In this piece of mechanism the raisins are passed between a steel roller and a soft rubber band. The steel roller is provided with needle points about one-sixteenth of an inch apart. These needle points pierce the raisius and push the seeds through into the soft rubber, from which they are removed by a scraper, and the raisins pass out and are packed into pasteboard boxes, without having been touched by hand from the beginning to the end of the pro- cess. The benefits of organization are illus- trated in this business by the California Raisin Growers Association. This asso- ciation is controlled by officers who tran- sact all the business, sell the product or make any necessary arrangements with the packers and return the amount of money due the grower. The result is a good pay- ing and an even product that is satisfac- tory to the trade, the grower and the con- sumer. By way of advertising the association is distributing 250,000 sample boxes to visi- tors at the Exposition. This will doubt- less do a great deal to acquaint the general public with the quality of the product, as a great many people are. eating these rai- sins, who are unfamiliar with this new American industry. I am indebted to Mr. Chas. F. Wyer. who has charge of the exhibit in the Horticulture Building, for much of the information contained in this letter. THE MODEL DAIRY. The Model Dairy has been in operation long enough to establish the importance of rtie undertaking, and the results as pub- lished from time to time have produced more enthusiasm throughout the country in regard to the different breeds of milch cows than has ever before been made manifest. It is not to be supposed that these cows have done their best under the trying circumstances and disadvantages under which they have been placed, though conditions, with very few excep- tions are as fair for one as for the other. Removing cows from their natural sur- roundings to be housed in an exposition building for six months under conditions that are more or less detrimental is not calculated to assist in producing the best results. To appreciate this feature of the Exposition, it is necessary to carefully in- spect each herd and to take into consider- ation a great many details and side issues which it is impossible to give out in an ordinary report. While the old-time favorites still retain the apparent advantage there are other breeds that have shown astonishing sustain- ing qualities that have won them fame. One of the least known, perhaps, is the French Canadian, a herd of five little cows, whose record has far exceeded their looks or previous recommendations. In fact, a study of this model dairy will re- veal more surprises than the ordinary stockman is aware of. A very important livestock side issue is a large assortment of forage plants that are now growing in a section of the grounds near the livestock buildings. This exhibit should be carefully studied by every stockman in the country. It is under the supervision of Prof. Lameon Scribner, Agrostologist of the Agricul- tural Department at Washington. This THE I R RIG A TION A GE. 21 consists of native grasses, roots, millets, different kinds of peas, beans and other plants of a similar nature. Some of the details of this work will be given in my communications later. In addition to other features of the stock exhibit, visitors to the Exposition will have an opportunity to see th.e filling process of a modern silo. A large silo is now being erected on the grounds and suitable machinery is being installed to cut the green feed and carry it to the silo in the most approved manner. The latest and best machinery for this purpose is being used which no doubt will be of great advantage to many farmers who are con- templating work of this nature. A series of international live stock meetings will be held in the New York State marble building on the grounds. At these meetings the best talent in the United States, Canada and the Latin Americas will be present and deliver ad- dresses on subjects pertinent to the occa- sion. Amongst these is the International Association of Farmers' Institute Work- ers, which will bring together the differ- ent lecturers throughout the United States and Canada. It has come to be recog- nized that no more potent factor in the interest of farmers and dairymen exists than these fanners' . institute meetings when properly conducted. Men of wide experience will be present on this occa- sion, and the meetings cannot fail to be of great interest and benefit. Many details in connection with the Business, that 'are calculated to save labor or as being beneficial in some other way, still will be on exhibition during the two weeks that are especially devoted to the -cattle interest. Among these may be mentioned various kinds of cattle ties, watering devices, milking conveniences, feeding attachments, and a great many other similar exhibits. MODERN STABLE CONSTRUCTION. The proper housing of domestic ani- mals, is receiving careful systematic con- sideration as never before. Investiga- tions are being conducted by means of careful, practical experiments by men who are thoroughly conversant with the sub ject from a practical as well as scientific stand-point. . Mr. F. A. Converse, who has charge of the live stock and dairy departments at the Pan-American Exposition is a pioneer in this important field. He is demonstrat- ing to the multitude at the Exposition by actual working models, how it is possible to build a really good stable for a very reasonable amount of money. In our northern climate, warmer stables have for years occupied the attention of our best farmers and stock-men and bank barns have been the outgrowth of the desire to provide comfortable stables that were both warmer and better. The convenience of having all stock under one roof tucked carefully away from the cold with plenty of feed over head, ready at all times to find its way to mangers and food racks by gravity, proved very alluring to ambitious farmers all over the country. Animals housed in these expensive dun- geons were not happy and showed their discomfiture in watery eyes, lusterless hair, hot noses and hot feverish breath with fretful quarrelsome actions together with their inability to grow or fatten. Too frequently cattle thus housed were attacked by bovine disease germs which were materially assisted in their work of destruction by conditions so expensively though unintentionally provided. Stock- men thought the trouble was caused by too great a change in tempersture by al- lowing the cattle to go out for an airing or for water each day; to remedy this, water buckets were added to the stable outfit and the stock confined in an abominable atmosphere for weeks at a time. Atmospheric conditions affect animals 22 THE IRRIGATION AGE. differently. The heavy breeds of beef cattle are usually phlegmatic in disposi- tion, paying but little attention to ordi- nary disturbances; these suffered less in consequence, though it was noticed that they did not benefit from the quantity of feed as they should. Milch cows of a highly nervous organization are more sus- ceptible to incipient diseases caused by objectionable surroundings than any other domestic animal. Not until progressive scientific men spent much time and money in investigations and experiments was the trouble traced to its true source. Analyzing stable atmosphere led to the detection of harmful backteria in incredu- lous numbers. Scientists engaged in the work were slow to give out the result of their first investigations, thinking that the conditions under which they were working might be abnormal. Prospecting further and while endeavoring to learn the cause they found conditions in these cel- lar stables particularly favorable to the propagation of stockmen's worst enemy. Harmful bacteria delight in a dusty at- mosphere especially when it is impreg- nated with moisture, when a share of the dampness comes from the moisture laden breath of animals that are obliged to breathe the same air over and over again, bacteria conditions are complete. Bank barns are always damp and always dusty; owing to their construction they never admit sunlight in quantities, suffi- cient to be any use. Sunlight is destruc- tive to all forms of harmful bacteria there- fore a stable properly constructed should admit the direct rays of sun to every stall if possible. Great progress has been made during recent years in stable construction, look- ing to the complete elimination of the troubles as set forth along these lines. A model stable on the Exposition grounds, in which is confined, a number of different breeds of the best dairy cattle in America, will demonstrate to the mil- lions of Pan-American visitors, how a really good stable may be constructed at a low cost, that is warm in winter, cool in summer, and sanitary and hygienic at all times. Public opinion backed by government milk inspection has resolved into a strict censure of dirty, antiquated methods. City milk supply is now traced to its source, the cows examined for condition and health, and the stable for cleanliness. If incompetency or indifference has led the dairyman to disobey the state sanitary requirements, he is not permitted to ship his milk until he satifies the inspector that he has mended his ways. This course was made necessary by the rapidly increasing volume of business which is conducted by such a cosmopolitan class of people, comprising as it does, all grades of producers from the most progressive far- mer down the line of small dairymen to the ignorant huckster. Cleanliness is re- quired by inspectors first, last and all the time; thus, making the right start for cleanliness, leads to many virtues. A man who is particular about all utensils, his wagon, stable, cattle and himself, will not tolerate a poor stable or an unhealthy cow. He may not understand the science of ferments or disease germs, but his milk supply will be good and wholesome, be- cause he robs harmful bacteria of the dirt upon which they thrive. The proper location for a dairy stable is one of the most important considerations in the construction of the most important adjunct to the dairy business. To be able to start right it is necessary to con- sider the subject from different stand- points. Fresh air and a plentiful supply of pure water, good drainage, protection from cold winds, plenty of sunshine and convenience in regard to feeding arrange- ments, are the essential features to be con- sidered. Fresh air and drainage may be provided by selecting an elevation. Protection THE IRRIGATION AGE. 23 from cold winds is secured by planting a tree belt along the northern exposure, but it is not always easy to combine with a location of this nature the proper water supply which is a very essential feature. Generally speaking the elevation also assists in providing a water supply as the pumping should be done by wind power, a rise of ground naturally gives an uninter- rupted wind approach as the derrick may be high enough to lift the wind above the tree wind break. In no case should the water supply be poor, limited or incon- venient. In addition to the tree belt a high board fence should enclose a breathing space; this fence should be well constructed and the joints between the boards battened tight. If. in additiod to this, a shed roof is provided opening to the south, winter yard conditions will be about as good as they can be made, provided, of course, that the ground is supplied with proper drainage. The filthy, miry condition of so many barn yards is sufficient excuse for laying so much stress on the importance of this feature. The abomination that is permitted to exist year after year in con- nection with farm barns and stables is little short of criminal. Ideas in this re- spect, however, are fast changing, domes- tic animals are recognized as possessing certain inalienable natural rights that owners are bound to respect. The old fashion notion that any kind of an old shed planted in any sort of a mud hole, in any haphazard location, is good enough for cattle has given way before recent scientific investigations. This is particu- larly true in the older states of the East and Middle West, as well as throughout the better dairy sections of Canada. Boards of Health and State Boards of Agriculture have inaugurated a system of inspection that has exerted a salutary in- fluence especially in milk shipping dis- tricts. Humane considerations have had a good deal to do in bettering conditions in this respect, but mercenary interests and the general health of humanity have combined to bring the subject home to many interested people in a very forceful manner. The fact is now recognized that it pays to take good intelligent care of domestic animals, which is simply produc- ing at all times natural favorable condi- tions which are always the most economi- cal in the end. Dairy cows return divi- dends, the ratio of which increases in di- rect proportion to the care and intelligent consideration bestowed upon them. So little attention is now being paid to pasture that the fence and long lanes leading from the stable to the fields, which were formerly such an all-impotant adjunct to a well regulated farm, does not enter into the consideration. Pasturing is too expensive in these days of keen com- petition. North of parallel forty-two there is an average of only six weeks of good pastur- age. Summer droughts sandwiched in be- tween late spring and early fall rains are responsible for this condition. A run- way consisting of about one-fourth of an acre per cow is a better and more satisfac- tory arrangement. It should be enclosed with a good movable fence and shifted oc- casionally for the benefit of the land; this, however, is largely a matter of personal opinion as well as convenience. A per- manent pasture that has never felt the plow offers advantages that no artificial production can equal. Where a running stream of good water exists within a rea- sonable distance of the stable the question of a pasture run will settle itself. On the great majority of farms, artificial water supply must be depended on; a condition that should be met by a never failing well with a windmill sufficiently powerful to carry the water not only to the stable but to the pasture lot. A drinking trough should be placed in a shady spot and water conducted to it by pipes placed un- der ground sufficiently deep to be cool in 24 THE IRR1 GA II ON A GE. summer and beyond the reach of the frost in winter. Too much stress cannot be placed on the importance of plenty of pure water pro- vided conveniently for dairy cows. Fever conditions which affect the condition of the milk are too often produced by cows going too far to water. Tainted milk, or the fevered conditions of the cow that leads to. tainted milk, is produced in this way; too often it is ag- gregated by the presence of a dog when the udders are so full as to render every step painful. Silage crops are so thoroughly dis- tributed over the farm that the location of the stable makes very little difference in the work of filling the silo through easy grades and a good hard track will mater* ially assist the aggregate amount of forage hauled with a given number of loads. Mr. Frank A. Converse, manager of the agricultural departments of the Pan- American Exposition is illustrating many of these essentials to modern dairying on the grounds. The intention is to interest farmers in improving methods of conduct- ing the business of the farm. After deciding on the proper location for the stable a great deal of future work may be saved by selecting the exact spot according to grade that will give the most advantages. Here again the farmer must be guided by conditions. If it is possible to provide sufficient fall to get a wagon track about four feet below the level of the stable floor it will facilitate removing the manure, an item of no small moment, as it is a daily occurrence that follows up year after year; however, this is overcome in a measure by the manure cages that have a hand elevator attachment. After deciding on the size and dimen- sions of the stable, it will pay to stake it out on the ground several days or weeks before the time set to commence opera- tion; this will probably suve the remark that we so often hear, " If I had to do it over again I would do it differently.'' Re- member that you are laying out work for yourself for years to come; a little fore- sight is worth a tremendous lot of regret. It is a good plan to take a trip nbout the country and look over half a dozen differ- ent stables that are known to be correct in principle. A good many men go ahead with this kind of work without taking this precaution with the result that after the work is completed, or so far along that it cannot be changed, mistakes are apparent. A case in point occurred only last week. A farmer in the eastern section of the country was about to build a bank barn at considerable expense. Hearing about the work at the Pan-American, he decided to investigate before completing his arrange- ments. The result is that he has aban- doned his original intention entirely, and is now building a complete modern stable on thoroughly scientific principles, as mapped out by Mr. Converse at the Ex- position. When the location is finally decided upon, a trench for the wall should be dug deep enough to go below frost. The trench should be the exact width of the wall, say twelve inches, and a tile scoop used to hollow out a space around the out- side of the trench at the bottom for a two and one-half or three inch drain tile. Lay the tile flush with the outside wall of the trench and true up with earth so mortar will not squeeze out over the tile. This drain tile is very important as it answers the double purpose of providing a dry foundation for the wall and prevents rats from working under. Rats will burrow down next to the wall to find the bottom but when they meet with an obstruction they will follow it sometimes for a long distance along the wall, but never think of working away from the wall to get around it. Material for the wall must. depend upon local conditions, price of stone, labor, etc. ; in some localities stone is plentiful, in others it is necessary to substitute grout THE IRRIGATION AGE. 25 construction. With a trench like the one described, a skilled mason is not required to build the wall as it is only necessary to fill in the trench \vith stone and thin -grout mortar or to mix the grout and pour it in the ditch until it is full. Where it is necessary to build the. wall higher than the ground, boards or planks are held tem- porarily in position by stakes to carry the wall to the desired height. Of course there. is no objection to building a stone wall in the usual manner if the extra ex- pense is no object, but the construction described is just as good and often better, while the expense is considerably less. The wall should extend but an inch or so above the floor, and the top of the wall carefully leveled to form a proper bed for the sill. The reason why the wall should not extend higher will be fully explained in another chapter that explains every de- tail in the construction of the stable above the floor. Inside of the wall the ground must be carefully graded in conformity with the ground plan. Jog3, gutters, mangers, inclines and track runs should be laid out with great care to correspond with a carefully drawn plan and profile. Earth that has been loosened up by handling should be wet down when neces- sary to make it solid. Small grade stakes should be driven along gutters as well as at regular intervals over the graded bottom, these stakes should be driven just deep enough so that the top of the stake will be level with the top surface of the first layer of cement, they should be removed while the cement is soft and the holes filled, al- though this is not absolutely necessary. In order to set these stakes properly, what is called an A level is required; this is made with three strips of board seven- eights by three inches, nailed together in the shape of a