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THE

' IRRIGATION AGE^

ESTABLISHED 1885

WITH WHICH 15 MERGED

THEDRADttfiEJOURKAL

• ESTABLISHED 1879

Morris ina-
chine Works

BALDW1NSV1LLE.N.Y.

Centrifugal Pumping Machinery,
designed for any irrigating p'op-
ositi3ii. Send details or specifica-
tions ot what is wanted and we
will recommend a pumping outfit
to supply the need.

N'ew York office,
39-41 Cortlandt Street

Houston office,

208 Main Street. Texas

Henion & Hubbcll, Agents,

61 N. Jefferson Street. Chicago, Ml,

Harron, Kickard & McCone,

Agents, 21 Fremont Street,

Sau Francisco, Cal.

PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION

^ DRAINAGE

NOVEMBER,
1903.

THED.H.ANDERSON
PUBLISHING CO,

Publishers.

112 DEARBORN ST..

CHICAGO.

SPECIAL

FEATURES

Why State and Federal Gov-
ernment Should Co-
operate

JPrimer of Irrigation
State Progress in Wyoming!

Silas Thornapple on "Gittin*
A Home"

', •«•: o°. ••:.• •». .' ;

V °.J • « °.J !•••<> 2: :

: .••.;",;:•«::*.' •.•:..:«.:•..• :

k^«XK*4tW^K~:>*'***^

Keep Your ^ on the Challenge
Line of Irrigation Machinery.

Challenge Gasoline Engines

FIVE HORSE POWER WITH PUMP JACK

Strongest and simplest Engine ever constructed. Has Friction Clutch for throwing
Pump Jack out of gear. Has all latest appliances for convenience in handling.

t

¥
t

I

Has Stroke

12 inch.
16 inch.
20 inch.
24 inch.

GET OUR PRICES

Furnished either
Mounted or Sta-
tionary. We also
build \y2 H. P.,
2 H. P. and 3 H.
P. Engines with
Pump Jacks.

1

Y
|
t

I

Dandy Irrigator Wind Mills

1VOTHIKG TO

WITH THBJM

Note its Simplio
ity, Compactness,
Immense strength

z

Brass or Graphite

Bearings.

«

* Roller Bearings

for Turn Table.

Heaviest and
Strongest Wind
Mill ever offered
for sale.

It is everlasting
and has no equal.

Headquarters for all Kinds

of Water Supply

Goods.

The
Dandy

This cut shows the £

working and wearing X
parts of our large

sizes of Dandy Mills. *••

They are particularly X
adapted for irriga- X
tion pumping.

Write for Catalog

BRANCH HOUSES:

DALLAS, •
KANSAS CITY,
MINNEAPOLIS,
OMAHA, •
136 Liberty St.,

TEX.

MO.

MINN.

NEB.

2C

NEW YORK

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I

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THE IRRIGATION AGE.

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TO PRODUCE WATER.

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Sizes: 6 to 16 feet.

WE MANUFACTURE A COMPLETE LINE

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PUMPS, CYLINDERS, TANKS, ETC.

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If you wish to be independent of the vary-
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Made in 2, 3^, 6, 8 and 16 H. P. They are
very simple, being free from the intricate
devices which characterize so many engines.
They are Powerful and Reliable.

Dempster Well Machinery affords the best way
of making wells in any formation. You can
use Horse Power, Steam, or Gas Engine.
We will gladly send illustrated reading
matter concerning any of our goods and
supply any imformation which we can give.

Dempster Mill Mfg. Co

FACTORY: BEATRICE, NEB.

Branches: Kansas City, Omaha.. Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

100,000 NEW DEERE SULKIES AND GANGS

(will be plowing on the farms of the United States and Canada
this fall. Will there be any on your farm?

are made by skilled workmen, in the largest Plow Shop in
America, of the best plow material the world can produce.
They have been the Standard for sixty-five years._ They
give satisfactory service for years after plows of inferior con-
struction have been cast in the scrap pile.

Send fix cents to* a handsome souvenir and a year'* mubscrlp-
tlon to THE FURROW, * beautifully Illustrated farm Quarterly.

DEERE & CO., Moline, Ills.

WEN'S IMPROVED {

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSl

Extensively used in paper and pulp mills, dye houses, bleacheries,
tanneries, dry docks,

DRAINING AND IRRIGATION OF LAND.

Pond pumping, circulating water in surface condensers, pumping
sand, gravel or gritty water. In fact, adapted for raising any
liquid in large or small quantities. Write for catalogues.

BOLAND (SL GSCHWIND COMPANY. Ltd.,

Office and Works. Melpomene, Chippewa and St Thomas streets - - New Orleans, La. I

|

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t4+94++e44+*++*++t**«+++*++«*+*46++44«+4+44t*44****4****+********4**$

i

i

Published Monthly by Modern Irrigation Publishing Company, Denver, Colorado
D. H. ANDERSON, Prest. CEO. W. WAGNER, Secy.-Treas.

This magazine is the second oldest journal of its class in the world and is read regularly by 11,000 irrigation farmers and
dealers in farm implements, irrigation machinery of all kinds, vehicles and accessory lines throughout Colorado, Western
Kansas and Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho and New Mexico. Advertising rates furnished by addressing

D. H. ANDERSON, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, or GEO. W. WAGNER, care MODERN IRRIGATION, Denver, Colorado.

I

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

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THE BUCKEYE TRACTION DITCHER

A winning proposition in a.ny kind of soil.

A
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CUTTING

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INCHES

TO

TWENTY-

FOUR

INCHES

IN

WIDTH

AND

FROM

FOUR

AND

ONE-HALF

TO

SIX

AND

ONE-HALF

FEET

IN

DEPTH

This cut shows The Buckeye just starting a trench with
grading targets out ahead. The BUCKEYE positively cuts
to a perfect grade, and to its full depth with one cut.

EVERY USER GIVES HIS ENTHUSIASTIC ENDORSEMENT.

The Van Buren, Heck & Marvin Co.

FINDLAY, OHIO, U. S. A.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.
ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 ii iimiiii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii ii 1 1 1 IMI ii 1 1 IIH-+MIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii-

EVANS POTATO PLANTER

Acknowledged to be the best and simplest
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Made in both Plain and
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SEND FOR FREE CATALOGUES

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Please mention Irrigation Age.
H-l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I M I I I++I+-

ii mi i MM 111 1

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX.

CHICAGO, NOVEMBER, 1903.

No. i.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,

PUBLISHERS,
112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Entered at the Postoffice at Chicago, 111., as Second-Class Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, 11.00

To Canada and Mexico, 1.00

All Other Foreign Countries 1.50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks.
Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recognized throughout the world as
the exponent ot Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival 'n half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

T.~, f p-t-po-j-j fi Q- -j-/-\ A A -vrpff-f <5Pf^ ^' ma^ *nteres* advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication

Llt>ei5>. ta the worW having an actual paid in advance Circuiation among individual

irrigators and large irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world.
The Irrigation Age is 18 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITORIAL

MAXWELL-TONS' "BRAYS" ARE BONNIE.

When it comes to advertising, Maxwell is up to
date. Through his news bureau he sent out to the news-
papers, three weeks in advance of the meeting of the
Irrigation Congress, the speech he delivered before that
body. In the copies thus sent out appeared the follow-
ing, in parentheses: "The congress was electrified";
"This eloquent outburst brought the delegates to their
feet" ; "The great champion of irrigation was applauded
to the echo"; "The audience went wild."

The delegates who were present, heard the speech,
and noted the oppressive silence with which his "out-
bursts of eloquence" were received, are having a merry
laugh at the newspapers that were gulled into printing
the "bureau's" advance reports. — The A rizona Blade.

Maxwell,
Newell,
Hitchcock
& Co.

The combination known as Maxwell, New-
ell, Hitchcock & Co., are pushing work
on the Tonto dam in Arizona for fear
that something may happen to stop it
before they get under full headway.
Some day the inside history of all this
work will be written and some day, also,
the farmers who are signing an agreement to pay $15
on each acre served by this dam, will awaken. Perhaps
it is, on the whole, a good thing to give this combin-
ation plenty of rope. Perhaps — you probably know the
old storv about the Romans on the sand hill.

The editor of IRRIGATION AGE returned

,-., recently from an extended trip through

Observations. , i ,T . » .

Colorado, New Mexico and parts ot Ari-
zona and old Mexico where he secured a
lot of data for future articles in these columns. The
work along lines of irrigation controlled bv private capi-
tal was never more active than at present. Large sums
of money are being expended by promoters of pro-
jects independent of government assistance. One strik-
ing feature observed in Colorado, New Mexico and
Texas is the unusual attention given to under flow and
the large amount of new work projected along the
line of pump work for irrigation. This is particularly
noticeable along the valley of the Rio Grande, both in
New Mexico and Texas.

The splendid work accomplished by the faculty
of the New Mexico College of Agriculture, at Mesilla
Park, is attractiiig wide attention throughout the west,
as well as in all other sections where lifting a large vol-
ume of water from an underground flow is impor-
tant to agricultural or other pursuits.

The pumping plant at this station is under the
charge of Professors John J. Vernon and Francis E.
Lester. It is our intention to begin with our December
number the publication of bulletin No. 45 issued by this
station. This bulletin, which is finely illustrated, will
run through several numbers of THE AGE. Professor
Luther Foster, president of the college and director of
the station, is very much interested in this line of
work and offers every encouragement to Professors
Vernon and Lester in their investigations.

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

"Silas."

J. A. Char-
ter, M. E.

Bead what Silas Thornapple has to say
in another column concerning "Ozone
George" and "home gittin.' "

We are presenting in this issue a portrait
of Mr. J. A. Charter, of Fairbanks, Morse

& Co., Chicago, who acted as one of the
delegates from Illinois to the Eleventh National Irri-
gation Congress. Mr. Charter is an expert on pumping
machinery for irrigation purposes and is very much in-
terested in work along these lines, which is now receiv-
ing such general attention throughout the west. Fair-
banks, Morse & Co. are making an active campaign
through Mr. Charter and their many branch houses
throughout the west for their share of this business.

With this issue we appear as Number 1 of
Volume Volume 19 of THE IRRIGATION AGE. One
Nineteen. yeair ago the size of this journal was

changed from standard magazine to its
present form. This change was made to accommodate
larger illustrations and permit us to present a more
attractive front to our readers. This with other im-
provements has very materially aided us in building up
a much larger subscription list and enables the AGE to
more easily maintain a position which by age it is right-
fully entitled, viz., that of the leading and best irriga-
tion magazine of the world. The circulation of this
magazine has increased from 9,000 to over 22,000 copies,
and all within a period of two years. This increase is
due largely to the unusual interest throughout the coun-
try in irrigation matters as well as to the improvement
in quality of matter furnished our readers.

Beginning with its issue of November,
"Modern Modern Irrigation, published at Denver,
Irrigation." Colo., and second in point of age to THE

IRRIGATION AGE, passes into new control.
This magazine, which is the successor of The Irrigation
Era, Arid America, and a number of other western pub-
lications devoted to irrigation and agriculture, will be
published by The Modern Irrigation Publishing Com-
pany, Denver, of which D. H. Anderson, of THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE, is president, and George W. Wagner, a well-
known publisher of Denver, is secretary and treasurer.

In this connection it may not be out of place to
say that advertisers desirous of developing trade among
irrigation farmers, irrigation corporations and dealers
in implements, vehicles and accessory lines throughout
the western states, will find these two publications the
VERY BEST medium. All correspondence concerning ad-
vertising, etc., may be directed to the D. H. Anderson
Publishing Company, 112 Dearborn street, Chicago.

It was the coddling moth that lost Utah
Coddling: the prize of the Clark loving cup at the
Moths and exhibition connected with the recent Elev-
Canker enth National Irrigation Congress at

Worms. Ogden, Utah. Dosch of the awarding com-

mittee said : "It was too bad, Utah ought
to have the cup, but it will teach their fruit growers a
lesson."

Oregon and Washington felt barred from compet-
ing for the cup on account of the same coddling moth.

It will indeed be a lesson to fruit growers, and to
apply the lesson to matters equally as important, adding
the canker worm, likewise a destructive agent, we wish
to say that there is nothing of good, beneficial, or for
the public welfare that is not tainted by coddling moths
and canker worms, constantly gnawing, gnawing, and
depositing baneful germs to ripen and corrupt the
whole mass.

The majority of the delegates to the Eleventh
National Irrigation Congress now understand clearly
the deleterious influences secretly at work to destroy the
universal objects and aims of their congress, and turn
it into a cover, disguise, backing for the private designs
of personal schemers, who are constantly quoting the
maxims of honesty, morality, public good, and President
Eoosevelt while undermining all of them in the dark.

Let no delegate forget the truism of the wise bard :
"The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose," and
watch the trend of events as they gradually center upon
the Twelfth National Irrigation Congress to be held at
El Paso in 1904. Observe the cunning work that will
be done during the coming year to gain the control of
that Congress and debauch it from its purpose with a
private scheme, a cover for land and water grabbing syn-
dicates. And while these coddling moths and canker
worms are busily engaged in destroying the fair fruit
of the irrigation law, observe, also, the "spraying" THE
IRRIGATION AGE will apply to them in accordance with
the suggestion made by Commissioner S. T. Whitaker,
director-general of the Utah exhibit at the St. Louis
exposition.

The editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE has
El Paso, recently returned from an extended south-
Texas, western trip, on which he visited Colo-
rado, Kansas, New Mexico, Arizona,
Texas' and parts of Old Mexico. His objective point
on leaving Chicago was El Paso, Tex., with a view to
studying the possibilities of that city as a point for
holding the next Irrigation Congress, and to give our
readers some idea of the advantages of that city so far
as handling a large crowd of people is concerned.

Our impressions of the city of El Paso leads us to
believe that it is destined to become a great commercial
metropolis of a vast region. Nature has given her the
position, and the laws of trade, like the laws of nature,

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

will always assert themselves. Her position relatively
and very significantly is equi-distant from the great
cities of Mexico, San Francisco, St. Louis, New Or-
leans, Kansas City and Galveston, the distances from
each of these cities being about 1,100 miles. It can
readily be seen that this distance is sufficient to permit
for El Paso the development of a large wholesale or
jobbing trade, and that it is too far from each of these
points to come into competition or rivalry with any
of them, and as she has direct railroad communication'
with all of them, there is no doubt but that as her job-
bing trade develops, and the present number of manu-
factories which are already established is increased, she
will control a goodly share of the trade of her. natural
field. All of the cities named are competing for her
trade and for the trade of Mexico through her, which
naturally makes El Paso a great railway center. The
commerce of Chihuahua, Durango, Zazatecas and other
Mexican states which are cut off from the ocean by high
mountain ranges, is now passing through that city.

The vast extent of territory tributary to El Paso,
and her position as the pathway of the immense trade
that will in the course of time be carried on between
the two republics and the states of Central and South
America, give her, to the observer, a commercial future
which the mind of the business man may readily grasp.

In point of destiny it occurs to us that El Paso
is entitled to rank with any of the great cities men-
tioned above, and by the time she is as old — and re-
member now that we are speaking of the new El Paso —
as Denver or Kansas City, she will equal, or it is no
stretch of the imagination to say that she may outstrip
them.

El Paso is entitled, it seems to us, to consideration
by investors throughout the country, as there is great
opportunity for the investment of money in business
buildings as well as residences. Rents in the city are
at the present time extremely high, owing to shortage
of available home property. Five room cottages are
renting today for $35 and $40 per month.

One strong feature that the average visitor at El
Paso perhaps overlooks is, that the Mexican Central
Railway and its 1,225 miles between there and the City
of Mexico, passes through twenty-one cities having a
population of over 1,000,000 inhabitants. Lying, as she
does, on the American side of the Rio Grande river in
the center of a great district including western Texas,
southern New Mexico and eastern Arizona which is
directly tributary by reason of the network of railways
which center there, her position from a commercial
standpoint is assured. The railways entering this city
are the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Southern Pa-
cific, Texas Pacific, Galveston, Houston & San Antonio,
the Mexican Central, the El Paso & Southwestern, the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and what is known as
the Bisbee Railway, a line reaching over into the min-

ing districts of Arizona, which has opened up a terri-
tory of remarkable richness and wealth, which will be
entirely dependent on El Paso for supplies.

A representative of IRRIGATION AGE is at present
in El Paso with a view to prepare a finely illustrated
article showing the principal buildings, etc. El Paso
is well equipped with hotels and is amply able to enter-
tain the 2,000 visitors which her hospitable citizens will
welcome at the time of the Twelfth National Irriga-
tion Congress in November, 1904.

The "Twin Falls Project" is one of the

Twin Falls stupendous engineering feats that little is

Project. said about, because they seem impossible.

Nevertheless, it is purposed raising Snake

river, Idaho, by means of dams placed

at a point in the rvier about twenty-five miles above

the world-famed Shoshone Falls. This will enable the

waters to be distributed over a tract comprising 244,000

•acres of waste sage brush land on both sides of the

river.

The work is already well under way, the Nelson
Bennett Company, of Tacoma, Wash., who are con-
structing the ditch, having twenty sub-contractors at
work, at intervals one mile apart below the town of
Milner.

Few are found these days who oppose the
Is Irrigation steps taken by the National Government
An Evil ? to encourage irrigation in the arid West.
Yet there are some who assert that exten-
sive irrigation will result in too much
competition for the farmers of the humid sections.
They argue that the reclaiming of, say, a hundred mil-
lion acres of arid land with the consequent entry of their
products into the markets will have the inevitable
effect of reducing prices for all. But they do not stop
to think that these results are rendered impossible by
the fact that the population of the United States is
growing faster than farm expansion is making headway ;
the market for farm products is constantly enlarging
instead of diminishing. Another thing: Irrigated soil
and humid soil are distinguished as a rule by distinct
kinds of crops, peculiarly adaptable to each. The for-
mer- caters more to the raising of alfalfa and fruits ;
the latter principally to wheat and other grains. Irri-
gated lands are able to grow almost anything, but they
are far too valuable to devote to the cultivation of grain
when more money is made in other products. For this
reason the humid regions will forever be left free to
raise their wheat and corn and other products without
much fear of competition from districts reclaimed by
artificial watering.

The great stock raising advantages of the West are
made possible by the existence of irrigation which per-
mits the growing of alfalfa and other splendid fodder
plants. Range is becoming very much restricted and
recourse must be had to pasture.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

WHY AND HOW STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERN-
MENT SHOULD CO-OPERATE FOR IRRIGATION.

F. H. RAY, HELENA, MONT.*

Reclamation of the arid West will be hastened by
intelligent co-operation of State and Federal Govern-
ments. State and nation have separate interests a? well
as a common interest in such reclamation ; each have
work to do in connection therewith that the other can
not perform; there need be no conflict of authority or
complications between them, and wise state laws will
remove many existing obstacles.

The national irrigation law was a long advance step,
for which much credit is due President Roosevelt, the
National Irrigation Association, Elwoocl Mead, and
many others. The idea held by. some, however, that
the entire work of reclamation should henceforth be left
to, or will be accomplished by the Federal Government,
is wrong. Government funds are not available for the
stupendous task; and reclamation, as in the past, will
continue to be accomplished most largely by private
enterprise.

The national irrigation law wisely recognized the
domain and function of the State by expressly provid-
ing in Section 8, "that nothing in this Act shall be
construed as affecting or intended to affect or to in
any way interfere with the laws of any state or terri-
tory relating to the control, appropriation, use or dis-
tribution of water used in irrigation, or any vested right
acquired thereunder, and the Secretary of the Interior,
in carrying out the provisions of this Act, shall pro-
ceed in conformity with such laws."

President Roosevelt in his first message to Con-
gress grasped the situation and indicated what the
states should do. He said : "The security and value
of the homes created depend largely on the stability of
titles to water; but the majority of these rest on the
uncertain foundation of court decisions rendered in or-
dinary suits at law. With a few creditable exceptions
the arid states have failed to provide for the certain
and just divison of streams in time of scarcity. Lax
and uncertain laws have made it possible to establish
rights to water in excess of actual use or necessities.
In the arid state the only right to water which should
be recognized is that of use. In irrigation this right
should attach to the land reclaimed and be inseparable
therefrom. Granting perpetual water rights to other
than users, without compensation to the public, is open
to all the objections which apply to giving away per-
petual franchises to the public utilities of cities."

Secretary Wilson, in his 1901 report, said : "What-
ever aid Congress extends should be conditioned on the
enactment of proper irrigation codes by the states and
made to promote the -greater efficiency and success of
such laws rather than interfere with their operation."
He thus clearly recognized the right relation between
nation and state.

VITAL IMPORTANCE OF WATER TITLES.

With land abundant and water scarce possession
of water is the keystone in our western agricultural
arch, or as stated by President Harrison, "Whoever
controls a river practically owns the land it waters,
no matter who has title to land." Under such condi-
tions the title to water is of vital importance and just
laws governing its ownership and use are the neces-
sary foundation for agricultural development.

Unfortunately this phase of the subject was, ex-

* Paper read before Eleventh National Irrigation Congress

cepting in Wyoming, Nebraska, and Colorado, neglected
until 1898. Attention was then called to it in Agri-
cultural Department Bulletin No. 58, by Elwood Mead,
Chief of Irrigation Investigation. Since then that office
has in other bulletins, notably Nos. 86, 96, 100 and
104, diffused much valuable information gathered by
competent investigators in several states and demon-
strating the urgent need for state legislation. Efforts
for such legislation was successfully made in Utah and
Idaho last winter, but failed in California and Montana.

Let us consider, very briefly, existing conditions
as to water titles. Titles to water should be as defi-
nite, as easily ascertained, as secure and free from liti-
gation as land titles; this much is due the settler, the
distant investor, and is requisite for the general wel-
fare. Instead of this desirable condition there prevails
in most of the arid states indefinite, insecure titles,
excessive decrees, streams over-appropriated, many local-
ities where it is easier to build the ditch than ascer-
tain its right to water, where irrigation and litigation
are synonymous.

A recent careful investigation in one state, which
has more water and less irrigated land than several
sister states, disclosed 26,146 recorded claims for water,
less than 10 per cent of which had been adjudicated.
During the current year there had been water litiga-
tion in twenty out of twenty-six counties, water suits
were pending in seventeen counties and water litiga-
tion had been increasing in most counties. Cases with
400 defendants were reported. One county reported a
large part of its criminal cases and two-thirds of its
civil cases were water controversies. In one small val-
ley about a quarter of the water right had been ad-
judicated at a cost of $25,000. In that same valley
of fifty ditches taking water to hundreds of farms, not
one right had been determined, nor did a farm on those
fifty ditches have a clear title to its water supply. At
present court decisions are seldom final and the law
does not afford adequate means of protecting a right
after adjudication, except through another lawsuit. I
can cite streams in different states where titles have
been quieted three and four times in ten years, and
other suits to again settle have just been instituted.
It is a question whether the water rights or litigants
will first be put to rest.

Estimate, if you can, the obstacles which such con-
ditions are to irrigation growth and the burden im-
posed upon tax payers by the ever increasing litiga-
tion. Think of the opportunity afforded for acquir-
ing excessive decrees, establishing water monopoly, de-
priving prior settlers of rights and oppressing future
tillers of the soil. Consider the effect on the inquir-
ing investor. Too often he quits a contemplated enter-
prise in disgust. Foregoing are a part only of the
evils, ever growing, due directly to lack of proper super-
vision and control. Is not the urgent need of a remedy
apparent? Does not agricultural development require
an early and just adjudication of conflicting claims
and thereafter adequate siipervision and control of
water? Should not this Congress heed the need and
devote a part of its deliberations to this subject?

As a basis for such discussion let me mention, very
briefly, remedies tried and proposed. Supervision and
control may be by community, by state or by nation.
Utah tried community or district control as early as
1865, has found it unsatisfactory and adopted state con-
trol. In California the Wright district law has not

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

been successful and a very able commission, on which
served ex-Judge Works, President Wheeler, of Cali-
fornia University, and President Jordan, of Stanford;
Mr. F. H. Newell and Mr. Elwood Mead, representing
the United States Department of Interior and Agricul-
ture, respectively, proposed legislation to establish state
control. Colorado began to exercise control in the divi-
sion of water fourteen years ago. Wyoming when ad-
mitted a state in 1890 adopted a comprehensive irri-
gation code, providing for state control and supervision ;
five years later Nebraska enacted a code substantially
like Wyoming's. After twelve years' trial in Wyoming
and seven in Nebraska, irrigators and officials in both
states testify that the law is very satisfactory, that it
has served to adjudicate about 5,000 claims, outside
the courts, at a minimum of expense and with such
satisfaction to water users that only about a dozen ap-
peals have been taken from the State Board of Control
to the District Court. The late Governor Richards
wrote me, "This law has been the means of preventing
that vast and costly litigation which, since the incep-
tion of irrigation, has characterized the determination
and settlement of claims to water." Under state con-
trol there has been adequate protection to prior users,
prevention of - litigation, waste, and over-appropriation,
stream measurements have been made, water right rec-
ords perfected, made easily accessible, and other val-
uable data obtained. Wise men profit by the experience
of others and we ought to heed well the results of state
control in Wyoming and Nebraska. The Wyoming law
was highly commended by Mr. Geo. H. Maxwell in
National Advocate, and also in a brief filed before
the California Supreme Court. Recently Mr. Maxwell
has opposed state laws and publishes in a plan of cam-
paign for the National Irrigation Association opposi-
tion to schemes for state control. I have no wish to
detract from any credit due Mr. Maxwell and the asso-
ciation for aiding national irrigation; my sole purpose
is to present views on supervision and control which
are held by a large number of practical irrigators who
have labored 'as long, as ardently and as ably as any
one to advance irrigation.

It was alleged in printed matter sent to the legis-
lators of one state that complications with the Govern-
ment would result from state laws. But it was not
shown how these would occur, nor why the National
Government would be embarrassed by carrying out the
recommendation made by President Roosevelt, Secretary
Wilson and the Government expert, Mr. Mead: Inas-
much as the code proposed by the California commis-
sion, whose published report was signed by Mr. F. M.
Newell and Mr. Mead, contained a section apparently
designed to prevent complications, and that identical
section was a part of the proposed Montana law, the
opposition had no foundation for its fears. That sec-
tion reads: "Sec. 5. Subject to Laws of Congress for
Storing Water: All rights to water flowing over, on
or across Government lands of the United States, and
all flood waters acquired under this act or previous
laws of the State shall be subject to any of the acts
of the Congress of the United States providing for the
storage, conservation and distribution of the flood or
other unappropriated waters of such streams for public
use, and the Government of the United States may,
in the interest of the public good, acquire right and title
to all or any part of the waters of any of the streams
of the State in the furtherance of anv such enactments

of Congress, by paying to any owner of water rights
reasonable and just compensation therefor, to be ar-
rived at by agreement of the parties if possible ; if dot.
by condemnation proceedings, as provided by law."
Thus possible complications were guarded against.

Instead of state control, Mr. Maxwell, in Novem-
ber, 1902, issue of Forestry and Irrigation, advocated
water users' associations for each drainage basin and
applied the term "Home Rule in Irrigation" to his plan.
His idea of "home rule," however, was that "Even'
drainage basin should do business with the National
Government as a unit," the water users of which "can
adopt any rules or regulations desired or approved by
the Secretary of the Interior." Now I submit, with
all deference to the gentleman, that such a plan is not
"home rule" but government of the water user from
and by the department at Wsahington. The term is
misleading and the plan is not practicable, expeditious,
or simple. For purpose of supervision under state
control the division by hydrographic or drainage basins
has been pursued in Wyoming, Nebraska and Colorado.
The objection to Mr. Maxwell's plan of a water users'
association for each basin is that many of these basins
are hundreds of miles long and all the irrigators over
n vast area, with their conflicting interests, will not-
gather in a town meeting and agree upon an organiza-
tion and a representative to be sent to Washington.
But grant for argument that they did. How long
would Congress or any department listen to the troubles
of each drainage basin? Would or could Washington
officials bring order out of the confusion of thousands
of conflicting claims? If this method be applied to
the sixteen arid states there will be from sixty to
seventy-five drainage basins for attention. Who would
be served first? How much delay would there be?
What would be the expense for such long range ad-
judication and who would bear it?

Remember there is involved recorded water rights
not yet adjudicated and unappropriated water in more
than a dozen states worth more than a hundred millions.,
of dollars; for this liquid wealth there are thousands
and thousands of conflicting claims. What an oppor-
tunity for greedy claim agents would be created by an
attempt to adjudicate these claims and control a divi-
sion of the water from Washington. It would neces-
sitate a special department to do business with which
the individual or company would require an attornev
at so many dollars per claim. Would not the water
user "get off" at the door of a Washington claim agent ?
How many dollars and how much time would he ex-
pend?

Contrast this with the method in Wyoming and
Nebraska, where the means of adjudication are brought
to the water user, the fee paid is less than $5.00, where
prior rights are protected, and peace prevails instead
of violence and litigation. Does not the results in
these states prove that justice, expedition, and satisfac-
tion are far more easily attained under state law than
by the proposed plan?

It has been imagined that state codes meant much
political patronage with "corps of ditch tenders and
appointees." The fact is that under the Wyoming law
there is appointed a state engineer and superintendents
for each of four basins, a total of five. As there is
necessity these basins are subdivided into such water
• districts as will best secure protection to claimants and
economical supervision on the part of the state; in

10

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

the district a water commissioner is appointed, but he
does not begin work until there is a written demand
by two or more ditch owners. If the lawmakers wish
these offices can be made elective. Suppose they are
appointive, is there more danger when appointments are
made by state authority instead of national or less?
Is the state government less competent and trustworthy
than the National Government. If an appointee proved
iinfit could or would removal be quicker from Wash-
ington than the state capital ?

An additional reason for state control is that the
arid states have millions of acres of land granted to
state institutions the value of which land is affected
by laws relating to water; the state should guard and
advance its interest in such lands.

Should we not heed the sugges-
tions of President Roosevelt and Sec-
retary Wilson for proper state codes,
the experience of Wyoming, Nebras-
ka and Colorado with state control,
the recent legislation for state con-
trol by Utah and Idaho, and the
strong sentiment for such control
in California, Montana and other
states?

The opposition to state laws is
not based on experience 'nor sup-
ported by valid reasons. State con-
trol by adjudicating conflicting
claims, by supervising the construc-
tion of works, the appropriation and
division of water, by co-operating in
measurement of streams and obtain-
ing other data will ably supplement
the work of the National Govern-
ment. The task of reclamation re-
quires the united efforts, the intelli-
gent co-operation of both State and
Federal GoVernments ; action along
these lines will hasten the benefits
we all desire.

It is the impression of those
most deeply interested that if out-
side influences such as represented by Mr. Maxwell and
his straggling fellows should be relegated to the rear,
where they belong, the trouble would end.

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

BY D. H. ANDERSON.
COPYRIGHTED, 1908, BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER VII.

FOODS CEREALS FORAGE PLANTS FRUITS —

VEGETABLES — ROOT CROPS.

Plants of every variety are very hearty feeders
as a rule; in fact, if a plant be furnish with un-
limited quantities of its proper food, and the environ-
ments of soil and climate are favorable, it will increase

PLANT

THE BARNES WELL, SAN ANTONIO, TEX.

In this issue are shown three views of the famous
Barnes well near San Antonio, Tex. This well has
a flow of three million gallons in twenty-four hours
with a pressure of thirty-five pounds. Engineer Smith,
of Waco, Tex., estimates that this well will irrigate
easily five hundred acres of land once in ten days.

Mr. Barnes is a prominent hotel man of Texas
and informs us that he will eventually dispose of
his hotel interests and devote his energies to farming
by irrigation. The 160-acre tract on which this well
was sunk is said to be worth at the present time $1,000
per acre. The same land without water would not sell
for to exceed $10 per acre. The land under the new
arrangements will be developed for truck farming.

Plants grow so luxuriantly in the Valley of the Rio
Grande, that many of its farmers have little idea of
what is meant by a commercial fertilizer.

DAWSON COUNTY NEBRASKA DELEGATES TO ELEVENTH NATIONAL
IRRIGATION CONGRESS, OGDEN, UTAH.

its bulk to enormous dimensions; the case is the same
with fruits.

Sir Humphrey Davy introduced plants of mint
into weak solutions of sugar, gum, jelly, etc., and
found that they grew vigorously in all of them. He
J.hen watered separate spots of grass with the same
several solutions, and with common water, and found
that those watered with the solutions throve more lux-
uriantly than those treated with ordinary water. From
this it may be reasonably inferred that different or-
ganic substances are taken into the circulation of plants
i;nd then converted by them into its own substance,
or acts as food and nourishes the plant. Of course,
it will be understand that by "plant foods" are meant
whatever material tends to make the plant grow to
maturity.

We have learned that plants absorb carbon in the
shape of carbonic acid, and the part ammonia plays in
the plant economy. Indeed, ammonia is actually pres-
ent in the juices of many plants, for example: in
beet roots, birch and maple trees, etc. In tobacco leaves
and elder flowers it is combined with acid substances.
It is also an element in the perfume of flowers, whence
the value of barn yard manure to supply that element.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

11

Nitric acid is invariably present in common, well
known plants, in combination with potash, soda, lime,
and magnesia (nitrates). It is always contained in
the juices of the tobacco plant and the sunflower. The
common nettle contains it and it is present in barley
in the form of nitrate of soda.

Like ammonia, nitric acid exerts a powerful influ-
ence on growing crops, whether of corn or grass. Ap-
pied to young grass or sprouting shoots of grain, it
hastens and increases their growth and occasions a
larger production of grain, and this grain is richer in
gluten, and therefore more nutritious in quality.

As showing the power of a plant to select its own
food : if a bean and a grain of wheat be grown side by
side, the stalk of the wheat plant will contain silica
nnd that of the bean none. The plant intelligence, or
instinct, so to speak, knows what it wants or needs,
and it takes what it requires, rejecting everything else.
Plants have also the power to reject through their
roots such substances as are unfit to contribute to their
support, or which would be hurtful to them if re-
tained in their system. Knobs, excrescences and exu-
dations may often be seen on the roots, stems, and
even the leaves of plants, which many think are due

• BARNES' WELL SHOWING STRENGTH OF FLOW.

to the ravages of some insect, but which are nothing
more than the natural effort of the plant to get rid
of some obnoxious or harmful substance in its system.
When the plant's blood is out of order its nature
attempts to cure it by forcing the dangerous substance
or matter to the surface, as does the animal system
under like circumstances.

Even the germinating seed is a chemical labora-
tory, inasmuch as it gives off acetic acid, or vinegar,
which dissolves the inorganic material in its vicinity and
returns with it in a condition to build up and nourish
the plant.

The chemical compounds produced by the juices
of all plants may be said to be innumerable. Most of
them are in such small quantities that it would scarcely
be worth while to consider them, but some are of a
highly remedial quality, as quinine from Peruvian bark,
morphine from the opium of the poppy, salicine from
the willow, etc. All the cultivated grains and roots
contain starch in large quantities, and the juices of
trees, grasses and roots contain sugar in surprising
quantities. The flo-ur of grain contains sugar and two
other substances in small quantities, namely: gluten

and vegetable albumen, which are important nutri-
tive substances. Sugar is also present in the juices
of fruits, but is associated with various acids (sour)
substances, which disappear altogether, or are changed
into sugar as the fruit ripens.

WOODY FIBER, OR LIGNIN.

To manufacture the foregoing chemical compounds
nature requires a huge structure, an enormous space

ANOTHER VIEW BARNES1 WELL, SAN ANTONIO, TEX.

when compared with the product turned out. More
than one has wondered why a monstrous oak should
produce so ridiculously small a fruit as an acorn, and
,1 weak pumpkin vine one so enormous. The philoso-
pher in the fable complained of this irregularity of
nature as he lay under an oak. But when a small
acorn fell upon his head he changed his mind. Now,
all this huge structure, the body of the plant, is as
carefully manufactured as the delicate savory fruit,
and out of the same ingredients, practically. The bulky

WATER FLOWING FROM TOP OF 39 FOOT PIPE— BARNES
WELL, SAN ANTONIu, TEXAS.

part of the plant, the bone and sinew, so to speak, is
the woody fiber, or lignin.

When a piece of wood is cut in small portions and
cooked in water and alcohol until nothing more can
be dissolved out of it there remains a white, fibrous
mass to which is given the name woody fiber, or lignin.
It has neither taste nor smell, and it is insoluble.
Strange to say, two of its chemical constituents are the

12

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

same as water, being oxygen and hydrogen, with an
equal quantity of carbon added.

Under the microscope this woody fiber appears to
consist of what is called "cellular" matter, the true
woody fiber, and a coating for strengthening purposes,
called "incrusting" matter. This cellular matter is
composed of oxygen and hydrogen in the proportions
to form water, but it is difficult to separate them to de-
termine the elementary construction, but we shall see
that they demand a certain food and are intended
for an important purpose.

The woody fiber sometimes constitutes a large pro
portion of the" plant, and sometimes it is very small.
In grasses and corn growing plants, it forms nearly
one-half of the weight, but in roots and in plants used
for food it is very small in the first stages of their
growth. The following table gives the percentage of
woody fiber in a few common plants while in a green

Name of plant. Per cent of woody fiber. Water.

Pea stalks 10-33

White turnips 3.0

Common beet 3-°

Red clover 7.0

White clover ^ 4.5 81.0

Alfalfa— in flower 9-0

Rye 1-0 68.0

STARCH.

Next to woody fiber, starch is the most abundant
product of vegetation. By whatever names the various
kinds of starch are called: wheat starclh sago, potato
starch, arrow root, tapioca, cassava, etc., they are all
alike in their chemical constitution. They will keep
for any length of time when dry and in a dry place,
without any change. They are insoluble in cold water
or alcohol, but dissolve readily in boiling water, giv-
ing a solution which becomes a jelly when cold. In
a cold solution of iodine they assume a blue color.

The constituents of starch are carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen, with less carbon and more oxygen than woody
fiber and about the same quantity of hydrogen.

That starch constitutes a large portion of the
weight of grains and roots usually grown for food the
following table will show, one hundred pounds being
the quantity upon which to base the percentage:
Name of plant. Percentage of starch.

Wheat flour 39.77

Rye flour 50.61

Barley flour 67.70

Oatmeal 70.80

Rice 84.85

Corn : 77.80

Buckwheat 52.0

Pea and bean meal 43.0

Potatoes 15.0

In roots abounding in sugar, as the beet, turnip,
and carrot, only two or three per centum of starch
can be detected. It is found deposited among the
woody fiber of certain trees, as in that of the willow,
and in the inner bark of others, as the beech and the
pine. This is the reason why the branch of a willow
takes root and sprouts readily, and why the inner bark
of certain trees are used for food in times of famine.

GUM.

Many varieties of gum occur in nature, all of them
insoluble in alcohol, but become jelly in hot or cold

water, and give a glutinous solution which may lxv
used as an adhesive paste. Gum Arabic, or Senegal,
is the best known. It is produced largely from the
acacia, which grows in Asia, Africa. California and in
the warm regions of America generally. It exudes from
the twigs and stems of these trees, and forms round,
transparent drops, ofr "tears." May of our fruit trees
also produce it in smaller quantities, such as the apple,
plum and cherry. It is present in the malva, or althea,
and in the common marsh mallow, and exists in flax,
rape, and numerous other seeds, which, treated with
boiling water give mucilaginous solutions.

All the vegetable gums possess the same chemical
constituents of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, in nearly
the same proportions as woody fiber and starch.
SUGARS.

All sugars may be classified according to four prom-
inent varieties : Cane, grape, manna and glucose.

First — Cane sugar is so called from the sweet sub-
stance obtained from sugar cane. It is also found in
many trees, plants and roots. The juice of the maple
tree may be boiled down into sugar, and in the Cau-
casus the juice of the walnut tree is extracted for the
&amc purpose.

It is also present in the juice of the beet, turnip
and carrot. Sugar beet cultivation is assuming enor-
mous proportions in the United States, as well as in
Europe. Carrot juice is boiled down into a tasteless
jelly and when flavored with any fruit flavors passes
for genuine fruit jelly.

It is further present in the unripe grains of corn,
at the base of the flowers of many grasses and in
clovers when in blossom.

Pure cane sugar, free from water, consists of the
following elements, estimated in percentages:

Carbon, 44.92; oxygen, 48.97; hydrogen, 6.11;
almost identical with starch.

Second — Grape sugar. This sugar is so called
from a peculiar species of sugar existing in the dried
grape or raisin, which lias the appearance of small,
round, or grape shaped grains. It gives sweetness to
"the gooseberry, currant, apple, pear, plum, apricot, and
most other fruits. It is also the sweet substance of
the chestnut, of the brewer's wort, and of all fermented
liquors, and it is the sugar of honey when the latter
thickens and granulates, or "sugars.''

It is less soluble in water than cane sugar, and less
sweet, two parts of cane sugar imparting as much
sweetness as five parts of grape sugar, at which ratio
forty pounds of cane sugar would equal 100 pounds
of grape sugar. Its chemical constituents are, in per-
centages : Carbon, 40.47 ; oxygen, 52.94 ; hydrogen,
6.59. Likewise nearly the same as starch.

As a test to distinguish cane sugar from grape
sugar : Heat a solution of both and put in each a
little caustic potash. The cane sugar will be unchanged,
while the grape sugar will be blanckened and precipi-
tated to the bottom of the vessel.

MANNA SUGAR, ETC.

Manna sugar occurs less abundantly in the juices
of certain plants than cane or grape sugar. It exudes
from a species of ash tree which grows in Sicily, Italy,
Syria and Arabia. It is the product and main portion
of an edible lichen, or moss, very common in Asia
Minor. This curious lichen is found in small, round,
dark colored masses, from the size of a pea to that
of a hazel nut or filbert, and is speckled with small

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

13

\vhite spots; The wind carries it everywhere, and it
takes root wherever it happens to fall. It can only
be gathered early in the morning as it soon decomposes,
or corrupts. The natives gather it from the ground
in large quantities and make it into bread. This is
said to be what constituted the "rain of manna" which
fed the Israelites during their wanderings in the des-
ert, and it derives its name from that circumstance.

Manna sugar is found in the juice of the larch
tree and in the common garden celery. In the mush-
room a colorless variety is found. To add two other
varieties of sugar, the black sugar of liquorice root
and sugar of milk may be mentioned.

GLUCOSE.

The name of this sugar means "sweet," a sweet
principle, or element. It occurs in nature very abun-
dantly, as in ripe grapes, and in honey, and it is manu-
factured in large quantities from starch by the action
of heat and acids. It is only about one-half as sweet
as cane sugar. It is sometimes called "dextrose,"
"grape sugar," and "starch sugar." What is known
to the trade as "glucose," is the uncrystallizable resi-
due in the manufacture of glucose proper, and it con-
tains some dextrose, maltose, dextrine, etc. Its pro-
fusion and ease of manufacture makes it a cheap adul-
teration for syrups, in beers, and in all forms of cheap
candies. The test for it is the same as that given to
distinguish between cane and grape sugar.

All the elements in the foregoing sugars are simi-
lar in their chemical constitution, and what is still
more remarkable about them, is the fact that they
may be transformed one into the other, that is : Woody
fiber may be changed into starch by heat, sulphuric
ncid, or caustic potash ; the starch thus produced may
be further transformed, first, into gum, and then into
grape sugar by the prolonged action of dilute sulphuric
acid and moderate heat. When cane sugar is digested
(heated) with dilute sulphuric acid, tartaric acid (acid
of grapes), and other vegetable acids, it is rapidly con-
verted into grape sugar. When sugar occurs in the
juice of any plant or fruit, in connection with an acid,
it is always grape sugar, because cane sugar can not
exist in combination with an acid, but is gradually
transformed into grape sugar. This is the reason why
fruits ferment so readily, and why, even when pre-
served with cane sugar, the latter is slowly changed into
grape sugar and then fermentation ensues, and the
preserved fruit "spoils."

GLUTEN, VEGETABLE ALBUMEN AND DIASTASE.

These substances are the nitrogenous elements in
plants.

Gluten is a soft, tenacious and elastic substance,
which can be drawn out into long strings. It has
little color, taste, or smell, and is scarcely diminished
in bulk by washing either in hot or cold water. It
is a product of grain flour, left after washing dough
in a fine sieve, and allowing the milky, soluble sub-
stance to pass off. The percentage of gluten in various
grains is as follows :

Wheat 8 to 35 per centum.

Rye 9 to 13 per centum.

Barley 3 to 6 per centum.

Oats 2 to 5 per centum.

Dried in the air it diminishes in bulk, and hardens
into a brittle, transparent yellow substances resembling

corn, or glue. It is insoluble in water, but dissolves
readily in vinegar, alcohol, and in solutions of caustic
potash, or common soda.

Vegetable albumen, is practically the same as the
white of eggs. It has neither color, taste, nor smell,
is insoluble in water or alcohol, but dissolves in vine-
gar, and in caustic potash, and soda. When dry it is
brittle and opaque. It is found in the seeds of plants
in small quantities, and in grain in the following
percentages :

Wheat 75 to 1.50

Rye 2.0 to 3.75

Barley 10 to .50

Oats 20 to .50

It occurs largely, moreover, in the fresh juices of
plants, in cabbage leaves, turnips and numerous others.
When these juices are heated, the albumen coagulates
and is readily separated.

Gluten and vegetable albumen are as closely re-
lated to each other as sugar and starch. They con-
sist of the same elements united together in the same
proportions, and are capable of similar mutual trans-
formations. The following table will show the per-
centages in which the reader will notice that nitrogen
is an element which does not exist in starch or sugar :

Carbon 54.76 .

Oxygen 20.06

Hydrogen ' 7.06

Nitrogen 18.12

When exposed to the air in a moist state both
these substances decompose and emit a very disagree-
ble odor, giving off, among other compounds, ammonia
and vinegar. Both of them exercise an important
influence over the nourishing properties of the different
kinds of .foods, as we shall see in a subsequent chapter.

DIASTASE.

This substance may be manufactured from newly
malted barley, or from any grain or tuber when ger-
minated. It is not found in the seed, but is manu-
factured during the process of germination by the seed
itself, or its decomposition, and it remains with the
seed until the first true leaves of the plant have ex-
panded, and then it disappears. Its functions, there-
fore, are to aid in the sprouting of the seed, and that
accomplished, and there being no further use for it,
it disappears. The reason for this is as follows:

Diastase possesses the power of converting starch
into grape sugar. First, it forms out of starch a gummy
substance known as dextrine, in common use as ad-
hesive paste, and then converts it into grape sugar.
Now, the starch in the seed is the food of the future
germ, prepared and ready to minister to its wants when-
over heat and moisture come together to awaken it into
life. But starch is insoluble in water and could not,
therefore, accompany the fluid sap when it begins to cir-
culate. For which reason, nature forms diastase at the
point when the germ first issues, or sprouts from its bed
of food. There it transforms the starch into soluble
sugar, so that the young vessels can take it up and carry
;t to the point of growth. When the little plant is able
to provide for itself, and select its own food out of the
foil and air, it becomes independent of the diastase and
the latter is no longer wanted. Weaning a child will
give the reader the idea.

14

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

VEGETABLE ACIDS.

There is another class of compound substances
which play an important part in the development of
plant foods and the perfection of growth. They are
Icnown as the vegetable acids, and it is due to them that
plants possess a taste and flavor, every plant having its
own peculiar acid. They are usually classified into five
species and enter into combination with all of the sub-
s-tances heretofore referred to. They are :

Acetic acid (vinegar), tartaric acid (acid of wine),
citric acid (acid of lemons), malic acid (acid of ap-
ples), and oxalic acid (acid of sorrel). Acetic acid is
the most extensively diffused and the most largely pro-
duced of all the organic acids. It is formed wherever
there is a natural or artificial fermentation of vegetable
substances. It easily dissolves lime, magnesia, alumina,
and other mineral substances, forming salts known as
"acetates," which are all soluble in water, and may,
therefore, be absorbed by the root pores of plants. It is
an acid common in everything, and may be manufac-
tured from wood, alcohol, cane sugar and from the juice
of apples, or by any vegetable fermentation, the process
of fermentation throwing off carbonic acid and forming
vinegar.

Tartaric acid finds lodgment in a variety of plants.
The grape and the tamarind owe their sourness to it,
and it exists also in the mulberry, berries of the sumach,
in the sorrels, and in the roots of the dandelion. It is
deposited on the sides of wine vats, and when purified
and compounded with potash, it becomes the familiar
"cream of tartar," which is known to every housewife.
In the grape it is converted into sugar during the ripen-
ing of the fruit.

Citric acid gives sourness to the lemon, lime, orange,
grape fruit, shaddock and other members of the citrus
family. It is the acid in the cranberry, and in numerous
small fruits such as the huckleberry, wild cherry, cur-
rant, gooseberry, strawberry, and the fruit of the haw-
thorn. In combination with lime, it exists in the
tubers, and with potash, it is found in the Jerusalem
artichoke.

Malic acid is the chief acid in apples, peaches,
plums, pears, elderberries, the fruit of the mountain
ash. It is combined with citric acid in the small fruits
above mentioned, and in the grape and American agave
it is associated with tartaric acid. It has exactly the
same chemical constitution as citric acid, and the two
bear the same relation to each other as starch, gum and
sugar. They undergo numerous transformations in the
interior of plants, and are the cause of the various
flavors possessed by fruits and vegetables.

Oxalic acid has poisonous qualities, but an agree-
able taste. It occurs in combination with potash in the
sorrels, in garden rhubarb, and in the juices of many
lichens, or mosses. Those mosses which cover the sides
of rocks and the trunks of trees sometimes contain half
their weight of this acid in combination with lime.

This chapter is, of course, one step farther in ad-
vance of the one immediately preceding, and the facts
stated are intended to lead on up to a complete, prac-
tical knowledge of the forces df nature operating in
the soil and within the plant to attain perfection. Noth-
ing but the bare essentials, the mere outlines, have been
given so far; to attempt to enter into all the details
would be to write an entire volume, the reading of which
might prove tiresome and unproductive of anything
practical. All that it is desired to do in these prelim-

inary chapters is to furnish the reader with sufficient
elementary knowledge to enable him to go farther on
his own account and to infer what the soil needs for the
cultivation of plants; how that soil is to be cultivated,
and how the element of water is to be applied to it in
order to increase its productiveness and his profit.
This is the true preliminary to irrigation, as we imag-
ine, for it would convey no information to suggest the
pouring of water on the soil, and drenching plants and
crops with it, unless the intelligence is prepared to
understand why that should be done, and all the details
and consequences laid before the reason and common
sense.

So far, the reader ought to have a comparatively
clear idea of the chemical constitutions of the substances
which enter into the soil, and from the soil into the
plants, but there still remains the question : How do
the substances necessary to plant life get into the con-
dition of plant food? This question will be answered in
the next chapter.

STATE PROGRESS— WYOMING.

CLARENCE T. JOHNSTON, STATE ENGINEER.

Read before Jlth National Irrigation Congress, Ogden.

The irrigation law of Wyoming, practically as it
stands today, was passed by the first State Legislature
in the winter of 1890-91. Under its provisions a State
Engineer and four division superintendents have super-
vision of the waters of the State. The five constitute
a Board of Control which has quasi- judicial functions
in the settlement of rights to use water. Each division
is divided into districts and local supervision is exercised
by a water commissioner. The object of the law was
to prevent controversy over water, and the experience
of the last thirteen years shows that it has not been a
failure in this respect.

The State Engineer is, under the law, required to
keep informed as to the water supply of the streams of
the State, and water can not be diverted without first
obtaining his consent. His decisions are appealable to
the Board of Control, and from that body to the courts.
When a stream becomes fully appropriated during the
irrigation season further permits to divert water are
refused and the proposing irrigators are advised to con-
struct reservoirs and store the flood waters. When these
become exhausted, all further diversions are prohibited.
So successful has this supervision been that no decision
of the State Engineer on questions of water supply has
been appealed.

Where conflicts have arisen on streams over the
division of water the Board of Control has adjudicated
the claims. The doctrine of priority of right has here
been carried fully into effect, and 5,000 certificates of
appropriation have been issued under the decrees which
have been rendered. The decrees issued by the Board
of Control can be appealed to the courts, but only five
appeals have been taken, and two of these are now
before the Supreme Court. The Board has been sus-
tained in every case where a decision has been ren-
dered by the court. Appeals are becoming even
less common than they were during the first few years
after the law went into operation. After an adjudica-
tion has been completed and the decree of the Board
carried into effect, peace reigns and it is but seldom
that a water commissioner is called upon to distribute
the water to those who are entitled to it. Under the

THE IREIGATION AGE.

15

law the water does not belong to fflP^ich or to the irri-
gator but to the lands upon which the water has been
applied, and in an amount not exceeding one cubic foot
per second for each seventy acres irrigated. The sale
of irrigated lands, therefore, carries with it a title to
the water necessary for its cultivation.

During the past year 1,500 applications have been
received in the State Engineer's office for ditches and
reservoirs. Nearly 1,000 notices have, in the same time,
been received of the completion of such works. The
application is not a water right but rather a description
of what the applicant proposes to do, and when such
papers are approved they are only the written consent
of the officer authorized to act for the State to the pro-
posed diversion of water. If the stipulations set forth
in the application are not complied with, the applica-
tion is cancelled and another party is given an oppor-
tunity to make use of the water. When works are com-
pleted they are inspected by the Division Superintend-
ent, and if all requirements are complied with the
Board of Control issues a certificate of appropriation,
setting aside a certain volume of water for the irriga-
tion of lands described in the application.

The cost of the state irrigation administration has
averaged about $10,000 per year. Of this less than half
has gone to the Board of Control. It has cost the State,
therefore, less than $12.00 for each final certificate of
appropriation that has been issued. The claimants to
water are required to pay $1.00 for each Certificate of
Appropriation, and seventy-five cents for having the
same recorded in the offices of the county clerks. When
these figures are compared with the cost of litigation
in some other states it will be seen that the Wyoming
irrigation laws bring about' a great saving to the Com-
monwealth as well as to the individual water user.

I believe that the laws of Wyoming are adapted to
protect the irrigator under any kind of a meritorious
enterprise, and whether the work be done through the
State under the Carey Act, by private individuals alone
or by the National Government under existing laws.

Wyoming invites the Federal Government to pro-
ceed as fast as possible in the construction of irrigation
works, believing that the provisions of the national law
will be supplemented by the laws of the State, and
that better protection will be given the settler than
is usually afforded. It will be found, upon examination,
that the expenditure on the part of the Government
will never compare with that of individuals in the
reclamation of the West. Individuals must be protected
from diversions of water by the Government as must the
Government projects be protected from diversions by in-
dividuals. Under existing conditions the Government
could not prevent water being diverted from streams
while its projects were under construction unless a
close co-operation with state irrigation authorities be
secured.

I should like to impress the delegates present that
there is no reason for fearing a conflict between State
and National laws in the construction of irrigation works
by the Government. After the Government has com-
pleted the works and sold the lands, it must devolve upon
the State to protect the people who use the water from
such diversions from the stream as would threaten their
rights. Let us not, therefore, permit ourselves to be-
lieve that the states and the Government have anything
but a common interest in seeing the irrigation law car-
ried out so as to do the most good to the greatest number.

HENRY ALTENBRAND.

Pres. Manhattan Malting Co.,

Manhatten, Montana.

BARLEY BY IRRIGATION.

HENRY ALTENBRAND, PRESIDENT MANHATTAN MALTING
CO., MANHATTAN, MONT.

Delivered before JIth National Irrigation Congress.

I am to speak on barley raised by irrigation.
Barley, now one of America's standard crops, has
long been raised with varying success in many of the
western states, and the growing demand which new
exists for malting bar-
ley has opened up a
large field for the ex-
tensive cultivation of
this crop by the farm-
ers of our northwestern
states.

Now, it will be in I
order for me to give
you the information as
to how barley is actually
consumed by the beer-
brewing industry, whis-
key, and barley malt
food and cereal prod-
ucts.

There are consumed
by the brewing industry
60,000,000 bushels; be-
tween 5,000,000 and
6,000,000 bushels in the
manufacture of whiskey, and 1,000,000 bushels in the
manufacture of cereal foods, making a total of about
67,000,000 busnels of barley in the United States, this
date.

The beer consumption has been on the increase
steadily for the last ten years, and this last year it
amounted to 3,600,000 barrels, and the total amount
which the beer industry pays to our government alone
is $46,000,000 tax on 46,000,000 barrels.

Previous to the. year 1880, a very large propor-
tion of barley used in the manufacture of malt in the
United States, for beer, was imported from Canada,
Canada having the name of producing the best barley,
there being, at that time, about 13,000,000 bushels
imported to America, subject to a duty of ten cents per
bushel.

In the year 1887, a duty of thirty cents was put
on the Canadian barley, and by that means increased
the cultivation of barley in the United States ; and in
the year 1889, I imported from Germany 2,000 bushels
of German Saale barley, this barley having the repu-
tation of being the finest in Germany and was
largely used in England. This seed I introduced into
five states : Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, New York and
then in the Gallatin valley, Montana, by irrigation.

The idea of distributing this barley in the vari-
ous states was to determine whether the climate of
these various states was adapted to the successful rais-
ing of this barley.

Samples of the barley were taken the first year
from crops grown in each of the above-mentioned
states, which were given to farmers who were experi-
enced in the cultivation of barley, and in the instance
of the first five, it was found that it had degenerated
both in qaulity and appearance from the mother seed.
But in regard to the crop grown in the Gallatin valley,
on the Manhattan Farms, in Montana, under irriga-

1C

THE IRRIGATION AG

tion, it was shown that same was a wonderful im-
provement, being fuller, heavier in weight, and wonder-
fully bright in color.

The impetus thus given to the raising of barley
by irrigation in the Gallatin valley has been con-
tinued with ever-increasing success, year by year, until
today, the Gallatin valley, Montana, is famous the
world over as a great barley-raising section. I will
state that the long sunshine and cool nights that we
have in the Gallatin valley helps to fill the grain,
irrigation giving the necessary moisture to the grain
when most needed, and finally, the absence of any
rainfall during the harvest time, which insures the
bright color so much desired. Not alone do we im-
prove the quality of our grain by irrigation, but also
increase the yield, in many cases double that raised
without irrigation.

"'Montana's rainfall, annually, is about eighteen
inches, occurring during the winter, spring, and fall
months, affording ample moisture for the germination
of the seed and growth of the grain in early stages; the
happy combination of cool nights and heat of perfect
summer days, and the artificial moisture by irrigation,
gives a growth and development to crops, unknown
to any region save that of the mountain states, which
the situation, climate conditions, and soil, make the
ideal barley land of the world. •

This may seem to some rather a sweeping
statement, but I assure you the results already known
throughout the malting and brewing trade of the world
fully back up what I say. Both oats, wheat and al-
falfa have the same results in this valley.

Unlike the farmers of the Mississippi valley, the
farmer farming with the aid of irrigation, sows his
crops with the confident assurance of reaping the rich
reward of his labors, based on the unbroken record
of no crop failures.

This immunity from crop failures rests upon the
unfailing bounteous supply of water for irrigation,
coming as it does from the hundreds of mountain
streams flowing from perpetual snow drifts, which,
yielding to the rays of the midsummer sun, afford the
moisture to the parched fields during the period when
the grain is filling and the crop is most in need of it.

The soil — the ideal soil for barley raising— is here
found in Montana, particularly in the Gallatin valley,
where is found the rich alluvial soil of a rich nature
and light chocolate in color. Added to this comes
the irrigation, which is both meat and drink to the
soil.

The water, finding its way from the mountains,
through timber girt ravines and coullees, bears in solu-
tion vast amounts of detritus, rich in organic matter ;
this applied to lands already doubly rich in potash,
phosphoric acid and nitrogen, give them year by year
the ability to produce crops that are the wonder of
the world.

In the year 1893 at the World's Fair, Germanv
sent over to this country, six commissioners, connected
with the Agricultural Department of Germany, one to
look into the question and investigate the cultivation
of the sugar beet and as to its sugar quality; another
as to wheat, and its flour industry; another as to flax
and its flax oil industry ; another to hops ; and another
to barley as to the barley industry, and further to in-
vestigate the question of industries in our country and
its advantages. They traveled and investigated indus-
tries from California to the Mississippi, and spent one

woek on the ManWlrfn farms, in the Gallatin valley,
Montana, and they were surprised in seeing that the
German Saale barley was produced finer by the mother
seed, by irrigation. On the return of this commission
to Germany, their report was rendered to their govern-
ments and reports were made by these respective com-
missioners to their respective industries, giving their
full report as to how they found things in America.
The one special report made by Prof. Dr. Delbruck,
who was then, and is today, the chief commissioner of
agriculture to the German government, was of partic-
ular interest to all connected with malting and brew-
ing interests of the world, coming as it did from one,
conceded by all, to be the highest authority on this
subject.

I will take the liberty to read you a portion of
that report. He writes, that

"Here in the Gallatin valley, Montana, on the,
Manhattan farm, I found a country and a system
of cultivation ideal for the growing of barley; in fact,
here I have seen the barley— the German Saale barley
-—raised, the finest barley that I have ever seen ; bright
in color, large size, fine as to husk, equal to the very
best of our European barleys, and decidedly the su-
perior of anything raised in North America. Here
in harvest times, barley damaged and discolored bv
ram is unknown, because they have no rain. Withered
or dried-up barley is equally unknown because they
have here irrigation, by which the grain is given the
necessary moisture at the time it is most needed."

As a further proof that we have in Montana the
ideal barley-growing lands, with the aid of irrigation
I would say that the last spring I took from Canada
Minnesota and Wisconsin, the six-rowed barley which
is raised so extensively therein, and I planted the same
in Montana, where with irrigation, the grain that
in Canada, Minnesota and Wisconsin, under the most
favorable condition, is harvested with thirty-six to
forty kernels to the head, we harvested in Montana,
raised under irrigation, with eighty to ninety kernels
to the head. And I have here in my hands to show the
heads raised by irrigation, which is six inches long,
against those that are raised in Wisconsin and Minne-
sota, in the natural state of cultivation, only from three
to four inches long. Now we have eighty to ninety
kernels to the head, as stated, which are much
larger and better developed and brighter in color, as
against those grown without irrigation in those re-
spective states. Only another instance where irrigation
succeeds in the way of raising cereals. I will state here
that other favorable results are obtained in our raising
of oats and wheat.

I have always felt ever since I have looked into
this irrigation question, which is now nearly fourteen
years, that it is a great blessing wherever it can be ap-
plied, and I felt it was my duty to give all the aid
I could in helping this good cause and the very good
work, irrigation, for which the congress is here assembled.
I am a great believer in this irrigation. It may not be in
our life time that we will see these great results and
the time will come when our children and relatives may
say that our fathers, brothers and, uncles have helped to
lay the foundation for this great cause, and it brings
back to me a recollection of what Prof. Dr. Delbruck,
of Germany, said to me when we parted. He said
''that if this country succeeds in making use of this
great blessing in using their water ways to irrigate this

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

great country we will then be able to raise all the
cereals required in the world."

Thus from the recorded statement of the highest
authority in Europe, goes to prove, beyond doubt, that
this great western country oi' ours, these millions
of acres, will, with the aid of irrigation (which is
nothing short of a blessing) and with the aid and
means that we are now giving 'and asking our govern-
ment assistance to this noble work, will be tlie means
of making this country one of the greatest ancl rii-Vst
and most nourishing countries of the work,.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Hoou RIVER, ORE., Oct. 30, 1903.
EDITOR IRRIGATION AGE:

Dear Sir— Will you kindly inform me of the name and
address of firm making tools for irrigation purposes, who
make an implement that can be pulled by a horse, that will
make a rill similar in size and shape to the Planet, Jr.,
garden plow, arranged so as to make the furrow on the same
side of each row, to throw all the soil way preferable. Yours
truly, £. H. SHEPARD.

EAGLE PASS., TEX., Oct. 12, 1903.
THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING Co.:

Gentlemen — In your IRRIGATION AGE there used to be
advertisements of levels for laterals, suitable for aiding in
the selection of dam sites, or any short line, at reasonable
price. I need one now. Several people of late have asked
me about such an instrument. Can you kindly tell me where
to get such an instrument and oblige. Yours truly,

P. W. THOMSON.

DENVER, COLO, Oct. 25, 1903.
1655 Downing Avenue.
MR. D. H. ANDERSON, THE IRRIGATION AGE:

My Dear Sir — Yours of the 10th ult. met me on my return
irom a three weeks' absence on a state road survey in the
mountains. The September AGE also to hand. Wonder the
postoffice authorities keep up with me, even sometimes, with
as many changes of address as I have had in the last five
years. In some ways 1 am perhaps "a well known citizen."
I shall mail this at Castle Rock, Colo., today, whither I go
on professional errands, and to attend meeting called by
supervisor of forests for farmers, miners, cattlemen and mill-
men. Please address as above "till forbid." I am with
Prof. Carpenter in state engineer's office. Very truly thine,

JOHN S. TITCOMB.

LONDON, OHIO, Oct. 18, 1903.
D. H. ANDERSON, EDITOR IRRIGATION AGE:

Dear Sir — After respects, etc., permit me to ask you
to turn to page 326, September number of THE AGE, under
your editorial heading, "Merging, Fusing and Amalgamation,"
and read the third sentence beginning with "But" and end-
ing with "the wall" (go no further in thought or otherwise)
and you will read the death knell of the Drainage Journal.
The surgeons at the operating table were Messrs. C. G.
Elliott, C. E. and D. H. Anderson, editor IRRIGATION AGE.
Leaving out, as not applicable herein, the latter part of the
third sentence, never did I read an editorial that so fully
describes the cause of a thing giving unimpeachable reasons
therefor. But there are no grounds for blaming either party
for the demise of the Drainage Journal.

In some of their bearings THE AGE and Journal are iden-
tical. They both deal with water. They both must have
canals, ditches and laterals. But tne use made of the water
by the two systems differ diametrically. Irrigation wants
to carry water into the soil. Drainage wants to carry the
superabundant water out of the soil. The Primer of Irriga-
tion will show how drainage water is used for irrigation.
Barren, arid land will not produce without irrigation ; neither
will flooded land produce without drainage.

The perusal from time to time oi THE AGE shows that
its editor is a pioneer and at home in his field. But where,
O where, is the champion for drainage?

I have just received a letter from a party in Iowa, who
wrote me after reading squib in the September number of THE
AGE inquiring if I knew of any publication devoted to drain-
age. In all friendship, yours, etc. J. ARNETT.

We have answered this letter editorially and the reader is
referred to that answer, which is believed to be satisfactory. —
EDITOR IRRIGATION AGE.

SILAS THORNAPPLE'S OPINIONS.

ON GITTIN' A HOME.

"Deacon Turnbull is tryin' to argufy with them
ez hain't got none, to git a home by all means, an — "

"An5 at all hazards," says Sam
Durkee, who had been preached to by
the Deacon on several occasions,
•'leastways, thet's the way it 'pears
to me sence the Deacon hez the
homes to dispose uv."

"What is a home ?" inquired Zeke
Pennywhacker, who sot by the crack-
er barrel, utilizin' his opportunities. ;§*
"Is it suthin' you can git ready made
like them all wool skeeter net wove
suits at the department stores? Is it suthin' like the

turkey hash you git at the fifteen-cent eatin' emporiums
pervided you hev the fifteen cents?"

"I ruther guess not," says I. "When anybody says
to me: 'Silas, git a home',' I allus recall what the sick
feller said to his doctor when he wuz sufferin' from loss
uv appetite. Says the doctor to him : 'You must go out
every mornin' bright an' early an' take a walk on an
empty stummick.' Til do it cheerfully,' says the pa-
tient, 'ef you'll pervide the stummick fur me to walk
on.' An' so, when a feller says to me: 'Git a home,'
I ask in puffeck good faith : 'Whose home shell I git ?'
No, sirre, thar ain't no homes flyin' around hopin' to
git took."

"I dunno about thct," says Ezra Gregg, "thar's
Ozone George who is a promisin' homes to fifty million
families in the great arid pastures of the West, whar
land is wuth twenty-five cents an acre an' water six
bits a quart. Whar the air is so pure an' dry that you
don't need a refrigerator to keep meat from spoilin',
and whar thar is potash enough in the back yard to
make a car load uv soap. Whar the cuckoo sings hot
two steps an' the hens lay hard boiled eggs. Whar —

"You durn fool," says I, impatient like, fur I wuz
riled, "hev you gone an' paid in a subscription to the
good cause?"

Ezra hung his head ez if shamed an' said no more.
His confusion beiir evidence uv his guilt, I needed
nu thin' further to explain why he hed recently put a
mortgage on his ranch. So shakin' my head mournfully
I remarked : 'What is home without a m-m-m — ?"

"Mother," added Zeke Pennywhacker, thinkin' I
hed forgot the word.

"No, mortgage," said I, laffin' fit to kill, at which
good humor wuz once more restored.

"Thar wuz oncet a time," perceded I, in a reflective
tone uv voice, "when a man could git a home when-
ever lie wanted one without desirin' the improvements
which are now considered ez the necessary attributs uv
any sort of a home. He took his axe an' goin' into the
woods hewed one out uv of the forest.

"It is true thar wuz bar an' Injuns which occa-
sionally skulped him, but they left him the greater por-
tion uv his hide fur his own use an' behoof. He killed
the bars and convarted their hides into clothes, an' he
bamboozled the Injuns out uv numerous extras in the
way uv home comforts at the expense uv a few glass
beads, sheet iron tomahawks, an' all wool cotton blank-
ets, the runnin' colors uv which durin' the fust rain
transformed the surface uv the noble red man into the
stars an' stripes. The home maker wuz free ez air an' he
asked no man fur odds.

18

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

"Now whar are we? Whar are the homes we are
advised to git so strenuously? Kin we go an' take
them by the hand an' say : 'Welcome, home, let me
drive my stakes down into your sile an' call you my
own without let or hindrance?' Does any home now
offered us with so much flourishin' uv trumpet, an' so
much sheddin' uv printer's ink, take us by the hand
an' say: 'Welcome, brother, come in an' help your-
self ?' Nary. The bars are on hand an' the Injuns sur-
vive, but we don't do any more skinnin', on the con-
trary, we are the skun. It are the Injuns ez are a
bamboozlin' us, an' they are a-doin' it with so remark-
able a cheapness to themselves an' with so much costli-
ness to us thet by the time we git a home we are obleeged
to move out uv it and hunt fur another somewhere
else under the same onerous conditions. In my humble
opinion, founded on fac's the genuine home seeker hez
gone entirely out uv business.

"Look the indublicatable fac's in the face, feller
citizens" says I, waxin' warm with the subjec', the
thorts rushin' through my brain in riotous profusion
ez I proceeded. "What's the fust thing thet hez to be
did to git a home? A contribution. Fur why should
I pay you a. contribution ?" I asked Ozone George, when
he intermated ' thet thar wuz one a-comin' to him.

"Why, fur perfection," says he.

"Perfection against what?" says I.

"Perfection against the fellers ez are a-stealin'
all the land, so's when you git a home they won't steal
it out from under ye."

"Good and great idee," says I, "but unfortnitly,
I hain't got any home roamin' around waitin' to git
stole."

"Mebbe you hain't now," says he, "but thar are
others ez hev homes; they want to keep from the
clutches uv the villains, an' it is your duty ez an
honest man an' a patriotic American citizen to help
your fellow men."

"Thet's the real missionary spirit," says I. "It's
like takin' up a collection fur the far away heathen.
Will you kindly remove your hat, George?"

"What fur?" says he.

"Why," says I, "whenever anybody wants me to
contribute for the relief uv the heathen, or to help
the poor an' sufferin' of the kentry, I allus like to
be sure thet his halo is on straight."

But George turned away without sayin' a word,
an' without removin' his hat, so I am obleeged to yield
to my suspicions thet all .is not ez it should be, an'
thet the homes George is offerin' to the unborn mil-
lions are tied to a rubber string which jumps the home
back out uv reach when you make a grab fur it.

At this pint in the perceedin's, Lawyer Goodwin
came in an' wanted to know what subjec' we hed been
discussin'. After readin' the minutes uv the meetin'
ez fur as we hed got, he run his fingers through his
shaggy mane, an' says:

"Silas, you are wrong, an' you are a-misleadin'
these innocent an' confidin' folks."

"Ez to how ?" I demanded, bridlin' up, fur I won't
bear contradictin' when I know I'm right an' every-
body else wrong.

"Why, don't you see," says Lawyer Goodwin,
"thar's seventy-four million acres uv rich sile in the
western half uv the United States capable uv supportin'
fifty millions uv people, but thet land needs water
wuss'n a duck durin' a prolonged drought. It is not in

harmony with the spirit uv the age to keep this vast
desert a-goin' on any longer without bein' reclaimed.

"I tell you, feller citizens," an' the lawyer squared
himself off ez he does when addressin' a jury, "land
without population is a wilderness, an' population with-
out land is a mob. In view uv the enormous number
uv implements an' vehicles thet would be required to
supply this vast — this vast — this vast — " here the law-
yer began fumblin' in his pocket for papers or suthin'
else to refresh his memory, which appeared to hev sud-
denly deserted him. He didn't find what he wuz seekin',
so I took up his line uv argument:

"This vast section uv kentry, when put under
cultivation by a proper system uv irrigation, built an'
controlled by the general government, the influence
an'—"

"Look here, Silas, thet's my letter you're a-readin'
from," an' the lawyer made a grab fur it. but didn't
git it.

"Tain't yours, neither," says I. "It's one I got
from Ozone George regularly through the rural deliv-
ery, laid down at my very door, postage paid."

"Silas," says he, drawing me to one side, "are
you onto this game?"

"'Uv course," says I, "ain't you?"

The lawyer winked suggestively which cast a flood
uv light into my intellect, but I couldn't git him to
tell me the size- uv his retainer.

"It's gittin' so these days, Silas," explained Law-
yer Goodwin, "thet it is extremely difficult to tell
which side a man's on in any subject. In view uv
the enormity uv the things thet hev been suggested by
Ozone George in this reclamation campaign, it is jest
ez well fur a man to be on all sides uv it, fur thar is
allus some fat pickin's to be hed. Thar's the implement
men an' the growin' fund, an' thar's them ez want to-
git some uv of thet fund. Then again, thar's the bloom-
in' homeseekers, homesickers, they should be called, an'
it may be thet sometime they will git on top. Ef we
can't straddle the blind, Silas, why shouldn't we skin
the pot?"

"Thet puts a diff'rent complexion on the whole
matter," says I, "ef thar's any wav fur me — you know
—jest give me a pinter when the time comes."

"I onderstand, Silas, a hint is ez good ez a kick to
a blind hoss. I will see Ozone and tell him you have
experienced a change uv heart."

"It's got to be did quick, lawyer," says I, "thar's
thet gosh blamed note you hold."

"I'll turn thet in on account, Silas."

I went home happier thet night than I hed been
fur six months, fur I felt thar wuz suthin' a-doin'.
My opinion is that reclamation is a good thing fur the
kentry.

COLONIZATION GROWING.

The following facts indicate the growth of colonization
in two localities by the subdivision of large tracts of irri-
gated land :

On the Laguna de Tache grant previous to July, 1902,
there were only two Dunker families; up to August 1st,
1903, there have moved in 55 families, consisting of 129 people,
with 11 carloads of household goods. They bought 690
acres. During the same period 251 prospective settlers ap-
peared to make arrangements for homes.

In the South Platte valley in Colorado, 17 families bought
3 160 acres in 1902. In 1903 39 families, consisting of 91
people, bought 9,275 acres, and brought in 20 carloads of
household goods. Twenty-nine prospective settlers also made
their appearance.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

19

It is a source of gratification to THE
An Over- AGE that the good seed it has been plant-
looked ing has begun to sprout and shows every
Editorial. indication of becoming a healthy plant.
We have had some opinions concern-
ing the manner in which the objects of the National
Irrigation Act of Congress has been wrested from its
purpose, and we have not hesitated to point out the ras-
calities in course of incubation to destroy the homestead
laws for the purpose of enabling land syndicates, com-
bines, and corporations to be the sole dispensers of
private lands at high prices.

Again, THE AGE has not hesitated to show the
malign influences working behind the State legislatures
to place the home seekers of this country at the mercy
of grasping private land owners. From all these its
constant litany has been : "Good Lord deliYer us."

We know, as does everybody else who is not sub-
sidized to say the contrary, that these malign, or let
us call them "malignant" ' influences, enjoy the esti-
mable privilege of owning the bodies and whatever is
visible of the souls of certain organs that are played
upon from time to time, and groan out a monotonous
tune similar to "The Old Cow Crossed the Road," in
sixteen verses, all of them being similar to the first,
but oft repeated appear different to the unmusical ear.

One of these "organs" which would be as big as
the planet Jupiter were its skin not that of a microbe,
incapable of expanding to any greater size than a pin
head, is the Riverside Daily Press. This great daily
submits two printers' sticks of advertising space to
compliment the IRRIGATION AGE upon its ignorance of
the California Works Bill and nobly earns its subsidy
by ridiculing the idea of anybody trying to get the irri-
gators of California in his power.

THE AGE would not lament this charge of ignor-
ance on the part of the talented and distinguished
scientist, statesman, and bottle holder of the corrupt,
grasping gang that hires it to play the jester, but, it
feels the sting of it, when the Citrograph, for a small
dribbling stipend accepts the mouthings of the Riverside
organ and adds some alleged wit which is not worth
the space given it. This little unripe, pour citrus says
"WE were there," and that there was nothing wrong
at the Riverside convention. Surely not, for the WE
filled the entire convention hall, though some say it
could not be found with a powerful microscope.

The only complaint THE AGE has to make con-
cerning these thin smoke ups is, that the Citrograph
needs a few lessons in Latin elements before it can
make its misquotation influential, and that it winds
up by saying: "Mr. Maxwell can take care of him-
self." Both the Press and the Citrograph may have
such confidential relations with Monsieur Maxwell as
to justify them in their statement, but the greater part
of the community have been under the impression all

along that Monsieur Maxwell was unable to take care
of himself without the valuable assistance of the Press
and the Citrograph.

We beg to thank the two great journals for even
noticing THE AGE by attempted witticisms.

MR. J. A. CHARTAR, M. E.

In Charge of Gas and Gasoline Engine and Irrigation Dept.,
Fairbanks Morse & Co., Chicago.

Pocatello,
Idaho.

Pocatello, Idaho, has the advantage of a
location which few cities possess, and
promises to become a center from which
an incalculable quantity of power and
energy can be distributed easily and cheaply.

The Pocatello Power, Light & Water Company
(The J. H. Brady Company) have nearly completed a
pole line reaching out to Blackfoot a distance of twen-
ty-five miles. The power plant of the company utilizes
the Snake river at American Falls and the power is used
for pumping water, lighting and other 'purposes.

Within reach are the famous Shoshone Falls, the
grandeur of which beggars description. The accommo-
dations for visitors are excellent and reasonable, and
the region about Pocatello bids fair to become a favorite
place of resort. Blue Lakes, Twin Falls and the Sho-
shone are nature's wonders not to be missed.

THE IRRIGATION AGE for 1 year and The Primer
of Irrigation, a 300-page handsomely bound book for
$1.50. Send in subscription now.

Modern Irrigation, Denver, THE IRRIGATION AGE,
Chicago, and The Primer of Irrigation, all for $2.00 a
year.

20

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

EL PASO, TEXAS, AND VICINITY.

The city is beautifully situated on hills on the
banks of the Kio Grande river, and the site is every-
thing that could be desired for a great city. She lies
at an altitude of 3,500 feet above sea level, with beau-
tiful mountain scenery on all sides, excellent drainage,
and magnificent sites for residence and business build-
ings. By looking at the map one may see that El Paso
is located in the southwestern corner of the state. The
Rio Grande river and Chihuahua, Mexico, constitute its
southern boundary, its latitude being about that of
Savannah, Ga., and San Diego, Cal.

The county of El Paso, in which the city is situ-
ated, has a frontage on the Rio Grande river of about
147 miles', with a superficial area of about 7,000 square
miles or 4,480,000 acres. This county, it will be readily
be seen, is twice as large as Delaware, as large as Con-
necticut, and six times as large as Rhode Island. Its
surface is diversified with mountains, valleys and plains.
Sufficient of each to give variety to the grasses, soil and
climate and picturcsqueness to the scenery.

That portion lying along the river and constitut-
ing the valley proper is an alluvial deposit of as rich
and productive soil as can anywhere be found. It
varies in width from one to six miles and while in
many places there is a heavy growth of timber, there
is everywhere sufficient for all purposes of the farm
and home. The valley is said to have been settled by
the Jesuits in 1620, since which time portions of it
have been under successful cultivation. The climate is
dry, healthy and delightful. The rainfall averaging
from ten to fourteen inches and the thermometer rarely
indicating above 100 degrees in summer, while the win-
ters are mild, the mercury rarely falling below twenty
above zero. The ground is never frozen and the snow-
fall under all circumstances is extremely light, never re-
maining long upon the warm, unfrozen ground.

The productiveness of the valley of the Rio Grande,
especially in the vicinity of El Paso, is unsurpassed in
any locality. Nearly all of the products of the tem-
perate zone may be produced here in abundance and
perfection. The cereals, wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye,
etc., yield as much per acre and of as good quality as
in any part of the United States. The grasses, alfalfa,
millett, timothy, Bermuda and all others which have
been thus far introduced, do well. Alfalfa does remark-
ably well and may be cut from four to five times each
season, averaging from six to ten tons per acre. It is
also a perennial, with a vigorous growth of root, often
penetrating twelve to fourteen feet below the surface.
Vegetables of nearly every known variety and espe-
cially all those that are grown on vines, do as well
here in all respects as anywhere in the United States.
The soil and climate are perfectly adapted to the growth
of apples, pears, peaches, plums, grapes, quinces, apri-
cots, nectarines, almonds, prunes, strawberries, rasp-
berries and numerous others. All of these have been
thoroughly tested, as the numerous orchards in the
valley now testify.

A MARCHING SONG.

When life looks blue as the deuce to you

And your step grows feeble and slow;
When your shoulders droop with a weary stoop,

As if bowed with a weight of woe,
When fame seems farther than ever away

And fortune is only a jilt,
Just think of a song as you go along

And march to a lively lilt.

With a hep ! hep ! as you onward step,

Now mark the effect on you ;
You'll quickly see what a change '"twill be,

When the world looks kind of blue ;
For courage will spring in your heart again

And sorrow will leave you soon.
If you forward step with a hep ! hep !

To the time of a marching tune !

When grief and gloom in your heart have room

And you're tired of babble and talk,
Go forth, I say, in the light of day,

For the balm of a lonely walk ;
The spirit that sits on your heart may be

With many another allied,
But they won't stay long for the ring of a song

And the swing of a marching stride !

With a hep ! hep ! as you onward step,

Oh, this is a sovereign cure
For minds that mope in the dark, and grope

In the mist of a mood obscure ;
Oli, doubt and fear from your heart will fly

And joy will replace them soon
If you onward step with a hep ! hep !

To the time of a marching tune !

— Denis A. McCarthy.

If the scientists keep on every farmer will be com-
pelled to establish a drug store on his ranch. If a
horse or cow gets enough hay and carrots what does
cither care whether they are called protein and carbo-
hydrates? And if the farmer has enough to keep them
in good condition what does he care?

The Primer of Irrigation, a 300-page book, and THE
IRRIGATION AGE, one year, $1.50.

Farming in Colorado, Utah and
New Mexico.

The farmer who contemplates changing his loca-
tion should look well into the subject of irrigation.
Before making a trip of investigation there is no
better way to secure advance information than by
writing to those most interested in the settlement of
unoccupied lands. Several publications, giving val-
uable information in regard to the agricultural, hor-
ticultural and live stock interests of this great west-
ern section have been prepared by the Denver &
Rio Grande and the Rio Grande Western, which
should be in the hands of all who desire to become
acquainted with the merits of the various localities.
Write S. K. Hooper, G. P. & T. A., Denver, Colo.

THE 1KKIGATION AGE.

BIRDSELL ALFALFA HULLER

Interior View of the Mo. 3 Nev Birdsell Monitor Junior Alfalfa Huller.

Wind Stacker and Automatic Feeder F \jrnisKed when Desired.

J« j» J* SEND KOR CATALOOUE; j« j« j*

BIRDSELL MFG, CO., Sovith Bend, Ind.

Mention IRRIGATION AGE.

£<S*e>'Sxexe*Jxe>3xJxe*eK8x8*SxS>3xS^^

IRRIGATING MACHINERY WANTED!

Information

Furnished

by our

Experts

This shows one of

our

Deep Well Pump-
ing Outfits
operated by our

Gasoline

or Crude Oil

Engine

Write for Catalogue

FAIRBANKS, MORSE & Co.,

MANUFACTURERS.

Chicago Detroit Denver

St. Paul Cincinnati San Francisco

Minneapolis Cleveland Los Angeles

Omaha Indianapolis Salt Lake City

St. Louis Louisville Portland, Ore.

Kansas City New York London, Eng.

Men to lay Tile by day or contract.
Address
THOMAS HART, Donovan, 111.

One dollar and fifty cents will secure for you one year's subscrip-
tion to THE IRRIGATION AQB and a finely bound volume of the
Primer of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid in a few months,
when volume Is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be finely
Illustrated and will contain about 300 pages. Send post office or
express money order for $1.50 and secure copy of first edition.

VAN WIE CENTRIFUGAL

the best in the market. Why? Because

Handles More Water Than

Any Other Pump with

Same Fuel.

PROOF. Read following from result of
test made by New Mexico College of Ag-
riculture and Mechanic Arts, Mesilla
Park, New Mexico:

Cost of fuel per acre for irrigation three
inches deep, using dry Tornillo Wood at
$2.25 per cord.
Name of Pump.

VanWie $.512

Wood's 647

Kingsford 597

Byron Jackson 614

Fifth Pump 617

For catalogue, address

IRVIN VAN WIE,

713-723 West Fayette St.,
SYRACUSE, N. Y.

1903 Irrlgator.

22

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

SAMSON DOUBLE GEAR

The Samson

GALVANIZED STEEL
WIND HILL

The Strongest and Best
Mill on Earth

It is a double-geared mill and is the latest great
advance in wind -mill construction.

The capacity of our new wind-mill factory is
75,000 mills a year — the greatest capacity of any
factory of its kind on earth.

...THE SAMSON...

is a double-geared mill and is the latest great ad-
vance in wind-mill construction.

It will be readily seen that this double gear im-
parts double the strength to the Samson over that
of any other mill of equal size. Since the gear is
double and the strain of work is equally divided
between the two gears, there is no side draft,
shake or wobble to cut out the gears. The gear-
ing, therefore, has four times the life and wearing
qualities of any single gear.

All interested in irrigation should write us for
our finely illustrated book on irrigation matters,
which will be sent free to all who mention THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE. This work contains all necessary informa-
tion for establishing an irrigation plant by wind power.

Remember We Guarantee the Samson

'

a

The Stover Manf g Co.

617 Hiv«r Street FREEPORT, ILL.

HMMBMMHHMHBHMHHUHHHHUMIHft

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

23

THE "penny wise and pound foolish" policy has an apt illustration in the man who buys a
cheap gas or gasoline engine; Unreliable service, frequent and expensive repairs,
wastefulness in fuel and short life, offset many times over the small saving in first cost. The
"OTTO" is the original and best. Suppose it does cost a little more money, the extra dollars
are well invested. 70,000 users throughout the civilized world support us in this claim.

Agents as usual.

THE OTTO CAS ENGINE WORKS

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Shuart Earth Grader No. 3

An ideal, all-round Grader for
Irrigators. This Machine, rapidly
and cheaply, does a quality ol
grading possible with ordinary
appliances only at a virtually pro-
hibitory expense. The blade
can be worked straight across
for cutting, conveying and
spreading the earth ; or it
can be worked diagonally
for throwing up borders ;
and it can be tilted for run-
ninglaterals. Forillustrated
circular and price, address

B. F, SHUART, OBER.LIN. O.

R. H. McWILLIAMS.
General Drainage Contractor.

Special attention paid to reclaiming swamp lands with steam dredges.
Drainage bonds bought and sold.

JVIATTOOPI, I I , i^ I :v< > i .-*.

Please mention I'HK IRRIGATION AGE wner, wining to advertisers.

We have furnished a large
number of centrifugal pumps,
both belt driven and direct
connected, for use in irriga-
tion. Where water is drawn
from wells our vertical pump
is used with splendid success.

We also build our pumps
direct connected to engines,
which have been found ex-
ceedingly useful where the lift
of water does not exceed 20
feet. Our line consists of the
various types and sizes from
1% in. to 12 in., inclusive.

Our dredging or sand
pumps have been found very
successful in the dredging of
canals; a large number of
these outfits having been used
in Colorado.

Erie Pump and Engine Company, Erie, Pa.

M.H.DOWNEY. E. J.WILCOX.

DOWNEY <a WILCOX, Civil Engineers.

DRAINAGE AND ROADS A SPECIALTY,

Correspondence Solicited. Room 2, Court House, ANDERSON, IND

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

Mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and
Illustrated Pamphlets.

H. C. TOWNSEND,

General Passenger and Ticket Agent,
ST. LOUIS.

Burlin
Thro'

Lines
ileven Great States

Burlington lines traverse eleven of the greatest states in the
Union — Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska,
Kansas, Colorado, South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana.

Nearly 7,000 of the Burlington's 8,500 miles of road are located
entirely within the Louisiana Purchase. Within this territory are the
corn belt, the wheat belt, the widest live-stock areas, the greatest
scenic wonders, the richest mineral regions of the United States.

The Burlington has been built through the heart of the Louisiana
Purchase and is conceded to be the greatest and best railroad within
its limits.

If you want to know more about the resources and wonders of this
great region, send two cents for a copy of "Nebraska"; two cents for
"The North Platte Valley"; ten cents for "Colorado"; four cents for
the "Hand Book of Colorado;" two cents for "Bates Park"; two cents
for "Little Journeys in the Black Hills"; six cents for "Mines and
Mining in the Black Hills"; two cents for "Custer Battlefield"; two
cents for "The Big Horn Basin of Wyoming"; four cents for "The
Yellowstone National Park."

Burlington

P. S. EUSTIS,

Passenger Traffic Manager,
CHICAGO.

871

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

J. L. HUBBELL

Indian Trader

Dealer in

Navajo
Blankets

OLD STYLE WEAVINQS AND
PATTERNS A SPECIALTY.

Silverware, Baskets,

Curios,
Prehistoric Pottery.

Products of Navajo

and other Indian

tribes.

AGENTS WANTED THROUGHOUT
THE UNITED STATES.

Write for particulars, mentioning
The Irrigation Age.

J. L. HUBBELL

BRANCH STORE: Keam's Canon, Ariz.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

MYERS
POWER PUMPS

"Without An Equal on the Globe"

Pull Information in Regard to Our Varied Line on Application.

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt powers, in harmony with present requirements.

FIG. 818.

No. 359. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, 1% and 10-
inch stroke.

No. 364. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 and 20-
inch stroke.

FIG. 800.

Bulldozer Power Pump, sizes 3, 4, 5 and 6-inch
cylinders, stroke ranging from 5 to 20-inch.

F. E. MYERS & BRO.,

Ashland, O., U. S. A.

-H-H- 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II f

26 THE IRRIGATION AGI

Great Irrigated
Valleys ....

ARKANSAS VALLEY, COLORADO. Altitude 3,400 to 4,600 ft.; beet sugar factories,
thousands of acres of alfalfa, millions of cantaloupes, extensive orchards, flocks of sheep;
largest irrigated section in the U. S. Extensive cattle feeding and dairy interests, population
doubled in five years.