lettej; ':A. " A plumb bob is hung from the top and a mark made on the cross piece where the line crosses when the feet are level. To find this level drive two stakes and set one foot on each stake; by reversing, .the feet and repeat- edly driving down the higher stake until the line touches the same point, when the "A" is placed in either position the exact level may be obtained. With one of these simple instruments a few stakes and a maul, two men may walk all over a hillside and mark out a perfectly level course. When the ground is finished ready for the cement, mortar boards should be placed conveniently that is plenty large enough to be used without sides. Mix thoroughly by measure dry, one part best Portland ce- ment with six or seven parts of coarse sand; a good liberal sprinkling of broken stone is an improvement. When thor- oughly mixed, wet to mortar consistency which is just wet enough to be pressed into a ball by hand spread directly on the ground in a layer two and one-half inches thick and tramp down solid. Gutter sides and all jogs should be an inch thicker to prevent breaking. Corners at these places should be beveled for the same reason. ' The top or putty coat should be mixed and laid on the stall floor with a rough board trowel; this coat should consist of one part cement to two parts sand that has been sifted. It should not be trow- eled down smooth on the standing floor but it should be left rough in order to furnish a hold for bedding; the mangers and feed ways may he polished to the queen's taste. This coat may be from one inch to one and one-half inches thick and it must be laid when the bottom coat is fresh and damp or the two will not pro- perly unite; for this reason it is better to lay a large floor in sections, though if dry- ness cannot be avoided, sprinkling will .help to restore adhesiveness. In large stables where a driveway is provided it is necessary to make creases in the cement when soft, otherwise the hard smooth floor will furnish no foothold for horses, this may be done by embedding a rake handle at frequent intervals in the ceuien t while it is soft. Stable floors made in 26 1HE IRRIGATION AGE, this manner are permanent, sanitary ancT comfortable for stock, when all the neces- sary conditions are complied with, which includes proper care in building and the necessary subsequent cleanliness. Cementing directly on the ground in this manner, is all right provided the ground is hard and dry. Judgment is re- quired in this as well as in all other trans- actions pertaining to the farm; if the soil is a hard clay the cement may be much thinner than for a soil of a loamy or looser nature. On the other hand, if the soil is sandy a thin layer of broken stone or coarse gravel may be necessary. Where gravel is used on sand, some kind of a binder is sometimes required. This may be a mixture of clay and ashes, or loam and ashes or clay alone, but whatever method is employed, condition must be carefully studied to obtain the best re- sults. Even cisterns may be plastered directly on the earth with satisfactory re- sults, if the nature of the ground is hard and dry and the cistern covered sufficient- ly to keep out the frost. As a silo is a necessary adjunct to the stable and should be built in connection, the silo foundation should be built at the same time that the stable foundation is laid. The same rules will apply and the same construction may be followed in all except the design of the wall which will of course, depend on the size and dimen- sions of the silo. This will be taken up in a separate article and treated at length in the near future. In stable construction the question of sanitation is comparatively new. Ad- vanced stockmen have for years recognized the value to animals of plenty of fresh air without knowing exactly why. In this series of articles, describing the experiments of Mr. F. A. Converse and his illustration of good dairy work at the Pan-American Exposition, it is my inten tion to explain this, and to show how a cheap, effective, sanitary stable may be built. In former articles I described the proper location for a sanitary stable and the manner of constructing a foundation and floor for the same. This article will describe the proper construction of a stable from the wall up. We have built a wall from below frost to the upper surface of the cement floor. We do not wish to carry it higher because a difference in temperature between the inside and outside of the wall causes dampness to collect on the inner surface. This may be seen in the form of white frost is almost any cellar or root house during the winter season. It is also notice- able in stables under bank barns and this is one of the great objections to this class of stable. The stable should be built entirely sepa- rate from the barn although it may be con- nected therewith at one end for conven- ience in feeding. It "may be connected with a silo for the same reason. The stable building should be of light construction, only one story in height, and in no case should storage be provided overhead. The building should be con- structed practically air tight, but fresh air should by no means bo shut out. Commencing with the top wall, a sill, six inches square should be embedded in fresh cement mortar. Studding, 2"x6"x8 ft long are placed thereon, three feet apart to be nailed into the sill with a 2" x 6" plate, spiked on top; the studding care- fully placed and plumbed, especially where the doors and windows come. Building paper must be used both inside and outside of studding, thus making a six-inch dead air space, which is the most satisfactory non conductor of heat or cold. This paper maybe protected with cheaper expensive boarding at the option of the builder. If the paper be carefully put on it will provide the necessary air space without respect to the quality of the lum- ber used. Salvage should be left on the paper at all openings, sufficient to reach 7 HE IRRIGATION AGE. the window and door frames, which should be made just wide enough to fill the space between the flush sides of the inner and outer boarding; the paper nailed to the frame edges, an extra strip of paper put over this which is in turn covered with the casing and all nailed down tight. The same care should be taken \rherever joints are made around air flues, at the plates and sills, and especially where the wall paper joins the ceiling paper. Careless workmen will need watching at such places. It is the numberless little details that determine the value of the stable when finished. To secure proper warmth and ventila- tion a ceiling is provided 8£ feet above the floor. As a stable should in no case pro- vide for storage overhead the ceiling may be very light. Joists 2"x6" placed 3 feet apart will be heavy enough for almost any stable no matter what the size may be, as it is supported by the gas pipe uprights that hold the cow chains and the wire par- titions in place. The ceiling joists are spiked to the plates and rafters thus forming ties to strengthen the building. Building paper is tacked to the under side of the joists, and matched, ceiling nailed on below the paper. This ceiling may be of if' stuff or thinner. Care should be taken to lap the ceiling paper with the paper from the side walls to leave no space for the admission of air. All inside wood work should be dressed and free from any heading or pro- jection so far as possible; this is to pre- vent the lodgements of dust, which is one of the main things to be carefully guarded against. Window stools should be made so nar- row that they will not become the recepti- cle for curry combs, brushes, old bottles, and other trash that are so instrumental in collecting dust and other dirt. Equal care should be taken with the doors. Door frames are made and fitted he same as the window frames with the exception of the sill. This is made nar- row and rounded so that the door will shut tight against it without a jog or jam for the accumulation of dirt. There is no ob- jection to having the sill eight inches high as the cows easily step over it and the manure carrier is suspended from the ceiling. The roof should be comparatively steep, as anything less than one-third pitch is too short lived if covered with shingles. The size of rafters will depend on the size of building, though generally speaking 2"x4" placed two feet apart for a rafter, up to twelve feet in length is strong enough for one- third pitch or steeper. The matter of windows requires careful consideration. They should be large enough and numerous enough to admit plenty of light and sunshine when re- quired, but not sufficiently large to pro- duce by radiation too great changes in temperature. If possible, sunshine should be admitted into every corner of the stable. For this purpose and to prevent unneces- sary radiation of heat at night and during cold weather, it is better to have the neces- sary window.s so far as possible on the south or southerly side of the building. A window should be provided in each gable end. These windows should work in grooves to slide easily up or down as re- quired with rope attachments that may be opened or closed as required. For a double stable, if long, the 2"x6" plate should be doubled, through a single two-inch plate properly supported by the boarding, both inside and out, makes a very strong building, so solid in fact, that the plate may be but away to make room for the ventilators without any apprecia- ble weakening of the structure. With a building put up in this manner and furnished with fly screens, dark blinds, double doors and double windows, with all properly and carefully fitted, we have a stable which may be shut up prac- tically air tight, and one that would be a very unhealthy place for animals unless provided with a good system of ventilation PULSE OF IRRIGATION SOLUTION OF THE DROUGHT PROB LEM. The following editorial in the Drover's Journal is a fair sample of the awakening to the benefit of irrigation all over the country after a year of universal drought: "The anxiety caused by the recent drought and the attendant loss should awaken this ingenious nation to the neces- sity of providing in the future the mois- ture that nature fails to supply. . Not only the vast territory affected by drought, but the whole of the United States have been sufferers. It is not so much in the amount of rain that may fall as it is to have it fall at the right season of the year. One half of the total rainfall would suffice if it were distributed in proportions tanta- mount to the needs of the crop. "The demand the west has been mak- ing for national assistance in reclaiming the arid and stmi-arid sections will be strengthened by the drought of this sum- mer. There are many clubs forming for the purpose of bringing this matter before congress at its next session, but as the movement is in an incipient state it would be difficult at this time to forecast the re- sult. There is not the slightest doubt of the need of irrigation both in the large neighborhoods of the west and in the small farming communities in the agricultural section, and even though we fail to secure the co-operation of the national govern- ment, we should not remain idle and wait for a repetition of the drought which has just been broken. "In California, Colorado, Arizona. Utah, Wyoming, Texas and New Mexico evi- dences of the benefits of irrigation are seen on every hand. In many instances barren desert wastes have been converted into1 fertile fields yielding abundant crops of everything indigenous to each locality, and in some sections the productive capa- city of really good lands has been greatly increased through the aid of irrigation. In New Mexico the bounteous crops of alfalfa. Kaffir corn, milo-ulai/e. apples, pears, peaches, sugar beets and several cereal crops are the result of irrigation. In Colorado, Utah, Wyoming and Califor- nia the prosperity of the farmer, the stock man, and the fruit-grower is the result of the water from the mountain streams. In Texas the immense rice plantations and truck farms are irrigated by pumping the water from rivers and artesian wells. These are all large communities, and while some are aide.d by state appropriations, the majority of the irrigating plants are operated by private individuals and cor- porations. In the rice belt there are numbers of plantations adjoining which aggregate fifty to one hundred thousand acres, all watered from the same stream. "The great value of artesian- well irriga- tion is just beginning to be appreciated. Not only the rice-growers are sinking wells, but truck farmers and orchardists have fallen into line and are sinking wells, which supply their lands with the much- needed moisture. A Drovers Journal representative visited one of these im- proved truck gardens during the annual meeting of the Texas Cattle Kaisers' asso- ciation in San Antonio last March. This- farm consists of one hundred and forty acres. At the time this land was pur- chased it was almost barren — nothing but thorny mesquite bushes would grow upon it. This land was bought at fifty dollars- THE IRRIGATION AGE. 29 per acre, cleared and grubbed thoroughly, and a twelve-inch well sunk. At a depth of less than a thousand feet a flow of over 24,000 barrels or over one million gallons per day was struck. The farm is divided into twelve tracts, with a small cottage on each, and is rented to gardeners who pay an average annual rental of $22.50 per acre. These gardeners raise vegetables for market, and their average net profit per acre is more than $100. This well supplies sufficient water to irrigate a- tract many times larger than it is required to do. This wonder is in a portion of Texas where it seldom rains, and the owner has refused $100,000 for his property. "The farmers in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska and other states affected by the recent drought, might study with profit the irrigation methods now in vogue. Flowing artesian water at a depth of six hundred to one thousand feet is possible on any land that will produce crops. If a flowing well, the water could be held in check by a cap until needed, and then distributed over the land by means of ditches in quantities to suit the farmer. He would not bother about rain, and with water at his command would be enabled to mature his crops at an earlier date. ''The first cost of a well or series of wells may seem great, but. when the ulti- mate benefits are considered is insignifi- cant. It would be a good idea for farmers in the more populous agricultural sections to form irrigation clubs and sink wells at some convenient place where each could receive the benefit of the water. In the west where farms are larger than they are in the east, running streams could be utilixed in connection with the wells. Where water from the creeks and rivers is used, a pumping plant on some high point would flood the farms surrounding, and the benefits would be incalculable. "This is a- subject worthy the earnest consideration of farmers everywhere. Ir- rigation is not an experiment, but is prac- ticed with great success in all the states where the annual rainfall is light. If it will benefit the arid sections it will also benefit the middle states who were suf- ferers in the recent drought." IRRIGATION WORKS IN SIBERIA. The Russian government contemplates undertaking large irrigation works in Western Siberia, which will extend over a tract of land along the western section of the Trans-Siberian railway for more than 275 miles. In the districts of Tomsk and Omsk alone no less than 833 artesian wells have been bored during the last three years. The expenditure for the construction of these wells amounted to $300.000. Furthermore there have been constructed in the government of Tomsk, n the different districts, altogether 276 miles of canals, while 85 miles of river beds were cleaned from mud. It is re- ported that the administration of the Si- berian railway has recommended to the Russian government a scheme to under- take extensive drainage works in the marshy Baraba steppe, for which works a credit of about 3,000,000 rubles has been asked. BIG IRRIGATING PROJECT. One of the big irrigation enterprises of northern Montana that is now under con- struction and is rapidly nearing comple- tion has as one of its promoters a Helena man, Jacob Switzer. Associated with him are Lawyer T. E. Brady of Great Falls, and D. W. Bateman, also of that city. The plant is located at Ashville, between Malta and Saco, along the line of the Great Northern railway, in Valley county. The work on the canal was started nearly two years ago, and since that time work has been pushed vigorously. Within the next month it is expected that the main canal will be completed. A large lake known as Bowdoin lake, which is some 20 miles in circumference, 30 7 HE IRRIGATION AGE is being used as a part of the reservoir, to which has been added as reservoir site fully as much ground. The reservoir has * contour or circumference of 43 miles and <;overs 8,600 acres of land. For the reser- voir a canal 23 feet wide and three feet *>/>»N*>/%^/N^^V%/%/>/^V^^\/\X\^^»%^w THIS IS THE NEW RUMELY » CTD A %A1 D I I DM I MS* STRAW BURNING TRACTION ENGINE. Like all the Rumelyengines it is composed of the best ma- terial through- out. Designed especially for burning straw but will also burn coal or wood. Specially constructed boiler, presenting largest heating surface. It Is a quick steamer. One of remarkably high power and efficiency, requiring the minimum amount of steam. Five-foot drive-wheels with 16-inch face. An efficient spark arrester prevents all danger from fire. The usual Rumely high finish. We make also other traction engines, portable and station- ary engines; the famous "JJew Rumely Thesher," Horse Powers and Saw Mills. All are fully described in our Illustrated Catalogue— FREE. M. RUMELY CO., La Porte, Indiana. 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 — ^. 43 43 A PUBLIC WRITER. JOEL SHOMAKER, late editor of The National fanner and Dairyman, has severed his connection with that publication and resumed the work of a public writer. He writes advertisements, circulars, price lists and booklets for business men; prepares essays and speeches and criticises manuscript for students and teachers; compiles histories, genealogies, biographies and rem- iniscences for families; and writes stories, sketches and general articles for newspapers and magazines. He answers questions about Washington and the West if stamps areenclosed, and gives instructicn on Journalism at reasonable rates. His field of labor reaches every State and Canada and Mexico. Editors of agri- cultural, sporting and travel publications will cheerfully testify to his abilities as a writer and capable instructor. Address him at North Yakima Washington, if in need 'of his services in any line. $1 \~ Mr AD VER 7 I&EMENTS. Always Fresh. Always the Best. are sold everywhere. 1901 Seed Annunl )':<•• . D. M. K3BY £ CO., CETBCIT, MICH Pumps water by water power. No attention— NE-VEU STOPS. Put in place of RAMS, WINDMILLS, GAS AND HOT AIR ENGINES. Catalogue free. KIFE ENGI1TE CO. , 126 Liberty Street, New York. INCUBATOR ON TRIAL The Perfected Von Culin. Successful result of 25 years' experience. Scientifically correct, practically perfect. Non-explosive metal lamps. Double and packed walls. Perfect regulation of heat and ventilation. Made of best materials, and highest quality of workmanship and finish. PRICES $7.00 AND UP. SATISFACTIOX GUARANTEED Oil NO PAY. We make Brooders, Bee Hives & Supplies. B3T" Catalog and Price List sent Free. THE W.T. FALCONER MFG. CO., i>ept. Jamestown, N.Y. Xo. 814 — Three-spring Extension-Top Car- lete, with lamps, fenders, cur- s, stor pl , .