PECOS VALLEY, NEW MEXICO. Altitude 3,000 to 4,000 feet. ; 175 miles long; on edge
of great plains' cattle pastures, affording profitable home market for alfalfa and grain; noted
for its large orchards and fine quality of fruits and vegetables; artesian belt with 300
flowing wells.

RIO GRANDE VALLEY, NEW MEXICO. Altitude 3,700 105,300 ft.; 350 miles long;
great sheep raising section; mining in adjacent mountains; adapted to fruit raising and
small farms.

SALT RIVER VALLEY, ARIZONA. Altitude 1,000 ft.; 60 miles long and 20 miles wide;
special industries — early oranges, live stock, vegetables, small fruits, alfalfa, bee culture.

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. Altitude 50 to 400 ft.; 250 miles long, 50 miles
wide; wheat raising, live stock, oil wells, alfalfa, raisin and wine grapes, olives, figs, citrus
and deciduous fruits, almonds, walnuts, lumbering and mines in mountains.

ALL FIVE VALLEYS have never-failing water supply, extensive systems of irrigating
ditches and rich soil, insuring profitable crops. Pleasant climate, especially in winter.
Thriving towns, affording good markets. Directly reached by the SANTA FE.

For information about farm lands, manufactures and general business openings,
address

Gen. Pass. Office A. T. 4 S. F. Ry. System,
GREAT NORTHERN BLDG. £ CHICAGO.

Santa Fe

THE IRRIGATION AGE. 27

H~X«H~HK^^^

South Dakota

St. Paul Railway

« •

• >

• >

V
V

I
1

y y

t y

I I

X X

That is the place to go if you have made

'k %

up your mind to stop paying rent and J J

* '** &

start on the highway to independence. J |

Today is the time to secure farm lands.

.*. .*.

Recent extensions of the

•i* •*•
y t

•I* V

y y
y y

Chicago. Milwaukee *• "

•«- -j-

It
| i

If
II

open the way to new fields, where
splendid opportunities for success are

y ***

offered. South Dakota book — 1903 edition

.*. •*•
— sent for 2 cents' postage. S ?

A O .% A

i I ?

I: :*:
F. A. MILLER, General Passenger Agent,

CHICAGO.

*:X~XK~:~X.<K.MXKK.M^^^ .j

28

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Built Right

Run Right

Unsurpassed for Tile, Hollow Ware. Brick a.nd a.11
Classes of Clay products. Write for Particulars
on this or other Clavworkini! Machinery 5959

The Improved Centennial Auger Machine

Bucyrus, Ohio
U. S. A.

TKe American Clay- Working
Machinery Company

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

CJI 713 F>¥ fir CJ for Brick, Tile and Sewer
*•* V * * 1-f im-nJ Pipe Manufacturers

SEWER PIPE BARROW

TILE TRUCK

HEAVY FURNACE FRONT

These Trucks and Barrows are made of first-class material, and the workmanship is the
best. Special trucks and barrows to suit customers, made to order. Prices quoted on
receipt of specifications.

BAND TIGHTENERS AND DOOR CONNECTORS

CLASS B CLASS C

TUPPER STYLE GRATE

CAST IRON KILN COVERS

Sections 6 inches wide.

36, 42, and 48 inches long

STRAIGHT GRATES

Any length. Sections 3 inches to 3% inches wide. Weight average about 1 pound VENTILATORS

per inch in length.

We also make Kiln Bands complete with sections cut to length and rivet holes punched. Rivets fur-
nished and tighteners riveted on to end sections. Prices quoted for anything in this line upon application.

Address

The Arnold -Creager Co.

NEW LONDON. OHIO

or Cor. 6th and Vine Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio

30

THE IERIGATION AGE.

0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0« 0«O«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«O«0«O«0»

Say, Mr. Tilemaker,

Does the machine you are now €\
using pug the clay sufficiently £

If not, here is one that will. The best Tile
Machine made, combined with an eight-foot
double-shaft Pug Mill; and it is arranged to
make tile from 2 1/2 'in. to 24 'in. It will pay
you to investigate this machine and also Ben-
sing's Automatic Cutting Tables. Write us for
full information and prices .

THE J. D. FATE CO.

PLYMOUTH, OHIO

We make a full line of Clay Working Machinery

«o»o«o»o*o«o»o»o»o«o«o«o«o«c •o«o»oaoao«o»o«o«o«o»o«o»o»o*o*o«o«o«o«o«o

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

31

The Simplification of
Water Records by
a Right System
Insures

'16" LONG RANGE TELESCOPE.

FOR

Irrigators,
Farmers

and

Ditchers

Catalogue free.

Grade
Level Co.

Jackson. Mich.
No. 1. {27.00
Target and Rod
free with each.
Target and Rod alone $2.00.

Our Grade Levels are the only ones made with
a "Grade Bar" and with a "Scale" showing tne
grade without figuring, and the only one with a
Telescope at so low a price.

No. 1 Improved Level {our latest) — |3<». Has horiz-
ontal circle divided Into degrees; can run at any angle
without measuring.

EDGAR M. HEAFER
TILE COMPANY

MANUFACTURERS OF

Round Drain Tile

Of Superior Potters' Clay.

ASLO DEALERS IN

SUPERIOR FIRE BRICK AND SEWER PIPE
BLOOHINQTON, ILL.

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

Valley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for TlLE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

for

f 11 1< i

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner,

Central Station, Park Row, Room 506,
CHICAGO, ILL.

When writing to Advertisers, please mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IO«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0€O«0«OC050tOSO«0«C

The MARION

STEAM SHOVEL CO

. 632 W. Center Street, MARION, OHIO.

A COMPLETE LINE OF STEAM SHOVELS, DIPPER

AND CLAMSHELL DREDGES, ETC.

One-ya.rd DltcKlng Dredge.

constructing Drainage Ditches we have both
drydand and floating Dredges, and we build
them to suit the requirements of your work. IVe
manufacture our own steel and grey iron castings,
and make our own chain

When in the market write us for information and prices.

(When Writing Advertisers, Please Mention IRRIGATION AGE.)

32

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

DIAMOND/

ON CREDIT

IN THIS GAME OF
HEARTS DIAMONDS
WIN

Dear to the Heart

of every "Daughter of Eve" are the scintillating hues of liquid
fire hidden in the depths of a Diamond. Whether as an emblem
of plighted troth, or as a Christmas anniversary or birthday gilt
to wife, sweetheart, mother, sister or daughter, it is always a
seasonable and prized gift. It is no longer necessary that the
purchaser of a Diamond be the possessor of property or wealth,
or undergo pinching economies to procure one. Under the
Loftis System any person of honest intentions may open a Con-
fidential Charge Account and purchase a Diamond, Watch or
other valuable piece of jewelry, and pay the cash price in a
series of easy monthly payments.

Hnn/ li ie. HnriA* Write today for our illustrated Catalogue,
IIUW IliaUUUC. anti [rom it se]ect any article that you

would like to wear or own; or, perhaps, give to a loved one at
Christmas. Your selection will at once be sent to your home,
place of business or express office as you prefer. Examine it
with all the care you wish: then, if it is all that you anticipated,
and the best value that you ever saw for the money, pay one-fifth
of the price and keep it. The balance you may send us in eight
equal monthly payments.

fJn f h» ntli/if Hanri if youdecidenottobuy.simplyreturn

im meutner nana, the article at our exnense. whether

you buy or not, we pay all express and other charges — there is
no expense to you, neither do you assume any risk or obligation

whatever. We submit our goods on their merits, with absolute
confidence that their quality, low prices and our easy terms will
make you a pleased customer.

We are the largest house in the Diamond business. We are also
one of the oldest— Est. 1858. We refer to any bank in Amer-
ica—ask your local bank how we stand in the business world.
They will refer to their books of commercial ratings and tell you
that we stand very high, and that our representations may be
accepted without a question.

ftlir filiarantpP (Vrtifirflfp given with every Dia-

uur uudrdiuee veruuime mond is ,ne broadest

and the strongest ever given by a house of unquestioned respon-
sibility. Our exchange s> stem is the most liberal ever devised,
for it permits you to return any Diamond bought of us, and to
get the full amount paid, in exchange for other goods or a larger
Diamond.

An Arrmint With II«is a confidential matter. We
AU AllUlin 1 US requjre no security; charge no

interest; impose no penalties and create no publicity. Our cus-
tomers use their charge accounts with us year after year, finding
them a great convenience at such times as Christmas, birthdays,
anniversaries, etc. We have no disagreeable preliminaries or
vexatious delays. Everything is pleasant, prompt and guaran-
teed to be satisfactory.

iMirJetiTiac Diane' will not be complete until you have looked through our new Christmas Catalogue, and con-
V/ni I IdllS) 9|dered wnat you can do In gift making in conjunction with the LOFTIS SYSTEM. The five

dollars which you might pay for something cheap and trifling, uill make the first payment rn, and put you in immediate possession
of a beautiful Diamond or a Pine Watch. With a very little money, you can make gilts that are commensurate with, and appro-
priate to the circumstances — tor we require but one-fifth of the price of any article when we deliver it to vou. IF YOU PREFER TO
BUY FOR CASH we have a proposition to make which is thoroughly characteristic pi pur house. It is nothing less than our written
agreement to return all that you pay for a Diamond — less ten per cent, at any time within one year. You might thus wear a fifty-dollar
Diamond for a whole year, and then send it back to us and get {45, making the cost of wearing a Diamond less than ten cents per week.

'WRITE TO-DAY FOR <!ATAl,O«i;E

Loftis Bros.

Company

Diamonds— Watches— Jewelry

Dept. M-134 92 to 98 State St., CHICAGO, ILL.

I
i

I

I

i

!
I

JEFFREY Elevators-Conveyors

We cat\ sa.ve you
Time. Labor and

Money. Write us
when contemplat-
ing improve-

ments.

Our Catalogue is
yours for the
asking.

Box Elevator Type—
Wa.ter Elevator
for Irrigation
purposes.

Address

Handle material
of all kinds, bulk
or package, wet
or dry, hot or cold,
a n y s i z e , any
distance.

Rubber Belt.

Spiral.

Cable.

Chain.

Cotton Belt,

Pan.

CONVEYORS

The Jeffrey Manufacturing Co.

'4

I

New York.

Columbus. Ohio, U. S. A.

Denver.

OWN:A:FARM!

Thousands of Acres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance, are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE, STOCK-RAISING AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address

CHICAGO AND

J. F. CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISSIONER, C. 4. N.W. Ry

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III.

NORTH-
WESTERN RY.

ASK FOR TICKETS VIA

THE NORTH-WESTERN LINE

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES
212 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE STREETS.

OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUGH,

Third Vice-President.

W. A. GARDNER,

General Manager.

W. B. KNISKERN,

Pass. Traffic Manager.

STAR" WIND MILLS

Irrigating
Plant

Designed particularly for the
service . o f supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

Hoosier

and

*\ 99

' Fast Mail

-

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of Iron
Pumps designed for
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
era ted by hand
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

•Star"

Irrigating

Mill

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

'HOOSIER'

Tubular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

Any Capacity . . .

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Any Pvirpose

Steel Towers

Either ,3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

'LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS Of GOODS

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog
and Circulars. Mention this Paper.

Flint (®L Walling Mfg. Co.

530 Otvk Street, KervdeJlville, Ind.

VOL. XIX.

No. 2.

IGATMAG]

PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION

DRAINAGE

1

THE

' IRRIGATION AGE^

ESTABLISHED 1885

WITH WHICH IS MERGED

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL
ESTABLISHED 1879

DECEMBER.
1903.

THED.H.AMRSON
.PUBLISHING CO.,

Publishers.

112 DEARBORN ST..

CHICAGO.

SPECIAL

FEATURES

I m mense Irrigation Project
Pumping for Irriga-tion

Pump Irrigation Rio Grande

Valley, Texa.s

The Primer of Irriga-tion I ^
Payette, Idaho

CHARLES A- '

Morris Ma=
chine Works

BALDWINSVILLE.N.Y.

dcsiet'eJ (or auy irrigating i>r(>p'
ositUD. Send details or sjx;cifica-
tious of what is wanted and we
uii<I recuiutiirnd a pumping outfit
to supply the need.

NowYoik office,
Ml (. ortlatult Street

208 Main Street, Texas

Hetnoii & Hubbcli, Agents,

L N, i#HerPon ^tle<!t. Chicago, 11),

Harron, Rickard & McCou«,

Igentp, 21 Fremont Mi«et,

Iran hr-u-ci-co, Cal,

. ;..;..;..;..;..;..:..:..;..;..:..;..;..;..;..:..;..:..:..:..;..:..:..;..;..;..;..:..;..;..;..;..;..;..;..;..:..:..X.

!

*

t

t

V

*

I

t

T

Keep Your fp on the Challenge
Line of Irrigation Machinery.

Challenge Gasoline Engines

FIVE HORSE POWER WITH PUMP JACK

Strongest and simplest Engine ever constructed. Has Friction Clutch for throwing
Pump Jack out of gear. Has all latest appliances for convenience in handling.

Has Stroke

i 2 inch.
16 inch.
20 inch.
24 inch.

GET OUR PRICES

Furnished either
Mounted or Sta-
tionary. We also
build itf H. P.,
2 H. P. and 3 H.
P. Engines with
Pump Jacks.

Dandy Irrigator Wind Mills

IVOTHIIVO TO

-WITH

Note its Simplic
ity, Compactness,
Immense strength

Brass or Graphite
Bearings.

Roller Bearings

for Turn Table.

Heaviest and
Strongest Wind
Mill ever offered
for sale.

It is everlasting
and has no equal.

Headquarters for all Kinds

of Water Supply

Goods.

This cut shows the
working and wearing
parts of our large
sizes of Dandy Mills.
They are particularly
adapted for irriga-
tion pumping.

1

I

1

I

The
Dandy

Write for Catalog

BRANCH HOUSES:

DALLAS, -
KANSAS CITY.
MINNEAPOLIS.
OMAHA, -
136 Liberty Si.,

*

*

NEW YORK

*

Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill fti., Batavia. 111

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

33

POWER.

TO PRODUCE WATER.

WE HAVE IT IN THE

DEMPSTER STEEL WIND MILL

Sizes : 6 to 16 feet.

WE MANUFACTURE A COMPLETE LINE

WATER, SUPPLIES

STEEL WIND MILLS AND TOWERS.

VANELESS AND SOLID WHEEL MILLS.

PUMPS, CYLINDERS, TANKS, ETC.

We can please you. Try us.

If you wish to be independent of the vary-
ing winds, get a Dempster Gasoline Engine.
Made in 2, 3^, 6, 8 and 16 H. P. They are
very simple, being free from the intricate
devices which characterize so many engines.
They are Powerful and R_eli<vble.

Dempster Well Machinery affords the best way
of making wells in any formation. You can
use Horse Power, Steam, or Gas Engine.
We will gladly send illustrated reading
matter concerning any of our goods and
supply any imformalion which we can give.

Dempster Mill Mfg. Co

FACTORY: BEATRICE, NE;B.

Branches: Kansas City. Omaha, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

34

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

STANDARD FOR SIXTY-FIVE YEARS

MADE BY DEERE & CO., MOLINE, ILL.

HIIIIII Mill I Illlll I I I I I I I II I I I I I MM I I I MM I I I III II MUM I I I I II I I I I I+++

i JEFFREY MACHINERY

Mills, Factories, ;
Mines, Industrial ;
and Power Plants

ELEVATORS,
CONVEYORS,
SCREENS,
CRUSHERS,
ROCK DRILLS.

STORAGE BATTERY
LOCOMOTIVES.

Machinery
Designed to
Suit the
Conditions.

Our Catalogue and
prices are yours for
the asking.

THE JEFFREY MFG. CO., Columbus, Ohio, U.S. A. ST.™

I II I II II I I MM I II I II II I I I I I ;il I I I II I II I »-M I I M I I II I I I II II I I II I I I I I I I II II I II II It'

THE IKK1GATION AGE.

35

THE BUCKEYE TRACTION DITCHER

A winning proposition in a.ny kind of soil.

5?

N
U

A
C

U
R

D
N

O

U
R

S
S

CUTTING

FROM

ELEVEN

AND

ONE-HALF
INCHES

TO

TWENTY-
FOUR
INCHES

IN

WIDTH

AND

FROM

FOUR

AND

ONE-HALF

TO

SIX

AND

ONE-HALF

FEET

IN

DEPTH

This cut shows The Buckeye just starting a trench with
grading targets out ahead. The BUCKEYE positively cuts
to a perfect grade, and to its full depth with one cut.

EVERY USER GIVES HIS ENTHUSIASTIC ENDORSEMENT. ^r.>.:

The Van Buren, Heck & Marvin Co.

FINDLAY, OHIO, U. S. A.

36 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

mi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 in 1 1 1 1 mi 1 1 1 ii i ii 1 1 ii 1 1 1 mi 1 1 in MI ui i MM ii mi i n

EVANS POTATO PLANTER

Acknowledged to be the best and simplest
planter that ever planted a Pi tato

Made in both Plain and
Fertilizer Styles

So simple that a boy can
operate it

SEND FOR FREE CATALOGUES

AMERICAN SEEDING=MACHINE CO., SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

• i ••• i • I •••••••••••••••• I I •

Please mention Irrigation Age.

i mi 1 1 1 1 1 1 in 1 1 1 1 MI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 in iiiiiiiiii 1 1 in 1 1 in i

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX.

CHICAGO, DECEMBER, 1903.

No. 2.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,

PUBLISHERS.

112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Entered at the Fostoffice at Chicago, 111., as Second-Class Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid • . $1.00

To Canada and Mexico 1.00

All Other Foreign Countries '. . . . 1.50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks.
Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recognized throughout the world as
the exponent ot Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival in half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

+r\

>

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication
^ the worid j^^ an actoa[ paid in advance circuiation among individual

irrigators and large irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world.

The Irrigation Age is 18 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITORIAL

Good Gracious!

The delay in issuing our December num-
Cause her was caused by storms delaying mat-

For tor for a special El Paso and Payette edi-

Our Delay, tion. El Paso matter is not yet all in,

but will be made a special feature of a
hundred-page New Year's edition to appear early in
January.

There is no reason why the unsentimental
From Our delvers in the soil, ditch diggers, and tile
Christmas layers, are not entitled to the good wishes
Tree. extended to all during the Christmas and

New Year's season.

Accept the hearty greetings of THE IRRIGATION AGE,
peace to all you men of good will. May your ditches
run full, and your crops shadow the earth. May your
drainage tile carry off the alkali that curses your soil.
May you never know what it is to have a drought, and
may evaporation, run off, and seepage keep far from you.
May you enjoy the luscious fruits of your own labor
beneath your own vine and fig tree, and may the tax
collector be easy with you, and all land reformers,
schemes, pious amendment-to-the-land-laws dope fiends
keep beyond range of your shotgun. May you grow fat,
contented and happy, and in the near future find bliss-
ful, toilless repose, with a substantial bank account to
lean upon.

THE IRRIGATION AGE is reliably
informed that one Mr. George
H. Maxwell is boasting that, by
reason of his strong pull with the

transcontinental railways, he will see to it that the
several companies will place no more advertising in its
columns. As our bucolic friend, Silas Thornapple,
would say: "This is puffickly orful!"

Inasmuch as THE IRRIGATION AGE has never ob-
tained anything from the railway companies which it
has not paid full value for, either in cash or in adver-
tisements, the publisher does not consider that he is
under any obligations to them for "favors." Perhaps
it is a fancy, but we wish we could say the same of
Mr. Maxwell. It might be to the advantage of his
credibility, good faith and influence in the curious
schemes he appears to be fostering.

By the way, if George's boast is founded upon
fact, it puts the transcontinental railways in the
position of verifying what we have always insisted
upon, that Maxwell possesses some mysterious "pull"
which compels them to follow his lead like a flock of
sheep following a bellwether down a precipice. We
can imagine what that pull is, but would like to have
George give us the details for future use when we ask
a "favor" of the railroads.

THE IRRIGATION AGE of Chicago, and Modern
Irrigation of Denver, will be issued every month as
usual, even if Mr. Maxwell should procure a writ of
injunction against their publisher traveling on any
railroad in the United States.

38

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

We are presenting in this issue the first
Pumping for installment of Bulletin No. 45, issued by
Irrigation. the New Mexico College of Agriculture

and Mechanic Arts, on "Pumping for
Irrigation from Wells." This bulletin was prepared by
Professor John J. Vernon and Francis E. Lester, and
treats a subject of vast importance to all interested in
agricultural pursuits in valleys where a well defined
underflow is found. This bulletin will be reproduced in
full in the columns of THE IRRIGATION AGE during the
six months to come, and will be finely illustrated by
photographs taken during the different stages of the
work.

Proceedings No one, so far as THE IRRIGATION AGE
Eleventh has been able to learn, has seen a copy or
Congress. any parts of the proceedings of the
Eleventh National Irrigation Congress
held at Ogden, Utah, September 15-18 of this year. Is
it possible that the gentlemen having the matter in
charge will let the work drag along as it has in previous
years, so that it will not reach the public until it is so
old that the information contained therein is valueless ?
The gentlemen of Ogden having this matter in charge
should know from past experience that a report of the
proceedings issued but a month or two before the
Twelfth Congress will make them practically useless
except as historical records.

George H. Maxwell took on a strange atti-
Perplexing tude when he worked so strenuously to
Attitude. forward the repeal resolution movement

at the Ogden Congress. He failed, as he
should have, of course; but neither success nor failure
could have explained to the delegates who know his his-
tory, and particularly those who listened to his
harangue at Colorado Springs in 1902, how a man who
puts himself on record before a body of nearly 500 in-
telligent gentlemen who were delegates to the Tenth
Congress, as of the positive opinion that the Irrigation
Congress had no excuse for living or continuing as an
active force after the National Irrigation Law was
passed.

This "took on," we say, "a strange look" when he
worked so- vigorously on his repeal resolution in a body
which the year before he had classed as "renegades and
dead ones." This sudden activity on Maxwell's part
was not easily explained to those who were acquainted
with the inside facts, and it is the opinion of the AGE
that had his actions at Colorado Springs been pro-
claimed before the delegates at Ogden he would not have
been allowed to speak at all. Maxwell's days as a self-
appointed boss are numbered, but he dies hard, as evi-
denced by the manner in which he is "working" the com-
mercial clubs through those states where no legislative
session will be held this year.

In conversation recently with the publish-
Be Wary, er of a prominent daily newspaper, who
Gentlemen, has spent the past month in Washington,

it was learned that a feeling approaching
panic has come over those who have watched the first
work of the Reclamation service since funds have become
available. Our informant stated that a leading senator
had stated to him that the handling or preparation for
disbursement of the immense fund set aside by the law
is, in a mild sense, appalling. To illustrate the con-
dition, it was stated that the money is being apportioned
for various projects with the abandon of a schoolboy on
a holiday. One story tells how the modest sum of
$2,000,000 is inserted in one, or a combination estimate
as "incidentals."

How about this, gentlemen of the Geological Survey
and Hydrographic division ? Is there any foundation of
truth in these stories, or are they merely vaporings of
disgruntled aspirants to your official positions? The
public has its eye on you, gentlemen, so be wary — be
wary.

Mr. Newell is a disciple of Mr. Maxwell's
A Disciple, in matters relating to the land laws. In

fact, Mr. Newell shares the fears of Sena-
tor Gibson that fraud is very common under the provi-
sions of these laws, and while he is under the Interior
Department he admits that the laws should be repealed.
He does not believe that they can be enforced, but he
believes he can carry out the provisions of a new law
under which great irrigation works are to be built, know-
ing that he does not have the training or experience that
would secure him even a moderate position in the same
kind of work outside of government service. Mr. Newell
does not seem to have any confidence in the ability of
the present Commissioner of the General Land Office.
The AGE must again differ with the "Chief Engineer"
of the reclamation service. Mr. Richards has been
connected with the government at various times for the
past thirty years, either as a surveyor of public lands,
a United States Surveyor General, or an officer of the
General Land Office. He has come up from the ranks
and understands the practical side of his work, and no
other Commissioner of the General Land Office has been
so thoroughly qualified.

Reports came from Washington during October that
Mr. Richards would recommend the repeal of the land
laws that are objectionable to Senator Gibson, Mr. Max-
well and Mr. Newell. His report has since been made
public, and what does he recommend? He does not
deny that there has been some fraud under the operation
of these laws, but like a capable and courageous man,
lie asks for more assistance in order that claims may be
inspected and thus prohibit title passing until the law
has been strictly complied with. We are not in doubt
as to the source from which the original report of Octo-
ber emanated.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

39

Senator Gibson of Montana represents
Senator some of the people of Montana together

Gibson. with a few railroads, and is one of the

supporters of Mr. Maxwell's doctrines.
He believes that the land laws are bad, that the people
of the West are not capable of enforcing their provi-
sions, and that they should be repealed. So does "Ozone
George." There are others who believe that the land
laws are good, but that their administration has been
too lax.

The AGE belongs to the latter class, although we
believe that many of the land laws could be improved
by slight amendments. Mr. Maxwell's clients would
doubtless profit should the land laws be repealed. Land
scrip would double in value and railroad lands would
sell quickly at advanced prices. How about the home-
seeker who can only irrigate a few acres of his homestead
along a narrow strip of valley, and who needs more
land for a few head of cattle or horses? He can buy
of the railroad "scrip" a few acres if he has the
money.

Returning to Senator Gibson and the part he has
taken in the campaign favoring the repeal of the land
laws. He has become so conspicuous by his recent utter-
ances at the Irrigation Congress at Ogden, and by
printed matter which he has furnished the public, that
even the Secretary of the Interior, who once recom-
mended the repeal of these laws, has said nothing for a
month or more about the matter. Evidently, Senator
Gibson's attitude has so impressed the Secretary that
the latter has come to believe that the hotbed of fraud
under the laws must lie in the Senator's immediate
neighborhood, for he has withdrawn all lands from
entry, under the laws which are so iniquitous in the
eyes of Mr. Maxwell's champion in the Senate, in the
Great Falls Land Office. It remains to be seen whether
the Secretary will employ the same methods elsewhere.
We doubt his authority to carry out such an order. He
has no good reason for so doing and is limiting Acts of
Congress in a way that establishes a dangerous prece-
dent. We hope that Senator Gibson will enjoy the re-
lief that is sure to come to a man who has won a partial
victory. Lands in the neighborhood of his home can not
be disposed of under the Desert Act, the Timber and
Stone Act, or the Commutation Clause of the Home-
stead Act.

When a man builds a house he secures the
Merit services of an expert along that line:

Sometimes when he wishes to have a record kept of
Counts. his business transactions he hires a book-

keeper: when he desires to beautify his
grounds he makes a contract with a landscape gardener.
Our best governed cities and states require certain
qualifications for eligibles for the various administrative
offices. The government generally demands that each

man have some fitness for the place he occupies, but 'n
some instances a man, temporarily at least, secures an
office where technical qualifications are required through
intrigue or political influence, regardless of his ability
to perform the work that is presumed to devolve upon
him.

We have given Mr. George H. Maxwell some study
and believe we understand his methods and believe we
know why he has certain convictions. In this study we
have necessarily been forced to look up the records of
some of the men who have been closely associated wich
him. Some of the developments following this investi-
gation have been interesting, and we propose from time
to time to discuss them frankly in the columns of the
AGE.

One man who was advertised extensively by Mr.
Maxwell's organs is at present at the head of the re-
clamation service. Mr. Newell may not have intention-
ally permitted himself to be influenced by Mr. Maxwell
in the past eighteen months, but from the evidence we
have before us it would seem that an understanding has
existed between the two men from the beginning of the
struggle for position and extended influence which began
in Chicago during the memorable session of the Irriga-
tion Congress several years ago.

It would be presumed that Mr. Maxwell would want
a man at the head of the reclamation service who did
not know too much about irrigation or engineering con-
struction work. A man that was thoroughly qualified
in such work would not be liable to take the advice of a
professional lobbyist, and Mr. Maxwell knew this when
he published Mr. Newell's record far and wide during
the spring of 1902.

In looking up Newell's professional career we find
that he has had no experience in the work he now as-
sumes to direct. If any of his friends, or if he can
furnish us with more information we will be glad to
publish any and all details. He broke into the Ameri-
can Society of Civil Engineers in some way, but it was
not because he had done such work as would warrant
his being accepted as a member.

He graduated from the Boston School of Tech-
nology as a Mining Engineer and Geologist, and went
to the mountains of Colorado, where he worked for about
three months. He worked in the East along the same
lines for several months longer and then accepted a
place with the Geological Survey. The Division of
Hydrography was created later and he was promoted
to the position of chief. What is the Division of Hydrog-
raphy? The principal work of the Division consisted
in measuring streams, and this is what Mr. Newell did
until called to construct canals and reservoirs on a large
scale for the Government. If ten or twelve years' work
guaging streams makes a civil engineer of a geologist
and mining engineer, we are greatly deceived as to the
character of the apprenticeship under the Geological
Survey.

40

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IMMENSE IRRIGATION PROJECT.

LARGEST OF ITS KIND IN THE UNITED STATES, THIRD
LARGEST IN THE WORLD.

It contemplates Reclamation of a Tract of Land a.s Large as State of

Rhode Island, in Snake River Valley, Idaho.—

Will Cost Millions.

The greatest irrigation project in the United
States, and the third largest in the world, is well under
construction in Idaho. It is under the management
of a corporation originating in Salt Lake City. The
plan contemplates an expenditure of approximately
$2,500,000, and the reclamation of 271,000 acres of
the best agricultural lands in the great Snake River
valley of Southern Idaho.

The principal shareholder in this gigantic enter-
prise is Frank H. Buhl, the iron operator of Sharon,
Pa., who is the president. He is associated with P.
L. Kimberly, another wealthy man, and Walter G.
Filer, manager, from the same city, who is also the
vice-president. They have three western men, famil-
iar with irrigation and canal building, in the syndi-
cate. These are Colonel S. B. Milner and Frank
Knox, bankers of Salt Lake City, and I. B. Perrine,
of Blue Lake, Idaho, rancher. M. B. DeLong, of
Utica, N. Y., is the secretary and treasurer, Paul S. A.
Bickel, of Helena, Mont., irrigation engineer, is chief
engineer.

holdings than this, and many of the farms will be of
the twenty-acre Utah class. The country is particu-
larly adapted to fruit raising and general mixed farm-
ing. Alfalfa is the chief forage plant, and grows to

TWIN FALLS, IDAHO.

A tract of land as large as the state of Rhode
Island is to be brought under ditch and make ready
for farming and fruit raising. The lands were form-
erly set aside for a National Park because of the
wonderful scenery. By a deal with the State officials,
who are taking advantage of the Gary Act of 1894,
making a donation of 1,000,000 acres of arid lands to
each State that will construct canals and have the
lands reclaimed, the great park will become a garden
of small farms and vineyards.

The enterprise includes the construction of two
irrigation canals and laterals that will have a combined
length of over 1,000 miles. The main canal will be
sixty-nine miles long and eighty feet wide at the bot-
tom. It will carry a large river from the original
Snake channel. For the purpose a dam eighty feet
in height will be constructed across the Snake. Suffi-
cient water has been appropriated from the natural
flow of the big river to supply the canal and leave an
abundance for use by those owning riparian rights
farther down the stream.

UNDER THE CAREY ACT.

The Twin Falls Land & Water Company is the
title of the new corporation. Under the provisions of
the Carey Act only 160 acres of this land can be held
by one person. The company plans to have smaller

STRETCH OF RIVER ABOVE TWIN FALLS

perfection. The country is also a choice spot for
growing prunes, peaches and similiar fruits.

The construction of these canals and laterals will
probably require a period of five years' hard work.
When completed, the system will be the most perfect
in existence in the irrigated world. It is planned,
later, to have electric car lines reaching every farm and
orchard, and when the country is settled, to secure
the rural mail system. Public telephones and all
modern conveniences are to be added to the comforts
of making homes under the canals. Some settlers are
now located on their lands, awaiting the coming of
the water ditch. The company announces that the
work will be pushed as fast as possible, until every
acre of the large tract has been placed under the canal.
Water rights are to be sold to actual users at reason-
able fates. This amount of land will support a
number of good towns, when once under cultivation.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

The Snake river, or Shoshone river, has its head
around the National Park, Shoshone mountains and
Jackson's Hole, where there is perpetual snow, and
flows from Montana and the National Park through
Wyoming, into Idaho, through the foot hills for several
hundred miles, when it reaches the great American
desert of sage brush. This sage brush frequently
grows to the height of eight feet, but generally is about
three feet and so thick that it is inconvenient to walk
fast through it. A . peculiar thing is noticed on the
maps : west from the National Park in the foot hills,

GRADING O\ BIG TWIN FALLS IRRIGATION CANAL.

all the rivers sink and disappear. This is accounted
for by a large flow of lava which covers the Snake
river valley, which at different times, as one can see,
has been overflown by the lava from volcanoes in and

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

41

around the National Park. The rivers at this time,
when the lava was hot and sputtered and boomed,
fought their way under the lava and today they come
out along the 600 foot high walls of the Snake river
in the shape of huge springs as large as the largest in
existence. One collection of springs called the Thous-
and Springs, of 5,000 second feet flow, falls 200 feet
over the lava walls. The Snake river has also had its
troubles, and while it spread out and went over the
lava above American Falls and down as far as the

north channel. There are therefore three dams, two
of which will have an extreme height of seventy-six
feet and the third sixty 'feet in height. These dams
will each have a width of twenty feet on the crest, at
a height of eight feet above high water mark in the
canals. They are being constructed of massive em-
bankments of rock, laid dry, having a minimum width
of 150 feet at base, reinforced at the upper side with
an embankment of earth having a base width of 300
feet, the total width of bottom being 460 feet, the

GENERAL VIEW NEAR SITE OF TWIN FALLS DAM.

head of the great canal, it finally got the best of it
here, and at the three islands where the dam, or rather
three dame are being built, it broke through the lava
and boiled and sputtered and fell into the large crack
of lava while cooling and now it falls in jumps of ten
to 200 feet at a jump, for sixty to eighty miles, leav-
ing a mesa from 100 to 800 feet above the bottom of
the Snake river canyon. This mesa or what is known
as the Snake river valley is a vast plain of sage brush,
without a break of any great depth, with lava ash soil
and sandy loam, making a most fertile foundation for
any kind of fruit or cereal which grows in great abund-
ance when the soil is softened by moisture.

upper slope being four to one and paved with rock
rip rap. The aggregate length of the three dams is
about 1,100 feet, and the spill-ways will be over 900
feet long. The islands are to be used as spill-ways,
to take care of the excess of water beyond the capacity
of the canals. The top of the south island is to be
cut down to the bottom of the canals and provided
with a battery of ninety-nine gates, each 5x10 feet in
clear, extending across the island, a distance of 530
feet. It is safe to say no such assembly of gates
arrayed in one continuous line has ever been used upon
any irrigation works in America. These gates are
held in place by steel frames enclosed in concrete and

TWIN FALLS DAM WHEN COMPLETED AND COMPANY'S HEADQUARTERS.

THE DIVERTING DAMS.

To get water up to the level desired to irrigate
the land, it is necessary even here to dam the river and
raise its normal level about forty-nine feet, or from
elevation 4048 to 4097, high water surface in canals.
At the point selected for damming the river there are
three channels with rocky islands between. Two of
these channels are only occupied at extreme high
water, the stream being ordinarily confined to the

are expected to control the flow of the river at all
times, and have a capacity of 63,000 second feet, with-
out raising the water level above the high water mark
in the canals. The greatest flood discharge of the
river is 50,000 second feet and the maximum waste,
way provided in spill-ways, tunnels and canals is
166,000 second feet, 3 1-3 times the maximum. The
dams are provided with a central core of wood,
founded on bed rock and anchored thereto by concrete

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

base wall. This core consists of a double thickness of
two inch plank, spiked to uprights two feet apart
Above this core or fence, all -the material is carefully
puddled with water; below it, the rock is loose and
open and free to drain out any water that may find
its way through the ponderous mass of puddled earth
behind it, and through the core. All the possible leak-
age water is thus robbed of its velocity head and has
no power to do harm to the structure, even should it
appear.

INTERESTING FEATURES OF HEAD GATES.

Among the_ interesting engineering features of
the works are the canal head gates, which are being
built by the American Bridge Company. They are
radial gates, a segment of a cylinder, hung on the side
walls or piers between the gates, where the axle goes
through each wall. These walls have a steel frame
fastened on bed rock. The gates and frame are all of
structural steel, the facing only of wood, with a rubber
flap, or belt, connecting the division walls and the
gates against which the water presses and makes them
water tight. The gates are twelve feet wide by eleven
feet high, hoisted by chains and windlass from bridge
above. With this form of gate the pressure is not
felt, as the force resisting is at right angles to the
surface and transferred to the axle and only the weight
of the gate is considered. This type of gate is to be
used throughout for waste gates, lateral gates, head
gates, controlling gates, etc.

TUNNELS UNDER THE DAM.

Another novel feature is the great tunnel under
one of the islands and under the battery of waste gates,
by which the river is to be diverted from its present
bed, while the north dam foundation is being laid.
From that time until the completion of the dam, the
water will necessarily have to flow through the tunnels.
The tunnels are four in number 10x10x80 feet, lined
with concrete, which are now under construction, and
under the level of the river, but coffer dammed to keep
the water out and about fifty feet under the surface.
The average flow of the river is 6,000 second feet while
the tunnels will have a capacity of 10,000 second feet
and are to be closed by eight large steel gates, brass or
bronze mounted, and each gate is 5x10 feet in the clear
and strong enough to withstand a pressure of seventy
tons. The controlling device or capstan for raising
is ball bearing and made by the Coffin Valve ^Com-
pany, of Boston. The approximate cost of tunnels
and gates is $50,000. The gates can be raised or
lowered by one man, but probably will only be used
at the time when the third dam or last opening is
being closed. When, however, these gates are closed,
the water will form a large reservoir which will extend
up the river six or seven miles and take two days to
fill. It is expected to be a busy time for placer miners
•in the canyon below, as it will give a chance for the
examination of the bottom of Snake river, which has
placer gold of considerable quantity that has never
been exposed. This will also be an interesting time
for those curious to see the perpetual stream, once held
at bay.

THE CONSTRUCTION PLANT.

' The construction of the dam is being carried on
by Messrs. Faris & Kesl, of Boise, Idaho, who have
built a private temporary dam across Snake river, 800
feet long. A channel in the middle, sixty feet wide
by twenty deep was filled by large cribs filled with

rock. This dam raised the water about five feet and
forced it into a canal of about one-half a mile in
length, made by clearing the loose rock and debris
from bed rock, and anchoring a fence with bolts to
the same. This conducts the water to a platform of
rock in the canyon, where a power plant is established.
A turbine wheel operated by 100 second feet of water
falling thirty-one feet which drives a 200 kilowatt
direct current generator. The current is used to run
electric drills, to blast the two miles of rock in the
canal, which is used in construction of the dams.
Electric shovel is used as a derrick to hoist rocks of a
yard and more into cars hauled by electric trolley
motors. These cars are hauled to the dam and raised
with a Ledgerwood cable. A cable stretched on toweiv
lengthwise of the dams, with a clutch carriage oper-
ated by smaller cables and when the skip or body of
the small car is in midair is tripped and the rock
comes down on the other rock with great force, as-
suring the settlement of the whole mass. All this is
done by electric power furnished by the contractors.
This has been a large expense to the contractors, but
will be money well expended in the long run.

CANALS.

The main canal now under construction is eighty
feet on the bottom and is to carry a depth of ten feet
of water. The slopes of banks are two to one and
thirteen feet high above the center of the canal. The
canal on an average, banks and all, takes up a width
of almost 200 feet. The first four miles have con-
siderable solid rock, but from there on it is excavated
in a lava ash soil, very fine and mellow. One fill is
thirty-four feet high, and there is to be no flume on the
entire length. About twenty-five miles of canal will
be completed this year and is expected to be com-
pleted by Christmas. One place on the main canal,
eight miles below the head, a dam of earth is being
constructed across a large draw called Dry Creek, to
avoid a long detour of three miles. The dam is forty-
eight feet high in the lowest place in the draw and
one mile long. To make the dam firm and have it
settle, water has been piped three and one-half miles
from a warm spring, and as the earth is put in, it is
sprinkled and rolled. Fifteen per cent of moisture is
used in the earth. This dam will form a reservoir
which will hold a supply for three days run, in case
of break or repairs. The grading is done with Fresno
scrapers drawn by four horses, and wheel scrapers and
slips in the usual way. As the canal is through a
desert the construction camps exceed thirty in number.
On the whole there are about 400 teams and 500 men
engaged upon the canal and dam. These camps, al-
though most of them are near water, it is yet so far
to the river, down in the impassible canyon, 500 feet
deep, that in order to get water, a steam or gasoline
hoist raises it in a barrel suspended on a cable 600
feet long, on an incline into the canyon. In this way
water is hoisted to the rim and then hauled in tank
wagons some five or six miles. The grading of the
twenty-five miles of canal is under contract with Nel-
son Bennett Company, of Tacoma, Wash. The first
twenty-five miles of large canal reaches a point from
which 30,000 acres of land can be reclaimed and are
already thrown open for settlement.

Several thousand acres have been filed upon and
some of the settlers are clearing and breaking ground
in advance of the coming of the water next spring.
The land has a very gentle slope.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

43

PUMPING FOR IRRIGATION.*

BY JOHN J. VERNON AND FRANCIS E. LESTER.

Nrai Mexico i ollegt of Agriculture

INTRODUCTION.

Without water nothing will grow. It is as much a
necessity to vegetable life as air or light. Moreover, to
secure the best results vegetation requires water at
certain intervals. Nature sometimes fails to provide
this supply when most required, and the work of man
steps in with the practice of irrigation. Herein lie
the advantages which irrigated regions possess over
those which rely solely upon the rainfall.

New Mexico is blessed with a genial climate and,
for the most part, with a fertile soil. The conditions
existing in her valleys and on many of her plains are,
except for the matter of rainfall, exceedingly favorable
to agricultural pursuits. Farming Operations may here
be carried on the whole year through. But the amount
of rainfall in the territory is light, averaging in differ-
ent localities not more than eight to sixteen inches in
the year. This being the case, it is evident that the

PUMPING FOR IRRIGATION7 FROM WELLS.

solution of the problem of successful agricultural work
in New Mexico is a sufficient quantity of water for irri-
gation. It was with a view to demonstrate the practi-
cability of providing such a supply of water from the
underflow that the experimental work described in this
bulletin was undertaken.-

The funds available for the prosecution of the in-
vestigation conducted were limited, but enough has been
done to emphasize its importance to the development of
the agricultural interests of our territory.

DEVELOPMENT OF PUMPING PLANTS. ' .

Irrigation by pumping, no doubt, grew out of
gravity systems. From irrigation by gravity it was only-
a step to that of pumping from river channels and
canals to high-lying contiguous areas. In natural se-
quence, pumping would follow upon lands lying slightly
above gravity systems or upon areas having no water
supply other than that of the imderflow.

Irrigation by pumping dates far back in history.
"We are told that 'the numerous remains of huge tanks,
dams, canals, aqueducts, pipes and pumps in Egypt,
Assyria, Mesopotamia, India, Ceylon, Phoenicia, and

* Fmm Bulletin No. 45 Issued by New Mexico College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts, Mesilla Park, N. M.

Italy, prove that the ancients had a far more perfect
knowledge of hydraulic science than most people are
inclined to credit them with.' ':

At the present time much greater areas are irri-
gated by pumping from wells than is generally sup-
posed. King, in writing on this subject says : "It is
further estimated for the whole Indian Peninsula,
British and native, that no less than 300,000 shallow
wells are in use, while they serve certainly more than
6,000,000 acres of land." Large areas are being suc-
cessfully irrigated by pumping from wells in the vari-
ous sections of the United States, notably, parts of the
great rice region of the South; considerable areas of
fruit lands in California; and certain alfalfa and fruit
sections in Colorado, and elsewhere.

GENERAL IMPORTANCE AND LOCAL CONDITIONS.

Few parts of New Mexico are favored with an
abundant supply of water for irrigation purposes. To
one familiar with the agricultural conditions of the
territory, it is hardly necessary to emphasize the im-
portance of such a supply. In an irrigated region it
may mean all the difference between heavy loss or large
profit in the management of a farm.

Throughout the whole length of the Rio Grande
Valley in New Mexico, which includes a large part of
the lands of the territory at present devoted to agri-
culture, there has seldom been in the past ten years or
more, a sufficient quantity of water in the river
throughout the irrigation season to meet the demands
of the lands at present in cultivation. With the in-
crease of the area in cultivated lands, the conditions
grow worse instead of better. Enterprises that have
sought to make the existing supply available for a
greater length of time by means of storage reservoirs
have been contemplated but never successfully com-
pleted. As a result, the average New Mexico farmer in
the Rio Grande Valley has been impressed with the
necessity of turning his attention to means of supple-
menting the available water supply. The question of
pumping for irrigation is therefore of great importance,
in the first place, to such farmers. In the second place,
it affects the question of reclaiming immense areas 'of
fertile lands suited to agriculture that exist in New
Mexico, and that lack only a water supply to bring them
into cultivation. As a means of providing such a water
supply the question of pumping for irrigation is at-
tractive for two reasons. If it can be shown to be suc-
cessful at all, it provides a supply that is reliable and
secure, subject to no fluctuation beyond possible break-
age of machinery, and making it possible to put the
water on the land at the exact time required. Secondly,
it places the farmer in an independent position, making
him independent of water companies or ditch corpora-
tions with their sometimes annoying regulations.

LOCAL CONDITIONS.

The conditions existing in the Mesilla Valley, where
the experiment station is located, are probably fairly
typical of those to be found throughout the greater part
of the valley of the Rio Grande. Largely as a result
of shortage of water in recent years, the farmers of the
Mesilla Valley have turned their attention to the culti-
vation of those crops that can not be seriously injured
by an uncertain water supply. Chief among these crops,
is alfalfa, and in the Rio Grande Valley, at least, the
cultivation of orchards, vineyards, corn and vegetables
on lands relying entirely upon river water for irriga-
tion has received much less attention in recent vears

44

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

than formerly. Few farmers have cared to go to the
expense of planting a crop or orchard, and cultivate it
perhaps for years with the risk of a possible loss of the
entire crop, from shortage of water through the summer
months.

SOIL STRATA AND UNDERFLOW IN THE RIO GUANDE
VALLEY.

No very definite statements can be made regard-
ing the soil strata of the Rio Grande Valley in the
absence of a systematic investigation of the question.
We can only be guided by the incomplete data secured
on this important question from the little work that
has been done up and down the valley. From this it
becomes apparent that conditions do not vary much
throughout the length of the Rio Grande Valley in New
Mexico which is cultivated. In a general way, the
valley consists of made lands, that is to say, sand, gravel
and sediments that have been washed down and de-
posited in the valley through past ages. What the
depth of this deposit is, it is impossible to state with
any degree of accuracy but it is undoubtedly very great
in some parts.

SOIL STRATA.

The various strata found throughout the valley
consist of layers of soil,, sand and gravel, of varying
degrees of coarseness, with occasional layers of hardpan
or clay. Sand evidently forms the greater part of the
strata in the valley and in many parts extends to the
surface, although usually covered by a layer of sedi-
ment and rich soil varying in thickness from a few
inches to many feet. It seems to be generally true
that most of the valley is underlaid at a reasonable
depth with gravel beds sufficiently thick to procure from
them by means of slotted strainers an ample water sup-
ply. In the Mesilla Valley a gravel bed is usually
found at from twenty to eighty feet in depth although
there is no certainty as to the depth at which it will be
found or the thickness of the stratum.

Along the foot hills of the valley the question of
underlying strata is a much more uncertain one, but
in the valley proper we know that large quantities of
sand and varying thicknesses of gravel will be met with.
Only more extensive exploitation will demonstrate what
may reasonably be expected to be encountered in sink-
ing a well.

UNDERFLOW.

When it comes to the matter of underflow the ques-
tion is no uncertain one. Throughout the whole length
of the valley proper, water will be found at a depth of
from four or five feet to twenty or thirty feet, depend-
ing upon the height of the ground above the level of the
river bed. This water appears to be generally of a
good and fairly uniform quality throughout the valley,
though near to the foot hills the quality is an uncertain
thing. In the matter of quantity, it seems to be more
a matter of providing means for making the water
available than any question as to the underflow. Some
New Mexico farmers using gauze covered strainers in a
small size quite unsuited to the securing of large quan-
tities of water, have met with very unsatisfactory re-
sults, as the strainers have filled up and the flow
greatly diminished; and they have come to the erro-
neous conclusion that the water was not there. Where
suitable strainers have been placed in a gravel bed
which allows the free passage of the water to the well
there has been no complaint of the amount of the
supply.

The whole valley appears to be underlaid with
water. Whether this is an immense reservoir or a
river flowing in any direction is not certain, arguments
being advanced to support both theories. We do know,
however, that the amount of water below is enormous
and amply sufficient to meet all reasonable needs. It is
probably safe to say that a sufficient quantity of water
exists under every acre of irrigable land in the Rio
Grande Valley which if raised to the surface would
irrigate it ; and there seems to be no reasonable ground
for believing that this supply will cease to exist.
WELLS.

For convenience, wells may be classified under two
heads, viz., open wells and pipe wells. The latter are
sometimes termed driven wells. For the purpose of this
bulletin, an open well is defined as one in which no
part of the well is utilized as an aid either in lifting or
directing the water to the surface of the ground. A
pipe well, on the other hand, is one to which the pump
is directly attached to the well itself ; it therefore may
be said to form a part of, or a necessary adjunct to,
the pumping machinery. Some wells are not, strictly

TIMBER DERRICK USED IN SINKING STATION WELL.

speaking, under either of these heads, but for the pres-
ent discussion such may be ignored, since all wells re-
ferred to in this bulletin come in one or the other of
these classes.

OPEN WELLS.

Everything being equal, that is, in capacity, cost,
ease of sinking, and the life of the well, the open well
is the better. Under the conditions existing in the
Rio Grande Valley and other similar areas, the open
well, however, is a difficult and costly undertaking, and
until improved and less expensive methods are devised,
the first cost of an open well will preclude its general
adoption. By referring to the tables shown in this
bulletin, it will be seen that the experimental six-inch
station well, costing $150, has a capacity equal to or
greater than that of open wells, costing several thou-
sands of dollars. A number of open wells, costing
considerable more than this six-inch pipe well, have a
less capacity. Nevertheless, the open well or its equiva-
lent, with its accompanying minimum cost for lifting
the water to the surface of the ground, is the ideal that
should be constantly borne in mind.

METHOD OF SINKING.

A large area of the irrigable land in New Mexico
is underlaid with sand, and the great difficulty in sink-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

45

ing wells in such sand arises from the tendency of the
sand to move with the water; "since the specific grav-
ity of sand is only about 2.65, just as soon as a pres-
sure greater than three feet is developed to force the
water out of the sand, the sand must move with it."
In sinking an open well, it is usually necessary to re-
move the water as fast as it accumulates. The effort
must, therefore, be to minimize the movement of the
sand which is forced upward into the bottom of the
well by the pressure from without.

There are two principal methods used where sand
forms the bulk of the under-stratum. The first of
these is to sink the well only a few feet below the
water level, and then sink several perforated pipes or

strainers in the bottom of
the well. These pipes will
usually flow when the
head of water in the open
well is pumped off. The
second method, and the
one by which probably the
most permanent well can
be secured, but at a com-
paratively high cost, is by
building a circular wall of
masonry, say two feet
thick, upon a platform
supported by a wooden
curb some two inches
thick, and from four to
six feet long. (See Fig. 1.)
The weight of the wall
causes the curb to sink
deep into the sand, con-
siderably in advance of the
excavation within. The
pressure of the sand and
water within the curbing thus tends to equalize the
pressure from without and therefore to greatly expedite
the work. In making an open well of this type, it is
usually desirable at the finish to have the curbing pene-
trate a short distance into the gravel stratum so as to
shut off further entrance of sand into the well from
without the wall. In sinking the water is usually kept
down by a centrifugal or other kind of pump capable
of handling a large quantity of water.

PIPE WELLS.

Pipe wells are frequently sunk by drilling. Under
the conditions existing in the Rio Grande Valley, how-
ever, in which sand or sand and gravel, form the water
bearing stratum beneath the surface of the soil, they
are either driven or sunk by means of a sand-bucket,
in which case some form of strainer is common. With
small wells three inches or less in diameter, the strainer
or point, as it is frequently termed, is fastened to the
lower end of the pipe and driven with the pipe to the
desired depth. Large wells of this type have been
driven, but it is customary with such large wells to
sink the open pipe first and lower the strainer inside
to the bottom. The pipe is then jacked up until the
entire length of the perforated part of the strainer is
exposed.

STRAINERS.

There are three types of strainers: The common
strainer, consisting of a perforated pipe covered with
brass gauze or closely wrapped with brass wire: the

MASONRY CURB ON WOODEN
PLATFORM.

"Cook's"' (a strainer consisting of a pipe cut with
horizontal slots, wider on the inner side) ; and the
slotted strainer. The first two are too well known to
require special mention here. They are used largely
to secure water from sand. The last named strainer,
which is illustrated in Fig. 12, consists of a pipe per-
forated by round holes or oblong slots, and is used in
drawing water from a gravel, or a gravel and sand,
stratum.

INFLUENCE OF CAPACITY.

An increase in the capacity of a well means that
more water can be secured by pumping off the same
head, or that the same amount will be supplied when
pumping off a somewhat less head. In the latter case,
the water would stand nearer the surface of the ground
while pumping, and for this reason the lift would be
less, thus reducing the cost of pumping. It is evident,
therefore, that the cost of pumping a given volume of
water diminishes with the increase in the capacity of
the well. It naturally follows that a saving in the cost
of pumping will soon compensate for the relatively
larger expenditure for the construction of a well of
greater capacity. The size of the well, and the length
of the strainer both affect the capacity of the well, if
the water enters from the bottom or through -the sides
near the bottom.

SIZE OF THE WELL.

The area of the bottom, as well as that of the sides
of the well, increases as the well grows larger, and it
is thus evident that the greater the area the greater
the space through which water can enter the well.
From this we conclude that the capacity of a well, other
things being equal, increases with its size.

LENGTH OF STRAINER.

Under equal conditions, and within the limit of
the carrying capacity of the pipe, it may be said that
the longer the strainer the greater its capacity. This
increase in capacity is brought about in much the same
way as the increase in the capacity of the well with its
size. King says : "Leaving the bottom of the well out
of consideration, it is clear that doubling the depth of
the well in the water bearing beds doubles the area for
water to enter. * * * This capacity increases in a
somewhat slower ratio than the depth." * * * This
statement also applies to the increase in capacity of a
well through its increased size.

DEPTH OF WELL.

So long as the head of water while pumping is
above the strainer, the depth of the well does not affect
the capacity, unless the conditions differ. This state-
ment refers to pipe wells with strainers.

THE STATION WELL.

The experiment station well is forty-eight feet deep
and consists of an open well dug to water level, in the
bottom of which is sunk a six-inch pipe, 211/^> feet long,
with a 12-foot strainer below the pipe, located in a
water-bearing gravel stratum. To facilitate the attach-
ment of pumps, the pipe was allowed to project six
inches into the open portion of the well.

The following equipment and materials were used
in sinking the well :

(To Be Continued.)

Somebody asks: Is the Weather Bureau man re-
sponsible for bad weather ? To give an evasive answer :
We should say not; the bad weather is responsible for
the weather bureau man.

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

COPYRIGHTED, 1903, BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER VIII.

HOW PLANT FOOD IS TRANSFORMED INTO PLANTS.

The growth of plants from the seed to the harvest,
or fall of the leaf, may be divided into four periods,
during each of which they live on different foods and
expend their energies in the production of different
substances.

This is important to be well understood, for plants
can not be dieted like animals, they need certain provi-
sions at certain periods of their growth, and if not
supplied with them the result is failure, or a sparse
crop. A farmer feeds his chickens egg-producing food,
his cows milk-generating fodder and mash, and his
cattle fat-making provender. He might as well deprive
his animals of their necessary stimulating food and
expect them to go on laying eggs, furnishing milk and
growing fat, as to expect his crops to succeed without
providing them with the requisite material to arrive at
perfection. But, to proceed.

These four periods in the life of plants are :

First — The period of germination, that is, from
the sprouting of the seed to the formation of the first
perfect leaf and root.

Second — From the unfolding of the first true
leaves to the flower.

Third — From the flower to the ripening of the
fruit or seed.

Fourth — From the ripening of the fruit, or seed,
to the fall of the leaf and the return of the following
spring.

Of course, in anuual plants, when the seed or fruit
is ripe or harvested, there are no more duties or func-
tions to perform, hence the plants die, having accom-
plished the object of their existence. But in the case
of perennial plants, there are important things to be
done in order to prepare them for the new growth of
the ensuing spring.

PERIOD OF GERMINATION.

1. To sprout at all, a seed must be placed in a
sufficiently moist situation. No circulation can take
place, no motion among the particles of the matter
composing the seed, until it has been amply supplied
with water. Indeed, food can not be conveyed through
its growing organs unless a constant supply of fluid be
furnished the infant plant and its first tender rootlets.
This does not mean drenching the immature plant with
water, but supplying it with moisture. A child needs
feeding just as much as an adult, but not to the same
extent, and over-feeding kills the young plant as quickly
as the young animal. The reason is plain, if the reader
remembers what was sajd in the last chapter, in which
it was specified that water is a chemical compound of
oxygen and hydrogen. In this state it is too strong a
food for the young plant, and "drowns" it out, as the
saying is. But in a state of moisture, the chemical
nature of the water is altered somewhat and becomes
available to the juices in -the seed, whereby the germ
is enabled to grow and fulfill its mission without meet-
ing with a premature death. It is water that is the
parent of moisture and without water, of course, there
can be no moisture. Nevertheless, throughout this en-
tire book, it is moisture that will be insisted upon ;

when plants have that, the whole object of irrigation
will be accomplished, unless it be the intention to grow
aquatic plants.

Now, this moisture must be constant during the
entire life of the plant, not liberal one day with the
next day dry, and so on, alternately, as some say may
happen in the case of pork for the purpose of making
alternate layers of fat and lean in the bacon, but not in
the case of vegetation.

2. A certain degree of warmth is necessary to
germination. This warmth varies with the seed, some
seeds, those containing much starch, for instance, re-
quiring more, and slow germinating seeds less. What is
needed is not too early a planting and protection against
any inclemency of the weather from frost or cold rains,
and not too late a planting in locations where there are
no winter or spring frosts, to avoid too great a heat
from the sun, which is as dangerous to tender plants
as frost. "Warmth" is a sufficiently descriptive word
to make the meaning clear.

3. Seeds refuse to germinate if entirely excluded
from the air, even where there is plenty of moisture.
Hence, in a damp soil, seeds will not show any signs
of life for a long time, and yet when turned up near
the surface within reach of the air, they speedily sprout.
The starch in the grain intended to feed the germ will
not dissolve in water, so it happens that the farmer,
sometimes, in ditching or digging a well, throws up
earth that has lain many feet below the surface for
years, perhaps ages, the length of time makes no differ-
ence, from which sprout plants of unknown varieties.
They have never lost their vitality. The "oat hills" in
the southern part of California are familiar examples.
Year after year a good crop of oats springs up without
planting, cultivating the surface being sufficient to
bring the buried grain within reach of the air. It is
said that the old Padres originally sowed this grain
broadcast wherever they went, taking a sack of it on
their horses, and as they traveled along cast handfuls
of it in the most favorable spots. This grain grew to
maturity year after year, going back to the soil unhar-
vested, there being nobody to gather it. The civil and
criminal records of the southern California courts are
full of lawsuits and murders growing out of struggles
to obtain and retain possession of these "oat hills."

A friend for whose accuracy there is abundant evi-
dence, cites a case that happened to him personally in a
small valley in the semi-arid region. Wanting water
he began sinking a well and went down one hundred
feet before reaching moist ground. That ground was
a soft black loam, and desiring to keep it for a top
dressing, he laid it aside for future use. Not long
afterward seeds began sprouting all over it and, helping
the sprouts with a little water to keep the soil moist,
he raised a thick crop of fine sweet clover. The seeds
had never been planted by the hand of man, for the
formation of the soil indicated that it might have been
in the same condition since the Deluge.

4. Generally speaking, light is injurious to ger-
mination, wherefore, the seeds must be covered with
soil, and yet not so deep as to be beyond the reach of
air. Sowing grain broadcast leaves much of it exposed
to the light, and even after harrowing, it does not ger-
minate, being food for birds and drying up or burning
up in the sun. In light, porous soils, it is common,
however, to sow broadcast and then plow under, after-
ward harrowing lightly. It is also common in the arid

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

47

and semi-arid regions to plow the grain in "dry" in
the summer or dry months, and when the rains come in
the autumn, or say, in November and December, the
grain sprouts in a few days.

The reason why light is prejudicial to germination
and why atmospheric air is necessary is because during
germination seeds absorb oxygen gas and give off car-
bonic acid, and they can not sprout unless oxygen gas
is within their reach, the only place where they can
obtain it being from the atmosphere. In the sunshine
the leaves of plants give off oxygen gas and absorb
carbonic acid, while in the dark the reverse takes place.
Hence, if seeds are exposed to the sunlight, they give
up oxygen which they need and absorb carbonic acid
which kills them.

5. During germination, acetic acid (vinegar) and
diastase are produced, as mentioned in the last pre-
ceding chapter, whereby the insoluble starch is con-
verted into sugar, which is soluble and can be absorbed
as food by the youthful plant.

6. The tender young shoot which ascends from
the seed consists of a mass of organs or vessels, which
gradually increase in length, sometimes "unroll" into
the first true leaves. The vessels of this first shoot do
not consist of unmixed woody fiber, that is not formed
until after the first leaves are fully developed. In the
meantime the young root is making its way down into
the soil seeking a storehouse of nourishment upon
which it can draw when the sugar of the seed shall
all have been consumed.

These phenomena are brought about in the follow-
ing manner: The seed absorbs oxygen and gives off
carbonic acid. This transforms a portion of the starch
into acetic acid, which aids the diastase to transform the
insoluble starch into soluble sugar, or food that can be
taken up into the plant. It also dissolves the lime in
the soil contiguous to it, and returns into the plant,
carrying the lime or other dissolved earthy substances
with it. The seed imbibes moisture from the soil, and
this dissolves the "sugary starch," so to speak, and it
all goes into the circulation, and the plant is enabled to
grow and develop its first leaves. It is like a baby fed
on milk.

When the true leaves have expanded, woody fiber
begins to make its appearance, which can be readily
understood by attempting to break the plant stalk, a
thing easily done before the first leaves appear, but not
so easily afterward. The sugar in the sap is now con-
verted into woody fiber, the root drawing up food from
the soil, and the leaf drinking oxygen and carbonic acid
from the atmosphere. The moisture must still be con-
stant, for the root can not absorb food unless the latter
is properly dissolved.

FROM THE FIRST LEAVES TO THE FLOWER.

The plant now enters upon a new stage of exist-
ence, deriving its sustenance from the air and the soil.
The roots descend and the stem shoots up, and while
they consist essentially of the same chemical substances
as before, they are no longer formed at the expense of
the starch in the seed, and the chemical changes of
which they are the result are entirely different.

Here is where the farmer will make a fatal mistake
if he relaxes his vigilance. The whole energy of the
plant is directed toward one single goal, that of pre-
paring for the flower which is the forerunner of the
fruit. What the flower is, that will be the fruit.

The leaf absorbs carbonic acid in the sunshine and

gives off oxygen in equal bulk, and the growth of the
plant is intimately connected with this absorption of
carbonic acid, because it is in the light of the sun that
plants increase in size. Now, by this function of the
leaf, carbon is added to the plant, but it is added in the
presence of the water of the sap and is thus enabled by
uniting with it to form any one of those numerous
compounds which may be represented by carbon and
water, and of which, as was shown in the last chapter,
the solid parts of plants are principally made up. This
period may be called the period of "plant building,"
the plant utilizing every material that will bring it up
to the condition of flowering.

The sap flows upward from the roots, through
which have been received the silica, potash, soda, phos-
phorous, etc., in solution, and reaching the leaves, meets
the carbonic acid flowing in through the myriad of
mouths in the leaves, and then flows along back down-
ward to the roots, depositing, as it descends, the starch,
woody fiber, etc., which have been formed by the action
of the carbonic acid. Thus the sap circulates round and
round like the circulation of blood in the veins of an
animal, except that its heart is not a central organ, but
an attraction of affinities among the substances which
enter into plant life, affinities constantly pursuing each
other through the veins or capillaries of the plant, and
forming unions, the products of which add to the
growth of the plant and enable it to accomplish its des-
tiny.

During this ante-flowering period there are pro-
duced in the plant not only woody fiber, but other
compounds which play an important part in a subse-
quent stage of its existence ; one of these, the most im-
portant, is oxalic acid, which has already been alluded
to. This acid seems to be formed at this period to aid
in perfecting the future fruits that will follow the
flower. What is curious about these various acids now
formed is that many of the plants are sour in the
morning, tasteless during the middle of the day, and
bitter in the evening. The reason is, during the day
these plants have been accumulating oxygen from the
atmosphere to form acids, but as the day advances this
oxygen is given off, carbonic acid is imbibed and the
acids decomposed. Hence the sourness disappears, but
the materials are in the plant ready for use when re-
quired— the acid storehouse is filling against the day
of need.

In the case of wheat, barley and other grains, the
chief energy of the plant, previous to flowering, is ex-
pended in the production of the woody fiber of its stem
or stalk, and growing branches, drawing up from the
soil for that purpose the various ingredients they re-
quire from among the inorganic elements, which unite
with the vegetable acids in the sap and form compounds
which are essential to the perfection of the grain or
seed. In the first stage of its growth the starch of the
seed is transformed into gum, and then sugar; in its
second stage, when the leaves are expanded, the starch
is transformed into woody fiber.

FROM THE FLOWER TO THE RIPENING OF THE FRUIT.

The sap has now become sweet and milky, indi-
cating sugar and starch. These during the third period
are gradually transformed in the sap into starch, a
process exactly the reverse, or contrary of that in the
first and second periods. The opening of the flower
from the swollen bud is the first step taken by the plant
to produce the seed by which its species is to be per-

48

THE IERIQATION AGE.

petuated. At this period a new series of chemical
changes commence in the plant.

1. The flower leaves absorb oxygen and emit car-
bonic acid all the time, both by day and by night.

2. They also emit pure nitrogen gas.

3. The juices of the plant cease to be sweet, even
in the maple, sugar cane, and beet; the sugar becomes
less abundant when the plant has begun to blossom. A
change not difficult to understand when it is considered
that nature is at work preparing to perfect the seed or
fruit, and is not working for commercial interests.
The structure of the plant is now of no consequence,
and ceases to be of any importance. The imbibing of
oxygen, which is the parent of all acids, is intended to
convert the sugar into material for the seed, or fruit,
the wheat or the peach, the strawberry or the squash.

The husk of grain bearing grasses, corn, wheat,
oats, etc., is filled at first with a milky fluid which be-
comes gradually sweeter and more dense, or thicker,
and finally consolidates into a mixture of starch and
gluten, such as may be extracted from the grain as has
already been said.

The fleshy envelopes of many plants, at first, taste-
less, become sour and finally sweet, except in the lime,
lemon and tamarind, in which the acid remains sensible
to the taste when the seed has become perfectly ripe.

Fruits, when green, act upon the air like green
leaves and twigs, that is, they imbibe oxygen and give
off carbonic acid, but as they approach maturity they
also absorb or retain oxygen gas. The same absorption
of oxygen takes place when unripe fruits are plucked
and left to ripen in the air, as is common in the case
of tomatoes, oranges, lemons, and bananas. After a
time, however, they begin throwing oil carbonic acid
and then they ferment, spoil or rot.

RIPENING OF THE FRUIT.

In the case of pulpy fruits, such as the grape,
lemon, orange, apple, peach, plum, etc., when unripe
and tasteless, they consist of the same substances as the
leaf, a woody fiber filled with tasteless sap, and tinged
with the green coloring matter of the plant. For a
time, the young fruit performs the functions of the leaf,
that is, it absorbs carbonic acid and gives off oxygen,
thus extracting from the atmosphere a portion of the
food by which its growth is promoted and its size is
gradually increased. Remember what has been hereto-
fore said about carbon constituting the bulk of the
plant.

By and by, however, the fruit becomes sour to the
taste, and this sourness rapidly increases, while at the
same time it gives less oxygen than before, the retain-
ing of the oxygen being, as has been said, the cause of
the sourness, the oxygen converting the sugar into tar-
taric acid aud water. The grape is an illustration,
though the same thing happens in fruits abounding in
the other vegetable acids.

This formation of acid proceeds for a certain time,
the fruit becoming sourer and sourer. Then the sharp
sourness begins to diminish, sugar is formed, and the
fruit ripens. The acid, however, rarely disappears en-
tirely, even in the sweetest fruits, until they begin to
decay.

During the ripening of the fruit, the woody or
cellular fiber gradually diminishes and is converted into
sugar. This will be noticed in several kinds of fruits,
particularly winter pears, which are uneatable when
actually ripened on the tree, but become ripe, long after

plucking, by continuing to absorb oxygen, which con-
verts the woody fiber, or cellular tissue, into sugar,
which is not difficult to understand, as woody fiber is
very similar to sugar in its chemical constitution.

It should be noted that the entire forces of the
plant are concentrated upon the seed, the element, or
agent of reproduction, the pulp of the most delicious
fruit, the kernel of the sweetest nut being nothing but
protective envelopes and food supplies for the germ
when the time and opportunity shall arrive for germi-
nation. So that the object of the plant in making so
many transformations is not fruit, but seed.

FROM THE FALL OF THE LEAF TO THE FOLLOWING
SPRING.

When the seed is fully ripe the functions of annual
plants are ended. There is no longer any necessity for
absorbing and decomposing carbonic acid; the leaves,
therefore, begin to take in only oxygen, with the result
that they are burned up, so to speak, and they become
yellow, or parti-colored; the roots decline to take in
any more food from the soil, and the whole plant pre-
pares for its death and its burial in the soil by becoming
resolved into the organic and inorganic elements from
which it sprang, and of which it was originally com-
pounded.

But of trees and perennial plants, a further labor
is required. The ripened seed having been disposed of,
there are incipient young buds to be provided for, buds
which are to shoot out from the stem and branches on
the ensuing spring. These buds are so many young
plants for which a store of food must be laid away in
the inner bark of the tree, or in the wood of the shrub
itself.

The sap continues to flow rapidly until the leaves
wither and fall, and then the food of the plant is con-
verted partly into woody fiber and partly into starch.
It has been shown how these substances are converted
into food by chemical changes, or transformations, and
these changes do not cease so long as the sap continues
to move. Even in the depth of winter the sap slowly
and secretly stores up starchy matter, in readiness, like
the starch in the seed, to furnish food to the young
buds when they shall awaken in the spring from their
winter sleep. It is the same process as in the case of a
seed planted in the ground.

RAPIDITY OF GROWTH.

It has been shown that from carbonic acid and
water, the plant can extract all the elements of which
its most bulky parts consist, and can build them up in
numerous ways. But the rapidity with which the plant
can perform this building up is almost incredible.

Wheat will shoot up several inches in three days,
barley six inches in that time, and a vine twig will
grow about two feet in three days. Cucumbers have
been known to attain a length of twenty-four inches in
six days, and a bamboo has increased its height nine
feet in less than thirty days.

The rapid growth of vegetation in semi-tropical
arid and semi-arid regions is phenomenal. A young
eucalyptus tree has been known to grow thirty feet in
a single season, and wheat or barley three inches high
three days after planting is not uncommon. Potatoes
(solanum tuberosum) have run up to fifteen pounds in
weight before the plant had time to blossom, in fact, it
• never did blossom.

(To Be Continued.)

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

A GLIMPSE OF THE "LAND OF PROMISE

A STORY OF IRRIGATION

In the

Celebrated Payette Valley, Southwestern Idaho

[By Our Special Correspondent]

The children of Israel spent forty years in the
desert before entering the "promised land," but modern
irrigation has transformed the desert into the "land of
promise" in a single decade.

The settlement of our western arid states, as por-
trayed in early history, was a story of privation and
loneliness. Much of this was not from necessity, but
from the lack of proper colonization methods, the ab-
sence of united effort in establishing communities where
the social conditions surrounding the settler in his new
home might be equally pleasant with those of the older
settled communities from which he came.

It was with this idea uppermost that in September,
1894, William E. Smythe, then chairman of the Execu-
tive Committee of the National Irrigation Congress.
assisted in founding the New Plymouth Colony, in the
now celebrated Payette Valley, in southwestern Idaho.

The history of this settlement demonstrated much
more than its founders anticipated, and the sequel may
be read with equal interest by capitalist and homeseekcr.

After examining a number of
locations in the western states, the
Payette Valley was finally chosen,
on account of its abundant water
supply, fertile soil and genial -cli-
mate; it being well understood
by the leaders that in such an ir-
rigated district the possibilities of
intensified farming presented op-
portunities for smaller farms,
greater profits, nearer neighbors,
and many social advantages not
to be found elsewhere.

THE FIKST SETTLERS.

The first settlement con-
sisted of representatives of thirty-
four families, many of them me-
chanics and professional men
from the city of Chicago, with
limited means and a still more
limited knowledge of practical
farming or fruit growing. Set
down at the end of a long and
tiresome journey in the midst of
a sage-brush desert, without a
house or cultivated field in sight,
the weak dependent upon the
strong for counsel and material
aid, the beginning seemed 1he
end; and but for the inspiration A GROUP OF

of numbers, several would have (Bartiett

at once returned to the weary grind of city life.

No sooner had this little company of homeseekers
filed upon desert entries and homesteads, than other and
greater difficulties confronted them. Their land, value-
less and unproductive without water, must be irrigated.
It was supposed by all that ample provision had
been made for this. Eastern capitalists had built one
of the best constructed canals in the State, with an
abundant and never-failing water supply, taken from
the beautiful Payette river, at the upper end of the val-
ley. With this life-giving stream at their verv doors —
easily accessible through the lateral ditches, made by
the farmers, from the main canal where it girded the
foothills like a silver belt, running down over the gen-
tle slopes in small streams, across the entire plain, where
#he unused portion, or "waste water," gradually wended
its way back into the river, after imparting new life to
the thirsty soil — what more could be desired?

THEIR "OPPORTUNITY."

Here was certainly a magnificent opportunity for
the co-operation of capital and
labor — $400,000 invested by east-
ern rapitiiliMs in the canal,
30,000 acres of 'Choice sage brush
land ready for immediate devel-
opment by the throng of western
homeseekers. There were "mil-
lions in it;" but lack of proper
knowledge on the part of the
Wall street financiers, who owned
the canal, with regard to the
necessities of an irrigated district
and the management of such a
canal, coupled with the inexpe-
rience of the settlers as to the
proper use of water, was for a
time equally disastrous to both
parties.

The canal was bonded for
$500jOOO. The farmer was re-
quired to pay $10 per acre, or
give one-half his land, for the
right to use water from the
canal, in addition to which he
was charged $1.50 per acre, each
year, for not to exceed one-third
of an inch of water (miners'
inches), whether the same was
used or not, and an additional
PROMISES charge at the same proportionate

pears.) rate if more than one-third of an

50

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

PAYETTE VALLEY VIEW.
1. Biix's-jye view of Payette, Idaho. 2, Baautilul Payctte River.

3. Payette Valley alfalfa.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

51

Had the 30,000 acres of land all been taken
promptly by settlers under such a contract, there would
certainly have been "millions in if for the Canal Com-
pany.

Few, however, except the original unsuspecting
cntrymen, had the desire or nerve to enter into such a
contract, and the "goose" which was expected to "lay the
golden egg" to pay the interest on the $500,000 worth of
"watered" bonds and the running expenses of the whole
canal, found itself entirely inadequate to the occasion,
and in many instances abandoned its nest and refused to
lay another egg.

This was most disastrous for the Canal Company
and bondholders and a period of seven "lean years" (es-
pecially for the bondholders) ensued. During the year
1900 the climax was reached; patience had ceased to be a
virtue; all parties were anxious for a change. The old
settlers, some of whom had made themselves comfortable

the contour of the foothills, in a substantial and per-
manent earth canal. The mammoth wooden head-gates
at the mouth of the canal, where it taps the main river,
have now been replaced by massive stone and concrete
gates of modern construction. The canal is managed by
a competent Board of Directors elected by the farmers.
Capital and labor are now working in harmony; the
laborers are the capitalists. The farmers own the canal.

THE MIGHTY CHANGES.

In taking a retrospective view of the fall and rapid
rise of this now most prosperous and envied settlement,
with its attractive little town of New Plymouth as the
center, surrounded by hundreds of beautiful and produc-
tive farms and fruit orchards, it is very difficult for the
inexperienced to understand the cause of so sudden a
transition, and quite as difficult for the experienced to
realize how Wall street magnates could have made such
'an erroneous computation of the effects of reciprocity.

AX IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN OPERATION.

homes in spite of all difficulties, and many new home-
seekers who were willing to join them decided to pur-
chase the canal, which the New York owners by this
time were only too glad to sell at a great sacrifice.

A proposition for the reorganization of the new
Plymouth Colony was presented by C. E. Brainard, of
Payette, one of the oldest and most successful coloniza-
tion agents on the Oregon Short Line Railway, and the
purchase of the canal by the farmers ; the sale and rapid
development of the thousands of acres of sage brush
land in the Payette Valley, during the past three years,
is largely due to his energy, practical colonization ideas
and good business judgment.

During the past two years the canal has undergone
great and lasting improvements. Its extensive wooden
flumes, over a mile in length, no longer safe on account
of decay, have all been removed, and the great stream of
water, equal to a river of no small volume^ now follows

To the settler who now comes from the east or mid-
dle western states, the long and tiresome ride through
the apparently endless vista of arid sage brush plain,
traversed by the railroads now reaching the fertile val-
leys of southwestern Idaho, often created a genuine case
of homesickness, and hundreds of those who start out
with through tickets to the western coast, intending to
"stop off" en route, close their eyes long before reaching
the Payette Valley, in order that they may, if possible,
shut out the depressing vision of the monotonous sea of
somber sage brush for one little glimpse of the green
sward of the old home still lingering in their mind'e eye.

The traveler who simply passes through Idaho will
certainly fail to see wherein lies its future greatness,
nor is he likelv to be impressed with the magnitude of
its rapid development in the past few years. There is
little of interest to be seen from the car window even by
one who is wide awake and ever alert to behold evidences

THE IBHIGATION AGE.

of the wonderful resource of the Gem State, and the
prospective homeseeker while passing through the unde-
veloped portion of the State has often been heard to ex-
claim, "I would not exchange my quarter section back
home for the whole State of Idaho." Thus it is that
one may be "so near and yet so far" from the realization
of fondest hopes.

In order to see the beautiful and sequestered Pay-
ette Valley it is necessary to leave the train at Payette
and traverse the valley for several miles up and down
th river. Here the desert, which first greeted the early
settlers and dissuaded many of them from grasping the
riches lurking in the rich and productive soil beneath
its mantle of sage brush, has almost disappeared, and in
its place there are now hundreds of modern homes of

display of fruit has never been seen at any of the world's
fairs or expositions than was exhibited at Ogden from
the irrigated States, and the Payette Valley may be
justly proud of the fact that to her is given the greatest
credit for the capture of this much-coveted trophy. The
following dispatch was sent by President T. C. Gallo-
way, of the State Horticultural Society, to his home
paper, the Weiser Signal: "Idaho won the prize for
fruit exhibit. All credit to the fruit growers of Pay-
ette." Signed, "Galloway." In an interview reported
in the Boise Statesman, A. McPherson, State Horticul-
tural Inspector, said, "To Payette Valley belongs the
credit of winning the prize."

We quote a few editorial comments on this contest.
The Payette Independent says:

Fruit Pickers, Payette Valley, Idaho.
Payette Valley Orchard— 8 years old.

prosperous, up-to-date farmers and fruit growers, beauti-
ful green fields of alfalfa, clover and the everchanging
shades of waving grain and blooming orchards. There
are also numerous five and ten-acre tracts covered with
melons, the celebrated Payette Valley cantaloupes, and
other products of the truck gardens, from which many
a home is supplied with all its necessities and even lux-
uries.

WONDERFUL FRUIT PRODUCTIONS.

Idaho received the first prize for her apples at the
World's Fair three times in succession, and at the
National Irrigation Congress, held at Ogden, Utah, in
September, 1903, won the $500 loving cup offered by
Senator W. A. Clark "for the best display of the great-
est number of varieties of perfect fruit, free from insect
pests and fungus diseases." A finer or more complete

Corn Field near Payette Valley.
Alfalfa H«y. Payette Valley- 9 tons per acre.

A striking feature of the Idaho display met the eye
immediately upon entering the exposition building. It was
labeled "Before and After" and consisted of a huge sage
bush over seven feet high, from Bingham county, placed
directly over the big double rack of Payette Valley apples,
with a plate of immense specimens of the fruit along side,
some of them weighing twenty-four ounces, furnishing a
striking commentary upon what can be done with Idaho land
where irrigation is used.

The following classes and varieties of fruit are those
that won the prize :

APPLES.

Jonathan, Ben Davis, Rome Beauty, Blue Parmain, White
Winter Parmain, Wolf River, Red Beltighemer, Maiden Blush,
Hubbard Nonesuch, Spitzenberg, R. I. Greening, Wagner,
20-ounce Pippin, Pewaukee, English Golden Russet, Arkansaw
Black, Gano, Wealthy, Alexander, N. W. Greening, McMa-
han's White, Grimes' Golden, Buckenhan, Mann, Hyde's King
of the West, Northern Spy, Yellow Bellflower, Gravenstein,
Lady Heniker, Talman Sweet, Stark, Minkler, St. Lawrence,

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

53

Winesap, Fall Orange, Mammoth Black Twig, York Imperial,
Delaware Red, Steel's Red Winter, Jeffrey, Duchess of Olden-
berg, Yellow Transparent, Pride of Idaho, Minnatanka, Smith
Cider, Cole's Quince, Geniton, Good Peasant, Missouri Pippin,
Wandering Spy, Hass, Longfield, Cooper's Early White, Steb-
ern's Seedling.

PRUNES.

Silver, Pacific, French, Hungarian, Tennant, Gold, Duane,
Bulgarian.

PLUMS.

Burbank, Golden, Orient, Bradshaw, Lumbard, Green-
gage, Columbian, Blue Damson, Union Purple, Yellow Egg.

CRABS.
Transcendent, Hyslop, Martha, Whitney No. 20.

Elberta, Champion, Early Crawford, Orange Cling, Prince
Alexander, Late Crawford, Charlotte, Foster, Wager.

was thoroughly deserved. And while, of course, the Herald
regrets that the prize did not fall to Utah, at the same time
it gives our fruit growers an object lesson they could have
obtained in no other manner.

Salt Lake Tribune. — That was a noble fruit exhibit in
connection with the Eleventh Irrigation Congress. It was
pronounced by all to be the best they ever saw. The repre-
sentative of California, Mr. Post, is reported to have said
that in his fifteen years' experience in fruit exhibits he
never saw anything like it. The sight was surely a superb
one, and it was displayed to grand advantage. Idaho took
the prize, winning the cup. It was a great honor, and it
was worthily won. It was a showing worthy of the great
occasion. In fact, all the States had shows that were ravish-
ing to the sight. We congratulate our northern neighbor on
her triumph, and concede that it was her due.

Dcseret News, Salt Lake. — Since the valuable prize for
the best fruit exhibit at the Irrigation Congress could not

A Handsome Payette Valley Home.
FisMnj Grjunds near Payette, Idaho.

Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Buerre D'Anjou, Duchess,
D'Anjou, Buerre Easter, Patrick Parry, Idaho, Winter Nellis,
Clapp's Favorite, Rodney, Wicker of Winfield, Erwin Seed-
ling, Buerre Claigeau, Keifers, Seckle, Leconte, Comet, Shel-
don, Lawrence.

GRAPES.

Fifteen varieties.

Jesse Strawberries.

Almonds.

Black Walnuts.

The expression so often heard, "The famous Payette
Valley," seemed to be on everybody's lips after the award
was made and the expression from all gave good ground
for the belief that they had previously formed a most favor-
able opinion of this splendid section of Idaho, an opinion
which was mightily strengthened by the new honor won.

Salt Lake Herald. — The Herald congratulates the Gem
State on its fruit pre-eminence. We have no disposition to
question the decision of the judges. They acted wisely and
fairly and properly. The cup was won honestly and it

A Comfortable Home in the Payette Valley.
Home of Manager of Farmers Canal near New Plymouth, Idaho.

go to Utah, we are all glad that Idaho was the winner of it.
The fact proves all the same the adaptability of the inter-
mountain States for fruit raising, and the victory of our
neighbor is a triumph for the entire region. Like the Amer-
ica's cup, Idaho's cup ought to be kept, to be competed for
at intervals. It would then be of permanent value to horti-
culture, inasmuch as all interested would strive to remedy
defects, and raise the very best fruit possible.

FACTS AND ITEMS OF INTEREST.

George H. Champ, president of the Utah Mortgage
Loan Corporation, one of the leading loan companies in-
vesting in Idaho securities, in a recent official report
sent out to eastern capitalists, includes the following
interesting facts regarding the Payette Valley :

The New Plymouth Land & Colonization Company sold
during the year 1902 to settlers, principally from Iowa, Illinois
and Nebraska, coming into the valley, seventy-seven tracts
under this canal. Considerations of sales $133,667, of which
$50,520 was paid in cash.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

All of the land under the canal of the Farmers' Co-oper-
ative Irrigation Company, Limited, is of extra quality and of
luxuriant fertility, and a large part of the whole district is
highly improved and the halance is rapidly tilling up with a
prosperous class "of farmers and fruit raisers. The location
is very choice, indeed, and I can say that it is one of the
finest farming districts I have ever looked over. The eleva-
tion is about 2,000 feet above sea level, the climate very mild
and the summers are long and warm. The sun shines on
an average two-thirds of the time. The valley has never been
visited by hail storms or destructive winds, and but little
rain if any. falls between June and September, thereby ren-
dering the harvesting of crops safe and easy.

The unusually fortunate combination of climate, soil and
moisture conditions, and the abundance of water supply for
irrigation, places the Payette Valley in the very front rank
agriculturally, including fruit growing.

The Payette Valley occupies the same position today to
the State of laaho as Cache Valley does to the State of Utah,
viz. : the largest area of "highly fertile and productive agri-
cultural land, and a never failing water supply for the irri-
gation of same, populated by a thrifty, successful and sub-
stantial class of farmers. No matter of whom you may make
inquiries as to the Payette Valley in Idaho the answer is.
"The best locality in the State."

I. F. Roach, pastor of the First M. E. Church of
Boise, after riding over the valley between Payette and
New Plymouth, made the following comment in a letter
to one of his friends :

I have never seen a section of land anywhere between
Illinois and the Pacific Coast that has any greater promise
of productiveness and beauty, when settled up and cultivated.

The topography is pleasant to the eye, and with the in-
exhaustible supply of water at the fanner's command, industry
will certainly make a very desirable place for a home.

WHAT A PROMINENT PAYETTE VALLEY FRUIT GROWER
SAYS.

In writing to a Kansas fruit grower last winter,
Mr. N. A. Jacobsen, of Payette, one of the many
wealthy fruit growers of that locality, wrote as follows :

In reply to your inquiry relative to my orchard here at
Payette and what can reasonably be expected from a winter
apple orchard in this Valley, would say that my trees from
twelve to thirteen years old have yielded from fifteen to
twenty boxes per tree (fifty pounds per box) and these have
sold on track here at from 50 cents to $1.50 per box accord-
ing to grade and the market price.

There are about eighty trees to the acre on an average.

Apple trees will begin bearing on the fourth or fifth
year, according to variety.

My winter pears this season sold for $1.25 per box here
and I received $645 net for this year's crop from seventy
trees (about one acre) thirteen years old.

The soil and climate in this Valley are excellent for
this class of fruit, and it will stand shipment to good ad-
vantage.

The color and flavor of apples raised in this Valley are
especially fine. Yours very truly,

Signed, N. A. JACOBSEN.

At the present writing, Mr. Jacobsm and his family
are enjoying a holiday trip to Honolulu, while his agent
collects the rents from several brick blocks and resi-
dences which he has erected in the thriving town of Pay-
ette, from the profits of his sixty-acre orchard.

FRUIT PACKING ASSOCIATIONS.

The fruit growers of Payette and vicinity organ-
ized and incorporated a fruit packing association in
1903 for the- proper handling and packing of fruit for
shipment. A commodious building was erected and
very satisfactory results were realized from this year's
pack. A similar organization was perfected at New
Plymouth, at which point a first-class commercial fruit
evaporating plant is owned and operated by the New
Plymouth Fruit Association.

But the Payette Valley farmer does not confine his
attention to the raising of fruit alone.

A recent correspondent of the Pacific Northwest.
after riding through the Pave 'tie Valley, devotes several
columns to unstinted praise. In one of his paragraphs
he says :

Beginning at the upper end of this great wealth produc-
ing farm region, the traveler sees stacks of hay scattered
generally over the entire Valley, that if placed end to end
would reach from the eastern to. the western end of the Val-
ley in one continuous line of stacks, averaging sixty feet in
length and over twenty-four feet in width.

The stranger passing through on the Oregon Short Line
Railway, which crosses the valley of the Payette River at its
confluence with Snake River, might wonder where a market
for all this staple product could be found, but when it is
known that approximately a quarter of a million sheep find
feeding grounds in the Valley each and every winter, and
that the thousands of head of cattle and horses that graze
in the summer time upon the unlimited government range
make their winter homes near the farmer's hay stacks, there
is no longer any mystery about it.

TELEPHONES AND RURAL DELIVERY.

The telephone lines of the "Bell" -and "Indepen-
dent" systems, with long distance connections, are al-
ready in universal use in the towns of Payette and New

CHRISTIAN CHURCH,

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

55

CATHOLIC CHURCH.

Plymouth and the thickly settled farming district be-
tween these towns.

The Independent Company has the best of modern
equipment and is owned and operated by Payette Valley
people exclusively. It is being extended all over the
farming community as rapidly as new lines can be built,
and is giving entire satisfaction.

This, with the recent rural mail routes established
throughout the valley, gives the settler the best business
and social advantages to be found in any farming com-
munity, and the present settlers are in full accord with
the President's message where he says : "We can not have
too much immigration of the right kind, and we should
have none at all of the wrong kind."

PAYETTE CITY.

This thriving and prosperous little city has a popu-
lation of about 2,000. It has been the principal ship-
ping station of the Payette Valley since the completion
of the Oregon Short Line Railway in 1883. During the
present year it has secured a city charter and is having a
very rapid but substantial growth. Brick blocks and
elegant residences are in evidence on all the principal
streets. It is already one of the busiest little cities in
the State. The deposits in its two banks are more than
half a million dollars. Its business men are enterpris-
ing and industrious, and most of them own their own
buildings.

IMPROVEMENTS.

An electric light plant is now in operation and
water works and sewerage are to be added. In many
respects it is is an ideal place for a home. Its graded
public and high school is of the best in the State, oc-
cupying two commodious brick buildings, supplied with
two commodious brick buildings, supplied with modern
equipment and accommodating over 600 pupils now en-
rolled.

Payette is a city of churches, eight denominations
having buildings of their own, all except the Episco-
pal and Catholic having resident pastors.

A free library association has recently been organ-
ized, with gymnasium equipment, games and rest room.

There is a number of benevolent and secret societies, in-
cluding three Masonic lodges, Odd Fellows, Rebeccas,
Modern Woodmen of America of over 200 members,
Royal Neighbors, and several other fraternal organiza-
tions ; also a good musical society.

Several parties interested in the beet sugar indus-
try do not hesitate to say that Payette is one of the best
locations in the State for a sugar factory, and if the
bounty now offered by the State is found to be consti-
tutional, arrangements for such a factory will be com-
pleted in 1904 without a doubt.

Two large saw mills are in active operation, having
a capacity of over 100,000 feet of lumber per day. The
logs are floated down the Payette river for over 100
miles from the almost inexhaustible supply of timber in
the mountains near its head waters. Two planing mills
and a box factory are heavy consumers of the raw
material.

A creamery has been in operation for several years,
receiving the highest prize at the State Fair, and in
1903 a first-class canning factory was built and
equipped 'with modern machinery, and much of its pack
is consumed in the great copper mining camps of the
Seven Devils Range, which can be seen in the distance
from Payette. and from which its brand "Seven Devils''
is derived.

A full roller process flour mill of fifty barrels per
day capacity is operated by water power.

A power company has recently been organized to
utilize the waters of the Payette river for manufactur-
ing purposes, electric lights and operating an interur-
ban railway, which will soon be built to connect Payette
with New Plymouth, Emmett and the Pearl mining
camp. This line will connect with the Oregon Short
Line Railway at Payette and will be of standard gauge,
equipped to handle freight and express as well as pas-
senger business. The demand for such a road has re-
cently become very urgent on account of the large or-
chards, now in full bearing in all parts of the valley, and
the greatly increased population of the surrounding
farming district. Local parties are now negotiating for
eastern capital, and with the great volume of business

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.

56

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

in sight there should be no trouble in financing this
proposition without much delay.

ADVANTAGES.

An excellent vein of soft coal has recently been
opened at the upper end of the Payette Valley, not far
from the rapidly developing gold mining camp of
Pearl, and with proper railroad facilities these mines
should increase their present output many times during
the first year. The wool shipments from this vicinity,
which amounts to from fifty to seventy-five cars annu-
ally, represent a net profit of from $35,000 to $50,000

for our wool growers. The thousands of acres of free
range in the surrounding mountainous country is open
to all, and this industry will be largely increased rom
year to year as the valley becomes more thickly popu-
lated.

This is an excellent working field for the masses.
People with limited means can soon make themselves
comfortable homes here and enjoy the fruits of their
labors while they live. The field is equally good for the
capitalist, and people with from $1,000 to $50,000 can
not find a tetter locality in the West for safe and profit-
able investment.

OFFICE OF NEW PLYMOUTH LAND & COLONIZATION CO., Ltd., BANK OF
COMMERCE & FIRST NATIONAL BANK.

IN THE PAYETTE VALLEY |

Unrivaled Climate, Rich Soil, Abundant Water Supply,
Finest Fruit Growing Country known, all deciduous
Fruits grown to perfection. Idaho secured the
FIRST PRIZE for Apples at the WORLD'S FAIR
in Chicago and Paris; at the OMAHA and BUF-
FALO Expositions received MORE medals than
any OTHER State for FRUIT display. For
prices of land and furiher particulars, address

New Plymouth Land

and Colonization

Company, Limited.

C. E. BRAINARD, SECRETARY AND MANAGER, PAYETTE, IDAHO.

Send $2.00 to the Irrigation Age 112 Dearborn Street, Chicago, and we will mail you the Irrigation Age,
Chicago, and Modern Irrigation, Denver, for 1 year. $2.50 will bring you these two Journals 1 year and The
Primer of Irrigation, a 300 page book finely illustrated.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

57

SAMSON DOUBLE GEAR

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••I

The Samson

GALVANIZED STEEL
WIND HILL

The Strongest and Best
Mill on Earth

It is a double-geared mill and is the latest great
advance in wind-mill construction.

The capacity of our new wind-mill factory is
75,000 mills a year — the greatest capacity of any
factory of its kind on earth.

.r. THE SAMSON... \

is a double-geared mill and is the latest great ad-
vance in wind-mill construction.

It will be readily seen that this double gear im-
parts double the strength to the Samson over that
of any other mill of equal size. Since the gear is
double and the strain of work is equally divided
between the two gears, there is no side draft,
shake or wobble to cut out the gears. The gear-
ing, therefore, has four times the life and wearing
qualities of any single gear.

All interested in irrigation should write us for
our finely illustrated book on irrigation matters,
which will be sent free to all who mention THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE. This work contains all necessary informa-
tion for establishing an irrigation plant by wind power.

Remember We Guarantee the Samson

The Stover Manf g Co.

617 River Street

FREEPORT, ILL.

I

58

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I Mil I Mil I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

The Birdsell Alfalfa Huller

Interior View of the Ko. 3 N-v Birdsell Monitor Junior Alfalfa MuIIer.

The Birdsell Alfalfa Huller saves all of the seed and it is the only machine on the market

built expressly fo"r hulling alfalfa.

SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

: BIRDSELL MFG. CO., Soxith Bend, Ind.

ill! I III! I III I I I I II I I I I II II I I Mil I I Illllll I I I III I I I Illlll I I HIM I III I II I Illllllll

IRRIGATING MACHINERY

Information

Furnished

by our

Experts

This shows one of

our

Deep Well Pump-
ing Outfits
operated by our

Gasolii. e

or Crude Oil

Engine

Write for Catalogue

FAIRBANKS, MORSE & Co.,

MANUFACTURERS.

Chicago Detroit Denver

St. Paul Cincinnati San Francisco

Minneapolis Cleveland Los Angeles

Omaha Indianapolis Salt Lake City

St. Louis Louisville Portland. Ore.

Kansas City New York London, Eng.

WANTED!

Men to lay Tile by day or contract.
Address
THOMAS HART, Donovan, 111.

One dollar and fifty cents wi I secure for you one year's subscrip-
tion to THE IRRIGATION ACiK and a finely bound volume of the
Primer of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid in a few months,
when volume Is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be finely
illustrated and will contain about 300 page*. Send post office or
express money order for $1.50 and secure copy of first edition.

VAN WIE CENTRIFUGAL

the best in the market. Why? Because

Handles More Water Than

Any Other Pump with

Same Fuel.

PROOF. Read following from result of
test made by New Mexico College of Ag-
riculture and Mechanic Arts, Mesilla
Park, New Mexico:

Cost of fuel per acre for irrigation three
inches deep, using dry Tornilio Wood at
S2.25 per cord.
Name of Pump.

Van Wie $.512

Wood's .. .647

Kingsford 597

Byron Jackson 614

Fifth Pump 617

For catalogue, address

IRVIN VAN WIE,

713-723 West Fayette St.,
SYRACUSE, N. Y.

1003 Irrlgator.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

59

THE "penny wise and pound foolish" policy has an apt illustration in the man who buys a
cheap gas or gasoline engine. Unreliable service, frequt nt ar.d expensive repairs,
wastefulness in fuel and short life, offset many times over the small saving in first cost. The
"OTTO" is the original and best. Suppose it does cost a liule more money, the extra dollars
are well invested. 70,000 users throughout the civilized world support us in this claim.

Agents as usual.

THE OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Shuart Earth Grader No. 3

An ideal, all-round Grader for
Irrigators. This Machine, rapidly
and cheaply, does a quality of
grading possible with ordinary
appliances only at a virtually pro-
hibitory expense. The blade
can be worked straight across
• ' for cutting, conveying and
spreading the earth ; or it
can be worked diagonally
for throwing up borders:
and it can be tilted f or run-
ninglaterals. Forillustrated
circular and price, address

B. F. SHUAR.T, OBER.LIN. O.

R. H. McWILLIAMS.
General Drainage Contractor.

Special attention paid to reclaiming swamp l?nds with steam dredges
Drainage bonds bought and sold.

MATTDOOKf,

Please mention 1'HK IRRIGATION AGE wrier* wiitiug to advertisers.

The Great East and West Line TCV AC
Across the Entire States of I LA HO

AND

LOUISIANA

NO TROUBLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Through Tourist and Standard Sleepers between Chicago and California

without change. Close connection at El Paso.
New Dining Cars (meals a la carte) teliveen Texas and St. Lou's.

Write for new book on Texas. FREE.
E. P.TURNER, General Passenger Agen, Dal I as, Texas

M.H.DOWNEY. E. J. WILCOX.

DOWNEY <a WILCOX, Civil Eng neers.

DRAINAGE AND ROADS A SPECIALTY,

Correspondence Solicited. Room 2, Court House. ANDERSON, IND

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and
Illustrated Pamphlets.

H. C. TOWNSEND,

General Passenger and Ticket Agent,
ST. LOUIS.

LOUDEN'S CABLE PICKER

And other Hay Stackers are unsurpassed for
ease of operation, simplicity of construction,
cheapness and capacity for work. Especially
successful in handling Alfalfa Hay.

Hay Tools for field and barn embracing
HAY CARRIERS, HAY FORKS, HAY SLINGS. Also
BARN DOOR HANGERS, FEED AND LITTER
CARRIERS and other hardware specialties.

Write for catalogue and descriptive

circulars.

ADDRESS:

LOUDEN MACHINERY
COMPANY

75 West Broadway. FAIRFIELO, I A.

LOUDEN

GRAPPLE

FORK.

60

NOII.VOIHHI 3HJ,

MYERS

i

±

"Without an Equal on the Globe"

Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt
powers, in harmony with present requirements.

Ha. Fiv«, Sivtn and On* Hall.
a*4 Ten Inch Strokt.

• p

• P

• .

< p

• >

• P

< p

Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps

Five Inch Brass Lined
Cylinder.

No. 369. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, 7^ and

10-inch sroke. Price 87500

No. 366. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 and

20-inch stroke. Price 150 00

Double Acting. Capacity, Two Thou
sand Gallons Per Hour.

• >
« P

• p

• >

-

No. 362. Bulldozer Pump, 3-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, ll/2 and 10-inch stroke.

Price 875 00

No. 351. Bulldozer Pump. 4-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, 7^ and 10-inch stroke.

Price 120 00

No. 353. Bulldozer Pump, 5-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5-inch stroke. Price 75 00

No. 363. Bulldoz r Pump, 6-inch Brass Lined
i ,, ,. Cylinder, 12, IS and 20-inch stroke.

Artesian Well Cylinder Price 250 co

FULL* INFORMATION IN REGARD TO OUR, VARIED LINE ON APPLICATION.

I

RE. MYERS sBRO.

ASHLAND,
OHIO, U.S. A.

PROPRIETORS OF

ASHLAND PUHP AND HAY TOOL WORKS

<"K~HKKKK~HK~X~XKK~H~HKK^^^

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

61

Built Right

Run Right

Unsurpassed for Tile, Hollow Ware, Brick a.nd a.11
Classes of Clay products. Write for Particulars
on this or other Clayworklng Machinery 9955

The Improved Centennial A\iger Machine

Bucyrus, Ohio
U. S. A.

TKe American Clay-Working
Machinery Company

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

for Brick, Tile and Sewer
pipe Manufacturers

SEWER PIPE BARROW

TILE TRUCK

HEAVY FURNACE FRONT

These Trucks and Barrows are made of first-class material, and the workmanship is the
best. Special trucks and barrows to suit customers, made to order. Prices quoted on
receipt of specifications.

BAND TIGHTENERS AND DOOR CONNECTORS

CLASS B CLASS C

TUPPER STYLE GRATE

CAST IRON KILN COVERS

Sections 6 inches wide.

36, 42, and 48 inches long

STRAIGHT GRATES

VENTILATORS

Any length. Sertirns 3 inches to 3>^ inches wide. Weight average about 1 pound
per inch id lergih.

We also make Kiln Bands complete with sections cut to length and rivet holes punched. Rivets fur-
nished and tighteners riveted on to end sections. Prices quoted for anything in this line upon application.

Address

The Arnold -Creager Co.

NEW LONDON, OHIO

or Cor. 6th and Vine Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio

The Simplification of
Water Records by
a Right System
Insures

Not Only
Labor-Saving
but also Money-
Saving.

Write us for Information.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

'16" LONG RANGE TELESCOPE.

i

FOR

Irrigators,
Farmers

and

Ditchers

Catalogue free.

Grade
Level Co.

Jackson. Mich.
No. 1. $27.00
Target and Rod

free with each.
Target and Rod alone $2.00.

Our Grade Levels are tan only ones made with
a "Gradrt Bar" and with a "Scale" showing tlte
grade without figuring, ana the mils one with a
Teles"ope at so low a price.

No. 1 Improved Level (our latest)— W- Has horiz-
ontal circle divided Into degrees; can run at an; angle
without measuring.

63

EDGAR M. HEAFER
TILE COMPANY

MANUFACTURERS OF

Round Drain Tile

Of Superior Potters' Clay.

ASLO DEALERS IN

SUPERIOR FIRE BRICK AND SEWER PIPE
BLOOnLNOTDN, ILL.

•O*O«O«O»O«O»O»C«O«O«O«O«O«O«O9O«O»C'«O»O«O»O*O»O»O»O«O»OI

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

Valley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for TiLE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

A^Trite tot? I»^aMj>la.lets f 1 1 1« 1

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner,

Central Station, Park Row, Room 506,
CHICAGO. ILL.

When writing to Advertisers, p'ease mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.

o«o«o«o«otoeo«Of o«o«oeo«oto«o«oto«o« o*o»o»o«o«otjo«oeo«oeoj ococ oc o: oroc or oto«oi

The MARION

STEAM SHOVEL CO.

Mo. 632 W. Center Street, MARION, OHIO.

A COMPLETE LINE OF STEAM SHOVELS, DIPPER

AND CLAMSHELL DREDGES, ETC.

One-yard Ditching Dredge.

constructing Drainage Ditches we have both
drydand and floating Dredges, and we build
them to suit the requirements of your work. We
manufacture our own steel and grey iron castings,
and make our own chain

\Yhen in the market write us for information and prices.

(When Writ ng Advertisers, Please Mention IRRIGATION AGE.)

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

DIAMOND/

ON CREDIT

IN THIS GAME OF
HEARTS DIAMONDS
WIN

Dear to the Heart

of every "Dauiht-T of Eve" are the scintillating I lies of liquid
fire hidden in the depths of a Diamond. Whether as an t mbU m
of p'ighted tioth, or as a Christmas anniversaty or bit It. day gift
to wife, sweetheart, mother, sisier or daughter, it is alw. ys a
seasonable and prized gift. It is no longer necessary that ihe
purchaser of a Diamond be the possessor of properly 01 wealth,
or undergo pinching economies to pri cure 01 e Urder the
I.oftis Syst- m any person of honest intentions may open a Cou-
tirlential Chatge Account and purchape a Dinnond, Watch cr
other valuable piece of jewelry, and pay the cash price in a
series of easy monthly payments.

Hnnr if ic Plnn/a- Write today for our illustrated Catalogue.
IIUW HIS UUI1C. ant! from u 5e|ect any article that ,ou

wruld like to wear or own; or. perhaps, give to a loved one at
Christmas. Your sell ction will n onre te sent to yrur home,
place of business or exprpjs office as you prefer. Examine it
with all the care you wish: then, if it is all that you anticipated,
and the best value that you ever saw for the money, ray one-fifth
of the piice and keep it. The balance you may fend us in eight
equal Hionlhly payments.

On fhp ftfhpr Hariri if you decider.ot to buy, simplv return

n me umer nana, ,h'e article at our expens(,. whether

you buy or not. we pay all express and other < hatges— ,the»e is
no expense to you, n.e.ijner do you assume an.y-fi*-k or obligation

whatever. We Fiibmit our goods on their nier'ts, with absolute
confidence that their quality, low piices and our easy terms will
make you a pleased customer.

We are the largest hnuse in ihe Diairond business. We aie also
one of Ihe oldest— Est. 1858. We refer to any bank in Amer-
ica—ask jour local bank how we stand in the bus ness woild.
They wii1 u fer to iheii bool s of c< mmercial tatings and tell you
that we staid vety high, aid that our represeutations may be
arctpted without a ques-tior.

Our finnrantpp Tpriifirflfp 8'wn wilh every Dia-

uur uudrdiuce verimcaie mond is ,ne broadest

and the strongest e\er given by a house of i;r questioned respon-
sibility. Our e' change S' stem is the mo;-t liberal ever deviled,
fi r it permits \ou to reti rn say Diamond bcught of us. and to
get the full an cunt pa d, in excharge for other goods or a larger
Diamond.

An Arrniinf WHh Il«is a confidential matter. We
A» \llOim I US require no security; charge no

interest: impose no penalties and crea'e no publicity. Our cus-
tomers use iheir chHrp e accounts with us year after year, finding
them a great convtuii nee at s-uch times as C hiistmas, h:rthday?,
ant ivi rsaiies etc. We have no disagreeable preliminaries or
vexati- us di-1 ys. Everything is pleaspnt, prompt and guaian-
tced to be satisfactory.

Vinir rhricfrnac Plane will not be complete until you have looked through our nrw Christmas Catalogue, and con-
UUI Clll rUUIB sidcred what you can do In gift making la conjunction with the LOFTIS SYSTEM. The five

dollars which you mi^ht pay lor something cheap at d triffi- v. «iH makf the first paiment rn. and put you in immediate possession
of a beautiful Diamond or a Fine Watch. \v ith a v«*iy little money, you CHII mske gifts that are commensurate w'th. and appro-
priate to the circumstances — for we require I ut one-filth o' the price of any article when we deliver it to \ on. IF YOU PREFER TO
BUY FOR CASH »e I ave a pr<<po>iiinu to make which is ihn-nuehly char ctinstic of our house. It is noth'ne e=s than our written
agr- em< nt to teturn a1! that you pay tor a Diamond — It-f s trn p« r cent, at anv time within one year. You might thus wear a fifty-dollar
Diamond fora whole ) ear, aLd then send it back to us at d get S4V making th; tost of wearing a Diamond less than ten cents per week.

WRITE TO-I»AY FOR CATAL,O<»t'E

Loftis Bros.

CompaLi\y

Diamonds— Watches — Jewelry

Dept. P-134 92 to 98 State St., CHICAGO. ILL.

California

for an ideal outing this winter. There is
something to see and something to do.
The climate will tempt you out of doors,
and you will be glad of it. The trip is
made quickly and comfortably by the
trains of the

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
and Union Pacific Line

The Overland Limited runs via this route,
and is the most famous train across the
continent. Complete information on rates,
routes and train service on request.

F. A. MILLER,

General Passenger Agent.

OWNtAtFARM!

Thousands of Acres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming." Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE, STOCK-RAISING AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address

CHICAGO AND ^^NORTH-
WESTERN RY.

J. F. CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISS.ONER, C. * N.W. Ry ^ ^^^^ ASK FOR T.CKETS VIA

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III. IVnlirVrfliMi THE NORTH-WESTERN LINE

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES

212 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE STREETS.
OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUCH, W. A. GARDNER, W. B. KNISKERN,

Third VIce-President. General Manager. Pass. Traffic Manager.

STAR

WIND MILLS

Designed particularly for the
service of supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

u

C)

'

Hoosier

"

and

'Fast Mail'

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of Iron
Pumps designed for
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
er a t ed by hand
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

•Star"

Irrigating

Mill

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

"HOOSIER1

Tubular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

Any Capacity . . .

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Any Pxirpose

Steel Towers

Either 3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

TO

LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS OF tiOODS

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog
and Circulars. Mention this Paper.

Flint <& Walling Mfg. Co.

530 Osvk Street. Kendo-llviUe. Ind.

o

o

o

V5C XIX.

No. 3.

m

THE

' IRRIGATION AGE^

ESTABLISHED 1885

WITH WHKH IS MERGED

THE DRAINAGE JOURML

: ESTABLISHED 1879

MTIONAGE

PUBLISHED

JANUARY,
1904.

THED.H.ANDERSON
PUBLISHING CO,

Publishers.

112 DEARBORN ST.,

CHICAGO.

DRAINAGE

^r~^
SPECIAL

FEATURES

Repealers in Deep Water.

History of Pumping Water.
Iowa Drainage Convention.
Drainage Problem in

Indiana.
Primsr of Irrigation.

Irrigation, British

Columbia.

BALDWINSVILLE.N.Y.

Centilhiital Pumping Machine*"!!,
desigoea for any irriK<it5og prop^
nsiti:>n. Setxl details or specihca-
tlpQB Qt what is wanted , and wo
•will recommend a pumping outfit
I to sxipply th« need.

New York office,

SIM1 Cortlundt Street

Houston office,

fiin Street, Texas

__.. & Hublxilli Aigffn ,.

N.Jefferitin Street, Chkagt>, ]

Harroc, Rickard & McCone.

Agente. lil Fremont Street,

Sttn Francisco, Cal,

• >
« >
< >

« >
« >

• >

:*:

Y
t

*

Keep Your f^ on the Challenge
Line of Irrigation Machinery.

Challenge Gasoline Engines

FIVE HORSE POWER WITH PUMP JACK

Strongest and simplest Engine ever constructed. Has Friction Clutch for throwing
Pump Jack out of gear. Has all latest appliances for convenience in handling.

Has Stroke

12 inch.
1 6 inch.
20 inch.
24 inch.

GET OUR PRICES

Furnished either
Mounted or Sta-
tionary. We also
build i# H. P.,
2 H. P. and 3 H.
P. Engines with
Pump Jacks.

Dandy Irrigator Wind Mills

IVOTHI1VG TO COMPARE! WITH

Note its Simplio
ity, Compactness,
Immense strength

Brass or Graphite
Bearings.

Roller Bearings

for Turn Table.

Heaviest and
Strongest Wind
Mill ever offered
for sale.

It is everlasting
and has no equal.

Headquarters for all Kinds

of Water Supply

Goods.

This cut shows the
working and wearing
parts of our large
sizes of Dandy Mills.
They are particularly
adapted for irriga-
tion pumping.

The
Dandy

Write for Catalog

BRANCH HOUSES:

DALLAS, •
KANSAS CITY,
MINNEAPOLIS.
OMAHA, -
136 Liberty St.,

NEW YORK

Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill Co., Batavia. ill.

£

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

STANDARD FOR SIXTY-FIVE YEARS

MADE BY DEERE & CO., MOLINE, ILL.

SUPERIOR

SUGAR-BEET SEED!

Breustedt's "Elite," "Elite A," "Neure

Zucht" and "Zuckerreichste" unsurpassed

for High Sugar-Content, Purity and Greatest

Tonnage.

Used by most Sugar Factories in the United

States and Canada.

I

A

Sugar=Beets for Stock Feed I

i

Breustedt's "Elite" and "Elite A" yield 1,500 $
to 2,500 bushels per acre. X lb., 25c; % lb., 40c; 1
lb., 75c; 2 Ibs., 81.25; 4 Ibs., 82.25; my mail, prepaid,
5 Ibs., 81.75; 10 Ibs. $3.00; 25 Ibs., 86.00; 50 Ibs., 811 00;
110 Ibs., 820.00; by freight or express, not prepaid.
Cash with order.

EDWARD C. POST, M. E., Dundee, Mich.

Sole Agent for United States and Canada.

ED. NOTE: Mr. Post was in charge of the sugar beet exhibit
at the Eleventh National Irrigation Congress, held at Ogden,
Utah, Sept. 14-18, 1903.

g. GALVANIZED STEEL

IRRIGATION FLUMES

PAT. MAY, 19O2. PAT. JAN., 19O4.

No Solder. No Rivets.
Guaranteed Water-Tight.

For Particulars and Testimonials Address

THE MAGINNIS FLUME MFG. GO.

KIMBALL, NEB.

66 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Ill II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 HI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1

EVANS POTATO PLANTER

Acknowledged to be the best and simplest
planter that ever planted a Potato

Made in both Plain and
Fertilizer Styles

So simple that a boy can
operate it

SEND FOR FREE CATALOGUES

AMERICAN SEEDING=MACHINE CO., SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

Please mention Irrigation Age.

i inn 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 inn 1 1 111 1 1 n nun mi in ii i mi u 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 111 inn nun i MM

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX.

CHICAGO, JANUARY, 1904.

No. 3.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,
PUBLISHERS,

112 Dearborn Street, - CHICAGO

Entered at the Postoffice at Chicago, III., as Second-Class Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid tl.OO

To Canada and Mexico 1.00

All Other Foreign Countries, 1.50

In forwarding; remittances please do not send checks on local banks.
Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recognized throughout the world as
the exponent of Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival in half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

fn A r\ VP»rf i «P>r« lt may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication
LU ^XU. V CJ. U.JSC1 C5. ^ tfae worW naving an ^t^ paid in advance circulation among individual

irrigators and large irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world.
The Irrigation Age is (9 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITORIAL

It is gratifying to know that the beet
Increase sugar growers of Nebraska are to receive

in Value. for their beets this year more than last.

Contracts with the American Beet Sugar
Company for the season of 1904 have just been signed
at a price of $4.50 per ton for all beets, regardless of
the per cent of sugar which they contain. An addi-
tional sum of 25 cents per ton is allowed for hauling
to the factories, making a flat price of $4.75 per ton.
The price last year was $4.00, and the average price for
the past ten years has been $4.20 per ton. Beet grow-
ers in the irrigated portion of Nebraska will profit most
as their crops are generally conceded to be of better
quality. The possibility of beet culture in the irrigated
districts is greater than ever before, and the increase
in this industry during the next few years will be
enormous.

The land law repealers, through their
Newspapers elaborate press bureau, which is main-
" Worked." tained by a few of the powerful corpora-
tions of the West, are working a very
smooth game upon the newspapers of the country.
This press bureau sends out weekly syndicate matter
alleged to be news correspondence from Washington,
all of which contains a cleverly disguised plea for the
repeal of the commutation clause of the homestead

act, the timber and stone act, and the desert land law.
Several newspapers have printed this matter, doubtless
without careful investigation or even knowledge of the
real nigger in, the wood pile, and the repealers are now
quoting these extracts from the newspapers as editorial
expressions by them. They are printed by the thou-
sands and sent to every newspaper in the country in
the hope of influencing that portion of the press which
has not as yet taken up their side of the question. It
is a very clever game, and the wonder is that news-
paper men who are not easily taken in have been
fooled by it.

A large amount of work has been done
Yafcima on the Yakima Valley canal in Washing-
Valley, ton State during the past year. This

canal was commenced in 1894, with the
object of irrigating about 3,000 acres, but the plans
of the canal company have been greatly enlarged and
some valuable experience has been learned since the
commencement of the work. The original canal, which
was about eight miles long, has been rebuilt in many
places. The settling of the foundation started leaks on
several sections of the canal, and much of it was
destroyed by the washing out of the ground underneath.
The old flume under the new plans has been enlarged
and the sills upon which the uprights for the founda-
tion rest run parallel with the flume instead of trans-
versely. The flume has been lined with liquid as-
phaltum, tar and ground lime, which was applied as
a mixture while hot. It is believed that this treatment
of the flume will prevent all further leakage. It has

68

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

cost canal companies hundreds of thousands of dollars
to learn one of the most important items of construc-
tion— the necessity of the absolute waterproof charac-
ter of flumes. The loss of water by leakage and the
damage by seepage is enormous, and future canal build-
ers will profit by the' experience of the past. .

The Iowa Drainage convention, whose
Iowa sessions commenced at Ames, January

Drainage 15, and continued several days, was one
Convention, of the most important meetings in the

interest of modern agricultural develop-
ment that has been held during the past year. The
convention was attended by a large number of the
most intelligent farmers and land owners of Iowa, and
among the visitors from other States were some of the
most prominent drainage scientists of the country.
Professor W. H. Stevenson's report of his investiga-
tion of the drainage conditions of Iowa is intensely in-
teresting and quite significant in its character. He
conducted this investigation in the most thorough
manner, sending out carefully prepared questions to
every part of the State, from which he received nearly
2,000 replies in detail. Of these replies, Professor
Stevenson estimates that there are nearly four and a
half millions of acres of nonproductive land in the
State through lack of drainage, and that this land
could be made to increase the wealth of the farmers
by proper methods to the extent of 324 millions of
dollars. The subject of drainage in the humid sections
of the United States is now one of the most important
problems that confronts progressive agriculturists, and
when the people thoroughly understand its benefits
the increased wealth of the country will be almost be-
yond computation.

A very curious- procedure is that of the
Curious publication of the official proceedings of

Procedure. the Eleventh National Irrigation Con-
gress at Ogden under the management
of Gilbert McClurg and Willis T. Beardsley. When
the congress adjourned at Ogden last summer, the
local committee of that city undertook the publication
of the proceedings and it was understood that copies
would be supplied to the members of the Congress
without cost. Now Messrs. McClurg & Beardsley have
issued a circular announcing that the proceedings are
being published by the Proceedings Publishing Com-
pany, of Ogden. and that the price of $1 per copy in
paper and $2 per copy in leather has been placed on
the work. In addition to this source of income these
gentlemen are asking advertisers to take space in this
pamphlet at the rate of $50 per page. As the total
cost of publishing these proceedings does not exceed
$200 — in fact, this price was named as a total cost dur-
ing the convention — the Proceedings Publishing Com-
pany, which is doubtless composed of Mr. Gilbert Mc-

Clurg and Willis T. Beardsley, will make an exceed-
ingly good profit out of it. It would seem that the
National Irrigation Congress is a body of sufficient
strength and dignity to publish its own proceedings
for free distribution, at least among the delegates, and
without resorting to the cheap claptrap methods em-
ployed by these gentlemen. The officials of the con-
gress will doubtless be surprised when they discover
that the name of the congress is being used in this
manner to further the interests of an advertising
project solely for the benefit of its promoters. Dele-
gates to the congress are being asked to contribute
from ten to twenty dollars apiece for the privilege of
having their photos appear in connection with this re-
port.

The combination of interests which op-
Combination posed the passage of the national irriga-
of tion law by every means in its power, but

Interests. which has now assumed the general direc-
tion of the whole irrigation business of
the Government, is sending out through its news bureau
bitter personal attacks upon Senator Hansbrough of
North Dakota, because he has introduced a bill provid-
ing for the appointment of a chief engineer to super-
intend the construction of irrigation works. These self-
constituted bosses of the Government's business have
boasted privately that they control to a large degree the
reclamation service, and it is only natural that they do
not want any officer appointed to interfere with their
plans. They assert that Mr. Newell is the most com-
petent engineer in the United States, and is the only
man who ought to have charge of the vast expendi-
tures of Government money incident to the irrigation
act. But the record of Mr. Newell's achievements tell
a different story. Personally a most estimable gentle-
man, and above all reproach as a private citizen, he has
not done anything in the line of his profession, which
has fitted him by education or experience as an engineer
for the trying duties of his great position. His ap-
pointment to the Government's service was brought
about through a political and business combination, and
it is well known that he owes his position mainly to
the forces that are now attempting to control the
reclamation service. Senator Hansbrough's precaution
in asking for the appointment of an engineer of un-
doubted ability and experience to take charge of the
vast projects which the Government is expected to carry
out within the next twenty years is a wise one, and
intended solely to safeguard the interests of the people.
The only objection to this appointment that is made
by the corporate interests is that Mr. Newell should
be allowed to work out their plans without interfer-
ence. But that is the best reason in the world why
the appointment of an engineer, as provided in the
bill of Mr. Hansbrough, should be made. Judging from
the sentiment of Congress, as privately expressed by
many members to THE IRRIGATIION AGE, it looks as

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

G9

though the combination would fail to defeat Senator
Hansbrough's bill, and that a competent engineer will
be appointed to superintend the Government's plans
and see that the vast sums of money for this purpose
are wisely expended. ,

The interests that are so frantically de-
Are the manding the repeal of the commutation
Repealers clause of the homestead, the desert land
Fair ? and the timber and stone Jand laws for

the benefit of "future generations" base
their demands mainly upon the alleged frauds that have
been committed against the government in the past.
They assert that unscrupulous individuals and corpora-
tions have gobbled large tracts of valuable Government
timber and mineral lands through hired agents who
made bogus entries upon then} and afterwards turned
over their holdings to the land grabbers who employed
them. On account of these frauds the repealers de-
mand that the Government withdraw from entry mil-
lions of acres of lands that are available for settlers
under terms which, in the wisdom of Congress, are
fair, equitable and easy to carry out.

There is no doubt that many frauds have been
perpetrated by unscrupulous corporations and individ-
uals, although the repealers have never yet given any
definite figures as to the extent of these frauds. They
have contented themselves with statements that are gen-
eral and broad in character, and do not attempt to give
any definite information on that subject. But, ad-
mitting that frauds have been committed in this man-
ner, is there any good reason why the honest settler of
today should suffer through the negligence of Govern-
ment employees in allowing these frauds to be perpe-
trated? And is it not a fact that many of the un-
scrupulous corporations having secured titles to tracts
of land in this manner are now endeavoring to arrange
a scheme by which they can still further profit by forc-
ing settlers to tmy these lands from them? This can
only be accomplished by taking out of the reach of the
settler the Government land that is not occupied. If
the commutation clause of the Homestead Act and
other laws are repealed the only way that the honest
settler can obtain lands from the Government is by the
general Homestead Act, which requires five years' actual
residence on the wild lands.

With the desert land and the stone and timber
lands withdrawn from settlement, the settler would have
to make his choice between living five years on a piece
of land before he could obtain title to it and the pur-
chase of land outright. As the railroad companies and a
few large land combinations would then own all the.
available lands, aside from those subject to the Home-
stead law, the settler would be forced to buy from them.
And this fact points to the secret of the gigantic com-
bination that is working so powerfully for the repeal
of the land laws.

The millions of acres owned by the railroads and
corporations are now nonproductive. If these lands
can be sold to settlers, even on long time and easy terms,
they at once become interest-bearing, and thereby reve-
nue-producing, and the railroad and private companies,
instead of being compelled to pay the taxes themselves,
shift the burden to the farmer, and he becomes the tax
payer and interest payer from the day he signs the con-
tract. Does anybody believe that the repealers, who are
maintaining newspapers and literary bureaus at the cost
of thousands of dollars every month, and sending speak-
ers all over the country to argue with boards of trade
and merchants' associations, are doing this in the in-
terest of "future generations'' or anybody else except
themselves? Does anybody know of a syndicate or pri-
vate land corporation that ever worked hard and spent
its money for the benefit of generations, or anybody on
earth, present or future, except itself? Xot at all.
These interests are simply trying to throw dust in the
eyes of the people by pretending to be concerned about
the future welfare of the people, while they are in
reality only trying to prevent the settler of today from
obtaining a home from the Government and forcing him
to relieve them of the taxes on their own lands and
pay them interest besides. The fact that the public is
rapidly finding out the true state of affairs, and the
widespread interest that is being aroused in the schemes
of the gigantic combination of repealers, gives rise to
the hope that their plans will be defeated. In view
of all the revelations that are now being made, the
repealers would have acted more wisely if in their
attitude toward the people had they waged this war on
the only grounds tenable to themselves — self-interest
and a desire to grab all there is in sight.

The board of lonely, disinterested
Needlessly philanthropic gentlemen who are vigor-
Alarmed, ously working for a repeal of the com-
mutation clause of the homestead law,
the timber and stone act and the desert land law, ex-
press the most alarming solicitude for the generation
of future farmers who will not have a place left on this
part of the globe upon which to establish a home. It
may be of interest to these gentlemen to know what the
authorities of the agricultural department of Washing-
ton think of the future possibilities of free land in this
country. Milton Whitney, Chief of the Division of
the Bureau of Soils of the Agricultural Department,
who has been for years conducting a series of soil sur-
veys in nearly every State in the Union and who is
probably better acquainted with the agricultural land
possibilities of the West than any other man in the
United States, said to a representative of THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE a few weeks ago :

"If all of the Government land west of the Mis-
souri Eiver should be withdrawn from settlement to-
day, there still would be room enough left for all the

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

farmers of America for the next one hundred years.
They would all have land enough to support their
families and grow rich. Modern science in agriculture
has taught men how to reclaim the worn-out lands of
the South and the East and there are millions of acres
that are now supposed to be unproductive that can be
made to blossom as the rose by the application of proper
methods of farming and fertilization."

In making this statement Professor Whitney was
not discussing the possibilities of the irrigation law, but
was simply pointing out the tremendous possibilities of
the older portions of the United States, which many
people think have been exhausted by fifty to one hun-
dred years of continual cropping. If Professor Whit-
ney's statement is based on a foundation of fact, and
we think even the repealers will not dispute that, these
gentlemen are wasting a great deal of sympathy on the
unborn generations in their efforts to take from public
settlement the hundreds of thousands of acres that are
now opened to them under the Government laws and
force them to buy their homes from the syndicate land
combinations.

The Honorable Frank W. Mondell, Representative
from Wyoming, in his speech in Congress on the bill
for the relief of certain homestead settlers in Alabama,
discussed this question at length and presented figures
to show that the increase in the number of original
homestead entries during the past two years is more
apparent than real. The increase in 1902 was due al-
most entirely to the vast area of former Indian lands
entered in Oklahoma, amounting to nearly four and a
half millions, and land in North Dakota of two and a
half millions, and in Washington of about one million

acres.

The undisputed facts are that these lands have
been taken almost entirely by bona fide settlers and no
considerable portion of them have found their way into
the hands of the speculators or land combinations. The
frauds in this respect arc confined almost entirely to the
valuable timber lands of the Rocky Mountain regions.
The records show that during 1902 only one acre in
five was commuted; at the same rate of commutation,
if all the remaining public lands were so disposed of,
it would take over five hundred years to absorb what is
left of the public domain. However deplorable the
frauds in timber lands, they can not be set up as a good
reason why the honest settler should be deprived of the
right to make his home in the West under present laws.
Proper amendments to the laws will prevent fraud in
settlement in the future, but that they should be en-
tirely repealed is another question. Speaking of the
desert land act Senator Warren, of Wyoming, whose
long years of residence in the West and whose close
study of the actual conditions existing there makes him
a competent authority, says :

"Under this act more arid lands have been re-
claimed, more barren wastes have been converted into

growing fields of hay and grain, and more unproductive
land has been made permanently productive than under
any other law applicable to the Western country. No
other law properly administered reduces to so much of
minimum the opportunity for abuse and prevarication.
Everywhere over the Western country the arid wastes
are spotted by beautiful fields of growing grain and al-
falfa, which testify beyond the possibilities of contra-
diction to the splendid and material results legitimately
accomplished under the law."

With this clear statement of actual facts can any
sane man doubt that the repeal of the desert land act
would do more to delay the settlement and development
of the West than any other thing that Congress has
ever been asked to do ?

PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

[Conclusion Chapter VIH. From December Issue.~\

Three-pound onions, eighty-pound watermelons,
and five-hundred-pound squash are not rarities,
and I have been told of a field of corn, of the
white Mexican variety, that grew fourteen feet with
four perfect ears of corn to the stalk with only twelve
inches of rain. As for sweet potatoes, or yams, thirty
pounds weight do not occasion surprise, and beets after
two years' growth are often as large as nail kegs, all
woody fiber, of course, and unfit for food.

It is true that such examples are mere experiments,
indeed they may be called specimens of "freak" vegeta-
tion, and rarely mean perfection of quality, but they
indicate the ability of the plant to rapidly assimilate
from the soil and air large, even excessive, quantities
of the elements it needs, or fancies, provided they exist
in abundance, and they demonstrate that the farmer has
it within his power to convert this enormous productive
energy into "quality" of product by regulating it
through adequacy of moisture and cultivation without
excess.

In the foregoing chapters nothing but the mere
outlines of the chemistry of agriculture have been
given. Even to do that it was necessary to concentrate
a mass of matter from a multitude of books, lectures,
personal experiences of successful farmers, and from
other sources, to reach simplicity and clearness. The
books are full of never-ending disputes over theories,
doctrines and scientific experiments, relating to plants
and the soil, and it was thought best to eliminate all
those disputes and present the operations of nature with
regard to the soil and plants in as simple a manner
as possible.

There are many things mysterious in nature which
science has not yet been able to explain, and which
practical experience accepts without inquiring into rea-
sons or causes. Why do early potatoes often reach ma-
turity and the vines die down before the latter have a
chance to blossom ? What is the answer to the problem
of seedless fruits, such as oranges, lemons, grapes, etc. ?
Why do certain plants revert to originals which have
few traits in common, like the tomato, for instance?
Why do not the seeds of plants always produce the
same variety? We know that the laws of chemistry
are practically immutable, though their manifestations
may be irregular. What has been written, it is hoped,
will be of some benefit toward preparing for the prac-
tical part of this book, which will occupy the subsequent
chapters.

THE IRBIGATION AGE.

71

REPEALERS IN DEEP WATER.

Organized and Active Lobby in Washington Spend-
ing Money But Accomplishing Little.

[SPECIAL CORRESPONDENCE IRRIGATION AGE.]

WASHINGTON, D. C., Jan. 10. — Hon. Frank W.
Mondell, representative in Congress from Wyoming, in
talking to a group of Congressmen at the Willard
Hotel recently on
the activity of the
repealers' lobby in
Washington, said :

"I am c o n-
vinced that there
is no crying need
for a radical
change in the land
laws at this ses-
sion of Congress.
For the first time
in our history we
see an active and
well- organized
lobby in Wash-
ington supported
almost entirely by
contributions o f
great corporate
landscrip owners.
These unscrupu-
lous fellows have
been industriously
and persistently
magnifying every
irregularity and
local abuse of our
land laws by send-
ing broadcast the
most grossly mis-
leading and un-
truthful state-
ments as to the
volume and effect
of the transfer of
Government lands
into the hands of
private indi-
viduals.

"The most
persistent of these
representations is
regarding the dis-
position of lands
under the timber
and stone act, the
desert land act

and the commutation clause of the homestead act. The
acreage of lands disposed of under these acts the last
few years has been grossly exaggerated. In the last
five years the Government has parted title to only
8,083,090 acres of land under these laws.

"Another argument used by the lobbyists who, in
the interest of large corporate holders of land and
scrip, are desirous of having most' of the public land
laws repealed is based on the hypothesis that the present
alleged rapid disposal of public lands will interfere
with irrigation reclamation and particularly with the

HON. FRANK W. MONDELL.

Mr. Mondell, the representative from Wyoming in Congress, is chairman of the
House Committee on Irrigation and in that capacity will be in a position to do good
work for the service. He is one of the ablest young men in Congress, a tireless
worker, and his long experience with the actual conditions in the arid West makes
his appointment peculiarly fitting. He is very popular among the members of Con-
gress, and his intelligent and successful work in the past in the interest of irriga-
tion has given him a wide influence. Mr. Mondell is serving his fourth term in
Congress. As a member of the Wyoming Senate for four years he took a large
part in aiding in the perfection of the arid land law, which the Wyoming "people
believe to be the best in the land.

operations of the national irrigation act. This plea
rather loses its force when they say that the desert land
act is the only law compelling irrigation. It is ad-
mitted even by those who favor repeal that by it more
lands have been irrigated than under all the other land
laws combined. Inasmuch as lands taken under the tim-
ber and stone act are unfit for agriculture, there remain
only the lands commuted under the homestead law
within the arid region as the area which, accepting the

most extremestate
ments of the repeal-
ers, passes from
public into private
ownership without
being reclaimed.

"At the present
time approxi-
mately 25,000,000
acres of land are
reserved under
the national irri-
gation act, none
of which can be
entered according
to the laws in
question.

"In view of the
undertaking b y
the reclamation
service of the Salt
River irrigation
enterprises, cover-
ing land entirely
in private owner->
ship, as one of the
first two projects
inaugurated, it
appears that those
in charge of work
under the nation-
al irrigation act
do not consider
that the passing
of land into pri-
' vate ownership se-
riously interferes
with undertakings
under the act.
The fact is that
the three laws in
question • furnish
nearly four-fifths
of the entire re-
clamation fund
and their repeal
_ _ would mean the
side tracking of

the national irrigation law, after the $20,000,000
now in the treasury was exhausted. The desert
land act properly administered is the best land law
on the statute books. The final entries under it
amounted to only 264,593 acres in the last year out
of the estimated 50,000,000 acres of irrigable lands on
the public domain. There can be no doubt that in
some localities the law has been abused, but this is a
matter for administrative, not legislative, action.

"The commutation clause of the homestead law is
utilized to but a limited extent in the strictly arid

72

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

portions of the country. Its principal employment
seems to have been in the semi-arid region where con-
stant effort is being made to make more productive the
lands which in their natural state are of but little value
and which by reason of lack of water supply can not
be irrigated. No law on the statute books has done
more to encourage pioneers and home-builders than
this. In my opinion the important question for con-
sideration in connection with the timber and stone act
is whether the Government is receiving a fair price for
these lands. In the inter-mountain States, where tim-
ber lands are of small value, this law is of great benefit
to the settlers and ranchmen, while enabling the Gov-
ernment to dispose of the lands of small value at a
good price.

IN THE RECLAMATION SERVICE.

WASHINGTON, I). C., Jan. 15. — The following ap-
pointments and promotions in the engineering corps of
the Reclamation Service are announced for January :

California.— Samuel G. Bennett, engineer, at
$2,000, by promotion from same at $1,800; Homer
Hamlin, engineer, at $2,200, by promotion from same
at $2,000; Jacob C. Clausen, engineer, at $1,800, by
promotion from assistant engineer at $1,600 ; Ernest R.
Childs, assistant engineer, at $1,400, by promotion from
engineering aid at $1,000 ; Charles E. Slonaker, observer,
$900, by promotion from same at $840.

Colorado- — Joseph A. Sargent, assistant engineer,
$1,600, by promotion from same at $1,400 ; Percival M.
Churchill, assistant hydrographer, $1,600, by promo-
tion from same at $1,400; E. E. Sands, assistant en-
gineer, at $1,400, by promotion from same at $1,200;
L. J. Charles, assistant engineer, at $1,200. by promo-
tion from same at $900; Hugh G. Stoke, engineering
aid, at $1,000, by promotion from same at $900;
Ernest E. Bailey, engineering aid, at $840, by promotion
from same at $720; Francis M. Madden, hydrographic
aid, at $900, by promotion from engineering aid at $60
per month.

Washington.- — Christian Anderson, engineer, at
$1,800, by promotion from same at $1,500; George H.
Bliss, assistant engineer, at $1,500, by promotion from
same at $1,400; Charles E. Hewitt, engineering aid, at
$1,000, by promotion from same at $75 per month.

Wyoming. — Lester V. Branch, assistant engineer,
at $1,600, by promotion from irrigation engineer at
$1,400.

Utah. — William D. Beers, assistant engineer, at
$1,200, by promotion from engineer aid, $1,000 ; D. W.
Hays, assistant engineer, at $1,400, by promotion from
same at $1,200 ; Clyde V. Taylor, assistant engineer, at
$1,400, by promotion from same at $1,200; August H.
Schadler, engineering aid, at $900, by promotion from
same at $720.

The gaging station maintained by the United States
Geological Survey on the Big Sioux River at Watertown,
S. D., has been ordered discontinued for the reason that
data for same is of a value not commensurate with cost
of maintenance.

HISTORY OF PUMPING WATER.*

Wonderful Development of Plants for Irrigating Pur-
poses and Their Use in New Mexico.

A long delayed answer to "Housewife's" inquiry :
"Which is the best way to cook a watermelon?" Hav-
ing submitted the query to various cooking schools and
daily paper cookery departments, without receiving any
reply, we are obliged to confess that we don't know.

BY JOHN J. VERNON AND FRANCIS E. LESTER.
New Mexico College of Agriculture.

EQUIPMENT.

The derrick used consisted of a ladder, made of

3 by 8 inch pine, 22 feet long, with an extension piece

4 by 6 inches, 6 feet long, in the end of which was
placed a pulley. Three 11/4 inch guy ropes were iM'il
to hold the derrick in position (see Fig. 2). Any form
of derrick may be used, provided, of course, it is stable
and of sufficient height to allow ample space between

the end of the pipe and the pulley for the
free play of the sand-bucket and drill.

The sand-bucket used was of the piston
or plunger type. (See Fig. 3.) This type
of sand-bucket operates on the same prin-
ciple as a suction pump, by simply letting
the plunger to the bottom of the -sand-
Inieket, raising it up and down a few times,
until sufficient sand and gravel is drawn by
suction into the bucket with the water,
raising the sand-bucket out from the well,
emptying it, and lowering it again into the
well. A cheap sand-bucket which will do
satisfactory work may be made by any black-
smith, by putting a bail 011 the top, and a
valve in the bottom, of an ordinary pipe.
This pipe should be slightly smaller than
the well pipe, and from 3 to 5 feet long.
The length, however, may vary, but should
be such as to be conveniently handled. ( See
Fig. 4.) With this type of sand-bucket,
the whole bucket must be moved up and

Fig. 3. Coin- ...ii-

mon type of down in filling, requiring more
:t'work than the plunger type
above described. It is, however, a lighter
bucket, which compensates somewhat for
the extra effort in filling. It is usually
best to raise the sand-bucket up some dis-
tance, and allow it to drop, as by coming
down with some force, the water and
sand open the valve in the bottom and
rush inside.

The drill used was simply a piece of
steel half an inch thick, three inches wide,
eighteen inches long, properly pointed
and hardened. This was threaded so as
to be attached to a l^-mch pipe, eighteen
to twenty feet in length, in order to give
it weight. A ring wag fastened in the
upper end of the pipe in which to tie the
rope. (See Fig. 5.)

A %-inch rope 200 feet long was
used on the sand-bucket and drill. In
sinking a well, the length of the rope will
depend upon the depth of the well,
height of the derrick, whether or not
a horse is used, and if so, whether the
filling is done by a horse or by men. This,
however, will be more fully explained in F'B- *• of1""*"
discussing the sinking of the well. bucket used in

IT, j. i j i sinking station

Two sets of heavy wooden clamps wcn.

* From Bulletin No. 45 issued bv the New Mexico College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts, Mesilla Park, N! M.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

73

wore fastened upon the pipe with bolts to support the
.sacks of sand or other weights. (Sec Figs. 6 and
/si/. \

From ten to sixteen sacks were filled with sand and
used as weights for assisting in settling the pipe, and
to insure that it keep pace with the sand-bucket during
the sinking of the well. In the regular busi-
ness of sinking wells of this character, heavy
iron weights with rings attached would doubt-
less be preferable to sacks of sand, but for
those contemplating the sinking of their own
wells, the latter will prove entirely satisfactory.

Two heavy chain-pipe wrenches were used
for connecting and disconnecting pipes, and for
turning the well pipe while sinking.

Hammers, small wrenches, nails, rope,
plank for platform, timbers for holding pipe
perpendicular in starting, etc., completed the
equipment.

Below is given a list of the materials used :

Lumber for the curb; one length 21%
feet, standard black pipe six inches in diam-
eter; one No. 16 gauge galvanized iron strainer,
14 feet long, perforation extending for 12 feet.

The curb was made 8 feet wide and 9 feet
long from two-inch Texas pine. This size was
necessary in order to facilitate the exchanging
of pumps tested. In a private plant, however,
the curb should be of a size to suit the pump to
be installed. At the top of the curb a heavy
timber, six by eight inches, extending 3 to 4
feet beyond each end of the curb, was securely
bolted to each side in order to prevent the curb
from settling. (Fig. 11 illustrates a good type
of curbing.)

SINKING THE WELL.

With the station well, the open portion
was dug, the pipe sunk, and the strainer placed,
before the curb was put in place. This was
found to be a mistake by reason of the fact
that, owing to the splashing of water, etc., the
soil caved in and much difficulty was encoun-
tered in placing the curb, necessitating an
amount of extra digging before it could be sat-
Fig. 5. Drill used isfactorily accomplished.
in sinking the After the open portion of the well

btation well, -i ,-, i •• « .1 • T

was dug, the location of the pipe was de-
tided upon, and the derrick was then raised and placed
in a slanting position in such a manner that the rope
swung entirely clear, and fell upon the point selected
for the pipe. The guy ropes were fastened to "dead
men," consisting of eight-inch logs, laid about three
feet in the ground, and the derrick securely anchored
at its base to two posts set deep in the soil. A hole was
dug as deep as possible where the pipe was to enter, and
the latter was then put in position. -Before placing
the pipe, however, slanting
teeth about an inch deep
were cut in its lower end for
the purpose of assisting in
moving aside any gravel
that might impede the prog-
ress of the pipe, or in order .

FIR. fi. Clamps used on well pipe
TO Cllt through any hard- during sinking to support weights;

pan that might be encoun-
tered. (See Fig. 7.) Care was taken to have the pipe
perpendicular at the start, and timbers were placed on
all four sides both at the top and bottom of the open

T I

portion of the well so as to keep it perfectly plumb until
it had penetrated the earth to a distance of several feet.
This is an important feature in well construction of
this kind. Great care should be taken to keep the pipe
perpendicular at all stages of the sinking of the well,
as otherwise it may be out of plumb when the well is
completed, causing consequent difficulty in properly
connecting the pump.

Weights were placed and the sand-bucket was then
brought into requisition. The pipe settled about 4 feet
in five minutes. More weights were added as needed,

and the pipe turned
frequently with the
large pipe wrench-
es. Frequent turn-
ing of the pipe was
found to expedite
its sinking. The
pipe would often

Fig. 6%. Side view of clamps shown in Seem to be stuck,

but upon giving it

a few turns it would settle down several inches, and
occasionally drop almost a foot at a time. It is prob-
able that more weights and more frequent turning would
have made the pipe precede the sand-bucket all the
time. This would have been an advantage, inasmuch
as during the sinking of the pipe the sand-bucket two
or three times preceded it, so that the flange around the
outside at its lower end became fastened under the end
of the pipe, necessitating jacking up the latter before it
could be extricated. With a common sand-bucket this
difficulty would not have been encountered.

It requires three strong men to draw a well-filled
sand-bucket out of the well, continuing the work from
day to day. The work, however, may be done by a
horse during the entire operation. In sinking the
station well, a horse was used part of the time and was
found entirely satisfactory. In order to fill the sand-
bucket by horse power, the rope instead of being tied
to the single-tree was merely run through the ring of
the single-tree, while a man grasped the double rope
a few feet from the horse as illustrated in Fig. 8. After
the sand-bucket was raised a sufficient distance, the man
let go of the rope, thus allowing it to run back with the
weight of the falling sand-bucket. As soon as the
bucket struck the bottom of the well, the rope was again
grasped quickly as before, the operation being thus re-
peated again and again until the sand-bucket was filled,
the horse moving forward all the time. The horse was
then brought back to the well and the sand-bucket drawn
out and emptied. By using a horse, one man and the
superintendent who may empty the sand-bucket, can
sink a well, if strict economy is required, but it usually
saves time to provide two men in order to handle the
weights and turn the pipe with ease. Without a horse
there should be three good men in addition
to the superintendent.

Gravel was struck at a depth of thirty-
two feet, and the teeth in the bottom of the
pipe were found to be of great assistance in
pushing aside the gravel during the turn- p.g7 Showingthe
ing of the pipe. The drill was used oc- teeth cut in lower
casionally in order to- loosen the bed of taSSJlt?*1
gravel, and to break any stones that were
too large to enter the sand-bucket. The pipe was sunk
a few feet below the gravel, so that the strainer could
be located at the proper place without interference from
the sand rising through the bottom of the pipe. The

74

THE IKHIGATION AGE.

strainer was fastened to a l^-inch pipe with a fine
copper wire strong enough to support its weight, and
yet sufficiently thin to be easily broken when the small
pipe was withdrawn. Just before lowering the strainer
into the well, the sand which had accumulated in the
bottom was removed with the sand-bucket, the strainer
then being lowered and the small pipe securely an-
chored at the top, thus leaving the strainer suspended.
(Fig. 9.) The small pipe to which the strainer was
fastened was closely watched during this operation to
guard against any possible displacement of the strainer

by the upward thrust of
the sand. The well pipe was
then jacked up until all of

the perforated part of the
strainer was left exposed,
as shown in Fig. 10.

SOILS PENETRATED.

Fig. No. 11 illustrates
the soils penetrated. It
will be seen that the first five feet of soil consists of
heavy clay (adobe). Beneath this was sand of varying
fineness to, a depth of thirty-two feet, when a gravel

Fig. 8. Single-tree with rope, illus-
trating the adaptation of horse
power in sinking.

r-as

'f

:-V*;L

SKO-/C - -

Fig. 9. Slotted strainers suspend-
ed in well by one-fourth inch
pipe prior to placing.

Sfa,te -

tin.

Fig. 10. Strainer in place, well
pipe jacked up. (Note the posi-
tion of sand and gravel before
any pumping has been done and
compare with Fig. 11.)

stratum twelve feet thick was encountered mixed with
from 20 per cent to 50 per cent of sand. Below this
gravel stratum came another of sand three feet thick,
followed by another gravel stratum one foot thick.

STRAINER.

The strainer used, a small section of which is
shown in Fig. No. 12, was 14 feet long, closed at the

Fig. 11. Showing the Station six inch well, with curb
8x9 feet by 16 feet deep. The position of sand and
gravel strata are shown after the well has been
pumped for some time. (Compare with strata
shown before pumping in Fig. 10.)

bottom and made of No. 16 gauge galvanized iron, 12
feet of which was perforated with holes iy2 inches
long and i/4 inch wide, the intervening spaces being of
like dimensions. This type of strainer furnishes the
largest safe amount of open space through which water
can enter the well. The openings are sufficiently large
to permit all the sand to enter the well and be pumped
out, and at the same time small enough to restrain
the gravel, thus forming a very porous water-bearing
stratum. One or two feet of blank at the top of the
strainer is important, so as to avoid possible danger of
disconnecting the pipe and strainer.

The El Paso Novelty Works, El Paso, Texas,
makes a strainer almost identical with the one described
above. The El Paso Foundry and Machine Company,
El Paso, Texas, also makes a strainer of this type, but
with some difference in detail.

Fig. 12% illustrates a home-made strainer, made
and used by Mr. J. S. Porcher, El Paso, Texas.

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

75

PLACING THE STRAINER.

The success of the well may depend upon the
proper location of the strainer in the gravel stratum.
If the stratum consists of pure gravel the top of the
strainer may be placed about one foot below the top
of the gravel stratum, but in cases where 20 per cent
to 50 per cent of sand is intermixed with the gravel
the top of the strainer should be placed not less than
four feet below the top of the gravel stratum. This is

n

Fie, 12. A section of the wall of the
slotted strainer used in Station
well; slightly reduced in size.

Fig. 12&. A homemade six-inch
slotted strainer, made and used
by J. S. Porcher, El Paso, Tex.

necessary for the reason that since the slots of the
strainer are */£ inch wide all the sand surrounding the
strainer will enter the well and be pumped out with
the water, and the gravel, which is held back by the
strainer, will settle to tkae the place of the sand re-
moved. If the top of the strainer were placed at the
top, or near the top, of the gravel stratum it will be
readily seen that when the gravel settles after the sand
has been removed, the top of the gravel stratum will be
considerably below the top of the strainer and, there-
fore, a portion of the strainer would be surrounded by
pure sand. This would mean that the sand around
this portion of the strainer would constantly be coming
into the well, and eventually enough sand would be
removed so that caving would finally extend to the
surface.

IOWA'S GREAT DRAINAGE CONVENTION.

Large Attendance by Prominent Landowners — Professor Steven-
son's Report of His Investigations.

At the opening of the Iowa drainage convention at
Ames President Charles F. Curtiss stated that the object
of this convention was to unite upon some plan of
action that shall result in effective good for the dis-
tricts; that the seasons of 1902 and 1903 show must
have relief from the flooded conditions to render the
land productive. The Department of Soils of the Iowa
State College, Professor Curtiss stated, has been study-
ing the drainage conditions of the State for several
months.

Prof. W. H. Stevenson, in charge of the Soils
Department of the College work, made a very interest-
ing and significant report of his thorough investiga-
tion of the present drainage conditions in Iowa. .Fol-
lowing are some of his principal points: A letter of
inquiry was sent out all over Iowa. The following
are some of the questions it contained: How many
acres in your farm ? How many acres partially unpro-
ductive the past season on account of surplus water?
How many acres wholly unproductive? How many
rods of tile have you on your farm ? What sizes ? Have
you an adequate outlet? Would a drainage ditch be-
ef value to you and your neighborhood ? What per cent
of the land in your township do you think is now un-
productive because of a lack of drainage?

About 1,800 replies were received from a half
dozen to forty from each county. Professor Stevenson
gave and explained a summary of the reports from a
few counties and districts, and the average for the State
as follows:

The average size of farm reported for the whole
State is 249.1 acres.

The per cent of ground partially lost for lack of
drainage on the farms reported, average for the State,
16.4.

Per cent of land wholly lost for lack of drainage,
average for the State 6.7.

Per cent of farms with no outlet, average for the
State, 40.1.

Per cent of farms requiring a district drainage
ditch, average for the State, 25.9.

Per cent of land in the township non-productive for
lack of drainage, average for the State, 12.4.

With the above data as a basis, Professor Stevenson
has done some figuring in profit and loss, and here is
what he makes out: Number of acres non-productive
for lack of drainage in the whole State, 4,321,792.
Annual loss for lack of drainage in the whole State,
$21,608,960.

The above annual loss equals 5 per cent interest
in the whole State, $432,479,200. Cost of proper drain-
age in the whole State, $108,044,800. The present
annual loss from lack of drainage would pay 5 per cent
interest on the above cost of drainage, and also pay
5 per cent interest on the following additional amounts
representing increase of wealth that would result from
proper drainage, in the whole State, $324,134,400.

Annual loss to the State for lack of drainage, $21,-
608,960. Value of wheat in State, $12,860,000.
Value of the oat crop in State, $26,114,000. The loss
from lack of drainage is nearly double the wheat crop
of this State and is more than four-fifths of the oat crop.

The annual returns from an acre are about $10.00,
but in order to be very safe and conservative in figuring

76

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

the above loss, Professor Stevenson has counted only half
that, or $5.00 an acre on the non-productive acres.

Now the value of land has so greatly increased in
Iowa and the loss from the lack of drainage is so great,
Professor Stevenson is satisfied that the time has come to
devote serious attention to this matter of drainage, and
by concerted and intelligent movement accomplish large
things in drainage throughout the State, and thereby
increase Iowa's productiveness and profits.

PRESENT CONDITION OF FARM LANDS.

County or
District.

9

*•

o*

Ft

: i

'. ta

': 3

5'§
I?

Humboldt

?4

9
7.4
2.2
9.6
2.8
7.2
9.1

26
14.1
73.3
69.4
25.7
14.5
16.4

17.9
3.7
3.6
43.4
10.1
6.7
6.7

87.5
60
16.7
77.7
69.5
53.2
40.1

87.5
38.1
16.7
88.8
55.6
23.3
25.9

29.5
19.4
27.5
36.3
18.9
12.1
12.4

Boone

16

18

Monona

37

District No. 2..
District No. 5. .
State

. 27

. 19

?A

STATEMENT OF PROFIT AND LOSS.

Z

•3*0
3" =

An

Counties.

Profitable l
of expe
tu

ncr

weal

Humboldt. 82,383 $ 411,915 * 8.283.300 $ 2,059,575

Boone. . 70,00' 850.000 7,000,000 1,750,COO

lefferson .. 73,752 368,780 7,375.200 1,841.800

Monona... 140401 702,005 14,040,100 8,510,025

State 4,321,792 21,608,960 432,479,200 103,044,800

Annual loss to the State

Value of wheat in State

Value of oat crop in State

$ 6,178.725

52*0,000

5,581.400

10,580,075

324,134,4flO

..$21,608960

.. 12,880.000

.. 26,114.000

Prof. A. Marston, of the Department of Civil En-
gineering, Iowa State College, gave a very practical
address on the "Essentials in Drainage Engineering."
He said in part :

"We can not be too well informed regarding the
scientific principles and practical methods of drainage
engineering. In Iowa we have too often entirely for-
gotten the existence of the drainage engineer, or have
decided to "save" his fee by dispensing with his services.

"One farmer who has spent a large sum for drain-
age estimates that he himself lost $500.00 by not em-
ploying a competent engineer. The wet seasons of
1902 and 1903 have shown in a very forcible way the
disastrous consequences to Iowa farmers of ill-advised
plans, and improper construction in drainage work.
Drainage engineering, like law and the practice of medi-
cine, requires so high a degree of technical skill that it
is as unreasonable for the untrained individual to think
he can do his own drainage engineering as it would
be for him to insist on doing his own doctoring. The
mistakes of both are covered up in the ground.

"The most important part of the drainage engi-
neer's work consists, first, in planning a system of drain-
age to secure the best results with the least expenditure ;
second, directing the successful execution of the con-
struction plans. These require the best training, in-
telligence, common sense, and the strongest will power
and integrity; no man can properly be entitled an en-
gineer in any special line until, in addition to his
general knowledge, however extensive, he has had im-
pressed upon his mind by actual experience the thou-

sand applications and modifications which are absolutely
essential in each line of engineering work."

The essential need of drainage maps, what they
should show, the character and depth of successful tile
drainage, the work and worth of a competent drainage
engineer and essential points to be taken up in Iowa
drainage construction work, were interestingly brought
out before the convention by Professor Marston.

The drainage laws of other States were interest-
ingly reviewed, and most helpful suggestions for legis-
lative action for Iowa drainage were given by that most
competent drainage expert, Mr. C. G. Elliott, of the
United States Department of Agriculture.

The drainage laws of other States were interest-
the legal standpoint by Messrs. John Hammil, of Britt,
and J. F. Ford, of Ft. Dodge, Iowa, who pointed out
many defects, suggested adequate remedies, recommend-
ing legislative action by the State Assembly now in
session.

DRAINAGE PROBLEM IN INDIANA.

CROWN POINT, IND.,. Jan. 13. — To the Editor of
IRRIGATION AGE : Having just encountered something
out of the ordinary in drainage proceedings, it may be
of interest to your readers, so will briefly report it to
you.

In Lake County, Ind., there is located a small lake
containing about 1,000 acres, bordering which the ri-
parian ownership is so valuable as to have been success-
ful in obtaining a perpetual injunction against lowering
the water of the lake below its present elevation. At
one end of this lake lays a marsh of 500 to 600 acres
on about the same elevation as the water of the lake.
The owners of this marsh began proceedings in the
court for drainage of these lands.

Such lands are surrounded by hills rising twenty
to thirty feet above the marsh. At one point these
hills narrow down to about three-eighths of a mile
across, along the opposite side of, which a valley extends
that is about eight feet lower than the marsh. The
water from the marsh naturally flowed to the lake,
thence by a tortuous route from the opposite into this
valley, hence any means of draining the marsh into
this valley would not be diverting the water from its
natural course.

We therefore planned a system of lateral open and
tile ditches through the marsh and concentrated them
at an available point of said ridge of hills, through
which we propose to tunnel a distance of 1,900 feet
and lay a three-foot sewer pipe at a depth of about
thirty-five feet below the crest of the ridge, and empty
the same into the before-mentioned valley.

The marsh will also be protected from inflowing
water from the lake by a clay dike. The cost of the
undertaking is estimated at only eleven thousand dollars
and will convert the now valueless muck and peat lands
into the richest garden. F. L. KNIGHT.

The stockholders of the Otto Gas Engine Works
have decided to increase the capital of the corporation
from $000,000 to $2,500,000 and build a large new
plant just at soon as the management can find a suit-
able site for the purpose.

Large gas engines, producer gas plants, launches
and marine engines, gasoline hoists, compressors and
other adaptations of the gas engine will be built prompt-
ly at the new plant.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY WILL RECLAIM THREE MIL-
LIONS OF ACRES IN THE BOW RIVER COUNTRY.

CALGARY, ALBERTA, Jan. 14. — Editor Irrigation
Age: In your issue of December I have noted with
much interest your article on the large irrigation project
which is being undertaken in Idaho, and I have thought
that with reference to the statement therein contained
as to the size of the proposed project you might be in-
terested in having some details of the irrigation project
which is now being dealt with by the Canadian Pacific
Railway Company in this district, particularly as you
will note that it is a much larger undertaking, in so far
as area of irrigated land is concerned, than the project
referred to in your issue of the above date.

The project is, I think, one, if not the largest irri-
gation undertaking on this continent. It embraces an
area lying east of this point 150 miles east and west
and sixty miles north and south, through the center
of which the main line of the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way runs. The soil in this large district is first-class,
and during most seasons it affords a good summer range
for cattle. The rainfall, however, during the majority
of years (about eleven inches) is insufficient to secure
crops, and although the climate is good, being milder
than the wheat belts further east in Assiniboia and
Manitoba, the district is at present practically unset-
tled and undeveloped, while other portions of our Ter-
ritories are settling up very fast.

Along this portion of the railway line the company
was originally allotted the alternate or odd numbered
sections in each township as part of its land grant sub-
sidy, but refused to take them on the ground that they
were unfit for settlement without irrigation. Ulti-
mately, in satisfaction of the balance diie it on its land
subsidy, the company agreed to take these sections if
they were granted also the even sections and sections
set apart for school endowment, so that it might have a
solid block of three million acres, and that is the area
that the company is now going to attempt to recltiuu
by the construction of extensive irrigation canals.

The water for irrigation is to be obtained from the
Bow River, which bounds the block on the west and
partly on the south side, and which is a stream heading
in the Rocky Mountains to the west, and carrying about
3,000 second feet at extreme low water, with a high
water or flood discharge of 30,000 to 40,000 second
feet.

The greater part of three years, has been devoted to
reconnoisance and preliminary surveys of the proposed
canal scheme and the land to be served therefrom, .md
the result of these surveys as now assembled indicates
that about one-half or 1,500,000 acres of the block can
be irrigated, at an ultimate cost of between four and
five million dollars.

The actual construction of the first section of the
undertaking is now about to be proceeded with, in-
volving the construction of a main canal twenty mile.",
in length, with a bed width of sixty feet, and carrying
water to a depth of ten feet, this canal being so located
that its bed width and discharge capacity can be doubled.

Some eighty-five miles of secondary or distributing
canals have also been located, and the completion of this
section of the scheme, at an estimated cost of about
$1,300,000, will irrigate an area of 300,000 acres, and
render available a continuous area of about 400,000
acres for grazing and dairying.

This portion of the scheme is to be first completed
and proved a success before any further extension is
undertaken, but if success is obtained, then the necessary
extensions will be undertaken to finally irrigate the full
amount of 1,500,000 acres, and develop the remaining
1,500,000 acres for grazing and dairying. This ex-
tension will involve the enlargement of the main canal
to double its present capacity, the development of sev-
eral large natural basins as storage reservoirs, and the
construction of a second canal for diversion of water
from Bow River at a point about eighty miles down the
stream from the intake of the main canal now being con-
structed.

Irrigation is not in any sense an experiment in
Alberta, there already being 160 canals and ditches, com-
prising a total length of 400 miles, which are delivering
water for irrigation. The country, however, presents
certain features which render the irrigation problem a
somewhat different one to that of the irrigation States
to the south.

Southern Alberta is only a semi-arid country in
the sense that its annual precipitation shows marked
fluctuations, not only from year to year, but for cycles
of years, and during the wet cycles, such as have been
experienced for the past .three years, irrigation is un-
necessary. This condition, of course, has a marked
effect upon the return from expenditures on irrigation
undertakings, and limits the possible capital charge per
acre for water for irrigation in a very marked way.
However, irrigation has proved the most profitable kind
of crop insurance even under existing conditions, and
the hope is that the large project we are now under-
taking will result in rendering a large area, now almost
entirely devoted to wandering bands of cattle, highly
productive, and the home of a large and prosperous
agricultural population.

You will probably have noted from late issues of
the Engineering News and Engineering Record that
tenders for the construction of the main canal are being
asked for, and a full set of our plans, profiles, specifica-
tions, etc., are in the hands of our general passenger
agent, Mr. A. C. Shaw, 228 South Clark street, Chicago.
Yours truly, J. S. DENNIS,

Superintendent of Irrigation.

CAN YOU ANSWER?

GENOA, NEB. Dec. 27, 1903.
THE IRRIGATION AGE AND DRAINAGE JOURNAL:

Dear Sirs — I should like one or two copies of the IRRI-
GATION AGE for the purpose of getting the names of adver-
tisers of drain tile. If you have any price lists of tile from
your advertisers would be glad to have you enclose them.

Yours sincerely,

L. D. CREEL,
Teacher of Agriculture, Genoa Indian School, Genoa, Neb.

ELDORA, IOWA, Dec. 23, 1903.
THE IRRIGATION AGE AND DRAINAGE JOURNAL :

Dear Sirs — Can you give me any light on pile driving
machinery? The Iowa Homestead referred me to your com-
pany. What I would want is a mall about 1,200 pounds, with
clutches and pulleys all complete except the derrick. Now,
if you should make such machinery, will you please let me
licai from you and oblige. Truly yours,

F. E. SPRAIN.

78

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

COPYRIGHTED, 1903, BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER IX.

PREPARATION OF SOIL FOR PLANTING.

One great object of cultivating or tilling the soil is
to break up and loosen the earth, in order that the air
may have free access to the dead vegetable matter in it,
as well as to the living roots which spread and descend
to considerable depth beneath its surface.

If it be desirable to have a luxuriant vegetation
upon a given field of land, that is, a good crop, one
must either select such kinds of seed as will grow in it,
or which are fitted to the kind of soil in which they are
planted, or change the nature of the soil so as to adapt
it to the crop it is desirable to raise.

It is not denied that plants will grow in any soil
that contains the general elements essential to their
existence, but when the quantity and quality of the crop
are considered as of importance, it is useless to "guess,"
for only partial satisfaction will result, and often entire
failure, which is usually attributed to the elements
or to the wrath of Providence.

Farming for profit means that the farmer knows
every foot of his land and the nature of the soil ; what
it will grow and what it needs. A lack of this knowl-
edge is farming for luck, and is equivalent to gambling
with the eyes shut. There is less labor and twice the
profit in harvesting forty bushels of wheat on an acre
of properly cultivated soil than forty bushels on two
acres roughly tilled. The case is the same with any sort
of crop, and this is so plain that it seems absurd to men-
tion it, yet it is forgotten in numerous cases of farmers,
who go more on quantity of acreage than perfection of
cultivation and increase of crop. It is not extensive
farming that pays so well as concentrated farming. A
man with one hundred acres well in hand is better off
than another with five hundred acres of struggling crops.
Wholesaling in any business is more expensive and the
returns less than in retailing, and every farmer knows,
perhaps by bitter experience, that everything about a
farm is attended with expense, if not always in cash
money, then in a draft upon his future strength and
vitality. Irrigation, however, promises to be a cure for
rambling farming, by compelling concentration. Why
spread water over one hundred acres to raise a sparse
crop when the same or much less water will secure a
fine, luxuriant crop on twenty-five acres? When a
single grain of wheat may be made to stool out into sixty
plants, is not that better than when it stools out into
only twenty ? The former shows health, vigor, and pro-
ductiveness, the latter mediocrity. The one means a
syndicate, the other a home.

The new beginner, the small farmer, reads accounts
of the great farming schemes, the thousands and thou-
sands of acres which run bank accounts into five and six
figures. He dreams of gang plows, steam plows, com-
bined harvesters and reapers, his fat cattle upon a thou-
sand hills, and he swells himself up like the toad in the
fable to equal the ox, and bursts in his effort. Let the
reader desirous of gaining a competency through farm-
ing, acquire a home before he is worn out in the strag-
gle, before his patient wife sinks beneath the sod in the
effort, and his children grow up into cowboys, rustlers
and desperadoes, imitate nobody, read none of the glow-
ing accounts of successful great farmers without at the
same time understanding that all such began, as a rule,

on enormous capital, took a magnificent ranch through
the early demise of a worn-out ancestor, through a mort-
gage foreclosure of some "imitator," or raises himself
to grandeur upon the cheap labor of his fellowmen.
Let him take the soil and treat it as the foundation for
a home, for plenty, and the other things will come to
him.

It was said in a former chapter that plants are like
animals, in that to grow to perfection they must be
properly managed and fed. A half-starved hog pro-
duces poor bacon, a chaff-fed horse has little energy, the
wool of a starveling sheep is coarse and wiry, and even
a human being, limited in his diet or restricted in
nourishment, possesses a flabby, shriveled brain and a
weak physical energy. Men say of animals : prune, cul-
tivate, select, feed ; of men : prune, cultivate, feed, and
wherefore not say the same of plants and the soil : prune,
cultivate, feed? Herein is the whole science of prepar-
ing the soil for cultivation, the heredity of plants,
their atavism, their environments, the survival of the
fittest, and whatever else may be said of animals and
humanity. But to return to the great vegetable king-
dom.

All of our practical writers agree, and the every-
day farmer knows by his personal experience, that as the
systems of roots, branches and leaves are very different
in different vegetables, so they flourish most in different
soils. The plants which have bulbous roots require a
looser and a lighter soil than such as have fibrous roots,
and the plants possessing only short fibrous radicles de-
mand a firmer soil than such as have tap roots or ex-
treme lateral roots. But it may be considered as a tru-
ism that shallow cultivation of the soil always produces
minimum crops, whereas maximum harvests are gleaned
by deep plowing whatever may be the plant.

It is always a question of the ability of the roots to
reach out after food and their exposure to air. To com-
prehend this fully it should be considered that there is
about as much of the plant under ground as above it,
and the experienced farmer can always tell by the
growth of his crop above ground whether the roots are
doing well under ground, if the growth is not in ac-
cordance with the natural progress of the plant, there is
some obstacle below the surface which can be removed
by cultivation, the loosening up of the soil to a sufficient
depth. How quickly growing corn revives and takes a
new lease upon life after deep cultivation between the
rows ! Not shallow cultivating, or scratching over the
surface, but 'deep plowing.' Level with a shallow culti-
vator afterward, of course, then hoe and see the stalks
shoot up. It is some trouble, certainly, but do you not
depend upon a good crop to make money, and to obtain
a home ? It is also a trouble to raise a child, but when
it grows up straight, is not the labor more amply repaid
than when it grows up crooked and stunted?

The character of the cultivation, however, depends
upon the condition of the subsoil. Where that is hard
or packed, it must be broken throTigh, and up, to per-
mit root penetration. Frequently, not to say generally,
there is moisture beneath the hard, packed sub-soil, and
by breaking through the moisture finds its way up and
"slakes" the hard pan or other resistant subsoil. There
is also a difference in cultivation between the soils of
the arid and the humid regions, differences which are
atmospheric and also in the quantity of the organic ele-
ments which will be made apparent as we go along.

It seems unnecessary to repeat so simple a thing
when it should be as plain as day, that plants possess

THE IRBIGATION AGE.

79

an instinct that does not faff far short of the marvelous.
For instance, in the arid regions the plant sends its
roots down deep and out in every direction after the
moisture which it apparently knows it can not get at
the surface or near it, whereas, in the humid regions,
the roots spread out more, because they apparently
know that the moisture is near the surface and they
do not have to toil so hard to make their way down
deep. Anyone practicing surface irrigation will know
that the roots of plants which have a habit of penetrat-
ing deep into the soil, grow along the surface, because
the moisture is there. Plants always adopt the easiest
method of obtaining food.

Now why do plants travel after moisture and not
after dry soil? It is not water plants need, nor is it
moisture, but it is food. They know that there is food
material in the dry soils, but it is not in a fit condition
to be absorbed, whereas, moisture prepares the food for
them, hence they refrain from pursuing the raw ma-
terial and expend their energies in seeking the manu-
factured product. Let a garden patch which has been
kept moist, and in which the roots congregate, be allowed
to dry, and another patch that has been dry and away
from which the roots turn, be moistened, and the plants
will grow away from their former hunting ground and
in the direction of the new one. This is common ob-
servation. A beet root has been known to travel sixteen
feet in the direction of a well where it knew it could
get a drink, although plants, as a rule, are not drinkers
but feeders of the most pronounced Epicurean type.

In the arid and semi-arid regions it is better to
provide for a deep burrowing of the roots, because when
they frequent the surface, they are liable to suffer from
drought, or surface dryness. In this the reader will
find an argument in favor of sub-irrigation.

Upon this instinct of roots to seek their proper food
in moist soil, depends the measurement of soil tillage,
whether deep or shallow, and by "shallow" is not meant
a mere surface scratching, but a good wholesome up-
heaval of the soil from a depth of eight to twelve inches,
thence on up to eighteen if the subsoil be in question.
Where the subsoil is not hard packed, then as deep as
the subsoil; if packed it should be broken up. But
where the subsoil is open and porous there is less need
of deep plowing; on the contrary, it may be necesary to
pack the bottom of the furrow, which is accomplished
by a plow attachment known as a "packer," so arranged
as to follow the plow and press down the earth at the
bottom of the furrow; a useful contrivance where irri-
gation is practiced, inasmuch as it tends to prevent the
leaching of the irrigation water down into the porous
subsoil, where the water is run into the furrows.

It can not be too strongly impressed upon the
reader that the soil must be so cultivated that it will
retain moisture without permitting it to leach beyond
the reach of the roots, and at the same time so broken
up and pulverized that the roots may easily penetrate.
Let this be the axiom constantly in mind : Give the
plant roots room to spread. Upon this depends the
perfection of the plant. "Stunts" are always caused by
too little root room, the plant languishing because
they are unable to reach moisture by reason of obstacles
in the soil. If there is any moisture in the soil the
plant will get it if it be given an opportunity.

Let us assume that we have a parcel of land in
which it is purposed to grow plants without the appli-
cation of manure. It does not matter whether it be
virgin soil or one that has already grown a crop of any

kind; the first thing to be done to this land is to im-
prove the soil, that is, prepare it for vegetation. This
may be done in seven ways :

First — By cultivation, or, more properly speaking,
pulverization of the soil, by plowing and other mechan-
ical means of reducing its consistency.

Second — By mechanical consolidation.

Third — By exposure to the atmosphere; that is,
"fallowing."

Fourth — By alteration of its constituent parts.

Fifth — By changing its condition in respect to
water.

Sixth — By changing its position in respect to at-
mospheric influences.

Seventh — By a change in the kinds of plants cul-
tivated, or "rotation of crops."

PLOWING AND PULVERIZING.

All these different methods of preparing the soil
means practically the same thing — the breaking up of
the soil, which must be done constantly if a good crop
in quantity and quality be desirable.

By reason of their chemical elements the tendency
of all soils is to concrete; that is, to run together into
a sort of ntore or less hard cement, a tendency enhanced
by the growing of crops and the application of water,
or either. Thus, sand without consistency and quick-
lime without coherence, when mixed together with
water, produce a hard cement or plaster, which may be
crushed and pulverized before it can become again man-
ageable. In soil the chemical agencies of nature are
constantly at work to produce the same result; hence
cultivation to break up a tendency which is adverse
to the growth of plants and free root penetration.

The very first object of cultivation is to give scope
to the roots of plants to spread in every direction, for
without abundance of roots no plant can become vigor-
ous, whatever may be the richness of the soil in which
it is placed. The quantity of food taken from the soil
does not depend alone upon the quantity in the soil,
but on the number of absorbing root fibres. The more
the soil is pulverized the more the fibres are increased,
the more food is obtained, and the more vigorous the
plant becomes. Any house plant growing in an earthen-
ware pot will demonstrate this. The roots grow down
and then, finding an obstruction, begin growing round
and round in search of food, until the entire pot is
filled with root fibres, even forcing out the soil to find
room, and when they have grown to the limit of their
confined space, the plant stops growing and becomes
sickly.

This cultivation or stirring up of the soil for root
expansion is not only essentially precious to planting,
or sowing, but highly beneficial afterward, during the
progress of vegetation ; and when practiced in the spaces
between the plants it also operates as a method of
root-pruning, by which the extended fibres are cut off,
or shortened, thereby causing them to throw out numer-
ous other fibres whereby the mouths or pores of the
plants are greatly increased, and their food capacity
enhanced. It is very much like fattening animals for
market by encouraging their consumption of fattening
food.

Cultivation renders capillary attraction more uni-
form, this peculiarity of the soil being greater when the
particles of earth are finely divided. Thus, gravels and
sands scarcely retain water at all, while clays, not opened
by pulverization or other means of breaking them up4
either do not readily absorb water, or when exposed

80

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

to long action, they retain too much of it. In the arid
regions deep cultivation is essential to admit moisture
from the atmosphere, as for example, the dews of night.
In irrigated sections deep and thorough cultivation
checks evaporation and reduces the accumulation of
alkali salts to a minimum, besides saving water.

Heat is tempered by deep cultivation, which is a
great desideratum in the arid and semi-arid regions, the
layer of pulverized soil serving the purpose of shade
or mulch, and the evaporation retarded, the moisture
acquires a uniform temperature. This seems to be a
small matter in plant growth, but practical experience
has demonstrated that it is an important part of the
general combination of practices which result in suc-
cessful agriculture.

Whenever the soil is opened, turned over and oth-
erwise prepared for planting, a portion of the atmos-
pheric air is buried in the soil and this air so confined,
is decomposed by the moisture retained in the earthy
matters. Ammonia is formed by the union of the
hydrogen of the water with the nitrogen of the atmos-
phere, and nitre by the union of oxygen and nitrogen.
So also, the oxygen of the air may unite with the car-
bon contained in the soil and from carbonic acid gas.
Heat is given out during all these chemical processes.
As a rule farmers do not pay much attention to these
simple facts, but the plants he is growing do, and they
are more or less benefited as they are permitted to take
advantage of these laws of nature, or prevented.

The depth of cultivation must depend upon the
nature of the soil and the variety of plant grown in it.
The subsoil, also, is not to be disregarded. Rich clayey
soils can hardly be cultivated too deep, and even in
sands, unless the subsoil contains alkali in dangerous
quantities, or other plant poisons, deep cultivation
should be practiced. When the roots are deep they are
less liable to be injured by excessive water or drought;
the radicles are shot forth into every part of the soil,
the space from which nourishment is to be drawn be-
ing extended over a much greater extent than when the
seed is superficially inserted in the soil.

In this respect cultivation should be attended with
a thorough mixture of the soil by turning it over and
over. Plowing, of course, accomplishes this result in
a great measure, but the difference of gravity between
the organic and the inorganic matters in the earth,
has a tendency to separate them, for which reason light
or shallow stirring of the soil is of little or no use
practically, because it leaves the surface of the soil too
light and spongy and the lower part too compact and
earthy. Even where the plant roots are near the sur-
face cultivation with a plow and a complete turning
over of the soil is much better than the mere scratching
of the surface, for there, as has been said, it is equiva-
lent to root pruning.

In a former chapter reference is made to the fact
that plant roots consume all the food in their neigh-
borhood, and this furnishes another obvious reason for
deep cultivation, otherwise the roots of a new crop reach-
ing out for nourishment find an empty cupboard.

Some soils, however, require the opposite of pul-
verization and demand mechanical consolidation. This
will be understood in the case of spongy peats and light,
dusty sands. A proper degree of adhesiveness is best
given loose soils by the addition of earthy matters in
which they are deficient, perhaps the bringing up of
a heavier and more consistent subsoil will accomplish
the purpose. Rolling and treading, however, are simple

methods, but in that case the soil must be dry, and
the operation must not be carried too far, or so far
as to concrete the earth, which is its constant tendency,
as has been observed.

A peat bog drained and rolled will sooner become
covered with grass than one equally well drained but
left to itself. Drifting sands, however, may well be
rolled when wet, and by repeating the process after rains
or floodings, they will in time acquire a surface of
grass or herbage. Light soils should always be rolled,
and the seeds should be "tread in" when planted, a
pat with the hoe not being sufficient, as in the case
of heavier soils, unless the seeds be very small.

Exposure to the atmosphere, speaking with refer-
ence to soils, means "lying fallow," the only benefit of
which, and sometimes it is not a small one, is to ex-
pose insects and their eggs, weeds and their seeds, to
destruction. In climates where there are severe win-
ters and hard frosts, a hard, lumpy soil becomes pulver-
ized by the action of the frost, and soils that have be-
come soured, sodden and baked by the tread of cattle or
other cause in wet weather, are more rapidly sweetened
and restored to friability by exposure to the hot sun of
summer, than by the frosts of winter. Some maintain
that the only benefit of fallow, that is, turning up the
soil roughly to the atmosphere, is to free the soil from
the roots of weeds. There is nothing, indeed, in the
idea that the land "needs a rest," for if properly culti-
vated, soil will keep on producing as long as there are
any elements capable of feeding plants. The idea origi-
nated in ancient times when lack of help to till the
entire farm, or a deficient supply of manure, compelled
the suspension of cultivation on certain parcels or fields.
It is certain that what is called an "exhausted soil" ob-
tains no renewing material from the atmosphere.

To alter a soil is to add or subtract the ingredients
which are lacking, or which exist in excess. The so-
called "alkali soils" are an illustration of excessive in-
gredients, and any sterile, sandy or gravelly soil may
be regarded as one representing a deficiency of food
producing elements. In case of sterility, the only rem-
edy is to add the ingredients lapking, or convert sterile
material into fertile ones by chemical means. Thus:
where in sterile soil, on washing it, there is found the
salts of iron or acid matters, the application of quick-
lime will ameliorate it, and in a soil of apparently good
texture, but sterile on account of the sulphate of iron,
a top dressing of lime will afford a remedy by converting
the sulphate into a manure.

If there be an excess of calcareous matter in the
soil it may be remedied by the application of sand or
clay. Too much sand is improved by clay, marl, or veg-
etable matter, and light sands are benefited by a dress-
ing of peats, and peats improved by adding sand. The
labor of thus improving the texture or constitution of
the soil is more than repaid by the requirement of less
manure, in fact, accretions in the way of new soil are a
natural manuring and insure the fertility of the soil,
where manure might be doubtful on account of its adding
an excess of organic matter, which is equally as deleteri-
ous to plant growth as too much inorganic matter. An
equal number of tons of sand, clay, marl, or other natural
soil, as of manure, will often tend to greater productive-
ness than from the addition of manure. When there
is an excess or superabundance of soil material, the
problem of its removal is much more difficult and seri-
ous, the reclamation of alkali lands abundantly demon-
strating this. Ordinary sand and gravel may be plowed

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

81

under, scraped from the surface, or partly washed off
by flooding, particularly where the lay of the land
is sloping. In the case of alkali, as has already been
said, drainage, or exhaustion of the soil by the culti-
vation of gross feeding plants seems to be the reason-
able remedy; at all events it proves effectual.

Burning over the soil was an ancient method, one
used by the Romans to alter the constituents of the
soil, the object being to render the soil less compact,
less tenacious, and less retentive of moisture by destroy-
ing the elements that tend toward holding it in a con-
crete consistency.

It is practiced in the United States for the same
purpose, but in the vast areas of the boundless West,
where a man is not limited to a small acreage of the
soil, it is not regarded as worth the labor, although it
might in many instances be beneficial. The .soils im-
proved by burning are all such as contain too much dead
vegetable fiber, by the burning of which they lose
from one-third to one-half of their weight. So stiff
clays, adobes, hardpans, and marls are improved by
burning. But in the case of coarse sands, or where
the elements of the soil are properly balanced, burning
is detrimental, and the same is the case in silicious sandy
soils after they have once been brought into cultivation.

As to changing the condition of lands in respect
to water, the subject belongs to irrigation, but it may
be said here in passing, the land should be cultivated,
having in mind the flowing of water, whether from
irrigation or rain, so as to avoid the accumulation of
stagnant water, which is injurious to all classes of use-
ful plants. When the surface soil is properly consti-
tuted aXd rests on a subsoil moderately porous, both •
will h/ild water by capillary attraction, and what is not
so retained will sink into the substrata by its gravity;
t when the subsoil is retentive, it will resist the per-
lation of water to the strata below and thus accumu-
late in the surface soil, and, making the latter "soggy,"
will cause disease to the plants. Hence the origin of
surface draining, that is, laying land in ridges or beds,
or intersecting it with small, open gutters, a very good
practice where irrigating water is used, for into them
the water may be turned and then plowed over, left
to come up to the surface where the plant roots can
reach it. The alteration of land by water will be treat-
ed in detail in its proper place under the head of "Irri-
gation."