•tail price, $95. * , , nd pole or shafts, $65; usual BUY A T WHOLESALE and .save all intermediate profits and expenses. Traveling men's c xpenses. agents' and dealers' commissions, losses on bad accounts, etc. We have no Agents. We sell to you direct from our factory at wholesale prices. We are the larg- est manufacturers of vehicles and [harness In the world selling to the consumer exclusively. You may not have been accustomed to dealing this way but just one trial will convince you of its advantages. We are not dealers No. 100 — Double Bnggy or jobbers. We make every article Harness. Price, fnll nickel we sell. 170 styles of vehicles and 65 trimmed, $17; as good as styles of harness to select from. No retails for $25. matter where you live, we can reach you. Mfe ship our goods anywhere for examination _ and guarantee and warrant everything. Send for our large Illustrated Catalogue— FREE. Hkhart Carriage and Harness Mf^Co. *»? Bkhart, Indiana 1 C\C Ifl Silver Payg for Your Name lUv in the American Farmers' Di- rectory, which goes whirling all over the United States to publishers, etc., and you will get hundreds of free sample copies of agricultural journals, magazines, news- papers, etc., etc., for two years or more You will alsoget free copiesof books, cat alogues, circulars, etc.. of the latest improved farm implements and machinery, and be kept posted upon the latest improved implements You will get more good reading matter than you could purchase for many times the small cost of ten cents We want every farmer's narna in the United Sta'es in our Directory at once Address Farmers Directory Co.i P. O, Box 326 Birmingham, Ala. One Year's Subscription FREE to any Magazine or Newspaper, send IQ cents and receive prepaid to any addres over 100 different Sample Copies to selec. from, Am. Newspaper Union, H2-H4 Lawrence St. N.Y AN ILLUSTRATED HONTHLY. Entered at the Post Office at Chicago, 111., as second-class matter. THE IRRIGATION AGE is a Journal of Western America, recognized , , throughout the World as the exponent of Irrigation and its kindrrd industries. It » i i is the pioneer journal of its kind in the world and has no rival in half a continent. ( ) It advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West. I i () I • (1 CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1901. I THE IRRIGATION AGE. I 69 The Progress of Western America. P ) (g William McKinley .' 1 Sugar Beets 2 Exports and Imports to Porto Rico 4 The Date Palm in America 4 Interesting Contributed Articles. Irrigation in India and America 6 Two Windmills in One Lot 13 Federal Add to Irrigation 17 Diversified Farm. ( 3 Pan- American Letter 19 ( Modern Stable Construction 21 Pulse of Irrigation. Solution of the Drought Problem 28 | j Irrigation Works in Siberia 29 ( ) Big Irrigating Project 29 Government to Control All Irrigation in India 30 i ) Odds and Ends. Jaeky's Superstitions 33 Nothing But Nuts 34 What He Wanted, After All .- 35 Why Helen Keller is Happy 35 | ! Past and Present in a Cuban Town 35 ( 9 An Ordinary Life 36 | ! A Spell of Rest 3(i | | From the ' 'Amen" Corner 37 ( ' Qy t ______________________________________ < ( | | TERMS:— $1.00 a year in advance; 10 cents a number. Foreign postage 50 cents a year additional. Subscribers may remit to us by postage or express money orders, drafts on Chicago or New York or registered letters. Checks on local banks must include twen- ty-five cents for exchange. Money in letter is at sender's risk. Renew as early as possible in order to avoid a break in the receipt of the numbers. Bookdealers, post- masters and newsdealers receive subscriptions. J. E. FORREST, Publisher. 916 W. Harrison Street, ] | CHICAGO. has located along its lines the most desirablejjfarming lands in the west. Those contemplating the purchase^of agricultural lands in the state of Colorado should write H. B. 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This won- derfnl comb is simply unbreakable, and is made so that it is absolutely impossible to break or cut the hair. Sold on written guarantee to give perfect satisfaction in every respect. Send stamps for one. La- dies' size, 50c; Gents' size 35c. Live men and women wanted everywhere to intro- duce this article. Sel] ton sight. Agents are wild with success. (See want column of this paper. ) Add; ess D. N. ROSE, Gen. M'g'r, Decatur, 111 THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. You can find more progressive farmers and poultrymen in the state of Washington than in any other State of the same pop- ulation. The people of this section are patting in all of the best, such as good cattle, stock, swine and poultry. The progressive people of the older States are coming in and settling up the lands. Land can be purchased at very reasonable figures, sut,her government or railroad. The Pacific Poultry man, (Harry H. 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OUR POULTRY BUYER'S GUIDE contains full illustrations and descriptions of our fifty varieties of this kind of fowls and very many other things of value to the poultry- man or the farmer who grows poultry. Gives prices of eggs and fowls, etc. Sent for 10 cents J. R. BRABAZON, JR. & CO., Box 38. DELEVAN, WIS Prosperity Has Arrived. Where Are You? If not situated to take advan- tage of it, move to the'. West or Southwest 1 © © manufacturing and banking enterprises, as well as for the practice of the professions, on the lines of the SANTE FE ROUTE. For particulars and nfor- n at ion a s to resources etc., a Idress J AS. A. DAVIS, Indus- trial Commissioner, 1305 Great Northern Building. G CONRDENCE A PERFECT PEN AT A POPULAR PRICE, AND THE BEST PEN AT ANY PRICE. YOUR CHOICE OF THESE S3.00 Laughlin Fountain Pens TRY IT A WEEK . If not suited, we buy it back and offer you $1.10 for Jt. A Profitable Proposition any way you figure it. Don't miss this opportunity of a life time to secure the best pen made. Hard rubber reservoir holder in four simple parts. Finest qualitydiamond point 14k gold p^n and the only positively perfect ink feeding device known to the science of foun- tain pen making. A Suggestion.— An appropri- ate gift of never ending useful- ness— for any occasion, insures a constant "pleasing remem- brance of the giver. je^-Any desired flexibility in fine, medium or stub. One Pen Only to One Address on (his Offer. LOSS — on cue pen vou buy— Our SEED-TIME expense. BUSINESS — Your pen pro- cures-Our HARVEST. By mail, postpaid, upon re- ceipt of $1. If you desire pen sent by registered mail send 10 cents additional. Reference:— Any Bank or Express Company in Detroit. Address LAUGHLIN MFG. CO., 6O '.iiiiulillii Block, DETROIT, MICH.Oj Ask your dealer to show you liis pen. If he won't get it for you, send his name and your order to us, and receive for your trouoleone of our safe Pocket Pen Holders ree of charufc. vn k^VVVVWI ^•VWVWVWWV WV* '< p X? 4 I V You learn 4 4 < J I S all about < < < R Virginia lands, Soil, < < ! Q water, < < « • I climate, 4 | ^ resourses, , N produce, fruits, < i t I berries, mode ^ < 1 2v^ < J .M. of Culti-1 t T^ A vation, prices, , ! | S A etc,, ^ | H g by reading the « < < I O \ < VIRGINIA FARMER. 4 4 < 1 < J M § | Send 10c,, for < J E f three months ^ ^ Subscription (o * 1 < S JFARMER co. i | Emporia, Va. i g ' i VXX-V WWWWW WWWWWW%< ^o Repair Broken Ar1.i cles use Remember MAJOR'S RUBBER- CEMENT, MAJOR'S LEATHER, CEMENT. A D VER TISEMEN 7 & 50 YEARS' EXPERIENCE MARKS DESIGNS COPYRIGHTS Ac. Anyone sending a sketch and description may : The gre,at benefit of this water has been that when the natural flow of the Sevier river was .down to forty-one cubic feet per second, the reservoir was supplying ninety- five cubic feet per second. Without this the various crops would ha,ve been about one-third what they are. The farmers who used that water are raising 250,000 bushels of grain, worth at least $100.000 this season. They are raising hay that is worth $75,000, lucerne seed worth $8.000, and other crops worth $40.000, where th,ey would not have raised enough wheat for "the bread of the people in the county without the help of the reservoir. BIG SCHEME OF IRRIGATION. Canadian Pacific Railway authorities have at present under consideration an im- mense scheme of irrigation for the North- west, by which it is proposed to make^gpod farming and grazing country out of millions of acres, ,which now lie dry and arid, bfc-. tween Calgary and Medicine Hat imuiQ-- diately on the North railway line. James Anderson, the leading irrigation engineer of the .world, who has done Siuch gigantic work in California, Egypt and other places, has. recently been over this area and reports that there, is nothing to- prevent this great work being successfully carried out His report is now before the executive in Montreal and it is understood that as an experiment 300.000 acres o| the 3,000,000 barren acres will be put under . ' . :!-.••• ' •". irrigation. The scheme in a nutshell is to build a dam in the Bow River, a mile east of Cal- gary, cutting intersecting canals and leav- ing the force of gravitation to do^the rest. But before .an experiment is made the ownership of the land to be benefitted will have to be settled. At present every, al- ternate section is the company's property, the remainder, being in the hands of the federal government. It is probable, there- fore, that at the next session of Parlia- ment, a new grant will be obtained, giyjng the company the ownership of the lands through which the irrigation canals will run and which at present are barren. « *••-.• • ;•: , ) : • • . .. - '• ••' i '• :i»",1 ':,• . - \y\S'- ••:•-. • ODDS AND ENDS. DENVER WOMEN HAVE NEW FAD. ''I'll give you my hat for yours." "All right; mine's the best, but I don't care. It's different, anyway. " "There you are, Oh, my, it's more be- coming to you than to me." "How does yours look on me?" "Oh, thank you. Want to trade any- thing else?" This conversation occurred at an after- noon tea on Capitol hill recently. The principals were two young women of the same type of beauty. It may sound strange to an outsider, but such language is often heard in similar quarters in ''days like these.' Ir well-dressed women choose to run the risk Of wearing any of their things — hats, shirt waists, trimmings, frills or furbelows more times than the inexorable law of fashion allows, it is their own fault. All they have to do is to get something natty and chic in the first place, and after they have worn it once, twice Or as many times aa fashion's code permits, why, then trade it off. The party of the second part in the deal will be just as anxious to trade as you are, although she may not confess it. This is the newest of the fads to strike Denver fresh from New York, with the stamp of approval of the smart set upon it. It has taken hold of Denver's well- dressed society girls with a relish. At the afternoon teas, at card parties, at Over- land and even on the street hard bargains aie driven daily. People are wondering how it is that Miss Ahead O'Date can af- ford so many new and handsome things, and "Oh, my, but Mrs. Hear-the-Latest has an extensive wardrobe. Her husband must be making a killing down in that real estate office of his." All the while the theoretical head of the family is wearing a hat of the vintage of 1899 and his trous- ers bagging lazily at the knees, is shaking like a quaking aspen every time he looks at the calendar, for it is one day nearer the dreaded first. But his wife isn't worrying. She has on a new hat every week, and her shirt waists are as the sands of the sea, with scarfs of all colors of the rainbow. It is enough to make the neighbors talk about her — that is, the neighbors who are not "next." But they are all getting next "powerful fast," and soon Capitol hill will be a busy millinery mart. There is talk of auctions. Then there will be an intermingling of sets and cliques on a common ground, for all well- dressed women will have entree. Such bidding and by-bidding and "bearing" and "bulling" the market on 'change has never yet been recorded or even imagined. But all this is sub rosa. One of the conditions is that the men must be kept in the dark. So lovesick swains and scof- fing bachelors and pushing, pressing wid- owers and all, take notice. If you admire something that you see on your well- gowned friend, tell her so and let it stop there. Don't ask her where she got it. Even if you are a married man and thus worthily interested in the source of the supply, you will have to forbear all the same. If, as Carlyle tells us in "Sartor Recar- tus," society is founded on clothes, this custom of trading off things which are un- desirable, simply because you have worn 1HE IRRIGATION AGE. 71. them, for things that are desirable, simply because you have never worn them, is biiuiid to become the keystone of the structure. All women who wish to be well dressed must get in line or they will have to go away back and ait down. IS OUR P. O. DEPARTMENT AIDING GERMANY AT THE EXPENSE OF OUR EXPORTERS. When importunity and pressure of facts became so strong that those in authority could no longer refuse to accede to the popular demand for the introduction of a foreign Parcel Post service with some first class European government, it was decided that a treaty should be made with Ger- many, the first and only European govern- ment to secure such a treaty from the United States. At the lime this treaty was consum- mated it was claimed by some selfish peo- ple whose financial interests were not in tune with the innovation, that it would not be successful, the effect would be to flood this country with German manu- factures, and that the balance of trade, by this method of transportation, would be in favor of Germany. For some time past, champions of the extension of Parcels Post have given the subject careful study. They have watched the results of the German Parcels Post treaty with a keen eye, only to be con- fronted with an apparent confirmation of this theory. Yet how could this be possi- ble in the face of the government report for the past year, which showed that the balance of trade was largely in favor of the United States? When it came to the im- portations by Parcels Post from Germany the reverse seemed to be the case, at least so far as the casual observer could discern from the reported statistics. Why it was possible that such a showing should have been made can perhaps best be explained by the private transportation companies, who suffer such a financial loss by reason of the Parcels-Post treaty. It is to be presumed, however, that they will not do so, for it is a fact that it is for their mutual interest that the present er- roneous impression prevail, in order to se- cure an adverse official report against the further extension of Parcels Post. How many individuals in the United States understand the present Postal Union, so to speak, between the leading European commercial countries in so far as their parcel post arrangements are con- cerned? It is safe to say that not one out of every fifty thousand of the business men of the country has ever given the subject a thought, beyond a passing glance at the figures that may have bf en presented to them by interested parties through the press, and which tend to show that the United States is the loser by the present arrangement. At the present time the Parcels Post importations iuto the United States cred- ited as coming from Germany are, as a matter of fact, sent into this country from every manufacturing center in Europe, all being first sent to Germany, from England, France, Austria, Switzerland, and Belr gium. They are put into the German mail, thus entering the United States as coming from Germany, when the truth of the matter is that they are the result of the combined export trade by means of Parcels Post, of all Europe, to this country. Are our postal officials absolutely blind to the situation? Are they wholly un- acquainted with the true condition of af- fairs? It is far easier to believe that they are only too glad to have the public retain this erroneous impression in order that they may, the more easily, defeat the» fur- ther extension of Parcels Post when this question is again prominently before the American public. When the people do realize that our commerce with foreign na^ tions will greatly increase as a result of 72 . THE IRK16A TION A GE; the widening out of this system, all efforts toward the extermination of Parcels Post in the Utiited States; for the benefit of ex^- isting private transportation companies, will be without avail. There is no doubt that the American public will realize the situation as soon as they are correctly informed. When the public once realizes that it is not fair that American trade should be hampered and held back it will demand that our postal authorities give to our commerce the best postal trade facilities that are enjoyed by any nation. : It is not fair to ourselves that any one country, especially when that country is our greatest competitor, 'shall enjoy an exclusive' Parcels Post treaty with the United States, such as is enjoyed by the German Empire. As th's 'partiality be- comes toetrer known, all the countries of Europe will use the German Post-Office to a still greater extent for forwarding their packages to the United States. In other words, we have plaiced Germany in a posi- tion? ' where she can control the parcel trade' of Europe with the United States, at the same time so arranging matters that our exporters cannot compete for the na- tural return trade, with the countries out- side of Germany, as no Parcels Post trea- trrn have befen made with them, and with- out Which it will be' practically impossible to carry o'n a parcel trade. This situation id certainly injurious to our foreign trade. The only way for us to profit by the great ddvA'ntiiges afforded by the facilities of- fered Vo ;our foreign trade by the Parcels Post."is"to give us1 'the same facilities for rea'c'hirig the markets of the countries of Burbjie that they' now have of reaching oor mttrkets through Germany. WHEN THE 'GKAyY'S ON THE BUCKWHEATS. When the gravy's on the buckwheat andr lire sausages ire hot, When the steam is floating upward from' ' the Chining coffee' put.- " When the cook 'stirs up the batter that; was set the night before; • • •..;;•*•<' And when little Bob and Clara smack! their lips and yell for more, < Oh, it's then a man is always feeling pret- ty near his best — •••" If there isn't any trouble with the works beneath his vest — And it's then he ought to humbly thank the Lord for what he's got — When the gravy's on the buckwheat and the sausages are hot. " There's a fragrance that comes floating from the pancakes on the plate That should nerve a man to action — make him strong for any fate- There is joy, there's inspiration in the smears on Bessie's chin, ,. And it's good to see dear Willie as he scoops the sausage in. , And what sweeter music is there than the rasping, slapping sound That the busy cook produces as she stirs the stuff around? Oh, each precious, luscious mouthful quickly finds the proper spot When the gravy's on the buckwheats and , the sausages are hot. , . ;._ — Chicago Record Herald. , : A BOER. The Boer is still a hopping On the kopje, And the British, never stopping In their hopje, Say that ' ' We regret to say Everything just comes our way Sometimes us, but mostly they, Are on topje. ''We have chased them far and wide On the veldt. Till our chargers like to died, And our beldt Hung all loose and limp and slack, Then the Dutchmen chased us back. And their sudden, swift attack Made us peldt. THE IRRTGA TION A GE. 'When we banish them, they say: 'A her nit!" It't their own outlandish way Ju-t to sit With a rifle in their fist, On the hills the sun has kissed. "When they've shot, they've never missed Not a bit. "So we're worried, and we're harassed Most to dh the industry in any given locality. It is not tneorv, but is a statement of actual lacts from successful experience in the United States, east and west, north and south. Size nearly 10 x 7 inches, over 240 pages, nearly 2~o illustrations (many of tnem full-page plates from magnificent photographs taken specially for this work ), superbly printed, bound in cloth and gold. Price $1 .50, postpaid to any part of the world. ADDKESS TUB IRRIGATION AGZ3, 914^916 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, 111. C. B. PARKER, 5^ Formerly of Lincoln, JVe&., JtfOW Of* C/f/C^LOO, |^- . •E; Is here to demonstrate to the doubting world his infal- H hble CURE FOR RHEUMATISM of any 'length of •£: standing, by jhis MEDICATED "EXTERNAL TREATMENT, £ by which^the uric acid in the blood is neutralized and the £: patient cured in two to six weeks. Treatment painless, §£ harmless and infallible. Consultation and examination free. Adress, General Delivery, Chicago. C. B. ,The only direct line to the Uintah and Uncompachre Indian Reservations ,. ; -.. . • jj,; , - •• UTAH. Millions of "homes now awaiting settlement ID a land fairand rich. Resources unlimited. The Rio -Grande Western Ry: traverses the richest valleys of Utah, which can be made to provide all the necessaries and many of the comfortsj of life. .'