We have already referred to the effect of the sun's
rays on land, and add here that in cultivating, there
is one advantage in ridging lands and making the ridges
run north and south, for on such surfaces the rays
of the morning sun will take effect sooner on the east
side, and those of the afternoon on the west side, while
at mid-day the sun's elevation will compensate for the
obliquity of its rays to both sides of the ridge. In
gardening there is much advantage in observing this
method of cultivation, for the reason that much earlier
crops may be produced than on a level ground. Thus,
sloping beds for winter crops may be made southeast
and northwest, with their slope to the south, at an
angle of forty degrees, and as steep on the north side as
the mass of earth can be got to stand. On the south
slope of such ground of course the crops will be earlier
than on level ground. There is little advantage of
this sloping, however, unless perfection of garden prod-
uce is desirable, although the advantage of sloping is
a diminution of evaporation and also a ready natural
drainage.

Although rotation of crops will be treated in a
special chapter, the subject has a bearing upon cultiva-
tion, or treatment of the soil, since the necessity for a
rotation of crops seems to grow out of a diminution of
certain plant foods desirable to certain plants, and
there are many species of plants which require particu-
lar substances to bring their seeds or fruits- to perfec-
tion. It may be that these particular substances are
in the soil but beyond the reach of the plant. In that
case it is clear that a thorough mixing of the elements
of the soil will bring the appropriate food within reach
of the plant, or, if that can not be done, then the plant-
ing of some other crop, and permitting it to return
back into the soil, will afford the required food for the
desired plant. In this place, cultivation and thorough
mixing is advised. In the proper chapter the whole sub-
ject will be treated in detail.

The following are some of the root and soil pecu-
liarities of well known plants:

Wheat — Has feeble roots at surface, but strong tap
roots penetrating deep into the soil. Stiff soil.

Oats — Next to wheat, will stand stiff soil, but the
giant throws out in the superficial layer of soil a num-
ber of fine feeders in lateral directions, and hence the
top soil should be light and open.

Barley — It throws out a network of fine, short root
fillers of no great depth and requires a light, open loam.

Peas — Require a loose soil, with little cohesion, and
spread soft root fibers deep.

Beans — Ramify strong, woody roots in all direc-
tions, even in a heavy and compact soil.

Clover — Grass seeds and small seeds generally put
forth at first feeble roots of small extent, and require so
much the greater care in preparing the soil to insure
their healthy growth. The pressure of a layer of earth
a half to one inch thick suffices to prevent germination.
Such seeds require only just as much earth to cover
them as will retain the needful moisture for germina-
tion.

Turnips, potatoes, etc. — The nature of these fleshy
and tuberous roots clearly point out the part of the soil
from which they draw their chief supply of food. Po-
tatoes are found in the topmost layers of soil, whereas
the roots of beets, turnips, parsnips, etc., send their
ramifications deep into the subsoil, and 'will succeed
best in a loose soil of great depth. Still they grow well
in heavy and compact soil properly prepared for their
reception.

As to the length of roots it has been found that
alfalfa will grow roots thirty feet, flax five feet, clover
above six feet, etc., and beets have been known to send
out a long, tapering root sixteen feet along the surface,
an instance of which has been already noted.

It is on the root that the farmer should bestow his
whole care. Over that which grows from it he has
no control, except perhaps in the way of pruning or bud
"pinching," as in the case of tobacco, melons, fruits,
etc.

THE IRRIGATION AGE, 1 year $1.00

MODERN IRRIGATION, 1 year 1.00

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION, a finely illustrated 300-page

book 1.00

Send $2.50 lor all three.

Address, IRRIGATION AGE.

12 I.i :. i Street, CK/ctvgo

82

SAMSON DOUBLE GEAR

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

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is a double-geared mill and is the latest great ad-
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It will be readily seen that this double gear im-
parts double the strength to the Samson over that
of any other mill of equal size. Since the gear is
double and the strain of work is equally divided
between the two gears, there is no side draft,
shake or wobble to cut out the gears. The gear-
ing, therefore, has four times the life and wearing
qualities of any single gear.

All interested in irrigation should write us for
our finely illustrated book on irrigation matters,
which will be sent free to all who mention THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE. This work contains all necessary informa-
tion for establishing an irrigation plant by wind power.

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FREEPORT, ILL.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

SERVICE WORK IN CALIFORNIA.

Suptendous Plans of the Government— Organization and
General Scope of Procedure.

1C

[Special Correspondence of Irrigation Age.]

WASHINGTON, D. C., Jan. 12. — Mr. J. B. Lippin-
cott, supervising engineer for the irrigation work of
the United States Geological Survey in California and
for the Colorado River has arrived in Washington. He
was seen at the office of the Geological Survey and
made the following statement :

"The main office of the Reclamation Service in
California is located in the Byrne building in Los
Angeles. A branch office has been opened at 431 Rialto
building, San Francisco, at Yuma, Ariz., and at Bishop
in Inyo County. The organization is' entirely under
the civil service, and the appointment of all the men
has been by competitive examination.

IN THE SACRAMENTO .VALLEY.

"Mr. H~. E. Green, engineer, is in charge of the
study of the drainage basin of the Sacramento Valley
looking toward its development by irrigation. His
headquarters are at the San Francisco office. From
present information .it is believed that during the spring
and. early summer sufficient water is normally found
in the streams to provide for a very extensive system.
The Sacramento River, however, is a navigable stream
and it is not deemed wise to make 'extensive diversions
therefrom during the low stage of the river or its trib-
utaries in the mid and late summer months. The water
to be supplied for irrigation during this low stage must
be supplied from storage reservoirs to be located either
on the main stream or on its tributaries. The investi-
gations, therefore, in this drainage basin have been pre-
liminary explorations for reservoir sites and the deter-
mination of the available water supply.

. "In this work particularly, and other work in gen-
eral, the State of California is extensively co-operating
with the United States Geological Survey in carrying
out these investigations, the State paying a material
portion of the field expenses, and the Geological Sur-
vey paying the salaries of the employes. The Governor
of the State is particularly active in his desire to assist
in the development of this section by an exhaustive
study of its resources, and by bringing the attention of
both the nation and the public to the latent opportu-
nities.

"In addition to the work of the Geological Survey
the forest cover of the mountainous portion of the
basin is being studied by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, forester
of the Agricultural Department, and his assistants, with
a view to preserving the forests and thus protecting
the water supply. The topographic branch of the Geo-
logical Survey is also receiving assistance from the State
and is concentrating its efforts in the preparation of
a contour map of the irrigable lands of the Sacra-
mento Valley. About six topographic parties are now
in the field carrying out this work. They are making
their maps on the scale of two inches to the mile and
with five-foot contour intervals.

WORK IN CACHE CREEK.

"Cache Creek is one of the large tributaries of the
Sacramento, entering the valley from the coast range.
This tributary was extensively studied by Mr. A. E.
Chandler for the Geological Survey. Mr. Chandler is
now State Engineer of Nevada.

Notice is hereby given that the Board of Super-
visors of Washington county, Nebraska, will meet
in the supervisors' room in the court house in Blair,
Washington county, Nebraska, on the 27th day of
January, A. D. 1904, at the hour of 12 o'clock M.
of said day, for the purpose of opening sealed bids
for the construction of a ditch or drain known as the
Hiland Ditch Improvement, commencing at a point
460 feet north of the southeast corner of the south-
west quarter of the northeast quarter of section 4, in
Township 19 North, Range n, east of the 6 P. M. in
said county and state; also commencing 858 feet
south of the northwest corner of the southeast quarter
of section 32, Township 20, Range n, east 6 P. M. in
Washington county, Nebraska, running thence in an
irregular southeasterly direction, intersecting above
line and running thence in an irregular southeasterly
course to a point in the Missouri river, 198 feet east
of the southeast corner of the northeast quarter of
Section 7, in Township 17, in Range 12, east in
Washington county, Nebraska.

Sealed bids will be received by the clerk of thii
board until 12 M. on the 27th day of January, A. D.
1904, for the construction of said ditch in working
sections not less in extent than the number of lineal
feet apportioned to each lot or tract of land, public
or corporate road or railroad. Said work shall be
done under the supervision of the engineer appointed
by this board and shall be constructed according to
the plat, schedule, profile, estimate apportionment and
report of engineer now on file with the county clerk.
This board will meet at the time and place first above
mentioned and will open said bids and let the con-
tract or contracts to the lowest responsible bidder
who shall give good and sufficient security for the
faithful performance of such contract or contracts.
And the time of completion for each contract shall
not exceed in any case 150 days from the time of
entering into same. And no bids shall be entertained
which exceed the estimated cost of construction of
the working section or sections upon which bid is
made when a part not less than one-fourth of the
portion included in any contract is completed accord-
ing to the specifications and when said engineer
gives said contractor a certificate thereof, showing a
proportional amount which the contractor is entitled
to be paid according to the terms of the contract.
The county clerk shall, upon the presentation of
such certificate, draw a warrant upon the treasurer for
seventy-five per cent of said amount and the treas-
urer will pay the same out of any funds in the treas-
ury applicable to such purposes. Provided no pro-
portional amount shall be certified or paid unless the
whole of said contract exceed 2,000 lineal feet.

Each bid must be accompanied by a certified
check for Sioo as evidence of good faith and con-
ditioned that the bidder will at once enter into con-
tract and give bond. JOHN BLACO.

Chairman of Board of Supervisors of Washington
county, Nebraska. F. W. KENNY, JR.

County Clerk of Washington county, Nebraska.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

PUMPS FOR IRRIGATION.

(Special Correspondence.-)-

In view of the fact that great interest has been
created in the subject of pump irrigation during the
past few years, THE IRRIGATION AGE has gone into
various fields to secure such information as it was con-
sidered would be of interest and value to its readers,
and has recently taken up the study of pumps to be
used for irrigation purposes.

A recent visit to the Agricultural College of New
Mexico brought us in touch with the advanced work
carried on there by Professors Vernon and Lester, and
later on it was our privilege to visit points in California
and study that subject with manufacturers and actual
users of pumps along this line. While in California
we met Mr. A. T. Ames, manufacturer of pumping
machinery at Gait, who has established a good reputa-
tion throughout the western States on the Ames pumps.
While in the town of Gait, which is a small place from
which to turn out such quantities of goods as have been
manufactured by this firm, it was learned that Mr.
Ames has been contemplating for some time a change
of location where he could secure better railway facili-
ties, as well as more equitable freight rates, and that
gentleman is at the present time visiting cities in the
East with a view to securing a suitable location which
will be in every way more advantageous to the develop-
ment of his business.

Mr. Ames is the pioneer in pumping water from
deep wells of small diameter for irrigation. He first
started in the capacity of general machinist, with a
small force, and subsequently reached out into the
windmill and pump line. Later he made a visit to
southern California to sell windmills and single acting
deep well pumps, and learned while there that thou-
sands of dollars were spent for irrigation in tunnels
through the mountains, canals, gravity systems of all
kinds, artesian wells and suction pump plants, but
failed to find any pump in all that section, so he in-
forms us, that would deliver an irrigating head from a
deep bored well of small diameter. He further states
that he went home and designed a double acting con-
tinuous flow deep well pump, the object of the continu-
ous flow being, first, to get the maximum amount of
water from a bored well. Second, to overcome the con-
cussion of starting the water column from rest each
time the plungers went over the center. Third, to re-
duce the power and fuel" consumption to the minimum.

His first pump manufactured after this idea had
a capacity of 8,000 gallons per hour at a 100 foot lift
from a 7-inch bored well. Recently Mr. Ames has
manufactured a pump with a capacity of 20,000 gallons
an hour from a 12-inch bored well at 200 foot lift to
the surface, delivering the water 200 feet vertically
above the surface through four miles of pipe, if' re-
quired, with an efficiency of from 75 to 85 per cent, de-
pending on conditions.

We are showing in connection herewith a series of
of illustrations of the Ames pumps in operation, which
will no doubt prove of interest to all those who have

studied pump irrigation, and give them a more com-
prehensive idea of machinery of this class. The Ames
pump delivers a continuous stream with absolutely no
water hammer, which is common with some other makes
of pumps, and is particularly adapted to be driven by
electric power for the reason that the resistance to the
motive power is almost uniform. The motor is usually
connected by belt or may be connected direct by spur
gear and pinion. A farmer or rancher who has a
private irrigating system with a bored well, and one of
these pumps, is independent of nature's varying moods.
If the rains fail, he "gets water from the ground," and
so he saves money and mental anguish as well.

These pumps are used largely in connection with
railway water supply, in city water works, as well as in
mining. As will be seen by the illustrations, several
varieties of pumps are made, in fact, five different

MR. A. T. AMES, UALT, CAL.

sizes with a range in capacity from 5 horsepower work
to 50 horsepower work, double acting deep well cylin-
ders, made in 22 sizes and lengths, with a capacity up
to 500 gallons per minute from a bored well, and in the
smaller diameters lifts \\p to 1,000 feet vertically.
Single acting cylinders with removable valves are also
made in twenty-five sizes and lengths, good for all lifts
up to 1,000 feet. Mr. Ames also makes tubular pro-
peller pumps for bored wells in three sizes, with capa-
cities up to 1,000 gallons per minute from twelve-inch
•wells at 100 feet or more lift to the surface.

We are showing with a collection of other illustra-
tions a half-tone photograph of the inventor and manu-
facturer, Mr. A. T. Ames.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

85

AMES TUBULAR PROPELLER PUMPS.

These pumps are designed to deliver large quanti-
ties of water at the surface from bored wells of small
diameter. The 10-inch pump has a capacity of 1,000
gallons per minute from a twelve-inch well at 100 feet
or more lift to the surface.

They require no pit or expensive foundation, are
belt driven, efficient, durable and effective, easy to in-
stall and operate. They are designed and used in bored
wells for the purpose of irrigation, and for wells where
water is below suction limit. They may be used in
wells that flow at
the surface, b u t
when pumped,
water recedes one
hundred or more
feet from the sur-
face. This is im-
portant, as it is
well known that a
suction pump can
only lower water in
wells twenty feet,
while these pumps
may be sunk 100
feet into the water
and pump at its
living source from
the bottom of bore.

I n conversa-
tion with Mr.
"Ames, it was
learned that his
business has devel-
oped from a purely
local trade until
hig pumps are now
sold and are in op-
eration in Wash-
ington, Oregon,
California, Nevada'
Arizona, New Mex-
ico, Texas, Mexico,
Hawaii Islands and
Australia. Mr.
Ames has built up
a fine business and
has, he states, prac-
tically no competi-
tion where the lar-
gest possible
amount of water is
required from deep
wells of small

diameter at the minimum cost for power and main-
tenance.

IN THE RIO GRANDE BASIN.

AMES TUBULAR PROPELLER PUMP.

Owing to the great interest in artesian water and
oil prospects in the Arkansas Valley between Pueblo and
Manganola, the United States Geological Survey has
had Geologist Fisher in that section for several months
to ascertain the geologic structure and artesian con-
ditions. His report is expected in a short time. Geol-
ogist Siebenthal, of the Survey, has been at work for
some time in San Luis Valley and reports that he has
finished about two-thirds of the artesian area. His re-
port will be printed at an early date.

REPORTS OF ENGINEERS HEED AND DAVIS ON THE WORK
ACCOMPLISHED IN NEW MEXICO.

[Special Correspondence of Irrigation Age.]

WASHINGTON, D. C., Jan. 12. — Mr. Arthur P.
Davis and Mr. W. M. Reed, engineers of the United
States Reclamation Service, have submitted reports cov-
ering their work in New Mexico, and same will shortly
appear in the Second Reclamation Report.

The work of
Mr. Davis and his
party has been
wholly in the
drainage basin of
the Rio Grande,
the work being
largely to supple-
ment that of pre-
v i o u fc investiga-
tions made by the
bureau. Mr. Davis
had under particu-
1 a r consideration
the international
dam and reservoir
and the Elephant
B u 1 1 e reservoir
site.

The first pro-
ject involves the
construction of a
masonry dam to
reach about sixty
feet above low
water in the Rio
Grande. Such a
dam would form a
reservoir about fif-
teen miles in
length, four miles
in greatest width,
covering 26,000
acres, and having a
capacity of about
540,000 acre feet.
The estimated cost
of the entire pro-
ject is $2,300,000,
of which a large
proportion is due
to the expense of
moving sixteen
miles of railroad line above the reach of high waters
in the reservoir.

The Elephant Butte site was investigated by Mr.
C. H. Fitch and .Mr. James A. French, and a small
party was kept at work during the summer making a
topographic map of the canyon. A very careful survey
was made of a damsite a short distance below the one
selected for the Elephant Butte project, in order to in-
vestigate its feasibility. It was found that a dam could
be built about one-half mile below Elephant Butte to
a height of 170 feet, which would throw the water
through a divide to the west, forming a natural spill-
way. The surveys show that such a dam would form a

86

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

reservoir nearly forty miles in length with a storage
capacity approximately of 1,494,775 acre feet. Borings
at the proposed damsite were begun in October. In
August a contour survey was begun in order to map
and classify the lands involved in the construction of
a diversion canal, and which would be covered by a
canal for irrigation. An area of about one hundred
square miles has been completed to date.

It is possible that considerable power could be de-
veloped by the construction of an irrigating canal in
such a manner as to concentrate the surplus fall at
points where it may be utilized for this purpose, and the
power developed might be utilized in pumping water

problem, which is the most difficult and serious obstacle
to the utilization of the flood waters of the Rio Grands
basin.

The proposed reservoir will not cover any large
area of valley land, but depends for its great capacity
upon the high dam and a river canyon of very modern
declivity, the form of the reservoir being long and
relatively narrow. When such a reservoir is partly
filled with sediment, as it will be soon after construc-
tion, large sluiceways will be opened to provide for the
outflow of water at the bottom of the dam, emptying
the reservoir. The stream will be made to cut a chan-
nel for itself through the impounded sediment.

: :. ,-

THIS STREAM OF WATER IS PUMPED BY A NO. S AMES PUMP, 112 FEETTO THE SURFACE, FROM A 12-INCH BORED WELL AND
DELIVERED IN THIS ORCHARD 30 FEET ABOVE THE PUMP THROUGH HALF A MILE OF PIPE.

from beneath the valley to extend the irrigated area.
Until the borings for foundations have been completed
the feasibility of the project can not be determined.
The reservoir, however, has a much greater capacity
than any other on the river, and is ample to store the
floods of wet years and to hold them to reinforce the
supply in times of extreme drought. It is the only
proposed reservoir with a capacity large enough to
utilize the entire flow of the drainage basin. It is situ-
ated sufficiently low enough in the basin to intercept
practically all the waters, and yet is sufficiently high
to command enough land to consume all the available
water supply. The extremely great capacity here pro-
posed is intended largely for the solution of the sediment

It is estimated by this method the river can be
made to sluice out the reservoir and to thus maintain
a storage capacity of more than one-half of the original
capacity of the reservoir. To obtain this result without
injury to the irrigation interests below, it will be neces-
sary to construct an auxiliary reservoir further up
stream in the same drainage basin, which will provide
the water supply during the sluicing process. The
cost of constructing such an auxiliary reservoir and the
operation of both the gates of the reservoir would be
the only expense attached to the solution of the sedi-
ment problem side by this method. The reservoir be-
ing relatively deep in proportion to its surface area,
there will not be excessive evaporation.

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

87

MR. REED S REPORT.

The report of Mr. W. M. Eeed, resident engineer
of the Service, is of particular interest by reason of
the fact that it is probable the Government will begin
at an early date the construction of an irrigation work
at one of the sites recommended by him. Apparently
the most feasible project discovered by Mr. Reed is on
the Hondo at a point nearly on the dividing line of the
watersheds of Hondo River and the Black Water Ar-
royo. The reservoir site lies in a large natural depres-
sion, commonly called a dry lake, and has an area of
1,072 acres, and with no embankment would hold 11,-

gates are placed on the canal, each in solid rock, with
their grade two feet below the grade of the canal at that
point. These spillways are provided with gates, not
automatic, for these gates are to be used only when the
reservoir is full, or when it is desired to flush the
silting basins. The top of the gates will be below
the embankment grade, and will act as safety spillways
in the case of unexpected and unusual floods.

The canal will have a seventy-foot roadbed and an
embankment will be placed at the lower side. The canal
will enter the reservoir from a rock cut, thus preventing
any erosion. The outlet canal will connect the lowest
point in the reservoir site with the original bed of the

PUMPING PLANT INSTALLED BY A. T. AMES IN ORCHARD OF JOHN BALLINGER, SAN JOSE, CAL., PUMPING 25,000 GALLONS AN

HOUR AT 150-FOOT LIFT FROM A 12-INCH BORED WELL.

486 acre feet. The bottom of the lake is a heavy alluvial
deposit and borings were satisfactory as to its water-
holding properties. The perimeter is nearly all lime-
stone, and has the appearance of being as solid and free
from cavities as any limestone formation, except at the
places where fills are required. The sides are much
higher than the proposed water line and have rock on
or near the surface.

Mr. Reed's plan for diverting the water is to make
two canals of sufficient size to carry all the flow of the
river and to provide a spillway on the canal at a rock
point 4,000 feet from the river. The river at the point
of diversion is in earth, and to provide for a spillway
here would be expensive and would be always a source of
annoyance, if not danger. Two spillways or flushing

river. The elevation at these points being the same, the
canal is level.

The bed of the Hondo will be used for carrying .the
irrigating water for a distance of about one mile. At
this point it will be turned by a small concrete diversion
dam into distributing canals on one side of the river.
This point of diversion is not the most suitable from an
engineering standpoint, but up to the present time one
of the owners of the flood water rights having a ditcli
just below it has refused to make any satisfactory prop-
osition toward a settlement with the Government in
case the reservoir should be constructed, and it was
deemed best to locate the canal's from the above point
to determine what lands would come under irrigation,
and to ascertain the cost of the works. Diversion from

88

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

a point lower down the river would lessen the cost and
would bring the same lands under cultivation.

During floods the Hondo carries a large amount of
silt. Engineer Reed proposes the following plan to pre-
vent danger of the reservoir filling from this source.
The velocity of the canal is to be governed to such an
extent that the heavier silt will be deposited in basins
which are provided by making the alignment of the
canal to cross three arroyos near their mouth where the
surface flattens out. Two of these arroyos have a length
of five or six miles and drain considerable territory. At
the end of the basins at the down-stream side a spillway
will be placed in the bank of the canal with a bottom
grade below that of the canal. At times of heavy rain-
fall, when water rushes down the arroyos, the spill or

IRRIGATION WORK IN OREGON.

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS BY ENGINEER JOHN T.
WHISTLER IN FIVE COUNTIES IN THAT STATE.

[Special Correspondence of Irrigation Age.\
WASHINGTON, D. C,, Jan. 15. — Mr. John T.
Whistler, engineer, United States Reclamation Service,
reports as follows on the work done in Oregon :

Preliminary investigations were made through
Umatilla, Baker, Malheur, Harney and Crook Counties
in .March and April. Three projects appeared to justify
further investigation. A brief description of each of
these projects, showing work done this year, follows :

Bordering on the Columbia River and west of the
mouth of Umatilla River lies between one and two

NO. 3. AMES PUMP DRIVEN BY ELECTRIC MOTOR, DIRECT CONNECTED.

flush-gates will be opened and the silt removed from the
basins. The water passing through these flush gates will
spread out over the bottom land and ultimately reach the
old bed of the river, and can be sluiced down the river
in the same manner that nature has been doing for ages.
Except during the flood time the Hondo water carries
very little silt, and therefore during the non-irrigating
season, when there is a constant flow in the river, it is
advisable to pass the water through the canal and into
.the reservoir with as little exposure to seepage and
evaporation as possible. To be able to c]o this at one
time and also at other times pass. a little body of water
through as a slow current, it is proposed to place a re-
movable bulk-heading or gates below the sluiceways
and thus be able to delay or check the current, causing
the silt to settle in the basins. A. L. I.

hundred thousand acres of uncultivated, rolling bench
land at an elevation of 400 to 600 feet above sea level.
A line of levels was -run early in the season which showed
the impracticability of taking water from either the
Columbia or Snake River to put on this land. The sum-
mer flow of the Umatilla River, except early in the sea-
son, is all taken now for watering the Umatilla bottoms.
Measurements of this river by the Geological Survey,
covering a period of ten years, show that there is suffi-
cient flood water to irrigate probably 100,000 acres if
it could be conserved. Four gaging stations are now
being maintained on this river and its tributaries.
From May to August a small party was kept in the field
developing possible reservoir sites on the upper waters
of the Umatilla. Five sites were developed, but it is
doubtfull if any of them will prove sufficiently inex-

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

89

pensive to justify further investigation. From Septem-
ber to December a double plane table party was kept in
the field. A good reservoir site has been developed in
townships '? north, 25 and 20 cast. Topography on a
scale of 1,000 feet to 1 inch.

About twenty-five miles of canal line, with topog-
raphy on scale of 400 feet to 1 inch lias been run from
this site to Umatilla Biver, and also about twenty miles
of main lateral, with topography on same scale. No
estimates have yet been made. More than half the land
is unpatentcd, and most of the remainder is unimproved
Northern Pacific grant land.

THE MALHEUR PROJECT.

Between the vicinity of Vale and Snake River, both
on the north and the south side of the Mallicur Hivrr.
is some 40,000 acres of best bench land. It is mostly
unpatentcd or road grant land and unimproved in any
wav. Jn addition, there are from 10,000 to 15,000 acres

THE IIARNEY PROJECT.

Harney Valley is -a circular basin, 'more or less ir-
regular, of about 700 square miles. It has an altitude
of about 4,200. Harney and Malheur Lakes are in
the lowest part of the valley and have no outlet. Much
of the bordering lands are tule swamps. The valley
slopes generally from north to south. Most of the lands
of the valley have been patented in one way or another,
and there are at present but about 100,000 acres un-
patented. Practically all of this has been selected by the
State under the Carey Act, but has not 'yet been ap-
proved by the Department. Silvies River enters the val-
ley from the north.. No measurements have been made
prior to this summer, and very little is known regard-
ing either the run-off or the precipitation in the Silvies
basin. It seems hardly probable that more than 50,000
iicres can be irrigated from it. A great deal of hay land
is at present dependent on the flood wafers for crops,

A.T. AMES M'F'R. GAIVTCAL

T1IK AMKS ro\VKK HEAD NO. 4. SHOWING HEARING.

of bottom lands which are very productive, where not
alkali. The summer flow of the Malheur River and all
its tributaries in this region is now appropriated. Meas-
urements of the Malheur River by the Geological Sur-
vey, covering a period of about eighteen months, indi-
cate that there is abundant water to irrigate this land
if it can be held till needed. Two reservoir sites of suf-
ficient capacity to retain all the flood waters have been
developed on the Malheur River. Two have been de-
veloped on Bully Creek and one on Willow Creek in
order to estimate on covering lands found to lie above •
the reservoir sites on the Malheur. Topography of these
sites has been shown on a scale of 1,000 feet to 1 inch.
Over fifty miles of canal line have been run and topog-
raphy developed on a scale of 400 feet to 1 inch. Also
about forty miles of preliminary lines without topog-
raphy. A double plane table party has been in the field
from May 1 to December 1. Gaging stations for con-
tinuing discharge measurements of streams connected
with this project have been established on the- Malheur
River at Ontario, Vale and Harper Ranch, on Bully
Creek at Warm Springs and on Willow Creek at reser-
voir site in township 14 south 41 east.

and adjustment of water rights will unquestionably be
attended with many difficulties. It is thought that the
water from Emigrant Creek, which carries almost if
not as much water as Silvies Riw;r proper, may satisfy
these bottom lands. An excellent reservoir site has been
developed in Silvies Valley, some twenty miles north
of Harney Valley. A double plane table party has been
in the field from May 1 to November 10. The reservoir
— about twelve miles long — was developed on a scale of
1,000 feet to 1 inch.

Most of the irrigable land in Harney Valley — about
350 square miles — has been mapped and topography
shown on a scale of 2,000 feet to 1 inch, with 2^/2 feet
contour intervals.

No estimates have been made on any of the projects
considered. Preliminary investigations have been made
in Wallowa, Lake and Klamath Counties. Gaging sta-
tions have been established on the Wallowa River,
Grande Ronde River and the Owyhce River, looking to
future investigations. Stations are also being estab-
lished on Klamath River and other streams of Klamath
Countv. B. J. I).

90

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE RICE JOUR.NAL AND
GULF COAST FAR.MER

is published on the first of each month, at Crowley,
Louisiana, the center of Rice growing and milting
in America, in the interest of the Rice Industry, in
all its branches, principally, and incidentally to
other branches of Gulf Coast Agriculture. It is the

Only Rice Class Journal Published

and is receiving the hearty support of those who
are in any manner identified with the Rice Indus-
try—in the Growing, Irrigation, Milling or Sale of
the Rough or Clean Product, and is read by all
farmers engaged in diversified farming in the great
Gulf Coast Country. It has a

Large Guaranteed Circulation

covering thoroughly the rice sections of Louisiana
and Southeast Texas and the Atlantic Coast, every
important point having a working correspondent,
who reports monthly all important developments
of his section, thereby keeping its readers and
advertisers in touch with the entire section. Every
issue is read by Planter, Canal Owner, Miller,
Broker, Commission Merchant and dealers
throughout the country. The

Value as an Advertising Medium

of the RICE JOURNAL AND GULF COAST FARMER
is thoroughly established. The paper goes
directly to the class of people reached by no
other publication, and its influence assures the
advertiser a profitable medium.

R-»tes quoted on application.

SIGNAL PRINTING CO. (Limited),

CR-OWLEY. LA.

11 All roads lead to Rome."

And all business in New York seems to tend
toward

Grand Central Station.

This great building, which covers the space of
four city blocks, beginning at the corner of 4th
Avenue and 42d Street, is the Metropolitan termi-
nus of the

NEW YORK CENTRAL LINES

and is the center of the hotel, residence, club and
theater district of the second city of the world.
To reach it, see that your ticket reads by the
NEW YORK CENTRAL.

A copy of the 40 page Illustrated Catalogue ol the "Four-
Track Series," New York Central's books of travel and
education, will be sent free, post-paid, to any address on
receipt of a postage stamp, by George H. Daniels, General
Passenger Agent, New York Central & Hudson River Rail-
road, Grand Central Station, New York.

Eastern Oklahoma

A sweep of one hundred and ninety-five miles thru one of the most
promising agricultural regions ever turned over to the hand of man.

This in brief represents that portion of Oklahoma which has been given new birth by
the building of the Santa Fe's Eastern Oklahoma line — "the finest farming country
the Lord ever made."

Shawnee, in Pottawatomie County, today holds the record for potato shipments.
It ships more potatoes than any other town in the United States ! Ardmore, just
over the Indian Ty. line, has nearly the whole world beaten to a standstill as a
local cotton market. (Both points on the Santa Fe.) Oklahoma's 1903 wheat crop
was a record breaker. The Santa Fe gives these products direct and quick con-
nection with world markets, like Chicago, Kansas City and Galveston.

Write today for copy of our Eastern Oklahoma Folder, just issued, and information
of low rates in effect twice monthly.

Address. General Passenger Agent

Atchison, Topeka <®L Santa* Fe Railway

:: :: CHICAGO :: ::

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I II III+++II Mil I I I I II I I I III II I II III I III

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

91

I III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The Birdsell Alfalfa Huller

THE}

Interior View or the No. 3 New Birdsell Monitor Junior Alfalfa tluller.

The Birdsell Alfalfa Huller saves all of the seed and it is the only machine on the market

built expressly for hulling alfalfa.

SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

BIRDSELL MFG. CO., Soxith Bend, Ii\d.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I M i M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

WANTED !

Men to lay Tile by day or contract.
Address
THOMAS HART, Donovan, 111.

One dollar and fifty cents will secure for you one year's subscrip-
tion to THE IRRIGATION AOB and n finely bound volume of the
Primer of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid in a few months,
when volume Is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be finely
illustrated and will contain about 300 pages. Send post office or
express money order for $1.50 and secure copy of first edition.

VAN WIE CENTRIFUGAL

the best in the market. Why? Because

Handles More Water Than

Any Other Pump with

Same Fue'.

PROOF. Read following from result of
test made by New Mexico College of Ag-
riculture and Mechanic Arts, Mesilla
Fark, New Mexico:

Cost of fuel per acre for irrigation three
inches deep, using dry Tornilio Wood at
S2.25 per cord.
Name of Pump.

Van Wie $.512

Wood's 647

Kingsford 597

Byron Jackson .614

Fifth Pump 617

IRRIGATING MACHINERY

Information

Furnished

by our

Experts

Write for Catalogue

This shows one of
• our

Deep Well Pump-
ing Outfits
operated by our

Gasoline

or Crude Oil

Engine

FAIRBANKS, MORSE & Co.,

MANUFACTURERS.

Chicago Detroit Denver

St. Paul Cincinnati San Francisco

Minneapolis Cleveland Los Angeles

Omaha Indianapolis Salt Lake City

St. Louis Louisville Portland, Ore.

Kansas City New York London, Eng.

For catalogue, address

IRVIN VAN WIE,

713-723 West Fayette St. ,
SYRACUSE, N. Y.

1903 Irrlffator.

92

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE "penny wise and pound foolish" policy has an apt illustration in the man who buys a
cheap gas or gasoline engine. Unreliable service, frequent and expensive repairs,
wastefulness in fuel and short life, offset many times over the small saving in first .cost. The
"OTTO" is the original and best. Suppose it does cost a little more money, the extra dollars
are well invested. 70,000 users throughout the civilized world support us in this claim.

Agents as usual.

THE OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Shuart Earth Grader No. 3

An ideal, all-round Grader for
Irrigators. This Machine, rapidly
and cheapl}. does a quality of
grading possible with .ordinary
appliances only at a virtually pro-
hibitory expense. The blade
:an be worked straight across
for cutting, conveying and
spreading the earth ; or it
can be worked diagonally
for throwing up borders :
and it can be tilted lor run-
ninglaterals. Forillustrated
circular and price, address

B. F. SHUART, OBERLIN, o.

R. H. McWILLIAMS,
General Drainage Contractor.

Special attention paid to reclaiming swamp lands with steam dredges.
Drainage bonds bought and sold.

MA.TTOO1V,

f lease mention THE IRRIGATION AGE when writing to advertisers.

The Great East and West Line Try 10 AND
Across the Entire States of I LAAO U

NO TROUBLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Through Tourist and Standard Sleepers between Chicago and California

without change. Close connection at El Paso.
New Dining Cars ittieals a la carte) between Texas and St. Louis.

Write for new bobk on Texas. FREE.
E.P.TURNER, General Passenger Agerv, Dal las, Texas

M.H.DOWNEY. E. J.WILCOX.

DOWNEY <a WILCOX. Civil Engineers.

DRAINAGE AND ROADS A SPECIALTY,

Correspondence Solicited. Room 2, Court House. ANDERSON, IND

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and
Illustrated Pamphlets.

H. C. TOWNSEND,

General Passenger and Ticket igent,
ST. LOUIS.

LOUDEN'S CABLE PICKER

And other Hay Stackers are unsurpassed for
ease of operation, simplicity of construction,
cheapness and capacity for work. Especially
successful in handling Alfalfa Hay.

Hay Tools for field and barn embracing
HAY CARRIERS, HAY FORKS, HAY SLINGS. Also
BARN DOOR HANGERS, FEED AND LITTER
CARRIERS and other hardware specialties.

Write for catalogue and descriptive

circulars.

ADDRESS:

LOUDEN MACHINERY
COMPANY

75 West Broadway. FAIRFIELD, IA.

LOUDEN

GRAPPLE

FORK.

, THE IRRIGATION AGE.

93

MYERS

"Without an Equal on the Globe

Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt
powers, in harmony with present requirements.

Kn Fivt. S.v(n and On* H»H.
•ad T«n Inch Strab.

Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps

Five Inch Brass Lined
Cylinder.

BACK GEARED
SIX TO ONE,-

X No. 359. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, T/2 and

10-inch siroke. Price 875 00

No. 365. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 and
X 20-inch stroke. Price 150 00

4 .

Double Acting. Capacity, Two Thou-
sand Gallons Per Hour.

« >

• •

• >

• •

• >

No. 362. Bulldozer Pump, 3-inch Brasj Lined
Cylinder, 5, 1'A and 10-inch stroke.

Price 875 00

No. 351. Bulldozer Pump, 4-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, lyi and 10-inch stroke.

Price 120 00

No. 353. Bulldozer Pump, 5-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5-inch stroke. Price 75 00

No. 363. Bulldozer Pump, 6-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 12, 16 and 20-inch stroke.

Price 250 CO

Artesian Well Cylinder

FULL INFORMATION IN REGARD TO OUR. VARIED LINE ON APPLICAT^N

RE. MYERS eBRO.

ASHLAND,
OHIO, U. S. A.

PROPRIETORS OF

ASHLAND PUHP AND HAY TOOL WORKS

^^

94

THE IKBIGATION AGE.

Built Right

Run Right

Unsurpassed for Tile, Hollow Ware, Brick and all
Classes of Clay products. Write for Particulars
on this or other Clayworking Machinery 9999

The Improved Centennial Auger Machine

Bucyrus, Ohio
U. S. A.

The American Clay-Working
Machinery Company

THE IREIOATION AGE.

The Simplification of
Water Records by
a Right Syst
Insures

Not Only
Labor-Saving
but also Money-
Saving.

Write U5 for Information.

16 LONG RANGE TELESCOPt:

FOR

Irrigators,
Farmers

and
Ditchers

Catalogue free.

Grade
Level Co.

Jackson. Mich.
No. 1. $27.00
Tarfel and Rod
Iree with each.

Target and Rod alone $2.00.

Our Grade Levels are the only ones made with
a "Grade Bar" and with a "Scale" showing the
grade without figuring, and the only one with a
Telescope at so low a price.

Mo. 1 Improved Level (our latest)— t30. Has horiz-
ontal circle divided Into degrees; can run at an; angle
without measuring.

95

EDGAR M. HEAFER
TILE COMPANY

MANUFACTURERS OF

Round Drain Tile

Of Superior Potters' Clay.

ASLO DEALERS IN

SUPERIOR FIRE BRICK AND SEWER PIPE
BLOOniNdTON, ILL.

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

Valley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for TILE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

•Wa-ite for Pe*.xn.f»*i.l.e«:fl»

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner,

Central Station, Park Row, Room 506,
CHICAGO. ILL.

When writing to Advertisers, please mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The MARION

STEAM SHOVEL CO

Mo. 632 W. Center Street, MARION, OHIO.

A COMPLETE LINE OF STEAM SHOVELS, DIPPER

AND CLAMSHELL DREDGES, ETC.

One-va.rd DltcKing Dredge.

fOR constructing Drainage Ditches we have both
dryland and floating Dredges, and we build
them to suit the requirements of your work. We
manufacture our own steel and grey iron castings,
and make our own chain

When in the market write us for information and prices.

(When Writing Advertisers, Please Mention IRRIGATION AGE.)

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

J. L. HUBBELL

Indian Trader

Dealer in

Navajo
Blankets

OLD STYLE WEAV1NQS AND
PATTERNS A SPECIALTY.

Silverware, Baskets,

Curios,
Prehistoric Pottery.

Products of Navajo

and other Indian

tribes.

AGENTS WANTED THROUGHOUT
THE UNITED STATES.

Write for particulars, mentioning
The Irrigation Age.

J. L. HUBBELL

BRANCH STORE: Ream's Canon, Ariz.

California

for an ideal outing this winter. There is
something to see and something to do.
The climate will tempt you out of doors,
and you will be glad of it. The trip is
made quickly and comfortably by the
trains of the

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
and Union Pacific Line

The Overland Limited runs via this route,
and is the most famous train across the
continent. Complete information on rates,
routes and train service on request.

F. A. MILLER,

General Passenger Agent.

OWN : A : FARM!

Thousands of Acres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance, are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE, STOCK-RAISING AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address

CHICAGO AND ^^NORTH-
WESTERN RY.

J. F. CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISSIONER, C. * N.W. Ry ^ _=UB- ASK FOR T.CKETS VIA

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III. mm.mnnm:mm THE NORTH-WESTERN LINE

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES

212 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE STREETS.
OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUCH, W. A. GARDNER, W. B. KNISKERN,

Third Vice-President. General Manager. Pass. Traffic Manager.

STAR" WIND MILLS

Irrigating
Plant

"Hoosier*

and

"Fast Mail

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of Iron
Pumps designed for
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
erated by hand
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

Designed particularly for the
service of supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

•Star"

Irrigating

Mill

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

'HOOSIER'

Tubular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

Any Capacity . . . _M_ -j£-5L -i^^l- -M~%k. S^3> • • • Any Pvirpose

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Steel Towers

Either 3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS OF GOODS

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog
and Circulars. Mention this Paper.

Flint ®L Walling Mfg. Co.

530 Oa.k Street. Kendall ville. Ind.

VOL. XIX.

No. 4.

IGATMAGE

PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION

DRAINAGE

THE

' IRRIGATION AGE^

ESTABLISHED 1885

WITH WHICH 15 MERGED

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL

'• ESTABLISHED 1879

Morris Ma
chine Works

BALDW1NSVILLE.N.Y.

Centriiuaal Pumping Machinerv>
desijgnecf for any irrigating prop-
osition. Send details or specifica-
tions of what is wanted and we
will recommend a pumping outfit
to supply the need.

New York office,
3941 Cortlandt Street

Houston office,

208 Main Street, Texas

Henion & Hubbell, Agents,

81 N. Jefferson Street, Chicago. 111.

Harron, Kickard & McCone,

Agents 21 Fremont Mreet,

San Francisco, Cal.

FEBRUARY,
1904.

3

THE D.H. ANDERSON
.PUBLISHING CO,

Publishers.

112 DEARBORN ST..

CHICAGO.

SPECIAL

FEATURES

For a Supervising Engineer.
Measuring Velocity of Water.
History of Pumping Water.

Irrigation North Platte
Valley.

German Method Tile
Draining.

CHARLES A
COX

Keep Your f^ on the Challenge
Line of Irrigation Machinery.

Challenge Gasoline Engines

FIVE HORSE POWER WITH PUMP JACK

Strongest and simplest Engine ever constructed. Has Friction Clutch for throwing
Pump Jack out of gear. Has all latest appliances for convenience in handling.

D Has Stroke

12 inch.
1 6 inch.
20 inch.
24 inch.

GET OUR PRICES

Furnished either
Mounted or Sta-
tionary. We also
build il/2 H. P.,
2 H. P. and 3 H.
P. Engines with
Pump Jacks.

Dandy Irrigator Wind Mills

TO

WITH THEJ1M

Note its Simplic-
ity, Compactness,
Immense strength

Brass or Graphite
Bearings.

Roller Bearings

for Turn Table.

Heaviest and
Strongest Wind
Mill ever offered
for sale.

It is everlasting
and has no equal.

Headquarters for all Kinds

of Water Supply

Goods.

This cut shows the
working and wearing
parts of our large
sizes of Dandy Mills.
They are particularly
adapted for irriga-
tion pumping.

The
Dandy

Write for Catalog

BRANCH HOUSES:

DALLAS, • • TEX.
KANSAS Clljy. , • MO.
MINNEAPOLIS. • MINN.
OMAHA, - - NEB.

136 Liberty St.,

NEW YORK

Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill rn.rBatavia. 111.

I

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

97

STANDARD FOR SIXTY-FIVE YEARS

MADE BY DEERE & CO., MOLINE, ILL.

SUPERIOR

1 SUGAR-BEET SEED!

Breustedt's "Elite," "Elite A," "Neure

Zucht" and "Zuckerreichste" unsurpassed

for High Sugar-Content, Purity and Greatest

Tonnage.

Used by most Sugar Factories in the United

States and Canada.

| Sugar=Beets for Stock Feed

Breustedt's "Elite" and "Elite A" yield 1,500
to 2,500 bushels per acre. X 1°., 25c; # lb., 40c; 1
lb., 75c; 2 Ibs., $1.25; 4 Ibs., $2.25; my mail, prepaid,
5 Ibs., $1.75; 10 Ibs. $3.00; 25 Ibs., $600; 50 Ibs., $11.00;
110 Ibs., 820.00; by freight or express, not prepaid.
Cash with order.

EDWARD C. POST, M. E., Dundee, Mich.

Sole Agent for United States and Canada.

ED. NOTE: Mr. Post was in charge of the sugar beet exhibit
at the Eleventh National Irrigation Congress, held at Ogden,
Utah, Sept. 14-18. 1903.

••
t

T

Maginnis Flume Mfg. Co.,

...Manufacturers of...

MAGINNIS

PATENT

FLUME,

SHEEP TROUGHS AND CATTLE TANKS

This Hume is made in eight-foot sections up to and including 36
inches parameter, or above 36 parameter it is made in 30-inch sec-
tions, ribbed at every splice, and ships "Knocked Down" as third
class freight, or nearly as cheaply as galvanized iron in the sheet.
This flume has taken the place of the wooden flumes in nearly every
ditch in our home county. Only two wooden flumes are now in use
in the county (both of which are practically new). Numerous testi-
monials as to the merits of our flume state that in nearly every
instance they have been substituted for leaky wooden flumes. One
advantage of the galvanized iron flume is that all the water goes
over the flume, which is not possible where leaky wooden flumes are
used. Another feature about the disadvantages in using wooden
flumes is leakage around posts or bends where the ground is so
softened up that supports settle. This never occurs with the
Maginnis flume. Very little timber is required, just two slight
stringers of sufficient strength to carry the weight of the water.
The Maginnis flume is always ready for business, never leaks, nor
does it need constant attention. Once in place, always ready for
work. Concerning the length of spans crossing streams, etc., any
length can be used by the application of proper size stringers to
carry the weight of the water. This flume can be taken out and
moved in sections of 30 inches without interfering with the rest of
the flume. The sections can be repaired with hammer and wrench.
Being made in a semi-circular form, no holes to break, galvanized,
therelby causing no rust, no rivets to solder over, no -solder, just
a plain splice joint. Guaranteed not to leak or buckle, as ribs every
30 inches make it strong enough to carry much greater weight than
can be put upon it. Special flumes made to order and shipped.

Write for prices, etc., to the

Maginnis Fl\ime Mfg. Co.,
Kimba.ll, Neb.

Mentioning THH IRRIGATING AGE.

98 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •

Birdsell Alfalfa Huller

SAVES ALL THE SEED

Interior View of the No. 3 N«w Birdsell Monitor Junior Alfalfa Huller.

The Birdsell Alfalfa Huller Saves All of the Seed and it is the :

Only Machine on the Market Built Expressly

for Hulling Alfalfa.

SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

Birdsell Mfg. Co.

South Bend, Ind.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

99

for Brick, Tile and Sewer
Pipe Manufacturers

SEWER PIPE BARROW

TILE TRUCK HEAVY FURNACE FRONT

These Trucks and Barrows are made of first-class material, and the workmanship is the
best. Special trucks and barrows to suit customers, made to order. Prices quoted on
receipt of specifications.

BAND TIGHTENERS AND DOOR CONNECTORS

CLASS B CLASS C

TUPPER STYLE GRATE

CAST IRON KILN COVERS

Sections 6 inches wide.

36, 42, and 48 inches long

STRAIGHT GRATES

•B

VENTILATORS

Any length. Sections 3 inches to 3% inches wide. Weight average about 1 pound
per inch in length.

We also make Kiln Bands complete with sections cut to length and rivet holes punched. Rivets fur-
nished and tighteners riveted on to end sections. Prices quoted for anything in this line upon application.

Address

The Arnold -Creager Co.

NEW LONDON. OHIO

or Cor. 6th and Vine Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio

100

THE IERIQATION AGE.

Illlllll 1 1 III 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III II 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

j EVANS POTATO PLANTER I

Acknowledged to be the best and simplest
planter that ever planted a Potato

Made in both Plain and
Fertilizer Styles

So simple that ajboy can
operate it

SEND FOR FREE CATALOGUES

: AMERICAN SEEDING=MACH1NE CO., SPRINGFIELD, OHIO j

Please mention Irrigation Age.
I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I MM I I I I II I

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX.

CHICAGO, FEBRUARY, 1904.

No. 4.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,

PUBLISHERS,

112 Dearborn Street, - CHICAGO

Entered at the Postoffice at Chicago, 111., as Second-Class Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor.
WM. J. ANDERSON Associate Editors . . . . M. C. JACKSON

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid *1.00

To Canada and Mexico, 1.00

All Other Foreign Countries 1.50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks.
Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recognized throughout the world as
the exponent of Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival in half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

f /-> A A Trot-f i o^-ro II may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication
tO .r\.CL VcrtlScrS. ^ tlle worid having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual

irrigators and large irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world.

The Irrigation Age is J9 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITOR.I AL

ANNOUNCEMENT.

Absorbs Modern Irrigation. — Modern Irrigation,
of Denver, the oldest publication next to THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE devoted to irrigation interests, has been pur-
chased outright by the D. H. Anderson Publishing
Company, of Chicago, publishers of THE IRRIGATION
AGE. Modern Irrigation is the successor of the Irriga-
tion Era, Arid America, Mid-West and the Farm Her-
ald, Denver. The business and subscription lists of
Modern Irrigation have all been taken over by THE
IRRIGATION AGE. All advertising contracts will be
filled by this paper, and THE IRRIGATION AGE will be
sent to all subscribers of Modern Irrigation until the
expiration of their subscriptions.

The addition of the entire list of subscribers to
Modern Irrigation gives THE IRRIGATION AGE a much
larger circulation enjoyed by all the combined maga-
zines and papers published in the interest of irrigation
in the United States makes it the strongest publica-
tion of its kind in the world; in fact, it is the only
thorough representative devoted to irrigation interests
that is now published.

The addition of the large list of subscribers be-
longing to Modern Irrigation will be of great benefit
to advertisers in THE IRRIGATION AGE, as it now cov-
ers very thoroughly the entire field. Advertisers can
reach all interests connected with their business
through THE IRRIGATION AGE more satisfactorily than
by all other mediums.

Senator Hansbrough, Chairman of the
To Fix Re- Senate Public Lands Committee, in an
sponsibility. interview with the representative of THE

IRRIGATION AGE, tells in a very few
words the simple object of his bill providing for the
appointment for a chief engineer of the Reclamation
Service. The bill is aimed at nobody and is not in-
tended to interfere with the legitimate duties of any
official of the Government nor is it intended to do any
one any harm. It is only a wise provision to protect
the interests of the people of the States in which the
Government is to carry on its great work of reclaiming
lands and to fix the responsibility for this work. As
the reclamation bill now stands, 'this responsibility is
not very clearly defined. The work is divided between
the Secretary of the Interior, the Chief Engineer of the
Reclamation Service and other officials. The Secretary
of the Interior is not an engineer, and while the Chief
Engineer has great powers he is not clothed with final
authority in matters involving the expenditure of mil-
lions of dollars, so that the service as at present organ-
ized is in rather a loose and unbusinesslike condition
without a responsible head. The appointment of a
Chief Engineer with the proper authority will not only
protect the interests of the Government, but of the
people who are to be benefited by the work of the
reclamation bureau and add immeasurably to the
efficiency of its work. It is a good bill and has recieved
the endorsement of a large number of the members of
both houses of Congress. It ought to pass.

102

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

It has been a matter of much speculation
Milk as to why certain interests, particularly

in the those nearest some of the large railway

Cocoanut. systems which have no land grants, are so

vigorously advocating a repeal of the land
laws. It is well understood why those roads that have
land to sell want the Government land taken from
public entry, as in that case prospective settlers would
be compelled to avail themselves of the five-year-resi-
dent requirement in order to obtain a home, or buy
their land from the railway companies and large cor-
porations who would be the only owners of other avail-
able lands. The explanation of the activity of the inter-
ests allied with the non-land grant roads may be found
in the fact that they hold enormous amounts of scrip
which may be used to acquire millions of acres of valu-
able land adjacent to their line.

Senator Gibson, of Montana, who is recognized as
the representative of the Great Northern Railway, is
vigorously urging the repeal of the land laws, although
if the repeal bill becomes a law it will withdraw from
settlement practically all the lands along that road in
Montana. It would certainly place beyond the reach of
the settler those vast areas of agricultural lands adja-
cent to the Great Northern Railroad in the vicinity of
Senator Gibson's own home. No man in the country
has done more than James J. Hill, president of the
Great Northern Railway, to develop the resources of that
great stretch of country which before the advent of his
lines was a barren waste. His courage and far-sighted
wisdom in pushing lines of his road up through the
frozen prairies of North Dakota and westward over the
barren plains of Montana and Idaho through to the
Pacific coast, transforming them into prosperous areas
and opening up hundreds of thousands of acres to settle-
ment has aroused the admiration of the world and
marked him as one of the most progressive and useful
men of the nation. It is hard to believe, therefore, that
Senator Gibson is deliberately seeking to withdraw the
land along the road of the Great Northern in Montana
for the purpose of preventing their early settlement.
It is barely possible that somebody who is closely allied
to Great Northern interests holds a large amount of
scrip which is intended to be used to acquire these
lands after they have been withdrawn from settlement
and thus control their disposition.

The Oregon Irrigator is the euphonious
Oregon title of a new paper devoted to irrigation

Irrigator. and published at Irrigon, Ore. The name

of the paper, town and state are so sug-
gestive of water that one instinctively feels like putting
up his umbrella. The Irrigator is a vigorous exponent
of irrigation and is putting in some good licks for
Morrow County as an ideal place for fruit growing and
general farming.

The Supreme Court of California has
Decision rendered a very important decision in an

as to action by the owner of an artesian well to

Underground enjoin a neighbor from operating wells
Waters, for the purpose of supplying water to a

distant tract by which the flow of the first
wells was stopped. The court held that the diversion
and sale of the underground water was an injury to the
plaintiff which the courts would prevent and this deci-
sion has been reaffirmed after another hearing.

The general principle laid down by this ruling is
one of great importance not only to California, but to
all countries where artesian wells are used for irriga-
tion. This decision abandons the common law doctrine
that the owner of land has an absolute right to all the
waters lying underneath it, to dispose of them as he
pleases without regard to the rights of adjoining prop-
erty owners. The point of the decision is that a land
owner who has used percolating waters upon his land
has paramount rights to those of a subsequent appro-
priator who takes the water to distant lands. Another
important point is that a land owner who is using
artesian or underground waters will not be permitted
to stop the flow of his wells by drawing off the water for
sale. If he is using the water for irrigation, he is not
entitled to a larger quantity than is necessary for his
own use.

The decision, which is delivered by Justice Shaw,
refutes the idea that might is the only protection to
property owners and quotes these lines :

"The good rule

Sufficeth them, the simple plan,

That they should take who have the power,

And they should keep who can."

The decision thoroughly protects the right of a
land owner to the uninterrupted use of the waters under
his own land for the purpose of making that land pro-
ductive and will not allow an avaricious neighbor at a
distance to deprive him of it. The sound logic and
hard . common sense contained in this ruling will be
commended by all honest men everywhere.

Some of the arid States are disposed to
The find fault with Senator McCumber's bill

McCumber on the ground that its requirements are
Bill. unscientific and illogical and would

greatly delay the work of the Government
where it is most needed at this time. The trouble is not
so much with the provisions of Senator McCumber's
bill as with the provisions of the reclamation act itself.
Under the law, the States which have contributed the
least amount of money to the reclamation fund are
likely to receive the greatest amount of benefit from it.
For instance, Nevada, which has contributed only $35,-
000 to the fund, is the most arid State in the West and
the Government work now in progress in that State will
amount to $1,500,000. North Dakota, which has con-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

103

tributed $2,456,000 from the sale of its land, will be
benefited very little by the work of the reclamation
service and in fact no plans have yet been devised or
even seriously thought of for work in that State. Sena-
tor McCumber's bill is evidently intended to bring
about a more even distribution of the enormous fund
already amounting to 'over $16,000,000 and to secure
to those States that have contributed large sums greater
benefits than are now possible under the reclamation
act. The people of Colorado are active in opposing Mc-
Cumber's bill, for they fear that, should it become a
law, it may interfere with the work on the Gunnison
project, which is to cost about $2,000,000, and actually
prevent, for many years at least, work in any other
section of the State.

Mr. Willis T. Beardsley, of the Proceed-
Bad Proof- ings Publishing Co., of Ogden, which is
reading. printing the proceedings of the last irri-

gation congress, writes us that he is
deeply pained because THE IRRIGATION AGE said last
month that members of the congress were expected to
pay for a copy of the proceedings. Like General Buller
and Admiral Alexieff, Mr. Beardsley is filled with
"regrets." He "regrets" that an impression that any-
body should pay for a copy of the proceedings should
get out because his arrangement with Mr. Keisel "calls
for one copy postpaid to the address of each delegate."
This is good news, but nobody would have guessed it
from the circular that Mr. Beardsley and his partner.
Gilbert McClurg, sent out in regard to these proceed-
ings. Mr. Beardsley further "regrets" that "the circu-
lar is somewhat misleading in this regard and occurred
through careless proofreading." He also "regrets" that
"there are some errors in it, as you will note." Really,
Mr. Beardsley and his partner, Mr. McClurg, ought to
issue another circular correcting the mistakes of the
first. Mr. Beardsley does not admit that it is a mistake
that the Proceedings Publishing Company is boning
everybody for advertising at $50 a page and begging
ambitious gentlemen to have their portraits published
at so much per. The National Irrigation Congress can
much better afford to print its own proceedings here-
after than to have its name put to such base uses.

John P. Irish calls attention to one omission in
Senator Hansbrough's bill, which he thinks may imperil
the irrigation work of the Government. Mr. Irish be-
lieves that the income from the marketed resources of
timber and stone lands as provided in the bill should
. 'go into irrigation directly by adding them to the irriga-
tion fund, or indirectly by devoting them to the admin-
istration of forest reserves to protect the water sources
from impairment. We agree with Mr. Irish that it will
be well if the campaign against the irrigation income
stops at the conservative measure of the Senator from
North Dakota.

Gifford Pinchot, Forester of United
Mr. Pinchot States, is one of the most prominent
on a social figures in Washington. He enjoys

String. the confidence of President Roosevelt

perhaps as much as any other man in
public life. He is rich, having inherited some millions,
a bachelor who knows Washington society thoroughly
and who is forever in the eye of designing mothers of
marriageable daughters. He understands the business
of forestry, however, and loves the work. The Govern-
ment gives him a barrel of money to spend in his de-
partment every year and he has wide liberty to exploit
his theories about forest planting and forest saving.

Mr. Pinchot is a guileless young man, however, in
many ways and has a reputation of being easily manipu-
lated by designing men. Just now he is the special ob-
ject of the attentions of that devoted band of gentlemen
who want the land laws repealed for the benefit of future
generations, and incidentally for themselves. The Press
Bureau, which is supported by the contributions of the
land corporations, has recently sent to all the news-
papers of the United States a long article of fulsome
praise of Mr. Pinchot's peculiar genius as a forester.
Along with this delightful bit of journalistic imagery,
the manager of the bureau couples an offer of Mr.
Pinchot's photograph in a characteristic pose, that of a
man who is thinking deep, hard thoughts, which the
newspapers have had made into a cut at their own
expense.

All this is well enough, but the pity of it is that
the Press Bureau through a subtle and skillful manipu-
lation of the article, makes it appear that Mr. Pinchot
is the special champion of their plans and is in full
sympathy with all of their schemes to take from settle-
ment the millions of acres of available lands now open.
They quote him as supporting their efforts to repeal
the timber and stone act and make it appear that as the
representative of President Roosevelt and the Govern-
ment itself, he is in hearty sympathy with all of the
underhanded work that is being done by the combina-
tion. On another page of this issue of THE IRRIGATION
AGE is a reproduction of the letter that was sent out
under the auspices of the National Irrigation Associa-
tion under which the land corporations do business.
It was intended as an alluring bait for newspaper men,
but so far as our press clipping bureau has informed us,
only one paper, a farm weekly with a circulation of per-
haps 600 in far-off Massachusetts, has even nibbled at
it. It is really too bad that a man of Mr. Pinchot's
recognized ability and social accomplishments and in-
fluence should allow himself to be made a cat's paw by
this unholy combination of land grabbers. Indeed it is
'to be doubted • whether the chief forester himself is
aware of the uses to which his name and position are
being put by these enemies of the public good.

104

THE IRRIGATION AGE.
• I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I • I i I I I I I i i I I I I I I I I I I i I • i III I Ml | i | | |

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.

C. B. BOOTHS, Los Angeles, Cal.

B. A. FO\VLB«, Phoenix, Ariz.

I. D. O'DONNKLU Billings, Moat.
FRANCIS B. THUKBER, New York.

C. E. '.YAM-LANK, Denver, Colo.
P. \V . WILSBV, St. Paul, Mian.

W. M. WoOLDRIDOK,

Hinsdale, Mont.
W. S. WKIOHT, Omaha, Nebr.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

California—

THOMAS R. BAUD, Los Angeles.

Colorado—

D. C. DODGE, Denver.

Idaho—

O. E. McCuTCBEON, Idaho Falls.

Indiana—

D. M. PAKRY, ladi

F. S. KRKTSIMGBB, Ft. Madison.

Kansas—

E. R. MUSBS, Great Bend.

Kentucky—

W. C. NONRS, Louisville.

Maine—

HUGH J. CBISHOLM, Portland.

Massachusetts —

HRRBEKT MTRICK, Springfield.

j | DA viu R. FRANCIS, St. Louis.

Montana —

PAKIS CIBSON, Great Falls.

Nebraska—

GOCLID MARTIN, Omaha.

Nevada—

J.K. STDBBS, Reno.

New t ork -

CtfAKL&s A. MOORE,
W. CARTE. ELY, Buffalo.

New Mexico—

R. W. TANSILL, Carlsbad.

North Carolina—

D. A. TOMPKINS, Charlotte.

North Dakota—

T. S. UNDBRHII.L, Antelope.

1 ' Oregon- -

• i E. M. BRANNICK, Portiavd.

Ohio—

JAHBS KILBOURNE, Colarabns.

i i Pennsylvania—

, , G. w. ATHBRTON, State College.

South Dakota—

WKSLEV A. STUART, Stargis.

Texas—

F. F. COIXIMB, San Antonio.

Utah—

L. W. SMDRTLIFF,

Vermont—

H. FAIRBANKS, St. Johnsbnry

Washington —

W. H. PARLin, Seattle.

_ West Virginia—

J. C. BRADV, Wbeeling.

THOMAS F. WALSH. Preiutent,
Washington, D. C.

JAMRS H. ECKELS, Treasurer*
Chicago, 111.

GBOROB H. MAXWELL, Executrvt Ckat
Chicago, 111.

THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION.
Glover Building. 1419 F Street N. W.,

GUT E. MITCHELL,
Srcrtiary,

Washington, D. C.

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Note .

If you can use the enclosed article "and
will so advise me at once, I can send you a good
newspaper cut of Mr. Pinchot, made from a late
photograph.

Guy

i! "Scratch my back and I'll scratch yours.

99

1111 I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

105

FOR A SUPERVISING ENGINEER.

Senator Hansbrougb's Bill Providing an Important Officer for
the Reclamation Service.

On January 4 Senator H. C. Hansbrough, of Min-
nesota, chairman of the Senate Public Lands Commit-
tee, introduced a bill to provide an engineer to super-
vise the work of irrigation which the government is
about to undertake. Senator Hansbrough has been bit-
terly assailed by the
Press Bureau of the
repealers and the
corporations for
thus daring to "in-
terfere" with their
plans .as they ex-
pect to carry them
out through Engi-
neer Newell of the
Eeclamation Serv-
ice. A representa-
tive of THE IRRI-
GATION AQE inter-
viewed Senator
Hansbrough in
Washington as to
the purpose of the
bill and why there
should be any ob-
jection to it.

"The purpose of
the bill which I in-
troduced, providing
for the appoint-
ment of a super-
vising engineer in
the reclamation
service of the gov-
ernment," said the
Senator, "is quite
fully expressed in
the bill itself, a
copy of which I
herewith enclo se.
The Government of
the United States is
just entering upon
a policy involving
the construction of
great irrigation
works. These works
will consist of enor-
mous dams and ex-
tensive canals. It
must not be consid-

SENATOR HENRY CLAY HANSBROUGH.

Senator Hansbrough is chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Public
Lands and one of the most energetic advocates of irrigation in public life. Senator Hans-
brough formerly lived in California and went to Dakota in 1882 when that state was then a
territory. He was elected a member of the Lower House of Congress in 1889 and was elected
tothe Senate in the winter of 1901 and 1902. He has always served on important committees
in both houses of Congress and his influence on all matters pertaining to the development of
the West is very great. A copy of his bill providing for a supervising engineer to take charge
of the proposed irrigation work of the government and his explanation of its meaning is
published in this issue of THE IRRIGATION AGE.

ered as any reflection whatever upon the present recla-
mation service when I say that the Congress of the
United States feels that nothing should be left undone
to secure the most perfect results, especially in the mat-
ter of construction.

"This generation is under a great responsibility
for the safety and happiness of future generations.
Fifty or one hundred years hence there will doubtless
be an enormous population dependent upon irrigation
established and controlled by the Federal Government.
If it should occur that any of the great dams which are
soon to be constructed were not properly built, both life

and property would be in danger. Speaking for myself,
I think it is no more than right that we should take the
necessary precautions now and guard against the pos-
sibility of catastrophes such as I have already sug-
gested. There are many bright young engineers now
connected with the reclamation service, and, under the
irrigation law, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized
to call to his aid such consulting engineers as he may
deem necessary. I do not recall that any Secretary
of the Interior, who has held office since I have been in

Congaess, has been a
civil engineer. It
follows, therefore,
that, in the employ-
ment of consulting
engineers, the Sec-
retary must be
guided by the engi-
neers in the recla-
mation service. I
think it far better
that there should be
one scientific head
to the construction
department of the
service, and that he
be placed under
proper bonds and
paid a sufficient sal-
ary to secure the
best results.

"That is all there
is to the bill, and
the only purpose I
have in introducing
it. Several of the
leading members of
the Senate and
House have person-
ally urged me to
press the measure
to passage, which I
hope to do at the
present session."

FULL TEXT OF THE
BILL.

Be it enacted by
the Senate and
House of Kepresen-
tatives of the Unit-
ed States of Amer-
ica in Congress as-
sembled, That the
President of the
United States be,
and he is hereby,
authorized and empowered to appoint, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate, a supervising engi-
neer, who shall be under the direction of the Secretary
of the Interior, and who shall have immediate charge
of all construction work under the Act of June seven-
teenth, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act
appropriating the receipts from the sale and disposal
of public lands in certain States and Territories to the
construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of
arid lands." That the salary of the said supervising
engineer is hereby fixed at ten thousand dollars per an-
num.

106

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

TO MEASURE THE VELOCITY OF WATER.

Miner's Ditch, Weir Dam and Cross Section and Velocity
Methods Described.

Measuring the flow of water so as to determine the
velocity in feet per second is an interesting process
which is accomplished by three different methods : The
Weir dam method, the Miner's inch method and the
method known as "Measurement by Cross Section and
Velocity." The latter is only used when it is desired to
approximate the water quantity and is not very . ac-
curate. The method is as follows:

MEASUREMENT BY CROSS SECTION AND VELOCITY.

Select a stretch on the stream or ditch which will
afford as straight and uniform a course as possible. If
the water is at any point carried in a flume it is better
to measure at this point. Lay off a distance of, say,
300 feet; measure the width of flowing water at about
six different places in this distance, and obtain the
average width; like-
wise at these same
points measure the
depth of water at
three or four places
across the stream,
and obtain the aver-
age depth. Next drop
a float in the water,
noting the number
of seconds it takes to
travel the given dis-
tance. From this can
be calculated the ve-
locity of the water in
feet per second. The
quantity is the prod-
uct obtained by mul-
tiplying the average
width in feet by the
average depth in feet
by the velocity which
(if in feet per sec-
ond) will give the
flow of the stream in cubic feet per second. From
the figures so obtained it is advisable to deduct about
20 per cent, as surface velocity of the water is in excess
of the actual average velocity.

When the stream is of sufficient depth — three feet
or over — the average velocity can be more closely ob-
tained by using a pole, to one end of which is attached
a stone or piece of lead of necessary weight to allow the
pole to sink nearly to the bottom. In this way the
velocities at the surface and the bottom of the stream
counteract one another and a closer approximation of
the average velocity is obtained.

THE WEIR DAM METHOD.

To measure by the Weir dam method is the most
accurate and reliable and should 'be employed for close
calculations. It is as follows: Place a board or plank
in, the stream, as illustrated, at some point which will
allow a pond to form above. The board should have a
notch cut in it with its edge beveled toward the
intake, as shown. The length of notch should be at
least four times its depth for small quantities, and
longer for larger quantities. In addition to the above

it is advisable for very accurate measurements to have,
when possible, the length of the notch about two-thirds
of the width of the water on the up-stream side; it
may be necessary to experiment somewhat in order to
obtain this condition.

The overfall or vertical distance the water falls
on the down-stream side should be about twice its depth
— that is, twelve inches if the notch is six inches deep,
and so on.

In the pond not less than three feet, and pref-
erably six feet, from the weir, drive a stake near the
bank, with its top precisely level with the bottom of
the notch in the weir; then measure carefully with a
rule the depth of water over the stake. This will give
the theoretical depth of flow, corresponding to that in
the table on this page.

In order to obtain accurate results it is essential
that the velocity of water in the pond be extremely
slow, and if the weir be constructed of proper propor-
tions this condition will exist.

The following ta-
ble for weir measure-
ment gives the cubic
feet of water per
minute that will flow
over a weir one inch
wide and from % to
20y§ inches deep.

For example: Sup-
pose the weir to be
sixty-six inches long,
and the depth of wa-
ter on -it to be 11%
inches. Follow down
the left-hand column
of the figures in the
table until you come
,-to eleven inches.
Then run across the
table on a line with
the eleven until un-
der five-eighths on
the top line, and you
will find 15.85. This
multiplied by sixty-six, the length of weir, will give the
result.

TABLE OF WEIR, MEASUREMENTS, GIVING THE CUBIC FEET

OF WATER PER MINUTE THAT WILL FLOW OVER

A WEIR FROM % TO 20% INCHES DEEP.

EXPLANATION OF MINERS' INCH MEASUREMENT.

INCHES.
0

00

X

01

54
05

ti
09

J4

14

5-6

19

X

26

n

32

1

40

64

73

82

92

102

2

1 13

1 23

1 35

1 46

1 58

1 70

1 82

1 95

3

2 07

221

2 34

2 48

2 61-

276

2 90

305

4
5. ......

3.20
4.47

3.35
4.64

3.50
4.81

3.66
4.98

• 3.81
5.15

3.97
5.33

4.14
5.51

4.30
5.69

6

5.87

606

6.25

6.44

662

6.82

7.01

7.21

7

740

760

7.80

8.01

8.21

8.42

8.63

8.83

8

9 05

926

9.47

9.69

9.91

10.13

10.35

10.57

9
10. ..

10.80
12.64

11.02
12 88

11.25
13 12

11.48
13.36

11.71
13.60

11.94
13.85

12.17
14.09

12.41
14.34

11

14 59

14.84

1509

1534

15.59

15.85

16.11

16.36

12
13

16.62

18 74

16.88
19 01

17.15
1929

17.41
19.56

17.67
19.84

17.94
20.11

18.21
20.39

18.47
20.67

14

20 95

2123

21.51

21 80

22.08

22.37

22.65

22.94

15
16

23.2S
25 60

23.52
25 90

23.82
26.20

24.11
26.50

24.40.
26.80

24.70
27.11

25.00
27.42

25.30
27.72

17. .•

2803

28 34

2865

2897

29.28

29.59

29.91

30.22

18

30 54

30 86

31 18

31 50

31.82

32.15

32.47

32.80

19
20

33.12

35.77

33.45
36.11

33.78
36.45

34.11
36.78

34.44
37.12

34.77
37.46

35.10
37.80

35.44
38.15

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

107

GREAT WORK ON LAVACA BAY.

Irrigating Plan in Texas to Convert It Into Fresh Water Lake.

An irrigation project that will be the largest in
the rice region of Louisiana and Texas, and certainly
the most extensive that has ever engaged the attention
of capital in the State of Texas, is the one that involves
the construction of a dam that will convert the entire
upper part of Lavaca Bay into a huge fresh water lake,
and which has engaged the attention of promoters and
railroad companies for the past year.

It is not certain that work on this great enterprise
will commence this year, says the Port Lavaca Wave,
but it is a fact that the project has been duly investi-
gated and passed upon by engineers and maps and other
drawings made and estimates of the cost of construct-
ing it given, and that it has been duly accepted as
practical.

That the dam will be built some day is assured,
and it is also no
dream to say that
the dirt may fly be-
fore many moons
shall pass away.

The proposed dam
is to extend from
Noble's Point on this
side of Lavaca Bay
across the narrows to
.Mitchell's Point on
the east side. The
bluff on each side is
over twenty feet
above tide level.
Above these two
points the bay spreads
out, and the dam
will create a lake of
over 25,000 acres and
be fifteen to eighteen
feet deep. It will
also retain the water
in the Lavaca and
Navidad Rivers and
in the Garcitas, Placedo and other large creeks, and
create a series of smaller fresh water lakes and afford
the means, according to the engineers' estimate — facts
concerning which are coming out — to irrigate fully
300,000 acres of rice land. The lands to be irrigated
are in Jackson County, between the Navidad River and
Carancahua Creek, and include large portions of Cal-
houn and Victoria Counties.

Estimates have been made of the cost of a dirt
dam faced with stone and a full stone dam, including
locks permitting the passage of vessels and spillways
providing for the overflows in time of heavy rains in
the back country. The cost of constructing the dam
will not be great when it is considered that there is a
single project in the West, headed by' Senator Clark,
the Montana multi-millionaire, that will involve the
expenditure of $15,000.000, and that there are other
single projects in the great arid belt that will also re-
quire many millions, and not one of which will irrigate
as much land as this Texas project. The total costs of
the huge projects to reserve the stream water in the
West for agricultural purposes is put at $160.000,000

by the best authorities. Then Uncle Sam is to be called
on to put in his mite and swell the figures to bewilder-
ing proportions.

But it pays, and the projects, one by one, will be
completed, and Texas is merely falling into line. It is
not only a fact that the Lavaca Bay project will cost
less than any single one of the large enterprises of the
West and will irrigate more land, but it can be used by
the railroads for tracks across the waters, saving long
distances ; in fact, the railroad interests are allied with
the irrigation forces in promoting it. The proposed
dam will be built across the bay a fraction less than
two miles above Port Lavaca, and supplementing its
irrigation benefits it will give the town the largest fresh
water lake in the State of Texas, and affording fresh
water as well as salt water fishing and creating here
the greatest seaside pleasure resort on the Gulf of
Mexico.

WEIR DAM MEASUREMENT.

STRAWBOARD INVESTIGATION.

The strawboard in-
vestigations conduct-
ed by the United
States Geological
Survey show that the
relation of straw-
board waste to water
supply is particular-
ly strained in the
States of Ohio, In-
diana and Illinois.
The object of the in-
vestigation made by
the Survey in In-
diana was to bring
the strawboard com-
pany to a realization
of the fact that the
enormous waste of
•the valuable cellulose
which is carried away
and causes trouble is
'innecessary, and that
pollution by straw-
board waste can 'be
removed if the method of strawboard manufacture is
changed. The valuable materials which are now car-
ried away in waste waters to the pollution of the
streams may lie retained and converted into strawboard.

WILL NOT BE STOPPED.

844 MAIN STREET, GENEVA, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1903.
D. H. Anderson, Editor Irrigation Age, Chicago:

Dear Sir — This is to notify you not to send me any
more copies of THE IRRIGATION AGE, as I expect to die
any week, having been paralyzed for a month already.
I believe that I am one of your very earliest subscrib-
ers. I have read THE IRRIGATION AGE up to date with
great interest, deeming it one of the most intelligent
up-builders of our great West. As my strength de-
creases my faith in God (I speak reverently) and the
future of THE IRRIGATION AGE increases.
Yours until "incineration,"

WALTER S. CHURCH.

108

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

HISTORY OF PUMPING WATER.*

Wonderful Development of Plants for Irrigating Purposes and
Their Use in New Mexico.

BY JOHN J. VERNON AND FRANCIS E.
New Mexico College oj Agriculture.

LESTER.

[Continued from January number of THE IRRIGATION AGE.]

By flushing out the well we mean the pumping
out of the well to its limit of capacity in order to remove
the sand intermingled with the gravel around the
strainer. It is somewhat doubtful whether a well under
our conditions can be so thoroughly flushed out that no
more sand will appear in the water.

The necessity for flushing at all depends entirely
upon the type of pump to be used later for pumping.
Flushing is extremely desirable if a piston pump is to
be used on any other type of pump having close fitting
wearing parts. If a centrifugal pump or similar type
is to he installed it is not necessary to go to the trouble
or expense of flushing
the well. Such a pump
will not be injured
perceptibly by the sand
and it will do its own
flushing, gradually re-
moving the sand and
thus leaving a porous
gravel stratum around
the strainer through
which the water can
find its way into the
well freely.

POWER.

The question of the
most economical pow-
er is of course a very
important one in con-
nection with the mat-
ter of installing a
pumping plant. A brief
discussion of this mat-
ter may therefore be
of interest.

Wind and water constitute two of the cheapest
sources of power. The use of the first of these does not
appear to have been productive of very successful re-
sults in this territory. To begin with, the greatest
wind movement during the year is in the spring season
when, as a rule, water from wells is least needed. In
those parts of the territory relying upon river water
this source seldom runs short until the spring season
is well passed and in these localities pumping for irriga-
tion is not likely to be much resorted to at that time.
During the summer months when the greatest need for
water for irrigation purposes exists, there is much less
wind movement than earlier in the year and it fre-
quently happens that when the water is most needed
there is the least amount of wind. The use of storage
reservoirs to make more available the water pumped
by wind power is open to the criticism of expense for
the installation of such reservoirs, together with the
high loss through evaporation if the reservoirs are open.

Ibyl

and Mechanic Arts, MesillaPark, N. M.

Water as a source of power is available in compara-
tively few parts of our territory. The question of de-
veloping power from our water courses and transmitting
it by electricity to the locality where it is most needed
has received some attention in the territory and may be
of some use in connection with pumping plants for irri-
gation purposes.

Among the remaining sources of power are steam;
oil, including gasoline, kerosene and crude oil; and
horse power. The statistics shown in Table 11 will be
of interest in a comparison of steam and oil on a basis-
of economy. The question of which is the most econom-
ical fuel must depend largely upon the conditions exist-
ing in each locality. In many parts of our territory
wood and coal may be procured at relatively so low a
cost that steam becomes by far the cheapest available
power. It should be borne in mind in this connection
that under average conditions a steam engine requires
skilled labor to operate it, but, on the other hand, is-
considered one of the most reliable means of power and
the least subject to breakdowns or getting out of order.

Gasoline heretofore has
cost so much that the-
question of whether or
not it will pay to use
it at the present price
for developing power
for irrigation plants is
still a debatable one.
On the other hand, it
will be noticed by
looking at Table 11
that the majority of
oil engines are" oper-
ated by common and
not skilled labor.

Crude oil as a means
of power is being suc-
cessfully used in vari-
ous parts of the coun-
try. Mr. J. A. Smith,
of El Paso, Texas, has
recently installed a 28
horse-power, Fair-
banks-Morse, crude oil
engine which, al-
though at the time these lines are written, has not
been running for any length of time, is giving entirely
successful results. An important consideration in the-
use of crude oil is the tendency that appears to exist
of increased price of the oil. During the past six
months the price of crude oil in the vicinity of El Paso-
has steadily advanced and a number of users of crude
oil in that city have recently discarded it in favor of
other fuel. The manager of the El Paso Water Works,
under date of February 18th, writes in this connection
as follows:

"The price of Beaumont oil has gone to $1.21 per
barrel, El Paso delivery. This is equal to coal at $4.84
per ton and we can get coal at $4.50, so you see oil
burning in El Paso and vicinity is a thing of the past.
We have half our furnaces changed to coal now."

It is thus evident that, before installing a pumping
plant, the owner should carefully investigate the cost
of available fuel, including, of course, delivery charges
on oil, coal and wood.

SHOWING MANNER IN WHICH THE VAN-WIE AND KINGSFORD PUMPS
WERE BELTED TO THE ENGINE BY THE USE OF AN IDLER.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

109

VARIOUS TYPES OF PUMPS.

"There are four distinct -types of pumps — the
plunger or piston pump, . . . ; the vacuum, the
rotary, and the centrifugal, beside elevators which raise
water by means of flights attached to an endless chain."
Probably only the three last named types can be relied
upon for cheap production of large quantities of water
for irrigation by pumping. It is not the purpose of
the writers, however, to enter into a lengthy discussion
of the relative efficiency of the various types of pumps
other than those under the test.

For our present purpose the efficiency of the pumps
is reckoned upon the relative cost of lifting a given
amount of water from the same well.

Centrifugal pumps having no close-fitting or com-
plicated working parts, 'create comparatively little fric-
tion, are seldom or never out of order, and are not
appreciably injured by sand or gravel in the water, yet
in this type of pump there is a considerable loss of
power by the slippage or play of the water upon the
loosely fitting paddles.

Eotary pumps have
close fitting working
parts, which may or
may not be of a com-
plicated nature, with a
relative increase in
friction, and in the
latter case are more
difficult to keep in re-
pair. But on the other
hand the suction is
positive add there is
almost no loss of pow-
er by slippage of wa-
ter upon the paddles,
and thus result in a
greatly increased effi-
ciency. Sand must not
exist in the water un-
less there is some
method of taking up
the wear upon the
working parts.

We are unable, at
this time, to pass upon the durability of the pumps
tested more than what may be said from the working
of the pumps and from their individual appearance.
There is little question as to the durability of centrif-
ugal pumps. As to the rotary, with its cams and
rollers to operate the pistons and springs to take up
the wear, caused by sand, etc., to say the least, it will
require greater intelligence and care in operating.

PUMPS TESTED BY THE STATION.

The pumps were tested practically under like con-
ditions, namely, upon the same well; placed the same
distance from the water level in so far as the form of
the pumps would permit; with the same engine, a 20
horsepower steam engine and boiler (except where
otherwise specified) with the same kind and amount of
wood by weight, namely, one quarter of a cord, weigh-
ing 492 pounds, of small dry tornillo wood; under the
same steam pressure, with, a few necessary exceptions
where the work was heavy ; with the water level in the
boiler practically the same; and with the same weir
and apparatus for measuring the water discharged by
the pumps.

The Van Wie Centrifugal Pump is of the vertical
single top side suction, belted type, made by the Bald-
winsville Centrifugal Pump Works, Syracuse, N. Y.
A No. 5 pump with a 6-inch suction and a 5-inch dis-
charge, fitted with a 6-inch suction and 7-inch dis-
charge pipes, was tested.

Fig. 16 shows the manner in which this and the
Kingsford, both vertical pumps, were belted to the en-
gine by the use of an idler.

Fig. 17 shows the discharge thrown from a 7-inch
pipe by this pump, running at a speed of about 750
revolutions per minute.

The results of the test are recorded in the following
table :

Speed of pump, Time run on

Gallons revolutions J4 cord of

per minute. per minute. wood (492 Ibs).

600 455 2 hours 29 min.

824 515 Ihour 43 min.

944 530 Ihour 29 min.

988 540 Ihour 14 min.

997 . 760

In answer to sever-
al correspondents who
have made inquiries
concerning the Iowa
Drainage Convention
held at Ames in Jan-
uary, we refer them
to Prof. W.N. Steven-
son, of the Agricul-
tural College of Iowa,
who will doubtless be
glad to send all in-
formation regarding
the convention that is
requested.

MAP OF KENLY
QUADRANGLE.

The United States

DISCHARGE FROM A SIX-INCH PIPE BY THE R. S. WOOD CO.'S NO. 6 PUMP rPnlno.;Pol «S n r v o v
RUNNING AT fiM RF.VOT.17TIONS PFR MTNHTF weu.lug.LKU. o u 1 V e J,

acting in co-opera-
tion with the Department of Agriculture of the State
of North Carolina, has just published a map of the
Kenly quadrangle in that State. Parts of Wilson,
Wayne, Johnson and Nash Counties are included in
the quadrangle, which has an approximate area of 245
square miles.

The sheet is important, as it shows the rise from
the coastal plain on the east to the Piedmont plateau.
The Atlantic Coat Line Eailroad, which skirts this
plauteau, crosses the quadrangle diagonally, passing
through the towns of Lucama and Kenly. The coun-
try is generally low and swampy, the elevation ranging
from 100 feet above sea level in several places to 294
feet near Connor.

The soil of this region is sandy and is adapted to
the cultivation of tobacco and cotton. Cotton has been
grown here extensively for a number of years, but the
tobacco industry, which has developed very rapidly in
the last few years, is comparatively young.

The map may be procured for the sum of 5 cents
on application to the director of the Geological Sur-
vey, Washington, D. C.

110

THE IK RIO ATI ON AGE.

IRRIGATION IN NORTH PLATTE VALLEY.

Progress of the Work in Nebraska During the Past Twelve Years.

BY w. H. WEIGHT.

[Read before the Nebraska Irrigation Association at Lincoln,
January 21, 1U04.J

My home has been in the Platte Valley since the
spring of 1891, in the county of Scotts Bluff. Prior
to this time most of the desirable lands in this and ad-
joining counties were filed on by a hardy and hopeful
class of pioneers who made a strenuous struggle in
keeping the wolf from the door, only to be defeated
by the adverse elements, long continued droughts and
occasional hot winds.

The first attempt at constructing an irrigation
canal was in the season of 1887. In 1891 there were
several small canals completed or under construction.
Those completed gave very indifferent service, from
lack of experience and knowledge in preventing sand
from accumulating in
the canals near the
head-gates. These ca-
nals were constructed
by the settlers under
great difficulties, as
the settlers were prac-
tically without capital
or credit: but they
had muscle, a limited
supply of "bronchos"
and an abundance of
grit. What they ac-
complished under these
difficulties, which
would have appalled a
less hardy class of per-
sons, redounds to their
everlasting credit.

As for my experi-
ence in raising crops
under irrigation. Com-
ing to Scotts Bluff
County first in the in-
terest of the promoters
of the Farmers' canal, I found myself stranded in the
year 1894, and forced to try my hand at farming under
irrigation as a means of existence. That I am here is
evidence of at least partial success. I have never suf-
fered for lack of something to eat, but have always had
an abundant supply of the finest vegetables raised any-
where in the United States; potatoes, onions, beets,
squash, melons, asparagus, etc. For six years most of
my income came from crops raised on less than ten
acres. I have raised as much as 400 bushels of potatoes
from an acre of ground; 800 bushels of onions, and
1,200 bushels of stock beets. I have raised melons which
would rival those of Eocky Ford. I have also been en-
gaged in raising stock hogs by running them on alfalfa
pasture, and will say that this promises to become a
leading industry in the valley, as the hogs raised there
are exceedingly healthy. I have never known of a case
of cholera in the country and it has been my experience
that we can raise a hog to 250 or 300 pounds, 75 per
cent of which can be credited to alfalfa. The best re-
sults can be obtained by feeding a small amount of
grain with the alfalfa, which gives a balanced ration.

VIEW OF MORRIS PUMP AT WORK, MISILLA PARK EXPERIMENTAL
STATION, NEW MEXICO.

I can hardly conceive of a better location for dairy-
ing enterprises than our irrigated districts afford; we
grow a better quality of alfalfa hay than is grown in the
rain belt; besides, we have a better climate for curing
the hay. Well cured alfalfa hay supplemented with
some kind of ground feed is a perfect ration for dairy
cattle.

I do not remember of seeing any alfalfa fields
during the first year of my residence in Scotts Bluff
County, though several fields were seeded to alfalfa that
season, since which it has come to be the main crop
of the county. I esteem it the cheapest food crop on
earth, yielding under good management from four to
six tons of hay per acre per season. Added to its value
as a feed crop is that of a fertilizer, of which I know
no equal ; it roots very deeply, acting as a sub-soil.

In the last few years I have noticed a great increase
in the yields of small grains upon land broken up after
having been seeded to alfalfa. The crop of oats after
alfalfa has been from 60 to 100 bushels to the acre ;
wheat from 25 to 50 bushels, and other crops yield

correspondingly. We
raise some very good
crops of corn after al-
falfa, although the
altitude is too high
and the nights too
cool for an ideal corn
country.

Irrigated hay,
known as wheat grass
from its resemblance
to bald wheat, is prov-
ing a profitable crop ;
this hay is much
sought for work horses
and has been shipped
as far east as Boston.
It requires only two-
thirds as many cubic
feet to make a ton as
ordinary hay.

The development of
agriculture in the
semi-arid district by
irrigation in our
country is in its infancy. An irrigated country is es-
pecially adapted to intensive agriculture. Trie time
is near at hand when the attractive agricultural dis-
trict will be where the desert has been reclaimed by
irrigation, and land will be more valuable there than
anywhere else, largely from the outlay of capital and
labor in developing its latent productive power.

And by the way, the intrinsic value of land is less
than many people think. In a recent trip through Ver-
mont, New York and Ohio, my attention was called
to the immense expense the farmers were put to in
securing fertilizers for their worn out soil. Eastern
farmers have long been robbers of the soil. When a
farm in the east is sold, the land enters very little into
the consideration, as the farm seldom brings a price
above the improvements, and often less. There is no
reason why irrigated districts should ever be taxed to
the extent the farmers in the east are in keeping up the
fertility of the soil.

IRRIGATION AGE, 1 year $1.00.
The Primer of Irrigation, $1.00.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Ill

SELLS BIG CANAL TO FARMERS.

GERMAN METHOD OF TILE DRAINING.

J. H. Brady Disposes of Water Rights in Willow and Sand Dr. A. Golf, the Well Known Engineer, Describes Recent Im-
Creeks, Idaho. portant Invention.

J. H. Brady, of Pocatello, Idaho, has just con-
cluded one of the biggest transactions in canal property
ever consummated in Idaho by the sale to a syndicate
of farmers of all that portion of the Idaho Canal lying
above Idaho Falls, including all water rights in Willow
and Sand Creeks, for a consideration of $125,000. For
five years prior to last February this property had been
involved in litigation that retarded the settlement of the
lands under it, and finally last February it was sold by
order of the court to the highest bidder, Mr. Brady, as
president of the Idaho Canal & Improvement Company,
being the fortunate buyer at $100,000.

The system under Mr. Brady's original purchase
was the largest in the entire arid West, comprising over
350 miles of canal and laterals. Under Mr. Brady's
energetic management, several thousand dollars were ex-
pended in improving

the system last year
with the result that its
capacity was greatly
enlarged. This last
transaction only dis-
posed of about one-
fourth of the proper-
ty, the balance re-
maining in the hands
of Mr. Brady and his
associates. It is their
intention to extend
this part of tyie sys-
tem across the reser-
vation to Pocatello
and reclaim rich agri-
cultural lands which
are to be put on the
market by the Dubois
bill now before Con-
gress, and which will
doubtless be passed on
this session.

It is stated at the
office of the company that this is a portion of the sys-
tem that Mr. Brady became interested in in 1892 and
to which he has been constantly adding ever since. At
the time of this sale his company was operating one
of Idaho's largest irrigating systems. This branch of
the canal that was sold covers a tributary which prop-
erly belongs to the Farmers'" Progress Canal Company
and the consummation of this sale will place that com-
pany in a much better position to supply its custom-
ers, as it carries with it twenty thousand inches of
water.