. .'. .'. Write to P. A. Wadleigh, Salt Lake City, lor Copies of pamphlets, etc The MILK RIVER Montana. , pREE QOVERNHENT LAND can be easily and cheaply irrigated from running streams and storage reservoirs. Five co- operative farmer ditches in the vicinity .of Chinook; Yantic and Harlem. Land can be bought with water right, or colonies of far- mers can build their own ditches. Land pro- duces all the staple grain and root crops. "Good markets and shipping facilities. Berich lands furnish fine range for horses, cattle and sheep. Rich gold, silver and copper mines and timber in the Little Rockies and Bear Paw Mountains, along the southern edge of the Valley. Large veins of coal crop out of the river and creek bottoms. /. .-. .-. For information and printed matter, ad- dress W. M. WOOLDR1DGE, Chinook, Mont. For particulars about the Teton Valley Colony, write to Z.T. BURTON, Burton, Mont. For routes and rates to Montana points and descriptive matter, address F. I. WHITNEY, G. P. and T. 4., Great Northern Railway, St! Paul, Minn ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT. The American Bee Keeper. (Now ia its ten'h year.) An illustrated journal of practical bee- keeping. Published monthly at 50 GTS. A YEAR its contributors are of the word's most successful apiarists. Edited by a practical bee-keeper of wide experience. Bright, Newsy, Instructive and UP-to- Dste. Sample Copy free. AMERICAN BEE-KEEPER, FALCONER, N. Y. THE. "HOOVER- DIGGER DIGS POTATOES Rapid Clean and Cheap, By mentioning this , paper you can get illustrated book free. HOOVER, PROUT & CO. Avery, Ohio. Subaqueous Tunnels for Gas Mains. By W. W. Cummings. Discussion by Howard A. Carson, C. M. Saville, Robert A Shailer and author, of Bos- ton Society of Civil Engineers. Flood Heights in the Lower Mississippi. By Linus W, Brown. Discussion by H. B. Richardson, B. M. Harrod. Wm. Joseph Hardee, Sydney F. Lewis and author, of Louisiana Engineer- ing Society. Journal of the Association of En- gineering Societies, June 1901. 30 cts. per copy; $3.00 per annum. JOHN C. TRAUTWINB, Jr., Sec'y. 257 So. 4th St., Phila. TO A PUBLIC WRITER. JOEL SHOMAKER, late editor of The National Farmer and Dairyman, has severed his connection with that publication and resumed the work of a public writer. He writes advertisements, circulars, price lists and booklets for business men; prepares essays and speeches and criticises manuscript for students and teachers; compiles histories, genealogies, biographies and rem- iniscences for families; and writes stories, sketches and general articles for newspapers and magazines. He answers questions about Washington and the West if stamps areenclosed, and gives instructic n on Journalism at reasonable rates. His field of labor reaches every State and Canada and Mexico. Editors of agri- cultural, sporting and travel publications will cheerfully testify to his abilities as a writer and capable instructor. Address him at North Yakima Washington, if in need -of his services in any \ j-^ » *{ AD'VER 7 1 SEME NTS. Always Fresh. Always the Best. Hife Hydraulic Engine Pumps water by water power. No attention — NEVER STOPS. Put in place of RAMS, WINDMILLS, GAS AND HOT AFR ENGINES. Catalogue free. Bl\>T7:r<"ai::TC CO., 1?G Liberty Street, New York. INCUBATOR ON TRIAL Tie Perfected Von Culin. Successful result of 25 years' experience. Scientifically correct, practically perfect. Non-explosive metal lamps. Double and packed walls. Perfect regulation of heat and ventilation. Made of best materials, and highest quality of workmanship and finish. PRICES $7.00 AND UP. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OB NO PAY. We make Brooders, Bee Hives & Supplies. 63?~ Catalog and Price List sent Free. THE W.T. FALCONER MFG. CO., Jamestown, N.Y. No. 214— Three-spring Extension-Top Car- riage. Price, complete, with lamps, fenders, cur- tains, storm apron and pole or shafts, $65 ; usual retail pnre, $95. % and euarantee and warrant everything. Hkhart Carriage and Harness Mfg.'Co. W BUY A T WHOLESALE ond save all intermediate profits and expenses. Traveling men's ( 'penses. agents' and dealers' commissions, losses on bad accounts, etc. We have no Agents, Weselltoyou direct from our factory at wholesale prices. We are the 1 urg- ent manufacturer* of vehicle* and hnrncwN in the world Belling to the consumer exclusively. You may not have been accustomed to dealing this way but just one trial will convince you of its advantages. We are not dealers No. 100 — Double Baggy or Jobbers. We make every article Harness. Price, full nickel we Bell. HO styles of vehicles and 65 trimmed, $17; as good a* styles of harness to select from. No retails for $26. matter where you live, we can reach you. Wo ship our goods anywhere for examination Send for our large Illustrated Catalogue— KKEE. Elkhart, Indiana. "** s"ver Pftys *or Your Name In the American Farmers' Di- rectory, which goes whirling all over the United States to publishers, etc., and you will get hundreds of free sample copies of agricultural journals, magazines, news- papers, etc., etc., for two years or more You will alsoget free copiesof books, cat alogues. circulars, etc. of the latest improved farm implements and machinery, and be kept posted upon the latest improved implements You will get more good reading matter than you could purchase for many times the small cost of ten cents We want every farmer's name in the United Sta'es in our Directory at once Address Farmers Directory Co., P. O, Box 326 Birmingham, Ala. One Year's Subscription FREE to any Magazine or Newspaper, send 10 cents and receive prepaid to any addres over 100 different Sample Copies to selec. from, Am. Newspaper Union, U2-1U Lawrence St. N.Y THE IRRIGATION AGE. A1N ILLUSTRATED HONTHLY. ( | Entered at the Post Office at Chicago, 111., as second-class matter. THE IRRIGATION AGE is a Journal of Western America, recognized \ ' throughout the World as .the exponent of Irrigation audits kindred industries. It l* is the pioneer journal of its kind in the world and has no rival in half a continent. It advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West. CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER, 1901. The Progress of Western America. Theodore Roosevelt 39 Interesting Contributed Articles. Irrigation in India and America 43 The Imperial Settlements— A Wonderful Development 49 Irrigation in the Northwest 52 The Water Question 54 Deep Wells for Irrigation 56 A Friend of National Irrigation 58 $§ ( ) Diversified Form. ® II Pall Seeding of Alfalfa ' 59 j > Toe Production and Delivery of Milk in Cities. 61 To Import European Farmers 65 | [ A Mocking- Bird Farm 66 < ' Keeping Ou i Diseased Live Stock 67 ( Pulse of Irrigation. Farmers Turning to the Irrigated States , . 68 Otter Creek, Utah, Reservoir 68 Big Scheme of Irrigation 69 J Odds and Ends. Denver Women Have New Fad 70 Is Our P.O. Department Aiding Germany at the Expense of Our Exporters? 71 | | When the Gravy's on the Buckwheats 72 Tampering With Trifles 72 Uticle Eph's Advice , 73 Uncle Hiram's Observations 7,'5 "I Wish I'd Told" 74 With Our Exchanges 74 , J, E. FORREST, Publisher. 916 W. Harrison Streit, CHICAGO*. I I has located along its lines the most desirable farming lands in the west. Those contemplating the purchasejof agricultural lands in the state of Colorado should write H. B. Davis, Immigration Agent of ' 'The Colorado Road" — Colorado & Southern Ry., Denver. Our line also reaches the most desirable health and pleasure resorts in the state and is the short line to Texas. f. E. FISHER* Gerjcral Passeoger Agent, Denver, Colo. P. S. Have you been over thefcloop? SUBSCRIPTIONS, new or renewal FOR ALL American and Foreign PERIODICALS, NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES ATCUTRATES. CAMERAS free for 10- 25-50 subscriptions. CASH PRIZES for 5 largest lists. Full information and agents outfit including more copies of magazines than you ould buy for many dollars sent on receipt of 10 cts, to help pay postage. Cut rate catalogue free, W. P. Sub. Agency, 516 B 2nd Avenue cMlwaukee, Wis. Special bargains in|large or small ranches, with or without stock. Write us just what you want. HOLLAND & WILLS, Amarillo, Tex. Rife Hydraulic Engine PUMPS WATEB AUTOMATICALLY BY WATKE POWEB. Place this engine two feet or more below your water supply and It will deliver a con- stant stream of water 30 feet high for every foot of fall. WITHOUT STOPPING. WITHOUT ATTENTION. BIFE ENGINE CO., 126 Liberty Street, New York. THE WHEEL OF TIME or all time is the.... Metal Wheel We make them in nil sizes and v^eties, TO FIT ANY AXLE. Any height, any width of tire you may want Our wheels are either di- rect or stagger spoke. Can FIT YOUR WAGON, Perfectly without change.... NO BREAKING DOWN no drying ont.no resetting tires "HEAP because they endure il for catalogue and price** lectric Wheel Go! Box 29 Qulney, Ills. A WOXD ERFUL INVENTION. They cure dandruff, kair falling, head- ache, etc., yet cost the same as the ordi- nary comb. What's that ? Why Dr. White's Electric Comb. The only patent- ed comb in the world. People everywhere it has been introduced, are wild with de- light. You simply Comb your hair each day and the comb does the rest. This won- derfnl comb is simply unbreakable, and is made so that it is absolutely impossible to break or cut the hair. Sold on written guarantee to give perfect satisfaction in every respect. Send stamps for one. La- dies' size, 50c; Gents' size 35c. Live men and women wanted everywhere to intro- duce this article. Sellion sight. Agents are wild with success. (See want column of this paper. ) Add; ess D. N. ROSE, Gen. M'g'r, Decatur, 111 THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. You can find more progressive farmers and poultrymen in the state of Washington than in any other State of the same pop- ulation. The people of this section are patting in all of the best, such as good cattle, stock, swine and poultry. The progressive people. of the older States are coming in and settling up the lands. Land can be purchased at very reasonable figures, either government or railroad. The Pacific 'Poultryman, (Harry H. Collier, Editor), Tacoma, Washington, reaches all the new settlers as well as all of the poultry jaen. This journal is pro- gressive and up to dal 3. A s amp e copj may be obtaiend by sending five cen s in stamps, or fifty cents will bring the paper to you for a whole year. ,, , ISO Sam^Va Co^Xes of all different Newspapers, Mag-a- ziaes, Periodical, etc., worth several dollars, sent to any address for only 10 cents ta pay part of mailing-. Toledo Adv. &; Sub. Bureau, 14 St, Clair St., Toledo, O. PROFIT... ...BRINGERS. That's what our fowls are. They have all been selected, mated and bred with a view to producing the greatest amount of profit in actual production. They are large egg yielders because our breeding stock conies only from hens that are large and long layers. Every chick we grow and every bird we sell has a long record of strong production behind it. OUR POULTRY BUYER'S GUIDE contains full illustrations and descriptions of our fifty varieties of this kind of fowls and very many other tilings of value to the poultry- man or the farmer who grows poultry. Gives prices of eggs and fowls, etc. Sent for 10 cents J. R. BRABAZON, JR. & CO.", Box 38. DELEVAN, WIS Prosperity Has Arrived. Where Are You? If not situated to take advan- tage of it, move to the'. West or Southwest Choice locations are open to all classes of merchandising, manufacturing and banking enterprises, as well as for the practice of the professions, on the lines of the SANTE FE ROUTE. For particulars and nfor- n ation as to resources etc., address*) AS. A. DAVIS, Indus- trial Commissioner, 1306 Great Northern Building. WW CONFIDENCE A PERFECT PEN AT A POPULAR PRICE, AND THE BEST PEN AT ANY PfilGE. YOUR CHOICE OF $3.00 laughlin Fountain Pens FOR ONLY TRY IT A WEEKS If not suited, we buy it back and offer you SI. 10 for it. A Profitable Proposition any way you figure it. Don't miss this opportunity of a life time to secure the best pen made. Hard rubber reservoir holder in four simple parts. Finest quality diamond point 14k gold p< n and the only positively perfect ink feeding device known to the science of foun- tain pen making. A Suggestion.— An appropri- ate gift of never ending useful- ness—for any occasion, insures a constant pleasing remem- brance of the giver. K3F~Any desired flexibility in fine, medium or stub. One Pen Only to One Address on this Offer. LOSS— on etiepen you buy — Our SEED-TIME expense, BUSINESS — Your pen pro- cures-Our HARVEST. By mail, postpaid, upon re- ceipt of SI. H you desire pen sent by registered mail send 10 cents additional. Reference:— Any Bank or Express Company in Detroit. Address LAUGHLIN MFG. CO., ,-. 6O Uughlln Block, DETROIT, MICH.f Ask your dealer to show you his pen. If he won't get it for you, send his nameand your order to us, and receive for your trouoleone of our safe Pocket, Pen Holders ree of chariit,. J V J i 1 R 5 Q J I | N $ I f A $ I r H « # O * ii M {• E S You learn all about Virginia lands, Soil, water, climate, resourses, produce, fruits, berries, mode vation, prices, etc,, J by reading the £ VIRGINIA FARMER, Send 10c,, for \ three months £ Subscription to > FAFMER CO, * Emporia, Va, * J iO Repair- Broken Arti cles use Remember MAJOR'S RUBBER, CEMENT. MAJOR'S LEATHER CEMENT- A D VER TI SEMEN 7 £ 5O YEARS' EXPERIENCE TRADE MARKS DESIGNS COPYRIGHTS Ac. Anyone sending a sketch and description may qwlckiy ascertain our opinion free whether an iiwention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents sent free. Oldest ncency for securing patents. Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the Scientific American. A handsomely Illustrated weekly. I.nrgest cir- culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year ; four months, $1. Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN &Co.361Broadwa>' New York Branch Office. 625 F St., Washington, D. C. ...More Money... can be made from a") flock of hens than from a like amount invested in almost any other enterprise. Get TtlG Poultry Tribune. It tells how , A 28 to 32 page magazine, nicely illustrated, con taining each issue interesting information from the most successful' poultrymen in the country Subscription 50 cents per year. A three mouth trial trip for ten cents silver. It will please you. Send at once to « IMU I/rit Y TRIBUNE, Free- port. FEEDS AMD FEEDING A New Book by PROF. W. A. HENRY of the Wisconsin Agricul- tural Experiment Station. A 650 PAGE BOOK FOR STOCK OWNERS. TABLE OF CONTENTS: PART I. Plant Growth and Animal Nutrition. The plant: how it grows and elaborates food for animals, -Mastication, digestion and assimilation. Digestion, respiration and calorimetry. Animal nutrition. The source of muscular energy; composition of animals before and after fattening, nfluenceof feed on the animal body. Explanation of tables of composition and feeding standards-methods of calculating rations for farm animals, etc. PART II. Feeding Stuffs. Cjeading cereals and their by-products. Minor cereals, oil-bearing ana leguminous seeds and their by-products. Indian corn as a forage plant. The grasses fresh and cured — straw. Leguminous plants for green forage and hay. Miscellaneous feeding stuffs. Soiling cattle. Preparation of feeding stuffs. The ensilage of fodders. Manurial value of feeding stuffs. PART III. Feeding Farm Animals. Investigations concerning the horse. Feeds for the horse. Feed and care of the horse. Calf-rearing. Results of steer-feeding trials at the stations. Factors in steer fattening — final results. Counsel in the feed lot. The dairy cow— scientific findings. Station tests with feeding stuffs for dairy cows. Influence of feed on milk— wide and narrow rations. Public tests of pure bred dairy cows— cost of producing milk and fat in dairy herds at vari- ous experiment stations. Feed and care of the dairy cow. Investigations with sheep. Experiments in fattening sheep— wool produc- tion General care of sheep— fattening. Investigations with swine. Value of various feeding-stuffs for pigs, Danish pig-feeding experiments. Feeding and management of swine— effect oj feed on the carcass of a pig The publisher's price of this book is $2.00. We will send you the Irrigation Age for one year, and a copy of ''Feeds and Feeding," for $2-50. When you consider that the regular sub- scription price of j the AGE is $1.00 per year you will realize what a bargain we offer you. THE IRRIGATION AGE. VOL. XVI. CHICAGO, DECEMBER, 1901. NO. 3 An extract from the presi- dent's .message on irriga- tion will be found on another page of this number. The Chicago Tri- bune says editorially on this subject: "The question of the, irrigation of the arid lands owned by the general govern- ment was not considered at all twenty-five years ago. It is beginning to be con- sidqred seriously now. The space which the president, who is familiar with condi- tions in the West, gives to it in his mes- sage shows that he looks on it as one of no small importance. "When the agitation for the irrigation of these arid lands began there was a feel- ing of opposition to the measure except in the regions* which would be specially benefited. The impression existed that the states and territories in which these arid lands lie were anxious that the gov- ernment should expend millions in making these lands cultivable so that the popula- tion and wealth of the states and territor- ies in question might be increased. The owners of fertile farms in the East and Middle West did not look with favor on what seemed to them a scheme to add at their expense and that of other taxpayers tens of millions of acres to the area of cultivable land in the for West. They saw in .this a reduction of the vaule of their own farms and farm products. ''This hostile feeling is gradually diap- pearing. It is coming to be understood that the work of making these arid lands cultivable to the extent that the water supply will permit — there is not water enough to irrigate all — will be an exceed- ingly slow one. No great body of farm lands will be thrown suddenly on the mar- ket. The demand for farm lands is such and the value of those now under cultiva- tion has so increased.as to make it expedi- ent from an economic point of view to en- ter on the work of reclamation of these arid Western lands. Private enterprise has made a beginning, but it cannot aq- complish much. The states in which these lands lie cannot alone deal with the question satisfactorily. The general gov- ernment will have to co-operate. "While the president advises action he discourages hasty action. The job is too large to be gone at pellmell or taken up peicemeal. He says cwe must not only understand the existing situation but avail ourselves of the beat'experience of the best experience of the time in the solution of its problems. A careful study should be made both by the nation and states of the irrigation laws and condition.' When tho necessary knowledge has been obtained tho general government can take up this great work of converting millions of acres of arid lands into fertile fields." Irrigation is being adopted Garden118 *** ^y the successful gardeners and small fruit growers through the world- The fact that water can be applied to fruit and vegetables at any times required is argument enough to convince any one of the value of irriga- tion. Thorough tests in the rain belt re- 78 I HE IEEIGA1ION AGE, gion have demonstrated that irrigation makes better flavored products and more than double the yield. In this sense the application of moisture by hand has be- come a science. This science dispels droughts, and makes crops annual suc- cesses. At best the rain dependence is only an uncertain substitute for independ- ent soil moisture by irrigation. Gardens, small frurt orchards and vineyards are es- pecially benefitted by irrigation, even though there be an abundance of rain for general field crops. The scienrific appli- cation of water just at the exact time needed solves the long mooted problem of woether or not the garden pays for any ex- cept the professional market garden. National George H. Maxwell says in °*' his editorial comments in the National Irrigation: "There ts only one way by which the national government can be assured that its appropriations will ful- fill their purpose of promoting homebuild- ing and that is to reserve every acre for which water is made available by national reservoirs or canals, for actual settlers who will go on the land and reclaim it and make it their permanent home. But this is what the advocates of "na- tional aid io irrigation" who* are not in harmony with the National Irrigation As- sociation oppose and are attempting to prevent. The Mandell bill in the last session of congress, and the State Engineers' Bill prepared by Engineer Bond, of Wyoming, make no reservaiion of the lands for actual settlers, and should either bill become a law, the moment it was known that a res- ervoir or a canal was to be built to pro- vide water for any government land, the last acre of land that could be irrigated from it would be gobbled up by speculators under scrip or desert land locations. This would be done long before any actual set- tlers could by and possibility locate their homes upon it. The result would be "na- tional aid to irrigation" to be enjoyed by a few spectators who would thus defeat the whole purpose of congress and divert a great national movement to their selfish personal gain. If they could do this they would destroy the national irrigation move- ment. If one single appropriation were made for national irrigation works, and the lands irrigable therefrom were all absorbed by speculators instead of going to home- builders, the national irrigation policy would be set back ten years. The confi- dence of the poeple of the East in the whole movement would be destroyed. IRRIGATION IN INDIA AND AMERICA. BY. E. H. PARGITER, OF THE IRRIGATION BRANCH, PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT, PANJAB. INDIA. (Continued from last month.) The physical configuration of a country to be traversed by a canal naturally influences the design of the canal, and usually determines the limits of its size. In the great and almost level plains of North India, there is practically no limit to the width possible, as far as the natnre of the ground is concerned. There the width and discharge are determined, in most cases, by the quantity of water available in the river suplying a canal; if the whole of the low cold weather dis- charge of the river can be utilized for irrigation, then the canal is de- signed to take this discharge, and is given a suitable maximum bed width and minimum depth of supply for it; bearing in mind also that this width, with a greater depth of supply, shall allow of double or even perhaps treble that discharge being taken during the hot weather when the supply in the river is many times greater. The depth of supply possible to be taken in safety in a canal constructed to allow of free flow or gravity irrigation, with its minimum cold weather discharge, thus limits its maximum discharge during the hot weather, and of course it would not be practicable to take, asa rule, more than double the depth of the low supply, consistently with the safety of the banks, and reasonable economy in iconstruction and maintenance. In some cases, as in the Jhelam canal now under construction, the small size of the doab to be irrigated, limits the area of land for which water is to be provided; and all the available cold weather dis- charge of the river is not needed. In such cases, the canal is de- signed to take only as much as it needs; and there is no necessity to allow for largely different hot and cold weather discharges; though, as a matter of fact, with approximately equal areas to be irrigated in the two seasons, a considerably larger supply will be required in the hot weather, owing to the greater loss by evaporation, and the greater quantity of water required by the crops then grown. The almost level plains of North India allow of curves of great radius being given to a canal; so that a canal with a bed width of 250 feet or more, a depth of supply of 10 or 12 feet, and a discharge of 80 THE IRRIGATION AGE. 8,000 second feet or more, can be safely piloted through the country for many miles. But, in most cases in the arid states of America, the canals do not traverse great level plains, but wind about the sloping sides of low hills, or through rolling prairies, or are dug out of the sides of steep bluffs and benches. Here they mnst take whatever course a hill side may allow of, since they must follow its contour. In these circum- stances, a large canal is obviously unsafe. The sidelong nature of the ground in which it has to be excavated, limits its width very strictly; and the frequent sharp curves und even bends, it takes as it winds around a hillside, limit its velocity and depth. As however in such cases, there is plenty of fall or grade in the country, irrigation re- quirements are easily met by having a series of small canals at differ- ent levels. A marked feature in such country is that advantage can be taken to turn into reservoirs, valleys and depressions traversed by placing embankments across their natural outlets, and filling them up •at times when the water is not in demand for irrigation. An important feature that largely affects the efficient working of a canal, depends on this difference of construction imposed on us by the physical nature of the country traversed, whether we can have one large canal with a single head at a favorable point in the river, or 'whether we must have a series of canals with separate heads at differ- ent points in the river. That feature is tti6-weir across the river be- low a canal head. In the former case we dan afford to spend a large sum on a perfect weir that will hold up the whole, or as much of the Driver supply -as ifre need, in times of low water, and yet be perfectly safe when passing floods and torrents in times of high supply. By holding up the supply, we can feed the canal with topwater, tolerably free from the heavier sandy sediment; and we form a large settling basin in the river above the weir. This can be easily scoured out from time to time by opening the undersluices of the weir, when the •river bed is allowed to resume its original natural slope or grade. It is always advisable to close the canal head at such times to prevent the silt laden water entering and silting up theihead channel. If the "canal becomes much silted, and at the time the demand for water for 'irrigation is great, so that it is not advisable to lose water by running it through the -escapes to scour out and wash away the silt, it is often possible to force a supply for a time over the silted bed, by raising the supply level at the canal head by means of the weir. But in the latter case of a series of small canals, it would not pay to provide each head with such a costly weir; and in consequence such canals must work less efficiently. On the American rivers where so often the water is all fully appropriated among different canals, and the supply is insufficient to meet the demands, the great point is to 1HE IRRIGATION AGE. 81 put into a canal as mnch water as can be got from the river. A sim- ple weir is required to keep the water in the river at a certain mini- mum level above the bed of the canal, or at least to keep the river bed from falling below the level of the canal bed; but bottom water as well as top has to be taken in, and heavy silt deposits naturally result. The weir is not constructed to hold up the water much above its nat- ural level, for the cost of doing so would be prohibitive in the cases of a small canal; if a considerable drop or fall were made in the river be- low the weir, the foundations of the weir would have to be very deep and massive and the flooring of great length, to withstand the pres- sure and sc.ouring action of the water passing over and beneath in the soil. • In a river, where several such canal heads were fairly close to- gether, it might promote efficiency and ultimate economy to amalga- mate the heads into one, and let the canals branch off from a common main channel. Then it might be practicable to build an efficient weir, as the cost, distributed over air the canals, would not be a. financial burden on any one. But every such case would have to be decided on its own merits and possibilities, according to the physical configura- tion of the ground. The practice of irrigation in America, is now showing the great advantage derived from co-operation among the users of a Lateral, and the efficiency and economy of having one main lateral for each farm. It can readily be understood that the same principle will apply to canals also; and that two or more canal heads may with advantage be combined into one, if there are no special circumstances to hinder such an arrangement. The methods of construction and of the working canals in America, they resemble more nearly those of the inundation canals, than those of the great perennial canals of North India. The latter are really monuments of engineering skill, enterprise and manage- ment; so much so, that professional pride in and love for them, on the part of their designers and constructors, has usually tended to obscure in their minds, the special merits and uses of the simpler inundation canals, which requires for their design and construction, usually no great engineering skill. As has all ready been explained the chief advantage of an inundation canal, is that its proper use does not tend to swamp land by raising the subsoil spring level so much as perennial canal irrigation would do. In the bottom lands bordering a river, where the water is not far down below the ground surface and can economically be raised from wells for irrigation during the Indian cold weather months. Inundation canals are best stilted to the land. But in the higher lying lands more remote from the rivers, perennial canals alone will satisfy all requirements, and are a neces- 82 1HE IRRIGATION AGE, sity; since the subsoil water is too far down to allow of its being raised cheaply enough for irrigation use. Each class of canal then has its place, and both can co-exist side by side; for in the case of Inundation canals the extra cost of working wells during the cold weather is set off by the smaller water rates to be paid for canal water during the hot weather: for an Inundation canal, having no expensive headworks, is cheaply constructed, and does not need in order to make it a financial success, to charge as high water rates as a peren- nial canal does. It is amusing to note how the same names even have been applied to the same class of works in America and India. In India, where engineers have been brought to look upon a fine perennial canal as alone worthy of the name of "canal" thoroughly made untidy looking Inundation canals are spoken of scornfully as "ditches;" and in Amer- ica all the early, small, roughly made canals have very naturally been termed ditches rather than canals, their constructors and owners not considering the latter more ambitious title at all applicable to their humble creations. It is admitted that irrigation in America is realty only in its com- mencement— just as now in India, after having designed many large perennial canals from most of the great rivers, engineers are turning their attention to improving the humbler Inundations canals, by com- bining their numerous separate heads into fewer, or even into one, in order that an efficient weir may be constructed for it: — so in Amer-. ica, as matters call for improvement, the present wasteful systems will be reformed with a view to greater economy in the use of water, and the consequent increase in the area of land that can be irrigated and inhabited. The winter season in America does not call for very much irrigation, and tends to make canals work more as intermittent ones; so that there is every year plenty of time and full opportunity to execute repairs and make alterations or improvements. There is thus not the necessity for solid and permanent construction of works, like those on the large Indian crnals; but, no doubt, the ever recurring large maintenance charges of a roughly and unskillfully constructed canal will be found more wasteful of revenue, than interest charges on a larger capital spent on efficient and permanent first construction. In the future, therefore, with engineers better trained, and more experienced, new canals will be constructed more carefully with a view to wear well, and the old ones will be gradually improved by having their cheap rough temporary works replaced by more perm- anent ones. The hurry to get things started, so characteristic of pioneer work in America will in time give place to the wish to have things done more with the idea of permanent efficiency. To be continued. IRRIGATION FOR THE WEST. EXTRACT FROM PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S MESSAGE. The forests are natural reservoirs. By restraining the streams in flood and replenishing them in drought they make possible the use of waters otherwise wasted. They prevent the soil from washing, and so protect the storage reservoirs from filling up with silt. Forest conservation is therefore an essential condition of water conservation. The forests alone cannot, however, fully regulate and conserve the waters of the arid region. Great storage works are necessary to equalize the flow of streams and to save the flood waters. Their con- struction has been conclusively shown to be an undertaking too vast for private effort. Nor can it be best accomplished by the individual states acting alone. Par-reaching interstate problems are involved; and the resources of single states would often be inadequate. It is properly a national function, at least in some of its features. It is as right for the national government to make the streams and river of the arid region useful by engineering works for water storage as to make useful the rivers and harbors of the humid region by engineer- ing works of another kind. The storing of the floods in reservoirs at the headwaters of our rivers is but an enlargement of our present pol- icy of river control under which levees are built on the lower reaches of the same streams. The government should construct and maintain these reservoirs as it does other public works. Where their purpose is to regulate the flow of streams, the water should be turned 'freely into the channels in the dry season to take the same course under the same laws as the natural flow. The reclamation of the unsettled arid public lands presents a dif ferent problem. Here it is not enough to regulate the flow of streams. The object of the government is to dispose of the land to settlers who will build homes upon it. To accomplish this object water must be brought within their reach. The pioneer settlers on the arid public domain chose their homes along streams from which they could themselves divert the water to reclaim their holdings. Such opportunities are practically gone. There remain, however, vast areas of public land which can be made available for homestead settlement, but only by reservoirs and main line canals impracticable for private enterprise. The irrigation works should be built by the national government. The lands re- 84 THE IRR1 GA 11 ON A GE. claimed by them should be reserved by the government for actual set- tlers, and the cost of construction should so far as possible be repaid by the land reclaimed. The distribution of the waters, the division of the streams among irrigators, should be left to the settles themselves in conformity with state laws and without interfering with those laws or. with vested rights. This policy of the national government should be to aid irri- gation in the several states and territories in such manner as will en- able the people in the local communities to help themselves, and as will stimulate needed reforms in the state laws and regulations gov- erning irrigation. The reclamation and settlement of the arid lands will enrich every portion of our country, just as the settlement of the Ohio and Mississ- ippi Valleys brought prosperity to the Atlantic states. The increased demand for manufactured articles will stimulate industrial production, while wider honae markets and the trade of Asia will consume larger food supplies and effectually prevent Western competition with East- ern agriculture. Indeed, the products of irrigation will be consumed chiefly in upbuilding local centers of mining and other industries, which would otherwise not come into existence at all. Our people as a whole will profit, for successful homemaking is but another name for the upbuilding of the nation. The necessary foundation has already been laid for the in- auguration of the policy just described. It would be unwise tro* begin by doing too much, for a great deal will doubtless be learned, both as to what can and what cannot be safely attempted, by the early efforts, which must of necessity be partly experimental in character. At the beginning the government should make clear be- yond shadow of doubt, its intention to pursue this policy on lines of the broadest public interest. No reservoir or canal should ever be built to satisfy selfish, personal or local interests; but only in accord- ance with the advice of trained experts, after long investigation has shown the locality where all the conditions combine to make the work most needed and fraught with the greatest usefulness to the community as a whole. There should be no extravagance, and the believers in the need of irrigation will most benefit their cause by seeing to it that it is free from the least taint of excessive or reckless expenditure of the public moneys. Whatever the nation doe's for the extension of irrigation should harmonize with, and tend to improve the condition of those now liv- ing on irrigated land. We are not at the starting point of this devel- opment. Over two hundred millions of private capital has already been expended in the construction of irrigation works, and many mil- lion acres of arid land reclaimed. A high degree of enterprise and THE IERIGA TION A GE 85 ability has been shown in the work itself; but as much cannot be said in reference to the laws relating thereto. The security and value of the homes created depend largely on the stability of titles to water; but the majority of these rest on the uncertain foundation of court de- cisions rendered in ordinary suits at law. With a few creditable ex- ceptions, the arid states have failed to provide for the certain and just division of streams in times of scarcity. Lax and uncertain laws have made it possible to establish rights to water in excess of actual uses or necessities, and many streams have already passed into private ownership, or a control equivalent to ownership. Whoever controls a stream practically controls the land it renders productive, and the doctrine of private ownership of water apart from land cannot prevail without causing enduring wrong. The recogni- tion of such ownership, which has been permitted to grow up in the arid regions, should give way to a more enlightened and larger recog- nition of the rights of the public in "the control and disposal of the public water supplies. Laws founded upon conditions