This still leaves the Idaho Canal & Improvement
Company, Mr. Brady's property, with a very fine sys-
tem of canals and laterals of something over 250 miles,
with 80,000 inches of water, to supply its customers,
which is supplied through two large hydrants on the
main river. This is sufficient for the irrigation of all
the lands that can be brought under cultivation under
the canal between Idaho Falls and Pocatello.

This is a very fine property and is worth in the
neighborhood of $600,000.

Dr. A. Golf, of Bonn-Popplesdorf, Germany,
sends THE IRRIGATION AGE, under date of January
14, the following method of tile draining by Jul.
Kuehns. It will be of great interest in America, where
it is as yet unknown :

"For all soils which suffer by too great height of
ground water it is necessary to take away the noxious
abundance of water, either by ditches or by tile drain-
age, in order to make agriculture profitable.

"But there are plenty of lighter soils with heavy
subsoil little penetrable for water, which become so wet
by abundant winter humidity that as well the winter
seeds are injured as the tillage is much lengthened in
spring, while during summer they dry up easily. If
these soils would be drained, the noxious surplus of
winter humidity would be carried off indeed. During

summer, however, the

soils

would dry up
still more than with-
out drainage, and the
larger part of the
water of the spring
and summer rains
would be led off by
the drain tiles and
would be lost for pro-
duction of plants.

"To create favor-
able water conditions to
these soils largely
spread over the North-
German plains, Dr.
Jul. Kuehn, the noted
German agriculturist
of the university at
Halle, invented the
following method : He
employed the tile
drainage, but with the

DISCHARGE FROM A 6-INCH PIPE BY THE KINGSFORD CENTRIFUGAL PUMP variaf jon of fitting
NO. 6 RUNNING AT 640 REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE, AT MISILLAtPARK, N. M.

out the main drains
in regular distances with valves accessible from the sur-
face, for the purpose of interrupting" the drainage to
one's liking by closing the valves.

"Jul. Kuehn stated by experiments that a con-
stant raising of the surface of the groundwater to
60 cm. (27.6 inches) below the surface of the field
makes no trouble, and that, without any damage, the
groundwater can rise to 50 cm. (19.7 inches) below
the surface for a short time. If thus the groundwater
does not rise higher than 28 inches below the surface,
it is profitable to save the water as much as possible for
the use of the plants. The groundwater rising higher
than 28 inches for only a few days, there is notwith-
standing nothing to be feared, and only if the height
of the groundwater ascends above 28 inches below the
surface for a longer time (more than seven days), there
must be taken care that the injurious surplus water
runs off.

"Such a regulation of the height of the water in
the soil is possible by means of a tile drainage fitted
out with valves. Beginning winter, all valves are

112

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

opened in order to winter the fall seeds safely and to
dry the fields still unsown as soon as possible in spring.
In the first case, the valves are closed soon after thaw-
ing, in the latter they stay open, until the tillage is
finished or until the surface is dried so much that
teams can enter the acre, after that the valves' are
closed directly.

"That part of the winter humidity which is in
the soil still, is prevented from running off through
the drain tiles and is saved for the plants. Neither the
water of the summer rains is lost and is retained for
producing crops. If, however, heavy showers occur in
the summer months and, on that account, the water
rises too high in the tubes standing above the valves —
higher than 28 inches below the surface for more than
seven days — the valves are opened half an hour or one
hour or few hours, until the surplus is run off.

"Laying out the ventil drainage, some important
facts are to be considered. The main drains must ob-
tain sufficient fall, therefore they must be located
usually along the direction of the greatest fall. Only
in this case it is possible to store the groundwater up
symmetrically; besides it is to be considered that some
fall is lost by fitting the drains with valves.

"The laterals must flow into the main drain from
above, because on this method quicksand and other
settled matter are washed away by the water most
easily.

"The whole system of the valve drainage must be
laid out with the greatest carefulness, because it is not
destined to be emptied regularly and entirely, but to
conditions very alternating between storing up contin-
ually and running off unhindered.

"It is advisable to cover by plates of clay the
upper part of the joints made by abutting the ends of
two tiles together. These plates are about 3.6 inches
long, 2.4 inches wide and 0.6 inches thick. They are to
be not too soft but nevertheless pliable in order to
cling to the tiles. The plates prevent the roots from
creeping and the particles of soil from being washed
into the pipes from above.

"Concerning the valves, the pressed valves of
Raumer (made by August Niemann, manufacturer of
clay products, Flensburg, Germany), are most suitable
for this purpose, because only little fall is lost by them.
It is to be taken care that the valves close perfectly.

"It is very important to connect the valves strongly
with the drain trace, the joints must be made tight by
cement or similar substance. Upon the valve is set a
clay tube and upon the tube is set a wooden box stand-
ing out over the surface 5 to 15 inches and supplied
with a cover which can be locked. Only the main drains
are fitted out with valves, not the laterals.

"The number of the valves is dependent from
the fall conditions of the field to be drained, the greater
the fall the greater the number of the valves. Laying
out the first valve drainage in Germany, one valve was
sufficient for about three acres.

"The valve drainage has only the one disadvantage
that the wooden boxes of the valves standing out over
the surface of the field make trouble in tilling and
harvesting with machinery. But this small disad-
vantage disappears, considering the immense profit.

"Very large is the number of the fields which are
too wet in winter but dry up in summer. On all these
sandy or loamy-sandy soils, the valve drainage secures
the fall seeds to winter safely.

RAISING POTATOES BY IRRIGATION.

At the New Mexico Experiment Station a prelim-
inary test in potato growing was conducted by Fabian
Garcia during the past season with the idea of find-
ing out something about the best time to plant, best
method of culture, as well as testing a large number of
varieties. Two plantings were made, the first one on
March 30, and the second on April 30. In each case
part of the potatoes were planted in furrows and part
of them on ridges. Those in furrows were planted
about four inches deep and the furrow was plowed
back on them, while those on ridges were put in with
a garden trowel about the same depth. A few of the
potatoes planted in furrows were covered with straw
and then with dirt. Immediately after planting all were
irrigated to start them to sprouting. The potatoes
on ridges sprouted first and a good stand as well as
a fair growth was secured. Those planted in furrows
were slow and irregular in coming up and, on the whole,
the stand was poor. In fact, the results from these
potatoes were very unsatisfactory. The small-sized
tubers and poor yield were due, to a large degree, to
the soil packing so much around the plants after each
irrigation. The cultivations given between the irriga-
tions did not seem to help very materially to keep the
soil loose in the middle. On the other hand, the po-
tatoes on the ridges ripened earlier, during the first
week in July, and the tubers grew to a fair size and the
yield was good. The early planting did the best. On
the whole the results of the early planting and ridge
system of culture were very satisfactory and encour-
aging.

Out of the thirty-nine varieties planted the Eose
Seedling, Triumph, Early Six Weeks, Early Ohio, and
New Vermont Gold Coin did the best. * These are all
early varieties.

It seems from these results that early planting,
ridge culture, and a suitable early variety are among
the more important points to be considered in potato
growing, at least in the Mesilla Valley.

BLOW AT SCRIP SYSTEM.

We are glad to see, after all these years of mis-
directed prerogative, that a resolution has been intro-
duced in the Senate directing the stay of all proceed-
ings now pending on any application to enter or patent
even numbered sections of public lands in lieu of odd-
numbered sections owned by any railroad within the
limits of forest reserves created by legislative order.
Railroad companies and individuals have been compelled
to surrender public lands within the territories set aside
by the President for forest reserves, and are selecting
land outside of such reservations in place of the land
surrendered. The resolution declares that railroad com-
panies shall not receive as grants any even numbered
sctions of public lands, and that all such sections shall
be reserved for individual settlement. This is a whack
at the scrip system that has been creating such havoc
in equitable settlement of the West. — Denver Field and
Farm.

A New Jersey inventor has discovered a plan to
utilize mosquitoes. He calculates that one mosquito ex-
erts fifty times as much suction power proportionately
as the most powerful steam pump. All he needs is a
mosquito big enough, and there you are.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

113

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

COPYRIGHTED, 1903. BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER X.

LAYING OUT OF THE LAND METHOD OF PLANTING.

Generally speaking every farmer has his land under
his eye and knows what to do with particular portions
of the ground. He will plant wheat in this field,
barley over yonder, further along he expects to have
a patch of rye.

In the case of vegetables he follows the same prac-
tice and plants his cabbages, his beets, turnips, etc.,
wherever the fancy moves him. It is a haphazard
manner of farming, and to it may be attributed fail-
ures which have been ascribed to the elements. From
what has been heretofore said it must be apparent that
there is something in soil and in the manner of plant-
ing which it would be well to heed ; indeed, which must
be heeded if success be desired and a crop assured.
True, plants will grow if the seed be thrust in the
ground; that is, after a fashion; and so will an ani-
mal grow if kept alive after a fashion, but the pro-
duce in both cases will be scrub.

The time is coming, if it has not already arrived,
when farmers will be able to produce as much from
half an acre of ground as from an acre, and better
crops. Too much land is as great a bar to success as
too little, for in the former case there is too much
trusting to luck, whereas in utilizing nature for the
purpose of wresting products from the bosom of the
earth there is not the smallest element of luck; it is
all pure science, knowledge, ability, etc. A man with
the trifling commercial business keeps an account of
stock, his books show just what he has on hand, his
sales and purchases. His inventory shows where his
varieties of goods are located on his shelves. But when it
comes to a farm, which is never a small business, no
books are kept, no account of stock taken, and the
location of his crops are retained in his mind's eye.
More than that, quality is little regarded, the varieties
of soil are not considered, and plants requiring one
kind of soil are fed on a kind they do not flourish
in. This is the common rule.

Take any tract of land, large or small, and when
the crop is growing there will always be spots where
the plants are thin, sparse and sickly. Failure of proper
cultivation? Not at all; nothing but failure to prop-
erly lay out the land so as to know what it is suitable
for. The pollen of a sickly plant spreads as far as
that of a good healthy one, and poor results are attrib-
uted to poor seed, etc., when a little care and fore-
thought might have made the crop uniform and the
results satisfactory.

This is preparatory to the subject of laying out
the land, for upon doing that properly depends the
success it is always desirable to attain in every species
of farming for profit. If profit be not the desideratum,
then why go to the trouble and labor of farming?

The proper laying out of the land is always of
great importance, and where irrigation is practiced it
is of the highest importance. Water runs down hill
and it also soaks into the soil seeking the water table,
and this water table is always receiving additions
through the constant or periodical application of irri-
gation water, and rises to do damage.

Hence, drainage is to be considered as well as the
slope of the land. The first thing to be done is to pre-
pare an outline of the land, its boundaries. If a square
tract the matter will be easy, for any sized square may
be laid down upon paper and then measured off into
acres or parts of acres to suit the convenience. A map
of one's land is a necessity nowadays, and it is not dif-
ficult to prepare one. It is the farmer's diagram of
the location of his stock, equivalent to the shelves in a
store of merchandise. It tells him the location of his
crops, the nature of the soil, his ditches and all their
ramifications, and if anything goes wrong he can im-
mediately put his finger on the point of trouble and
go at once to correct it.

To prepare a map of the land measurements must
be taken, and these measurements are expressed in tables
universally adopted and can therefore always be relied
upon as uniform. To begin with, an acre of land,
whatever its shape, contains exactly 43,560 square feet,
and after an outline has been traced upon paper, lines
may be drawn from side to side and these lines crossed
by other lines drawn from top to bottom. The map
will then be covered with little squares which may be
any part of an inch in size, but representing a given
quantity of land; say one inch square on the paper
represents an acre of ground; then if you have a farm
of 100 acres your map will be ten inches square, if the
land is a square, but whatever the shape of the land it
will contain exactly 100 square inches. Not a very
large map, but very convenient, for on it may be ex-
pressed the exact location of crops, even to a small cab-
bage patch, ditches, farm buildings, orchards, vines,
etc., etc. Of course any scale to the acre may be se-
lected instead of one inch. If the farm is large then
make the scale one-half inch to the acre or even less, or
if small make the scale two inches or more, to allow
of the least details.

If it is desirable to make an accurate estimate of
the amount of land in different fields under cultiva-
tion, the following table will be of assistance :

10x 16 rods equals 1 A. 70x 69.5 yards equals 1 A.
8x 20 rods equals 1 A. 220x198 feet equals 1 A.
5x 32 rods equals 1 A. 440x 99 feet equals 1 A.
4x 40 rods equals 1 A. 110x369 feet equals 1 A.
5x968 yards equals 1 A. 60x726 feet equals 1 A.
10x484 yards equals 1 A. 120x363 feet equals 1 A.
20x242 yards equals 1 A. 240x181.5 feet equals 1 A.
40x121 yards equals 1 A. 200x108.9 feet equals 1 A.
80x 60.5 yards equals 1 A. 100x145.2 feet equals 1 A.
100x108.9 feet equals Ya, A.
25x100 feet equals .0574 A.
25x110 feet equals .0631 A.
25x120 feet equals .0688 A.
25x125 feet equals .0717 A.
25x150 feet equals .109 A.
2178 sq. feet squals .05 A.
4356 sq. feet equals .10 A.
6534 sq. feet equals .15 A.
8712 sq. feet equals .20 A.
10890 sq. feet equals .25 A.
13068 sq. feet equals .30 A.
15246 sq. feet equals .35 A.
17424 sq. feet equals .40 A.
19603 sq. feet equals .45 A.
21780 sq. feet equals .50 A.
32670 sq. feet equals .75 A.
34848 sq. feet equals .80 A.

In measuring land there are three distinct opera-
tions to be performed: Taking the dimensions of the
tract; delineating or laying down the same on a map,
and calculating the area or superficial contents. All
the tables applicable to land measurements will be

114

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

found in the Appendix, to which the reader is referred.

For ordinary purposes a knotted cord or tape-line
may be used. In measuring a simple figure, as a
square field, nothing is necessary but to measure the
length and the breadth, which, multiplied together, will
give the superficial area. Where fields are irregular
shaped, it is necessary to adopt some standard guiding
form, and from that measure the different angles, so
as to be. able, from the dimensions taken, either to
calculate the contents at once, or to lay down the form
of the field on paper according to the scale adopted,
and from that ascertain its dimensions and calculate
its contents.

The simplest and most accurate mode of ascertain-
ing the contents of all irregular figures is to throw
them into triangles, and this method is usually employed
whether a small piece of irregular shaped land is to be
measured or a vast extent of territory. To find the
contents of a triangle all that is necessary is to mul-
tiply half the perpendicular by the base. And this re-
gardless of the shape of the triangle. In measuring
land in this manner, and by a little calculation, every
foot of land can easily be represented on paper.

TAKING THE LEVEL.

After tho land is accurately measured, or measured
satisfactorily to its owner, taking the level of its sur-
face is the next thing in order, and in this there can
nipt.' be too much care taken, particularly where irri-
gation is practiced. Upon it depends the proper flow
of water in ditches, the flooding of land and adequate
drainage.

To explain it will be necessary to be a little ab-
struse, but the idea will be readily grasped by think-
ing. The earth is a sphere, that is, "round," and all
places on its surface, whether a ten-acre tract or one
of ten thousand, are said to be "level" when they are
equally distant from the center of the earth, and "out
of level" when their distances from that center are not
equal.

Now, because the earth is a sphere, or round, every
level line drawn upon its surface from one point to
another, must be a curve and part of the earth's circum-
ference, assuming it to be perfectly smooth, or at
least parallel with it.

The common methods of leveling are sufficient for
irrigation on an ordinary tract of land, but for long
canals and ditches miles in extent, the leveling must
be in accordance with the curved level line to corre-
spond with the surface of the earth equi-distant from
its surface. The usual instrument for leveling is the
road or mason's level with telescope and compass, the
latter to get the bearings. For ditching purposes a
"plumb-bob" level, a two-legged contrivance open like
the letter A with a line fastened at the top and ter-
minating in a pear, or "top" shaped piece of lead. In
the exact center of the bar across the A is marked a
notch, and when the point of the "bob" is at that
center notch, the line is level. Illustrations of this
and other contrivances for leveling land will be found
elsewhere, and referred to in the synoptical index so
as to be easily found.

To continue the level line a series of poles are
necessary. These are so placed that the one nearest
the eye conceals all the rest. To allow for inequalities
of surface, a notch is cut in the starting pole, or at'
the point where the level line begins, and that point
must be level with it all along the line. A small spirit
level held to each pole, and the eye will demonstrate

the exact level line for all practical purposes. This
method is sufficient for small areas, to lay the level
of a ditch, or its laterals, but in large tracts, of course,
a surveyor should be called in. Every farmer with a
hundred acres to level can easily do the whole survey-
ing himself by following this apparently crude method,
and be as accurate in his leveling as a professional sur-
veyor.

Where there are curved lines to be drawn on irreg-
ular surfaces, a hill or a knoll, for instance, being in
the way of a straight line, the mariner's compass may
he brought into use to ascertain bearings, and a series
of straight lines drawn which will make skeletons for
the curves. In fact, it is no trick at all to draw a
level line around a hill, or curve a ditch in the shape
of a letter S or Z, by this simple method. All these
measurements should be traced on the map, for even
if not used immediately they will prove useful when
necessary to ditch, or irrigate.

The following table showing various grades per
mile will be useful as a basis of calculation in drawing
the level lines for ditches or general irrigation purposes :

1 foot in 15 is 352 feet per mile

1 foot in 20 is 2,64 feet per mile

1 foot in 25 is 211 feet per mile

1 foot in 30 is 176 feet per mile

1 foot in 35 is 151 feet per mile

1 foot in 40 is 132 feet per mile

1 foot in 50 is 106 feet per mile

1 foot in 100 is 53 feet per mile

1 foot in 125 is 42 feet per mile

Any desired grade or "flow" can be calculated by
remembering that there are 5,280 feet in a mile. By
dividing 5,280 feet by the number of feet in length of
the ditch, the grade or "fall" will be the result, esti-
mating one foot as the desired fall or flow of the water
in the ditch, and the desired fall or flow may be regu-
lated when drawing the level line by notching the
poles used in leveling.

ELEMENTARY INFORMATION.

To make this land leveling business clear to the
mind of the elementary reader, let it be supposed that
he desires to run a ditch from one point to another. He
has the letter A-shaped plumb-bob leveler, half a dozen
poles ten feet or so in length, and a carpenter's spirit
level. With these he is prepared to run practically
level lines all over a hundred-acre tract of land.

At the starting point ascertain the "plumb" point,
that is, the spot over which hangs the lead bob exactly
in the middle of the cross-bar of the A, then plant
a pole, and at the height of the eye, say five feet, cut
a plainly visible notch, or make any kind of a mark
that can be seen from a distance. This is the standard
of the entire ditch.

Next, take another pole, your A level, and the
spirit level, and walk along the proposed line of ditch
any convenient distance to a point. Four rods or so
are not too far, less if there are obstructions to level
around. Lay the A level over the selected point and
ascertain the exact level of point two, as it may be
called. Now place the spirit level against the pole
about the height of the eye, and look along its top just
as if "sighting" a gun. Slide it up and down, if nec-
essary, until you find the notch in the first pole, with
the "bubble" in the spirit level exactly in the center,
and make a notch or mark in pole number two where
the top of the spirit level touches it.

A calculation is easily made, for the notch on pole
one is five feet from the surface of the ground, and by
measuring the height from the ground of the notch in

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

115

pole number two, any variation will mean that another
level point must be selected, or that there must be some
grading or digging.

The second level point having been established,
proceed with the third pole in the same manner, com-'
paring it with the second pole, carefully noting the
figures on paper, and so continue until the work is ,
completed. Laterals may be run in the same manner,
and the entire parcel of land gone over, the results in
figures showing the slope or lay of the land for every
purpose. This leveling, if carefully and completely
done, will show numerous grades, or slopes in the same
parcel or tract of land, and the knowledge of this is
extremely valuable; in fact, necessary for irrigation
purposes, whether ditching or flooding. It is often
a very intricate matter to irrigate every portion of a
given field uniformly, and failure to do so always re-
sults in lack of uniformity in any crop sought to be
grown upon it, there being too much water on some
parts and not enough on others. It will be under-
stood that the waste of water and the loss in crop must
exceed by far the expense of leveling the land in every
direction. The chapter on irrigation will give details
of flowing water on irregular surfaces, and reference
to the synoptical index will point out comprehensive
illustrations.

Before concluding this portion of the chapter on
"Laying Out of Land," it is proper to add by way of
information, that on July 28, 1866, the Congress of
the United States legalized what is known as the "met-
ric" or French system of measurements, and provided
that "It shall be recognized in the construction of con-
tracts * * * * as establishing in terms of the
weights and measures now in use in the United States,
the equivalents of the weights and measures in com-
mon use."

That portion of the "French" system relating to
land measurement is given here, in case any farmer
should fancy it in preference to the "English" sys-
tem, which has always been used:

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.
1 side of a square mile. 320 640 900

1 rod in length 1 2 .1

100 rods in length 100 200 300

100 feet in length 6 1/16 12 1/8 18 3/16

This metrical, or decimal, system is not in com-
mon, everyday use; on the contrary, it is rarely found
except in Government reports.

The matter of fencing should not be omitted in
this place, and so estimated quantities in the conven-
ient barbed wire fencing are here given. The table
gives an estimate of the number of pounds of barbed
wire required to fence the space or distance mentioned,
with one, two or three lines of wire, based upon each
pound of wire measuring one rod (16% feet) :

METHODS OF PLANTING.

It must not be supposed that this part of the pres-
ent chapter will exhaust the subject of methods of
planting. The subject, is too large and important to
be treated in one place, and it is therefore distributed
in other chapters to follow. But it is all important to
consider the nature of the plant which it is purposed to
grow, and plant the seed in such manner that it will
have room to grow and develop its seed or fruit. If
the previous chapters have been carefully read the
reader will remember that great stress was laid upon
the fact that all plants are great feeders, and that

they are so by instinct, and to attempt to compel them
to abstain from their proper food, or limit their food
supply on the ground of economy or indifference, or
upon the supposition that they will grow anyhow, is
to reduce the product of that plant proportionately. It
is always a losing plan to restrict the food of plants,
for that means stunting their growth.

Now, whether the seed be sown broadcast, planted:
in drills, or the young plant transplanted, care must be,
taken that the roots have space to spread, or reach
out for the required food. If they have not then they
rob each other and fail to produce as desired. Plants
are cannibalistic in their customs and must not be
humored in the slightest degree.

There is a curious fact about the growth of plants
which may not be out of place here, inasmuch as it
will prove an addition to the reader's information con-
cerning the peculiarities of the plant kingdom : Ex-
periment has demonstrated that the smallest seeds,,
even, say the mustard or radish, sown in an absolutely
sterile soil will produce plants in which all the organs
are developed, but their weight after months does not
amount to much more than that of the original seed.
The plants remain delicate, and appear reduced or;
dwarfed in all dimensions. They may, however, grow,
flower and even bear seed, which only requires a fer-';
tile soil to produce again a plant of natural size.

In planting without providing room for the plant,
to feed, or sowing, or planting too many of its fellows
in too close proximity, the soil is rendered sterile by;
over-consumption, and the plants starve or fail to pro-
duce adequate crops. This well known fact, together
with the application of the experiment above cited, will
explain why, in rows of plants, there are spots where
the plants do not grow to perfection so far as producing
is concerned. They grow, it is true, but they are
dwarfs.

There is another thing to be considered also in this
connection, which is that plants are not all robust or
healthy in the same degree. One may be so situated as
to its environments as to be able to develop more
quickly than its neighbors, in which case it will "crowd
out" its neighbors, or absorb their food, which means
the same thing. Just as when two humans sleep, in
the same bed, the healthy and vigorous one will absorb
the vitality of the weaker one, a well attested' circum-
stance in medical annals. .

Experience has demonstrated beyond controversy
that there is as much of a plant under ground as above
it, whether that plant be a tree or a cabbage, and
hence it is not difficult to gauge the proper distances
in planting, if perfection of growth be the desideratum.
Few, however, pay the slightest attention to this fact,
and hesitate to "prick out" the superfluous plants in
the radish or lettuce, bed, and the consequence is they
wonder why their neighbor grows such fine cabbages
when they have the same soil and bestow the same care
upon them. They do not give them the same care; the
neighbor is economical, for he thins out his rows and
gives the remaining plants room to grow. This means
quality as well as perfection.

A Chinese gardener will grow vegetables so close
together that they will touch, and anyone watching him
will suppose that the thinning out process is not essen-
tial. But it is in his case as well as in all other cases,
the only difference being, the Chinaman knowing very
well that his plants will not grow if crowded together,
and that thev must be thinned out. But he knows the

116

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

SAMSON DOUBLE GEAR

The Samson

GALVANIZED STEEL
WIND HILL

The Strongest and Best
Mill on Earth

It is a double-geared mill and is the latest great
advance in wind-mill construction.

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factory of its kind on earth.

...THE SAMSON...

is a double-geared mill and is the latest great ad-
vance in wind-mill construction.

It will be readily seen that this double gear im-
parts double the strength to the Samson over that
of any other mill of equal size. Since the gear is
double and the strain of work is equally divided
between the two gears, there is no side draft,
shake or wobble to cut out the gears. The gear-
ing, therefore, has four times the life and wearing
qualities of any single gear.

All interested in irrigation should write us for
our finely illustrated book on irrigation matters,
which will be sent free to all who mention THE IRRIGA-
X TION AGE. This work contains all necessary informa-
tion for establishing an irrigation plant by wind power.

Remember We Guarantee the Samson

The Stover Manf'g Co.

617 River Street FREEPORT, ILL.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

117

reason, and that reason is that they must have food in
sufficient quantities, so he gives it to them and makes
up for lack of space by supplying food. This is why
the Chinaman can be seen always dosing his plants
with liquid fertilizers. He never rests, but is always
at work "forcing" his vegetables to grow. Anyone can
do the same, but the average American farmer, with
his acres of land to the Celestial's square feet, does not
deem it necessary to crowd his plants. Moreover, to
speak truly, forced plants are never as substantial as
those grown naturally, and this ought to be a sufficient
reason for so planting that every individual plant may
be surrounded by its own storehouse without encroach-
ing upon the preserves of its neighbors.

The following table will assist the farmer in
planting seed, bearing in mind always that the plant
is as large under ground as above it, whether it be a
tree or a cabbage. The distances are in feet, basing
the calculation as 43,560 square feet to the acre:

Distances No. of

Apart. Plants.

1 xl 43,560

1^2Xl}4 19,360

x 1 21,780

x2 10,890

iTiV/2. 6,969

xl 14,520

x2 7,260

x3 4,840

3,555

xl 10,890

x2 5,445

x3 3,630

x4 2,722

2,151

xl 8,712

x2 4,356

x3 2,904

X4 2,178

x5 1,742

1,417

x6 1,210

2x6Y2 1,031

Distances

Apart.

7x 8.. .

8x 8. ..

9x 9.. .

No. of
Plants.

888

680

537

10x10 435

11x11 360

12x12 302

13x13 357

14x14 222

15x15 193

16x16 170

17x17 150

. 18x18 134

19x19 120

20x20 308

24x24 75

25x25 69

27x27 59

30x30 48

40x40 27

50x50 17

60x60 12

66x66.. 10

To round out the above calculation, the following
table of the quantity of seeds required in planting is
added :

Asparagus . . .
Beet

Seeds,
Per Oz.
. 1,000 to 1,200
. 1 200 to 1 500

Length
of Drill,
Per Oz.
50 feet
100 feet

Vitality,
Years.
4 to 6
6 to 8

Carrot

. 20 000 to 24 000

200 feet

1 to 3

Cabbage . . . .

. 8 000 to 12 000

Transplant

4 to 6

Cauliflower . .
Celery . . .

. 8,000 to 12,000
50 000 to 60 000

Transplant
Transplant

4 to 6
3 to 5

Egg plant
Endive

. 5,000 to 6,000
20 000 to 24 000

Transplant

5 to 6
8 to 10

Lettuce

25 000 to 30 000

400 feet

5 to 6

Okra

500 to 600

50 feet

5 to 6

Onion

7 000 to 8 000

200 feet

1 to 2

Parsnip

. 5,000 to 6,000

200 feet

1 to 2

Radish

. 3,000 to 4,000

100 feet

4 to 5

Salsify

. 2,500 to 3 000

100 feet

4 to 5

Spinach

. 2 000 to 3 000

100 feet

4 to 5

Tomato

. About 20 000

Transplant

4 to 5

Turnio .

. 8.000 to 12.000

200 feet

6 to 7

The quantity of seed for the space specified in the
second column of the latter table is much too great,
but it is the conventional quantity and is given as the
maximum. In our garden culture all of the common
plants mentioned are susceptible to transplanting with
good results, even the onion; but, of course, in field
culture chopping out with a hoe is the most advisable
method to pursue in thinning.

IRRIGATION IN JAMES RIVER VALLEY. __
Farmers of that Section are Working out Many Plans for Good.

BY A. B. CRAKE, M. S.

[Professor of Civil and Agricultural Engineering, South Dakota Agricultural
College.]

(For The Irrigation Age.)

The James River Valley is a land of magnificent
prospects. With a soil of great fertility, a genial cli-
mate, nearly enough moisture to mature all ordinary
crops and an ideal topography, about the only questions
which confront the farmer are: "How to supplement
the natural rainfall" and "how to bring moisture to
the crop at the time it is needed." These two ques-
tions are happily answered by the development of the
artesian wells, an apparently unfailing source of sup-
ply directly at hand and only awaiting the invitation
of the driller's tool to arise and do our bidding.

This district lies just at the edge of what is consid-
ered by irrigationists as the humid regions, its eastern
limit being about twenty miles east of the James River
and approximately parallel to it, following down be-
tween the 97th and 98th degrees of longitude. Its
extent westward embraces the entire James River
Valley and is limited only by the consideration of
the relative values of stock raising as against agri-
culture, a consideration which changes with the in-
crease of population and which has the effect of hold-
ing in reserve large tracts which later on become a
source of supply for future occupancy.

Artesian irrigation in this region is not a mere
theory; it is a fact, demonstrated by many instances
and in many different localities. Farmers are conduct-
ing irrigation enterprises ranging from the home gar-
den, the market garden and fruit patch to field irriga-
tion of grain crops, and in nearly every case with
marked success. The few failures can always be traced
to, not the fault of the system, but the method — or,
rather, lack of method. Many who have half tried it
disparage the project, but those who have worked it
the longest and most systematically speak in most glow-
ing terms of its success.

The problems which confront the irrigationist here
are slightly different in detail from those of the arid
region, and upon the recognition of this fact and the
proper solution of these problems depends the success
of the operator. He must remember that irrigation in
any locality is an experiment in which results depend
upon the local conditions, the individual and the mar-
ket. A set of cut-and-dried rules laid down for use in
Colorado or Nevada may not be at all applicable here.
One man with his methods may attain entirely different
results from another with the same soil and water but
different way of handling things, and he who observes,
experiments and holds closest to nature's laws — in fact,
applies common sense to his efforts — is the man who
attains success.

To illustrate: The climate in the arid region is
dry, the land lies in such a manner and the water has
such a value that supersaturation is very rare. Here
in this semi-humid climate we are apt to have several
inches of rain at any time, possibly just after a good,
thorough irrigation. Common sense would dictate,
then, that some method of quickly removing a surplus
of moisture is necessary ; therefore a system of drainage

118

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

should be a part of every irrigation system in this dis-
trict. Some farms will naturally drain, others can
easily be made to do so; one that can not be drained
should never be selected for irrigation. Yet, apparent
as the necessity is, this idea of drainage is the least
considered of any part of the subject.

Again, bulletins issued in the arid regions will
state the supply of water needed during the growing
season for a particular crop or that a certain amount
of water is needed for a given number of acres. An
irrigator will read these statemests and reason that the
same amount is needed here. He forgets that a large
amount of his supply will be furnished by the rainfall
and that all he needs is enough to supplement any
•deficiency in this natural supply, thus making the duty
of his irrigation reserve much higher than in the re-
gion for which the bulletins were compiled. He should
have a rain gauge on his farm, and if he is where he
can get the benefit of the Signal Service reports so
much the better. "Seek to supplement nature, not to
outdo her. Observe and experiment for your own lo-
cality and follow what is thus shown to be the best
policy," should be the motto of every irrigator.

The water from these wells is quite warm, rang-
ing from about 60 to 90 degrees, a temperature
very favorable for plant growth. On the other hand,
however, it lacks organic matter which aids materially
in plant nutrition. This can be partially supplied,
though, by storing in reservoirs for awhile before hun-
ning it to the fields.

The question often arises, "How much land can
be irrigated with, say, a two-inch well with an ordinary
flow for such size wells?" Those who have had the
most experience say that with proper storage facilities
and judicious rotation a quarter-section or even more
can be easily handled.

It might be well now to consider some of the
methods which experience has proved to be particularly
applicable to this artesian basin. The following meth-
ods were given to the writer by those who had expe-
rience with them and gave them as their conclusions :

For small grain, plow in the fall, then irrigate by
flooding thoroughly, but not enough to leave water
standing upon the surface, and shut off the water be-
fore the ground freezes up for the winter. This puts
the ground in good condition for the seed in the spring
and usually no more moisture is required. If the year
is extra dry, a medium wetting just before the grain
begins to head is beneficial. For corn, usually no irri-
gation is required till after it is "laid by," then a fur-
row is directed down every row or every other, depend-
ing upon the topography of the surface. The ground
is so well shaded by the foliage that it does not bake
or pack.

For gardens have the soil properly moist in the
spring to insure quick germination of the seed, then
water when it appears to need it, "but remember that
cultivation is a necessary adjunct.

For small fruits a good wetting just about the
time the fruit begins to set is all that is necessary.

The results of the efforts of those who have sys-
tematically conducted their work is very flattering.
After a well is once dug (and they are a paying propo-
sition though used merely for stock and domestic pur-
poses), the expense of ditching and applying the water
is merely nominal, being practically but the labor in-
volved. The results are:

About double the ordinary yield of small grain
and a three or fourfold increase in garden crops and
fruits.

A practical surety of a full crop every year.

A great improvement in the quality of the grain.
Several men report that they have never raised any-
thing but No. 1 grain since they began to irrigate.

Market gardeners report a yield of from $100 to
$150 per acre from their produce.

It would seem that with all these advantages and
opportunities before them more men would engage in
irrigation, yet the number is comparatively small. As
stated at the beginning, this is a country of magnificent
prospects. These men are the pioneers who blaze the
way and show what can be done. Others will soon learn
from them and follow their example. There is no
reason why the James Eiver Valley should not develop
into one of the richest agricultural regions in the

SCENE IN THE BEAUTIFUL PAYETTK VALLEY, IDAHO.

HYDRO-ECONOMIC STUDIES.

A forthcoming report of the United States Geo-
logical Survey will contain valuable data concerning
the use of water in the manufacture of paper. It will
also contain the results of an inquiry into the manu-
facture of soap. Especial attention is now directed to
procuring similar data concerning the manufacture of
woolen and cotton textiles. An inquiry is being prose-
cuted to determine the damage done to water supply in-
terests by stream pollution, and a compilation of anti-
pollution laws is in progress. Arrangements are being
made for chemical surveys of the waters in Florida,
parts of Georgia and Alabama, West Virginia, southern
Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Iowa and Kansas
and the irrigation waters of the reclamation States.

CALIFORNIA.

A California venture provides for what is termed
the most extensive irrigation canal project in the state
of California, contracts having been let for the comple-
tion of a canal which will extend from the northern
boundary of Glenn county to the southern border of
Colusa, watering one of the richest sections of the
state, through a distance of eighty-five miles.

The Butte County Canal Company, in the same
state, will divert the waters of the Feather river to cover
180,000 acres in Butte county in the neighborhood of
Orovillc. Biggs, Gridley and Liveoak. Articles of in-
corporation for the company have been filed and plans
look toward a fifteen-mile main canal, with 6-foot bottom
and a combined length of nearly 200 miles in main and
lateral ditches. It is promised that the rate per acre for
water will be the lowest in the .--tato.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

119

IRRIGATION BY PUMPING, RIO GRANDE VAL-
LEY, TEXAS.

BY E. STONEY POKCHER, EL PASO, TEXAS.

As you have so recently been to El Paso and taken
a trip down the Rio Grande valley, suppose you would
like to have some particulars of our situation as to water
facilities. This valley used to have all the water needed
on both sides, tradition says for two hundred years, but
for several reasons, among the most potent, the water
is being taken out each year more and more above us, so
that now we have lost faith in our ability to depend on
it, unless the United States government will agree to
join Mexico and put up what is called the International
dam. This 1 suppose you are posted on. We have been
experimenting for the" last four years with our under-
flow, and we now have twenty-three small pumping
plants below the city of El Paso, 5-, 10-, 28-horsepower
engines. While we have an unfailing supply of water,
we have but a shallow gravel bed ten to fifteen feet thick
and sixty feet down. The water rises to within ten,
twelve and fourteen feet of the surface. We can get
economically 600 to 800 gallons per minute from a
6-inch pipe with a twelve foot slotted strainer, which
is the only kind we have gotten any satisfaction from.
The slots are :i-10 to 14 inches wide, the steel being
perforated as full as the metal can stand. This lets
in all the sand and keeps out the gravel, thus giving
almost, if not quite, as good results as an open well and
at one tenth the cost.

One drawback has been the high price of gasoline.
Eighteen cents per gallon is too much to pay for irrigat-
ing alfalfa or ordinary farm crops, but we have in sight
several crude oil converters that will convert crude oil
into gas. The gas engine is the only economical engine
to use in this arid region. To show what can be done
with a small 5-horsepower Columbus gas engine, I
will give you an experiment I have just finished making
on a four acre lot of alfalfa that you saw in front of
my dwelling. It contains about four acres of alfalfa.
The field the longest way is 550 long, divided in narrow
tables by borders about thirty-six feet wide. Two of
the tables are wider, One sixty-three feet. I have a
gasoline can that holds just one inch of gasoline for
each hours' run. In this test I measured the gasoline
every hour to see that the engine was drawing on it
uniformly. Then I placed a stake on the borders for
marking how far the water had got each hour. I after-
ward measured by a tape line their length. This was
some surprise for me. First I measured the water
pumped over a wier two feet wide placed according to
regulation. This gave me 240 gallon average. The
four acres should have taken 360,000 gallons of water
to cover it .three inches deep, but I actually pumped
700,000 gallons, nearly double the required estimate.
Again having a small flow I supposed the narrow table
would be covered more economically, but it wns not so
always for the average cost for the four acres was $1.03
of gasoline per acre, and this sixty-three foot table cost
at the rate of eighty cents per acre. This difference can
be accounted for only by the supposition that the land
sloped faster and was less porous. The longer the table
the more it costs, as you would expect. So with a small
flow of water the table should be made short and narrow
and cross ditches placed in. For instance, on one table
tlv first two hours' run covered 310 feet in length of
table, and the next two hours 245 feet of table, the

width being the same. At our lower place my son
estimated that it cost seventy cents per acre on his al-
falfa on a field freshly plowed and sowed with alfalfa
seed, and three-quarters of a mile from, pump it cost
$1.25 per acre. This place has a 10-horsepowcr engine,
and No. 6 Johnson rotary pump.

All that we lack now is cheaper fuel, and I believe
we will get this before the next pumping season, as I
know of five machines that are, or will soon be, on the
market for converting crude oil into gas for our engines.
Some promise as great a difference as fifty cents to $4.00>
cost for a day's run, the first being crude oil, the last
gasoline. If the gasoline was cheaper it would be un-
satisfactory, as the supply here is constantly running
out. We did not know what this land could do until
\ve got pumps. Any farmer knows that when our crops
need water they must have it for a maximum yield.
That part growing over the canal is not always available
as we have to take our turn, as in this very dry
climate when plants are set out in summer, if irrigated
at the time they will need water again in two or three
days. Our evaporation, as given by the hydraulic engi-
neer of the army, was eighty inches during the year.
The Arizona Experiment Station gives the amount of
water necessary for alfalfa as seventy-two inches.

What would be an ideal thing for this valley would
be the sending of an electric wire through its lefigth
to supply power for the number of pumps required,
provided they will furnish power cheap enough. That
they could do so seems certain, if they use a recent in-
vention made by a California firm. To quote the words
of the president of an electric road : "The service has
been satisfactory, that they have never had a shut down,
and that the cost for crude oil at $1.13 per barrel has
been within 3-10 cent and 4-10 cent per kilowatt
power." We are far behind England and Germany
in the use of gas engines. One concern using the
Mond retort for making producer gas for power has
got a charter from parliament, and they are putting
up a plant that will deliver gas at four to six cents
per thousand feet, twenty-seven miles in all direc-
tions. The gas is made from the tailings at coal
mines. They can do this, for a part of Professor
Mond's invention is to save the nitrogen to such an
extent that they could pay over $2.00 per ton for the
coal, and the nitrogen or ammonia will more than
amount to this for each ton used. You will find a
full account of this in the August 15, 1903, No. 23,086
of Scientific American Supplement.

We have all kinds of soil in this valley, and being
in the midst of a desert, a part grown city El Paso,
a mining and railroad center, we have a good market,
do not begin to supply it. A great deal of produce
that can be bought here is brought from California.
This will always be so to a certain extent in winter
and spring fruits and vegetables.

We have a beautiful climate, cold at night in
winter, but few very cold days although we are 3,700
feet up.

Some vast areas of land in the Milk River Valley.
Montana, have been withdrawn from entry and United
State? surveyors are surveying it preliminary to starting
irrigation work to reclaim it. No settler can get an
acre of this land without living upon it for five years.
but there is nothing to prevent the land grabbing com-
bination? from plastering their scrip all over it.

120

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

QUESTIONS FOR IRRIGATION ENGINEERS.

How Men Are Tested as to Their Qualifications For Work in
Colorado.

Mr. L. G. Carpenter, State Engineer of Colorado,
sends THE IKBIGATION AGE the following copy of the
probe for the examination of division engineers, includ-
ing questions asked at the second examination in Divi-
sion No. 1. They are especially interesting as showing
the general scope of the examination and the attempt
which this includes to get at the qualifications of , men
whose duty it will be to distribute water:

MEASUREMENT OF WATER.

What is a cubic foot per second?

What is the statutory inch? What is its value in
cubic feet per second ?

The gate of a headgate is 4 feet wide and is raised
6 inches from the floor; the water stands 4 feet deep
on the floor in front of the gate, what is the amount of
water discharged through the gate ? Give the full com-
putation.

Describe how a weir should be placed and under
what conditions and how the depth should be measured
in order that the weir be reliable ?

Describe (1) where the rating flume of a ditch
should be placed; (2) under what conditions; (3)
why and (4) what conditions to avoid? Why?

How would you proceed to rate a ditch or canal?
Give the process in full.

A weir is 3 feet long ; the water is 6 inches deep ;
compute the amount of water being discharged?

A ditch takes out water in openings 9 inches deep
without pressure; the opening 10 inches wide is then
called 90 (ditch) inches, how much water is discharged
from such an opening 10 inches long? Are these inches
greater or less than statutory ?

How much will a valve 40 inches in diameter dis-
charge if the head is 40 feet on the center of the valve ?

If the depth over a wide-crested dam is 8 inches
and 100 feet long how much is the discharge?

FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF WATER.

Question 1. — Each candidate will be expected to
estimate the flow of water in two ditches : (a) By eye ;
(b) by float or other approximate means, without in-
strument; (c) by current motor.

Method. — Make estimate (a) in writing, sign your
name and hand to the examiner, before (b). Likewise,
complete (b) and hand slips with your results to the
examiner. Give the method in full with the calcula-
tions; .(c) make measurement in full as you would in
measuring a ditch. Give full calculations.

Question 2. — Make the rating of a ditch, giving the
process in full and making the rating curve and rating
table.

What is the basis for water rights in Colorado?
Does this apply to irrigation exclusively?

What is the guide for the commissioner or engineer
to follow in the distribution of water ?

If the stream is fluctuating, due to storms, snow
melting, etc., and the earlier priorities are down the
stream, how will you meet the practical problem of
recognizing priorities and still utilize all the water?
Suppose a rise of water occur in the river, how will
you proceed?

What are the powers and duties of a division irri-

gation engineer? What authority does he have over
water which is not given to the commissioner ?

To what extent may a commissioner interfere with
the distribution of water from a ditch? What is the
legal basis for your statement?

A person owns two shares in a ditch and also owns
an interest. in a certain reservoir. One share, Share A,
is used to irrigate a certain farm. Share B is unat-
tached. The court has specifically decided that Share B
can not be used for storage in the reservoir but has
never passed on Share A. The owner claims this holds
only because of failure to appeal. He proposes to irri-
gate the farm with Share B, setting free Share A, and
to store Share A. What is your decision and why?

A ditch had an early appropriation for 60 cubic
feet per second. It habitually runs a large amount to
the lower end and wastes back into the river ; the ditch
claims it can because of its decree, others claim that it
is calling for water unnecessarily and should be refused
the water which runs back into the river. Which is
right and why?

Suppose an early right is some distance down a
sandy stream ; likewise, suppose that because of the
absorption of the sand no water reaches the lower
ditches. The lower ones claim that the water should
be turned down, that even if it fails to reach them it
serves to fill the sand and when a rise comes it will be
more apt to reach them. On the other hand, those above
claim that this is waste and that the water should be
turned where it does the most good. What is your de-
cision and why?

Two ditches, which we may call A and B, had
headgates near each other, A being above B, they united
in building a headgate, part of the gate being known
as A's and part B's. There was a stretch of canal
owned in common and then at the end of the stretch
each had his own gate. The priority of B is earlier than
that of A. A has bought some shares in B. The
water represented by these shares, however, transferred
to A. Now they claim the water for B should be meas-
ured in the common stretch of canal, and that, when
they desire it they will run it into A or B. What is
your decision in the case and why?

LOCAL CONDITIONS.

Give the limits of this division; the numbers of
the water districts constituting it and their location by
streams ?

Describe three districts of the division, their prob-
lems of administration and the questions they are apt to
send up to the division engineer?

Where is water storage used ? What problem does
it introduce into the administration and why?

Suppose a ditch on the Platte river has stored
water in a reservoir on say Boulder Creek ; how is that
water to be delivered to the ditch below?

Forest preservation and home building are hobbies —
specialties of President Roosevelt. In his speech at Grand
Canyon, Ariz., he delivered this sound advice: "Whether
it is the forests, the water, the scenery, whatever it is,
handle it so that your children's children will get the benefit.
We have gone past the stage when we are to be pardoned
if we simply treat any part of our country as something
to be skinned for two or three years for the use of the
present generation. Apply irrigation under circumstances
that will make it of benefit, not to the speculator who
hopes to get profit out of it for two or three years, but
so that it will be of use to the home makers — to the man
who comes to live and have his children stay after him."

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

121

RECLAMATION IN CALIFORNIA.

Negotiations Between the Government and the Owners of Cache
Creek Rights Have Failed.

SACRAMENTO, CAL., February 10th.

Within the past year water rights of Cache Creek
have been concentrated under one holding by certain
parties living in Woodland, their intention being to de-
velop Clear Lake as a reservoir site for the irrigation of
the lands of Yolo County. It was the understanding
that the object was the general development of the
county.

"The agents of the Geological Survey have held
numerous conferences with these gentlemen with a view
to having this work undertaken under the Reclamation
Service. The Survey was inclined to make favorable
recommendations to the Secretary of the Interior bear-
ing on this subject, provided a favorable adjustment of
water right questions could be arrived at with these
owners. After negotiations had been carried on for
several months, assisted by the Governor of the State,
it was found impossible to reach a conclusion with
these gentlemen that could be recommended by .the en-
gineers of the Government to the Secretary of the In-
terior. It was a matter of regret that this adjustment
could not be accomplished, as it is believed natural
opportunities of marked merit exist here, and the broad-
est development of these lands and prosperity of the
community would be accomplished in this manner.

"The entire project hinges on the use of Clear
Lake as a storage reservoir. This body of water, cov-
ering 40,000 acres, has been declared as navigable by
several acts of the California Legislature, and it is a
serious question whether it can be used legally without
the consent of the Government. It was not deemed
advisable to legally contest this point at present. The
California Water and Forest Association, as well as the
Woodland Chamber of Commerce, co-operated with the
Geological Survey in the investigations of Cache Creek.
The Government is maintaining physical records of
streams and lake.

STONY CREEK.

"Stony Creek is a western tributary of the Sacra-
mento. In co-operation with the California Water and
Forest Association, as well as with the Willows Cham-
ber of Commerce, the Stony Creek basin was investi-
gated by the Geological Survey; numerous reservoir
sites were found thereon, and gaging stations estab-
lished, the records on which are still being continued.
A report on this drainage basin has recently been issued
by the Geological Survey and is known as 'The Stor-
age of Water on Stony Creek, California,' by Bert Cole.

"Puta Creek, another tributary of the Sacramento,
has been explored during the past season; a reservoir
site found thereon, and a gaging station established.

UPPER SACRAMENTO.

"A general reconnoisance has been made of the
upper basin of this river, and a number of reservoir
sites of marked value have been found, notably at a
point near Red Bluff and at Biebor. These great reser-
voir sites could be used in connection with the general
program mentioned above for supplementing the avail-
able late summer water for irrigation in the Sacra-
mento Valley. Other sites have been found, particu-
larly on the south fork of Pitt River. Gaging stations
have been established at all of these sites to determine

their available water supply, and during the coming
season detailed surveys will be made of them. In all
there are being maintained records of flow at ten gag-
ing stations in the valley of the Sacramento River, and
the entire time of an engineer has been assigned to the
maintenance of these records. These will be continued
until a complete report is made outlining the general
possibility of developing this great valley in a compre-
hensive way and so as not to interfere with navigation.

"It will be desirable in connection with this gen-
eral study to investigate the overflow problem of the
low valley lands and consider the subject as a com-
prehensive whole. There is a very small area of public
land available for irrigation apparently in the drainage
basin of this stream, and the general development of this
situation will be dependent upon the organization and
co-operation of a great number of individuals who are
now landowners in this district. It is a matter worthy
of note that both the National Irrigation Association
and the Trans-Mississippi Congress during the past
season have passed general resolutions favoring the con-
struction of great public irrigation works on the Sacra-
mento River. The undertaking will be a vast one, and
the province of the Geological Survey is to make a
complete report to the Secretary of the Interior as well
as the Governor of California outlining the latent pos-
sibilities.

"Probably no section of arid America has greater
natural resources or has left them in a more undeveloped
condition than the Sacramento Valley. Favored by geo-
graphical location, climatic conditions, soil and water
supply, this valley should be one of the densely popu-
lated districts of the United States, rivaling in wealth
and prosperity the famous valley of the Po in northern
Italy, which it so closely resembles.

OWENS VALLEY.

"Owens Valley is situated in a district that is
sometimes called 'undiscovered California.' It lies on
the eastern side of the Sierra Nevadas in Inyo County
and is flanked by the most rugged and picturesque range
of mountains on the continent, blessed with a copious
water supply, but isolated because of imperfect transpor-
tation facilities. Mr. J. C. Clausen is the engineer
assigned to the study of this district. Probably a ma-
terial area of arid public land may be reclaimed here.
All the remaining public lands in this locality have
been withdrawn subject to entry only under the Recla-
mation Act.

"An extensive reservoir site has been found on
the main river above Bishop, and this has been surveyed
in detail during the past season. The irrigable lands
are now being mapped and classified. The whole situ-
ation is dependent on the factor of the remaining avail-
able water supply. In order to determine this the
capacity of reservoirs must be found, the flow of the
streams determined and the present diversions of canals
closely gaged. Mr. Ralph S. Hawley is devoting his
entire time to these water measurements, and is main-
taining eighteen gaging stations in the Owens Valley
district. The people of this community are extremely
anxious to have the Government store the surplus flood
waters and regulate the stream flow, not only for the
benefit of their lands, the supply of which is now
somewhat irregular, but also for the extending of the
irrigated areas. It is probable that a drainage system
in connection with the general development will have
to be constructed, as large areas of land in this valley
have now been ruined by the excessive use of water, and

122

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

it is believed that the available supply can be materially
increased by their adequate drainage.

"From discussions with railroad officials and the
people of the valley the conclusion is believed to be fair
that with a general development of the valley by the
Federal Government, transportation facilities will be
greatly improved and railroad connections established
wifh the South, which is the natural outlet of the valley
connecting with southern California points. The work
in the mountainous portion of the district has been
discontinued owing to the winter season, but will be
renewed in the early summer.

KINGS RIVER.

"The U. S. Geological Survey has made extensive
investigations of the drainage basin of Kings River and
the lands irrigated therefrom. A report has been pub-
lished under the title 'Storage of Water on Kings River,
by S. B. Lippincott.' This report points out the pos-
sibilities of utilizing certain reservoir sites of large
capacity on this stream for the regulation of the water
supply and the extension of irrigated areas.

"At the time this report was made all the canals on
Kings River associated themselves in an organization
known as the Kings River Storage Association. The
platform on which they stood was to the effect that
they had been spending about $40,000 a year in law-
suits over these waters, and they considered it more
desirable to construct works to increase the water supply
than to litigate over the natural flow. The great result
which this Association accomplished was to reach an
amicable agreement among themselves for the proper
division of this water. Schedules have been arranged
which determine the division of waters under all vary-
ing volumes for the different periods of the year. Liti-
gation has practically ceased and good will prevails.
Probably fifty lawsuits have been dismissed as a result
of these agreements. This Association combined with
the Geological Survey for the examination of this dis-
trict. At the request of the president of the Associa-
tion the engineers of the Reclamation Service went to
Fresno and, at an extended meeting with them, ex-
plained the operations of the Reclamation Service with
a view of constructing these reservoirs as public works.
The matter was extensively gone into at two conferences
held at Fresno in November.

"The flow of Kings River is peculiarly adapted to
the needs of this district, or inversely such crops and
agriculture has been developed in this locality as best
suits the flow of the stream. In other words the vine-
yards, if supplied with a copious volume of water in
the spring and summer when the river is normally at
its flood flow, are able to produce satisfactory crops
without the mid and late summer irrigations. How-
ever, the dairy industry, which is now beginning to be
developed in this region, requires a continuous water
supply. The operations of the reclamation law were
fully explained to the officers of the Kings River Stor-
age Association, representing some twelve or fourteen
canal companies, and it remains largely with them to
say whether the construction of these reservoirs under
the federal law shall be undertaken. The sentiment
expressed at the meeting was rather unfavorable to the
procedure because of the expense involved, and because
of the general satisfaction with present conditions.

Send $2.00 for The Irrigation Age one year and The ;
Primer of Irrigation, 300 page book.

THE R.ICE JOURNAL AND
GULF COAST FARMER.

is published on the first of each month, at Crowley,
Louisiana, the center of Rice growing and milling
in America, in the interest of the Rice Industry, in
all its branches, principally, and incidentally to
other branches of Gulf Coast Agriculture. It is the

Only Rice Class Journal Published

and is receiving the hearty support of those who
are in any manner identified with the Rice Indus-
try— in the Growing, Irrigation, Milling or Sale of
the Rough or Clean Product, and is read by all
farmers engaged in diversified farming in the great
Gulf Coast Country. It has a

Large Guaranteed Circulation

covering thoroughly the rice sections of Louisiana
and Southeast Texas and the Atlantic Coast, every
important point having a working coi respondent,
who reports monthly all important developments
of his section, thereby keeping its readers and
advertisers in touch with the entire section. Every
issue is read by Planter, Canal Owner, Miller,
Broker, Commission Merchant and dealers
throughout the country. The

Value as an Advertising Medium

of the RICE JOURNAL AND GULF COAST FARMER
is thoroughly established. The paper goes
directly to the class of people reached by no
other publication, and its influence assures the
advertiser a profitable medium.

Kates quoted on application.

SIGNAL PRINTING CO. (Limited),

CROWLEY. LA.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

"All roads lead to Rome."

And all business in New York seems
to trend toward

Grand Central Station.

This great building, which covers the
space of four city blocks, beginning at the
corner of 4th Avenue and 42d Street, is
the Metropolitan terminus of the

NEW YORK CENTRAL LINES

and is the center of the hotel, residence,
club and theater district of the second city
of the world. To reach it, see that your
ticket reads by the NEW YORK CENTRAL.

A copy of the 40-page Illustrated Catalogue of
the " Four-Track Series," New York Central's
books of travel and education, will be sent free,
post-paid, to any address on receipt of a postage
stamp, by George H. Daniels, General Passenger
Agent, New York Central & Hudson River Rail-
road, Grand Central Station, New York.

I I II I I I III I I I I I I III I I III I I II I I I I II I Illl

THE IRRIGATION AGE.
I I III II I I I I Mil I II I II I I I I I I I I

123

$ OUR. LINE *

Wind Mills Pumps : :

Well Machinery Tanks : •

Gasoline Engines
Grain Drills Cultivators ! '.

Quality a.r\d Effectiveness

count with us.
Do they count with you?

View of a Texts Artesian Welt, made by a Dempster Well Machine.

The Dempster Machines have made scores of such wells in Texas and New Mexico.

We manufacture eight different styles and sizes Well Machines

DRILLING .. ROTATING JETTING

IT PAYS

to buy from

The Manufacturer

Ask your dealer for our prices

; : DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY, .. Beatrice, Mebr. \

1 1 1 1 1 mi 1 1 ii inn 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

IRRIGATING MACHINERY

Information

Furnished

by our

Experts

This shows one of

our

Deep Well Pump-
ing Outfits
operated by our

Gasoline

or Crude Oil

Engine

Write for Catalogue

FAIRBANKS, MORSE & Co.,

MANUFACTURERS.

Chicago ' Detroit Denver

St. Paul Cincinnati San Francisco

Minneapolis Cleveland Los Angeles

Omaha Indianapolis Salt Lake City

St. Louis Louisville Portland, Ore.

Kansas City New York London, Eng.

WANTED !

Men to lay Tile by day or contract.
Address
THOMAS HART, Donovan, 111.

One dollar and fifty cents will secure for you one year's subscrip-
tion to THE IRRIGATION AGE and a finely bound volume of the
Primer of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid in a few months,
when volume is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be finely
illustrated and will contain about 300 pages. Send post office or
express money order for $1.50 and secure copy of first edition.

VAN WIE CENTRIFUGAL

the best in the market. Why? Because

Handles More Water Than

Any Other Pump with

Same Fue'.

PROOF. Read following from result of
test made by New Mexico College of Ag-
riculture and Mechanic Arts, Mesilla
Park. New Mexico:

Cost of fuel per acre for irrigation three
inches deep, using dry Torniho Wocd at
$2.25 per cord.
Name of Pump.

Van Wie $.512

Wood's 847

. Kingston! 597

Byron Jackson 614

Fifth Pump 617

For catalogue, address

IRVIN VAN WIE,

713-723 West Fayette St..
SYRACUSE, N. Y.

1903 Irrigator.

124

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE "penny wise and pound foolish" policy has an apt illustration in the man who buys a
cheap gas or gasoline engine. Unreliable service, frequent and expensive repairs,
wastefulness in fuel and short life, offset many times over the small saving in first cost. The
"OTTO" is the original and best. Suppose it does cost a little more money, the extra dollars
are well invested. 70,000 users throughout the civilized world support us in this claim.

THE OTTO CAS ENGINE WORKS

Agents as usual.

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

-

The Shuart Earth Grader No. 3

An ideal, all-round Grader for
Irrigators. This Machine, rapidly
and cheaply, does a quality of
grading possible with ordinary
appliances only at a virtually pro-
hibitory expense. The blade
in be worked straight across
for cutting, conveying and
spreading the earth ; or it
can be worked diagonally
for throwing up borders ;
and it can be tilted for run-
ninglaterals. Forillustrated
circular and price, address

B. F. SHUART. OBER.LIN, O.

The Great East and West Line
Across the Entire States ol

I TEXAS *"» LOUISIANA

NO TROUBLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Through Tourist and Standard Sleepers between Chicago and California

without change. Close connection at El Paso.
New Dining Cars (meals a la carte) between Texas and St. Louis.

Write for new book on Texas. FREE.
E. P. TURNER, General Passenger Agent, Dallas, Texas

F R F

(

ILLUSTRATED CATALOG

'end for It To-day.

It tells you all
about our

"WESTERN SEEDS FOR WESTERN PLANTERS"

We are the only extensive growers in the Middle West. Our Special Catalogues
for Bee Supplies, Poultry Supplies and Fruit Packages are FREE,
BARTELDES A CO., 1521 15th Street, DENVER, COLORADO

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and

Illustrated Pamphlets.

. H. C. TOWNSENO,

General Passenger and Ticket Agent,
ST. LOUIS.

LOUDEN'S CABLE RICKER

And other Hay Stackers are unsurpassed for
ease of operation, simplicity of construction,
cheapness and capacity for work. Especially
successful in handling Alfalfa Hay.

Hay Tools for field and barn embracing
HAY CARRIERS, HAY FORKS, HAY SLINGS. Also
BARN DOOR HANGERS, FEED AND LITTER
CARRIERS and other hardware specialties.

Write for catalogue and descriptive
circulars.

LOUDEN

GRAPPLE

FORK.

ADDRESS:

LOUDEN MACHINERY
COMPANY

75 West Broadway. FAIRFIELD, IA.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.
*<~:~H~KK~X~:~H~KKK~K~K^^

125

MYERS

V

V

"Without an Equal on the Globe

Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head

|JW»» V,!--1, Ill llLlI III I 'II >

I

H*l Rv«. S«v«n and Onr HaU.
md Ttn Inch S

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt
powers, in harmony with present requirements.

Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps

Five Inch Brass Lined
Cylinder.

BACK GEARED
SIX TO ONE.

No. 359. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, 1% and
•> 10-inch stroke. Price $75 00

•>

No. 365. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 and

20-inch stroke. Price 150 00

Double Acting. Capacity, Two Thou-
sand Gallons Per Hour.

No. 362. Bulldozer Pump, 3-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, 7 54 and 10-inch stroke.

Price 875 00

No. 351. Bulldozer Pump, 4-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, 7^ and 10-inch stroke.

Price 120 00

I No. 353. Bulldozer Pump, 5-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5-inch stroke. Price 75 00

No. 363. Bulldozer Pump, 6-inch Brass Lined
„. «u rr i. « Cylinder, 12, 16 and 20-inch stroke.

Artesian Well Cylinder Price 250 co

FULL INFORMATION IN REGARD TO OUR. VARIED LINE ON APPLICATION.

I

t
V
f

'i

I

PROPRIETORS OF

ASHLAND PUHP AND HAY TOOL WORKS

126

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

Built Right

R\JI\ Right

Unsurpassed for Tile, Hollow Ware. Brick a.nd a.11
Classes of Cla.y products. Write for Pa.rtic\jla.rs
on this or other CleLyworking Machinery ? ? 5 5

The Improved Centennial Axiger Machine

Bucyrus. Ohio
U. S. A.

The American Clay- Working
Machinery Company

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

127

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

SAMSON TURBINE

By using a Turbine Water Wheel to drive your
Pump which is to supply the water for your
irrigating ditches, you have the most economical
installation possible. The SAMSON is especial-
ly desirable for use under such conditions.

TKe Ja^mes Leffel .& Co.

Write Dept. "K"-3 for catalog. SPRINGFIELD. OHIO. U. S. A.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

o Valley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

XATrite *or

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for TILE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

;it»<l AI;»|»i.

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner, CeBtr" SSSSySf 5M

When writing to Advertisers, please mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The MARION
STEAM SHOVEL CO

. 632 W. Center Street, MARION, OHIO. \

A COMPLETE LINE OF STEAM SHOVELS, DIPPER

AND CLAMSHELL DREDGES, ETC.

constructing Drainage Ditches we have both
drydand and floating Dredges, and we build
them to suit the requirements of your work. We
manufacture our own steel and grey iron castings,
and make our own chain

One-yard DitcKing Dredge. When in the market write us for information and prices.

(When Writing Advertisers, Please Mention IRRIGATION AGE.)

128
•••••••••I

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

J. L. HUBBELL

Indian Trader

Dealer in

Navajo
Blankets

OLD STYLE WEAVINGS AND
PATTERNS A SPECIALTY.

Silverware, Baskets,

Curios,
Prehistoric Pottery.

Products of Navajo

and other Indian

tribes.

AGENTS WANTED THROUGHOUT
THE UNITED STATES.

Write for particulars, mentioning
The Irrigation Age.

J. L. HUBBELL

Gary a*, do,

BRANCH STORE: Keam's Canon, Ariz.

I I Illl I Illllllllllll Illlllllllllllll

Eastern Oklahoma

A sweep of one hundred and ninety-five miles thrxi one of the most
promising agricultural regions ever turned over to the hand of man-

This in brief represents that portion of Oklahoma which has been given new birth by
the building of the Santa Fe's Eastern Oklahoma line — "the finest 'farming country
the Lord ever made."

Shawnee, in Pottawatomie County, today holds the record for potato shipments.
It ships more potatoes than any other town in the United States ! Ardmore, just
over the Indian Ty. line, has nearly the whole world beaten to a standstill as a
local cotton market. (Both points on the Santa Fe ) Oklahoma's 1903 wheat crop
was a record breaker. The Santa Fe gives these products direct and quick con-
nection with world markets, like Chicago, Kansas City and Galveston.

Write today for copy of our Eastern Oklahoma Folder, just issued, and information

of low rates in effect twice monthly.
\

Address, General Passenger Agent

Atchison, Topeka (®L Santa. Fe Railway

:: :: CHICAGO :: ::

OWN ; A : F A R M !

Thousands of Acres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance, are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE, STOCK-RAISING AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address

CHICAGO AND

W E ST E R N RY.

J.F.CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISSIONER, C. * N.W. Ry ASK FOR T.CKETS V,A

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III. HaJgA^iiP THE NORTH-WESTERN LINE

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES

212 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE STREETS.
OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUGH, W. A. GARDNER, W. B. KNISKERN,

Third Vice-President. General Manager. Pass. Traffic Manager.

STAR" ^IND MILLS

Irrigating
Plant

Designed particularly for the
service of supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

"Hoosier'

and

"Fast Mail

99

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of Iron
Pumps designed for
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
e rated by hand
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

•Star"

Irrigating

Mill

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

"HOOSIER"

Tubular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

Any Capacity . . . M ^-^. ''ij%L B^L {5^ • • • Any Pvirpose

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Steel Towers

Either 3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS OF GOODS

1

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog
and Circulars. Mention this Pape^.

Flint <& Walling Mfg. Co.

530 Oa.k Street. Kendall ville, Ind.

k- *•! C7-:iaji

TUB

KIGATIONAG]

PUBLISHED JN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION

DRAINAGE

MARCH,
1904.

THED.H.ANDERSON
.PUBLISHING CO,

Publishers.
113 DEARBORN ST.,
CHICAGO.

THE

'IRRIGATION AGE ^

ESTABLISHED 1885

WITH WHICH IS MERCED

THE DRADMfiE JOURNAL

: ESTABLISHED 1879

SPECIAL

FEATURES

FLeport of Special Com-
mission on La.nd Laws.
Irriga-tion in British India.

Origin of Soils.
Irrigation Problems

in Kans&s.

The Prinrvmer of Irrigaction.
History of

Pumping

Water.

LA

r\J

CHARLES A. "
COX.

. CMOO.

Morris Ma=
chine Works

BALDWINSVILLE.N.Y.

Centrifugal Pumping Machinery,
designed for any irrigating prop-
osition. Send details or specifica-
tions of what is wanted and we
will recommend a pumping outfit
iiiUffiiMPP1 V 'he need.

New York office,
•H Cortlandt Street
Houston office,
„„ Main Street. Texas
leuion & Hubbell. Agents,
J. Jefferson htieet, Chicago. 1
Harron. Rickard & McCone,
Agents, 21 Fremont Street,
San. Francisco, Cal.

^

Keep Your ^p on the Challenge
Line of Irrigation Machinery.

Challenge Gasoline Engines

FIVE HORSE POWER WITH PUMP JACK

Strongest and simplest Engine ever constructed. Has Friction Clutch for throwing
Pump Jack out of gear. Has all latest appliances for convenience in handling.

Has Stroke

12 inch.

, 16 inch.

20 inch.

24 inch.

GET OUR PRICES

Furnished either
Mounted or Sta-
tionary. We also
build \l/2 H. P.,
2 H. P. and 3 H.
P. Engines with
Pump Jacks.

Dandy Irrigator Wind Mills

JVOTHIJVO TO CO1MF»AI*E WITH THBJVI

Note its Simplio
ity, Compactness,
Immense strength

Brass or Graphite
Bearings.

Roller Bearings

for Turn Table.

Heaviest and
Strongest Wind
Mill ever offered
for sale.

It is everlasting
and has no equal.

Headquarters for all Kinds

of Water Supply

Ooods.

This cut shows the
working and wearing
parts of our large
sizes of Dandy Mills.
They are particularly
adapted for irriga-
tion pumping.

The
Dandy

Write for Catalog

BRANCH HOUSES:

DALLAS, •
KANSAS CITY,
MINNEAPOLIS,
OMAHA, •
136 Liberty St.,

NEW YORK

Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill Co., Batavia. ill.

y*
¥
t

i

i

y

A

THE IRRIGATION/. GE.

129

STANDARD FOR SIXTY-FIVE YEARS

MADE BY DEERE & CO., MOLINE, ILL

SUPERIOR

I

Maginnis Flume Mfg. Co.,

...Manufacturers of...

SUGAR = BEET SEED!

Breustedt's "Elite," "Elite A," "Neure

Zucht" and "Zuckerreichste" unsurpassed

for High Sugar-Content, Purity and Greatest

Tonnage.

Used by most Sugar Factories in the United

States and Canada.

Sugar=Beets for Stock Feed

Breustedt's "Elite" and "Elite A" yidd 1,500
to 2.500 bushels per acre. % lb., 25c; % lb., 40c; 1
lb., 75c; 2 Ibs., $1.25; 4 Ibs., 82.25; my mail, prepaid,
5 Ibs., 81.75; 10 Ibs. 83.00; 25 Ibs., $6 00; 50 Ibs., 811 00;
110 Ibs , 820.00; by freight or express, not prepaid.
Cash with ordt r.

EDWARD C. POST, M. E., Dundee, Mich.

Sole Agent for United States and Canada.

ED. NOTE: Mr. Post was in charge of the sugar beet exhibit
at the Eleventh National Irrigation Congress, held at Ogden,
Utah. Sept. U-18. 1903.

MAGINNIS

PATENT

FLUME,

SHEEP TROUGHS AND CATTLE TANKS :j

This rlume is made in eight-foot sections up to and including 36
inches parameter, or above 36 parameter it is made in 30-inch sec-
tions, ribbed at every splice, and ships "Knocked Down" as third
class freight, or nearly as cheaply as galvanized iron in the sheet.
This flume has taken the place of the wooden flumes in nearly every
ditch in cur home county. Only two wooden flumes are now in use
in the county (both of which are practically new). Numerous testi-
monials as to the merits of our flume state that in uearly every
instance they have been substituted for wooden flumes. One
advantage ot the gahanized iron flume is that all the water goes
over the flume, which is not possible where wooden flumes are
used. Another feature about the disadvantages in using wooden
flumes is leakage around posts or bends where the ground is so
softentd up that supports settle. This never occurs with the
Maginais flume. Very little timber is required!, just two slight
stringers of sufficient strength to carry the weight of the water.
The Maginnis flume is always ready for business, never leaks, nor
does it need constant attention. Once in place, always ready for
work. Concerning the length of spans crossing streams, etc., any
length can be used by the application of proper size stringers to
carry the weigh t of the water. This flume can be taken out and moved
in sections of 30 inches without interfering with the rest of the flume.
Being made in a semi-circular form, no holes to break, galvanized,
thereby causing no rust, no rivets to solder over, no solder, just
a plain splice joint. Guaranteed not to leak or buckle, as ribs every
30 inches make it string enough to carry much greater weight than
can be put upon it. Special flumes maie to order.

Write for prices, etc , to the

Maginnis Fl\ime Mfg. Co.,

Kimba.ll, Neb.

Mentioning THE IRRIGATION AGE.

130 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

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The Birdsell Alfalfa Huller Saves All of the Seed and it is the

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for Hulling Alfalfa.

SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

Birdsell Mfg. Co

South Bend, Ind.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

131

fc>r Brick, Tile and Sewer
Pipe Manufacturers

SEWER PIPE BARROW

TILE TRUCK

HEAVY FURNACE FRONT

These Trucks and Barrows are made of first-class material, and the workmanship is the
best. Special trucks and barrows to suit customers, made to order. Prices quoted on
receipt of specifications.

BAND TIGHTENERS AND DOOR CONNECTORS

CLASS B CLASS C

TUPPER STYLE GRATE

CAST IRON KILN COVERS

Sections 6 inches wide.

STRAIGHT GRATES

36, 42, and 48 inches long

==

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Any length. Sections 3 inches to 3}4 inches wide. Weight average about 1 pound
per inch in length.

We also make Kiln Bands complete with sections cut to length and rivet holes punched. Rivets fur-
nished and tighteners riveted on to end sections. Prices quoted for anything in this line upon application,

AddI-

The Arnold -Cr eager Co.

NEW LONDON. OHIO

or Cor. 6th and Vine Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio

132

THE IKUTGATION AGE.

The Samson

The Windmill That Makes
Irrigation Possible Anywhere

"Blow high or blow low," The Samson is always ready. Made of
galvanized steel throughout, it is strong and durable. The wings are
so shaped and so set on the arms that they utilize more of the force
of the winds than any other mill made.

THE SAMSON

is a double-geared mill and the strain is between the gear wheels and the lift is hi line with the
center of the power exerted. The strain is evenly divided among tour bearings instead of one, as
in single-geared mills. This arrangement saves wear, side draft and the twisting strain that comes
with the use of single gearing. '1 he double gear insures steadiness in operating and prevents the
wobbling that shakes and weakens the tower.

The Samson is the latest and most perfect production of the largest windmill factory on earth
and is the result of experiments without number and the experience of many years spent in
building windmills.

The Samson is self-oiling, the extra large oil-cups needing to be filled on'y at long intervals.
It is strong enough to stand up and work in the highest wind, and is so carefully made that it
catches and utilizes a very light breeze. For irrigation purposes, no windmill ever made will do
the same work that the Samson will. It lifts water from the deepest wells with perfect ease, and
will pump more hours in a year than any other windmill ever made.

We have not space here to tell all about this mill. We publish the best and finest booklet ever
sent out from any windmill factory and will be glad to send it to you on request. It describes
every piece and illustrates the minutest details. All this is told in an interesting manner, and
when you have read the booklet, you will know all there is to know about the Samson. It is not
necessary to cover up or gloss over any point. We are proud of it to the smallest bull for in every
detail it stands for windmill perfection. Send for this booklet to-day.

617 R.iver Street.

FREEPORT, ILL.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX

CHICAGO, MARCH, 1904.

No. 5.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,

PUBLISHERS,
112 Dearborn Street. _• CHICAGO

Entered at the Postoffice at Chicago, 111., as Second-Class Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON

Editors

W. J. ANDERSON
Western Office: Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver, Colo.
GEO. W. WAGNER, Mgr. W. v. . JACKSON, Editor, Western Dept.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, ... . . $1.00

To Canada and Mexico, .... t ... . . . 1.00

All Other Foreign Countries, 1.50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks.
Send either postofnce or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recognized throughout the world as
the exponent of Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival in half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

fn A rlT7-prH*<iPr<l It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only pufalicati
LU -f^-U v Ci LXC5C1C3. ^ tne wori,j having an actual paid in advance circulation among individu

ion

idual

irrigatots and large irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world.
The Irrigation Age is J9 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITORIAL

Mr. W. J. E. Johnston is not connected
Notice with THE IRRIGATION AGE or with the

to the D. H. Anderson Publishing Company in

Public. any capacity. He is not authorized to

make contracts for advertising or to re-
ceive subscriptions, collect money or receipt for the
same. THE IRRIGATION AGE employs no canvassers or
solicitors who do not carry proper credentials from this
office signed by D. H. Anderson, president of the D. H.
Anderson Publishing Company.

Nevada will have a great exhibit at the
Nevada World's Fair. In the Miners' Palace

at St. Louis, there will be 118 varieties of ore shown

and the mines from which it was taken,
its value, etc., will be given. One of the features of
this display will be the Yerington nugget, a 271-
pound lump of ruby silver that was taken from the
mine of Tonopah. Irrigation in Nevada will be
brought to the attention of the visitors through models
of the Wadsworth Canal, which has been built at a
cost of $1.000,000. Nevada's enterprise in this mat-
ter is highly praiseworthy, and other arid states will
no doubt make equally valuable and interesting ex-
hibits.

The land-grabbing Octopus is spreading
No Danger the most alarming reports concerning the
of Shortage, rapid absorption of the public domain,
declaring that it will only be a few years
until the poor homeseeker will be unable to find a va-
cant spot big enough for a garden patch. The cry of
the Octopus is that it is working entirely in the in-
terest of the future generations, and for that reason
demands that all public lands be withdrawn from en-
try, except as it may be taken up under the general
homestead law.

To show the fallacy of this position and that the
Octopus is trying to create a false alarm, it may be
stated that Uncle Sam still owns, exclusive of Alaska,
over 500,000,000 acres open to settlement. This does
not include about 60,000,000 acres in forest reserves
and 60,000,000 acres in Indian reservations outside of
Indian Territory.

The territory still unoccupied and subject to set-
tlement is over five-eighths as large as the entire acre-
age disposed of under all laws since the foundation
of the Government. This is equal in area to the thir-
teen original States of the Union, and in addition Iowa,
Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Arkansas, Alabama, Mis-
souri, Mississippi, Indiana, Louisiana, Ohio, West Vir-
ginia, Tennessee and Kentucky.

Allowing for the depredations of timber thieves
and others, there will be plenty left.

134

THE IERIGATION AGE.

There is a branch of the department of
El wood agriculture that is doing a good work

Mead's for the coming farmer of this country,

Good Work, but which has attracted but little public
attention. This is the division of irri-
gation and drainage investigations and is in charge
of Prof. Elwood Mead. This division is in the depart-
ment of the Office of Experiment Stations and Pro-
fessor Mead's work is in direct connection with the
Experiment Stations of the various States.

Professor Mead is now making an extended trip
through the Western States for the purpose of plan-
ning the work of his department for the coming year.
He has been in- close communication with the Iowa
Station, which has had charge of the drainage work
of that State, and has followed the work there very
closely. His department has given the State much
valuable aid in the actual work of drainage that has
already been done. Professor Mead also spent several
days in Western Kansas, where the Government is
doing considerable irrigation work, and from there he
went to Colorado and inspected the various plans for
irrigation that the Government is now carrying out.
He is now in California, where he will spend some
time in connection with the work that has already
been undertaken there by the Government through
the State Experimental Station. His entire trip will
occupy some three or four months and during that
time several experimental plants for irrigation by
pumping will be established. One of these will be in
New Mexico, another in California and a third in
Arkansas.

The Arkansas experiment will be one of great
value to the farmers of that State. Lying to the
eastward of Little Eock there are large areas of land
that has never been cultivated because they have not
been properly drained. The soil, while rich in some
elements, does not possess all of the elements neces-
sary to the production of ordinary field crops. Pro-
fessor Mead believes that this land will make good
rice land and he will establish a pumping station under
the direction of a competent drainage engineer who
will lay out several plots and plant them to rice.
Farmers in that section will be invited to visit the
station and investigate the work as it progresses.

From some investigation, on a small scale, car-
ried on last year, enough has been learned to warrant
the belief that this land will produce large yields of
good rice. If this belief is well founded, the State of
Arkansas will have another very valuable product
added to its agriculture and Professor Mead's depart-
ment should have full credit for the work.

Rice culture in Texas, which has become so im-
portant a factor in the production of this country, is
due very largely to the intelligent investigation and
experiments made by the department of agriculture.
Professor Mead is a man of plain practical sense, and

all of his experiments are conducted solely with the
view of teaching the average farmer how to do things
properly. He applies science in the simplest way pos-
sible and is always careful to make his applications
practical and easily understood.

When the present irrigation bill was be-
Then fore Congress the land-grabbing Octopus,
and Now. which is composed of the most powerful
interests in this country, opposed it bit-
terly. They sent their hired agents all over the West
to proclaim that there should be no general bill, but
that special bills should be passed from time to time
for the building of specific works. They denounced
everybody who in any way favored the passage of the
act and the files of many western newspapers, whose
editors were misled by their representations, show that
they fought it as vigorously as though it meant the-
confiscation of every railroad in the West and the finan-
cial destruction of every bloated scrip owner in the
country.

A strong committee representing the Octopus even
went so far as to try to raise a doubt in the mind of
the President as to the merits of the bill and impress
upon him that it was a dangerous and totally unwise
measure. They sought a conference with Mr. Roose-
velt without notifying the supporters of the bill in
the hope that they might so prejudice him against it
as to enlist his influence in opposition; but the friends
of the bill, including the members of Congress who
favored it, were called to a later conference with the
President and they, upon their own motion, invited
representatives of the Octopus to be present. The
President listened patiently to the discussion at this
conference, and with his quick grasp of the truth,
immediately saw that the objections which had been
raised were merely captious and of no real importance.

No changes of importance were made in the bill
after that conference and it passed practically in the
form as it came from the original unofficial commit-
tee of seventeen which contained a representative or
senator from each one of the arid land States and ter-
ritories. In spite of this fact, however, the representa-
tives of the land-grabbing Octopus sent broadcast the
assertion that they had forced vital amendments to iif
and seeing that the bill would be passed in spite of
their opposition and that they were unable to emascu-
late it in any way, promptly claimed all the credit
for it, and ever since that time have championed it a&
the fulfilment of their own fondest dreams.

The object of this sudden conversion is plain. It is
to create the false impression that the Octopus is and
always has been the honest advocate of the law in
order to strengthen its attack upon the land laws.
The money to carry out the provisions of the irriga-
tion law comes from the sale of public lands, and the
repeal of the commutation clause of the homestead act

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

135

and stone and timber act would practically amount to
a repeal of the irrigation law. For, without the money
derived from this source, the irrigation plans of the
Government could not be carried out, and the Octopus
would be able to accomplish the very object it had in
view when it fought the passage of the national irri-
gation act with such fierceness and determination.

The true friends of irrigation and the small home-
maker should not be deceived by the arguments pre-
sented by the land-grabbing Octopus but should adhere
steadily to the determination to retain upon the statute
books the present land laws with such amendments as
may properly safeguard them from the raids of un-
scrupulous and thieving land combinations.

the arid West, and the report is therefore of interest to
any one wishing to understand the subject of water
rights in the United States.

Acquirement The office of Experiment Stations of the
of Water United States Department of Agricul-
Rights. ture just issued a bulletin on the Acquire-

ment of Water Rights in the Arkansas
Valley in Colorado, by Hon. J. S. Greene, of Pueblo,
formerly State engineer of Colorado, prepared under
the direction of Elwood Mead, chief of irrigation in-
vestigations. The bulletin is written especially for
those who are contemplating settling in the Arkansas
Valley, and is intended to give them such an under-
standing of water rights and the conditions which
affect their value, that they can act intelligently in
acquiring a water supply. Mr. Greene has been for
many years a prominent irrigation engineer of Colorado,
has administered the laws of the State as the State En-
gineer, and is a landowner and irrigator under some
of the canals dealt with in the bulletin. He has, there-
fore, had to deal with the questions discussed from the
standpoints of the investor, the public, and the indi-
vidual farmer.

Water rights are acquired from the State, in the
first instance, but the individual settler must usually
secure a right from some individual or company which
has built a canal for the purpose of supplying water
to farmers. The value*of both classes of rights de-
pends very largely upon physical conditions and upon
other rights to the streams. Mr. Greene shows this
connection and points out the sources of information
as to these conditions. Rights purchased from canal
owners are subject also to the conditions of the con-
tracts under which the water is supplied. A large
number of these contracts are given and discussed in
such a way that an intending settler can tell what
points he should look into before purchasing a right.

The laws and contracts are discussed also from
the standpoints of the canal owner and of the public
welfare. The report is therefore of great value to stu-
dents of irrigation law and economics since it gives
much valuable information and its interpretation by
one who has studied it from every point of view.

The conditions in the Arkansas Valley in Colorado
do not differ essentially from those in other parts of

The importance of irrigating land by
Value of pumping water from the underflow is
Pumping. beginning to be recognized, and this fea-
ture of irrigation is growing very rapid-
ly. The national irrigation act has stimulated this
work enormously and has already increased the de-
mand for the irrigated lands .of the West. Experi-
ments show that in many portions of the arid West
wells sunk from eighteen to fifty feet will supply large
sections of land which can not be irrigated in any other
way, and in this manner low or seepage land can be
made valuable by water being forced up onto the dry
and unprofitable tableland. No storage reservoirs are
necessary and the expense of canals and irrigation
ditches is thereby saved. Tests have recently been made
at a distance of seventy-five to one hundred miles dis-
tant from the foothills, in which it was found that
water could be had in abundance along draws and dry
waterways at four to eight feet below the surface. It
is believed that the underground flow will constantly
increase and that this source of water will be unfail-
ing.

The report of the Irrigation Congress at
Not a Work Ogden is out, but it will never occupy a
of Art. high place in literature or mechanical art.

This report, it is naturally supposed,
would have been prepared by Hon. H. B. Maxson, sec-
retary of the Congress, but it is only after a diligent
search that his name was found in small type hidden
away in a mass of other names. The cover page an-
nounces that the report was "edited by Gilbert Mc-
Clurg," and again the proclamation is made on the
title page that this work is "Officially Compiled and
Edited by Gilbert McClurg, of Colorado Springs, Colo.,
General Representative of the Executive Committee
and Director of Promotion, Publicity and Program
of the Eleventh National Irrigation Congress."

A full-page half-tone picture of Mr. McClurg, who
is commonly referred to as Hon. Fred J. Kiesel's "one
thousand dollar beauty," is one of the most striking
objects that adorns the front pages and Mr. McClurg
is very much in evidence all through the book. Mr.
McClurg and his side partner, Mr. Willis T. Beardsley,
have taken five months for the preparation of this re-
port, the time being mainly spent in importuning mem-
bers of the Congress for permission to print their por-
traits at so much per and for contributions.

This has been a gigantic begging game from the
start and in no manner reflects credit upon the Con-
gress. Cheap paper, cheap cuts, and cheap printing are
the characteristic features of the report. Extra copies
are sold by McClurg & Beardsley at one dollar each.

136

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The land-grabbing Octopus in its desper-
Desecration ation over the probable defeat of its effort
of the Cross, to repeal the land laws, has desecrated

the Christian Cross by announcing that
it will continue its xmholy fight under its protection.
The organ of the Octopus in its last number prints a
large picture of the Cross on its cover, flaunts it in the
face of its enemies and announces its intention of
following this holy emblem in its unholy crusade against
the rights and liberty of the American homeseeker.
Think of it ! The various interests that compose the
land-grabbing Octopus raising aloft the Cross of Christ,
and with sardonic hypocrisy announcing that it has en-
listed under this emblem as though its cause were a
righteous one and entitled to the protection of the
Deity. This is the limit of frenzied desperation and
points to the conviction that the Octopus realizes that
defeat is inevitable.

The college department of the University
Wheat of Wyoming has just issued a very im-

Growing' portant bulletin on wheat growing on the
in Wyoming. Laramie Plains. These plains are situ-
ated in southern Wyoming and cover one-
half of the area of Albany County. It is a plateau of
level land from 7,000 to 8,000 feet high and is sur-
rounded by two ridges of mountains. The irrigation
ditch from the Big and Little Laramie Eivers with
their tributaries cover a large area of irrigated land.
mostly along the streams, though the Pioneer Canal
alone irrigates some 20,000 acres of the higher bench
lands.

Experiments show that crops grow well at these
altitudes when properly irrigated and cultivated. Corn
does not grow well on account of the short season in
these high altitudes, but wheat, oats and barley find a
most congenial environment. The San Luis Valley
produces large crops of excellent grain and supplies
several large flouring mills and keeps them in success-
ful operation. There are over 100 head of cattle and
about 1,000 sheep for every ranch in Wyoming, yet
most of the animal products used for food are of the
packing house variety. To show how little the State
has been developed and what great possibilities it pos-
sesses, it is stated that the value of the products raised
in the State which is fed to live stock amounts to less
than $1.00 per acre for all farming lands. Wherever
irrigation is used, wheat produces large yields. It is
necessary to irrigate wheat from two to four times,
depending on the season, but the crop never fails.
There is a large home market for wheat and the bi-
products of the mills. The average yield is about
twenty-five bushels per acre.

The only serious wheat pest found in southern
Wyoming is smut, which is easily controlled by treating
the seed. There is no doubt that Wyoming will within
a very few years become one of the great wheat pro-
ducers of the arid States.

A number of letters are printed in this
Want issue of THE IRRIGATION AGE from cor-

to Buy respondents who are seeking machinery

Thing's. and implements of various kinds for

irrigation and drainage work. The at-
tention of manufacturers is called to these letters for
the purpose of impressing upon them the absolute
necessity of always keeping their business before the
public. We have received a great many more letters
during the past month, and they have been answered
by letter. The letters we print are taken at random
from the pile of correspondence received and show
that buyers are always seeking the advertising pages
of the journals devoted to the business in which they
are interested for the things they want to buy. Manu-
facturers who are keenly alive to their interests will
not neglect to keep their business always in the ad-
vertising pages of THE IRRIGATION AGE, because adver-
tising is like bread upon the waters — it brings returns
some times when least expected.

The International Miners' Association is
Miner's preparing to give a great carnival at El

Carnival Paso at the time of the National Irriga-
at El Paso. tion Congress next November. The in-
tention is not to have the two conven-
tions at the same time, but one will follow the other
closely enough so that persons who are interested in
both may attend at the same time. It is believed that
this Miners' Carnival will be a great benefit as giving
irrigation delegates a good impression of the products
of the mines of the Southwest and that capital may be
interested in this industry which could not be reached
by any other method. It has been suggested that a
purse of $5,000 be offered for prizes in a drilling con-
test. There will also be displays of the work done by
diamond drills, the electric and compressed air drills
and all other forms of drilling. There will also be a
miners' parade with miners in full working costume
and an old-fashioned barbecue. There will be a great
exhibit of mining machinery as well as the actual
products of the mines. It is the intention to have the
great copper mines of that region make fine displays of
their ores and machinery, and large prizes will be
offered for the best displays in order to induce interest
in the carnival.

In answer to several correspondents who have made
inquiries concerning the Iowa Drainage Convention
held at Ames in January, we refer them to Prof. W. N.
Stevenson, of the Agricultural College of Iowa, who
will doubtless be glad to send all information regarding
the convention that is requested.

Send $1.00 for THE IRRIGATION AGE, one year.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

137

THE ORIGIN OF OUR SOILS.

J. AENETT.

While the earth spins upon its axis it waltzes
around the sun in an elliptical orbit inclining at an
angle of 23° 27'
€" 6 to the plane
of the celestial
equator, and
which, perforce, it
interesects at its
ascending and de-
scending nodes
about the 21st of
March and Sep-
tember respective-
ly. These inter-
sections are never
at the same points
in the earth's or-
bit, but have a re-
trocession west-
ward of 50" 1 of
arc, and in conse-
quence vast earth-
involving changes
running through
& period of 25,868
years follow, and
during which time
each and every
point in the earth's
orbit has its peri-
helion and aphe-
lion passage.

The reader
may ask what has
this to do with
"the origin of our
soils ?" Let us
eee. The eccen-
t r i c i t y of the
earth's orbit is
.016771, and tak-
ing the earth's
mean distance from
the sun at 92,790,-
000 miles we are
3,112,560 miles
nearer the sun
when the earth is
a t its perihelion
passage, about De-
cember 2 1 , than
when at its aphe-
lion, about June
21. What then? In
going through the
circuit above men-
tioned, tho earth
reached its aphe-
lion passage in

midwinter, far, far away from the sun, not an annual
midwinter, but a midwinter extending through a period
of 6,467 years. See, kind reader, the hand of the clock
geologic points to the hour of eternal winter. Giant

HON. C. W. MARSH.