obtaining in humid regions, where water is too abundant to justify hoarding it, have no proper application in a dry country. In the arid states the only right to water which should be re.cog- nized is that of use. In irrigation this right should attach to the land reclaimed and be inseparable therefrom. Granting perpetual water rights to others than users, without compensation to the public, is open to all the objections which apply to giving away perpetual fran- chises to the public utilities of cities. A few of the Western states have already recognized this and have incorporated in their constitu- tion the doctrine of perpetual state ownership of water. The benefits which have followed the unaided development of the past justify the nation's aid and co-operation in the more difficult and important works yet to be accomplished. Laws so vitally affecting homes as those which control the water supply will only be effective when they have the sanction of the irrigators; reforms can only be final and satisfactory when they come through the enlightenment of the people most concerned. The larger development which national aid insures should, however, awaken in every arid state the determin- ation to make its irrigation system equal in justice and effectiveness that of any country in the civilized world. Nothing could be more unwise than for isolated communities to continue to learn everything experimentally, instead of profiting by what is already known else- where. We are dealing with a new and momentous question, in the pregnant years while institutions are forming, and what we do will affect not only the present but future generations. Our aim should be not simply to reclaim the largest area of land and provide homes for the largest number of people, but to create for 86 THE IREIGA 1 1ON A OE this new industry the best possible social and industrial conditions; and this requires that we not only understand the existing situation, but avail ourselves of the best experience of the time in the solution of its problems. A careful study should be made, both by the nation and the states, of the irrigation laws and conditions here and abroad. Ultimately it will probably be necessary for the nation to co-operate with the several arid states in proportion as these states by their legislation and administration show themselves fit to receive it. THE HOME CIRCLE. Supper is ready! Funny little flo6k That struggles through the grass with tired feet And sturdy appetites that need no clock To warm them when the hour comes to eat! The dull, blind world might find them but a row Of happy country children, but for me Bright beauty, grace and wisdom lurk below Each rumpled head, and deeds that are to be. Brave men and strong, and noble women lurk In shabby little coat and tumbled frock; Add all for which I live and dream and work Supper is waiting! Funny little flock! • INTEREST IN FOREST PRESERV- ATION. BY T. S. VAN DYKE. Before Sunset Club of Los Angeles, Cal. The arguments in favor of forest preservation have the advantage of being so conclusive that they are disputed by few outside the cattle and sheep men who want the range. But this very advantage tends to deaden enthusiam in a great many, for enthusiasm generally has its birth in intense thinking among the contestants in a disputed question. The question of forest preservation is now in a very satis- factory state of advance but we need more constant discussion and increase of enthusiam in it until, at street corners, it is as much a topic of conversation as the latest scandal of the millionaire, aud in social gatherings, rank equal with the consideration of Peter Scarcm or The Struggle for the Last Pigtail. In nearly all I have heard on the subject the sheepman is consid- ered the most guilty party in burning off the forests. He is as bad as represented and even worse. But there are others. Two almost as bad are of most eminent respectability. But lack the excuse of the sheepman. He does it to increase the grass — that is for profit. The other two do it for pure laziness or stupidity — generally both. These are the hunters, campers and fishermen, nearly all in pur- suit of pleasure, and the farmers at the base of the mountains. The fisherman is much less of a fire fiend than the others, but only because he camps lower down on the streams and more in the bottom of the canyons along gravelly flats or sandy bars where there is no carpet of dead grass or pine needles to spread his fire. Otherwise, he is qui,te as certain to select the largest log or the biggest living tree to make his fire against, and quite as certain to repeat the performance at the next camping place although he just found his fire so big at the last one that it was impossible to put it out. Especially is this the case with the tenderfoot who is so fast becoming the terror of nature. It seems but a few years when none but the experienced went hunting or fishing. Occasionally a green hand was along with the party but he was generally left at home as a nuisance and seldom dared to start out on his own account. Today hunting and fishing are the proper thing for the business man who wants rest as well as for the men of means or leisure. Railroads and good wagon roads penetrating the mountains in so many directions have made it possible for thousands to go there where but a few years ago it took so much time that they did not attempt it. The first performance of the tenderfoot is always 88 I HE IRRIGATION AGE. to make the biggest fire possible. If fuel is handy he will have a fire big enough to barbecue an ox if only a cup of tea is needed. And at night though the evening be warm he must have sheets of name streaming up among the trees, because it looks so cheerful, or so wierd as his wife tells him. To expect a man to put out such a fire is demanding considerable of human nature in these days of economiz- ing energy. He has had enough to do to make it. The small fire, if he should accidently make one, he leaves to be blown about by the rising .wind because he thinks it wont do much harm. That is, when he thinks at all. I have seen many such a one stand right beside a fire and empty the coffee pot off on one side and all the dishwater, etc., when it was just as easy to put it on the fire. Among the older hunters and fisherman there is more reckless- ness than stupidity. Too many of them simply do not care. They will make a fire in dry leaves, pine needles or dead grass when the sandy bed of some little dry run is just as convenient, and are quite as much opposed to wasting energy in putting it out as the most recent formation of a tenderfoot. What shall we do with these classes? Nothing in the way of reformation is possible. The only way is to keep them entirely out of those sections where the danger is greatest as in some of our southern mountains. My interest in hunting and fishing is quite as great as it is in irrigation so that what I say on this snbject is at least sincere. I shall expect to do considerable of both yet as I have in the past and I believe not only that I will lose nothing by having a portion of the forest reserve closed against me that I will actually be the gainer. The question of refuges in which game shall at all times of the year be absolutely safe against all disturbance is already up among those interested in game preservation. In many parts of the country, and probably in all, the establishment of large places of refuge will soon make game so much more plenty outside that the loss of the territory will be more than make up. In southern California our best hunting is not at all in the higher mountains where the forest laws must be applied but in the lower hills. To these the higher ones would serve as a nursery to increase the supply. It is not so much the case with .fishing but the same principle applies to a great extent. The greatest drain upon our streams is by those who ascend to the small tributaries high up in the hills where they can catch fingerling easily by divert- ing the stream and various other tricks when they do not bite well. While it is not necessary to exclude hunters and fishermen from all the forest reserve, I still believe it would be no bad thing if it were done and no one allowed to camp there for any purpose except under the direct supervision of a forest ranger of that section. In that case his name, business, movements, etc., could all be registered, all his. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 89 camping places known, and he could be held responsible for all his acts. In southern California many of the worst fires are in autumn, start- ing at the base of the mountains and sweeping upward. While this is not so common as it was it is still common enough. In almost every case it is done by the farmer who wants to burn some brush or rub- bish on his own land and selects one of the dry, hot days with a desert wind in the fall that makes every thing burn well. It is too much work to run a fire guard around the outside. It is also too much trouble to do the thing at night when the wind is down or do it in sections so that each can be managed. It is far cheaper, especially for the dry rancher whose time is so valuable for rolling cigarettes, to wait for a day when there is nothing to do but to touch a match and let the whole thing go off by itself. Why of course he didn't do it on purpose. And surely he has a right to make a fire on his own land. He couldn't help it either, the wind shifted on him, or nature interfered with his handling of it, and why shou]d he be punished for what he could not help when doing a lawful act on his own land? It is plain that convictions can not be had in such cases, or of the hunter, fisherman, sheepman or tenderfoot just as long as the burden of proof is on the prosecution to show that the burning of the public forest was wilful, malicious, negligent or careless, or can it be done if the defendant can offer in evidence due care on his part, for. he will always be ready to swear that he was careful and there will rarely be any evidence to the contrary. To meet this I drafted a law some three years ago the effect of which would be to make every one absolutely responsible for the con- sequences of any fire made or used by him after being left by any one else. To prevent any hardship as well as to aid in its enforcement the fine was put at only one hundred dollars, the idea that if one does not know enough to make a fire that cannot escape from him, one hundred dollars is cheap tuition. If he does not want to pay it, all he has to do is to keep out of the woods and practice on making fires that he can control before he goes into them. This was unanimously ap- proved and recommended to congress by the forestry convention that met in Los Angeles three years ago. It passed the house all right • but in the senate was changed some. The essential features are in one way or another preserved but the fine was raised to a possibility of a thousand dollars which is too great for western juries. It also lets out the man who burns up the country by reckless making of a fire on his own land. This was probably not intentional. The law is a great improvement over the old one as it is not necessary to prove negli- gence in all cases and it makes it the duty of every one to extinguish a fire that he makes. But it still allows him to make a fire of any 90 THE IRRIGATION AGE. •size and the wording is so changed that if a fire escapes in spite of due dilligence he may be excused. No amount of diligence should be an excuse because he is always at liberty to stay out of the woods if he does not know how to behave as a woodsman should. Of all the people in the world, we, of Southern California and especially of its business center, Los Angeles, are the most vitally ;and immediately interested in forest preservation . Our interest is not remote as in Oregon where the rainfall is so great, and where there is already many times more water than the next century can learn to use. We make talk of our climate and scenery and out of door attractions as we please, and it is all true enough, but after all our prosperity is dependent mainly on the productive power of the soil. For though there are thousands who do not care to cultivate, there are few who care to sit down in a desert for the mere inhalation of climate, and most of these are quite as much opposed to a semi-desei't as to the full-blown article. Our resources are strictly limited by our water supplies and these are limited by our watersheds. That is so far as we know. We have no right to assume that any of our water comes from the Sierra Nevada of the north or any other distant source. We know nothing about it. But we do know that our local watersheds are sufficient, aided by the vast gravel reservoirs of the slopes and plains, to account for all the water we yet have and con- siderably more. But where the rain shed from a single acre of the mountain top in winter is worth one hundred dollars or more in the land below we cannot afford to risk one drop of it to accommodate the whimsical, the reckless or the lazy. CONSTUCTION OF STORAGE RESERVOIR. The following bill was introduced in the House of Representatives December 2, 1901. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Eepresentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all moneys received from the sale or disposal of public lands in the states of California, Colo- rado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming, and in the territories of Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma, be and are hereby reserved, set aside, and appropriated as a special fund in the treasury, to be known as the "reclamation fund," to be used for the survey and construction of reservoirs and other irrigation works for the reclama tion of arid lands. Sec. 2. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized,, for the purpose of reclaiming arid lands, to cause to be examined and surveyed reservoir sites, tunnel sites for diversion of water, and irri- gation canals connected therewith in said states and territories, and to require reports as to the same, together with estimates of the cost of construction thereof, and reports as to the quality and location of the public lands which can be irrigated therefrom, as to all facts relative to the practicability of each enterprise. Sec. 3. That upon the filing of such report the Secretary of the Interior may, in his discretion, withdraw from public entry the lands embraced within the reservoir sites at highwater mark and a strip of ground one hundred feet in width bordering on the same, and at the base of the dams thereof, and the land within fifty feet on each side of the center line of the irrigating ditches and tunnels, together with the public lands which it is proposed to irrigate therefrom. Sec. 4. That upon the determination by the Secretary of the In- terior that the reservoir and irrigation project is practicable, he shall cause to be let, upon proper notice, contracts for the construction of the same in whole or in part, payments to be made out of the reelama- tion fund. Sec. 5. That upon the completion of each irrigation project the lands to be irrigated thereby shall be subject to homestead entry after notice by the Secretary of the Interior, upon the condition that, in ad- dition to the requirements of the homestead act, the entryman, on the making of final proof of settlement, shall pay to the government the sum of five dollars per acre, and each entryman shall be limited to the entry and settlement of not exceeding eighty acres, THE IRRIGATION AGE Sec. 6. That after construction the Secretary of the Interior shall cause the said reservoir or other irrigation works to be operated at the expense of said reclamation fund until the major part of the land intended to be irrigated from each reservoir has been duly located upon as aforesaid, when the management and operation of the same shall be turned over to the said homesteaders and their heir, who, to- gether with the homesteaders afterwards locating upon the lands to be irrigated by such project, and their heir, shall manage, operate and maintain the same, either as a body or through a corporation to be formed by them, as may be formed by them, as may be required by the Secretary of the Interior. Sec. 7. That nothing in this Act shall be construed as interfering with the laws of any state or territory concerning irrigation or the distribution of water. Sec. 8. That the Secretary of the Interior is also authorized to cause to be dug artesian wells to be used for irrigation purposes on public arid lands, which shall be open to settlement as above pre- scribed, or to do any other thing necessary for the reclamation of said arid lands, and the cost thereof shall be paid out of said reclamation fund. Sec. 9. That in case the water thus provided shall be more than sufficient for the reclamation of the irrigable public lands proposed to be irrigated, or if the Secretary of the Interior determines that land in private ownership is better suited for the utilization of the waters, or if there is a sufficiency for both, then rights to the use of water may be sold at a price to be fixed by the Secretary of the Interior, but no water right shall be granted for an amount exceeding eighty acres to any one landowner, and the price and terms of use of same shall be such as the Secretary of the Interior may deem just and fair, such amounts so obtained to be paid into said reclamation fund. Sec. 10. That when it becomes necessary for the construction, operation, or maintenance of any reservoir or irrigation works pro- posed or consructed under this Act, to acquire any right or property, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to acquire the same for the United States, either by purchase or condemnation under ju- dicial process, and to cause to be paid from the reclamation fund the sums which may be needed for that purpose. Sec. 11. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to make such rules and regulations for the purpose of enforcing the provisions hereof as may be just and proper. A NEW CEREAL. A new grain has been introduced in the western section of the United States dur- ing the past two years. It is known as speltz and promises to be one of the most valuable cereals^for cattle. hogs, sheep and general farm purposes. It may be sown in the fall or spring and will make good winter pasture and summer green manur- ing. Keports from Illinois are to the ef- fect that speltz has yielded 90 bushels of seed and 8 tons of hay per acre. The grain furnishes excellent food for all kinds of stock, and the hay is of the best quality. It has the power of resisting drouth and stools out so much as to make a poor stand return fair crops of grain. Speltz comes from Germany, where it is recognized as one of the most valuable plants. It is not a wheat, oat nor corn, but a grain incorporating all the elements of these cereals. It grows very rank and resembles barley heads when ready for cut- ting. . Some call it a mammoth wild rye. It succeeds well on sandy soil and yields better when in rich land. It takes up much of the natural plant food and re- quires annual dressings of the land with potash to give the best returns. It will yield better if sown on land that formerly had clover, cow peas or other legumes. The addition of a perfect fertilizer, con- taining about 9 per cent available potash, 7 per cent phosphoric acid, and 2 per cent nitrogen will insure a satisfactory crop. Land should be plowed in August or September and put in thorough condition before planting. Sowing broadcast is ad- visable, but the crop will give satisfactory returns by being drilled in rows the same as wheat, using the ordinary press drill. If sown in the fall, it will grow up and stool out wonderfully, having as much as 100 stalks from one kernel of seed. It can be pastured throughout the winter and early spring and left to grow into seed stalks in midsummer. A field of speltz will make excellent winter pasture for sheep, hogs and cattle. The farmers of Austria report it better for winter feeding than any of the grains or grasses. Speltz may be harvested the same as wheat or other grain and threshed in the same manner. The grains are larger than in barley and the thresher needs to be set accordingly. When threshed, the grain may be crushed or chopped or fed whole. Some boil it and mix with hay rations for milch cows, and others make it into chop feed. The hay left from the thresher is greedily devoured by all kinds of stock and is rich in muscle making food. A Cana- dian stock grower states that1 his speltz yielded at the rate of 100 bushels per acre and he found it one of the most valuable stock foods grown. The seed of spletz is limited yet and naturally sells for a good price. It can be purchased from the leading seedsmen for about 5 cents per pound. It may be sown with perfect assurance of making a crop in all latitudes. Being a native of Austria, it is adapted particularly to the dry dis- trits of the south and west. It is certainly a most desirable crop where the rainfall is light or drouths are of frequent occurrence. In sandy soil requiring a strong grassy binder, there is nothing better, as the stooling qualities and stiff straws make it a perfect wind break. The long blades THE IRRIGATION AGE. droop over and protect the soil surface from sudden drying by wind or drouth. The experimental stage of speltz in America seems to be over and all doubts as to its usefulness have disappeared. It will soon be generally planted in all locali- ties where a cheap forage and stock cereal is wanted. Poultrymen will find it an ideal crop to grow for feeding for market. It is superior to other grains, except corn for feeding hogs, and the immense yields from a given area make it a crop that every farmer should grow. It should be fed on the farm, where the hay and grain can both be utilized. In fact, the main secret of success in farming is the selling of poultry, pork and beef made by the farm crops, rather than disposing of the grain and robbing the farm of its return- able fertility. MONEY IN BARLEY. Barley is one of the most profitable general crops that can be grown in all sec- tions of the United . States. It can be used for feed for poultry, hogs, stock and horses and always commands' a good price on the general market. The yield ranges from 75 bushels to 150 bushels per acre in the western states and a similar crop may be obtained in older sections where the soil is kept in good tilth and suitable fertilizers are used. Barley sells for from 75 cents to $2.00 per bushel, the price de- pending on the location of the market. Crushed barley is always desirable for feeding at livery barns and is much in de mand for city feed stuff. The growing of barley dates back over 4,000 years, to the land of Egypt. It was one of the most important cereals grown on the Nile and was prized as a food for man and beast. The Egyptians crushed the grain and made a drink much relished by all families. The flour was used in making bread and soups and the green cereal was boiled and cooked about the same as rice. Straw was used in the brick yards and in covering houses and barns or sheltering places for stock and sheep. The women converted barley straw into many fashionable articles for home use and adornment. It was the all purpose cereal throughout the country in ancient times. There are three distinct varieties of bar- ley, known as the two rowed and beard- less. A new kind recently introduced in the northwest, called Mansura, is of the six rowed variety and is highly recom- mended. The Highland Chief is a popu- lar two rowed barley. The White Hulless is a favorite with many growers. The Sil- ver King is recommended as a great crop- per, yielding as high as 173 bushels per acre in Wisconsin. All varieties are good stoolers and when sown in the fall make excellent winter pasture. Pasturing does not injure the plants unless too many stock are put on the field early in the fall or too late in the spring. Barley requires a rich, moist, loamy soil, and will succeed better when sown after a cultivated crop of potatoes or other similar products. Land containing an ex- cessive amount of vegetable decomposition generally produces rank straw but not good grain. If the land is low and wet or has an abundance of clay, it will not give sat- isfactory results. Barley grown for the brewing market must be well fertilized to give best results and yield profitable re- turns. A fertilizer containing 9 per cent available potash, 7 per cent phosphoric acid and 5 per cent nitrogen, applied at the rate of 500 to 1,000 pounds per acre will give profitable returns. If too much nitrogen is used the straw will lodge and the grain will not fill properly. Instead of this, a mixture of 200 to 300 pounds of acid phosphate, 100 to 150 pounds of mu- riate of potash and 100 to 125 pounds of nitrate of soda can be substituted. Land for barley should be plowed as early in the fall as possible and put into good condition before sowing. If th THE IRRIGATION AGE. 95 seed is to be sown in the spring the fall plowing will cover the former crop and re- tain moisture for a long period and the surface will be made mellow by the winter rains and freezes. Barley should be sown at the rate of about one and one-half bushels per acre. Some prefer to plant with press drills, others sow broadcast. For winter pasture that sown in the fall is probably better put in broadcast Where irrigation is practiced the seed should be drilled and the water applied by furrows. Barley may be killed by too much water, but it will withstand drouth more than most cereals. Statistics show that the production has decreased in the past few years, which is a sure indication that it may now be made profitable by proper growth and marketing. ALFALFA IN NEW YORK. I have raised alfalfa on a small scale for about eight years past, and consider it a valuable grass for all kinds of stock, when cut green for horses, cattle, sheep, and even hogs and hens. I wintered 40 hens last winter; gave them a small fork- ing of green cured alfalfa, with the leaves on, which they dispatched easily, and I think was a help to them with their grain rations. I have fed it in small quantities to my three cows for a number of years, and find there is no better hay for cows giving milk than alfalfa, for quantity and quality. It needs more curing than most any other hay and should be cured mostly in the cock to preserve the leaves, and should be cut greener than common clover; as soo n as it first begins to blossom it should be cut. before the stalks get hard and tough; usually three times in each summer in Central New York. All kinds of soils and farms are not suitable for the raising of alfalfa. I would not sow it on rough stone land, nor on poor land with a hard pan bottom. "When young it is a tender plant, more so than our common clover for the first year or so. The rich bottom lands along our brooks and rivers where not too low and wet, and the water does not stand on the ground for days in the spring and no hard pan bottom, seems well adapted for its growth. I have made a success in raising it on such bottom land ; black muck, much like the prairie soil I have seen in the Western states. The roots grow longer and stronger every year for a few years, when in good soil, branching out more after be- ing cut off. I have seen more than 50 branches from one root. It also does well on our gravelly and loamy soils when put in condition. It will kill out in a .low spot or a sink hole where snow water or ice settles and freezes up in the spring of the year, and stands on the land for a few days. I consider it excellent for a per- manent meadow, but would not sow it in my regular rotation where I plowed up once in three or four years, as the roots get so strong and large as to make hard plowing, requiring a plow point sharpened on an emory wheel to cut off the roots. The ground should be nearly level, but may do if a little rolling, if no sink holes for standing water. I made a mistake, for years, in sowing too little seed to the acre and'sometimes'by sowing too many other kinds of seeds with it, especially or- chard grass for one, which would choke out the alfalfa; and by sowing three bushels of oats to the acre with it ; that shaded it too much. My best seeding has eebn 30 pounds of alfalfa seed per acre and not more than one bushel of oats with it. That has furnished a small crop of good heavy oats, and shaded the alfalfa just about right to get a splendid start the first year. It requires rich and well cultivated land to produce a good crop of alfalfa. The land should be well manured, hoed, cultivated and dragged,, with crops for two years, and brought into as fine tilth as for a garden; then sow in the spring, when we sow spring grain; roll the land down smooth, after going ove 96 THE IRRIQA210N AGE. the seed with a light drag, and you will be likely to get a good cutting the first year, but do not pasture it the first or second year, or very late in the fall at any time, especially with sheep, as they eat it down very very close so that it may die out in the winter, as the first winter is the hardest time for alfalfa. The roots at four years old in good land may be 3 feet long with us here, and in the Western world will run down 10 or 12 feet, so it is said. It is their best grass and their main dependence in some of the Western states, and is becoming more and more thought of all over the country and will be used more and more in the Eastern states as we become better acquainted with it, and find our stock of all kinds will thrive and fatten on it. — 7 he Practical Farmer. BUREAU OF FORESTRY. The Bureau of Forestry of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture continues to re- ceive requests for advice and assistance in the management of private woolands in the South. One of the latest requests is for a working plan for 1,000,000 acres of longleaf pine land in southeastern Texas, the property of the Kirby Lumber Co. and the Houston Oil Co. , of Texas. The holdings of these companies cover about eighty per cent of the virgin forest of longleaf pine in Texas. The officials state that they are anxious to exploit their forests on scientific lines, cutting the mer- chantable timber in such a way as to in- sure protection to the young growth. A preliminary examination of this large tract will be made during the winter, by agents of the Bureau. All things con- sidered, this large area of timberland, if handled on the lines which the Bureau will advise, should prove to be one of the most interesting undertakings in the line of forestry by private owners yet attempted in the United States. The above request for assistance is but one of a number that have recently been received by the Bureau of Forestry. The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. has asked for a working plan for its tract of 125,000 acres of mixed hard and soft woods, situ- ated in Nicholas and Pocahontas counties, southeastern West Virginia. Burton & Co. has asked for an examination of their tract of 25,000 acres of pine line situated in Berkeley county, South Carolina. The East Tennessee Iron and Coal Co., owning 60.000 acres of hardwoods in the Cum- berland mountains, desires to cut its tim- ber on conservative lines, and has re- quested a preliminary examination of its tract. From North Carolina comes a request, from Mr. Hugh McEae. for advice in the handling of 16,000 acres of hardwood sit- uated near Grandfather Mountain. A re- quest has been received from the Georgia Iron & Coal Co., with headquarters at At- lanta, Ga. This company desires advice in the handling of two tracts; one of 16,- 000 acres in Bartow County, and the other of 30.000 acres in Dade County. An examination is also asked for by another firm, for 16,000 acres of pine land in Polk County, Ga. Agents of the Bureau of Forestry will inspect these tracts at an early date. A working plan is to be made this win- ter by the Bureau of Forestry for the woodlands belonging to the Okeetee Club the preliminary examination having al- ready been made. This tract is located in Beaufort and Hampton counties, South Carolina, and contains 60,000 acres of longleaf pine land. The foregoing include only the most re- cent requests for assistance from private owners in the South, The Bureau for more than a year past has been co-operat- ing in the handling of timber tracts in that section. At Sewanee, Tenn., the domain of the University of the South, consisting of 7,000 acres of hardwoods, is being lum- bered according to a working plan made THE IRRIGATION AGE. by the agents of the Bureau. A working plan has also been completed for 100,000 acres of pine lands in Arkansas, belonging to the Sawyer & Austin Lumber Company, of Pine Bluff. Another interesting piece of work just completed by the Bureau is a working plan for a tract of 60,000 acres in southeastern Missouri, belonging to the Deering Harvesting Co. of Chicago. Curing the summer the agents of the Bureau of Forestry nave been at work col- lecting the necessary data for a working plan for 85,000 acres in Polk and Monroe counties. East Tennessee. This tract is the property of U. S. Senator George Peabody Wetmore, of Rhode Island, and the timber consists of a wide range of hardwoods. A working plan has also been made during the past field season for a tract of 60,000 acres in the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee. In October, 1898, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, through its Division of Forestry, first offered to give practical assistance to farmers, lumbermen and others, in the handling of their forest lands. The response to this offer was im- mediate, and in three years private owners of over 4,000,000 acres of woodland have availed themselves of the opportunity. In no part of the country is \\ider in- terest being shown in conservative forest management by private owners, than in the Southern states. Up to date the amount of private lands in the South for which advice in handling has been asked of the Bureau, is 1,534,000 acres, and a very large part of the work which will be done by the Bureau for private owners in the immediate future will be in that sec- tion. The industrial development of the South on all sides during the last ten years has been remarkable, but no single industry has made greater strides than the lumber business. This is not surprising when it is considered that tho Southern states . contain a greater percentage of forest area than any other section of the United States, The South has become a very important factor in the lumber markets of the world, not only through its1 wealth of forests, but from the fact that it has unusually good transportation facilities. In reaching the home markets Southern lumbermen have the advantage of a number of excellent railroad systems to handle their products and such important seaports as Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, Tampa, New Orleans and Galveston, provide ex- cellent outlets through which to reach the foreign markets. Within recent years many lumbermen from the North have been attracted to the southern field ; the forests of Pennsylvania, Michigan and Wisconsin having been al- most exhausted, many of the leading woodmen of those states are now' engaged in cutting timber in the South. The for- ests of the three states just mentioned were once considered inexhaustible, but once lumbering begins in earnest no forest area is inexhaustible. The present condi- tion of the forests in many northern and eastern states is sufficient evidence on this point. The South now has a great army of lum- bermen cutting away its forests, and in spite of their great extent, unless the cut- ting is done on conservative lines, the day is not far distant when the conditions now existing in the North and East will be found there also. For this reason it is en- couraging to see the interest in practical forestry displayed by the owners of private timberlands. This tendency to cut timber conservatively, looking to the future value of the forests as well as to present profits, must be the safeguard. Conservative methods are now being taken up in the North when almost too late, and it will be greatly to the credit of southern lumber- men if they begin the protection of their forest in time ; taking to heart the sad ex- perience of people in other sections. In addition to more than a million and 98 THE IRRIGATION AGE. a half acres of private forest land in the South, the Bureau of Forestry has re- quests for the handling of more than 2,500,000 acres in other sections. Added to this are nearly 50,000,000 acres of United States forest reserves and state lands, for which the Bureau is asked for technical assistance from time to time. Not only have the people throughout the country shown interest in practical forestry, but congress at its last session so far recognized the importance of the gov- ernment's work in this line as to raise the Division of Forestry to the rank of a Bu- reau. The annual appropriation was also increased from $88,520 in 1900 to $185,440 in 1901. Still the demands upon the Bureau continue to greatly outstrip its re- sources. 