Mr. C. W. Marsh, whose portrait is herewith shown, is one of the best known
editors of class publications in %the United States. Mr. Marsh has been editor of
Farm Implement News, of Chicago, and one of its principal stockholders since the Mews
came into existence, some eighteen or twenty years ago. He has been prominent not
only as an editor, but at one time as one of the leading manufacturers of harvesting
machinery in the world. He was for many years at the head of the Marsh Harvester
Company, £nd, on that company going out of business, Mr. Marsh took up newspaper
work and has proven himself remarkably strong along these lines. His many friends
will be glad to know that the newspaper venture has been exceedingly successful;
Farm Implement Ne-tos stands today as one of the best class papers published in
America, both editorially and as a money-earner. The editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE
was connected with Farm Implement News during its early history and was thereby
brought into close contact with Mr. Marsh and the other members of that company,
and it affords him great pleasure to be able to testify to the absolute uprightness of
the gentleman, his sincere desire at all times to be fair and ripht in the editorial
columns of his journal. It is thought fitting at this time to say a few words concern-
ing Mr. Marsh, in view of the statement that he will within the next year withdraw
from active work in connection with his paper and spend liis remaining days at his
comfortable country home, between Sycamore and DeKalb, 111. The portrait shown of
Mr. Marsh is the one from which a medallion was made at the time of the World's
Fair, commemorating his participation in the development of harvesting machinery in
America.

winter in his icy fetters holds universal nature bound,
and death itself, with vitals frozen, lies prone at his
feet. During these long and dreary winters the earth,
away off yonder from the sun at its aphelion passage,
snow, sleet and ice accumulated upon the north frigid
zone to miles in thickness, feathering off toward the

equator to about
40 degrees north
latitude. And now
what ? This vast
hood of snow, sleet
and ice, in obe-
dience to the cen-
trifugal force ex-
erted upon it by
the rotation of the
earth on its axis,
outward flows in
glaciers long, deep
and wide. These
glaciers pushed
down mountains,
filled up valleys
and made the
rough places plane.
These glacial riv-
ers scooped out the
basins of the
Great Lakes, tore
up the solid bed-
rock and ground it
to atoms beneath
their omnipotent
tread and pushed
it in million-yard
masses and mo-
raines along their
highway of march.
The southerly or
protruding tongues
of these glaciers
melted away in
ocean gushes be-
neath the warmth
of a more souther-
ly sun, and these
waters took the
above finely-pulver-
ized material and
carried i t here,
there and yonder,
while that falling
in eddy places re-
mained where it
fell, and that fall-
ing on higher
ground was oft
claimed again by
counter currents
strong and borne
away.

It is a law of
matter that every
molecule in the vast universe attracts and is attracted
by every other molecule in inverse ratio to the squares
of their distances asunder. This being true, this mighty
hood of snow, sleet and ice, that weighted down the

138

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

arctic frizid zone and large part of the north temper-
ate, exerted an attractive influence upon the oceanic
waters, causing the flooding of the lands of the Mis-
sissippi Valley and long reaches of its tributaries.
These incoming waters, coming from a warmer zone,
increased the protruding glacial melting, and the con-
stant change of trend of the current of the incoming
floods increased the spread of silt. The poet says the
mills of the gods grind slow, but grind exceeding fine. In
this case the mills were mighty, and mighty the grist
to be ground.

Let no one believe for a moment that the foregoing
was the only source of our soils.

The volcano and earthquake deeply plowed the
surface and the furrows they turned were craters, con-
ons and mountain ranges. Air and water, world-build-
ing partners, decomposed in their laboratory the solid
surface rock. The air in playful gale took up the pow-
dered rock in clouds of dust and spread it far and
wide. The water took up the coarser part and bore it
to lower levels, where in chemical bath its reduction
would be completed.

While the above glacial army, under the com-
mand of the world-building gods, was pushing down
mountains, filling up valleys and scooping out basins
of lakes and inland seas, its work, though great,
ended at Cincinnati, Ohio, or about the fortieth
parallel of north latitude. No trace of their hand-
writing is found south of Cincinnati.

But traces of changes equally stupendous are seen
everywhere, showing that mighty degrading forces
have been at work. The blue grass region in Kentucky
owes its fertility to the melting down by decay of hun-
dreds of feet of the solid surface rock, leaving standing
here and there mounds hundreds of feet high and some
of them acres in extent of the more obdurate rock that
has so far resisted decay as silent witnesses of the
changes that have taken place.

In Kentucky, Tennessee and the north ends of
the gulf states the streams of drainage have cut down
their beds in places 1,600 feet through solid rock.
Volcanic ash, though sometimes sterile, belched forth
in state-covering showers, often makes a fertile soil.
To all of the above and more add decayed animal and
vegetable matter and you have mainly the soils of to-
day.

CITY ON A MOUNTAIN TOP.

Cloudcroft is situated on the top of the Sacra-
mento Mountains in southern New Mexico, at an alti-
tude of about 9,000 feet. Near the tops of the moun-
tains the rain and snowfall is sufficient for the growth
of crops, but it comes in the summer and winter, leav-
ing the spring and early summer dry, and this, together
with the cold nights, makes the growing season short.
The only crops grown successfully here as yet are white
potatoes and oat hay. In the canons at and below 7,000
feet, while the rainfall is less, there is considerable
water, derived from springs, and this, if carefully used,
will irrigate much of the area to which it can be ap-
plied. Here, in addition to potatoes, oats, barley, In-
dian corn, cabbage and other vegetables, and fruit are
grown very successfully. Some persons have begun to
grow berries and it is believed that this will prove to
be one of the best small fruit sections of the territory.
At the higher altitudes considerable attention has, in
recent years, been paid to the growing of Angora goats,
which, seem to thrive particularly well there.

PROPOSE SENSIBLE CHANGES IN LAND LAWS.

President's Commission Adopts Many Suggestions of The Irri-
gation Age and Recommends Legislation Which
Will Help the Settler.

THE IRRIGATION AGE feels justified in claiming a
decided victory in the partial report of the special com-
mission appointed by President Roosevelt to make sug-
gestions regarding public land laws. This commission
is composed of General Land Commissioner W. A. Rich-
ards, Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot and Chief Engineer
F. H. Newell, of the Reclamation Service.

The committee recommends the outlines for a law-
permitting homestead entries upon agricultural lands
within forest reserves, such entries to be located along the
valleys on purely agricultural lands and not to extend
to valuable timber on the hillsides. This is a wise and
just provision, and THE IRRIGATION AGE has constantly
urged that small farmers should be allowed to settle
along the fertile valleys in the great forest reserves,
which, when improved and adorned with homes, would
only add to the attractiveness and value of the re-
serves.

The most important recommendation, however, and
one which THE IRRIGATION AGE has always vigorously
advocated, is an amendment to the commutation clause
in the homestead law which will prevent timber thieves
from annexing valuable timber lands under the pretense
of settlement upon them for agricultural purposes. The
abuse of this clause of the homestead law needed correc-
tion, and THE IRRIGATION AGE has always contended
that it would be a simple matter to prevent it by proper
legislation. The President's "commission has taken the
same view of the matter and recommends a change in
the law which will prevent entries located within for-

*

est reserves or where the land is chiefly valuable for
timber.

The report recommends the repeal of the timber
and stone act, and provision for selling the timber on
public land in large or small quantities as it may be
needed for industrial purposes. While there seems to
be no objection to such a provision, the meager report
of this part of the commission's recommendation is not
sufficiently clear upon which to form a correct judgment.
If the Government goes into the business of, selling tim-
ber lands, it will open up a great field for corruption, and
the most careful safeguards to protect the interests of
the Government should be provided.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

139

The commission also makes the recommendation that
when lands are restored to entry after temporary segre-
gation, ample time should be allowed homestead entry
men to exercise their rights, giving the preference over
persons who may wish to select the land by the use of
scrip or other form of entry. THE IRRIGATION AGE has
made its fight chiefly upon the ground that if the com-
mutation clause of the homestead law should be re-
pealed entirely it would force homeseekers to buy their
lands from the owners of scrip, who could spread it upon
large areas of the most valuable agricultural lands in
the West, and, together with the railroads, absolutely
control all the land open to settlement, except those
upon which settlers would be required to live five years.
The report of the commission is unexpectedly broad
in its provisions, and the land-grabbing Octopus has
evidently abandoned its efforts to carry out its schemes
in their entirety, seeing that defeat was inevitable in the
end. The report of the commission is a decided back-
down from the arrogant stand hitherto taken by the
Octopus, and THE IRRIGATION AGE congratulates the
advocates of honest reclamation and correct principles
in home-building upon this victory.

PROPOSED MINERS' CARNIVAL.

International Miners' Association Will Have a Grand Meeting at
El Paso, Next November.

The El Paso Daily Herald says Secretary Gifford,
of the International Miners' Association, lias sprung
a new idea on the members of the Association with
reference to its next annual meeting.

At the last annual meeting of the Association it
was voted to hold the 1904 meeting in Chihuahua dur-
ing the month of January. However, believing that
better results would be obtained to hold the annual
meeting of the Association at the time of the National
Irrigation Congress in El Paso next November and with
this idea in view Mr. Gifford has been for the past
few days calling on the different local members of the
organization and getting their views on this matter
and he has met with such favorable expressions that
he is sending out printed circulars to the different
members of the Association who live out of the city,
asking for their views.

From the views of those who have already been
approached on this matter there is no doubt but that
the annual meeting will be held next November and
that it will be one of the largest the miners have
ever had.

The intention is not to have the two conventions
at the same time, but one following the other closely
enough to hold the crowds.

The possibilities along this line are great and Mr.
Gifford believes by going ahead with the matter now
and working with a view to having, in connection
with the annual meeting, a miners' carnival, one of
the most insfcractive and pleasing entertainments for

the delegates- to the irrigation congress can be arranged.
Mr. Gifford's idea is not that of having an ordinary
carnival with a lot of midway shows to flinch the peo-
ple, but strictly a miners' carnival for the miners and
their friends.

In this southwest region mining and irrigation
are sister industries and while one would help the
other, they are so different that neither one would
conflict with the other. The miner has to depend
on what is raised to support him, while in the end the
man who raises his crops by irrigation has to a large
degree to depend on the product of the miners' labor
to pay for his crops, and if the two industries are devel-
oped in this section it will give the farmer an excel-
lent market at home for his products and enable the
miner to purchase his supplies without sending away
for them.

The idea advanced by Mr. Gifford for the miners'
carnival is something unique for this section and would,
more than anything else, tend to give the irrigation
delegates a good impression of the southwest and at
the same time, no doubt, many of the capitalists, com-
ing here for the irrigation congress, would become in-
terested in the mining industry, who probably could
not be reached by any other method, and thus new capi-
tal and brains would be brought into this section.

Mr. Gifford's idea of the miners' carnival, after
consulting with the local members, is to have several
attractions, including drilling contests, daylight and
night fireworks, a miners' parade, a miners' trades pa-
rade, a big barbecue, machinery displays and a dis-
play of ores.

"My idea is first to have one of the largest drill-
ing contests that has ever taken place," says Mr. Gif-
ford in explanation. "I would suggest that a total
purse of about $5,000 be hung. In addition to the
hand drilling we should also have a display of the
work done by the diamond drills, the electric and com-
pressed air drills and all other forms of drilling.

"Then we would want a miners' parade by all means,
where the miners from all over the country could ap-
pear in working costume, carrying their candles on
their caps and their picks and shovels over their should-
ers. In connection with the miners' parade we would
also have a miners' trades display to be fitted out by
the local mechanics, which would fittingly illustrate the
growth of the mining industry of the southwest.

"Instead of the customary banquet I would sug-
gest an old fashioned barbecue. The average miner
does not always feel at home in a banquet hall, while
at a birbecue he would be comfortable.

"By taking hold of this matter in an energetic man-
ner one of the greatest attractions ever seen in the
southwest can be arranged. The large mining machin-
ery houses in the East are continually sending machin-
ery through the city to the different mining camps
and by taking the matter up with them at once no
doubt many of them could be induced to have some
of their machinery on exhibition here at the time.

"Along with the machinery exhibit a fine exhibit
of the actual products of the mines and treating plants
of the southwest could be secured, as it would be an
easy matter to induce such companies as the Copper
Queen, Calumet & Arizona, The Cananra Consolidated,
and the Arizona Copper Company to stop a carload of
bullion en route east and place it on exhibition here."

Send $1.00 for THK IRRIGATION AGE, one year.

140

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

HISTORY OF PUMPING WATER.*

Wonderful Development of Plants for .Irrigating Purposes and
Their Use in New Mexico.

BY JOHN J. VERNON ANp FRANCIS E. LESTER.
Neiv Mexico College of Agriculture.

[Continued from February number of THE IRRIGATION AGE.]

The illustration of Van Wie centrifugal pump
shown in these columns, also cut showing the inclosed

Enclosed Piston, Van Wie Pump.

piston used in thi*
pump, should have-
appeared in connec-
tion with our Feb-
r u a r y installment
of "History of
Pumping Water."
This was not possi-
ble, however, owing
to the fact that

these cuts were not in our possession at that time.

This pump is made by Irvin Van Wie, Syracuse, N. Y.

j»nnifiHJ,!i:

Van Wie Centrifugal Pump.

Fig. 28. Interior view of Johnson Rotary
Pump, shown in Fig. 27.

The Johnson rotary pump, illustrated in
Figs. 27 and 28, is of the front, single-suc-
tion, belted type, made by the Davis-John-
son Company, 41 West Randolph street, Chi-
cago, 111. A No. 5 pump, fitted with five-inch
suction and five-inch discharge pipes, was
tested. Fig. 29 illustartes the discharge
thrown by this pump from a five-inch pipe,
330 gallons per minute.

The results of the test are given below : F. 2g
Gallons per minute 322 ; speed of pump, 125
revolutions per minute; time run on one-
quarter cord wood, 4 hours 30 minutes.

This pump was put in a second time, fitting it
with six-inch suction and six-inch discharge pipes.
There was no material change in the results.

PUMPING PLANTS IN NEW MEXICO.

Comparatively little has been done in New Mexico
in the way of irrigating lands from wells by means of
pumping plants. The statistics for the census of
1900 show that only 1,004 acres of land in Xew Mexico-
are irrigated from wells, as against nearly 203,000 acres
which are irrigated from streams. The irrigation from
wells so far practiced in New Mexico has been confined
to the few farmers who have practiced irrigation in this
manner from small plants when they have had no other
source of water, or as a means of supplementing the
regular supply when the latter fails, and in most of
these cases the plants have been operated by windmills.
The practice of irrigating from wells is in its infancy
in our own territory and the possibilities of the work
appear not yet to have been generally recognized by
our citizens.

Although not in New Mexico, the conditions ex-
isting near El Paso, which is less than thirty miles from
the southern border of our territory, deserve some no-
tice. The experience of the farmers in that region is
of some value. Through a constant failure of the regu-
lar supply of the irrigating water from the Rio Grande
the farmers of that locality' have been compelled to
turn their attention to other water supplies or else aban-
don all agricultural work. As a consequence they have
demonstrated the fact that crops can be profitably
grown by irrigation from wells tapping the underflow
in the Rio Grande Valley. Some of these plants have
been in operation for several years past and by statis-
tics secured it is shown that the work is a profitable one.
The conditions there are almost exactly similar to those
prevailing over a large part of the Rio Grande Valley,
and it i* largely becaiise the river water has failed in
that region that the work of irrigating by means of

* From Bulletin No. 45, issued by the New Mexico College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts, Mesilla Park, N. M.

Discharge of about 330 gallons per minute thrown from a five-inch pipe by
Johnson Rotary Pump No. 5.

pumps has been more fully developed than throughout
the Rio Grande Valley generally of New Mexico.

The tables presented herewith upon the wells and
pumping plants of New Mexico and the Rio Grande
Valley show comparative statistics which have been
secured by personal investigation and by extensive cor-
respondence with the owners of such plants. Some

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

141

of the most valuable data received regarding wells in
Xew Mexico has been gained through the experience
of the Santa Fe Railway Company in sinking wells for
the necessary water supply along its line in our terri-
tory and a separate table is made on this subject. (See
Table 13.) The tables show, further, the comparative
conditions existing in our territory and in other regions
from which data has been secured.

Fig. 30. Competitive test of pumps at the El Paso (Texas) Carnival. January 18,
1902. Water pumped from open tank, with lift of nine feet. Slanting pipe from six-
inch Johnson Rotary Pump discharging 700 gallons per minute; horizontal pipe from
six-inch Byron-Jackson Centrifugal Pump discharging 800 gallons per minute.

PUMPING PLANTS IN OTHER STATES.

For the purpose of presenting compara-
tive data in this bulletin, a systematic cor-
respondence has been conducted, by means
of which statistics concerning pumping
plants in other parts of the United States
have been secured. Tn gathering and com-
piling these statistics representative cases, so
far as possible, have been taken, and the
reader is thus enabled to compare in the
same table relative figures as to the cost and
the utility of plants as they exist in various
regions.

California leads all other States in the
number of acres irrigated from wells. The
last census shows that a total of 152,506
acres of land were in 1899 irrigated from
wells, or more than 10 per cent of the total
acreage irrigated in that State. Colorado
comes next, with a much lower percentage,
7,050 acres irrigated from wells. From these
two States representative cases have been
used in the compilation of the tables pre-
sented herewith. In Louisiana and east
Texas the recent development of the rice
industry has been the reason for the irriga-
tion of enormous tracts of land by pumping
plants. Most of these are operated on very low lifts

a few instances of this kind have been compiled in the
tables shown.

RELATIVE CONDITIONS IN THE U1O GRANDE VALLEY.

It may not be amiss in this bulletin to call atten-
tion to the conditions in the Rio Grande Valley for
pumping for irrigation as they compare with other
States and regions. In the pumping of water for irri-
gation the most important consideration i&
a large available amount of water at a rea-
sonable depth. From this standpoint alone
it becomes apparent to the person who gives
any thought to the matter of comparative
conditions that hardly any, if any, other lo-
cality can show better advantages than the
Rio Grande Valley. Water throughout the
valley in large quantities may be secured
anywhere below a depth of from fifteen to
twenty feet and the whole valley appears to
be underlaid by, so far as we know, an almost
inexhaustible supply of water. This water
is of good quality and occurring at so short
a distance below the surface of the ground
may be raised very economically. It appears
probable that in almost any part of the valley
sufficiently thick beds of water bearing gravel
may be met with to allow the placing of a
strainer such as that used in the station well.
This being so, it makes unnecessary the ex-
pensive strainers that are used in some re-
gions to secure water from sand. The cost
of the construction of a well need not be
heavy. The work of the experiment station
appears to have demonstrated the fact that

Fig. No. 36. Discharge of about 450 gallons per minute thrown from a five-inch pipe
by a Byron Jackson No. 4 Centrifugal Pump — E. Stoney, Porcher, El Paso, Tex.

from beds of water under different conditions from
those which must prevail in our territory. Through
the higher lands, however, pumping is practiced for the
irrigation of rice and other crops from deep wells, and

with a well costing from $100 to $200 an ample supply
of water may be secured for the irrigation of a farm
of 100 acres or more.

Probably no part of the country has been more
often referred to for successful examples of profitably

142

THE IERIGATION AGE.

pumping for irrigation than southern California. The
Rio Grande Valley possesses many advantages which
southern California has not and lacks few that are
possessed by the Golden State. Many of the wells from
which water is pumped for irrigating purposes in
California are several hundred feet deep and sunk at
an expense for original cost far greater than is neces-
sary in this valley. Land is many times more expen-
sive in California than here and labor much more
costly. The prices received for products are about the
same in both California and New Mexico and the mat-
ter of markets, with proper development, ought to be
extensive enough in this territory to take care of all

be made against a large plant located at the head of a
ditch are:

1st. The difficulty and great cost of developing
water at one place in a sufficiently large quantity.

2nd. Opportunities for misappropriation and waste
of water.

3rd. Loss of water by seepage and evaporation.

4th. Making and maintaining a just and equit-
able division of the water.

The same objections, in a much modified degree,
might be raised against plants so placed as to supply
only a small number of shareholders. With a few
shareholders, however, it would be a much easier task

Size of Farm Irrigated by Varying Quantities of Water.

Showing the acreage of land that can be irrigated by a given quantity of Water (from 600 to 2,-

000 gallons per minute), pumping 10 or 24 hours a day, and irrigating every 10, 14, 21 or 30 days.

Jj

§

Irrigated Every 10 Days.

Irrigated Every 14 Days.

Irrigated Every 21 days.

Irrigated Every 30 Days,

9

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700

350

233

175

140

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350

262

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175

1500

750

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375

300

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110

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109

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152

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154

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331

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176

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278

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795

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297

222

178

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267

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954

636

477

381

318

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1 10

331

165

110

82

66

55

463

231

154

116

92

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347

231

173

139

116

993

496

331

248

198

165

124

795

397

265

198

159

132

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556

371

278

222

185

1669

834

556

417

334

278

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1193

795

598

477

397

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110

442

281

147

110

88

73

618

309

206

154

123

108

928

464

309

282

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154

1325

662

441

331

265

221

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1060

530

353

265

213

176

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742

4«5

371

297

247

2226

1113

742

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371

3180

1590

toeo

795

636

530

NOTE. In the above computations all fractions below .8 have been dropped.

the products that can be raised. We can, however,
learn from the California irrigator the lesson of
economical methods and the proper use and duty of
water.

A comparison of the conditions existing in the
valleys of New Mexico in which irrigation by pumping
can be practiced can not but inspire faith in the great
possibilities of our territory in any one who will care-
fully study the question.

PUMPING PLANTS AND CO-OPERATION.

Pumping plants resolve themselves into two classes,
namely, co-operative and individual plants, in each of
which there is much of merit. The former may be defined
as a pumping plant from which two or more farmers
may obtain water, while the latter refers to pumping
plants located upon each farm under individual control
and supplying individual needs. The moment the con-
trol is divided or there is a division of water, however
obtained, the- plant passes into the co-operative class,
though it may be a modified form of co-operation.

A co-operative plant, wherever located, for obvious
reasons should render the maximum of efficiency and
economy of production. Objections which might justly

to divide the water properly and there would be far less
danger of misappropriation.

Perhaps the strongest objections that can be made
against individual plants are: 1st, a relatively large
initial cost of installation, and second, a low rate of
efficiency and economy. However, the individual pump-
ing plant has advantages that should not be overlooked.
They are : 1st, misappropriation of water is impos-
sible. The water is developed iipon the farm where
it is used and therefore at all times is within the domain
and under tire control of its owner. 2nd, loss by
evaporation and seepage is minimized. 3rd, there is
no division of water and, therefore, injustice from a
lack of equitable distribution is entirely eliminated.
4th, there are no long ditches to maintain at great
cost, and, 5th, the initial cost is within the means of
every farmer.

The writers, however, believe that a combination
under favorable circumstances of these two sys-
tems will prove not only satisfactory but at the same
time the most economic method of producing large
quantities of water for irrigation during droughty
periods. This combination consists in the maintenance
of individual pumping plants upon each farm, thus se-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

143

curing all the desirable features of such plants as here-
tofore enumerated, and at the same time eliminating
the objectionable points proposed against a single large
pumping plant at the head of a ditch; in conjunction
with these a centrally located electrical power plant,
through which the farmer would receive the benefits
of efficiency of control and economy of production which
such a power plant should give.

Fig. 32. Discharge of about 450 gallons per minute through a six-inch
pipe from pump of J. Stoney Porcher, El Paso, Tex.

Another suggested plan is to maintain along tin-
line of a ditch, at suitable distances apart, pumping
plants of sufficient capacity to supply the land to be
watered from each, such plants to be operated by a
central electrical power plant; and there would seem
to be nothing to prevent a successful working of this
plan.

COST OF A PUMPING PLANT.

Under a system of co-operation a pumping plant
should not cost each farmer more than $350 to $400.
This figure includes the two items of well and pump.
If, however, an individual pumping plant is to be in-
stalled, to the items of say $200 for the well and $200
for one of the pumps, giving the best results in the test,
the cost of an engine must be added. This will be
found the most expensive item. Engines, both steam
and oil combustion, vary considerably in
price, and, therefore, it is impossible to give
definite figures on the cost. An engine large
enough to furnish power for pumping 1,000
gallons per minute would probably cost from
$900 to $1,500, depending upon the make.
It is probably safe to say that for supplying
water for large areas an individual pumping
plant would cost not far from $10 for each
acre of land irrigated.

bars to become bare, as cold air will rush in and cool
the heating surface. The thickness of the fire will de-
pend on the draft ; if the draft is strong the fire should
be heavier than if it is weak. When burning wood main-
tain a bed of live coals about three inches deep, with
plenty of wood on top to maintain this thickness. In
order to clean the fire push the upper part of the fire
to the back of the grate, remove the ashes and cinders,

Fig. 31. A Gould's Endless Chain Bucket Pump used by Mann Bros., of
Albuquerque, for Irrigating.

then pull the fire forward and draw the ashes and
cinders of the back over the fire into the ashpit, distrib-
ute the fire evenly over grate and add new fuel. If
burning soft coal break the fire up occasionally with
a bar, as it has a tendency to crust on top. Do not
allow the ashpit to become full of ashes, as there is

CARE OF BOILERS, ENGINES AND PUMPS.

By J. S. MacGregor. Assistant in the Department of
Mechanical Enginee'iing.

The following general statements on the
care and operation of boilers, engines and
pumps are intended for laymen, and if care-
fully adhered to will add to the life, safety
and economy of pumping plants.

Before firing see that there is a moderate supply
of water in the boiler. The fire should then be raised
gradually, so that the metal in the shell may expand
evenly. Next regulate the feed pump, or injector, to
supply water as steam is used. Keep the wood or coal
spread evenly over the grate, and do not allow the grate

Discharge of about 500 jrallons per minute through a six-inch pipe from pump
of E. J. Hadlock, El Paso, Tex.

danger of burning out the grate bars in such case.

When working with fire or firing, do so as quickly
as possible, for cold air rushing in not only cools the
boiler, but also causes uneven contraction in it, and
uneven contraction and expansion of the shell and tubes
of a steam boiler do it great injury. Leakage and cases
of rupture are often caused by forced heating and cool-

144

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

ing. Be moderate in everything that tends to change
the temperature of the boiler. The safety or pop valve
should be raised once or twice a day when under pressure,
doing so very gently to make sure it is in working or-
der.

Sediment collects in all boilers, due to the precipi-
tation of solid matter in feed water used. This sedi-
ment forms a scale, and the presence of a scale results

No. 34. Irrigating ditch filled by pump of E. J. Hadlock, referred to in Plate 33.

in fuel loss. It has been estimated that one-sixteenth
inch causes a loss of 13 per cent of fuel, one-fourth inch
38 per cent 'and one-half inch 60 per cent. Further, the
circulation of water in the boiler causes loose particles of
this scale to be deposited in some one place, which is
generally over the firebox. This place becomes overheated
and results in "bagging." In order to avoid the accumu-
lation of sediments, with the resulting evils, open the
manhole and clean the boiler out occasionally ; or boiler
compounds may be used which aid in decomposing the
scale.

THE ENGINE.

The following directions pertain to the ordinary
types of stationary steam. engines: Before starting the
engine oil up all around and see that the cylinder lubri-
cator is in working order. Then open all drain cocks,
open throttle valve slightly and allow the steam to warm
the walls of the steam chest and cylinder. Now start
the engine slowly and allow it to run a few minutes be-
fore closing the drain cocks, for if drain cocks are closed
too soon water will collect in the cylinder and either
split it or burst out the head. During the run feel the
bearings occasionally and avoid all lost motion by keep-
ing parts well tightened up.

On closing down first open drain cocks, then close
throttle slowly, allowing the engine to slow down grad-
ually. Never open or close the throttle valve quickly.
If any unusual noises occur during the run, closr
down immediately and investigate. Clean off the en-
gine thoroughly after each run. It pays to use a good
quality of cylinder oil. Give the cylinder oil in quan-
tities of about one drop a minute.

The method of starting and stopping gas and oil
engines vary so much with different makes that we have
not enumerated them here.

PUMPS.

In order to start a centrifugal or rotary pump it
is first necessary to raise the water into it. This can
lie done by use of the ejector when in connection with a
steam plant. To do this, close the mouth of the ex-
haust water pipe by some convenient means, a good way
being to place a piece of soft leather, stretched on a
board, over it. Now turn steam through the ejector;
this will exhaust the air and raise the water into the
pump. When this is done start the engine, gradually
coming to speed. If the pump is run by a gas or oil
engine, an ordinary hand pump may be used to raise
the water. During the run keep the bearings of the
pump and counter shaft, if any, well oiled. Feel each
occasionally. Keep the belts in good condition and avoid
slippage by the use of belt dressing. A pump fails be-
cause it leaks; there can be no other reason; find the
leak and repair it. Leaky valves can be repaired by
grinding valve seats. Always drain the pump in cold
weather, for water remaining in it will probably freeze
and either loosen joints or burst the pump. Lastly, al-
ways keep material for gaskets and packing on hand.

LA JARA AN IDEAL LOCATION.

Beautiful Farming Country in the Great San Luis Valley in
New Mexico.

La Jara is a farming town located eighteen miles
north of New Mexico line on the Denver & Rio Grande
railroad in the San Luis Valley. It has an elevation
of a little over 7,000 feet. The surrounding country
for miles in every direction is practically as level as
a floor, sloping only a few feet to the mile, and to the
inexperienced every way looks like down hill. The
country, however, slopes gradually to the northeast —
the general course of the streams, which are the San
Antone, Rio Conejos, Rio La Jara and Alamosa rivers.
The entire country surrounding La Jara is underlaid
with artesian water that is as pure and free from min-
eral as man ever drank and of a temperature of 48
degrees Fahrenheit, winter or summer. This water
is obtained at a depth of from forty to sixty feet and
numerous other flows on down to several hundred feet.
The valley is underlaid with one great reservoir of
pure water for domestic, stock and agricultural pur-
poses. It has not, however, been used for the latter
purpose, owing to the abundant supply of river water
for irrigation purposes, the latter being more desirable,
as a sufficient head can be more easily obtained in that
manner.

The principal crops are oats, wheat, barley, pota-
toes and peas. Small fruit does well. The cereals
yield from thirty to 100 bushels per acre. Peas are
generally pastured when ripe, netting in that man-
ner about $30 per acre as hog or sheep feed. The
country is just now in a transitory period, changing
from a stock to a farming country, and the next few
years will witness a great development in a farming
way. A great many Eastern farmers have settled near
La Jara in the last few months and development of
town and country is progressing rapidly. La Jara has
a mill and elevator of 250 barrels capacity, but it is
inadequate to handle the supply of grain marketed
there. There are four general stores, two exclusive
hardware stores, two meat markets and groceries, one
druo; store, one furniture store and one harness shop.
La Jara has also fine churches.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

145

IRRIGATION IN BRITISH INDIA.

Remarkable Development in the Region of Hyderabad, Deccan,
Described by a Native Engineer.

BY H. DINSHAW.

NALGUNDA, NAKRAKAL, DECCAN, INDIA, Decem-
ber 15, 1903. — Amongst the several existing native
states in British India the country of II. H. the Nizam
of Hyderabad, is the largest in extent and population.
Situated on the plateau of the "Deccan," it is divided
into two main divisions, locally known as the Marath-
awari and the Telingana. The division is ethnological
as well as physical. The Marathawari division, accord-
ing to the census of 1901, has an area of 43,216 square
miles, with a population of 6,386,895, and is inhabited
by the Maratha speaking races, while the Telingana
has an area of 39,482 square miles with a population
of 4,788,002, inhabited by the Telegu and Kanarees
speaking races. The continued area of the two divi-
sions is equal to about that of North and South Caro-

H. DINSHAW, C. E.

In charge of irrigation work in the Nalgunda
District of Telingana, India.

lina taken together, while the total population is about
730,000 — more than that of the South Atlantic States
of the Union.

The historical importance of Hyderabad dates
from 1713 A. D., though the city was founded as far
back as 1 589 ; but up to the time Sir Salar Jung, the
greatest of India's native statesmen (1853-1883) as-
sumed office of the prime minister the condition of the
Nizam's state was a very deplorable one. Immediately
Sir Salar Jung secured himself in office he commenced
a series of reforms, taking for his models those al-
ready introduced by the British Government through-
out India. The state may since be considered to have
been on the way of steady progress, and now it stands
as one of the most enlightened among the other native
states. It was Sir Salar who opened out the country
and joined it with the most civilized centers of the
British • India by railroads. At the present day we
have 715 miles of opened line and a good length un-
der construction and surveys. The history of the

progress of irrigation also dates from Sir Salar. In
the present article the writer attempts to trace the
progress of irrigation from its earliest time to the pres-
ent day, and view the prospects of its future develop-
ment within this state.

The bulk of the population of the Hyderabad
state is purely agricultural. Out of the yearly revenue
of 40,000,000 rupees [3y8 rupees equal one dollar] half
is collected from the land assessment only. Individ-
ually the ryot is poor and illiterate and has small hold-
ings, especially in the Telingana division.

Before proceeding any further it will be well to
examine the physical differences which distinguish the
two divisions. The Marathwara, mostly a plain table-
land of rich black soil formed by the decomposition of
the trappean rock, needs no artificial aid of irrigation
to mature a healthy crop. The annual rainfall, which
in these parts averages 37.63 inches, is quite sufficient
for the purpose. In the Telingana division the soil
being of red, gritty mold, is partly impervious to
water, and so readily gives up its moisture that the
cultivation depending upon the yearly rainfall is pro-
ductive of a small and poor crop. In many parts, how-
ever, the soil when left uncultivated is soon covered up
with a low shrub jungle which in time turns into a
forest. The rivers in Marathwara are more or less
perennial and even in the hottest weather a decent flow
is continued. 'Such is not the case in the Telingana
division, unless the river passing through it has its
origin in the Marathwara country. This state of things
in the" Telingana division demands the storing up of
water running through the drainage of the country for
the purpose of cultivation, and the efforts of the rulers
of Telingana have from time immemorial consisted in
the great development of the resources of irrigation.

Fortunately in Telingana these resources are
many. The streams running into the valley of great
rivers, the rivers themselves and the natural configura-
tion of the country all afford easy means of storing
water and conveying it through channels to lands for
cultivation. The majority of tanks and irrigation sys-
tems of these dominions is of Hindu origin. They were
undoubtedly constructed by the rajahs of Warrangal,
the capital of the Telingana division founded by the
Narapati Andhras prior to the year 1294 A. D. With-
out the aid either of the level or the compass they ex-
cavated miles of channels to supplement the waters of
the large reservoirs they had already constructed. The
principal features of their tanks were to form one by
damming up a narrow valley with a huge earthen bank
strongly protected against the wave action on the water
side with a thick layer of revetment, in some cases
exceeding a yard in thickness. Little or no consider-
ation was given to the surplus discharge from the
tank's catchment area, being got rid of without over-
topping the bank. The idea throughout seems to have
been to store every drop of water received from it.
The banks were for the latter reason made very high,
in some cases over eighty feet, with flat slopes having
a top width varying from six to fifteen feet. A rude
contrivance to draw water for cultivation was invari-
ably made by a small masonry tunnel underneath and
across the bank.

The principal causes of the failure of these works
are the inadequate surplus arrangements, the burst-
ing of the sluice tunnel by an excessive velocity caused
by the issuing volume of water with a large head ; the
inferior earth used in the formation of the bank; th?

146

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

relative number of masonry works on the tanks con-
structed by them are of inferior workmanship and in
almost all cases without any pretension to elegance of
form or the beauty of structure. The channels, either
taken from a river to feed a tank or for cultivation;
have generally a great fall. The alignment is mostly
tortuous and not devoid of sharp curves. In almost
all cases the channels are taken off from a river with-
out any head works or regulating arrangements. Where
the channel crosses the natural drainage of the coun-
try, no masonry works for passing the surplus are
provided. High earth mounds are thrown up, trying
to block the stream at the entrance, as a consequence
of which the drainage, finding its way by a circuit, en-
ters the channel ultimately at another point and makes
a new entrance, which in course of time, working
against the channel banks, breaches them by over-
topping. The maintenance charges of keeping these
channels working must have been very heavy. The
lowest class of the ryots, called Dheds, of a village had
lands free of any assessment under certain irrigation
systems, who for the free gift had to clear every year
the channel of its silt, etc., before the rains set in.

The diversion dams on rivers from where long
lines of channels are taken are constructed of cyclo-
pean stones of great breadth, mostly founded on rock.
These dams are in all cases not high and are of a
serpentine form. The Indian rivers carry a consid-
erable amount of sand and other debris, so that the
old dams have now been silted up right to the top.
Their ultillty is therefore greatly lessened and very
little flow at ordinary freshets passes down the chan-
nel. The use of a scouring sluice to avoid this evil
does not seem to have been understood by the ancients.
No irrigation sluices are provided in channel banks,
but water is taken by a small cut in it. Owing to the
entire absence of proper regulating arrangements for
the distribution of water, both from the tanks and the
channels, the wastage of water from them in olden
times must have been enormous, and up to the present
day great trouble is experienced by the irrigation offi-
cers to prevent this willful waste on the part of cul-
tivator. The quantity of water required to mature
a rice crop in the Nalgonda district of the Telingana
division is estimated at 120,000 cubic feet per acre for
a season, but in a certain case as much as 247,158 cubic
feet per acre was used.

To sum up, the irrigation works of the old Hindu
rajahs show to a marked degree the utter disregard of
all knowledge of hydraulic principles. The reasons
why some of their works are working to the present day
is to be found in the fact that their successors, the
Mohammedan rulers, spent large sums of money every
vear to maintain them. The original cost of construc-
tion to the rajahs themselves must have in itself been
a great one, as most of their gigantic works, with our
present knowledge of the principles of irrigation, could
have been very economically constructed.

With the advent of the Mohammedan rulers in the
beginning of the sixteenth century up to very late few
new irrigation works were constructed. The efforts of
the Mohammedan kings were mainly directed toward re-
pairing ruined works of their Hindu predecessors or
maintaining those constructed by the latter in an effi-
cient state of working. But after the conquest of the
"Deccan" by Aurazeeb, when, consequent upon the con-
fusion and anarchy into which whole India was thrown
at the decline of the Mogul empire, all progress was at

a standstill, and naturally the irrigation works in Hy-
derabad came also to be neglected, so that they very
rapidly came to grief one after the other. When, there-
fore, the Nizams got possession of the country, in
1714 A. D., most of the magnificent old tanks and
irrigation systems had already ceased to work.

As stated before, up to the time Sir Salar Jung
assumed office of the prime ministership of Hyderabad
in 1853 and insured for it a state of peace and tran-
quillity long unknown in the country, the irrigation
works received no attention. Sir Salar, having first
succeeded in dividing the country into sixteen con-
venient districts and appointing a collector for each,
in 1865 regulated the administration of the domin-
ions, instituted courts of justice, and then directed his
attention to the means of furthering the general ad-
vancement of the country. In Telingana he soon saw
that the only means of ameliorating the condition of
the cultivators was to restore the old irrigation works.
In 1867 he founded a public works department, and
entrusted to it, among other things, the restoration of
the irrigation works. From that year up to 1886 the
public works department received grants of money
simply to look to the normal wants of the Telingana
country, which only just sufficed. To save the exist-
ing revenue from irrigation works in the Teligana
division a board of irrigation was now created, of which
the chief engineer was also a member. Eight distinct
survey parties were immediately formed with instruc-
tion to survey works as may be directed by the board
and furnish plans and estimates for its sanction.

The board had extensive powers of according sanc-
tion to carry out large works, and rapid progress was
soon made. The board was, however, abolished in
1893, and the prime minister himself considered all
projects and sanctioned large sums of money toward
irrigation works. The irrigation department, with the
increasing amount of its work, now required the serv-
ices of a special chief engineer to properly control and
direct it. In 1895 it was therefore separated from the
public works department and the Nizam's government
applied to the government of India for the services of
an experienced irrigation officer to take charge of the
department. The services of Mr. J. H. Medlicott,
M. T. C. E., from the Madras presidency, was lent to
the Hyderabad state through the courtesy of the gov-
ernment of India. The irrigation features of the
Madras presidency closely resemble those of Hyderabad ;
and. coming from the former. Mr. Medlicott was well
suited for the post. He was, however, soon recalled by
the British government, as his services were required
for special duty outside of India.

To replace Mr. Medlicott the next selection of
government of India fell on Mr. P. Roscoe Allen, M.
T. C. E., also of Madras service. He assumed charge
of the office of chief engineer for irrigation on Janu-
ary 3, 1898. The five years of his tenure of this office
are a remarkable epoch in the history of irrigation of
Hyderabad, and we have, therefore, to examine at
some length the progress made during the period of
1898 to 1903.

Mr. Allen was a man of untiring zeal and energy,
and he did for Hyderabad that good which no other
man with his opportunity and time was able to accom-
plish for it. He recognized the vastness of the work
entrusted to him and the scanty help he had at his
disposal to be able siiccessfully to cope with the sub-
ject. The irrigation staff, especially in the subordinate

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

147

grade, was weak and small; with their help he antici-
pated progress very slowly, and therefore set to move
the government to import a large number of well-
qualified men from outside Hyderabad. Here he did
not succeed, for, according to a recent government reso-
lution, no outsider is allowed to be employed (except
in extreme cases) in the service of his highness the
Nizam. An engineering school, which was not founded
on the best basis, did exist in Hyderabad, which im-
parted instruction to the natives to qualify them as
supervisors and surveyors. This he strengthened and
improved to suit his requirements and made it a feeder
for drafting young, healthy and properly trained men
into the irrigation department. When he assumed
office few works Vere in progress and less estimates
-were ready to start new ones. What, then, was needed
was a large survey party to investigate and speedily
prepare estimates for the restoration of old, ruined
tanks. Being an excellent administrative officer, he
so distributed the existing staff and quickly disci-
plined the members, that in a year's time he had suffi-
cient estimates to make a good start, and this start
•was made in earnest.

All public works department works are here car-
ried out by contract agency, the contractor monthly
receiving payments in cash for the amount of work
turned out by him. A little before Mr. Allen took
charge a system of payment called "the new scheme"'
•was introduced, by which a contractor agreed to earn-
out an irrigation work as provided in the sanctioned
plan and estimate at his own cost. His entire outlay,
together with interest at 5 per cent per annum on it,
being reimbursed to him from the accruing revenue
-under the tank or system, restored or repaired by him.
Though a great number of works were let out under
the system, the progress was very slow, as the con-
tractor naturally executed only such immediate repairs
as would make the work paying and proceeded with
the other repairs at a rate proportionate to the portion
of his reimbursed outlay. Thus a work which would
have, in the ordinary course of things, been completed
in a year was allowed to drag on for three and four.
The scheme was abolished in the commencement of
the current year and all works are now carried on by
cash monthly payments only. Mr. Allen soon per-
sonally acquainted himself with the whole of Telin-
gana division by long and extensive tours throughout
the irrigation districts. The number of useful irriga-
tion projects investigated in his time is great and those
•under construction are many.

If for the sake of convenience the thirty-six years
of the existence of Hyderabad public works depart-
ment be divided into three periods and a comparison
be made of the average annual expenditure on irri-
gation works, the following table indicates how Mr.
Allen had labored within the term of his office to raise
the irrigation, status of these dominions and how
admirablv well he succeeded :

Name of PerioH.

Duration.

No. of
Years.

Aver. Expenditure
on Works Per An.

1. The Anti-Irrigation Period
2. The Irrigation Period. ..
3 The "Allen Period"

1867-1887
1888-1897
1898-1902

21.
10.

5.

292.188 Rupees
483,602 Rupees
1,200,438 Rupees

The proportion of expenditure on establishment
before Mr. Allen took charge was as great as 42.4 per
cent. In 1902 he reduced these charges to 21.1 per cent.

The average amount of estimates per annum pre-
pared by the department during the third period was
29,931,861 rupees.

Mr. Allen, for the convenience of working the irri-
gation projects, classified all works under four heads:

Major works: Class 1 — Restoring abandoned
works. Class 2 — Restoring recently damaged works.
Class 3 — Extending and improving existing works.

Minor works: Class 4— (A major work irrigates
above and minor below 100 acres).

Figures for the new increase- in revenue on ac-
count of irrigation assessment on lands brought under
cultivation by the operations of the department during
the third period are not available to a degree of ac-
curacy for each year. But for 1900 A. D. they are,
and give a return of 10.5 per cent from all classes of
works on the outlay. The whole of the third period
covered a cycle of bad years as regards the rains, and
consequently the returns are poorer than they would
have been in more favorable years.

The area of new land that will be brought under
cultivation by the operations of the irrigation depart-
ment in the third period will be about 400,000 thou-
sand acres, as detailed below :

1. By works already sanctioned and under

construction 214,734.75

2. By works under sanction 52,271.50

3. By works under survey 132,993.75

The minimum rate of assessment of wet lands pre-
vailing in the irrigation districts for an acre is fixed
at 8 rupees per acre for a crop, and with these low
figures the annual revenue that will accrue to gov-
ernment will be about 3,250,000 rupees from the above
acreage.

Up to the arrival of Mr. Allen as chief engineer
the plans received and sanctioned by government were
for small works. The designs adopted for the masonry
works and the data for all hydraulic calculations dif-
fered in each district. No uniform method was fol-
lowed to attain the same result, a consequence of which
was that a lot of indifferent work was carried out. To
regulate this Mr. Allen, out of his irrigation experience
obtained in his eleven years service in the Madras presi-
dency, issued thirteen learned circulars among the dis-
trict engineers and bound them down in the prepara-
tion of their plans of works to a uniform method and
design. A great economy was thus effected on the
initial cost of the works without affecting their effi-
ciency and considerably reduced the subsequent cost of
maintenance of those works constructed accordingly.

Several original works, mostly conception of Mr.
Allen, costing over half a million rupees, were inves-
tigated during the third period and others put in hand.
A description of these will form the subject of future
articles in this magazine.

From what has preceded above it will be seen
what immense good is done to the country by the ad-
vent of Mr. Allen as chief engineer in these dominions.
Mr. Allen had always the interest of this country at
his heart and strived to do the greatest good he could
for it. He has now returned to the Madras service,
but Hvderabad and its people will long remember him.
The irrigation staff which was under him has been
thoroughly organized bv him. and each and every mem-
ber of it has. under his able administration of five
years, attained that professional excellence which will
surelv in future voars continue to benefit the state.

148

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

COPYRIGHTED, 1903. BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER XI.

LAYING OUT LAND FOK HiltlUATlON.

If the author had his way about it, he would have
the land on each side of every main or large supply
ditch sloped down gently for at least one hundred and
fifty feet, and on that slope he would plant peas,
beans, corn, and melons and raise a good profitable
crop without any or with very little furrow or surface
irrigation. The seepage water would answer the pur-
pose of sub-irrigation, or infiltration, as will be ex-
plained in another chapter. This water aided by deep
cultivation and pulverization of the soil would be
sufficient to gratify his most ardent hopes.

At the bottom of each slope would be established
an open ditch or covered drainage system, and the
surplus water caught and utilized for surface or furrow
irrigation on the plat below. The land on the ditch
slope would be plowed and cultivated parallel with
the ditch line, and at right angles to it on the plat be-
low the slope.

This system of laying out the land is equivalent
to terracing but more convenient and natural, withal,
less expensive, for the ditches can be arranged to suit
the slopes of the land rather than the reverse. Should
the land be sufficient in quantity to make it worth
\vliilo and the topography permit, a series of slopes
could be provided for and every drop of the usually
wasted seepage water utilized. It is very pretty to the
eye and looks very nice and regular on paper, but the
author believes that although the ditches run everywhere
in the most profuse irregularity and ugliness, destruc-
tive even of the refinement required of landscape art,
yet there is nothing more beautiful to his eye than
a luxuriant crop of profitable plants. Experiment
and settled practice has demonstrated the utility and
value of this system all over the world. Corn, beans,
peas, peppers, onions, even small fruits and crawling
berry vines growing to perfect maturity without a drop
of water from the clouds or by artificial application,
and as to the quality — well, they are imported into this
country from Europe and the American epicure pays
three times as much for them as for home productions
because he finds them better suited to his palate.
Everv housewife knows that her window plants fkrarish
and grow luxuriantly by keeping the "saucer" of the
flower pot filled with water without any surface wet-
ting at all.

The system is as old as Egypt and Babylon, and
it is adapted to small farms and is an obviously
economical system of increasing the duty of water
without increasing its quantity, and it is more con-
ducive to the- perfection of plant growth and life than
"over-dosing."

DITCH-BANK IRRIGATION.

The system last referred to is really what may be
called "ditch-bank irrigation." The object of it, of
course, is to use the water that seeps or percolates
from the banks of a raised ditch, which is sufficient to
moisten the slope of the bank and the soil for some
distance outward from the base. We find that this
system was in favor with the old Spanish settlers, who
opened a ditch from a stream on a grade so slight that
a very slow flow would result. The land on each side
of this ditch was" thus moistened and almost even-

variety of vegetables and small fruits were raised with-
out other irrigation.

To accomplish the purpose, the land is deeply
plowed, turning under a good covering of manure,
then harrow thoroughly until the soil is evenly settled.
After this the land is ready for the elevated ditch
from which the seepage water is to be obtained. This
is done by throwing back a few furrows to form a ridge
which shall be high enougli to command the land un-
der it. The ridge is shaped evenly and the surface
raked over, a hoe being used to mark out a narrow
ditch. When the water is turned in the course of the
water may be regulated with a hoe and by a little cut-
ting and filling, so that the water will run evenly
along the entire length of the ridge.

In less than a week the soil along the ridge will
be in a suitable condition to receive whatever seed or
plant it is desired to grow ; indeed, there will be as
much space along the base of the ridge as there is on
its slope which will be sufficiently moist. If the ground
is not too porous, the water will percolate slowly and
evenly and moisten the soil without cropping out at
the surface anywhere. By thrusting the hand into
the soil it will be found that the percolating water is
within an inch of the surface, but never quite reaches
it, due probably to surface evaporation. As will be
noticed in the case of sand, the surface may be dry
but water-soaked an inch or so below.

The number of ridges may be multiplied to suit
the quantity of surface it is desirable to irrigate in
that fashion, and they may be made large enough to
control a quarter or half an acre. Even though the
land at the base is perfectly flat, the water flows down
the slope and spreads out along the levels. Should
the land be sloping generally, the overflow from the
first or highest ditch may be troughed to a lower one
and so on indefinitely. Wooden troughs of four-inch
stuff nailed together in the form of a V, with two or
three cross-cleets at the top to prevent warping, are
very serviceable, and being about sixteen feet in length,
comparatively light, and therefore easy to handle, may
be made to reach any desired distance by overlapping.
Or, the overflow from a series of these ridge ditches
may be collected into one ditch and carried to small
fruits or joined with a larger stream. The simplicity
of the arrangement, though requiring some labor at
first in establishing the proper grade, fairly compen-
sates for that work and care, for during the rest of the
season the irrigation is automatic, that is, it goes on
uninterruptedly and without any assistance. All the
repairs needed will be a few strokes of the hoe, a
trifle of raking, and the land will always be ready for
any kind of crop or succession of crops. Care should
be taken not to puddle the bottom or sides of the ridge
ditches, as in case of a reservoir. On the contrary the
water should occasionally be shut off and the ditch
raked up to open the soil, for the object of these ditches
is not to store or hold water, but to enable the water to
seep or leach out into the soil.

There is never any danger of the soil becoming
soggy, for the quantity of water is small, regulated to
suit the demands of the plants, and to allow for a
slight evaporation.

DEPRESSED BEDS.

Growing out of the ditch-bank irrigation is the
depressed or sunken bed system, which is quite similar,
the water being fed from ridge ditches, but instead

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

149

of percolation the water is run directly over and upon
the soil after the manner of flooding. The land is not
sloped but is flat, or level, a small How, however. !>eing
desirable rather than objectionable. Jt is adapted to
very light and unretentive soils and for shallow root-
ing plants like strawberries.

The land is laid out in rectangular checks, or any
other desired form, and around the sides of the checks
are elevated ridges upon the top of which are laid
ditches in which the water flows slowly and quietly.
The water is admitted to the checks from several
points at the same time and distributes itself over the
surface uniformly, slowly soaking into the soil.

In the hot summer months when it is desirable to
maintain the growth of shallow rooted plants, it is
an admirable system, and is enhanced in its effects by
spreading over the soil a mulch of rotten straw, or
coarse manure under which, protected from the sun,
the water slowly spreads with very little evaporation.
It possesses more beneficial aspects than mulching and
sprinkling, for the reason that the water is retarded by
the presence of the mulch from reaching the roots of
the plants, where it is needed, and evaporation is much
more rapid.

For the hot, dry season, where there is no danger
of over-saturating the soil, the depressed bed is avail-
able for all kinds of vegetables, small fruits and flow-
ers, the use of it showing marvelous results.

The system is in common use in Europe, where
the heat is not excessive, and where a light sandy soil
is under cultivation. It is the system adopted by the
market gardeners in the sand hills south of the city of
San Francisco, where the vegetable gardeners have
transformed large areas of apparently worthless land
into terraces, and on these have arranged depressed
beds in which enormous quantities of succulent vege-
tables are grown for the city market. The water is
raised by windmills and pumps from wells sunk in low
spots, and delivered to small flumes which run from
the windmill towers to the opposite hillsides. The
water is flowed upon the highest terrace and conveyed
thence by means of troughs and small ridge ditches
from terrace to terrace and all the beds filled.

In all cases of surface or ditch irrigation the land
must be laid ,out to suit the flow of the water, which is
necessarily down hill, so to speak. If the land is not
smooth on a level or. slope, it must be leveled or
graded by means of a scraper or other device for re-
moving uneven portions and hillocks. If the land is
too uneven to be irrigated uniformly, then sub-irriga-
tion is the only remedy, or piping water to the tops of
the ridges, or by establishing a reservoir on the highest
spot, and thence running ditches in every direction
after tracing or laying out the courses with the leveler
as related in another and previous chapter.

As much care must be taken proportionately in
field culture as in the case of small kitchen gardens,
the principle being the same.

To put land in shape to irrigate it should first be
plowed as deep as possible and then cut into heds of a
larger or smaller size, depending upon the quantity of
land to be irrigated and the amount of water at the
disposal of the farmer. This may be done by means
of a drag constructed in the shape of the letter A,
from eight to twelve feet and more at the bottom, run-
ning to a point at the top. The land is dragged by
drawing the A-shaped contrivance point first across
the field from side to side. The wide spreading ends

of the drag gather in the loose earth, clods and other
rough material and heap them up behind in the shape
•of a ridge. These beds may be made from sixteen to
eighty feet -wide and ten 'to forty rods long; it all
depends upon the quantity of water at hand to fill
them.

After the field has been laid off into beds, the
ground between the ridges must be leveled if uneven
or humpy, and for this purpose a scraper will be serv-
iceable. By it the humps should be scraped into the
low places, and then a harrow may be used and the
leveling process finished with a board leveler, well
weighted down. This is nothing more than a strong
thick plank weighted with stones and dragged back
and forth over the beds until they are in a perfect con-
dition to receive water uniformly upon the surface.
The ends of the beds should come up close to the main
ditch, or to the large lateral ditch, so that the water
can be turned on in full volume. These beds may be
irrigated one after the other by flooding, or by furrow
irrigation. Indeed, there is no limit to the manner
of irrigating, the great desideratum being to spread
the water uniformly over the entire bed. It will be per-
ceived that the system is similar to that of the smaller
depressed bed-irrigation, except that the ridge ditches
are not used, the ridges around the large beds being
used to retain the water and to mark out the land in
such shape and sized plats as to correspond with the
quantity of water on hand. The flow of water must
be sufficient so that it will rapidly cover the bed, and
if that is deficient then the beds must be made smaller,,
otherwise the plants at the upper end of the bed will
flourish and produce well, whereas those at the lower
end will be sickly and produce little if anything. This
often happens in the case of corn, potatoes, etc., when
the water runs either too rapidly or too slowly into the
furrows. The slope of the land should be such as to
provide a quick rush of water all along the line, and
its standing in the furrows to slowly soak into the
soil. For this purpose the source of the water supply
must be considerably higher than the land to- be irri-
gated, and the quantity delivered large enough to fill
quickly. Too slow a flow and too small a quantity will
soak the upper end of the bed and give the lower part
too little.

One important thing to be guarded against in
laying out the land for irrigation is to avoid the wash-
ing out of the soil by the action of the flowing water.
Inasmuch as the land irrigated is always under culti-
vation and loosely put together after the action of the
plow, it is very easily washed into gullies, and every
gully means a lessening of fertility. There is not so
much danger in this respect when the land is covered
with a heavy crop and flooded, because then, the plants
will retard the rush of water and prevent damage by
washing. But in furrow irrigation, the furrow soon
may become a deep gully which the plow and cultivator
can not remove, and every subsequent application of
water will enlarge. To obviate this it is good farm-
ing to make the furrows short by damming with a
quantity of earth, and when one furrow — the first one
— is well filled, remove the temporary dam and let the
water flow down into another short furrow. This will
be the opening up of a succession of reservoirs which,
being small, will ' not be liable to cause any damage,
and will permit a speedy watering of the entire row of
plants.

150

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

BROUGHT BY THE POSTMAN.

Letters From Correspondents Who Want to Know Where They
Can Obtain Many Things.

CHICAGO, Feb. 8, 1904. — To THE EDITOR OF THE IRRIGATION
AGE: These are pre-eminently days of reform. Many of
the reforms are in the wrong direction, as witness the de-
velopment of municipal governments on the reformers' meth-
ods. Nearly all are based on the socialistic plan where the
wastefulness of public management is substituted for the more
careful and satisfactory methods of individualism. All radical
changes are looked upon as reforms and he who stops to
discuss the value of the conditions that we will arrive at
under these methods as compared with that from which we
started, is looked upon as a fossil and belonging to the
Silurian period.

We have now arrived at that period when the land laws
are to be swept away, excepting the original homestead act.
shorn of its commutation clause. Private ownership of tim-
ber lands is to be shut out and the whole timber interests
of the country are to be managed by a bureau at Washing-
ton. Lincoln has well said that "You can fool some of the
people all of the time, and all the the people some of the
time, but not all the people all of the time." It is beginning
to look as though there is an exception to this rule which
comes from applying the methods of misinterpretation and
exaggeration. The public has been led to believe that the
amount of frauds in the administration of these land laws
has been so great and so destructive to the interests of the
public that the repeal of the land laws has become a neces-
sity, to save the remaining timber lands from being wasted
and destroyed. And, in order to save some remnants for
future generations and to apply proper forestry methods to
the great timber reservations, an army of foresters and assist-
ants must be placed in charge of the remaining timber to
secure the application of right methods of forestry.

This is built upon the presumption that individuals who
own the timber lands will not make as good use of the timber
standing, will not have it cut as carefully or apply as good
forestry methods in reproduction as will be done by this army
of Government employees. This presumption is based upon
a misunderstanding of human nature and the methods of
competitive business life. Let our legislators look over the
methods employed by the Government in the past twenty years
in supervising the lumber on the reservations in Minnesota,
and trace out in detail the amount of value derived by the
public from these reserves in comparison to that which has
come from lands held by private owners and then consider
the application of this method of public ownership and admin-
istration as compared with private, of the timber lands of the
Coast states, where the great timber areas will be for a per-
petual forest supply and particularly apply this to the scat-
tered pieces of land that could be taken up -under the timber
and stone act and the exchange clause of the forest reserve
act or the commutation clause of the homestead act, and see
how immensely more wasteful the public methods will be
as against the more careful ones of private ownership, into
whose hands these lands would fall through the agency of the
citizens' locations under these acts.

When these scattered pieces and tracts of land are per-
petually held away from location and taxation and the great
forest reservations are taken out of the reach of the lumber-
mens' operations, not only will there be extra high prices on
lumber, but the timber will be wasted in miscellaneous fron-
tier denuding processes, mostly carried on by individuals or
by the agency of fire. Will the forestry department or mem-
bers of Congress claim that these scattered pieces, tracts and
portions of timber land that lie outside of the forest reser-
vations will be more useful to the people of this country where
the individual is interested in taking care of it, making
the best use of the timber, so as to get the most out of the
land as against placing it in the public hands where the tim-
ber is so scattering that it will be absolutely impossible to
look after it without expending more money than the Gov-
ernment will ever be able to get out of the land or timber.
It is very difficult for individuals who own scattered tracts
of land to prevent waste and destruction and still more so
on the part of Government officials, who only travel through
the country occasionally, even though there be large numbers
of them in the field.

The basis of all this is the great frauds that have been
committed mostly under the timber and stone act. Persons

who are more familiar with the frontier land business and
who have been concerned in it for years are apprised of the
fact that not five per cent of the frauds that have been claimed
have been committed. Not only no such wholesale frauds
that have been so broad, persistently repeated, but only a
small fraction of the amount claimed. And after repeated
and repeated and repeated statements of great wholesale
frauds that are just being unearthed, and without any results
ever showing up excepting an isolated case here and there
it would seem to be time that we cease to legislate on such
special pleas that have been made with entirely insufficient
basis to rest upon. There are other reasons, and political
ones, why the opposition would be glad to have the Re-
publicans repeal these laws before the next election. The
loss of Washington, Oregon and California may make the
turning point in the Presidential and Congressional majorities.

H. B. WEBSTER.

SPOKANE, WASH., Feb. 12. — EDITOR THE IRRIGATION AGE:
I own some land over in Montana which must be irrigated
by pumping. I am anxious to learn what is being done else-
where in this particular line. I find nothing in the Government
publications which is of any particular value. Most other re-
ports I have seen are so general in the statements given that
my purpose is not served. I am anxious, therefore, to get the
facts in detail about a few pumping plants where water is
lifted over fifty feet in height. I want such facts as will
cover capacity of pump, where manufactured, character of
pumps, number of cubic feet of water for twenty-four hours,
size of pipes, height water is lifted, number of acres covered,
cost of fuel, cost of labor, cost of plant, and such other facts in
detail as a man on the ground naturally would seek.

Anything you can do for me will be appreciated. I
remain. Very respectfully yours.

CHAS. C. REEDER.

ST. ANTHONY PARK, MINN., Feb. 6. — EDITOR IRRIGATION
AGE: Will you please have sent me by return mail the ad-
dresses of all the drain tile manufacturers you know in
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Illinois, and greatly oblige.
Very truly yours, W. M. HAYS.

ST. GEORGE'S INDIAN SCHOOL, LYTTON, B. C., Feb. 4.—
EDITOR THE IRRIGATION AGE: Recently I wrote to the P. &
O. Company, stating that the implements used here for
marking out irrigation lines seemed very primitive and asking
whether they had any machine for that purpose. They re-
plied that they had not and advised me to write to the
IRRIGATION AGE. Could you please send me a sample copy
and if you have an old number with an illustration of such
an implement required I shall be much obliged to you.
Yours truly, GEO, DITCHAM.

OAKVILLE, TEX., Feb. 13. — EDITOR IRRIGATION ACE: Mr.
James Duffy, of San Antonio, sent me your letter of De-
cember 1 to him. in which' you said that for $10.00 you would
send a very nice selection of books on irrigation and drain-
age, and in which you say that you included in that list F.
H. Newell's work on irrigation at $2, so I take it that for
$8 you would send the collection suggested, and I herewith
hand you check for $8 on Frost's National Bank, San An-
tonio, for which send me the selection omitting Newell's
work on irrigation which I have.

I own a 60.000-acre ranch through which the Nueces
River runs and I am just commencing to irrigate it on the
river and I desire all the information I can get on the methods
of transmitting water most economically, which at present
I am arranging to pump from the Nueces River on black
sandy loam which will eat up a great deal of water, hence
my desire to economize the use of water as much as possible.

Now that you understand my situation and inexperience
if in addition to the list you intended for Mr. Duffy you
know of any other books or magazines which will aid me,
you will nlease send them along, provided, of course, that
you make the lowest rate obtainable on those publications and
on receipt of same with bill I will remit you any balance that
may be due.

Thanking you in advance for your prompt kindness I beg
to remain. Very truly yours, C. F. SIMMONS.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

151

IRRIGATION PROBLEMS IN KANSAS.

Fertility to Be Solved by Moisture Retaining, Soil Cultivation
and New Adaptations of Tree Life.

[From an address delivered by Congressman Victor Murdock
before the Western Kansas Irrigation Association.)

Since last spring I have devoted a major portion
of my time to a study of the question of irrigation.
The greatest barrier in the way of western Kansas in
this matter is a widespread disbelief, outside western
Kansas, that irrigation in western Kansas is practical,
a disbelief that reaches the departments here in Wash-
ington as a distinct denial of the feasibility of all plans
so far proposed. I will recite presently some of these
denials, greatly disheartening as some of them may be,
but before I do, I want to say this to the western Kan-
sans : The true pioneer never played a craven before
a hard problem. The nation builder, wherever he is,
has been always a man who dared face complex and
difficult propositions. The difficulty in front of him
always contained an invitation, it beckoned him while
it defied him. From the day that the Pilgrims landed
on a grim and forbidding coast, this has been true. It
was true of the men who plunged westward in the
wilds of Ohio, who faced the swamp problems of Indi-
ana witli their traifi of death-dealing fevers, true of
the men who pushed beyond the Mississippi and made
settlement alone among hostile and treacherous savages.
The western Kansan has no problem of disease to face
— his is the healthiest climate on earth — there are no
hostile savages near, but before and about him stretches
a vast plain, uniformly inviting, without stump or rock
or mountainous tracts, with bordering wash-plains of
coarse debris bare of soil — to bo deducted from the
total, a great prairie of unsurpassed soil strength with
a flood of God's sunshine to invigorate it — but with a
single problem presented — that a physical problem —
the occasional recurrence of groups of years of insuffi-
cient rainfall. Ho will, with patience, and fortitude,
solve the problem — with new methods of moisture-re-
taining, soil cultivation, with new adaptations of tree
and plant life, and with irrigation applied in the years
of insufficient rainfall. And it will be well to remem-
ber that irrigation in this country is yet in its boyhood.

In 1890 the area, in this country, irrigated, totaled
4,000.000 acres. In 1900 it was 7,300,000 acres. The
total area of the arid regions in this country is 800,-
000,000 acres. Of this area it is estimated that not
quite one-half is cultivated — that is, if irrigation were
not necessary, so much could be farmed with profit —
but it is estimated also that from all sources there is
water available for more than 60,000,000 acres. In
other words not more than 7 per cent is reclaimable,
and the actually irrigated area of which we hear so
much is less than 1 per cent of the whole.

Western Kansas is not in the arid region and is
not so placed by the scientists. It is designated as snb-
humid, with an acknowledgment that it is a portion
of the time humid. Since 1874 the Government has
kept a record of precipitation at Dodge. The normal
annual rainfall there is 20.38 inches. In 1875 it was
nine inches below this ; in 1876 four inches below ; in
1877 seven inches below; in 1878 two inches below; in
1879 four inches below; in 1880 two inches below: in
1881 thirteen inches below; in 1882 seven inches be-
low; in 1882 eight inches above; in 1884 nine inches

above; in 1885 three inches above; in 1886 one inch
below.

It was this group of years of great rainfall, from
1881 to 1887, which brought on the great boom, it
will be remembered. Since that period there have
been other periods above the normal. It was in 1891
eleven inches above the normal and eleven inches above
again in 1898.

In the light of this condition of occasionally per-
fect wheat-growing conditions, and the fact that irriga-
tion wherever applied is confined to restricted and in-
tensive farming, and all western Kansas is productive
during years of sufficient rainfall, irrigation in Kan-
sas will be supplementary. To the west of Kansas the
agriculturist has no help from nature at all — ho looks
upon rainfall as practically negligible — he must de-
pend upon irrigation entirely.

Here I come to the first obstacle in the way of
interesting the Government in irrigation in western
Kansas.

The Government contends that whereas the agri-
culturist in the arid region must either irrigate or move
out, there arc so many years of sufficient rainfall in
western Kansas that the agriculturist there can and
does get along without it, and his interest in the sub-
ject wanes, and necessity does not drive him, as it does
the farmers in the arid regions, to adopt means — a
position, of course, not wholly well taken, but assist-
ing in benumbing government interest in our case.

Now,. in the matter of water supply, some of the
hydrographers insist that the catchment area of the
eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains is not sufficient to
irrigate the arid regions at the foot of the mountains,
to say nothing of the prairies of western Kansas, and
point out the frequent trouble in the arid regions where
the man of later settlement suffers while the man with
a prior water right is supplied, in case of interminable
ill feeling. But we all see floods of water waste sea-
ward, in the Arkansas, every spring. Could that water
bn stored ? The objection is made here that, because of
the silt, the life of the reservoirs would bo too short.
I think that objection, and I think you will agree
with me, is far-fetched, not well founded. Now the
geological survey says it has not been able to find in
that part of western Kansas topographically surveyed a
reservoir site of any considerable area which could be
reached by a division of the flood waters and have
beneath it lands of an irrigable position. The bureau
wants the topographical survey of Kansas, on which
little has been done since the days of Plumb and In-
gnlls. completed, and, in the hope that a complete sur-
vey will reveal, to the geological survey's satisfaction,
reservoir sites, I will work to have it completed.

As you know, the geological survey is working un-
der the reclamation act. This act provides that a suit-
able reservoir having been found, or profitable diver-
sion of water, or other irrigation enterprise, the Secre-
tary of the Interior shall withdraw from public entry
all irrigable lands beneath such work, shall upon the
completion of such work sell these lands at increased
price to reimburse the Government for the cost of
construction of such work, the- work to pass ultimately
to an association of the irrigators. As Kansas has
little public lands manv of us. at our meeting at Gar-
den City last spring, thought we did not come under
the reclamation act. But it is now believed that the
act will be so construed that private lands under an
irrigation work can be given a? security to the Gov-

152

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

ernment for the cost of construction, and the same re-
sult reached. Arizona, in some sections, is in the same
condition as Kansas in the matter of the lack of pub-
lic lands, and is working for this construction of the
act.

In the matter of tho right of the water of the
Arkansas river, the authorities are inclined to believe
that this stream owes a first duty to the lands that
it traverses first ; that there is an economy in applying
its waters to the lands at the foot of the mountains
without loss from evaporation or seepage. But the
question is, as you all know, now in the Supreme Court,

There is no positive information at hand of- the
volume and supply of the underflow of the Arkansas.
I have presented the plan of a siphon or pipe line car-
ried eastward to an outlet, down the general ' incline,
and have asked a written reply to the assertion of
its practical practicability, but regret that the reply
has not come that I might transmit it to you.

The irrigation of tracts upon the inter-stream areas
in western Kansas — those tracts far off the river — caused
me to look into the matter of our "sheet water." The
hydrographers hold that much of this water has its
origin in the mountains, but it is a small portion of
the precipitation in the mountains. In support of this
they point out that erosion in the mountain catchment
area has in the main exposed granite cores, that the
great body of the water that falls runs off into the
streams, and that the area of actual intake for under-
ground drainage toward Kansas is relatively very small,
consisting in, along the mountain flanks, of the porus
rock sheets which, far to the east, constitute the deeply
buried water carriers. They hold that this deep water
would, if it could be profitably pumped from a great
depth for irrigation, soon be exhausted, a proposition
I do not believe and I do not think myself they can
demonstrate. The vast accumulation of deep water un-
der western Kansas, if it could be raised economically
for irrigation, would be found sufficient for all pur-
poses. And I believe that some day it will be raised
by improved engineering appliances.

This brings us to the question of artesian wells.
The scientists claim that artesian water found in some
parts of western Kansas is caused by impervious shales
pressing down this water from above: that when this
impervious shale is punctured the shale-imprisoned
water rises to its level to the west, and if the surface
of the earth above the puncture is below underground
water level in the west, the water gushes forth above
the earth, as it does in Crooked Creek Valley in
Meade County. The department will not sink deep
wells for artesian demonstration where deep wells exist
or are being bored by private individuals.

There are three bureaus here which I am seeking
to interest in our problems, the geological survey, which
is in the Department of the Interior and which I have
previously dealt with in this letter.

The second bureau is the one on irrigation experi-
ments, which is in the Department of Agriculture. This
bureau has in charge the demonstration of the econom-
ical supply and use of water for irrigation and can,
and I believe, will, assist us.

The third bureau is the bureau of forestry, in the
Department of Agriculture, but the administration of
which is in the Department of the Interior. This bu-
reau investigates trees and tree methods and designates
forest reservations. Having designated a reservation
it lies with the Department of the Interior to withdraw

the public lands so designated from entry. Several
months ago the bureau designated a forest reserve to
the south of Garden City. The Department of the In-
terior now has the matter under advisement and is
inclined to rule (but it has not and it is vital to us
must not) that the law can not be construed to permit
the designation of a forest reserve on a tract having
no trees. The matter is further complicated by the
inclusion in the designated reserve of considerable pri-
vate land. In the hope of a favorable decision I have
asked the bureau of forestry to furnish me data of
public lands in western Kansas where other forest re-
serves might be created if any considerable tract exists.
I know we have much to expect from the tree in west-
ern Kansas.

IN THE RIO GRANDE VALLEY.

Possible to Irrigate by Pumping Thirty to Forty Cents Per Acre.

MESILLA PARK, N. M., Feb. 29.— To the Editor of
THE IRRIGATION AGE. — In a bulletin issued by this
station some time ago it was shown that the work that
we had done up to that time, showed that it was pos-
sible to irrigate from wells at an expense of from fifty
to sixty cents an acre for a three-inch irrigation. This
was on short runs with different pumps and under
conditions not as economical as are to be found on
the average farm. Since this bulletin was published our
work has been carried further along the line of seeking
to reduce the cost of pumping from wells, with the
result that by using a crude oil engine the cost is cut
almost in half, as represented by the above figures and
an acre can be irrigated three inches deep and at an
expense of thirty to forty cents. The most favorable
conditions in other parts of the United States where
irrigation is practiced from pumping show nothing
as favorable as these figures.

You ask me for my opinion of the present value
of land in this valley and the possibilities that may
be realized by irrigation. I would state that in a gen-
eral way the land in this valley, not in cultivation is
worth from $10 to $25 an acre. This represents un-
cultivated land which would have to be, of course, im-
proved before it could be put in cultivation. Cultivated
land in alfalfa and other crops may be bought at pres-
ent at a price of $25 to $100 an acre, depending largely
upon its location.

As for the possibilities for this valley, I believe,
speaking conservatively, they are unequaled in the
I'nited States. I make this statement in view of the
fact that we have carried on for the past year or two
a careful comparison of the conditions as they exist
today in this valley with some of the most favored
regions of Colorado, California and other States. It is
possible to make an income from the land in this valley
far in excess of what can be done under the average con-
ditions in other States. We have the most fertile soil,
an apparently inexhaustible underflow supply of water,
and a river running through the length of this valley
whose waters show by analyses covering a period of a
whole year as taken at this experiment station, that
they deposit on each acre of land irrigated from the
river, fertilizing material to the value of $29 per acre
per annum. This means that the fertility of our land
may be maintained indefinitely. In addition to this
we have an almost ideal climate and possibilities for
good markets. FRANCIS E. LESTER.

THE IREIGATION AGE.

153

MAN WITH THE SHOVEL.

Versus the Man with the Book- How Science Can Be Applied
Successfully.

By B. P. F. in Ranchman's Reminder.

The man with the shovel (with apologies to
Markham) is very properly the man who wades about
in the irrigated field directing the playful irrigating
stream here and there, while at the same time provid-
ing for the ubiquitous mosquito a feast nicely par-
boiled by the glaring sun of Western midsummer. This
man, like anyone engaged in the acutal practice of a
pursuit, is often inclined, and sometimes wisely, to
view with mingled amusement and contempt the
scientific abstractions and vaporings of the student.
He feels confident that this man of learning would find
but little application for his so-called science in actual
work, and would feel his boasted enthusiasm for the
dignity and nobility of the profession slowly running
out of the holes in his leaky boots when actually face
to face with the dreary proposition of spreading a
"two-inch stream" over a half section of "knolly" land.
Yet, however true this may be, there really is a science
as well as an art of irrigation.

To irrigate is not merely to divert water from the
stream, convey it by ditch to the land to be watered
and there turn it loose. From the legal act of appro-
priation to the physical act of watering the land, legal
and technical knowledge, combined with good common
sense, is constantly necessary. In order to acquire a
right to water, a man should be conversant with the
legal requirements with which he must comply before
the right will be granted him. In the construction of
his ditch he should know something about the capaci-
ties of ditches of different sizes and grades, in order
that the costly mistake will not be made of building
a ditch too large or too small for the area of land to be
irrigated. After the ditch is in use a man should know
at least the more simple and approximate ways of
measuring water, in order to protect himself against
the "water greed'' of his neighbors.

Finally, in applying the water to the land a knowl-
edge of the moisture requirement of the crop as in-
fluenced by the physical and chemical condition of the
soil, the climate, surface and sub-surface drainage,
etc., will aid materially, not only in the economical
use of water, but also will result in increased crops.

"pOREST RESERVE "SCRIP" is the safest and quickest
- means for obtaining immediate title to government land.
Write for special prices for certain localities.

HUGO SEABERG, RATON, N. M.

Two Dollars will secure for you one year's subscription to
THE IRRIGATION AGE and a finely bound volume of the Primer
of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid in a few months,
when volume is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be
finely illustrated and will contain about 300 pages. Send post
office or express money order for $1.00 and secure copy of first
edition.

ON

Irrigation and Drainage

THE IRRIGATION AGE has established a book
department for the benefit of its readers. Any
of the following named books on Irrigation
and Drainage will be forwarded postpaid on
receipt of price:

Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead .............. 81.25

Irrigation in the United States, F. H. Newell ...... 2.00

Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson ........ 4.00

< >

< >
• >

< >

Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King

Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart.

.£0
.00

Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00

The Primer of Irrigation, cloth, 300 pages

Practical Farm Drainage, Charles G. Elliott.../..

Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring

Principle and Practice of Farm Drainage, Klippart

Farm Drainage, French

Land Drainage, Miles

.00
.00
.00
.(0
.00
.00

Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40

Address

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.

112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO, ILL.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

'All roads lead to Rome."

And all business in New York seems
to trend toward

Grand Central Station.

This great building, which covers the
space of four city blocks, beginning at the
corner of 4th Avenue and 42d Street, is
the Metropolitan terminus of the

NEW YORK CENTRAL LINES

and is the center of the hotel, residence,
club and theater district of the second city
of the world. To reach it, see that your
ticket reads by the NEW YORK CENTRAL.

A copy of the 40-page Illustrated Catalogue of
the " Four-Track Series," New York Central's
books of travel and education, will be sent free,
post-paid, to any address on receipt of a postage
stamp, by George H. Daniels, General Passenger
Agent, New York Central & Hudson River Rail-
road, Grand Central Station, New York.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M I I I I I I I I I I I I I

154

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

DON'T BUY GASOLINE ENGINES —

ior to all one-cylinder engines. CosU

less to buy and less to run. Quicker and easier Rtarted ; has a wider sphere of useful news. Has no ri brat ion, can be mounted on any liprht watron as a portable. Weighs
leas than half of one cylinder t-njriiu-s. Qlve xite of mirinr required. Especially adapted Tor irrr) (ration In connection with our fontrifuera) force pumps (Sizes 2, 2M,
4, 5, t, 8, 10, 13 Mid 16 Horse Power. HTPlewr mention thii paper. Send f,>r catalogue. TIIK TFMPLE PV'MP CO., MeHffher apd 15th Ktrecl*, CHICAGO, ILL.

THE RICE JOURNAL AND
GULF COAST FAHMER

is published on the first of each month, at Crowley,
Louisiana, the center of Rice growing and milling
in America, in the interest of the Rice Industry, in
all its branches, principally, and incidentally to
othtr branches of Gulf Coast Agriculture. It is the

Only Rice Class Journal Published

and is receiving the hearty support of those who
are in any manner identified with the Rice Indus-
try—in the Growing, Irrigation, Milling or Sale of
the Rough or Clean Product, and is read by all
farmers engaged in diversified farming in the great
Gulf Coast Country. It has a

Large Guaranteed Circulation

covering thoroughly the rice sections of Louisiana
and Southeast Texas and the Atlantic Coast, every
important point having a working correspondent,
who reports monthly all important developments
of his seciion, thereby keeping its readers and
advertisers in touch with the entire section. Every
issue is read by Planter, Canal Owner, Miller,
Broker, Commission Merchant and dealers
throughout the country. The

Value as an Advertising Medium

of the RICE JOURNAL AND GULF COAST FARMER
is thoroughly established. The paper goes
directly to the class of people reach* d by no
other publication, and its influence assures the
advertiser a profitable medium.

Rates quoted on application.

SIGNAL PRINTING CO. (Limited),

CROWLEY. LA.

Send One Dollar for the

IRRIGATION AGE

one year, or Two Dollars for

IRRIGATION AGE

A

one year and

THE PRIMER OF
IRRIGATION,

a 300 page book, cloth bound.

THE IRRIGATION AGE,
\\ 2 Dearborn St.,
CHICAGO.

SEEtyPOTATOESl

500.000 BUSHELS1

SALE

Wrought iron

LIGHT WEIGHT PIPE

A chance to save 5O% on purchases

We are oftering for quick acceptance, 1,000,000 feet of good lap welded,
Wrought Iron Pipe, sizes from 2 to 6 inch. It Is In excellent condition
—having new threads and new couplings, and is in long lengths.

:t inch, per foot, 13c. I inch, per foot, 17c

Lartcst seed potato grotverS in the toorld I
Elegant stock. Tremendous yields.
From 400 to 1000 bushels per acre.

FOR 1O CENTS

and this notice we send you lota of farm
seed samples and big catalogue, telling
all about Teoslnte. Speltz. Peaoat. Aerld
Land Barley, Macaroni Wheat, Bromus
.Earliest Cane, etc. Kend tor same today.

JOHN A.SALZER.

SEED CO. LA CROSSE.WIS.

At this price, WE PAY FREIGHT IN CARLOAD LOTS to all points,

where freight rate does not exceed the rate to Pacific coast terminals.

We can also furnish this pipe with flanges instead of screwed ends.

Our Special Booklet No. 479 quotes low prices on

BOILERS ENGINES PUMPS HOISTING APPARATUS

WIRE ROPE INCANDESCENT LAMPS ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

HARDWARE PLUMBING MATERIAL MILL SUPPLIES, ETC.

Write Us Today

CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO.

West 35th and Iron Streets, Chicago

PATENTS

unptly obtained OR HO FEE. Trade-Marks,
Teats, Copyrights and Labels registe*d.
I TWENTY YEARS' PRACTICE. Highest references.
I Send model, sketch or photo, for free report
I on patentability. All business confidential.
I HAND-BOOK FREE. Explains everything. Telia
I How to Obtain and Sell Patents, What Inventions
Will Pay, How to Get a Partner, explains best
mechanical movements, and contains 300 other |
| subjects of importance to inventors. Address,

H, B, WILLSON & CO. isr,.

857 f Street North. WASHINGTON, D. c

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

155

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I U I 1 1 I I I

Mill I I I

I M Ml II I I I I I I IMM I I I I I I I MM I
$ OUR. LINE $

Wind Mills Pumps

Well Machinery Tanks

Gasoline Engines
Grain Drills Cultivators

Qviality arvd Effectiveness

count with us.
Do they count with you?

View o! a Texas Artesian Well, made by a Dempster Well Machine.

The Dempster Machines have made scores of such wells in Texas and New Mexico.

We manufacture eight different styles and sizes Well Machines

DRILLING .. ROTATING JETTING

IT PAYS

to buy from

The Ma.rvufacturer

Ask your dealer for our prices

DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY, .. Beatrice, tfebr. :

I I I I II I I Ml I MM M I I I I I Illlll I I I I I I I I I M M IM M I++

IRRIGATING MACHINERY

Information

Furnished

by our

Experts

This shows one of

our

Deep Well Pump-
ing Outfits
operated by our

Gasoline

or Crude Oil

Engine

Write for Catalogue

FAIRBANKS, MORSE & Co,

MANUFACTURERS.

Chicago Detroit Denver

St. Paul Cincinnati San Francisco

Minneapolis Cleveland Los Angeles

Omaha Indianapolis Salt Lake City

St. Louis Louisville Portland. Ore.

KrnasCity New York London, Eng.

For You

ARE YOU SATISFIED AT HOME ? Or d.> you wish
to better yourself? You should investigate what the Sa.n
Joaquin Valley of California has to offer hustlers. In
that great valley is grown nine-tenths of the U. S. raisin crop,
and millions of gallons of wine are made yearly. You can
profitably raise almost everything there. Good farms at cheap
prices. Low-rate colonist excursions in March and April on
the Sante Fe. Write for pamphlets to Gen. Pass. Office,
A. T. & S. F. Ry.( Chicago.

VAN WIE CENTRIFUGAL

the best in the market. Why? Because

Handles More Water Than

Any Other Pump with

Same Fue .

PROOF. Read following from result of
test made by New Mexico College of Ag-
riculture and Mechanic Arts, Mesilla
Park, New Mexico:

Cost of fuel per acre for irrigation three
inches deep, using dry Tornilio Wood at
$2.25 per cord.
Name of Pump.

Van Wie $.512

Wood's 647

Kingsford 597

Byron Jackson 61*

Fifth Pump 617

For catalogue, address

IRVIN VAN WIE,

713-723 West Fayette St.,
SYRACUSE, N. Y.

1003 Irrlgator.

156

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

"OTTO" MEANS ECONOMY >N GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINES

ECONOMY in
ECONOMY in
ECONOMY in

durability.
Fuel economy is

Agents as usual.

the use of fuel.

the cost of maintenance.

first cost because of great

due to correct design.
THE OTTO CAS

Slight cost of maintenance and great
length of life are due to good materials
and fine workmanship; cold facts that 75,000
users stand ready to vouch for and the logi-
cal results of twenty-eight years of exper-
ience.

ENGINE WORKS

PHILADELPHIA,

PA.

The Shuart Earth Grader No. 3

An ideal, all-round Grader for
Irrigators. This Machine, rapidly
and cheaply, does a quality ol
grading possible with ordinary
appliances only at a virtually pro-
hibitory expense. The blade
can be worked straight across
'_' for cutting, conveying and
spreading the earth ; or it
can be worked diagonally
> for throwing up borders;
and it can be tilted for run-
ninglaterals. Forillustrated
circular and price, address

B. F. SHUAR.T, OBERLIN, O.

The Great East and West Line
Across the Entire States of

TEXAS "<° LOUISIANA

NO TROUBLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Through Tourist and Standard Sleepers between Chicago and California

without change. Close connection at El Paso.
New Dining Cars (meals a la carte) between Texas and St. Louis.

Write for new book on Texas. FREE.
E. P.TURNER, General Passenger Agen', Dallas, Texas

To Owners of (iasollne Engines
Automobiles, Launches, Etc.

Auto=Sparker

does away entirely with all starting

ance and expense. No belt — no
switch — no batteries. Can be at-
tached to any engine now using
batteries. Fully guaranteed; write
for descriptive catalog.

MOTSINOER DEVICE MFG. CO.
Main Street n| Pendleton. lad.

FREEI

ILLUSTRATED CATALOG

Western Seeds

Send for It To-day.

It tells you all

about our

"WESTERN SEEDS FOR WESTERN PLANTERS"

We are the only extensive growers in the Middle West. Our Special Catalogues
for Bee Supplies, Poultry Supplies and Fruit Packages are FREE.
BARTELDES A CO., 1521 15th Street, DENVER, COLORADO

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and
Illustrated Pamphlets.

H. C. TOWNSEND.

Central Passenger and Ticket Agent,
ST. LOUIS.

LOUDEN'S CABLE PICKER

And other Hay Stackers are unsurpassed for
ease of operation, simplicity of construction,
cheapness and capacity for work. Especially
successful in handling Alfalfa Hay.

Hay Tools for field and barn embracing
HAY CARRIERS, HAY FORKS, HAY SLINGS. Also
BARN DOOR .HANGERS, FEED AND LITTER
CARRIERS and other hardware specialties.

Write for catalogue and descriptive

circulars.

ADDRESS:

LOUDEN MACHINERY
COMPANY

75 West Broadway. FAIRFIELD, IA.

LOUDEN

GRAPPLE

FORK.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

157

MYERS

t

"Without an Equal on the Globe"

Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt
powers, in harmony with present requirements.

H*l Five. Scv«n and On. HiH.
•ad Tin Inch Strok*.

« '

• '

< I

4 >

• '
« >

• .

• •

1 I

• •

Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps

Five Inch Brass Lined
Cylinder.

BACK GEARED
SIX TO ONE. -

No. 359. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, 1%. and

10-inch stroke. Price 875 00

J ; No. 365. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 and

20-inch stroke. Price 150 00

Double Acting. Capacity, Two Thou-
sand Gallons Per Hour.

t

No. 362. Bulldozer Pump, 3-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, 1\4 and 10-inch stroke.

Price 875 00

No. 351. Bulldozer Pump, 4-inch Brass Lined
. Cylinder, 5, T/£ and 10-inch stroke.

Price 120 00

No. 353. Bulldozer Pump, 5-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5-inch stroke. Price 75 00

No. 363. Bulldozer Pump, 6-inch Brass Lined
i /» •• • Cylinder, 12, 16 and 20-inch stroke.

Artesian Well Cylinder Price 250 co

FULL INFORMATION IN REGARD TO OUR. VARIED LINE ON APPLICATION.

*

F.E.MYERSBBRO.

ASHLAND, |
OHIO, U. S. A.

PROPRIETORS OF

ASHLAND RUHR AND HAY TOOL WORKS

158

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Built Right

Run Right

Unsurpassed for Tile, Hollow Ware. Brick a.nd a.11
Classes of Cla.y products. Write for Pa.rtic\ilo.rs
on this or other Clayworkirvi! Machinery 9999

The Improved Centennial Auger Machine

Bucyrus, Ohio
U. S. A.

The American Clay- Working
Machinery Company

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

159

WE BUILD THESE TURBINE

z

in all SIZES and STYLES, on UPRIGHT or
HORIZONTAL SHAFTS, BELTED or DIRECT |
CONNECTED, SINGLE or in PAIRS. They are $
suitable for direct connecting to GENERATORS, f
AIR COMPRESSORS, PUMPS or other machin-
ery driven on horizontal shafting.

63

THE JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U.S. A. I

•!•

•. ^

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

Valley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for TILE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

XX'l-it t-

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner,

When writing to Advertisers, please mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Central Station, Park Row, Room 506,
CHICAGO. ILL.

The MARION
STEAM SHOVEL CO

MO. 632 W. Center Street, MARION, OHIO. |

A COMPLETE LINE OF STEAM SHOVELS, DIPPER

AND CLAMSHELL DREDGES, ETC.

constructing Drainage Ditches we have both
dryland and floating Dredges, and we build
them to suit the requirements of your work. We
manufacture our own steel and grey iron castings,
and make our own chain

One-yard Ditching Dredge. When in the market write us for information and prices.

(When Writing Advertisers Please Mention IRRIGATION AGE.)

160
Ml

THE IRRIGATION AGE.
'••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••I

J. L. HUBBELL

Indian Trader

Dealer in

Navajo
Blankets

OLD STYLE WEAVINQS AND
PATTERNS A SPECIALTY.

Silverware, Baskets,

Curios,
Prehistoric Pottery.

Products of Navajo

and other Indian

tribes.