1,000 KINDS OF GRASS IN AMERICA. A report on the work of the divison of agrostology of the Departure of Agricul- u re, since its organization in 1895, has been submitted to Secretary Wilson by Professor F. Lamson Scribner, the gov- ernment agrostologist. The report says that of the occupied public lands about 365.500,000 acres are now regarded as fit only for grazing pur- poses, and in addition there are 124,300,- 000 acres of forest land, the greater por- tion of which is also used for grazing. The relation of the grazing industry to forest reserves, the water supply, erosion etc. , the report says, can be solved only by long and careful investigation of the facts and conditions prevailing. As a result of the field work already done the department has been enabled to recom- mend to farmers and stockmen thorough- out the country the forage crop adapted to their conditions and special require- ments and to carry on experiments with forage plants likely to prove valuable in any particular region. Within the United States are grown over 1,000 species of grasses and, perhaps, 100 or more other plants of sufficient forage value to justify their investigation and cultivation. Because they are native, says the report they have been too often not only neglected, but abused, and in some cases partially exterminated. Many of these grasses have been sho vn by these investigations to take kindly to cultivation and produce much larger quantities of hay and pasture than ordinarily supposed. COAST'S GREAT RAISIN YIELD. The raisin industry of this country forms a subject of considerable interest because virtually the entire consumptive demand, which was formally met wholly by importation, is now supplied by the single state of California, the only rasin producing state in the Union. It is well known that no variety of na- tive American grape has yet been devel- oped suitable for the preparation of raisins. Over twenty-five years ago choice varieties of the raisin grape were introduced into California from Spain, the country from which our raisins were derived. The industry did not at once assume commercial proportions, but it is notable that so early as 1885, in the crop year ended September 1, 1886, the efforts of increased production in California began to be shown in a decrease of imports. In the fiscal year 1885-6 imports declined to 40,387,746 pounds from 53,703,220 pounds only two years previous. Productions in California on the other hand, began in that year to assume commercial propor- tions for the first time and amounted to 9,400,000 pounds against 3,500,000 pounds in the previous year. The impetus given to the industry at that time was never relaxed, production in- creased by leaps and bounds until in the crop year ended September 1, 1895, the high record mark was reached of 103,- 000,000 pounds. Naturally the effect up- on imports of this remarkable increase of IRE IRRIGATION AGE. production was very marked, and in the fiscal year 1894-5 they had fallen to 154,921,278 pounds. Since 1894 the production of raisins in California has declined, but this, it is claimed, has been due to adverse climatic condition and not to any decline of inter- est in the industry. Production, however has been almost equal to the demand and although imports have not wholly ceased, they are practically offset by exports of California raisins, which are now sent in small and experimental quantities to all parts of the world. The raisin producting section of Cali- fornia comprises ten counties — Fresno, Kern, Kings, Maderia, Mercer, Orange, San Bernardino, San Diego, Tulare and Yolo. It is estimated by some authorities that as many as 64,000 acres are devoted to the cultivation of the raisin grape in these counties. The City of Fresno, which is known throughout California as the "Raisin City," is the center of a section which produces about two-thirds of the entire output of the state. Eight months of sunshine and an abundance of water irrigation makes this the ideal grape pro- ducing section of the world. HERE IS A NEW WORLD TO CON- QUER. Some interesting facts regarding the great size and possibilities of our country were brought out at one of the recent hearings before the committee on irriga- tion and arid lands. It is not usually realized that an enormous area of our country, 600,000,000 acres in extent, lies unutilized. Of co.urse, a great deal of it i3 and always will be unfit for the support of a large population, but with proper management it is destined to become the home of thousands and even millions of people. This great tract lies entirely west of the Mississippi Valley and extends over the Rocky Mountains, the Great Desert and into California. Much of it at present is a barren and desolate wilderness, with too scanty a rainfall to provide the necessary moisture for any but the hardiest vegeta- tion. Irrigation is to effect the change. Years of successful experience in the artificial watering of land has proved be- yond doubt its wonderful efficiency in certain portions of this arid section — in California, in Colorado and elsewhere — so that it is but a question of capital and en- terprise before the whole large problem will be solved. Every year sees an ad. vance towards this desirable end. Congress has some phrases of the mat- ter constantly before it; United States Geological Survey has rendered valuable assistance in determining the flow of the rivers, which must be used for water supply, surveying and estimating the cost of dams and reservoirs and pointing out past mistakes and errors which may be avoided. Close the mind'-s eye for a moment and picture the accomplished result. Fifty million people added to the population east of the Missouri River, for this is the number of inhabitants the present waste lands are capable of supporting — a great nation in itself; an agricultural commun- ity, changing desolation into fruitful lands and creating a constantly increasing de- mand on Eastern manufactures, taxing to the utmost the carrying capacity of the great transcontinental railroad lines. It means a new and bright era of develop- ,ment for the country. £ ww ww wwww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww w f w l{ # W WWW WW WWW WWWW WWW WWWW V* V< VI VI VI VI V W ODDS AND ENDS SINCE WE GOT THE MORTGAGE PAID. We've done a lot of scrimpin' an' a-livin' hand-to-mouth, We've dreaded too wet weather an' we've worried over drouth. For the thing kept drawin' int'rest, whether crops were good or bad. An' raisin' much or little, seemed it swal- lowed all we had. The women folks were savin', an' there ain't a bit of doubt But that things they really needed lots of times they done without. So we've breathin' somewhat easy, an' we're feelin' less afraid Of Providence's workin's, since we got the mortgage paid. I wish I'd kept a record of the things that mortgage ate, In principal an' int'rest, from beginnin' down to date! — A hundred dozen chickens, likely fowl with yellow legs, A thousand pounds of butter an' twelve hundred dozen eggs. Some four or five good wheat crops, an' at least one crop of corn, An' oats an' rye,— it swallowed in its life- time, sure's you're born, Besides the work an' worry, ere its appe- tite was stayed! So we're feelin' more contented, since we got the mortgage paid. We've reached the point, I reckon, where we've got a right to rest. An' loaf around, an' visit, wear our go-to- meetin' best, — Neglectin' nothin' urgent, understand, about the place, But simply slowin' down a bit, an' restin' in the race! In time I'll get the windmill I've been wantin', I suppose; The girls can have their organ, an' we'll all wear better clothes. For we've always pulled together, while we saved an' scrimped an' prayed, An' it seems there's more to work for since we got the mortgage paid. — Orange Jndd farmer. A PROUD FATHER. The Kansas City Journal thus quotes an old Misouri man: "I've a daughter that's the handsomest young woman in our town. She's mor'n that; she's smarter 'n lightin' — smarter 'n Jim Blaine. She made the vale-o'-victory speech in high school last summer, an' she's now learnin' all about the shorthand pot-hangers in a private business college. But I ain't a-goin' to let her stop theer. By Jingo," and he brought down his knife handle with a bang on the table— "I'll never, never let up till her eddication is finished in the best cemetery in the land. I guess I know what life is, gents, and don't you forgit it. I've served in the calvary myself for mor'n five years, an' had a hand in the lit- tle game over in Cuby. Any man that served in Uncle Sam's calvary, and he needn't be one of Rosey's rough riders nayther, ain't worth a dose of this oyster stew if he don't know life." A MONUMENT TO JENNIE WADE. There was unveiled last week on the battlefield of Gettysburg a monument which commemorates one of the most touching and picturesque incidents of the THE IRRIGA110N AGE. 101 great war. When the great battle of Get- tysburg was fought a modest brick cottage stood Where the fight was thickest. It was occupied by Miss Jennie Wade and her mother. Both were in full and ear- nest sympathy with the Union and while the tide of battle rose and fell the two women busied themselves in drawing water from the well near the house and filling the empty canteens of the soldiers. Their spare moments were occupied in tender services to the dead and wounded of the Union armies, many of whom were brought into the yard surrounding the Wade house and laid on the grass under the shading trees. On the second day of the battle Miss Wade with her mother started to cook food for the almost ex- hausted soldiers and while at work a minie ball crashed through the house and struck her in the head, death being instant. No movement to raise a stone over her grave was started until a party of Iowa women, members of the> Relief Corps, visited the battlefield last year. One of the party was a sister of Miss Wade and is now prominent in the work of that corps. Ac- cordingly it was suggested that the loyal women of Iowa should undertake to build the monument. The movement was suc- cessful from the start and the monument which was recently unveiled is among the handsomest and most significant on the historic battlefield. FRISCO LINE HO! FOR iUREKA SPRINGS, FmscoLiNE THE CRESCENT HOTEL. This palatial hostelry will reopen the first day of March, from which time it will remain constantly open. EUREKA SPRINGS is pre-eminently an all-the-year-rouml resort— not too hot nor too cold. The temperature is equalized in the most remarkable way, and there is ALWAYS A TONIC in the pure mountain air. Healthgiving waters, cold and sparkling, abundantly and unceasingly flow, holding A BALM FOR EVERY ILL. THE CRESCENT is a n ideal place to rest after a winter's campaign in the social whirl. THROUGH SLEEPERS VIA. BRYAN SNYDER. C.P.A.St. L. &S. F. R. R., St. Louis. Mo. FRISCO LINE I C. B. PARKER, Formerly of Lincoln, Neb., NOW OF CHICAGO, Is here to demonstrate to the doubting world his infal- lible CURE FOR RHEUMATISM of any length of standing, by his MEDICATED EXTERNAL, TREATMENT, by which the uric acid in the blood is neutralized and the patient cured in two to six weeks. Treatment painless, harmless and infallible. Consultation and examination free. Adress, General Delivery, Chicago. C. B. PA.RK&R. GREAT SALT LAKE ROUTE ,The only direct line to the Dintah and Uncompachre Indian Reservations IN UTAH. * Millions of 1' homes .now awaiting settlement In a land fair and rich. Resources unlimited. The Rio Grande Western Ry. traverses the richest valleys of Utah, which can be made to provide all the necessaries and many of the comforts', of life. .'. .'. .'. Write to F. A. Wadleigh, Salt Lake City, lor Copies of pamphlets, etc The MIJLK Montana. OOVERNriENT LAND can be easily and cheaply irrigated from running streams and storage reservoirs. Five co- operative farmer ditches in the vicinity of Chinook, Yantic and Harlem. Land can be bought with water right, or colonies of far- mers can build their own ditches. Land pro- duces all the staple grain and root crops. Good markets and shipping facilities. Bench lands furnish fine range for horses, cattle and sheep. Rich gold, silver and copper mines and timber in the Little Rockies and Bear Paw Mountains, along the southern edge of the Valley. Large veins of coal crop out of the river and creek bottoms. .'. .-. .•. For information and printed matter, ad- dress W. M. WOOLDR1DGE, Chinook, Mont. For particulars about the Teton Valley Colony,write to Z.T. BURTON, Burton, Mont. For routes and rates to Montana points and descriptive matter, address F. I. WHITNEY, G. P. and T. A., Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn AD VER 1 ISEMENTS. Always Fresh. Always the Best. RISK 'S EEDS are sold everywhere. 1901 Seed Annual free. D. M. FERRY & CO., DETROIT, MICH. ic Engine Pumps water by water power. No attention — NEVER STOPS. Put in place of RAMS, WINDMILLS, GAS AND mmm HOT AIR ENGINES. Catalogue free. BITE EVcJIlTS CO., 126 Liberty Street, New York. INCUBATOR ON TRIAL The Perfected Von Culin. Successful result of 25 years' experience. Scientifically correct, practically perfect. Non-explosive metal lamps. Double and packed walls. Perfect regulation of heat and ventilation. Made of best materials, and highest quality of workmanship and finish. PRICES $7.00 AND UP. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR NO PAT. We make Brooders, Bee Hives & Supplies. B3T" Catalog and Price List sent Free. THE W.T. FALCONER MFG. CO., Dept. Jamestown, N.Y. BUY A T WHOLESALE and save all intermediate profits and expenses. Traveling men's ( vpenses. agents' and dealers' commissions, losses on bad accounts, etc. We have no Agents* We sell to you direct from our factory at wholesale prices. We are the larg- est manufacturers of vehicles and harness In the world gelling; to the consumer exclusively. You may not have been accustomed to dealing this way but just one trial will convince you of its advantages. We are not dealers No. 81 4— Threwjpri riage. Price, complete, Extension-Top Car- lamps, fenders, cur- No. 100— Double Bug Harness. Price, full nicl as good tains, storm apron and pole or shafts, $65; usual retail price, $9.1. % or jobbers. We make every article we sell. 170 styles of vehicles and 65 trimmed, $17; styles of harness to select from- No retails for $25. matter where you live, we can reach you. We ship our good* anywhere for examination »nd guarantee and warrant everything. Send for our large Illustrated Catalogue— FREE. Elkhart Carriage and Harness MfSfCo. VVr!',!^"- Elkhart. Indiana. "I A/» I ft Silver Pays for Your Name IvFv in the American Farmers' Di- rectory, which goes whirling all over the United States to publishers, etc., and you will get hundreds of free sample copies of agricultural journals, magazines, news- papers, etc., etc., for two years or more You will alsoget free copiesof books, cat alogues, circulars, etc. of the latest improved farm implements and machinery, and be kept posted upon the latest improved implements You will get more good reading matter than you could purchase for many times the small cost of ten cents We want every farmer's name in the United States in our Directory at once Address Farmers Directory Co., P. O, Box 326 Birmingham, Ala. One Year's Subscription FREE to any Magazine or Newspaper, send 10 cents and receive prepaid to any addre over 100 different Sample Copies to selec. from, Am. Newspaper Union, 112-H4 Lawrence St. N.Y ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT. The American Bee Keeper. (Now in its ten^h year. ) An illustrated journal of practical bee- keeping. Published monthly at 50 CTS. A YEAR its contributors are of the word's most successful apiarists. Edited by a practical bee-keeper of wide experience. Bright, Newsy, Instructive and UP-to- Dste. Sample Copy free. AMERICAN BEE-KEEPER, FALCONER, N. Y. DIGS POTATOES 1 Rapid Clean and Cheap. ra!L"HOOVER" . By mentioning this f paper you can get ( " lustrated book free. HOOVER, PROUT&CO. Avery, Ohio. Subaqueous Tunnels for Gas Mains. By W. W. Cummings. Discussion by Howard A. Carson, C. M. Saville, Robert A Shailer and author, of Bos- ton Society of Civil Engineers. Flood Heights in the Lower Mississippi. By Linus W. Brown. Discussion by H. B. Tlichardson, B. M. Harrod, Wm. Joseph Hardee, Sydney F. Lewis and author, of Louisiana Engineer- ing Society. Journal of the Association of En- gineering Societies, June 1901. 30 cts. per copy; $3.00 per annum. JOHN C. TRAUTWINE, Jr., Sec'y. 257 So. 4th St., Phila. .• A PUBLIC WRITER. 40 T^ JOEL SHOMAKER, late editor of The National Farmer and Tn Dairyman, has severed his connection with that publication and AQ resumed the work of a public writer. He writes advertisements, 4^ circulars, price lists and booklets for business men; prepares 4^ essays and speeches and criticises manuscript for students and "*< teachers; compiles histories, genealogies, biographies and rem- 2o iniscences for families; and writes stories, sketches and general ^o articles for newspapers and magazines. He answers questions 40 about Washington and the West if stamps areenclosed, and gives 4^ instruction on Journalism at reasonable rates. His field of labor 41 reaches every State and Canada and Mexico. Editors of agri- ^ cultural, sporting and travel publications will cheerfully testify j% to his abilities as a writer and capable instructor. Address him jo at North Yakima Washington, if in need -of his services in any line. \j^' \fr ^ ofr or $T THE AMERICAN SUGAR INDUSTRY A practical manual on the production of Sugar Beets and Sugar Cane, and on the manufacture of Sugar therefrom Prefaced by a Treatise on the Economic Aspects of the Whole Sugar Question and its Bearings Upon American Agriculture, Manufactures, Labor and Capital A HANDBOOK FOR THE FARMER OR MANUFACTURER, CAPITALIST OR LABORER, STATESMAN OR STUDENT By HERBERT MYRICK Editor of ^American Agriculturist of New York, Orange Judd Farmer of Chicago. Treasurer American Sugar Growers' Society, Etc. FROM THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE b«t especially in the Congress of the United States and by American Statesmen at home and abroad. National legislation favorable to the development of our domestic sugar-producing industry was enacled by Congres^ during the summer of 1897. This was followed by a phenomenal interest in America's domestic su-^ar industry, which, however, gave way to uncertainty with the advent of the Spanish war and the problems raised thereby. Provided those problems are now solved with due regard for American interests, it only needs proper direction and right management to secure for the United States large and permanent good from a vast development of its domestic sugar-producing industry. Many of those best capable of judging have been kind enough to partly attribute the promising outlook for this new industry, at the outbreak of the Spanish war, to the bcok referred to, to the American Sugar Growers' Society organized by the author, and to the agricultural journals under his editorial direction. This would seem to impose upon the author a moral obligation to do whatever lies in his power to help the industry through its new politico-economic crisis. It also seems incumbent upon the author to present the important scientific, practical and financial results of the seasons of 1897 an^ J^9^> *n addition to the fruits of all prior experience. Thus, unfortunate and costly mistakes in this new industry may be avoided, and uniform success attained by both fanner and capitalist. BEET SUGAR IS THE ONLY BUSINESS FOR THE FARMER AND INVESTOR THAT IS NOT OVERDONE— THAT OFFERS A FREE FIELD This book is the only complete, up-to-date epitome of this new and promising industry. It covers just the pc A perta' establish the industry in any given locality. It is not theory, but is a statement of adbial fadts from successful experience in the United States, east and west, north and south. Size nearly 10 x 7 inches, over 240 pages, nearly 200 illustrations (many of tnem full-page plates from n»a«rniiiccnt photographs taken specially for this work), superbly printed, bound in cloth and gold. 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CALL ON OR ADDRESS ANY AGENT OF THE COMPANY, OR THE GENERAL PASSENGER AGENT AT ST. LOUIS. AMERICAS MOST POPULAR RAILROAD | PERFECT PASSENGER SERVICE BETWEEN AND CHICAGO AND ST. LOU IS, CHICAGO AND PEORIA, Through Pullman service between Chicago and r~ - HOT SPRINGS, Ark., DENVER.Colo TEXAS, FLORIDA, UTAH, CALIFORNIA AND OREGON. If you are contemplating a trip, any portion of which can be made over the Chicago & Alton, it will pay you to write to the undersigned for maps, pamph- lets, rates, time tables, etc. JAMES CHARLTON, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.. fiawy Medical College EVENING CLINICS AND BEDSIDE WORK. PATIENTS IN ABUNDANCE. Professor Zoethout's Class in Laboratory Physiology. One Section Sophomore Class. EVENING SCIENTIFIC WORK. VISIT THE LABORA- TORIES. Physico-Phvsiological Laboratory. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED ANNOUNCEMENT. flnatomy. Physiology and Chemistry in numfttr of Dours and quality of teaching not excelled in any college in Chicago. » 167, 169, 171 SOUTH CLARK STREET FRANCES DICKINSON, M. D., PRES. CHICAGO THE IRRIGATION AGE. AN ILLUSTRATED HONTHLY. Entered at the Post Office at Chicago, 111., as second-class matter. THE IRRIGATION AGE is a Journal of Western America, recognized throughout the World as the exponent of Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer journal of its kind in the world and has no rival in half a continent. It advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West. CONTENTS FOR DECEMBER, 1901. The Progress of Western America. Reclaiming the Arid Lands. 77 Irrigating the Garden 77 National Irrigation 78 Interesting Contributed Articles. Irrigation in India and America 79 ( \, Irrigation for the West 83 Interest in forest Preservation ;. 88 Construction of Storage Reservoir 91 Diversified Farm. A New Cereal 93 Money in Barley 94 Alfalfa in New York 95 i Bureau of Forestry 96 One Thousand Kinds of Grass in America 98 ! Coast's Great Raisin Yield 98 Here is a New World to Conquer 99 Odds and Ends. Since we got the Mortgage Paid ........................................ 100 A Proud Father ........................... ............................... 100 A Monument to Jennie Wade.. . 100 TERMS:— $1.00 a year in advance; 10 cents a number. Foreign postage 50 cents a year additional. Subscribers may remit to us by postage or express money orders, drafts on Chicago or New York or registered letters. Checks on local banks must include twen- ty-five cents for exchange. Money in letter is at sender's risk. Renew as early as possible in order to avoid a break in the receipt of the numbers. Bookdealers, post- masters and newsdealers receive subscriptions. J. E. FORREST, Publisher. 916 W. Harrison Street, CHICAGO. ( ) ( » I ( ) II