AGENTS WANTED THROUGHOUT
THE UNITED STATES.

Write for particulars, mentioning
The Irrigation Age.

J. L. HUBBELL

Arizona

BRANCH STORE: Ream's Canon, Ariz.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

I

Eastern Oklahoma

i
i

A sweep of one hundred and ninety-five miles thru one of the most
promising agricultural regions ever turned over to the hand of man-

This in brief represents that portion of Oklahoma which has been given new birth by
the building of the Santa Fe's Eastern Oklahoma line — "the finest farming country
the Lord ever made."

Shawnee, in Pottawatomie County, today holds the record for potato shipments.
It ships more potatoes than any other town in the United States ! Ardmore, just
over the Indian Ty. line, has nearly the whole world beaten to a standstill as a
local cotton market. (Both points on the Santa Fe.) Oklahoma's 1903 wheat crop
was a record breaker. The Santa Fe gives these products direct and quick con-
nection with world markets, like Chicago, Kansas City and Galveston.

Write today for copy of our Eastern Oklahoma Folder, just issued, and information
of low rates in effect twice monthly.

Address, General Passenger Agent

Atchison, Topeka <& Santa. Fe Railway

: : : : CHICAGO : : : :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 in 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

OWN : A : FARM!

Thousands of Acres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance, are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE, STOCK - R. AISI NG AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address

CHICAGO AND

J. F. CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISSIONER, G. * N.W. Ry. _ ^-p^^ ASK FOR TICKETS V1A

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III. \m*m-m „*.*;»« THt NORTH-WESTERN LINE

WESTERN RY.

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES

212 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE STREETS.
OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUCH, W. A. GARDNER, W. B. KNISKERN,

Third Vice-President. General Manager. Pass. Traffic Manager.

STAR" WIND MILLS

Irrigating
Plant

Hoosier

f»

and

'Fast Mail

f f

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of Iron
Pumps designed fur
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
crated by hand
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

Designed particularly for the
service of supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized ! Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

•Star"

Irrigating

Mill

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

'HOOSIER5

Tubular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

Any Capacity . . . .A. .^CT^L. -l.^U .Mfm^ i^^ . . . Any P\irpose

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Steel Towers

Either 3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS OF GOODS

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog
and Circulars. Mention this Paper.

Tlint <& Walling Mfg. Co.

530 Oa,k Street. Kendall ville. Ind.

VOL. XIX.

No. 6.

RIGATMAGB

PUBUSHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION

DRAINAGE

SPECIAL

FEATURES

APRIL,
1904.

Pecxiliaur Use of the Ma.ils.

Irrigation Experiments in

Arizona..

THED.H.ANDERSON
.PUBLISHING CO,

Publishers.

112 DEARBORN ST

CHICAG-O.

Dra-irva.ge of Faurn La.nds.

The Primer of Irrigation,

Commutation
Clause will

Sta.rvd.

THE

IRRIGATION AGE

ESTABLISHED 1885

WITH WHICH 15 MERGED

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL

: ESTABLISHED 1879

BALDWINSVIUE.N.Y.

1 Vtl

will, recommend a pumping cum
to supply the need.

New York office,
:»-u Cortlandt Stre«t

Houston
ISJ8 Main Street, Texas
Elonioii & Hubbell. Agents,

H<:ni»i> ec. I luDDeu. Agenis,
N. Jefferson Street, Chicago. Ill
Harron, Riclard & McCone,

Agents, 21 Fremont Street,
San Francisco, Cal.

.< i
< •

Keep Your ^ on the Challenge
Line of Irrigation Machinery.

Challenge Gasoline Engines

FIVE HORSE POWER WITH PUMP JACK

Strongest and simplest Engine ever constructed. Has Friction Clutch for throwing
Pump Jack out of gear. Has all latest appliances for convenience in handling.

Has Stroke

12 inch.
1 6 inch.
20 inch.
24 inch.

GET OUR PRICES

Furnished either
Mounted or Sta-
tionary. We also
build \y2 H. P.,
2 H. P. and 3 H.
P. Engines with
Pump Jacks.

Dandy Irrigator Wind Mills

JVOTHI1VG TO

WITH

Note its Simplic*
ity, Compactness,
Immense strength

Brass or Graphite
Bearings.

Roller Bearings

for Turn Table.

Heaviest and
Strongest Wind
Mill ever offered
for sale.

It is everlasting
and has no equal.

Headquarters for all Kinds

of Water Supply

Goods.

This cut shows the
working and wearing
parts of our large
sizes of Dandy Mills.
They are particularly
adapted for irriga-
tion pumping.

The
Dandy

Write for Catalog

BRANCH HOUSES:

DALLAS, •
KANSAS CITY.
MINNEAPOLIS.
OMAHA, •
136 Liberty St.,

NEW YORK

Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill tXBatavia. 111

I

I

*
f

.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

161

f

STANDARD FOR SIXTY-FIVE YEARS

MADE BY DEERE & CO., MOLINE, ILL.

v

3OOCXDOOOOOC)OOCOCXDCXDOOOCXDOCXDOOOCOOOCOOOOOCXDC>

The
Great

Southwest

Lands for Sate Loans to Make

Sen d for

Cornucopia

Leads
All
the Rest

Texas 5S Real Estate

" The Horn
of Plenty"

Handsome

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THE 1ERIGATION AGE.

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164

THE IEUIGATION AGE.

The Samsorv

The Windmill That Makes
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is a double-geared mill and the strain is between the gear wheels and the lift is in line with the
center of the power exerted. The strain is evenly divided among tour bearings instead of one, as
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The Samson is the latest and most perfect production of the largest windmill factory on earth
and is the result of experiments without number and the experience of many years spent in
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The Samson is self-oiling, the extra large oil-cups needing to be rilled only at long intervals.
It is strong enough to stand up and work in the highest wind, and is so carefully made that it
catches and utilizes a very light breeze. For irrigation purposes, no windmill ever made will do
the same work that the Samson will, it lifts water from the deepest wells with perfect ease, and
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THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX

CHICAGO, APRIL, 1904.

No. 6.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,

PUBLISHERS,
112 Dearborn Street. . - CHICAGO

Entered at the Postoffice at Chicago, 111., as Second-Class Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON ) fA.t

W. J. ANDERSON \ C'

Western Office: Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver, Colo.
GEO. W. WAGNER, Mgr. W. C. JACKSON, Editor, Western Dept.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

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Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recognized throughout the world as
the exponent of Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival in half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

Tn t^T-^«fi n rr fr> A A \7(*r fi «<=>r-e !t may interest advertisers to knowthat The Irrigation Age is the only publication
-LlllCICOlillg LU ^^.UVCl L1SC1JS. ^ the world having an actuai pai(j in advance circulation among individual

irrigators and large irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world.
The Irrigation Age is 19 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITORIAL

Notice
to the
Public.

Mr. W. J. E. Johnston is not connected
with THE IRRIGATION AGE or with the
D. H. Anderson Publishing Company in
any capacity. He is not authorized to
make contracts for advertising or to re-
ceive subscriptions, collect money or receipt for the
same. THE IRRIGATION AGE employs no canvassers or
solicitors who do not carry proper credentials from this
office signed by D. H. Anderson, president of the D. H.
Anderson Publishing Company.

An esteemed subscriber writing from
A Little Nevada to continue his long connection

in Advance, with THE IRRIGATION AGK for another

year, says the practical courses outlined
by this paper regarding drainage in agricultural as well
as horticulture are on the right lines, but perhaps a
little in advance of some communities. It is always the
duty of a journal to lead thought in public improve-
ments of all kinds, and while we may be slightly in
advance of the drainage procession, it is coming along
with such a mighty rush that it is hard work to keep out
of the way. -People are becoming educated more rapidly
than ever before to the immense benefits of drainage
and irrigation and the paper that does not take advance

ground today may find itself obscured by the dust of the
progressive thought of the people that sweeps by it to-
morrow.

Senator Hansbrough charged openly in
Openly the Senate last week that the movement

Charged. to secure the repeal of the present land

laws, particularly the commutation clause
of the Homestead Act, was due to the efforts of a power-
ful lobby composed mainly of holders of lands bought
in large tracts from the railroad companies. If these
lobbyists could succeed in having the commutation
clause repealed, intending settlers would be forced to
buy their lands from these big corporations and the
value of these holdings would be largely increased. This
is precicesly what THE IRRIGATION AGE has tried to
make plain to the people for a long time. It is sur-
prising that any sensible man should be fooled by the
hypocritical plea put up by the Octopus that it is purely
unselfish in its motives and is working in the interests
of the settler of future generations.

During the discussion over the proposed repeal of
the land laws in the Senate, one of the Senators stated
that a great syndicate that had recently bought from a
Western railroad a very large body of land at 70 cents
per acre had its lobbyists swarming through the corri-
dors of the capitol working for the repeal of the com-
mutation clause of the Homestead Act. He further
stated that the managers of that syndicate are now in
Washington conferring with Government officials. and

166

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

sin^ every power in their means to accomplish this
end. The mask is being stripped from the hypocrites
who pretend to be unselfish in their motives in urging
the repeal of the Homestead clause and their utter
selfishness and cupidity is plainly exposed.

Since THE IRRIGATION AGE called attention to the
sacreligious hypocrisy of the land-grabbing Octopus in
hoisting the sacred cross as its emblem of battle, the
managers of that unholy combination have become
alarmed and forced the editor of its principal publica-
tion to remove the picture of the cross from its title
page. The spectacle of this gang of land-grabbers who
are trying to force Congress to pass laws to aid them to
rob the poor settler hoisting the sacred cross was not
only impudent but blasphemous in the extreme.

President Roosevelt's special land com-
Commuta- mission in its preliminary statement
tion Clause says : "Much evidence has been sub-
Will Stand, mitted tending to show that in the prairie
States, where it has been most used, the
commutation clause of the Homestead Act has been of
advantage to the settler without serious loss to the
Government." This paragraph in the report evidently
escaped the observation of the censor of the land-
grabbing Octopus, because the hired man of that enemy
of the public good has persistently declared through his
subsidized papers and in public speeches and letters that
the commutation clause was doing untold injury to the
Government interests and that it was of no benefit to
the settler.

Another clause which the censor evidently skipped
in editing the report is : "On the contrary the Govern-
ment has been peculiarly benefited by it (the commuta-
tion clause), because under this act the land is paid for
in cash after fourteen months' residence, while without
commutation the entryman will receive a patent after
five years' residence without paying for the land."

This statement is in direct opposition to the claims
made by the hired man of the Octopus and his traveling
agents. They have constantly waged a bitter war upon
the commutation clause of the Homestead Act because,
as they asserted, it has been of no practical benefit to
the actual settler, but simply provided a convenient
avenue of robbery by speculators. As there is no doubt
that the report of the commission was known to the
managers of the Octopus before it was submitted, their
acquiescence in its statements is another evidence of its
ingenuity in adapting its plans to meet emergencies.
The Octopus fought the National irrigation law with all
the bitterness and vindictive fierceness that characterize
a religious war, up to the very moment that it became a
law. When, however, it discovered that it was unable
to defeat the measure, it suddenly changed its tactics,
proclaimed it had been instrumental in securing the
passage of the bill and has ever since brazenly stood
before the public as its godfather.

The public lands commission appointed
Upon What by President Roosevelt to investigate the
Evidence. existing land laws and make recommen-
dations has filed its preliminary report.
This commission consists of Land Commissioner W. A.
Richards, Chief Engineer F. H. Newell, of the geolog-
ical survey, and Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot. These
gentlemen made a three weeks' trip, including the time
traveling from Washington to the Pacific coast and
back, one week of which' was spent in attending the
National Live Stock Association meeting at Portland.
With the exception of the time spent at Portland, the
committee were riding in sleeping cars most of the
time. Their preliminary report comprises less than
two thousand words, including quotations from the land
laws, supreme court decisions and other documents.

The committee presents no record of facts obtained
during its so-called investigations, but proceeds to make
recommendations of great scope and affecting immense
areas of public lands and which, if adopted, will have
tremendous influence upon hundreds of thousands of
settlers. From the character of the report, it is evident
that the committee has not based its recommendations
upon any real facts secured by it during its rapid flight
across the continent and back again, but followed the
advice of the managers of the land-grabbing Octopus
and made its recommendations to fit public sentiment.
The managers of the Octopus have discovered that there
is no possible hope of repealing the commutation clause
of the Homestead Act and has given orders to its
henchmen everywhere to trim their sails accordingly.

Two members of the public land commission,
Messrs. Newell and Pinchot, have always maintained
the closest possible relations to the managers of the
Octopus and their preliminary report discloses very
clearly the influences behind them. It is no doubt a
bitter pill to swallow — this recommendation to let the
commutation clause of the Homestead Act stand and
modify the Forest Reserve and Timber and Stone Act
in the interest of actual settlers — but the managers of
the Octopus are a shrewd lot and know when to blow
hot and blow cold. There is no doubt that the fight on
the commutation clause will be renewed in the next
Congress with great vigor, because the Octopus is out
for big game, and with this law in the way they will
not be able to force settlers to buy the lands which they
have obtained from the railroads and the Government.
Friends of the measure should not make this mistake of
assuming that because the managers of the Octopus
have temporarily stopped their fight upon it, thev have
abandoned it for good. They are simply bending before
the storm of public opinion, but will quickly reassert
themselves and continue the fight next year with greater
arrogance and intolerance than ever.

Subscribe for the IRRIGATION AGE.
$1.00 Per Year.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

167

The hitter fight that has extended over
Repealers the past two years in the effort to repeal
are Defeated, all the general land laws of the country
has been practically ended by the Senate
committee on public lands. This agreement resulted
in the introduction of a bill by the committee, which
does not affect the commutation clause of the homestead
act, but which affects the stone and timber and desert
land acts. Amendments prohibit the selection of timber
lands in lieu of forest reserves, except that to allow own-
ers of forest lands which have not been denuded of
timber to exchange them for other vacant, unsurveyed
lands without mineral or timber, subject to homestead
entry. The amendment is a wise one and will prevent
the land-grabbing Octopus from continuing its prac-
tice of taking up valuable timber land through agents,
cutting off the timber and then exchanging the value-
less land for other valuable agricultural lands. Per-
sons who have holdings in forest reserves and have not
denuded them of the timber are protected in their
rights.

The fight in the Senate committee over this mat-
ter was the most bitter that has characterized the work
of Congress during the present session. Senator Quarles
was the father of the original bill, which provided for
the repeal of the timber and stone act and the desert
land act and the commutation clause of the homestead
act. The last meetings of the committee to consider
this bill were marked by discussions which became
strongly personal in one or two instances. At the out-
set all of the Democratic members of the committee,
except Senator Dubois, and three Republican members,
Senators Bard, Nelson and Dietrich, were in favor of
the Quarles bill, which was backed by the Octopus, but
Senator Hansborough sturdily refused to report the
bill without having a chance to be heard in opposition
to it. On two occasions he forced the committee to ad-
journ without action.

In the meantime the true friends of irrigation ral-
lied for a final defense of the rights of the common
people as against the land-grabbing Octopus, and Sena-
tor Nelson was won over from the opposition. Senator
Quarles finally agreed to drop the fight on the commu-
tation clause.

The greatest victory next to the saving of the com-
mutation clause is the provision which requires the
secretary of the interior to turn the money acquired
from such sales into the reclamation fund for irrigation
purposes. The Octopus has been making its fight to
repeal the general land laws for the express purpose of
depriving the reclamation service of the use of any fur-
ther funds. The success of the reclamation measure
depends entirely upon the funds to be obtained from the
sale of Government lands. If the Octopus could have
succeeded in taking these lands out of the market the
supply of money from this source would have been
stopped and the general irrigation movement would

hav.e become a failure. The provision, however, to turn
all money from the sale of timber into the reclamation
fund will enable the Government to carry out its plans
of irrigation, and the service will not be hampered for
lack of money.

The fight upon the general land laws, and particu-
larly upon the commutation clause of the homestead
act, has been backed by the most powerful interests of
this country. Money has been spent without stint,
newspapers have been subsidized, speakers have been
hired to travel over the country and address boards of
trade, labor organizations and any public meeting that
would listen to them, and Congress has been besieged
by an army of salaried lobbyists, more insolent and ag-
gressive than has ever been launched against any meas-
ure in Congress during recent years. The fact that the
true friends of irrigation have been able to defeat this
mighty combination of corporate interests, whose aims
were purely selfish, is a matter of congratulation to the
entire country.

While on a recent trip through Ohio, a
The Age representative of THE AGE talked with a
Pays manufacturer, who informed him that

Advertisers, they had sold machinery to one firm in

Australia, as a result of advertising in
THE IRRIGATION AGE, to the amount of $2,800. This
order the purchaser stated resulted from seeing the ad-
vertisement of the firm in the columns of THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE, and is only a starter which will no doubt lead
up to large sales in the future. The firm making the
sale has paid us about $200 per year for their adver-
tising and have expended in all not to exceed $300 for
space in the columns of this journal. Assuming that a
profit of 30 per cent is made on the goods and that no
more sales are made as a result of the advertising al-
ready carried, it can be seen that a handsome marginal
profit is still allowed the manufacturer. Another view
of the case, however, is that this order may lead to many
more from the same Australian house, which will no
doubt develop a fine trade for the goods in that far
away country.

Our conclusion is that advertising in THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE has paid this firm well and we are publishing
these facts in order to attract the attention of the large
number of other manufacturers who may get some of
this business by patronizing these columns. Why not
write us for rates and, if you are not posted, learn
definitely about our circulation.

Many years ago some far-seeing gentle-
Water Rights man practically captured all of the Arkan-
in Colorado, sas River and its Iributaries through

Colorado and much of it down through
Kansas as well. Twenty years ago water rights in the
arid West were not regarded as highly as they are now.

168

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

With the growth of population in all parts of the State
and the possibilities of irrigation becoming more ap-
parent every year, the value of water rights have in-
creased to proportions that were almost undreamed of.
Land values are in a large measure affected by the
water supply and particularly in Colorado.

' The Arkansas River drainage basin in that State
comprises nearly 20,000,000 acres and more than 70
per cent of this area depends upon irrigation for its
crops. The available water supply is not sufficient at
all seasons of the year and when the scarcity prevails
the value of certain rights over others becomes appar-
ent. People who contemplate settling in Colorado can
not as a rule secure a water supply from the public any
longer. The rights to most of the water in that State
are now controlled by private individuals or companies
and the intending settler must get his water from
them. These rights are called "secondary rights,"
since they are not derived directly from the public, but
from companies, who have in years past acquired con-
trol of the Arkansas River and its tributaries.

The loose methods which have prevailed in the ac-
quirement of these rights in the early settlement of the
State and the lack of uniformity in the franchises and
contracts acquired has caused a great deal of trouble
and litigation, and the courts are now attempting to
straighten out the tangle and decide the rights of the
settler as well as those of the irrigation companies.
The value of these rights are governed largely by physi-
cal conditions and the nature of primary rights. Under
the Colorado laws a river and its tributaries are con-
sidered as a whole in regard to water rights. The right
to take water from any part of the stream is always
subject to prior rights to take it from any other part
of the stream or its tributaries, except when certain
physical conditions exist. The laws of Colorado also
make water personal property and give to appropriators
practically private ownership. The influence of such
ownership and the contracts which they hold with the
State are of vital importance to settlers.

This whole question is very ably discussed by the
Hon. J. S. Green, ex-State engineer of Colorado, and
the result of his investigations extending over a long
period has been issued by the United States office of
experiment stations in a special bulletin. This bulletin
is No. 140 and its title is "The Acquirement of Water
Rights in Colorado and the Arkansas River Valley."
It is a work of great value to farmers and other users of
water, as well as to intending settlers, and should be
read by everybody who is interested in the vital subject
of water supply in the State of Colorado. Free copies
of this bulletin can be had by application to A. C.
True, Director of the Office of Experiment Stations,
Washington, D. C.

The agents of the Octopus are flooding
Peculiar the country with extracts from speeches

Use of of Senators in favor of repealing the land

the Mails. laws. These extracts are sent out under
the franks of certain congressmen and
the Government is compelled to pay thousands of dollars
for the transmission of these documents through the
mails. The improper use of these franks is shown by
the fact that the matter is sent out from Washington
by the hired agents of the Octopus.

So brazen is the work of these agents that they do
not hesitate to use any means to accomplish their end.
The fact that these documents are being i-ent out from
the office of the Homemaker, the organ which is sup-
ported entirely by the money of the Octopus, is shown
by the mailing directions placed upon them. The post-
office mailing list of the Homemaker and the printed
names of the persons to whom this paper is sent is
placed upon the documents carrying congressional
franks.

These documents do not contain full discussions on
the land law repeal bill, but only such .extracts from
the speeches of Senators as are favoring the repeal.
No attempt is made to give a fair presentation of the
facts as brought out in the discussions, but the cam-
paign is wholly one-sided. The franks of certain con-
gressmen are used without limitation for this purpose.

The exposure of this disgraceful misuse of frank-
ing privilege ought to be sufficient to condemn it for-
ever and cause a repeal of the act which makes it pos-
sible for selfish corporations to rob the Government in
this way. No congressman has the right to use his
frank for such a purpose, and it is surprising that any
self-respecting congressman would permit himself to
be used in this manner by the Octopus and its agents.

THE IRRIGATION AGE, through the courtesy of the
Department of Agriculture, is enabled to present the
result of the investigation of drainage of farm lands by
C. G. Elliott, Government expert in drainage and irri-
gation, together with the illustrations used in his bul-
letin No. 187. This bulletin is of great importance, as
it contains a vast amount of information of practical
value to small farmers who desire to reclaim swampy
lands and bring them to a high state of cultivation.

$2.00 pays one year's subscription to IRRIGATION
AQE and a copy of the PRIHER OF IRRIGATION.

"What do we plant when we plant the tree?
We plant the ship which will cross the sea ;
We plant the mast to carry the sails ;
We plant the plank to withstand the gales ;
The keel, the keelson, the beam, the knee ;
We plant the ship when we plant the tree.

"What do we plant when we plant the tree?
A thousand things that we daily see ;
We plant the spire that out-towers the crag ;
We plant the staff for our country's flag ;
We plant the shade from the hot sun free —
We plant all these when we plant the tree."

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

168a

NAILED MAXWELL TO THE .CROSS.

Forced to Admit Before the House Committee on Arid Lands

That Big Corporations Give Him Over $60,000 Per Year —

No Repeal of Land Laws This Session of Congress.

George H. Maxwell, the manager of the land-grab-
bing Octopus in its fight for the repeal of the land laws,
was a witness in the hearing before the House Com-
mittee on Irrigation of Arid Land April 1st. In this
hearing Maxwell was forced, in spite of all attempts to
evade the questions put to him by Chairman Frank W.
Mondell, the truth of every charge that THE IRRIGATION
AGE has made, namely: That the National Irrigation
Association (not the National Irrigation Congress)
has been supported and controlled by the great interests
that are working for the repeal of the land laws; that
Maxwell had received and is now receiving about $60,000
per annum; that he is the whole thing; that he gets
ail the money and spends it as he pleases ; that his pre-
tense of working for the benefit of the dear public and
the future settler is the rankest hypocrisy, and that he
has been and now is fighting solely for the benefit of
the land-grabbing Octopus and because he is paid for
every speech and every article that he has written and
published on this matter.

Maxwell's testimony, which follows, is printed in
Congressional Record under date of April 1, 1904, and
copies of this record may be had by any person address-
ing the congressman from his district.

MR. HITCHCOCK — Have you access to the list of
railroad subscribers to this fund in support of your
movement.

MR. MAXWELL — Certainly.

MR. HITCHCOCK — Could you file it with the com-
mittee ?

MR. MAXWELL I can tell you just what it is.

MR. HITCHCOCK — I want to perfect some informa-
tion I asked for. When you gave the name of the rail-
roads that had contributed to these various funds you
did not state the amounts they contributed.

MR. MAXWELL — Six thousand dollars for each of
the transcontinental lines and the Burlington and
$3,000 for the Eock Island.

MR. HITCHCOCK — That makes how much alto-
gether ?

MR. MAXWELL — Thirty-nine thousand dollars.

MR. HITCHCOCK — Now, for what purpose is that
money used?

MR. MAXWELL — It has been used for the expenses
of the National Irrigation Association, and there has
only been a part which has been available by that as-
sociation for the circulation of its literature and the
maintenance of our press bureau and the educational
campaign which we have been carrying on for the last
five years.

MR. HITCHCOCK- — That is an annual contribution ?

MR. MAXWELL — Yes, sir.

HITCHCOCK — Has been going

on for five

MR.
years ?

MR. MAXWELL — Yes, sir.

MR. HITCHCOCK — And still continuing?

MR. MAXWELL — Still continuing.

MR. HITCHCOCK — Six thousand dollars each for
the transcontinental lines, the six of them?

MR. MAXWELL — I include the Burlington.

MR. FRENCH — What one pays less than $6,000 ?

MR. MAXWELL — The Eock Island.

MR. FRENCH— That pays $3,000.

ME. MAXWELL — The funds of the association are
drawn also from many different directions. This is only
a part.

MR. MARSHALL — What part?

MR. MAXWELL — I think the fund exceeds $50,000
altogether.

MR. MARSHALL — Annually?

MR. MAXWELL — Yes, sir.

THE CHAIRMAN — Has your association, o» did
your periodicals, ever advocate the law upon the calen-
dar which prohibits the scrip owner or these transcon-
tinental railroads (some two and one-half millions of
acres of these lands) — which prohibits them from lo-
cating valuable timber?

MR. MAXWELL — We advocate that every acre of
valuable timber shall immediately be put in a forest
reserve, and if any one here has a copy of my -own
paper I would like to refer to that. I would like to
submit that to the committee when the opportunity oc-
curs.

THE CHAIRMAN — Is it not true, on the contrary,
that your association has taken occasion to ridicule
legislation prohibiting the location of valuable timber
land with the forest reserve lieu rights or scrip and the
people who have proposed it?

MR. MAXWELL — I have taken occasion to take this
position, which I am ready to take now or at any time,
that in trying to remedy forestry matters and leaving
the agricultural lands open to speculative entry you are
saving at the tap and losing at the bung.

MR. MARSHALL — -You started out by saying that
you were working in accordance with the recommenda-
tion of President Eoosevelt's message. Does not Presi-
dent Eoosevelt concur virtually in the report of this
commission ?

MR. MAXWELL — There seems to be a difference of
opinion in regard to that.

MR. MARSHALL — He says he sends it for favorable
consideration.

MR. HITCHCOCK — Referring to this $50,000 fund,
who controls the disposition of that? Do you?

MR. MAXWELL— We do.

In addition to the above amounts, which Maxwell
admits having received from the railroads, he has fre-
quently boasted that two thousand members of his Na-
tional Irrigation Association have paid him from five
dollars upward each per annum, making a total fund of
about $20,000 annually from this source alone. Max-
well is therefore known to have received at least $70,-
000 per annum, and it is believed that he has received
$25,000 or $30,000 additional from the big land com-
binations and other sources, making a total fund of
about $100,000 a year, of which he has had absolute
control and disposition.

Maxwell stated in Washington recently that he
was not particularly interested any longer in this fight
because during the years he had been employed by the
Octopus he had obtained inside information and special
privileges which were worth $200,000 to him person-
ally, and that the contributions which will come from
members of the National Irrigation Association will
never be entirely cut off.

How long will the members of this association
continue to pay money to this man, who makes no pub-
lic statement of its disbursement and who has not. up
to the present time, "delivered the goods." This same
Maxwell is the chap who poses as the friend of the
laboring man — a public benefactor ! Ye Gods !

168b

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

THE AMERICAN IRRIGATORS' LEAGUE.

An inter-protective association of irrigation farm-
ers, homeseekers and homebuilders in the arid and sem-
arid West and throughout the United States.

The American Irrigators' League is organized as an
aid and adjunct to the National Irrigation Congress and
to perpetuate the same as the only reliable organization
to carry out the objects of the national irrigation laws,
secure State control of the distribution of water for
irrigation and to harmonize and unify the various di-
verse State irrigation systems" into one uniform sys-
tem.

OBJECTS OF THE LEAGUE.

The objects of the American Irrigators' League,
in addition to those pertaining to the National Irriga-
tion Congress, are specifically:

First — To agitate the passage of just, appropriate
and beneficial land and irrigation laws by Congress and
the State Legislatures, and to secure their honest en-
forcement and application and their speedy operation.

Second — To agitate for a uniform system of land
and water laws, and for the speedy redress of local griev-
ances and infringement of individual rights and to act
as a tribunal of arbitration for the settlement of differ-
ences.

Third — To oppose land and water syndicates and
combines organized for the purpose of oppressing
water users; to protect actual and prospective settlers
upon public lands against encroachments, frauds and
schemes of private individuals or officials, and to col-
lect evidence and provide for their exposure and pun-
ishment.

Fourth— By a system of inter-communication to
keep its members informed as to the most improved and
profitable methods of irrigation farming; profitable

crops, best markets, locations of supply and demand and
ruling prices for products.

HOW FORMED.

The league is divided into divisions, based on water
districts, each water district constituting a local divi-
sion, the members of which shall consist of actual set-
tlers, who practice irrigation in whole or in part, or
who have homes in the arid or semi-arid regions.

Congressional divisions corresponding with the
congressional districts recognized by the Congress of the
United States, and its members shall consist of members
of the local divisions, selected in the proportion of one
mernber of each congressional division to every ten or
less members of said local division.

State divisions, the members of which shall be se-
lected from among the congressional divisions in the
proportion of one member of the State division to
every twenty-five members of each congressional divi-
sion, but said State division is in no case to exceed one
member to represent every county in the State to which
it belongs.

A national division, or congress, which shall con-
sist of five members from each State, selected out of the
State divisions, and shall be limited to five members
from each State, selected as follows: One from each
of the north, south, east and westerly portions of each
State, with one member Ho be selected to represent the
State at krge.

This organization has developed a membership of
3,150, scattered throughout the Western States. New
divisions are being rapidly formed. Organize your dis-
trict or county now. For further particulars and mem-
bership blanks write

THE AMERICAN IRRIGATORS' LEAGUE,

1208 Boyce Building. Chicago, 111.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

169

IRRIGATION EXPERIMENTS IN ARIZONA.

Investigations Covering a Period of Four Years at the Experi-
ment Station Farm at Tucson.

BY PROF. ALFRED J. k'CLATCHIE,

Agriculturist and Horticulturist of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment
Station.

During the past four years, especially during the
last half of that period, much attention has been given
at the station farm to irrigation from various stand-
points. One line of investigation has been the deter-
mination of the best method and the proper lime for
the irrigation of each crop grown in the
region. Another study has been the
amount of water needed by each crop,
and the best procedure for conserving the
water applied. The first crop studied
carefully along these lines was the sugar
beet. Next attention was turned to de-
ciduous orchards. Later potatoes, corn,
grains, melons, garden vegetables and
other crops were given consideration.
During the past season a beginning -was
made in studying the best method of irri-
gating Egyptian cotton, and the amount
of water needed for producing a crop.
Many data have been obtained that seem
worthy of publication at this time, that
they may become promptly available to
the farmers of the territory. Meanwhile
the investigations are being pursued with
increasing intensiveness.

WATER SUPPLY.

The station farm, where were made
the records that are the basis of this bulletin, is situated
near Phoenix, just below the Maricopa canal, in the
midst of typical Salt River valley farms. The sur-
rounding region is devoted to the production of alfalfa,
grain, orchard and small fruits and vegetables. The
station farm (as are other farms of the section) is
supplied with irrigating water from two canals (the
Maricopa and the Grand, which in this part of the
valley run about a half a mile apart) of the four main
ones supplying with water the portion of the valley
lying on the north side of the Salt River. The practice
being to turn water through two of the four canals for
four days and then through the other two for the suc-
ceeding four days, water can be obtained for irrigation
twice during each eight days by contracting for the
delivery of a portion through each of the two canals
mentioned above.

The amount of water received from these canals
fluctuates very much during the year, varying with the
flow of the Salt River, from which they receive their
water. When the river is high enough to make it pos-
sible, water is delivered to farmers continuously, or
during four successive days with an intervening four
days when none is delivered. But as the river falls, the
"runs" are shortened more and more, until they may
have a duration of but a few hours. Under such cir-
cumstances water is available for irrigation from any
•one canal upon but one day in eight, and small plants
are apt to suffer for water, if the weather be hot and
dry. By having water delivered through two canals,
a farmer can irrigate strawberries, garden vegetables,
and other shallow rooted crops every four days. This
possibility has been especially necessary during the past

two summers while water has been so low. Without
water being available every four days, it has been prac-
tically impossible to maintain a field of strawberries,
for example, through the past three trying summers,
and in many cases a large percentage of the plants of a
field have been lost though watered every four days.

The cause of the fluctuation of the river flow will
be indicated by the following table of the average pre-
cipitation at the six stations hi the water shed of the
Salt andits tributaries, according to the available records :

Mmitliiy Jan' Feb' Mar' Apr' May June July Au&- SeP- Oct Nov. Dec.

° 81 06t 03°

2.57 1 20 0 95 1.08 1.90

WATER REGISTER.

The variation in the supply of irrigating water from
month to month will be indicated by the following
table of the flow of the Salt River during the past
thirteen years, based upon the available records.

TABLE I. — MONTHLY FLOW OF SALT RIVER IN 1,000 ACRE FEET.

Year

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May June July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Total

1889

365

144

537

236

63

27

30

25

31

27

34

349

1871

1890

306

560

394

109

56

30

32

238

139

160

280

384

2688

1891

210

2175

300

160

150

79

46

48

34

30

30

40

3302

1898

41

170

50

60

30

22

24

18

27

30

33

19

528

1893

33

83

188

86

48

13

35

100

65

46

35

38

770

1894

17

32

86

50

40

30

30

60

60

60

30

170

665

1895

600

173

340

154

58

28

20

07

30

128

108

75

1771

1896

48

36

89

70

37

20

90

100

60

170

60

50

830

1897

335

170

70

50

88

31

49

33

100

64

32

33

1045

1898

37

61

83

67

40

23

40

49

41

20

24

38

529

1899

40

38

40

44

24

17

37

40

26

38

25

25

394

1900

26

26

24

25

28

9

6

18

14

21

33

26

256

1901

56

195

105

60

45

20

20

59

17

15

23

22

637

Aver

158

293

170

90

54

27

36

65

52

61

57

97

1157

It is a significant fact that although the rainfall is
heavier in the watershed of the Salt River during July
and August than during the winter, the flow of the
river is usually much greater during the latter season.
The parched condition of the watershed and the ra-
pidity of evaporation during the hot summer months
are undoubtedly responsible for the failure of most of
the rainfall of that season to reach the valley below.
During the months of December, January and February
an average of over three times as much water is avail-
able for irrigation as during the summer period of most
abundant rainfall. But it is naturally during the sum-
mer months that the most water is needed for irriga-
tion. The season of greatest need is from February to
July. During considerable of this period, especially
during May and June, the river, as will be seen by re-
ferring to Table I, is commonly low and the supply of

170

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

irrigating water consequently short. This being the
season of greatest growth, it is important that crops be
supplied with plenty of water. In order to provide for
this demand on the part of the crop, the application of
large amounts during the winter and early spring is
practiced by most farmers. This method is especially
useful in the case of orchards and alfalfa, and can
be resorted to for soaking soil intended to be used for
spring crops. Thus, water is commonly applied at the
station farm, and upon other farms of the region, not
when most needed by the crop, but when it is available.
This is a condition that naturally exists where flood
waters are not stored in catchment basins along the
river. The beneficial results coming from such a reser-
voir can be most nearly obtained by using the soil itself
as a storage reservoir. It is hoped that the experiments
reported upon in this bulletin, and others in progress,
will help farmers to realize the possibilities along this
line. Next to storage reservoirs for impounding flood
waters, the greatest need of the region is a better under-

side. The adobe soil is moistened more slowly than the
loam, and retains' its moisture longer. Both become
quite hard, if permitted to dry without cultivation at
the proper stage of desiccation, the adobe soil cracking
as it dries. The period during drying when the adobe
soil may be cultivated is especially short. In the case
of either soil it is very important that a cultivation be
given at just the right time, in order to maintain a
proper physical condition of the soil. Water does not
percolate rapidly through the adobe or the loam
stratum ; but when it once reaches the gravel, it passes
downward rapidly until the clay is reached. Hence
only deep-rooted crops, such as alfalfa and fruit trees,
are much benefited by water that passes beyond the
stratum of loam. Determinations of the maximum
water capacity of the soil of the loam stratum show
that the amount of water required to saturate it is ap-
proximately two and one half feet. Determinations of
moisture content made from samples taken a few days
subsequent to irrigation, when superfluous water ap-

TYTICAL ARTESIAN WELLS AND RESERVOIR NEAR ST. DAVIDS, ARIZONA. PHOTOGRAPHED BY W. W. SKINNER, UNIVERSITY

OF ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

standing of the best way or ways of obtaining the great-
est return from the water available for irrigation.
While steps are being taken to procure storage facilities
in southern Arizona, all can practice economy in the
use of water, and thoughtfully make the best of the
existing conditions.

SOIL OF THE STATION FARM.

The soil of most of the station farm is a clayey,
gravelly loam underlaid with a stratum of gravel. The
loam is five to six feet deep, and the gravel stratum
about eight feet thick, beneath which lies a stratum of
fine clay about twenty feet deep. The loam of a portion
of the farm is overlaid with a fine adobo, the super-
imposed stratum varying in depth from a few inches at
one side of the section to six to eight feet at the other

plied had had time to settle away, showed that the soil
a? it lay above the gravel had the power to hold about
one and one-fifth feet of water. Hence the latter
amount is about what would be necessary to apply to-
this soil, if thoroughly dry, to. put it into good condition
for the growth of any of the crops reported upon, ex-
cept the orchard fruits. Moisture determinations made
when the soil was so far dried cut that most crops would
suffer for water showed the presence of a little over
one-half foot of water in the lo'am stratum of five and
one-half feet. Thus the amount of water that might be
economically applied at any irrigation would be theo-
retically the difference between 1.2 feet and .5 feet, or
about .7 feet. This agrees very closely with the amount
that experience has shown to be necessary to apply at

THE IBKIGATION AGE.

171

one irrigation in order to bring soil in which most crops
would suffer to a good state of moisture. Of course
the exact amount will vary with the kind of crop and
•with the stage of its development. For instance, crops
planted in wide rows need considerably less water dur-
ing early growth when plants are small, than later.

SEASON OF GROWTH.

Although there is no season of the year when some
crop or crops are not growing on the station farm and
on the other farms of the region, yet there are two
seasons during which most are produced : ( 1 ) November
to March inclusive, when grains, most hardy vegetables
and small fruits are planted and make the main part of
their growth; and (2) April to October inclusive,
when melons and other vegetables more sensitive to
frost than to heat, corn, cowpeas and sorghum make
the most of their growth.

But there is no time of the year when some crops
are not maturing and others in the early stages of their
growth. The time when fewest crops overlap in this
way is about the time of the fall frosts that occur about

February inclusive, the rainfall Vicing usually the
heaviest during the last month of the year. The rain
and snow falling in the mountains during the winter
rainy period usually furnish an increased supply of irri-
gating water until the end of March. From the latter
month until July the rainfall is light and the supply of
water usually gradually diminishes, becoming very low
during June. The summer rains swell the streams and
increase the supply of irrigating water temporarily.
Then follow about three months during which the rain-
fall is so light that the supply is again usually less than
the demand.

The following table of the average rainfall in
inches for each month of the year, as recorded during
the past twenty-six years, will indicate how the rainfall
is distributed through the year at Phoenix :

Moentlf]y _Jan-£eb-Mar:Apr:_MayJune July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Tot.

0'80 ° 15

°'95

°-45

7.18

It will be seen that the average monthly precipi-
tation gradually decreases from the winter rainy season

WATERMELONS AFTER TEN IRRIGATIONS.

the middle of November. By this time the summer
crops sensitive to frost are either mature or are killed,
and few of the winter crops are planted. Hence this,
is the most appropriate time to make a beginning of
the crop year. Each irrigation year reported upon be-
low is considered as extending from the end of Novem-
ber, 1900. to the end of November, 1901.

RAINFALL DURING YEARS COVERED.

While precipitation may occur at any time of the
year in the vicinity of Phoenix, there are two seasons
during which the fall is heavier than daring the re-
mainder of the year, and the consequent supply of irri-
gating water much greater. The two seasons are, re-
spectively, July and August, and from December to

until July, during which month and the following one
the average amount is somewhat above the average rain-
fall for the respective months of the winter rainy
season.

The average monthly amount of precipitation be-
ing so small, the amount that falls during any one day
is seldom great — too small usually to be of much direct
benefit to growing crops. The principal local benefit
is due to the temporary raising of the relative humidity
of the atmosphere near the surface of the soil, thus
checking evaporation and causing more of the irri-
gating water to be available to the growing plant. If a
rain can be followed with an irrigation, that the mois-
tening of the soil may be continued downward to the

172

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

moisture below, then the rain may be a distinct benefit.
In any case, shallow-rooted crops are often temporarily
benefited, but unless a cultivation can follow, the soil
at and near the surface usually soon becomes baked
and the crop is often worse off than before the rain.
The crops benefited most by the local rains are the win-
ter grains. Being shallow rooted, and growing during
the cool time of the year when evaporation is less rapid
than at other times, they often receive considerable
benefit from the rains of December, January and Feb-
ruary. Some of the July and August showers benefit
such crops as strawberries, tomatoes, and other shallow-
rooted ones. But the effect of a rain upon a crop is
seldom lasting, and only a small portion of that which
falls can be considered as consumed by a growing crop.
Of greater importance than the local rains are the
storms in the mountains constituting the watershed of
the Salt River, the source from which the irrigating
water is drawn. As the mountain rains usually occur
at the same time as the valley rains, the latter are
usually welcomed because of the simultaneous occur-
rence of the former, rather than because of their own
direct value.

RAINFALL FOR 1898 AT STATION FARM.

Inches.

January 10 60

January 13 22

January 27 70

July 4 20

August 22 30

August 26 70

November 25 07

Inches.

November 26 53

November 27 01

December 9 63

December 10 1.31

December 11 02

December 16 02

Total . . 5.31

The rainfall of the year, it will be observed, all fell
during but five months of it, none falling from January
to July, nor during September or October. The rain
was thus confined almost entirely to the two rainy sea-
sons mentioned above. As usual also, the greatest
amount fell during December.

RAINFALL FOR 1899 AT STATION FARM.

Inches.

January 11 23

January 12 $7

February 2 09

February 3 02

June 24 29

June 25 76

July
July

9

10

.16
.01

July 12 12

July 15 03

July 18 33

July 19 33

Inches.

July 24 12

July 31 14

August 3 81

August 6 18

August 15 54,

September 8 '. .89

October 11 29

October 12 01

October 14 04

November 14 42

November 22 06

December 18 12

Total . . 6.96

The rainfall of this year was distributed more
evenly, fell in a large number of showers, and exceeded
in total amount that of the year preceding. An un-
usually small amount fell during February and Decem-
ber, and an unusually large amount during June. It
will be noted that none fell during March, April or
May.

RAINFALL FOR 1900 AT STATION FARM. "

Inches.

January 4 10

March 13 10

March 14 13

March 25 03

April 5 56

April 28 39

May 5 10

July 20 1.30

Inches.

August 3 03

September 1 08

September 22 01

October 12 20

November 17 44

November 18 64

November 19 67

Total . . 4.65

The rainfall this year was abnormally small during
the winter rainy season, but one-tenth of an inch falling
during that period. This was partially compensated
for by the unusual rainfall for April. The rain of
July 20 and of November 17-19 was sufficient -in
amount to directly benefit growing crops. It will be
noted that none fell during February, June or Decem-
ber. The total precipitation was below that of any
previous year since a record has been kept at the farm.

RAINFALL FOR 1901 AT STATION FARM.

Inches.

January 25 38

January 27 04

February 1 36

February 3 02

February 6 68

February 7 05

February 10 11

February 11 01

February 24 03

March 8 09

March 31 14

May 14 15

May 29 06

July 2 01

July 23 08

Inches.

July 24 07

July 27 05

July 29 59

.02

.06
.97
.01
.02

Juiy 30
August 1
August 3
August 4
August 5

August 11 22

August 12 06

August 13 05

August 17 14

August 29 21

October 29 55

November 12 .13

Total . . 4.36

The year was characterized by the unusual number
of showers that fell, especially during February, July
and August. With the exception of the absence of rain
during December, as during the previous year, the
precipitation fell during the usual rainy seasons. The
total of the thirty showers was, however, smaller in
amount than that of any. previous year of which there
is a record at the farm. On very few days did enough
fall to be of much direct benefit to crops. However,
during the winter season, three rains, varying in
amount from one-third to two-thirds of an inch, oc-
curred that would benefit growing grain. But the total
amount, 1.42 inches, is small compared with the amount
required to produce the crop. One of the July showers
— that of the 29th — and one of the August ones — that
of the 3rd — would also benefit considerably some of
the summer crops, such as strawberries, tomatoes and
cotton. Possibly an average of a tenth of a foot might
be counted as the amount of rain utilized by each crop,
in addition to the irrigating water applied during the
year. It will be noted that during March, May and
the most of July, the rainfall on no date was sufficient
to wet dry soil to a greater depth than one-half inch,
that none fell during April or June, and none during
the two months from August 29 to October 29.

TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY.

The coolest months at the station farm are De-
cember and January, during which frosts (occasionally
heavy ones) are frequent. During February the weather
commonly becomes gradually warmer. It may be con-
'sidered that this month marks the beginning of spring.
The principal part of the growth of winter-sown crops
is made during the three months that follow. During
these months the weather becomes increasingly warm,
the maximum temperatures, by the latter part of June,
ranging from 100° to 110° F.' in the shade. The rela-
tive humidity of the atmosphere decreases as the season
advances and the temperatures rise, evaporation conse-
quently becoming very rapid. During July and August
the temperature is higher than during June; but the
humidity is temporarily increased from time to time
by rains and the weather is consequently often less try-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

ira

ing upon vegetation. From August to December the
weather commonly grows gradually cooler, and the rela-
tive humidity usually increases.

The accompanying table of the average monthly
temperature and relative humidity during the four past
years will indicate the changes in the weather from
season to season of the year, and what the weather of
the period has been. The temperatures are those at the
farm, and the relative humidity figures, those obtained
at the Weather Bureau at Phoenix :

TABLE II. — TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY.

Mean Temperature.
1898 1899 1900 1901

January . .
February .
March . .

..46
..57
, .54

47
51
59

April

. .70

67

May

. .72

70

.83

83

lulv

89

PO

August . . .
Sepetmber
October . .
November
December

..88
. .82
. .70
. .56
. .47

86
84
67
58
50

53

53
63
62
76
84
90
85
77
69
60
52

52
55
59
64

73
81
91
88
SI
71
61
50

Mean Relative Humidity.
1898 1899 1900 1901
56 49 41 47

cates approximately the rate of loss of water from crops
and from soil. Consequently evaporation data are help-
ful in considering irrigation questions.

The record of evaporation from a water surface
has been kept at the farm for but one year. The begin-
ning was made last April and a record is now being;
made regularly. The record is being kept in the usual
way from the surface of a tank of water sitting with
the surface even with the surface of the soil. The re-
sults for May to November (end of the last irrigation
year), inclusive, are given in the table that follows:

TARLE III. — EVAPORATION FROM WATER SURFACE.

41

40

29

59

33

32

38

38

30

28

44

29

27

22

26

30

25

32

16

19

37

40

25

33

44

38

26

*43

32

31

30

28

23

40

36

39

35

46

41

49

51

38

42

32

68 69 69

36 36 33 37

Annual Mean.68

It will be seen that the mean annual temperature
and the mean relative humidity differ from year to year
far less than the rainfall. The changes in the tempera-
ture from month to month are, on the whole, quite regu-
lar. Only a few marked irregularities occurred during

Evaporation
Week ending in inches.

May 7th 1.68

May 14th ' 1.92

May 21st 1.92

May 28th 2.04

June 4th 2.04

June llth 2.16

June 18th 2.04

June 25th 2.28

July 2nd 2.28

July 9th 1.92

July 16th 2.52

July 23rd 2.64

July 30th 2.52

August 6th 2.88

August 13th 72

August 20th 1.44

Evaporation
Week ending in inches.

August 27th 1.68

September 3rd .... 1.56

September 10th 1.68

September 17th 1.80

September 24th 1.6S

October 1st 1.56

October 8th 1.32

October 15th 1.08

October 22nd 1.08

October 29th 84

November 5th 48

November 19th 36

November 26th 48

December 3rd 48

Total . . .49.48

The total of the seven months — approximately
49i/i inches — was divided among the months as follows:
May 8.28 inches, June 9.42 inches, July 11.29 inches,

SMALL GASOLINE ENGINE RAISING SANTA CRUZ UNDERFLOW FOR IRRIGATION. PHOTOGRAPHED BY W. W. SKLNNER,

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

the four vears. One of these was the lower mean tem-
perature during March, 1898, than during February,
and another the lower mean temperature during April,
1900, than, during March. The coolest month during
the four years was January, 1898, and the warmest,
July, 1901. The dampest month during the period was
February, 1901, and the dryest, June, 1900, the latter
year being the dryest of which there is a record at the
Phoenix weather bureau. It will be noted that July
has been uniformly the warmest month of each of the
four years.

EVAPORATION.

The rate of evaporation from plants, from soil, or
from water, varies with the temperature, the relative
humidity, and the wind velocity, the rate from soil be-
ing affected less by the last factor than the rate from
water. The amount of evaporation from water indi-

August 6.55 inches, September 7.08 inches, October
4.81 inches, and -November 2.05 inches.

The comparatively low evaporation for the week
ending August 13th, due to the humid condition of the
atmosphere, is a striking illustration of how evapora-
tion is modified by such a condition. It will be noted
that though the temperature was higher during August
than during September, the evaporation was greater
during the latter month. This was due to the frequent
showers of August, and the absence of rain during Sep-
tember. From the latter month to the end of the year
the rate of evaporation decreased gradually and quite
regularly.

The evaporation for December, 1901, to April,
1902, inclusive, amounts to 16.15 inches, making a
total of 65.63 inches for the year during which a record
has been kept.

174

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

DRAINAGE OF FARM LANDS.

Results of Careful and Extended Investigations by the Govern-
ment for the Benefit of the Farmers.

BY C. G. ELLIOTT,
Expert in Drainage and Irrigation U. S. Department of Agriculture.

"In the cultivation of retentive soils," says Waring,
"drainage is the key of all improvement."

Farmers frequently desire an improvement in
methods and in the general management of their lands
without being sufficiently informed regarding the
specific changes that will be necessary to bring it about
or clear in their minds as to the profits that would
accrue should such changes be made. When a farmer
finds his land too wet for cultivation, he admits the
necessity of drainage for the time being, but often
hopes that the following season may be more favorable
— which hope is frequently realized — and so takes the
loss as one of the contingencies of the industry. He
waits in the spring for slow natural drainage and evap-
oration to relieve his land of the surplus water and per-
mit the sun to dry and warm the soil sufficiently for
the reception and germination of the seed, when by the
aid of drainage the seeding could be done a week or ten
days earlier. The injury resulting to crops growing
upon land imperfectly drained when the season is not
the most favorable is frequently taken as unavoidable —
one of the vicissitudes of farming rather than a loss
to be prevented by the use of well located and con-
structed drains.

Facts which are easily discerned by the casual ob-
server have pressed the subject of drainage home to
both practical farmers and non-resident landowners in
a most emphatic way. Those who have gone ' further
into the subject of soil improvement by drainage have
discovered greater advantages and more surprising ben-
efits than were formerly thought possible. It is con-
ceded to be a necessary accompaniment of scientific ag-
riculture, and our most progressive farmers have taken
advantage of it to a greater extent than is generally
supposed. It is an improvement applicable to all land
not possessing natural drainage, and hence is required
for the attainment of the best results from some of our
most fertile land. The farmer, when convinced that it
will be to his interest to construct some kind of a drain-
age system for the improvement of his soil, desires to
know how to plan and perform the work in an effective
way at an expense not exceeding the limit of profitable
returns which can reasonably be expected. He will find
it an advantage to have an intelligent idea of the theory
as well as of the practice of drainage in order that he
may adapt his work to the several varieties of soil and
conditions with which he lias to deal.

NATURE OF A DRAINED SOIL.

A drained soil is one which is moist but not sat-
urated with water. Soils used for the production of the
plants most prized by the farmer, gardener, or fruit
grower must, in addition to other necessary elements,
contain a certain percentage of water in order to yield
the largest possible returns. This is usually termed
"moisture," and soils in which the proper percentage
of moisture exists are commonly called "dry soils," to
distinguish them from those containing a surplus of
water, which are called "wet soils." The farmer, there-
fore, in speaking of a "dry" soil does not mean one
which is devoid of water, but one which does not con-

tain enough water to hinder or prevent the growth of
his plants, while the term "wet" indicates one that con-
tains more water than is needed, the presence of which
prevents the plants from reaching their greatest per-
fection. A perfectly dry soil is dead, and is worthless
for producing crops. A soil which is completely satu-
rated with water will produce nothing but aquatic
plants and hence is worthless for cereals and other valu-
able products.

Plants take their nutriment from the soil in liquid
form only, it having been prepared by the action of
heat and moisture on the elements present. An excess
of moisture reduces the temperature, excludes the air,
and dilutes the plant food, thus retarding or entirely
stopping the growth of the plant as effectually as a lack
of moisture.

MECHANICAL MAKE-UP OF SOILS.

Soil is made up of exceedingly fine particles of ir-
regular shapes, varying composition and different prop-
erties. It is formed by the breaking down of rocks of
different composition which are disintegrated by the
weather, ground up and distributed by glacial action
and floods, and mixed with the products of successive
ages of vegetable growth. These particles as they ap-
pear under the microscope are rough and irregular,
some of them being exceedingly small. The differences
in size of the particles of ordinary soils (exclusive of
gravel, pebbles, etc.) are illustrated in the following
classification usually adopted in the mechanical analysis
of soils :

COMPARATIVE DIAMETERS OF SOIL PARTICLES IN DIFFERENT SOILS.

Inch.

Coarse sand 0.04 to 0.02

Medium sand 02 to .01

Fine sand 01 to .004

Very fine sand 004 to .002

Silt 002 to .0002

Clay ..." 0002 and less.

The peculiar shapes of soil particles as they appear
under the microscope are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Here
it is shown that the particles of sand are not less than

FIG. 1. — Soil paiticles magnified
162 times.*

FIG. 2.— Silt particles fiom sub-
sjil magnified 225 times.*

200 times larger than the particles of clay.

As the soil particles can not lie together so as to
form a solid mass, there is a large amount of inter-
vening space, which in an average soil equals nearly
half its volume. The smaller the particles the greater
the proportion of space. Thus clay contains 65 per
cent of space, while a sandy truck soil contains 37 per
cent, ordinary soils varying all the way between these
extremes.

As a result of a force which is known as surface
tension, each particle of soil holds a film of water over
its entire surface and thus provides a supply of this
material for the roots of the plant. When the quantity

*l''rom Bulletin No. 187 issued by U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

THE I KB 1G ATI ON AGE.

175

of water in the soil is BO much greater than is required
to supply that which is held by surface tension that the
remaining space is filled the soil is said to be saturated.
If we provide an outlet for the water the surplus will
pass off by force of gravity, leaving only the films which
are held by surface tension and which furnish the de-
sired moisture to plants. Thus from 15 to 20 per cent
of all the water which a soil will hold will not pass off
as drainage, but will remain as capillary water to con-
tribute to the growth of plants, and to aid further in
the preparation of additional plant food. This neces-
sary moisture moves through the soil independently of
gravity by the force of capillary attraction or surface
tension — as illustrated in the rise of liquids in small
tubes and between surfaces of solids which are close to-
gether— which tends to distribute and equalize moisture
in the soil. Where the principal supply is above or in
the surface layers, it is drawn downward; where it is
below it is drawn upward.

As before stated, about 50 per cent of the volume
of ordinary soils is space which is always filled with
water or air. The individual spaces are larger or small-
er according as the soil grains are more or less minute.
A close clay soil and a very coarse sandy poil will illus-
trate the extremes of difference. The fine grains pre-
sent more surface in a given volume of soil and hence
will retain the greater quantity of moisture. The
coarser soils will permit a much freer percolation of
water and hence quicker drainage than the finer ones,
since the closeness of the particles offers an additional
resistance to the passage of water by gravity through
the soil.

Another mechanical condition of soils has more to
do with their drainage properties than the differences
already noted. It is the massing of particles of different
character to form compound soil grains which lie con-
tiguous and have spaces between them. Those who have
examined the physical structure of soils minutely will

FIG. 3.— Soil grains
and spaces.

FIG. '.— Soil particles
in masses.

FIG. 5.— Joint clay
structure.

have observed the granular structure of soils containing
a mixture of humus and clay. Some subsoils are com-
monly known as "joint clays" from the fact that they
show natural cleavage or fractures which mark them
as soils easily drained. Others of a marly, sandy, or
gravelly nature mass their particles into irregular forms
which can not lie close together, and are known as light
subsoils. Still other clays appear to be wanting in the
characteristics named, their individual particles lying
compactly together and forming a dense mass capable
of retaining a larger percentage of water than any other
variety, and are commonly known as retentive or imper-
vious soils. Some of these mechanical characteristics
are illustrated in Figs. 3, 4 and 5.

The varieties of soils and the numberless combina-
tions which their particles assume in such a way as to
materially affect their drainage properties can not be
described here. Indeed, the structure of a given soil

*From Bulletin 65, Minnesota Experiment Station.

can not be known until a personal examination and test
have been made. The reading of soils for drainage op-
erations requires a skill which can not be imparted with-
out special field lessons; yet any close observer may
soon acquire a fair degree of proficiency in judging
soils within the limits of the area with which he is con-
cerned.

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL DRAINAGE.

Some of our best soils have perfect natural drain-
age. Thev are underlaid with strata of material which
give free passage to surplus water and are composed
of elements which respond readily to the efforts of the
cultivator. On the other hand, there are soils just as
rich in natural fertility which are unproductive because
under all ordinary circumstances they contain too much
water. Whether the excess of soil water is caused by
rainfall direct or by seepage from lands which occupy
a higher level, the surplus water must be removed be-
fore the soil will be in proper condition for plant
growth.

The process of drainage, either natural or artificial,,
only regulates the quantity of water in the soil by pro-
viding the means by which its surplus may pass off by
gravity, and in no case removes the moisture required
by plants, since such moisture is retained by the par-
ticles of soil.

SURFACE DRAINAGE AND UNDERDRAINAGE.

Surface drainage, as commonly understood, is ac-
complished by open ditches which, in addition to receiv-
ing and removing water from the surface of land con-
tiguous to them, may, if sufficiently deep, act as re-
ceiving drains for water which percolates through a
porous substratum through which the ditches are ex-
cavated, and under such conditions facilitate under-
drainage as well as carry off water from the surface.
The advantages of removing water downward through
the soil instead of over the surface may be briefly stated
as follows :

The surface soil is retained entire instead of the
finest and most fertile parts being carried off with every
considerable rainfall.

Any plant food in manure or other fertilizer de-
posited upon the soil is carried into it with the water
as it percolates downward from the surface, and so be-
comes thoroughly incorporated with the soil.

Eain water as it passes through the soil serves a
most useful purpose by dissolving and preparing crude
soil material for the nutrition of plants.

The soil, having been well prepared, is at all times
during the growing season in readiness for the growth
of plants, such growth not being hindered by stagnant
water or saturation.

The fros't goes out earlier in the spring, so that
the planting season opens one or two weeks earlier than
in the case of soils affected by surface drains only.

Where stiff clays are found the soil is made more
porous, open and friable, and roots penetrate more
deeply than they do into surface-drained soils.

The effects of drought are diminished, as has been
found by experience, owing to the enlarged and deep-
ened soil bed and to the more favorable condition of the
surface for preventing excessive evaporation of mois-
ture.

It aids in making new soil out of the unprepared
elements, since it permits a freer entrance of air and
atmospheric heat which disintegrate soil material
hitherto unavailable for use of plants.

17G

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Stubborn and refractory soils when drained are
frequently so changed in texture and mechanical struc-
ture that they become easily managed and respond to
cultivation with abundant crops.

OPEN DRAINS.

Underdrainage is that which directly affects the
soil and puts it in proper condition for plant produc-
tion. Provision for it assumes that sufficient natural
water courses or artificial channels exist to carry off the
water discharged by such underdrains as it may be
found wise to use. It is often the case, however, that
outlet channels must be provided before a system .of
underdrains which will operate successfully can be laid.
Natural streams are often insufficient and should be im-
proved in size and alignment. In fact, the location and
water-carrying capacity of general outlets as related to
the drainage area should receive particular attention in
the formation of drainage plans. When it is desired to
reclaim and improve large areas of level land, such
tracts must be cut up into sections or districts by large
open ditches in order that tile drains may be laid in
every part without necessitating the use of mains too
large and costly to be profitable. While these open
ditches are not desirable in themselves, since the land
they occupy can not be used for any other purpose, and
though they often divide the land into tracts of incon-
venient shape, yet they are necessary to every system
of underdrainage. They should be located with care,
following the course of natural drainage as nearly as
may be, with due regard to straight courses.

When these outlet ditches are located on land be-
longing to one individual, he has merely to construct
them as he chooses and pay the cost of the work. But
in all large tracts in which a number of landowners
have interests, open ditches must be constructed by the
cooperation of all parties benefited. In several States
methods of doing this are provided for by statute. Out-
lets for the drainage of tracts varying from a few hun-
dred up to many thousand acres have been provided for
in this way, each owner within the district paying a
share of the expense of such work proportionate to the
benefit he derives. It is intended that when these main
channels have been made, each owner shall be provided
with an outlet for his drainage and that all subsequent
drainage of his own land shall be done at his own ex-
pense, without in any way infringing upon the rights
of others, while the general outlet will be controlled
by the proper officers as provided by law.

The method of improving natural channels is often
suggested by the contour of the land and the conditions
surrounding the tract to be drained. Such channels
are usually crooked to a troublesome degree, and neces-
sitate the division of the fields into inconvenient shapes.
They are sometimes well defined by strong banks whrch
can be changed but slightly. In other instances, where
the channel winds through a tract of bottom land, it
can be greatly improved by cutting off the bends and
making the course as nearly straight as practicable.
Because natural ditches and streams are always crooked
it does not follow that artificial drainage channels
should be the same, especially where they extend
through tracts where only light grades can be obtained.

Ditches upon rolling land may differ from those
on level land in several important particulars. Those
for the former, having a grade which gives a rapid flow,
may be comparatively small and shallow. The outlets
for tile-drains may, if necessary, discharge at shallow

depths, since the lateral slope of the land is such that
the drains may be laid at the desired depth only a short
distance from their outlets. They may have narrow
bottoms, since the velocity of flow is sufficient to scour
and deepen them. In level land, however, it is often
necessary to provide for practically the entire drainage,
with but little assistance from the natural slope of the
land. The depth of ditches with grades of from 1 to 4
feet per mile should ordinarily be not less than 6 feet
and the bottom width not less than 4 feet. The side
slopes in loam or clay soils may be made at an angle
of 45°, or what is called a slope of 1 to 1. Where the
soil is loose and sandy, the slope should be 2 feet hori-
zontal to 1 foot vertical, called a slope of 2 to 1. Ditches
excavated with teams and scrapers can not be profitably
made with slopes less than 2 to 1.

CONSTRUCTION OF DITCHES.

The well-known method of making ditches with a
plow and scoop scraper need not be described. Where
the earth is sufficiently dry to afford a footing for teams
and for the operation of the plow and scraper, it is an
economical method of making ditches. Where the earth
is dry, ditching contracts are sometimes let to farmers,
who do the work when farm labor is slack, at from 7
to 10 cents per cubic yard. Ordinarily contractors will
bid for such work at 10 to 14 cents under the conditions
usually encountered. A large part of open-ditch work
must be done when the ground is wet and in swamps
under conditions where it is impossible to use teams.
It is also necessary at times to make deep excavations,
where water is sure to be encountered and where the
earth is of such a character that it can not be handled
by teams and scrapers.

There are machines which have been tried and
found adapted to the work where the ordinary scraper
can not be employed. For the making of small and
shallow ditches what is known as the capstan ditch
plow is used in some localities. It is an immense plow,
which makes a ditch by cutting and throwing the earth
from the center each way, its action being similar to
that of a common sod plow. There are wings which
push the earth thrown up 3 feet away from the edge of
the ditch, leaving it in a large, continuous ridge on each
side. The plow is pulled by two capstans, each of which
is turned by a team of horses. The capstans are an-
chored ahead and their winding drums are attached to
the plow by wire ropes. This machine makes a clean-

FIG. 6.— Section of capstan ditch.

cut ditch 8 feet wide at the top, 1 foot wide at the bot-
tom, and ordinarily limited in depth to %y2 feet- It is
used on Iowa and Minnesota prairie lands where it is
thought that ditches of this kind will serve the desired
purpose. Contract work is taken at about 60 cents a
rod for the completed ditch. In order to operate the
plow the earth should be saturated with water, so that
it may be cut easily and will slip from the wings readily.
A section of a finished ditch is illustrated in Fig. 6.

In the construction of artificial channels for the
purpose of reclaiming large areas of level land there is

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

177

no method so satisfactory as that in which a steam
dredge is used. These dredges as constructed for such
purposes are of three different types. One, known as
the floating dredge, begins operations at the upper end
of the channel and works toward the outlet. There
must be sufficient water in the ditch to float the boat
which carries the engine and excavating machinery.
The excavated earth is deposited on each side of the
ditch at a distance of 6 to 12 feet from the edge of the
channel. This style of dredge is adapted to the excava-
tion of large channels, varying from 12 to 60 feet wide
and as deep as is usually required. It has been success-
fully used in the middle West for twenty years and has
done more toward the reclamation of level lands than
any other agency which can be named. The sides of
the ditch as usually excavated have a slope of about %
to 1, and when completed a section has approximately
the form of the letter U. Where the ground is quite
unstable the side slopes should be not less than 1 to 1,
and the excavated earth should be left not nearer than
8 feet from the edge of the excavation.

Another type of steam dredge will make ditches as
rnrrow as 4 feet at the bottom and as wide as 12 to 15
feet at the top, with side slopes of 45°, the depths
ranging from 4 to 9 feet. This machine is placed at
the cutlet of the proposed ditch and is pulled upgrade
by means of a drum which winds up a cable previously
anchored ahead of the machine. No water is required
in the ditch in order to operate it. It excavates to its
full depth and grade and completes the work from the
outlet toward the source. The machine is not used as
generally as the floating dredge, not because it is less
efficient, but, being adapted only to the excavation of
smaller ditches where the ground is firm on both sur-
face and bottom, it is limited in its field and hence not
•=o much in favor with contractors.

The third steam machine which may be described
has similar limitations. It is constructed to move upon
the surface of the ground in advance of the excavation,
instead of following up the bottom of the ditch, as does
the one last described. The plant carrying the ma-
chinery rests upon long runners which slide upon mov-
able cross blocks, and is pulled by a cable, one end of
which is attached to a winding drum at the engine and
the other to a log anchored some distance ahead of the
machine, technically called a "dead man." The
mechanism for excavation consists of two dippers which
arc filled by being pulled toward the machine against
the earth and are dumped alternately. While one dip-
per is filling the other is being swung to the opposite
side and emptied. This dredge, like the last men-
tioned, is adapted to ditches of the smaller class and to
land which is sufficiently firm to support the machine
upon the surface.

Dredges of the three types just described have been
in successful operation for ditching purposes for twelve
to twenty-five years. The boats are built and the ma-
chinery mounted upon the ground where the work is to
be done. The machines cost not less than $5,000 each.
They are operated by contractors, who provide them-
selves with full equipment and do the work by the
cubic yard, under specifications and measurements made
by an engineer. The work required by these machines
is performed at a cost of 7 to 13 cents per cubic yard,
large contracts being taken at lower figures than small
ones. Any of the dredges can excavate the larger and
longer channels required for drainage at a much less
cost than can be done by any other method.

SECTION AND BEHAVIOR OF DITCHES.

It has been found by experience that ditches may
be constructed with sides more nearly vertical than was
formerly thought practicable. In stiff loams and clays
it is not desirable to cut the sides with slopes greater
than 1 to' 1. Ditches made with the floating dredge,
usually have slopes of about 1/2 to 1. In any case, those
which carry large volumes of water change their form

FIG. 7.— Change in section of ditch
by erosion where side slopes are
45 degrees.

FIG. 8 —Change by erosion in
section of ditch with steep
side slopes.

by reason of erosion and weathering of the earth and
assume approximately the forms illustrated in Figs.
7 and 8, so that it is of greater importance to secure
ample bottom width, in order to allow for this change,
than to attempt to make the exact slope desired and
expect it to remain as left by the machine.

The excavated earth, which of course lies in un-
sightly masses along the edges of the ditch when the
work is finished, will, after weathering through one win-
ter, assume a much less formidable shape and can in a
year or two be worked down with a plow and scraper
until the land can be cultivated nearly to the bank of
the ditch. It is always well, however, to keep a strip
on each side bordering the ditch in grass in order to
prevent the banks from crumbling and to keep the ad-
joining cultivated soil from being washed into the ditch
in times of sudden and violent freshets.

The grades upon which such ditches may be con-
structed are 6 inches per mile and upward, but a grade
of 3 feet per mile is required for the effectual and per-
manent scouring of small ditches excavated through
loam or clay. Large and deep ditches, made straight
and so situated that they will not receive silt or debris
in large quantities will usually be self-cleaning.

There are a few facts bearing upon the drainage of
level lands which have been fairly well demonstrated
and which, in the planning of works, should not be dis-
regarded. One of them is that deep ditches are neces-
sary to accomplish the desired end. By this is meant
those excavated from 6 to 10 feet deep. In many in-
stances the entire grade for lateral drainage must be
made by additional depth of the outlet. The velocity
and carrying capacity of the ditch increases with the
depth. For example, a ditch carrying water 6 feet deep
will have a mean velocity 40 per cent greater than when
the water is only 2 feet deep. Water 8 feet deep will
have twice the velocity of that 1 foot deep in a ditch of
the same width. This partially explains why shallow
ditches are such marked failures as drainage outlets.
Their carrying capacity is comparatively small and their
action affects only the surface of the soil.

(To Be Continued.)

If you wish to sell or trade land or if you want to
buy or sell machinery of any kind, send in to Irrigation
Age for sale and want columns. Our price for this
space is $1.00 for each ten words.

178

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

COPYRIGHTED, 1903, BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER XII.

THE USE OF WELLS, STREAMS, DITCHES AND RESERVOIRS

TO DISPOSE OF THE TREMENDOUS SUPPLY

OF WATER.

Statistics show that the mean annual rainfall of
the world is thirty-six inches, which is about 50,000,-
000 cubic feet per square mile of the earth's surface
per annum, a quantity of water which is amazing when
reduced to gallons so as to bring it more readily within
the average comprehension.

A gallon of water, United States standard, weighs
eight and one-third pounds and contains 231 cubic
inches. As there are 17.28 cubic inches in a cubic foot,
a simple calculation will show that the annual rainfall
on every tract of land equal to 640 acres amounts to
374,026,000 gallons, or, reducing it to weight, 1,558,-
442 tons of water, being about 2,43o tons per acre. It
will, of course, be understood that all this water is not
equally distributed, but it all falls upon the earth
somewhere and is taken up by the soil in the same pro-
portionate amount as by the oceans and seas. The
calculation might be made more accurate by assuming
that the surface of the earth is about one-third land
and two-thirds water, and that, therefore, only one-
third of this enormous quantity of water is taken up by
the land, but we are dealing with averages and the rec-
ord must stand as written.

This tremendous supply of water must be disposed
of by nature in some adequate manner, for if allowed
to stand and accumulate the earth would soon be sub-
merged. Fortunately, Dame Nature disposes of it,
except when an inundation somewhere sweeps away
towns and country, showing that she herself is overbur-
dened with the supply. The rain falls and is carried
off the land so far as the surplus that is not drunk in
by the ever-thirsty soil is concerned, by means of
brooks, rivulets, streams, rivers and mighty waterways
into the ocean for transformation by evaporation into
more rain. A large portion of it remaining on the
land also evaporates, that is, transformed into vapor,
which hangs in the atmosphere, invisible except to
touch, when the weather is "damp," as is said, or
gathers into clouds which empty their contents back
upon the earth. So far, the action of evaporation and
rainfall is equal and the equilibrium or eternal balance
of nature is maintained.

SURFACE WATER.

But an enormous portion of the fallen rain does
not return into the atmosphere, whence it came, to re-
peat its beneficial and grateful performance ; it pene-
trates into the soil, percolates through a myriad of
pores, cracks and crannies, until it accumulates beneath
the surface of the earth, sometimes at immense depths,
and forms subterranean streams and reservoirs. Some-
times, when the soil is unyielding, the percolating water
does not attain the dignity of a subterranean stream
or reservoir, but is held in the grasp of the soil above
some impervious or impenetrable stratum of rock or
hard pan, and becomes what is known as "surface
water," a water table which throws off moisture to be
on rried to the surface hv cnpillqry /i

It is a maxim in physics, "nature abhors a vacu-
um," and so whenever there is a vacant place the water
fills it, and thus there is a never ending supply of
water from rain or melting snow which is practically
rain in another form. The fact that there are rain-
less, arid regions does not alter the fact, for somewhere
beyond them in the mountains is the supply of water
the rainless belt should receive, and it sinks beneath
the arid lands waiting to be drawn up to the surface
by the ingenuity of man, it being prevented from do-
ing so of its own accord by insurmountable obstacles
in the soil.

The method of reaching these subterranean de-
posits of water, underground reservoirs and water ta-
bles, is by what is commonly called "a well." When
a well is dug down into the water table or surface
water, say from four to six feet in diameter or any
other size deemed adequate to insure a good supply
of water, and from ten to 100 feet in depth, and curbed
with stone or mitred plank, and a windlass and bucket
arranged at the top, or a common suction pump, a cer-
tain amount of water supply is assured. For domestic
purposes, perhaps to irrigate a small garden patch,
where labor is of little consideration, a well with the
above pumping apparatus will serve, but few farmers
will rest content with this ancient system of procuring
a water supply, and if anyone aspires to cultivate the
soil and irrigate he must largely extend his plant.

QUANTITY OF WATER NEEDED.

To estimate the quantity of water that the irriga-
tion farmer must provide, it is necessary to go into a
few details as to the quantity required to raise a crop.
That quantity he must have or go out of business.

To _ irrigate a few acres successfully it may be
necessary to have a supply of water running up" into
the hundreds of thousands of gallons. Taking rainfall
as the standard of water needed to grow a crop, we find
that one inch of rain on an acre of ground is equiva-
lent to 27,154 gallons, and for the purposes of irri-
gation, that is, to give the ground a good wetting, at
least two inches of water are necessary, more being re-
quired in some localities.

Professor King has made the following estimate
of the quantity of water required during the growing
season in various localities :

Wisconsin 34 inches per acre

California 7V2 to 20 inches per acre

Colorado 22 inches per acre

India 48 inches per acre

France and Italy 50 inches per acre

To still further go into the details of the quantity
of water required to grow a crop to maturity, Professor
King gives the following table of amounts of water
necessary to produce the certain plants dry:

Pounds of Water to Each
Pound Dry Product.

Dent corn 309

Flint corn 233

Red clover 452

Bnrley 392

Oats . 552

Field peas 477

' Potatoes 422

Rye ... .' .' 353

This enormous quantity bf water which must .be
provided for the needs of plants is not *>TI nlirmmo-
amount when it is considered that it mav be obtained

THE IBBIGATION AGE.

179

very cheaply by modern machinery where the water
supply is adequate and a proper arrangement of ditches
and reservoirs is made to economize it, the universal ten-
dency being always toward waste.

WHERE* OPEN WELLS ABE A SUCCESS.

.Ordinary open wells are more successful in clay
and stone than in sand, there being far less liability of
the water running out, the bottom of the well being a
retaining reservoir, which may be greatly enlarged by-
tunneling out to any safe distance Jnto the water table
or water stratum. Where the water stratum is in sand
it is better to use screen points, that is, tubing with
perforated ends, which admit the water but keep out
the sand. Several of these screen points may be run
down into the water-bearing sand stratum at a suffi-
cient distance to prevent one robbing the other, and
all be connected with a suction pipe. Experience tells
that these screens should be run down to the bottom
of the water-carrying sand if possible, and that in
any event they should be sized according to the depth of
the strata.

To accomplish this purpose successfully in wells
an open well largo enough for two men to work in
should be sunk down to the sand and curbed to pre-
vent caving. Then by driving ordinary gas piping as
a casing for the screens and boring with a common
auger, the screens may be lowered to any depth, or if
the water-bearing sand is very deep a succession of
screens may be put down on top of each other to en«
large the water supply.

Assuming the water supply to be adequate for the
purposes of reasonable irrigation from a well, the next
question is how to raise the water in the most eco-
nomical manner. Economy is wealth in irrigation
more than in any other business. Horace .Greeley
boasted that he raised the finest potatoes in the country,
but they cost him about $2.50 each, and his milk cost
him the same price as the finest imported champagne
wine.

WINDMILL IRRIGATION.

Aside from human muscle and ox or horse-power
drawing water in the ancient fashion, and still practiced
in Asia, the simplest and least expensive method of
raising water is by windmill. A sixteen-foot windmill
connected with a storage reservoir will raise water
enough to irrigate fully ten acres. But the windmill
could not deliver the amount of water demanded if the
supply were used at the same time as the pumping,
hence the necessity of constructing a reservoir in which
to store the water. With this reservoir the windmill may
be made to pump constantly and provide a supply of
water against the time of need. One with a capacity
of several millions of gallons may be constructed with-
out great expense, as will be described on another
page.

Instead of a windmill, a centrifugal pump may
be used which will raise water to a height of about
fifty feet at a cost of less than 30 cents per million
gallons. These pumps arc geared to be operated either
by steam or gasoline engines. Where there is plenty of
fuel or coal is accessible, steam power is advisable, but
where fuel is scarce or expensive the use of gasoline is
naturally more economical.

In central Asia, which includes Persia and the
surrounding countries, the water of the brooks and
mountain streams seeps through the porous conglom-
erate formation and disappears deep in the earth.

forming subterranean streams. Owing to the nature
of the soil, canals and ditches would not be of much
utility, and hence recourse is had to a system of irri-
gation by means of a group of deep wells dug at the
base of the mountains. These wells are connected to-
gether by underground galleries which terminate in a
large well, which answers the purpose of a reservoir.
Along down the valley some distance from the large
well are established a series of dry cisterns about 150
feet apart, the bottoms of which are lower than that
of the well reservoir. The depth of these cisterns di-
minishes gradually until the last one is reached, the
depth of which may not exceed eighteen inches.

All of these wells and cisterns are connected to-
gether by galleries large enough for a man to pass
through in a stooping position. This arrangement of
wells and cisterns with their connecting galleries is
sufficient to supply an open canal which carries water
to the valley, the whole length of the irrigating sys-
tem ranging from two to thirty miles. Direct conduits
and piping have been used, but discarded owing to the
tremendous depth of the wells and the fact that the
water is seepage water, not collecting fast enough to
be piped. Sometimes water is run into these subter-
ranean reservoirs and the water supply thereby aug-
mented largely.

This system of connecting a number of wells with
tunnels or galleries has been tried in the United States
and has proved satisfactory in providing an increased
water supply by means of an underground reservoir.
Deep cisterns have also been tried for the same pur-
pose, but the most common practice is to run a tunnel
or gallery out from the "bottom of a single well, in
fact several of them, if the formation will permit. If
sunk on high ground a flow of water may be secured
from below by piping, otherwise pumping must be re-
sorted to, which is the case when the wells are very
deep.

All the rising subterranean waters are essentially
artesian, whatever the depth of the bore of well which
strikes the vein.

An artesian well is nothing more than one
branch, end or leg of a tube or pipe, the other end, or
intake, of which is at a greater or less elevation above
the outlet. The fact that such wells are so called from
the city of Artois, in France, where deen flowing or
spouting wells were first sunk or bored, has nothing to
do with the characteristics of the water supply, pro-
vided it rise in the well, flows over the mouth or spouts
up into the air. In such cases it is evident that the
water is not what is usually called surface, seepage
or drainage water, although there is very little differ-
ence.

The value of the artesian well, which is bored deep
into the earth, lies in the fact that its elevated source
is constantly being replenished with a supply of water
greater than that used for irrigation or other purposes.
In the case of water from a saturated soil, or water
that has percolated down through porous ground
through cracks and crannies to find reservoirs, the sup-
ply depends upon the amount of rainfall or seepage.
In ordinary wells, to draw water by constant pumping
for adequate irrigation is to soon exhaust the stored
supply, or ground water, there being no source to re-
plenish it.

But in the case of artesian wells in the arid re-
gions the source of the subterranean water which rises,
flows over the mouth or spouts up into the air, is in

180

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

a region where the precipitation of water in the form
of rain or snow is much greater than can be utilized,
or the underlying water plane is supplied from the per-
ennial flow of large rivers or streams fed from a never-
failing watershed.

It is essential to artesian water that it be confined
under pressure beneath a cover. All water in porous
soils, if the pores are to be filled to saturation, must
rest upon a floor of practically impervious material.
Underground water has a slow motion on account of
the resistance of friction, and accumulates, assuming a
nearly horizontal position along its upper surface, as
it does in an open pond or reservoir. This is its na-
ture. Now, if an overlying impervious bed has an in-
clination steeper than the inclination of this water
plane, its dip may bring it into contact with the water.
Down grade from the line of meeting of the water
plane with the under surface of the more steeply in-
clined impervious cover, the conditions of confinement
under pressure exist, and beyond this line of contact
or meeting the ground water will be artesian — that is,
when it finds an outlet it will rise, seeking to attain
the portion or level its surface would have were it not
for the obstacle in the shape of the overhanging rock
or impervious bed in its way.

When this impervious covering is perforated by
boring a well, the question whether there will result
a flowing well, or a mere rise to some higher level with-
in the bore hole, will depend on what the level of the
ground surface may be. If at that point the ground
surface happens to be above the grade plane of the
confined underground water, there can not be a flowing
well.

TAKING WATER FROM STREAMS AND RIVERS.

There are four varieties of natural water courses,
the waters of which, when used for the purpose of irri-
gation, require different machinery or appliances to
control.

First — The slow current, to control the water of
which all that is necessary is a simple sluice gate that
may be opened or closed by any contrivance which can
be raised or lowered or moved to and fro sideways to
admit or stop the flow of water or regulate its quantity.
At a point above the level of the land to be irrigated a
three-sided box is sunk, the bottom of which is below
the regular surface of the water and the top above the
surface of the leveled bank.

The end toward the water is fitted between two
uprights on each side of the box, which form grooves
to permit the slide to be moved or pushed down to con-
trol the supply of water. Or, the "gate," as it is proper
to call the sliding end of the box, may be in two parts
hinged at each side and swinging open in the middle
like the gates of a transportation canal, care being
taken to have the two wings of the gate open up stream
so that the pressure of the water will not throw them
open automatically.

These two simple principles of an intake and
shutoff gate is the basis of all contrivances for admit-
ting water from a slow moving stream, whether the land
to be irrigated consist of 100 or 1,000 acres. There
are many varieties of them, some in iron and steel and
constructed of massive masonry to accommodate an
enormous flow of water, but all of them are substan-
tially based upon the idea given above.

Second — Rapid current streams, or mountain tor-
rents, require a dam to reduce the current before it en-
ters the water gate, or else the latter would be soon

torn out or undermined by the swirl of the waters.
This is the object of the dam : to create a smooth,
placid sheet of water, similar to the surface of a pond
or reservoir, and from it admit water in through the
water gate. This dam, if the current is very swift,
may be constructed at right angles with the bank, that
is, straight out into the stream. This will form a
breakwater, a quiet harbor, so to speak, and the water
wil become still inside of it.

Third — Dry rivers. Dry river beds are common
everywhere in the arid and semi-arid regions. They
are often alluded to as "rivers with their bottom on
top," being dry nearly always except during the rainy
season, when a greater or less body of water flows in
their channel, according to the quantity of rainfall
within reach of the watershed which supplies them.

Although surface-dry for eight or nine months of
every year, there is in most cases an underground sup-
ply of water sufficient to supply an enormous quantity
of water by sinking cribbed reservoirs and pumping.
For the ordinary purposes of irrigation • these streams
must be dammed to create a reservoir which will retain
the water when it flows, and back it up high enough
to reach the head gates of the irrigating ditches along
its banks. These streams are not always as peaceable
as they seem, for they are often converted into raging
torrents that carry away every obstacle in their path.
Hence the damming of them requires the highest en-
gineering skill and the most substantial material to
dam up the water, for no one can tell whether the
stream will run a. small quantity of water or inundate
the country around about.

An arroyo is the Spanish for a small cut or open-
ing between low hills, and refers to a small stream or
rivulet that sometimes flows through it. These water
courses are not streams, properly speaking, but rather
waterways, for they have no subterranean or under-
ground water, and what does flow in or through them
is adventitious or accidental, depending upon the quan-
tity of rainfall.

These arroyos are quite common in all hilly land
in the West and Southwest, and sometimes reach the
dignity of mountain torrents, but in a few days they
run dry and the water is lost. Much of this water may
be saved for irrigating pxirposes in a variety of ways.
Damming is not advisable generally, for the dry stream
may become an irresistable torrent and sweep every-
thing out of its path. A partial or wing dam in most
cases will hold the water for several weeks, perhaps
three months, and permit it to slowly seep down into
the soil for the benefit of the land below, or, where the
lay of the land on the hillsides is favorable, running
deep furrows parallel with the slope will restrain the
water from flowing too rapidly down the watershed,
and thus also permit it to seep slowly into the soil,
and if followed up will eventually result in creating a
water table into which shallow wells may be sunk for
pumping purposes.

Where the land is sloping below a hill or series
of hills deep furrowing with a sidehill plow at inter-
vals of say six feet from the top to the bottom of the
hill with a succession of rough furrows at the bottom
will save up or store enough water to irrigate by infil-
tration many acres of land for corn, potatoes, melons
and vines generally. Experiments demonstrate that
this process will equal two irrigations of an inch each,
and by careful, constant cultivation a good crop of
r-orn or potatoes, even melons, pease and beans, may be

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

181

grown without an}' irrigation, the subsoil being inoisi
and kept so by deep tillage while the crop is grow-
ing-
Varieties of head gates, the direct drawing af water
from rivers and streams and damming are not given,
for the reason that such appliances are not within the
control of the individual irrigation farmer, but are
under the management of the State, the federal Gov-
ernment or of water companies. The idea is all that
is necessary in this article, and from the idea given
the farmer may apply the principle to ditches and
reservoirs over which lie has control on his own land.

BREEDING CANTALOUPE SEED.

Remarkable Improvement of the Colorado Rocky Ford Melon by
Process of Selection.

BY PHILO B. BLINN,
Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

The cantaloupe now known as the Rocky Ford was
originally Burpee's Netted Gem, but under the favor-
able conditions which prevail in the arid regions of
Colorado it has developed into a melon surpassing in
quality the parent stock, and its superior merits have
won for it a new name and a popular reputation.

The cantaloupe is a product of years of systematic
selection, and it requires the same methods to maintain
its excellence as were employed in its development.
Without care in selection, the natural tendency of all
cultivated plants to vary will soon cause a good strain
of cantaloupes to revert to an undesirable type.

There is a marked contrast between the products
bf_ carelessly selected and pedigreed, i. e., carefully se-
lected, melon seed ; the one is inclined to be irregular
in size and form, with the netting thin and often want-
ing, and with a decided tendency to ripen -prematurely,
turning yellow and soft ; a loss not uncommonly of 20
to 40 per cent in culls, while choice seed produces mel-
ons that are uniform in size and shape, the netting thick
and complete, the marketable stage more prolonged,
and practically no loss in culls.

The wide reputation of the Rocky Ford cantaloupe
has created a great demand for Rocky Ford seed, as it
is claimed to produce a higher grade of cantaloupes
than seed from other States, and each year large quan-
tities are saved to fill this demand, but unfortunately
for the industry, the quality of this supply is not what
it should be; it is principally produced from the cull
piles.

After frost, at the close of the shipping season,
everything in the line of a cantaloupe, green or ripe,
large or small, is gathered and run through a melon
seeder, with no attempt at selection.

This seed is bought by the jobber and seedsman
for ten to twenty cents per pound, and when it is on the
market it can not be distinguished from well selected
seed, and doubtless is sold as such.

There would be nothing to commend such seed to
any practical grower if he realized its source.

As the seed market has been so abused, to procure
good seed one must either save it himself, or have seen
the melons from which it was saved, or purchase it from
a reliable grower before it has passed through several
hands.

The fact that seed can be had cheap and growers
are willing to plant it, is an evident reason for its ex-
istence on the market, but the lack of information as

to what constitutes a good seed cantaloupe may also
be responsible for poor seed selection. In this bulletin
we wish to show what a good melon is and .that it pays
to plant and save good seed.

STANDARD OF PERFECTION.

A perfect Rocky Ford cantaloupe should be a
melon slightly over four inches in diameter and about
four and five-eighths inches long ; it should have silver
grey netting that stands out like thick, heavy lace/ prac-
tically covering the entire melon, save the well-defined
slate colored stripes; these should run the whole length
of the melon clear cut as if grooved out with a round
chisel, and terminating at the blossom end in a small
button. The interstices in the netting should benight
olive green, that turns slightly yellow when the melon
is ready for market. A melon with a black skin under
the netting is not so attractive in appearance.

But the outward appearance is not the only basis
for selection in saving seed; the inside points are as
essential to consider as any external quality, and no
one can determine that a melon is fit for seed until it
has been cut open and the inside qualities examined;
for this reason the machine seeder is of no use in select-
ing choice seed; the melons should all be cut and ex-
amined by hand.

The flesh should be thick and firm, of a smooth
texture, and free from watery appearance, rich and
melting in flavor. The shipping and keeping qualities
depend largely on the solidity of the melon, so the seed
cavity should be small and perfectly filled with seed.
The color of the flesh near the rind should be dark
green, shading lighter toward the seed cavity, which
should be salmon or orange in color. The flesh is often
mottled with salmon, and not uncommonly the entire
flesh is of that color. The flavor is usually quite uni-
form, though it is sometimes affected by the health of
the vines or other conditions of growth.

The seed will bear close inspection, as it is some-
times cracked or sprouted, which renders it of no value
for germination.

The first steps in seed selection should be made
when the melons are growing. Extra prolific hills
should be marked with stakes, and the earliest ripening
specimens conforming to the above ideal should be saved
as choice seed, and planted in a place isolated from
other melons, and the same care should be exercised in
the years that follow.

Unless one has a well developed strain of seed, it
is not probable that he can save more than one or two
pounds per acre of extra selected seed, so the supply
of choice seed is limited.

The market value of the cantaloupe at the time the
seed is saved should determine the price of seed. Thus,
it requires about as many melons to produce one pound
of seed as will fill a standard crate, and actually more,
because some melons need to be rejected. This can not
be fully determined until the melon is cut, when, if it
proves unfit for seed, it is also lost for market. So the
price of seed must be equal to or exceed the price of a
crate of melons at the time the seed was saved.

At the average price of cantaloupes through the
shipping season, the grower must realize at least a dollar
per pound to warrant him in saving seed for the mar-
ket. At the close of the shipping season, when melons
are no longer marketable, the seed is willingly saved
for what it will bring. This is the source of a large
part of the seed on the market.

182

THE IRBIGATION AGE.

TEST YOUR LAND FOR WATER.

Remarkable Development of Pumping Irrigation in Many Sec-
tions of the Arid West.

M. C. Jackson read a paper before the National
Irrigation Congress at Colorado Springs in 1902 which
is of great importance as showing what can be accom-
plished by pumping up underflow waters to tablelands.
This .paper has been in great demand everywhere, and
the Colorado Machinery Company, of Denver, has met
these requests by publishing the article in pamphlet
form. A comprehensive abstract follows :

"The importance of artificial means for bringing
the increasing underflow of water to the surface to be
utilized in converting wild grazing land into the most
productive soil on the Almerican continent, thereby in-
stantly increasing its value five to ten fold, is not gen-
erally recognized as it should be. We will cite but one
of many instances proving the value of individual
pumping plants.

"A Weld County, Colorado, potato farmer owning
160 acres, forty-two of which were above ditch, and
was valued at $15 an acre for pasture land, installed
a $650 irrigating plant last May, and by the aid of this
plant the net product of this forty-two acres was 28
per cent greater than the best crop raised on that por-
tion under ditch; while the section under ditch was
short of water four to ten days at the time most needed,
the forty-two acres had water just when needed, and he
now says this land, worth but $15 last year, could not
be purchased for $150 per acre.

"The value of this important feature in irrigation
will now be doubled annually since the great victory
gained by the arid West in the recent irrigation act
passed by the National Congress. This act provides
for $8,000,000 to be used for reclaiming arid and semi-
arid lands of the West, this amount to be augmented
largely each year by the sale of government lands in
sixteen states and territories of the West. This act
will attract widespread attention, increase the demand
for irrigated lands of the West, where additional thou-
sands will find prosperous homes.

"Citing my personal experience along this line, I
will say that in 1881 I sunk a well sixteen miles from
the foothills along which irrigation ditches ran con-
veying water from the mountains. This well was sunk
eighteen feet deep, securing water enough to raise two
feet in the well and supply a hand forcepump for irri-
gating one-half acre. In 1884, three years after, I no-
ticed the water stood five feet deep in the same well,
and I could not lower it with the pump. In 1890,
nine years after the well was sunk, the water came
within four feet of the curbing, making fourteen feet
of water in the well instead of two the first year. This
practical test and additional experiments strengthened
my belief that as irrigation increases, spreading water
over the surface of the land, that the \mderflow would
increase proportionately. This water would eventually
form waterways, seepage courses and find its way to or
near the surface of the lowlands or plains, and possibly
several hundred miles distant from the mountains. To
prove this I have found a good supply of water in
wells from ten to thirty feet by digging in the hed or
near dry waterways until gravel is reached. In somn
cases a well from three to five feet in diameter will
give a sufficient supply of water. In other instances
I have sunk wells from eight to twenty feet in diameter.

This, of course, depends on conditions, now of water
and amount desired. It is often the case that the un-
derflow of these dry streams is sufficient to yield a
valuable farm supply.

"In 'prospecting' for water, select a point in the
stream bed where it seems to be confined by narrow
banks. Where a flow has been found the amount may
be largely increased by putting in a submerged dan)
to bedrock from bank to bank. Broken rock and ce-
ment, or rock and a good quality of clay, may be used
in the construction of this stoppage dam. If you have
a ?wamp or seepage tract of land, locate your pumping
plant on it. Throw the water up on a dry, unprofitable
tableland, and in this way make not only your swamp
land, but your tableland, productive and valuable.

"The ownership of these individual plants is
growing very rapidly, and well it may, as the happy
possessor of twenty to fifty acres of good soil that he
can irrigate from a pumping plant of his own is the
owner of a sure, profitable and independent living.
No ditch bosses, no clouds to depend upon, and ex-
pense only nominal, make him independent and
thrifty. There are thousands that are even now op-
erating or expecting to install a plant of their own,
and the number of sources from which a sufficient
supply of water can be obtained surprises many who
have not given the subject thought. The few weeks of
drouth that occurs at the very season when most
needed, curtailing the supply of ditch water, has
greatly stimulated the introduction of these plants,
proving that forty acres well tilled will yield more
profit than several hundred acres farmed in the old
haphazard way.

"Quoting such authority as Mr. G. E. Mitchell,
who says: 'If the underground waters of the Ea"st,
South and West, which are so near the surface as to be
easily raised, were used for the irrigation of the land
wherever there is such a water supply, the increased
production of agricultural wealth would be so vast as
to be almost beyond calculation; and it would seem
as though nature had planned that the waters which
she has hoarded beneath the surface should never be
monopolized; that this supply under the land is the
surest, safest, cheapest and most unfailing source of
water for countless rural homes, which those who own
the land may till it with their own hands and produce
from it an almost limitless diversity of crops. No vast
storage reservoirs are necessary for such irrigation, no
costly canals or irrigation works to bring this supply
from beneath the earth up to him who would use it.
This is a mine of wealth which lies under his hearth-
stone, and to which he can sink his own 'prospect shaft.'
He needs onlv a well, a pump and some inexpensive
power to utilize this water supply to unite it with
the land and reap the increased fertility it will create.'

"Another feature I wish to call attention to: As
irrigation increases and is extended, just in proportion
will natural moisture and rainfall increase. This in-
creased humidity will produce more equable tempera-
hires, greatlv reducing the danger of either drouths or
excessive rainfall. I remember that twenty-five years
affo dews were unknown along the eastern base of the
Rocky mountain regions. At present dews are com-'
mon and heavy. To prove this more fully, I quote
from an authority the result of irrigation in Egypt:
'The great Egyptian Sphynx, the oldest and most
colossal statue in the world, is rapidly crumbling away.
Tt has stood for nearly sixty centuries, but now it is

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

183

vanishing at the breath of modern civilization. The
great irrigation works recently carried out in Egypt
have radically changed the exceedingly dry climate
which made the astonishing longevity of Egyptian
stone monuments possible. Under old conditions these
might be expected to last practically forever, so far
as weather is concerned. Now there are from fifteen to
eighteen days of heavy rainfall in the year, whereas
there was formerly only an hour's rain a day for a
week. The increased humidity, combined with mild
frost at night in winter, is rapidly disintegrating the
stone of the Sphynx.'

"In conclusion, to strengthen my belief that the
underflow is increasing with increased irrigation, I
made tests eighty-six and 105 miles distant from the
foothills, and was gratified to find that water could be
had in abundance along the draws and dry waterways
at from four to eight feet below the surface. I am
thus convinced that each year will increase this under-
ground flow. My early experiments were made with a
view of securing water for stock on the open range and
bringing it to the surface by means of windmills. The
increased supply of water above mentioned led me to
investigate the possibility of successfully and cheaply
raising water in sufficient quantities to irrigate land
for farm purposes. I made many tests with endless
chain devices, spiral pumps, horse, steam and wind
powers. I then installed a gasoline pumping plant,
which proved very satisfactory. This was in 1883.
Since then I have seen many such plants installed
throughout the West with such marked success that
I am now of the opinion that if care is used in selecting
an up-to-date engine and pump that this is the most
satisfactory and economical manner of irrigating from
wells now known.

"'And the Lord said: Make this valley full of
ditches.'— II Kings, iv: 16.'"

REVIVAL OF MOUNTAIN IRRIGATION.

Large Canal From the Yellowstone River Backed by Western
Capitalists— Wilt Cost $300,000.

North Yakima, Wash., March 25. — Editor IRRIGA-
TION AGE: Montana is having a revival in irrigation
canal building. The new field of operations is the
Yellowstone Valley. A company composed of success-
ful business men of Billings and practical canal makers
of Seattle, Wash., has begun the construction of a
large enterprise. It includes the taking of a canal from
the Yellowstone River, for a distance of fifty miles, to
irrigate 25,000 acres. The tract is said to be one of the
finest for irrigation in the State.

The proposed canal taps the Yellowstone at Laurel,
about fourteen miles west of Billings. It will be forty
feet wide at the top and carry water to the depth of
five feet. An' appropriation of 500 cubic feet per second
of time has been made by the company. This will be
conveyed to the land and sold to purchasers of acreage
property. The duty, as defined by the canal promoters,
will be one cubic foot for 100 acres. For such water
right, and the land to irrigate, the company will charge
$35 per acre.

The new organization is known as the Billings
Land and Irrigation Company. Articles of incorpora-
tion have been.fijed in Washington. The principal of-
ficers are residents of Seattle. John Schram, a retired

business man, is the president and W. T. Clark, a well
known promoter and canal builder, is secretary and gen-
eral manager. Several prominent men of Billings are
also interested in the company. The project is esti-
mated to cost about $300,000 and the managers state
that they have the money to complete the work.

Lands are to be sold to actual settlers on the de-
ferred instalment plan. This is a scheme evolved by the
incorporators and has some most unique features. One
new idea is that of selling land and water on seven years'
time and giving the farmers an opportunity to develop
the fields on less than ordinary annual rental charges.
They require the purchaser to pay $10 down and leave
the remainder for five to seven years. The purchase of
land and water includes actual ownership of the canal
when all acreage is sold.

The plan of the farmers owning and operating the
canal has been worked in the Yakima Valley of Wash-
ington. Two years ago W. T. Clark, manager of the
Billings scheme, constructed a twenty-seven-mile canal
to carry water from the Yakima River to the Moxee
Vallev. The project cost over $75,000. It was com-
pleted and men were at work on the lands within three

PRINTERS' INK

EDWIN F. ABELL, head of the
company that publishes the Balti-
more Sun, died in that city Febru-
ary 28, aged sixty-three years. His
father, A. S. Abel I was the found-
er of the Sun, which dales from
1837, and the deceased was the last
surviving son, having had the man-
agement of the paper for ten years
past. His death was, in a measure,
brought on by grief and shock fol-
lowing the Baltimore fire

THE Irrigation Age, published
monthly in Chicago by the D. H.
Anderson Publishing Co.. has ab-
sorbed Modern Irrigation, Denver.
There are five publications in the
United States devoted to the sub-
ject of irrigation, and the Irriga-
tion Age leads them in point of
circulation, being credited with a
monthly average of 22,100 copies
for 1903 in the Roll of Honor. The
consolidation gives a further in-
crease. The Denver publication
made no statement of circulation,
and was credited with H — exceed-
ing 2,250 copies. The Irrigation
Age is nineteen years old. and is
said to have readers, in all parts of
the world among individual irriga-
tors and irrigation corporations.

THE cir
edition of I
increased ti
past year, i
no change
advertisinc

A nn.i,
legislatur
compel p
facturers'
on all bQ1
for sale
ure orj
medical :
This is
MansfieJ
sen ted i
a law i
do not
druggis;
the fact
their bt
medicines
popularity
who are s
patent medi
to use them
to asi<the ;
ties of othf
proprietar
in thf

THE Hackstaff A '
Teronlp f-

We are reproducing herewith notice which
appeared in the columns of PRINTER'S INK, the
leading authority in the advertising field, for
which we wish to thank the publishers of that
journal and at the same time call attention to
the fact that the combined circulation of the
two journals is considerably more than the
figure named.

184

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

mouths. Lands were sold for $60 an acre, including
water right and ownership of the canal. Colonists pur-
chased all the lands before the canal was finished. After
two years the same lands are selling for $150 to $300
per acre.

It is understood that an active campaign will he
opened by the new canal builders for colonizing the
Yellowstone Valley. The country is one of the chosen
irrigated districts of Montana. It is crossed by the
Northern Pacific and Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
railroads. There are several prosperous farmers en-
gaged in growing alfalfa, cereals and potatoes in the
county. The altitude is about 3,000 feet above sea level
and the valley is one of the Rocky Mountain eastern
slope fields in which irrigation has worked wonders in
growjng vegetation.

JOEL SHOMAKEE.

NATURE'S METHOD OF PRUNING.

Gifford Pinchot Describes the Process by Which Trees Shed
Dead Branches, But Does Not Tell All.

While the trees are pushing up most rapidly, the side
branches are most quickly overshaded, and the process
of natural pruning goes on with the greatest vigor.
Natural pruning is the reason why old trees in a
dense forest have only a small crown high in the air.,
and why their tall trunks are clear of branches to such
a height from the ground. The trunks of trees grown
in the open, where even the lower limbs have abundance
of light, are branched either quite to the ground or to
within a short distance of it. But in the forest not
only are the lower side branches continually dying for
want of light, but the tree rids itself of them after
they are dead and so frees its trunk from them entirely.
When a branch dies the annual layer of new wood is
no longer deposited upon it. Consequently the dead
branch, where it is inserted in the tree, makes a little
hole in the first coat of living tissue formed over the
live wood after its death. The edges of this hole make
a sort of collar about the base of the dead branch, and
as a new layer is added each year they press it more
and more tightly. So strong does this compression of
the living wood become that at last what remains of
the dead tissue has so little strength that the branch is
broken off by a storm or «ven falls of its own weight.
Then in a short time, if all goes well, the hole closes,
and after awhile little or no exterior trace of it re-
mains. Knots, such as those which are found in boards,
are the marks left in the trunk by branches which have
disappeared. GIFFORD PINCHOT.

Mr. Pinchot, in the above beautiful description,
explains the process of pruning followed by nature.
Although he neglects to inform the public, whom he
wishes to instruct, how long a time must elapse before
this .operation can be completed, or what an expensive
operation this becomes through nature's methods.

When owners of timber land leave entirely to na-
ture the work of pruning they must, of necessity, await
Dame Nature's pleasure as to when she will perform
the operation. Meantime interest and taxes accumu-
late and multiply, old age advances more rapidly than
the trees can increase in size and the investment be-

comes of great duration, for trees can not make rapid
progress while in the crowded condition in which they
exist as Nature usually scatters her seed.

The procedure is beautiful, but it does not increase
the bank account of the waiting investor.

Besides, there are certain trees which do not shed
their branches after they have been killed by shade.

In these the new wood growth each year incloses
the dead branch, and in time disease germs enter the
tree through this channel of a decaying member, being
conveyed by water and the atmosphere, when the tree
Ixscomes a hollow, worthless trunk.

And, further, many species of trees form an up-
right stem without overcrowding.

The old theory of crowding young forests will
never succeed under American impatience for results.
— Arboriculture.

&

ENGINEERS

&

ARTHUR E. MORGAN,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEER,

Drainage, Irrigation, Sewerage, Water Supply
Topographical Surveying,

ST. CLOUD,

MINN.

T7OREST RESER VE "SCRIP" is the safest and quickest
- means for obtaining immediate title to government land.
Write for special prices for certain localities.

HUGO SEABERG, RATON, N. M.

Two Dollars will secure (or you one year's subscription to
THE IRRIGATION AQB and a finely bound volume of the Primer
of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid In a few months,
when volume Is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be
finely illustrated and will contain about 300 pages. Send post
office or express money order for $1.00 and secure copy of first
edition.

The Simplification of
Water Records by
a Right System
Insures

Not Only
Labor-Saving
but also Money-
Saving.

Write us for Information.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

185

JEFFREY

Water Elevators

I

BOOKS ON

•'SrS

Chain Bucket Type

For wells of 10 to 30 feet or greater depth. Made in standard
sizes or to meet SPECIAL requirements.

Clear and muddy water handled equally well. Buckets of heavy

Galvanized Iron.
Catalogue Free

Correspondence Invited

THE JEFFREY MANUFACTURING GO.

COLUMBUS, OHIO, U.S.A.

DENVER NEW YORK CHICAGO PITTSBURC CHARLESTOWN, W. VA.
Illlllllllll Illlll IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH

Irrigation and Drainage

THE IRRIGATION AGE has established a book
department for the benefit of its readers. Any
of the following named books on Irrigation
and Drainage will be forwarded postpaid on
receipt of price:

Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25

Irrigation in ihe United States, F. H. Newell 2 00

Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00

Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.5.0

Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00

Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00

The Primer of Irrigation, cloth, 300 pages 1.00

Practical Farm Drainage, Charles G. Elliott 1.00

Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1 00

Principle and Practice of Farm Drainage, Klippart l.CO

Farm Drainage, French 1 .00

Land Drainage, Miles 1.00

Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40

Address

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.

112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO, ILL.

Eastern Oklahoma

A sweep of one hundred and ninety-five miles thru one of the most
promising agricultural regions ever turned over to the hand of man

This in brief represents that portion of Oklahoma which has been given new birth by
the building of the Santa Fe's Eastern Oklahoma line — "the finest farming country
the Lord ever made."

Shawnee, in Pottawatomie County, today holds the record for potato shipments
It ships more potatoes than any other town in the United States ! Ardmore, just
over the Indian Ty. line, has nearly the whole world beaten to a standstill as a
local cotton market. (Both points on the Santa Fe ) Oklahoma's 1903 wheat crop
was a record breaker. The Santa Fe gives these products direct and quick con-
nection with world markets, like Chicago, Kansas City and Galveston.

Write today for copy of our Eastern Oklahoma Folder, just issued, and information
of low rates in effect twice monthly.

Address. General Passenger Agent

Atchison, Topeka (®L Santa* Fe Railway

:: :: CHICAGO :: ::

Illllll

186

THE IBS! G ATI ON AGE.

DON'T BUY GASOUNE ENGINES

. —UNTIL YOU HAVE INVESTIGATED—
"THE MASTER WOBKMAJf"

two-cylinder guaoline engine ruper-
r to all one-cylinder engines. Costs

l«--s to buy and less to run. Quicker and easier started; has a wider sphere of usefulness. Has no vibration, can be mounted on any light wagon as a portable. Weighs
less than half of one-cy Under enginen. Give size of engine required. Especially adapted for irrigation In connection with our centrifugal force pumps. (Sizes 2, 2Jf
4. ;'). 6. x, 10. 12 ami 16 Horse Power.) Hi<r)i-firra<1e Gasoline Engines, 3 to 0 horse power — adapted for Electric Lighting, Marine and Pumping purposes. ryPlrase
mention this paper. Send for catalogue. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO., M.tiifrs., Meagher and 15th St»., CHICAGO, ILL. Established In Chicago, 1852.

I

THE RICE JOURNAL AND
GULF COAST FAHMEU

is published on the first of each month, at Crowley,
Louisiana, the center of Rice growing and milling
in America, in the interest of the Rice Industry, in
all its branches, principally, and incidentally to
otht-r branches of Gulf Coast Agriculture. It is the

Only Rice Class Journal Published

and is receiving the hearty support of those who
are in any manner identified with the Rice Indus-
try— in the Growing, Irrigation, Milling or Sale of
the Rough or Clean Product, and is read by all
farmers engaged in diversified farming in the great
Gulf Coast Country. It has a

Large Guaranteed Circulation

covering thoroughly the rice sections of Louisiana
and Southeast Texas and the Atlantic Coast, every
important point having a working coi respondent,
who reports monthly all important developments
of his section, thereby keeping its readers and
advertisers in touch with the entire section. Every
issue is read by Planter, Canal Owner, Miller,
Broker, Commission Merchant and dealers
throughout the country. The

Value as an Advertising Medium

of the RICE JOURNAL AND GULF COAST FARMER
is thoroughly established. The paper goes
directly to the class of people reached by no
other publication, and its influence assures the
advertiser a profitable medium.

Rales quoted on application.

SIGNAL PRINTING CO (Limited),

CR.OWLEY. LA.

J« *»•*»•*»**»•*»• *^» *J* *^» *»* *^» *«* *^» *«**i* *J* *»• •«• *J**J* *I* *!**•* *•* *I* *** *»• *J*****J*****J* *J» •*• •*• •*• *j« *J**«*

.

Maginnis Flume Mfg. Co.,

...Manufacturers of...

MAGINNIS
PATENT
FLUME,
SHEEP TROUGHS AND CATTLE TANKS

This Hume is made in eight-foot sections up to and including 36
inches parameter, or above 36 parameter it if made in 30-inch sec-
tions. ribbed at every splice, aud ships "Knocked Down" as third
class freight, or nearly as cheaply as ga vanized iron in the sheet.
This flume has taken the place of the wooden flumes in nearly every
ditch in < ur home county. Only tw.i wooden flumes are now in use
in the county (both of which are practically new). Numerous testi-
monials as to the merits of our flume state that in nearly every
instance they have been substituted for wooden flumes. One
advantage of the galvanized iron flume is that all the water goes
over the flume, which is not possible where wuoden flumes are
used. Another feature about the disadvantages in using wooden
flumes is leakage around posts or bends where the ground is so
softened up that supports settle. This never occurs with the
Maginnis flume. Very little timber is required, just two slight
stringers of sufficient strength to carry the weight of the water.
The Maginnis flume is always ready for business, never leaks nor
does it need constant attention. Once in place, always ready for
work. Concerning the length of spans crossing streams, etc., any
length can be used by the application of proper size stringers to
carry the weight of the water. This flume can be taken out and moved
in sections of 30 inches without interferins- with the rest of the flume.
Being made in a semi-circular form, no holes to break, galvanized
thereby causing no rust, no rivets to solder over, no solder, just
a plain splice joint. Guaranteed not to leak or buckle, as ribs every
30 inches make it strong enough to carry much greater weight than
can be put upon it. Special flumes male to order

Write for prices, etc., to the

Maginnis FKime Mfg. Co.,

Kimba.ll. Neb.

M ntinijing THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Wrought iron

LIGHT WEIGHT PIPE

A chance to save 5O% on purchases

We are offering for quick acceptance, 1,000,000 feet of good lap welded,
Wrought Iron Pipe, sizes from 2 to 6 inch. It is in excellent condition
— having new threads and new couplings, and is in long lengths.

:t inch, per foot, 13c. 1 inch, per foot, 17c

At this price, WE PAY FREIGHT IN CARLOAD LOTS to all points,
where freight rate does not exceed the rate to Pacific coast terminals.
We can also furnish this pipe with flanges instead of screwed ends.

Our Special Booklet No. 479'quotes low prices on
BOILERS ENGINES PUMPS HOISTING APPARATUS

WIRE ROPE INCANDESCENT LAMPS ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

HARDWARE PLUMBING MATERIAL MILL SUPPLIES, ETC.

CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO.

West 35th and Iron Streets, Chicago

1O.OOO Plants for 1 6c

More gardens and farms are planted to
SaUer'a Seeds Uian any other in . -
America. There IB reason fur this. ' -^.
We own and operate over 6000 acres for,
the production of our warranted seeds.
In order to induce you to try them, we ,
make you the following unpre-/
cedentea offer'

For 16 Cents Postpaid

Hum KKI-JT, Medium and Late Cabbage., A
2000 llrliri'.u-. CarroU,
2<MM> HI an eh Ing Celery,
2000 Kirh Null; I- (luee,
Hum Splendid Onion*,
limn Hare Luieloua liadUhr*.
lonn i.liirinutiy Brilliant I'lowen.
A hove seven packages contain suffi-
cient seed to grow 10,000 plants, fur-
nighing bushels of brilliant flowers
and lots and lots of choice vegeta- /
bles.together with our great catalog, f
telling all abont Flowers, Roses, "
Small Fruits, etc., all for Jflc in
stamps and this notice. Mam*
moth 140- page catalog alone, 4c.
JOHN A. SALZER SEED CO..
F. La Crosse, Wis.

PATENTS

romptly obtained OK HO FEE. Trade-Marks,
. aveata. Copyrights and Label! registered.
I TWENTY TEARS' PRACTICE. Highest references.
I Send model, sketch or photo, for free report
Ion patentability. All business confidential.
I HAND-BOOK FREE. Explains everything. Telln
I How to Obtain and Sell Patents, What Inventions
I Will Pay, How to Get a Partner, explains best
I mechanical movements, and contains 300 other
I subjects of importance to inventors. Address,

H, B. WILLSON & CO.

g',7 F Street North. WASHINGTON, D. C

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

187

VAN WIE CENTRIFUGAL

the best in the market. Why? Because

Handles More Water Than

Any Other Pump with

San- e Fue .

PROOF. Read following from result of
test made by New Mexico College of Ag-
riculture and Mechanic Arts, Mesilla
Park. New Mexico:

Cost of fuel per acre for irrigation three
inches deep, using dry Tornilio Wood at
$2.25 per cord.
Name of Pump.

Van Wie $.512

Wood's 647

Kingsford 597

Byron Jackson 614

Fifth Pump 617

For catalogue, address

IRVIN VAN WIE,

713-723 West Fayette St.
SYRACUSE, N Y.

rQ"3 Irriifalnr.

For You

ARE YOU SATISFIED AT HuME ? Or d.. >ou wish
to better yourself ? You should investigate what the Sa.r\
Joaquin Valley of California has to offer bustlers. In
that great vailey is tjrown nine-tenths of the U.S. raisin crop,
and millions of gallons of wine are made yearly. You can
profitably raise almost everything there. Good farms at cheap
prices. Low-rate colonist excursions in March and April on
the Sante Fe. Write for pamphlets to Gen. Pass. Office,
A. T. & S. F. Ry., Chicago.

"The Busy Man's Train."

Appropriate in its Name,
Appropriate in it? Route,
Appropriate in its Character

THE 20th CENTURY LIMITED.'

This is The century of all the ages.

The New York Central— Lake Shore
20-hour train between New York and
Chicago (the two great commercial
centers of America) is The train of the
century, and is appropriately named

"THE 20th CENFURY LIMITED."

A beautiful etching of this train, printed on plate paper
24 x 32 inches, ready for framing. Will be sent free to any
address on receipt of 50 cents, by George H. Daniels, Gen-
eral Passenger Agent, Giand Ct- ntral Station, New York.

HE

TRADE
MARK

ST BATH

ALLEN

FOUNTAIN BRUSH

With or Without Bathroom

The Allen Fountain Brush,
the Only Brush bv which
Friction, a Regulated Show-
er and Massage c.in be ap-
Clicd to any part of the
• iv. The Only Sanitary,
Self-Cleaning Bath Brush.
Opens pores, washes with
elean water. Thoroughly
cleanses *kin, Imparts
healthy glow, insures clear
complexion, bright eyes,
rosy cheek*, cheerful spir-
its, sound sleep.

For every home, every
Traveler's Grip.

DO YOU WANT IT?

Superb Style Fountain Brush

Solid brass holder
highly nickeled. Hard

rubber brush back and handle. Brush adju«table to
holder, soft or stiff bristle brush c-»n be used. Soft
bristle brush sent with holder. Stiff bristle brush in
place of soft, extra, 25c. Stifl bristle brush addi-
tional $1.00.

Superb Fountain Brush, with Portable Outfit, S6.00
Superb Fountain Brush, with Bathroom Outfit, $3. 60

Niagara Style Fountain Brush

Highly polished hardwood back,
metal parti solid brass, highly nick-
eled. Finest selected bristle* securely anchored.
Niagara Fountain Brush, with Portable Outfit, S4.75
Niigara Fountain Brush, with BathroomOutfit, S2.76

Descrip-
tion same
as Niagara
Gem Fountat

Safety Floor Mat

is easily carried and
emptied. Holds
s e T e r a 1 gallons.
Catches all spray^

Bathroom OuHit consists of
an Allen Fountain Brush, six
feet High Pressure Hose with
Bulb Faucet connection. (Give
diameter of faucet.)

Portable Outfit consists of an
Allen Fountain Brush, a Sani-
tary Metallic Fountain (3-qt.
Rubber Witer Bottle can be
used for Fountain sent in
place of Metallic Fountain U
ordered). Tubing, Pipes, etc.,
and Safety Floor Mat.

Brush, with Portable Outfit, S3. 75
Fountain Brush, with Bathroom Outfit, S2.26

"SCIENCE OF THE BATH" greatest book on bathing. vent fre*.
>on>ible Agents Wanted. Ask your dealer or any outfit prepaid on receipt ol price

NO 447 Erie Street
TOLEDO. OHIO, USA

THE ALLEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY

188

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

\THAOC M*RK

"For over 2O \ears we have run OTTO engines for motive power with great
satisfaction" — so writes the Aldine Printing House, Xenia, Ohio. There is a sermon in
this statement for every power user, present and prospective.

has seen the rise and fall of many imitations. The journey of most
of them from the foundry to the scrap pile has been short indeed.

Why experiment with the cheap kind when the reliability of the OTTO is attested by over

75,000 users ?

THE OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS

CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA, PA. OMAHA

The Shuart Earth Grader No. 3

An ideal, all-round Grader for
Irrigators. This Machine, rapidly
and cheapl>, does a quality ol
grading possible with ordinary
appliances only at a virtually pro-
hibiiory expense. The blade
,n be worked straight across
for cutting, conveying and
spreading the earth ; or it
can be worked diagonally
• for throwing up borders:
f and it can be tilted for run-
ninglaterals. Forillustrated
circular and price, address

B. F. SHUART, OBERLIN. O.

The Great East and West Line Try A Q ANn IfllllQIAMA
Across the Entire States of I tAAO AND LUUIolANA

NO TROUBLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Through Tourist and Standard Sleepers between Chicago and California

without change. Close connection at HI Paso.
New Dining Cars (meals a la carte) bet-ween Texas and St. Louis.

Write for new book on Texas. FREE.
E. P. TURNER, General Passenger Agerr, Dallas, Texas

To Owners ol (iasollne Engines
Automobiles, Launches, Etc.

The Auto=Sparker

oes away entirely with all starting
nd running batteries, their annoy-
nce and expense. No belt — no
witch — no batteries. Can be at-
ached to any engine now using
>atteries. Fully guaranteed ; write

for descriptive catalog.

MOTSINGER DEVICE MFG. CO.
Main Street III, Rendition, lad.

FREE!
\

ILLUSTRATED CATALOG

Western Seeds

Send for it To-day.

It tells you all
about our

"WESTERN SEEDS FOR WESTERN PLANTERS"

We are the only extensive growers in the Middle West. Our Special Catalogues
for Bee Supplies, Poultry Supplies and Frutt Packages are FREB.
BARTELPES & CO., 1521 15th Street. DENVER, COLORADO

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

Mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and
Illustrated Pamphlets.

H. C. TOWNSEND,

Central Passenger and Ticket Agent,
ST. LOUIS.

COLORADO

MIDLAND

RY.

OBSERVATION
CARS on day-
light trains

Run Dally Between
DENVER, SALT LAKE CITY and OQDEN

Panoramic Views, Descriptive
Pamphlets, etc., sent free upon
application to :: :: :: ::

C. H. Speers, Oen'IPass. Ag't., Denver, Colo.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

189

MYERS

"Without an Equal on the Globe"

Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt
powers, in harmony •with present requirements.

Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps

Five Inch Brass Lined '*-'*'
Cylinder.

No. 359. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, 7^ and

10-inch stroke. Price 875 00

No. 365. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 and

Double Acting. Capacity, Two Thou-
sand Gallons Per Hour.

20-inch stroke.

Price 150 00

V

it

V

?
•>

'•

No. 362. Bulldozer Pump, 3-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, 7!^ and 10-inch stroke.

Price 875 00

No. 351. Bulldozer Pump. 4-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, 7j£ and 10-inch stroke.

Price 120 00

i No. 353. Bulldozer Pump, 5-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 6-inch stroke. Price 75 00

No. 363. Bulldozer Pump, 6-inch Brass Lined
, f, ,. . Cylinder, 12, 16 and 20-inch stroke.

Artesian Well Cylinder Price 250 co

FULL INFORMATION IN REGARD TO OUR. VARIED LINE ON APPLICATION.

RE MYERS sBRO.

ASHLAND, \
OHIO, U. S. A. I

PROPRIETORS OF

ASHLAND PUHP AND HAY TOOL WORKS

190

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Built Right

Rui\ Right

Unsurpassed for Tile, Hollow Ware. Brick a.nd a.11
Classes of Cla.y products. Write (or Particulars
on this or other Clayworkinn Machinery 9959

The Improved Centennial Axiger Machine

Bucyrus, Ohio
U. S. A.

The American Clay-Working
Machinery Company

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

191

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

I SAMSON TURBINE I

When the Pump cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually transmitted
by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the High
Speed of the Samson, for a given 69. power, '
lighter and consequently Cheaper transmission
machinery can be used.

; THE JAMES LEFFEL £ CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

WRITE DEPARTMENT K-2 FOR CATALOG.

I I I I I 'I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I U I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 3 I I I I I I II I

•0»0»O»O»0»O»0»O»O»O»O«O»0»O»O»O«O»O»O»O«O»O»O»C'»O»O»0»O»O»O»O»O»O»OI

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

Valley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for TILE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

"Write for- i»:iiii|>iii<.-i«; .- 1 1 1 < I .xi .- 1 | >^.

Central Station, Park Row, Room 506,
CHICAGO. ILL.

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner,

When writing to Advertisers, please mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IO«OCO«O«CXOCO3CttCttC*0«O«

The Marion Steam Shovel Co.

No. 632 West Center Street, MARION, OHIO.

A COMPLETE LINE OF STEAM SHOVELS, DIPPER AND CLAMSHELL

DREDGES, ETC.

For constructing
Drainage Ditches
we have both dry*
land and floating
Dredges, and we
build them to suit
the requirements
of your work. We
manufacture our
own steel and grey
iron castings, and
m ake our own
chain.

When in the market write
us for information and prices

(When Writing Advertisers. Please
Mention IRRIGATION AGE.)

192

THE IEKIGATION AGE.

J. L. HUBBELL

Indian Trader

Products of Navajo

and other Indian

tribes.

AGENTS WANTED THROUGHOUT
THE UNITED STATES.

Write for particulars, mentioning
The Irrigation Age.

Dealer in

Navajo
Blankets

OLD STYLE WEAViNGS AND
PATTERNS A SPECIALTY.

Silverware, Baskets,

Curios,
Prehistoric Pottery.

J. L. HUBBELL

GarVdcdo,

BRANCH STORE: Ream's Canon, Ariz.

$33 to the Pacific Coast

From Chicago, every day in March and April, 1904. Only
$33 Chicago to San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle,
Tacoma, and many other points on the Pacific Coast. Low.
rates to hundreds of other points. Choice of routes if you
select the

Chicago, Milwaukee 4 St. Paul Railway

Tickets good in tourist sleeping cars. Rate for double berth,
Chicago to California, only $7. Call or write to-day for com-
plete information.

• .. \ •:>
F. A. MILLER, PHIPAfiO

General Passenger Kteat. 1/HiV/rtVPV

OWN t A : FAUM!

Thousands of Acres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance, are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE, STOCK-RAISING AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address

CHICAGO AND ^^NORTH-
WESTERN RY.

J. F. CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISSIONER, C. & N.W. Ry w^

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III. fcga ;««;»• THE NORTH-WESTERN LINE

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES

?I2 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE STREETS.
OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUGH, W. A. GARDNER, W. B. KNISKERN,

Third Vice-President. General Manager. Pass. Traffic Manager.

STAR

WIND MILLS

Designed particularly for the
service of supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

"Hoosier

and

"Fast Mail

99

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of Iron
Pumps designed for
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
crated by hand
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

Star "

Irrigating

Mill

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

"HOOSIER'

Tubular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

Any Capacity . . . JL J^L. ±^~ Jtm^ l^^ . . . Any Purpose

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Steel Towers

Either 3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS OF GOODS

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog ,

and Circulars. Mention this Paper.

Flint <& Walling Mfg. Co.

530 OaLk Street. KendeJlville. Ind.
ocx»oc»ooooooocooooooo^

No. 7.

MGATMAGE

PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION

THE

' IRRIGATION AGE^

ESTABUSHED 1385

WITH WHICH IS MERGED

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL

. ESTABLISHED 16?9

MAY,
1904.

THEM. ANDERSON
PUBLISHING CO,

Publishers.

112 DEARBORN ST.,

CHICAGO.

DRAINAGE

^^
SPECIAL

FEATURES

Lieu Land Scrip and The

Land Laws.
The Secretary of Agriculture.

Senator Warren.
The Gidon Canal, Wyoming.

Irrigation, Experiments in
Arizona.

Drainage of Farm Lands.

The Primer of
Irrigation.

•Ill

BALDW1NSV1LLE.N.Y.

Centrjfucai Pumping Machinery,
designed for any irrigating ,prop-
osition. Send details or speciiica-
lipns of what is wanted and we
will recommend A pumping outfit
to supply the c«ed.

New York office,
3941 Cortlandt Street

Houston office,
08 Wain Street. Texas
kiJan & Hobbell, Agents
N. Jefferson Mreet, Chicago. Ill,
Harton, Kickard & McCone,
Agents, HI Fremont JStree'
San Fraacisco, Cal.

t

Keep Your f^ on the Challenge
Line of Irrigation Machinery.

Challenge Gasoline Engines

FIVE HORSE POWER WITH PUMP JACK

Strongest and simplest Engine ever constructed. Has Friction Clutch for throwing
Pump Jack out of gear. Has all latest appliances for convenience in handling.

Has Stroke

12 inch.
16 inch.
20 inch.
24 inch.

GET OUR PRICES

Furnished either
Mounted or Sta-
tionary. We also
build \yt H. P.,
2 H. P. and 3 H.
P. Engines with
Pump Jacks.

Dandy Irrigator Wind Mills

TO OO»dF»A.I«BJ WITH

Note its Simplio
ity, Compactness,
Immense strength

Brass or Graphite
Bearings.

Roller Bearings

for Turn Table.

Heaviest and
Strongest Wind
Mill ever offered
for sale.

It is everlasting
and has no equal.

Headquarters for all Kinds

of Water Supply

Goods.

This cut shows the
working and wearing
parts of our large
sizes of Dandy Mills.
They are particularly
adapted for irriga-
tion pumping.

The
Dandy

Write for Catalog

BRANCH HOUSES:

DALLAS, •
KANSAS CITY.
MINNEAPOLIS.
OMAHA. •
136 Liberty St.,

NEW YORK

I

X

V

I

Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill rn.,Batavia. in.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

193

STANDARD FOR SIXTY-FIVE YEARS

MADE BY DEERE & CO., MOLINE, ILL

The
Great

Lands for Sale Loans to Make

Send for

Cornucopia

Southwest

Leads
All
the Rest

rr\ IMMIGRATION V* 1 ¥> A A

Texas EK™! Real Estate

" The Horn
of Plenty"

Handsome

It is the Place

Sixteen-Page
Journal.

Now the

Millions of Men Settling the Southwest

Three months1
trial

To

Millions of Money Desired for Development

subscription
only

Invest

If you want to invest in High Interest Mortgages buy City or Country Property, Fruit,

to cents.

Come (o the Coast

Country

Truck, Timber, Rice, Oil or other lands in Texas. Address

Full of Texas Facts

INVESTMENT BROKER

E. C. ROBERTSON^INDUSTRIAL PROMOTER

602 Binz Build ing ="77ie Magnolia City" = Houston, Texas

Great Ooxa.«.try

Grand.

Gloi-JoiA«

Renew your subscription of the IRRIGATION AGE for 1904
Send us in Post Office or Express money order for $1.00

194

THE IEEIQATION AGE.

The Birdsell Alfalfa Huller

With Wind Stacker and Autom-Atic Feeder.

The Only Alfalfa Huller that

SAVES ALL THE SEED

Send for our 49th Annual Catalogue

Don't fail to visit our exhibit,
Agricultural Palace, World's Fair, St. Louis.

BIRDSELL MFG. CO., South Bend, Ind.

$ OUR. LINE *

Wind Mills Pumps

Well Machinery Tanks

Gasoline Engines
Grain Drills Cultivators

Quantity and Effectiveness

count with us.
Do they count with you?

View of a Texas Artesian Well, made by a Dempster Well Machine.

The Dempster Machines have nude scores of sucli we'ls in Texas and New Mexico.

We manufacture eight different styles and sizes Well Machines

DRILLING .. ROTATING .. JETTING

IT PAYS

to buy from

The Manufacturer

Ask your dealer for our prices

! DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY, '.. Beatrice, Webr. \

I I I I I I I Mill III I II I II III I III I I II I I Illl I I I I I Illlll III I I III! I I I I I

THE IERIGATION AGE.

195

CJ1 T P Of WIT Q for Brick, Tile and Sewer
0 V * * M*tlM~nJ Pipe Manufacturers

SEWER PIPE BARROW

TILE TRUCK HEAVY FURNACE FRONT

These Trucks and Birrows are made of first-class material, and the workmanship is the
best. Special trucks and barrows to suit customers, made to order. Prices quoted on
receipt of specifications.

BAND TIGHTENERS AND DOOR CONNECTORS

CLASS B CLASS C

TUPPER STYLE GRATE

s^^i

CAST IRON KILN COVERS

Sections 6 inches wide.

36, 42, and 48 inches long

STRAIGHT GRATES

Any length. Sections 3 inches to 3% inches wide. Weight average about 1 pound VENTILATORS

per inch in length.

We also make Kiln Bands complete with sections cut to length and rivet holes punched. Rivets fur-
nished and tighteners riveted on to end sections. Prices quoted for anything in this line upon application.

Address

The Arnold -Cr eager Co.

NEW LONDON, OHIO

or Cor. 6th and Vine Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio

196

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The Samson

The Windmill That Makes
Irrigation Possible Anywhere

"Blow high or blow low," The Samson is always ready. Made
of galvanized steel throughout, it is strong and durable. The
wings are so shaped and so set on the arms that they utilize morr
of the force of the winds than any other mill made.

THE SAMSON

is a double-geared mill and the strain is between the gear wheels and the lift is inline with the
center of the power exerted. The strain is evenly divided among tour bearings instead of one, as
in single-geared mills. This arrangement saves wear, side draft and the twisting strain that comes
with the use of single gearing. The double gear insures steadiness in operating and prevents the
wobbling that shakes and weakens the tower.

The Samson is the latest and most perfect production of the largest windmill factory on earth
and is the result oi experiments without number and the experience of many years spent in
building windmills.

The Samson is self-oiling, the extra large oil-cups needing to be filled only at long intervals.
It is strong enough tu stand up and work in the highest wind, and is so carefully made that it
catches and utilizes a very light breeze. For irrigation purposes, no windmill ever made will do
the same work that the Samson will. It lifts water from the deepest wells with perfect ease, aild
will pump more hours in a year than any other windmill ever made.

We have not space here to tell all about this mill. We publish the best and finest booklet ever
sent out from any windmill factory and will be glad to send it to you on request. It describes
every piece' and illustrates the minutest details. All this is told in an interesting manner, and
when you have read the booklet, you will know all there is to know about the Samson. It is not
necessary to cover up or gloss over any point. We are proud of it to the smallest bolt for in every
detail it stands for windmill perfection. Send for this booklet to-day.

617 River Street.

FR.EEPORT. ILL.

Stover Mfg. Co

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX

CHICAGO, MAY, 1904.

No. 7

THE IRRIGATION AGE

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,

PUBLISHERS,
112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Entered at the Postoffice at Chicago, 111., as Second-Class Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON ) BH.,

W. J. ANDERSON \ c<

Western Office: Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver, Colo.
GEO. W. WAGNER, Mgr. W. L. JACKSON, Editor, Western Dept.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . . . . $1.00

To Canada and Mexico, 1.00

All Other Foreign Countries 1.50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks.
Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recognized throughout the world as
the exponent of Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival in half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

Tn f P>t-P>cf i r\ rr f r> A A TT-^-rf i c^-rc II ma^ Merest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication
-LlC.LCC5l.lllg LU .T1.U VC1 USC1O. -m tfae worW having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual

irrigators and large irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world.
The Irrigation Age is 19 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITORIAL

While a great deal of discussion is taking
Lieu place in the newspapers and elsewhere

Land Scrip concerning the subject of the possibility
and the of a scandal along irrigation lines, where-

Land Laws.' in numerous heads of departments, as

well as the head of the so-called National
Irrigation Association, a purely one-man organization,
are likely to become implicated, it is well to consider
some specific charges and movements made by the above
named gentlemen. It is well understood that some time
in 1900 or 1901, when what was known as the Forest
Beserve Act was passed, the intention of the two legis-
lative bodies, as well as the President, was for the
preservation of all forests with a view to protecting
the water sheds and stopping the wholesale taking over
oi fine timber tracts by individuals for personal gain.
When the Forest Eeserve 'Act was passed it developed
that in taking over these large areas by the Government,
certain small tracts in some of them were held by pri-
vate individuals, who had secured the patent, or title,
to same from the Government under the Homestead Act,
commutation clause, or the Timber and Stone Act. and
it was decided, if we understand the case correctly, that
these individuals, whose lands would be taken over as
part of large tracts or bodies, were to have the right
of entry on any unoccupied Government land for an

equal number of acres. This was a reasonable enough
arrangement and would have worked out all right, had
it not been for the fact that large corporations, whose
numerous holdings were turned in to the Government
under this act (and by the way, thousands and thou-
sands of acres of this land turned back by the railways
under the Forest Keserve Act were practically worthless
lands), took it upon themselves to turn over to the
Government large tracts of land, taking in return what
is known as lieu land scrip, or scrip applicable for
entry upon any unoccupied Government lands. This
lieu land scrip was subsequently disposed of in large
blocks by the corporations to speculators in paper of
that class, who in turn disposed of it to others at an
advanced price and in many instances the scrip eventu-
ally came into the hands of individuals engaged in
the lumber industry, many of whom entered the scrip
on different tracts throughout the West and Northwest
and will no doubt secure good lands through their in-
vestments.

It is not our intention to discuss at length the ad-
visability of the original plan of allowing the railways
t:> turn in large tracts, for which they received scrip
in lieu. Eeferring, however, to the act of Congress,
or the several acts pertaining to the location of scrip
and its relation under the Timber and Stone Act, or
any other entry, upon Government lands, the Govern-
ment owns these lands and when it sells to the individ-
ual, it seems that it is legally bound to protect that
individual in his rights. To. illustrate this more clearly
the Forest Eeserve was brought about by proclamation

198

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

of the President, was acted upon by Congress and the
United States Senate, who confirmed the setting aside
of land included within the limits of any specified
territory. As an illustration, we will take a tract of
land set aside as a forest reserve in the State of Cali-
fornia. This reserve was duly set aside in 1903 and
confirmed by Congress and the Senate in 1904. As to
the basis of the scrip, which was issued on this forest
reserve, we will say that John Doe owned four forties
in a section of that reserve. He had United States
patent on same and had been residing on the land for
a number of years. When this was confirmed as a
forest reserve, the law gave Doe the privilege and
right (and this right was confirmed by the Act of Con-
gress and the Senate, signed by the President) to sell
his four forties to the United States Government. He
gave the United States Government a warranty deed
with abstract, showing his title to be clear for the four
forties. The taxes were all paid, etc., etc. The Gov-
ernment gave to him in return that which is mentioned
above and is comm'only known as Forest Reserve scrip.
This scrip is filled out in blank and he is permitted
to select four forties from any vacant Government land
in the United States in lieu of the four forties which
he transferred by title to the United States Govern-
ment. To continue, we will say that one Crowe, of
Portland, Ore., who is acquainted with this transfer,
writes to Doe and states he will give Jiim $5.00 per
acre for his four forties inside of forest reserve lines.
Doe accepts the proposition and executes a deed to
Crowe, furnishes abstract showing taxes are all paid
and the land free from all incumbrances and also gives
Crowe power of attorney to locate four forties in lieu
of this land which he has relinquished to the Govern-
ment. Crowe is also given power of attorney in blank
to sell said four forties. - This is properly filled out with
witnesses before a notary public, or clerk, in whatever
State the transaction takes place. Crowe, however, does
not 'make direct entry on the land, but he has paid
Doe $5.00 per acre for right of entry on this quarter
section.

Crowe, being a speculator in this class of paper,
now sells this scrip, which is known on the market as
Forest Reserve Scrip, to another individual in Wausau,
Wis. Subsequently the Wausau man sells to the fourth
rnan. and he, who may or may not be a timber man,
locates four forties of vacant land in the State of \\ i<-
consin or Minnesota and, having taken over the power
of attorney has it properly filled in, in which it is
described as an entry in lieu of that quarter section
forest reserve tract. After this transaction, this is now
described as Located Forest Reserve Scrip. The pa-
pers are all forwarded to Washington and after being
accepted by the Secretary of the Interior and the Com-
missioner of the General Land Office, a patent is in
due time issued for same.

This explanation is made to illustrate the difference
between what is known as marketable scrip and sc'-ip
that is actually located. It is the, impression of the
writer that if any action should be taken by the Gov-
ernment to stop the location of this lieu land scrip it
would be an injustice to the purchaser of the third or
fourth class, who is paying a price, which has gradu-
ally increased since the time transfer was made by
Doe to Crowe, and it appears that this would be an
injustice to the buyer who took it over with the ulti-
mate idea of locating it upon other lands. It is claimed
that the Government has no right to pass an act can-
celling the entry on this piece of land after filing has
1 een made. It appears that Congress has no right
to repudiate its obligations and perform an injustice
to the holder of the scrip, no matter how many re-
moved from the original fee holder in the forest re-
serve. It is maintained furthermore that if the Gov-
ernment has set aside any forest reserves and has given
Doe the privilege to sell his land to the United States
Government and then grants him in lieu the privilege
to select four forties of any unoccupied lands, it should
also give him the privilege of disposing of it as he sees
fit and protect the individuals who purchase from him
as well as any subsequent transactions of a like character.

There- is no doubt but that no lucre forest reserve
land should be set aside and no more scrip issued, but
THE IRRIGATION AGE contends that all scrip which
has been issued and duly entered should be fully pro-
tected; the present holder should be protected as well
as the man who took the original title to the land from
the United States Government.

It is, moreover, the impression of the writer that
the forest reserves that have been set aside in Ari-
zona and Washington were manipulated with the sole
view and purpose of the relinquishment of land of no
value, for which scrip was issued, which is now, and
will later be applied for entry on any valuable lands
in the United States. This plan is not the best for
irrigation development, nor for the general agricultural
advancement of the country; but on the contrary has
been carried out to the direct benefit of large holders
of railroad lands. Some tracts on the mountain tops
above the timber line, beyond any agricultural possi-
bilities, such as land on Mt. Ranier in Washington, was
set aside as a forest reserve and lieu land scrip has
been issued for same, so that _ the receivers of the scrip
could secure possession of valuable lands in the public
domain, which rightfully belongs to the people. An-
other peculiar and exasperating feature of this sort of
manipulation is that the Government does not receive
a dollar for the millions of acres which have been en-
tered by scrip in this manner. It is worthy of note
that it does, however, receive $2.50 per acre for every
acre entered under the Timber and Stone Act and
$1.25 per acre for all land entered under the commu-

THE IRRIGATION AGE

199

tation clause of the Homestead Act. This price, $1.25,
under the commutation clause, applies to land which
is outside of the railroad land-grant zone. When this
land is entered inside the railroad grant limits, the
price paid the Government is $2.50 per acre, and this
seems a reasonable and fair arrangement and is directly
beneficial to the people. We therefore contend that
these laws should stand as they are.

In all lands entered during the past year some
23,000,000 acres, there were only in the neighborhood
of 2,000,000 acres entered under the Timber and Stone
Act and the commutation clause of the Homestead
Act, for which the Government received $2.50 per acre
for all entered under the Timber and Stone Act, and
from $1.25 to $2.50 for every acre entered under the
commutation clause of the Homestead Act, $1^5 be-
ing paid for that which was located outside of the
railroad land grant limits and $2.50 per acre for that
entered within their limits on alternate sections to that
which is owned by corporations. The remainder, about
20,000,000 acres was entered by the class of Forest
Reserve Scrip mentioned above with some other scrip
entries of a different character. It is a notable fact
that the Government has not received a dollar in return
for all this 20,000,000 acre entry; in fact has not even
received enough to pay for the extra help needed in
the diiferent land offices to make out the necessary pa-
pers of transfer.

Let the people and Congress and the Senate look
carefully into the above subject and decide which will
result in the greatest good for the country. It is a
simple proposition and worthy the consideration of
every citizen of the United States.

In our issue of June will appear a paper
Canal and on "Canal and Stream Measurements,"
Stream Meas- written by A. P. Stover, assistant in irri-
urements. gation investigations, United States De-
partment of Agriculture, which will prove
interesting to all bur readers.

Irrigation In view of the recent expose of the Max-
Age well clique before the House Committee
Vindicated, on Arid Lands, we feel justified in call-
ing attention to our statement in an issue
early last year under the title, "Influences in the Na-
tional Irrigation Program," concerning the co-operation
of George H. Maxwell with certain Government officials.
In that article we said : "Before the plan submitted
to the railroads by Mr. Maxwell was accepted he had
the campaign fairly well outlined in his mind. He
saw that it would be necessary for him to become inti-
mate with Government officials who could bring him
into' contact with congressmen, members of the cabinet,
and even the President." This was all brought about
subsequently and had Maxwell shown any generalship,

or ordinary business judgment, he could have been in
a position to call on these people for support. He has,
however, shown a woeful lack of generalship and is
now at outs with F. H. Newell, of the reclamation serv-
ice, and criticises that gentleman in his recent publica-
tions. He also intimates that President Roosevelt
should not have taken the stand he has on certain
pet measures advocated by himself and his employers.

It is only a matter of time when this man will
step down and out withput friends or sympathy. It
is stated in some quarters that Maxwell is also out with
Gifford Pinchot, chief forester of the United States. If
so, this is a very fortunate turn of affairs for Mr. Pin-
chot, as both himself and Mr. Newell have been badly
scorched in their contact with Maxwell. As to the
effect the contact has had on Mr. Walcott, of the Geo-
logical Survey, it is difficult to state, although it is
a well known fact that smoke and fire make very little
impression on certain substances. At any rate THE
AGE has been vindicated in all its charges and can but
feel that it has had a very wholesome influence within
the past two. years. It has received congratulatory-
letters from its friends throughout the country, all of
which are very gratifying and for which the editor wishes
through this sources to express his thanks.

Senator Hansbrough's forest reserve bill, reported
from his Committee on Public Lands, inaugurates a
new policy relative to a question of very great impor-
tance. The bill is intended to put an end to forest
reserve selection rights, frequently referred to as forest
reserve scrip, through speculation in and the use of
which many frauds have been perpetrated against the
Government. Indeed, if the $50,000 syndicate which
has been devoting itself to the repeal of all of our
general land laws had centered itself upon the reform
contained in this bill it would have performed a public
service. It is a strange coincidence, however, that
most of the contributors toward the Maxwell $50,000
fund for "educational work" in behalf of wholesale land
law repeal are the ones who have been the beneficiaries
under the Government's forest reserve scrip policy.

The bill provides that entrymen within forest re-
serves hereafter created may accept a cash settlemenffor
all their right and interest. There will be no more
scrip for the speculators, and we predict that, in con-
sequence of this change, there will be fewer entrymen in
forest reserves.

The bill further provides that as to relinquishments
hereafter made in existing reserves, the exchange lands
taken shall be of like character and quality both as to
soil, timber, etc., and that no timber land shall be
given in exchange for land denuded of its timber.
This is just and wise.

$2.00 pays one year's subscription to IRRIGATION
AOE and a copy of the PRIflER OF IRRIGATION.

200

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE SECRETARYkOF AGRICULTURE.

In a chat between Secretary of
Agriculture Wilson and the editor of
THE IRRIGATION AGE recently, the
subject of irrigation laws was touched
upon, and the Secretary stated that he
had been an advocate of these laws be-
cause it would give homes to a class
of young western farmers who have
been crossing the border into British
Secretary Wilson, possessions'. He said that this class
of fanners know everything to be known about settling
up a new country and are ready to take advantage of
all natural and artificial facilities; that they under-
stood sub-district, township, county and state govern-
ment and would become leaders and directors of the
neighborhood fortunate enough to secure them, and
that such young men and women are necessary in all
settlements of immigrants coming into the United
States. The idea of Secretary Wilson apparently is
that the young, progressive American farmers among
distinct foreign settlements, such as have been estab-
lished in recent years in our western States, would
have a tendency to inculcate in the minds of these
immigrants some conception of- American government
and interests and would gradually wean them away
from their foreign methods, thereby making them bet-
ter citizens at an earlier date than would be possible
were they left by themselves, to develop, oftentimes,
along wrong lines.

Continuing further, the Secretary stated that the
moment you put water on lands in arid sections you
can grow the finest beets in the world, containing a
higher percentage of sugar in the beet than the Euro-
peans have ever developed. He stated that his de-
partment had sent out men to superintend the grow-
ing of beet seed in Washington, where there is 19 per
cent of sugar in the beet. Continuing along the line
of thought, which is apparently deeply imbedded in
the mind of Secretary Wilson, he said that the young
men, of whom he spoke earlier in the conversation,
understand live stock, dairying, etc. They are the sons
of farmers in the Mississippi valley and they can utilize
all the products of beets. That is why he wants to
see them out in the West, where beet culture is develop-
ing into so large an industry.

Secretary Wilson said that his department had
sent out to the Upper Volga Eiver, Russia and Algeria
in Africa, for seed wheat to introduce into States where
the rainfall is only ten inches, with the idea of de-
veloping macaroni wheat interest in those territories,
and that last year 10,000,000 bushels of this wheat were
grown and next year the crop will probably reach 25,-
000,000 bushels. Continuing, he said that where seed
of this kind was introduced, it was first sent to the
experiment stations in the different western States,
where its cultivation was brought to perfection, in
given localities, after which it is given to the progres-
sive farmer and whenever its culture is fully under-
stood the department defer further experiments along
that line in that district; the Government continues,
however, to experiment and demonstrate what can be
done until a sufficient number of farmers in any local-
ity are so thoroughly posted they can go on and develop
crops along the lines suggested by the stations.

SENATOR HANSBROUGH'S VIEWS ON REPEAL
BILL.

A representative of THE AGE recently requested
Senator Hansbrough, who is the author of the national
irrigation bill and is now endeavoring to put through
Congress some very important measures bearing on
public land questions, to give this publication his views
with respect to the bill which he passed through the
Senate a few weeks ago repealing the Timber and
Stone Act. The Senator's reply to our request is as
follows :

"Eesponding to your request that I furnish you
with my views on the bill to repeal the Timber and
Stone Act and to provide for the disposal .of timber
on public lands outside of forest reserves, permit me
to say that the existing law is unsuited to present con-
ditions; that it has been the instrument through which
much valuable timber land has passed into private
hands at a price far below its real value, and there
is no reason why the Government should part with
its property at figures admittedly below what it is
worth.

"To repeal the law, however, without substituting
in its stead a statute authorizing the disposal of tim-
ber would not be in accord with good business prin-
ciples. The effect would be to force the ultimate sus-
pension of many small sawmill enterprises, and further
to create a scarcity of lumber, thus contributing toward
those larger manufacturers who own extensive bodies
of timber. It was for this reason that those who fav-
ored the bill which has passed the Senate agreed to
the repeal of the law and the insertion of the provision
authorizing the sale of the right to cut government
timber in such quantities and under such restrictions
as the Secretary of the Interior should prescribe.

"If the bill becomes a law the Secretary may dis-
pose of the right to cut in such manner as will meet
the demands of the mill men and the public. He will
doubtless restrict the cutting to the matured trees,
leaving the younger ones for future disposition. In
this way perpetual forests will be preserved, which
will be of lasting advantage to all. Had such a policy
been entered upon twenty-five years ago the Govern-
ment would be richer by a hundred million dollars, and
many river beds now almost dry would be filled with
water. The law as it now stands is a constant temp-
tation to evasion and a most convenient vehicle for
rapacity."

W. H. KILLBN.

We are showing herewith a snap-
shot of Mr. W. H. Killen, land com-
missioner of the Wisconsin Central
railway, as he appeared at the Wis-
consin State Fair, where he had on
exhibition a new idea in wind mills
for pumping and power work. An
illustrated article will appear in a
future issue of this journal concern-
ing this mill.

If you wish to sell or trade land or if you want to
buy or sell machinery of any kind, send in to Irrigation
Age for sale and want columns. Our price for this
space is $(.00 for each ten words.

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

201

U. S. SENATOR FRANCIS E. WARREN
OF WYOMING.

Francis Emroy Warren was born in Hinsdale,
Mass., June 20, 1844. His father was Joseph S. War-
ren, a member of the family of Warren — early settlers
of Massachusetts, among whom was General Joseph
Warren, who died at Bunker Hill. His mother was
Cynthia E. Abbott, whose family came over from En-
gland with the early
settlers of Massachu-
setts.

The father of
Francis E. Warren
was a farmer and
trader. While lib-
eral in many re-
spects, he believed
that a common
school education,
such as he himself
possessed, was suffi-
cient ; and he encour-
aged his children to
master the details of
farm life in prefer-
ence to obtaining ed-
ucation designed to
fit them for the pro-
fessions. C o n s e -
quently young War-
ren's schooling from
the time he was eight
years old until he •
was fifteen was con-
fined to a few weeks
in the middle of each
winter, the remain-
der of his time being
employed in doing
chores and such oth-
er work as a farmer's
boy has to do about
a farm. His educa-
tion, as far as school
life goes, was com-
pleted with about a
year's attendance at
the Hinsdale Acad-
emy, after which, at
the age of sixteen,
he was placed in
charge of a dairy farm where a number of workmen
were employed.

At the age of seventeen young Warren enlisted
as a private soldier in Company C, 49th Massachusetts
Volunteer Infantry. This regiment was placed in
camps of instruction and drilled at Pittsfield and Wor-
cester, Mass., was on duty in New York City, and from
there was sent to New Orleans and assigned to the
19th Army Corps. It took part in the siege and cap-
ture of Port Hudson, and was in the fights at Plain's
Store and *Donaldsonville. When before Port Hud-
son the regiment was called upon to furnish a few
men from each company to perform the dangerous
undertaking of preceding the main force with fascines
to fill a ditch forming part of the protective earth

FRANCIS E. WARREN, U. S. SENATOR, WYOMING.

works of Port Hudson, so that the artillery and in-
fantry might cross in a proposed assault upon the
enemy's position. Corporal Warren — for he had been
promoted to that rank — was one of the volunteers for
•the service. The colonel, and, in fact, every commis-
sioned officer in the "forlorn hope," so-called, was killed,
and about three-fourths of the men were either killed
or wounded. In the assault Corporal Warren waa
knocked down, the fascine he carried being struck by

a cannon ball, and
he lay for some
hours unconscious
upon the battle field.
Congress, later, rec-
ognized the bravery
of those who partici-
pated in this affair,
awarding to the sur-
vivors medals of
honor.

After the close
of the Civil War
Corporal Warren re-
turned to Massachu-
setts, where he re-
mained until 1868
in charge of a large
farming and stock-
raising establish-
ment. Then he went
west and worked for
a short time as fore-
man in charge of
construction work on
the line of the Chi-
cago, Rock Island &
Pacific railway in
Iowa; and in June,
1868, he reached
Cheyenne, where he
has since resided.
During his residence
in Cheyenne he has
been engaged contin-
uously in mercantile
and live stock busi-
ness. In 1871 he be-
came a member of
the mercantile firm
of Converse & War-
ren. Later he pur-
chased his partner's
interest, and continued the business as F. E. Warren
& Co., this firm several years later being organized
into a corporation termed the F. E. Warren Mercantile
Company, of which Mr. Warren is now president.

He was a member of the territorial council,
serving as president; was treasurer of the territory of
Wyoming six years; and was territorial governor from
March, 1885, to December, 1886, and from March. 1899,
until the admission of Wyoming to statehood, in 1890,
when he was elected first governor of the State. He
was elected to the United States Senate November 18,
1890, serving until the expiration of that term, March
3, 1893, was re-elected January 23, 1895, and again
re-elected January 22, 1901. His term of service will
expire March 3, 1907.

202

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE SIDON CANAL— WYOMING.

CLARENCE T. JOHNSTON,
State Engineer.

As illustrative of the value of the Carey Act the
Sidon canal in Big Horn County, Wyo., is the model
as far as this State is concerned. Under no other na-
tional statute can a company, association or individual
safely proceed with expensive canal construction. It
is often asked why not operate under the provisions
of the Desert Land "Act ? The reply is readily furnished
by those who have undertaken the building of canals
for the irrigation of lands obtained by others who have
no financial interest in the undertaking. If it were
possible to compel all filings on the tract to be irri-
gated to be under the Desert Act and require the en-
trymen to show that they have an interest in the irri-
gation works projected before title passes, the problem
would be simple. The Government, however, never

OUTLINE VIEW OF SIDON CANAL, WYOMING.

deals with those who are trying to develop any par-
ticular section, but with the individual entryman. He
may take up land under the Desert Land Act, the Home-
stead Act or the Timber and Stone Act. To prove up
on his desert claim he may plow a few furrows from
the stream, and as there is but little possibility of an
inspection by the Government, he generally feels that
he is safe in making the necessary final affidavits rela-
tive to reclamation.

In many sections of the West as soon as surveyors
appear on a tract of land entry men begin to flock in
and before the irrigation system is completed the land
is all taken up. Probably not a single entryman desires
to cultivate his land, but hopes to dispose of it at a
profit, knowing that the construction of the canals great-
ly enhances values. Those who have invested their
money are in a condition comparable to that of a rail-
road company that completes its lines only to find
that there is no passenger or freight traffic. The people
of the West have long understood this difficulty and
the Carey Act was passed as a remedy. It is a rem-
edy, but its operation has been difficult owing to the
intricate working of the law as prescribed by the In-

terior Department. Before an application for segre-
gation can be approved by the Secretary of the In-
terior, maps, field notes, land lists, affidavits of aridity,
records of water supply and .all kinds of miscellaneous

S'DO.V CANAL, WYOMING. VIEW 1, HEADGATE.

information has to be brought before him. Sometimes
a clerk forgets about an application and holds it for
three or four years. Projects have failed owing to this
delay. The money is secured and the parties inter-
ested are ready for work, but the segregation is delayed,
and those desiring to invest become discouraged. The
provisions of the law are fairly well understood, but
, the rulings of the Interior Department will probably
~*~ never be. The law requires certain information to be
laid-before the Secretary of the 'Interior. When the
ipproval of the authorities at Washington is secured the
lands are conditionally ceded to the State. The irri-
gation company is protected by the refusal of the State
to allow anyone to settle or gain a title to the lands
until they show that they possess an interest in the
irrigation works. The State also fixes the maximum
rate per acre at which this interest in the irrigation

SIDON CANAL, WYOMING. VIEW 2, ROCK WORK.

works is sold. The lands themselves are sold to the
settler at fifty cents per acre. The cost of the irriga-
tion works runs from $10.00 to $30.00 per acre, depend-
ing upon the difficulties encountered in construction.
One of the great values of the Carey Act is that it

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

203

enables an association of farmers to secure irrigable
lands in tracts of not more than 160 acres to each en-
tryman, for fifty cents per acre and the actual cost
of building the irrigation works, providing this is done
by those intending to settle the tract covered by the

THE SIDON CANAL, WYOMING. VIEW 3, LOOKING UPSTREAM,
TWO AND A HALF MILES BELOW HEADGATE.

canal line. This feature alone is sufficient argument
for maintaining the act in force.

The Sidon canal is located fifteen miles from the
northern boundary of Wyoming and seventy-five miles
due east of the Yellowstone Park. It is supplied from
the Shoshone River, a stream nearly as large as the
North Platte River at flood, and furnishing more water
than the Platte during the summer season. The canal
was undertaken in 1901 by a colony of Mormons, who,
coming from Utah, were acquainted with some of the
best canal systems in the West. They entered the Sho-
shone valley supplied only with their wagons, domestic

A considerable portion of the line was finished by 1902
and some land was irrigated that season. By the sum-
mer of 1903 much more had been accomplished. Two
enterprising towns had sprung up on the sage brusX
plains and these were surrounded by green fields of
alfalfa, oats and other crops.

The entire tract is located on the north side of
Shoshone River. The canal is twenty-five feet wide
on top, fifteen feet wide on the bottom and five feet
deep at the headgate. Its grade is two feet per mile.
The area of the lands included in the application for
segregation is 20,000 acres. The canal is now thirty
miles long and is said to have cost about $100,000.
Flumes have not been employed except where they have
been absolutely necessary. Wherever possible dams have
been thrown across ravines and wastegates have been
put in the bank of the canal to carry off such flood
water as might otherwise injure the work. Some three
miles below the headgate the canal skirts the base of
a sandstone cliff where it was necessary to build up
the lower bank by washing sand and such other mate-

SIDON CANAL, WYOMING. VIEW 4, TUNNEL.

animals, household furniture and, instead of money,
they possessed energy and courage. At about the same
time the Burlington railroad began a spur running
from Tuluca Junction in Montana to Cody along the
Shohone above the proposed Sidon canal. The people
secured contracts on this work and earned enough in,
this way to complete the canal by the spring of 1903.

SIDON CANAL, WYOMING. VIEW UPSTREAM FROM POINT
ONE-HALF MILE BELOW HEADGATE.

rial as could be obtained a few hundred feet further up
the canal. Water was turned in the canal for this
purpose and the banks at this section are apparently
as safe and satisfactory as could be desired. Where the
canal first touches the irrigable bench lands a cut
through cobble stones was necessary and this proved
to be one of the most serious obstacles with which the
people had to contend. Further on a tunnel 900 feet
long carries the water through a standstone ridge, and
before Sage Creek is reached considerable rock was
encountered. The map and photographs illustrate some
of the features of the canal.

The lands were formerly covered by a salt sage.
During 1903 much of the area was not plowed before
crops were planted. A disc harrow was employed and
the grain sowed broadcast and harrowed in. Fields of
from fifty to seventy-five bushels of oats per acre were
reported during the fall. Garden products thrive in
an astonishing manner. It is only a question of a few
years when beet sugar factories will flourish along the
Shoshone. The great Government project lies imme-
diately to the west. This promises to reclaim over 100.-
000 acres of land which lies in one body.

The results accomplished under the Sidon canal

204

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

indicate what can be done by co-operation under the
provisions of the Carey Act. If there is a tetter way for
the Government to dispose of its desert lands the pro-
cedure has yet to be defined by law. The Carey Act
is limited and its operation is temporary. There is no
reason why this should be so. Congress ceded 1.000,000

IRRIGATION EXPERIMENTS IN ARIZONA.

Investigations Covering a Period of Four Years at the Experiment
Station Farm at Tucson.

SIDON CANAL, WYOMING. VIEW LOOKING UPSTREAM, ONE-
HALF MILE BELOW HEADGATE.

acres to each arid State under certain conditions and
then restricted the time in which canals and other irri-
gation works might be constructed. There is a ques-
tion as to whether the act does not expire as far as
new projects are concerned on the 16th of next August.
It is difficult to understand the reason for curtailing
the development that might be possible under this law
by these restrictions. But few companies and fewer
individuals care to undertake the construction of expen-
sive works when the time for complete irrigation and
reclamation is fixed at a date that makes the accom-
plishment of the task almost impossible. The lands
not reclaimed at the expiration of this time revert to
the Government and the investor is the loser. This is
by far the law best adapted to the needs of the arid
region. It is the one that is liable to fail first. The
Desert Land Act is next in value and it has been threat-
ened for the past four years. If both should be re-
pealed or become inoperative, practically no great devel-
opment can take place under private enterprise.

Raymond F. Walter, of the U. S. Geological Survey,
expects to establish six stations in the western part of
South Dakota for the purpose of determining the
amount of water available for irrigation purposes. One
of these will be on the Belle Pourche river, on, Redwater
creek, one on Spearfish creek, one on the Cheyenne
river, near Edgmont, and two others, the location of
which has not been decided upon. After ascertaining
the amount of water available for irrigating, which
would include the rainfall, Mr. Walter will turn his
attention to the location of natural reservoir sites,
some twelve or fifteen of which have been petitioned
for by residents of the region. He will determine
whether or not they are practicable for conserving the
flood water for irrigation purposes, with particular at-
tention to the expanse of tillable land tributary, onto
which water may be carried by ditches from the pro-
posed reservoirs.

BY PROF. ALFRED J. M CLATCHIE,

Agriculturist and Horticulturist of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station.

[CONTINUED.]
METHOD OP MEASURING WATER.

For measuring flowing water two different units
of measurment are in use : the miner's inch and the sec-
ond-foot. The miner's inch is supposed to be the
amount of water flowing through an opening an inch
square, under certain conditions. In most regions
where the unit is used, the opening is supposed to be
so placed that there will be a certain depth of water
above it, causing some pressure. The required depth
of water above the aperture varies in different regions
from four to six inches, while in some localities the
aperture is not required to be below the surface of the
water from which the stream is flowing. There being
a lack of uniformity in the conditions under which,
a miner's inch is measured, the amount of water ex-
pressed by the term is plainly not a definite quantity.
Moreover, without a complicated device, it is imprac-
ticable to control the depth of water above the open-
ing; and consequently a miner's inch of water could
not be easily accurately measured out, even if the re-
quired conditions were the same in all localities.

The second-foot is a much more convenient unit
of measurement, and is the one that is becoming gen-
erally adopted for the measurement of irrigating water.
A second-foot is the flow of a cubic foot of water dur-
ing each second of time. Thus, a second-foot flow of
water for one minute would equal just sixty cubic feet,
a second-foot flow for an hour just 3,600 cubic feet
of water, and so on. Since the second-foot is always
a definite flow of water, a second-foot flow for any defi-
nite period will equal a definite number of cubic feet
of water. It thus becomes easy to compute how much
irrigating water will flow upon a given piece of land
in a given time. Since there are 43,560 square feet
in an acre of land, it will take 43,560 seconds, or 12.1
hours, for a second-foot flow to cover an acre with water
to the depth of a foot. Enough water to cover an acre
a foot deep is termed an acre-foot. The flow of one
second-foot for 12.1 hours, or of one-half a second-
foot for 24.2 hours (twenty-four hours and twelve min-
utes) therefore equals an acre-foot. A second-foot flow
for twenty-four hours so nearly equals two acre-feet
(enough water to cover one acre two feet deep, or two
acres one foot deep) that in making computations on
farms it may be considered as equaling that amount,
without the error being great enough to cause the arrival
at serious misleading conclusions; and in most cases
the error would not be greater than the errors likely
to occur in making the measurements of the stream from
which the computations were made. In this region
an "inch" is now considered to be one-fortieth of a
second-foot, the latter thus equaling forty local "inches."
In making computations, a second-foot and forty "inch-
es" may be used interchangeably, therefor.

To ascertain the number of second-feet flowing in
a ditch or other channel, it is necessary to determine
the size of the stream (the area of its cross-section)
and its velocity. The area of the cross-section (the

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

205

product of the depth in feet and the width of the
stream in feet) multiplied by the velocity in feet per
second will equal the number of second-feet. For ex-
ample, if the area of the cross-section of the stream
be two square feet, and the velocity one foot per second,
the flow of the stream would be two second-feet; or,
if the area were the same and the velocity three feet
per second, the flow would be six second-feet.

In ditches with earthen (and consequently more or
less irregular) walls the area of the cross-section is ob-
tained by multiplying the average depth by the average
width. The placing of a flume in a ditch or other chan-
nel makes the shape of the stream flowing through it
regular in that part of it, and thus furnishes a more
convenient place for ascertaining the area of the cross-
section. If the flume be made a certain width — as two
feet, four feet, or eight feet — only the depth of the
water need be ascertained in making computations.

The velocity of a stream is ascertained with more
difficulty than is the size of it. By means of a float the
velocity of the surface may be ascertained quite accu-
rately, and from this the velocity of the stream as a
whole estimated. For example, if a float be 40 seconds in
passing between two points 100 feet apart, the surface
velocity would be 2y^ feet per second. But the surface
of a stream moves faster than the parts of it that come
in contact with the bottom and sides ; hence the velocity
of the whole stream is less than that of the surface, —
how much less depending upon the nature of its walls.
For obtaining the approximate flow of a stream, the
velocity of the stream may be considered as .8 of the
surface velocity. Thus, if the surface velocity be 2^
feet per second, the velocity of the stream as a whole
may be considered as 2 feet per second.

A more accurate means of obtaining the velocity of
a stream is furnished by the instrument known as the
current meter. By its use the velocity of all parts of a
stream may be quite accurately ascertained, and from
these data the velocity of the stream as a whole cal-
culated.

The necessity of obtaining the ve!6city of a stream
to be measured may be obviated by causing the water to
flow over a weir placed in the channel. By this arrange-
ment only the width and depth of the stream need be
considered. But a measuring weir can be used only
where there is considerable fall in the bed of the stream
to be measured, most of the ditches in the Salt Eiver
valley having too little fall for this purpose. The Cip-
poletti weir is the one now generally used where condi-
tions are favorable.

The following is the most practicable simple
method of water measurement in this region : Place in
a straight part of the stream a plain flume eight to six-
teen feet long, and of a definite width. Then ascertain
by a float or a current meter, what the velocity is when
the water flows at each of various depths, in the flume.
By checking the water some distance back of the flume,
and letting pass through definite varying amounts, it
can be thus caused to flow through the flume to the
depth of one inch, one and one-half inches, two inches,
and so on, successively. By ascertaining and recording
the velocity of the stream as it flows through at vari-
ous depths, the flow of the stream at these depths can be
tabulated and kept for future reference. If the banks of
the ditch above and below the measuring flume be kept
in the same condition as when the guaging of the fhime

was done, the flow may be ascertained at any time by
noting the depth of the water and referring to the table
prepared. The measurement of the depth of the water
should be made midway between the two ends of the
flume, which should be placed and maintained in a hori-
zontal position in both directions. For convenience, a
thin- ruled measure may be tacked to one side of the
flume.

AMOUNT OF WATER USED UPON FARM.

A beginning was made during 1900 in keeping a
record of the amount of water used upon the farm and
of that applied during the development of individual
crops. Unfortunately, the farm is not so situated that
the measurement and division of the water that flows
upon it is an easy task. The fall of the ditch leading to
the farm and of the ditches upon the farm is too slight to
make the use of Cippoletti weirs possible. Hence it has
been necessary to measure the water in flumes placed at
the same level as the bottom of the ditches. The tri-
angular shape of the farm has increased the difficulties.
However, it is believed that a fairly accurate record has
been kept, and that a close approximate to the water
actually applied has been obtained. As the work of
recording the water has progressed during the two years,
experience has made it possible to make more accurate
measurements and keep more accurate records.

A record of the depth and the duration of each
"run" of the water flowing through the ditch that sup-
plies the twenty-eight acres of the station farm involved
in this report, and a few small farms lying below it, is
made by a water-register situated at one side of a
gauged box placed in the ditch at the upper margin of
the farm. A Y-shaped division box a short distance
below the register separates the portion to which the sta-
tion farm is entitled from that which is to flow on
through the farms below. The station contracts with
the water company for the delivery of 33 1-3 inches
(the amount of its so-called water right) from the
Grand Canal, and a varying number of inches from the
Maricopa Canal. The farmers below contract for the
delivery of forty to sixty inches of Grand Canal water
and twenty to thirty inches of Maricopa water. Thus,
when water was flowing from the Grand Canal, and
forty inches had been contracted for by the farmers be-
low, the station was entitled to thirty-three and one-
third, seventy-three and one-third, or five-elevenths, of
the total amount flowing in the ditch ; and when water
was flowing from the Maricopa Canal, the station was
entitled to another definite fractional part of the total
amount. These fractional portions of the amount that,
according to the water-register, passed through the
ditch are taken as the amounts used upon the twenty-
eight acres of the station farm during the different
"runs." It is to be understood that after contracting
with the water company, which under our existing sys-
tem has entire control of the distribution of the water
to users, the station has no voice as to the amount of
water that shall pass through the ditch leading to the
farm, its only prerogative in the matter being to prop-
erly separate its portion from the remainder of the ditch
content.

The amount of water used upon the twenty-eight
acres of the station farm supplied with water from the
ditch mentioned above, during each month of the period
during which a record was kept, is as follows :

206

THE IREIGATION AGE.

TABLE IV. — IRRIGATING WATER RECEIVED AT FARM.

Amount received Amount received Total

from from amount

1900. Grand canal. Maricopa canal. Received.

Acre feet. Acre feet. Acre feet.

June 3.15

July 2.80

August ., 11.85

September 6.10

October 5.40

November 3 . 20

December 4.35

Total 37.85

1901.

January 12'. 50

February 13.20

March 13.10

April 10.20

May 8.05

June 3.85

July 6.45

August 7 . 65

September 3.00

October 4.50

November 3 . 55

December 3.20

6.10
6.25
6.75
8.15
2.90
6.1(1
4.05

38.30

5.10
9.80
8.90
10.00
5.55
4.45
2.50
9.95
3.40
3.66
2.60
3.30

9.25

10.05

18.60

14.25

8.30

9.30

8.40

76.15

17.60

23.00

22.00

20.20

13.60

8.30

8.95

17.60

6.40

8.10

6.15

6.50

Total

89. 25 a. ft. 69. 15 a. ft. 158.40 a.ft.

A comparison of the above amounts of water re-
ceived from month to month at the farm with the rain-
fall record and the river flow during the period will
show that there is a more or less close relationship be-
tween the three. In the main the flow of water in the
ditch fluctuated with the flow of the river, as modified
by the storms in its watershed. No rain falling during
December, 1900, the amount of water available for irri-
gation was unusually small. The rains of January,
1901, increased the flow of the river and of the amount
of water in the canals. During February, owing to
heavy rains in the watershed of the river, the maximum
amount that the canals and irrigating ditches would
carry was distributed to the farmers. The amount re-
ceived at and used upon the farm during that month
was, according to the water register, 23.0 acre feet, suf-
ficient to cover the entire twenty-eight acres with water
.82 feet, or nearly ten inches deep. A large part of
this was used upon the orchards, which were irrigated
heavily during the winter. During the succeeding two
months, owing to the melting of snow in the mountain?
and to light rains, the amount delivered at the farm
continued high, the amount received during the first
four months of the calendar year 1901 being over one-
half of the total amount received during the year. Dur-
ing May, June and the most of July, 1901, the amount
received gradually decreased. The rains of the latter
part of July and of August increased the flow in the
canals, the amount received during the latter month
equally that of January. During the remainder of the
year, with the exception of a brief period following the
October rain, the flow remained low. The times of the
year when the small amount received affected field oper-
ations most was during the latter part of May, during
June, July, and again during September and October.
The weather being warm and dry during these months,
an increased rather than a diminished supply of irri-
gating was needed, emphasizing the importance of hav-
ing stored for summer use the water that flowed down
the river to the ocean during winter.

The total amount received at the station farm was
only a small portion of that contracted for with the
canal company. Experience having shown that only a

amall proportion of the amount contracted for is de-
livered, farmers have adopted the custom of contracting
for and paying for the delivery of much more than they
could possibly use, if the amount contracted for were
actually delivered to them. The times of making these
contracts with the canal company is September 15 and
May 15. It being especially important that operations
at the station farm be not interrupted by a shortage of
irrigating water, the aim has been to contract for enough
to as nearly meet the requirements as practicable.
Hence, during September, 1900, the delivery of forty-
three and one-third inches, or a little over one second
foot, was paid for by the station in advance at $2.25 per
inch, a total of $97.50 for the twenty-eight acres, or
$3.48 per acre. The payment of $53.35 for so-called
water-rights makes a total of $4.67 per acre per year
for the irrigating water used. The total amount re-
ceived from September, 1900, to August, 1901, inclu-
sive, equalled an average of 14.25 acres feet per month,
or a continuous flow of approximately 9.6 inches, in-
stead of the forty-three and one-third inches contracted
for. Even during February, 1901, the month of great-
est flow, when all canals and ditches were carrying the
maximum quantity that their capacity enabled them to
carry, only an equivalent of fifteen and one-third inches
continuous flow was received at the farm, indicating
that it would not have been possible under any circum-
stances to have delivered to all consumers the water for
the delivery of which each had contracted and paid,
through the canals the company were operating.

The total amount used upon the station farm
equalled an average of 6.0 acre feet per acre for the
year. This amount is somewhat larger than would be
necessary to produce the same yields during an average
year, as the weather conditions of the period were some-
what trying. It is also to be understood that upon sev-
eral fields, two crops were grown during -the year, in
one field melons and corn following potatoes, and in
another corn following melons. Furthermore, to part
of the orchard more water than was essential was ap-
plied during the winter when the supply was in excess
of the immediate demands of the growing crops. The
fluctuation of the water supply causes a much smaller
crop return than would be obtained from the same an-
nual amount delivered as needed during the year. Or,
to state it another way, the same results as those ob-
tained during the year might have been obtained with a
considerably smaller water supply, had it been delivered
as the crops needed it. Six of the twenty-eight acres
lay idle from May to November because of the water
supply being insufficient during these months to culti-
vate all the farm ; and the yield of several crops would
have been greater, had it been always possible to apply
water at the most advantageous time.
(CONTINUED.)

$2.00 will pay for the Irrigation Age for
one year and a Copy of the Primer of
Irrigation, 300 -page, finely illustrated,
cloth bound book on Irrigation.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

207

DRAINAGE OF FARM LANDS.

Results of Careful and Extended Investigations by the Gov-
ernment for the Benefit of the Farmers.

BY <j. G. ELLIOTT,
Expert in Drainage and Irrigation, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

From Farmers' Bulletin No. 187, Courtesy U. S. Department of
Agriculture.

in making them, every particle should be completely
burned. Such a tile is then almost indestructible in
earth and water. Where exposed to long-continued
freezing and thawing, as at the outfalls, the best vitri-
fied pipe should" be used. After one has become fa-
miliar with the ware of a particular factory, properly
burned tiles may be readily distinguished by their color
and by their ring when struck with a piece of steel.
Good clay may usually be semivitrified if skill is used
in burning. Porosity of the finished ware is not impor-
tant, since the quantity of water that will pass through
the walls of well-burned tile is practically nothing. All
water enters at the joints. Vitrification, although not
essential, is always a desirable quality in drain tiles.

DEPTH AND DISTANCE APART OF DRAINS.

To secure efficient drainage the individual lines

(CONTINUED.)
UNDERDRAINAGE.

The history of drainage shows that a great variety
of methods and materials have been employed in the
work, many of them effective and all of them aiding to
demonstrate its usefulness in agriculture.

USE OF TILES.

The use of drain tiles for this pur- . — i=<

pose, introduced in England about the „ \ 4^-f-"-- -

year 1810, has increased to such an ex-
tent and the art of using them - has
been so perfected that the tile-drain is
now regarded as the best type of un-
derdrain. Well-burned clay pipes of
circular form, one or two feet long,
are laid through the soil in a continu-
ous line upon such a grade that any
water which .finds its way into them
will be carried by gravity to some
lower point, thus conveying the sur-
plus away. The water enters the line
of tiles through openings left between
the ends, or "joints," as they are com-
monly- called. The ends of the tiles
should be placed close together in or-
der to prevent the soil from entering,
yet not so close as to prevent the en-
trance of water. The action of the
tile-drain in removing the surplus
water from the soil is as follows:

The drain being surrounded by
soil the spaces of which are filled with
water, the water in the soil flows by
gravity through the crevices between
the ends of the tiles, thus entering the
drain, and passes off more or less rap-
idly, according to the grade upon
which the line is laid. Other water of
the soil takes the place of that re-
moved, the water of saturation gradu-
ally passing from the surface down-
ward, the soil near the level of the
drain being the last to be relieved.
The water moves downward and lat-
erally toward the drain, and the lateral
distance to which the drain will relieve
the soil of water is governed by the re-
sistance which the soil particles offer
to the flow of water among them. This
process does not leave the soil without
moisture, but only removes the sur-
plus. It does not, however, remove it
from points below the level of the drain.

KINDS OF TILES.

The tiles used should be round in form, straight,
and above all well burned. They need not be vitrified
in order to be lasting, but whatever kind of clay is used

Fig. 9. — Map showing the drainage of 480 acres of land in Iroquois County, 111., on which
69,700 feet of drain tile were laid three and four feet deep.

should be placed sufficiently near to each other for the
effect of one line to reach that of another on either side
so as to bring all the soil within the active range of the
drains. The distance apart will depend upon the close-
ness of the soil, or, in other words, upon its retentive
character. Soils are spoken of as "open" or "close"

208

THE IERIGATION AGE.

with respect to their drainage properties, all variations
in each class being recognized and requiring drainage
treatment according to their several characteristics. It
follows that in practice drains are placed from 30 to 300
feet apart and from 1% to 4% feet deep. These vari-
ous conditions can not be described in sufficient detail
to give a clear understanding of the requirements of
each soil. In case of doubt regarding the proper dis-
tance apart for drains, they may be so placed that in
case more perfect drainage is required a line may be
laid midway between the lines. In general, close soils
which consist largely of clay should have drains from
40 to 75 feet apart, and open soils from 80 to 300 feet
apart. In the first instance, which is the more frequent
system, tiles %y2 to 3y2 inches in diameter may be used
for laterals, and for the greater distance those 3y% to 5
inches in diameter should be used. It may also be said
that one line of 5-inch or 6-inch tile may sometimes be
used in such a way as to afford good drainage to an
entire field.

Depth of drafns is also a variable distance, depend-
ing upon the same soil characteristics. In some cases
drains have been laid four feet deep with indifferent
results, while drains two and one-half feet deep on the
same land have been attended with gratifying results.
In general three feet is a proper depth for average soils,
yet a depth of two or two and one-half feet produces
better results in some soils. Drains should be placed
as deep as they will receive the water readily, with four
feet the limit in .clay and alluvial soils. Aeration of
the soil is one office of the underdrain, and of great
benefit to very close soils. In treating such soils it has
been found beneficial to provide surface vents to the
drains for the purpose of inducing a more rapid circula-
tion of air through the drains and soil. In this way
some refractory soils have been drained and greatly
improved in texture. Shallow drains in such cases serve
the purpose better than deep ones.

LOCATION OF DRAINS.

To begin with, there must be an outlet suitable
for the system of underdrains which it is proposed to
construct. A field or farm may sometimes be thor-
oughly drained by simply laying tiles in those parts
which are uniformly too wet for profitable cultivation.
This is on the theory that the other parts have sufficient
natural drainage. In such cases main lines should be
located in the course of natural surface flow, with due
regard also to straight courses. Branch lines should
follow the same general law. This does not mean that
the curves and crooks which are always found in nat-
ural depressions should be followed; straight courses
joined by curves should mark the lines for drains.

Land which requires drainage always lies in nat-
ural areas of greater or less size, each having one point
to which all the drainage must finally come. These
general areas are again divided into subareas, each
having its outlet within the limits of the general area.
The boundaries of these areas should first be determined
and the plans so made that when the drainage is com-
pleted the entire tract will have been provided for. A
failure to do this is a fruitful source of disappointment
in drainage work. The main drain should be located
in the natural depression, with subdrains at such points
aS will furnish outlets for the tributary section. These
are the arteries, as it were, of the whole system. This
work may be carried out in two different ways. The
first is to locate branch lines so as to reach those parts
of the tract which are particularly in need of drainage.

such as ponds, swales, sags, etc., without special regard
to systematic work. This is called random field drain-
age. The second is to supplement the primary network
by constructing laterals parallel to each other and at
equal distances apart, according to the requirements of
the particular soil, on the theory that every part of the
field requires equal drainage.

Fig. 9 shows the plan used in draining a tract of
480 acres in Iroquois County, 111., which is generally
level, but was, before drainage, diversified to some ex-
tent by ponds which contained water during six months
of the year. The grades upon which the drains were
laid were in some cases one-half inch to 100 feet, vary-
ing from this to two inches to 100 feet. The object of
drainage was to fit the land at a minimum of expense
for the production of hay and grains of various kinds,
it should be observed that the drains were staked out in
a systematic manner. As shown on the plan (Fig. 9),
each line is designated by some name by which it is
distinguished from others. Its length, as, well as its
junction with other lines, is indicated by the number of
feet or the station number from the outlet point in each
case. This plan also illustrates various methods of loca-
tion and arrangement of drains ordinarily required.
The drains of this tract have been in successful opera-
tion for fourteen years and are admirably adapted to
the purpose for which they were constructed. There
have been no repairs or stoppages of any .kind during
that time. The land is an open black soil with joint
clay subsoil which drains quite readily. The final out-
lets, as shown, are open ditches leading to the larger
water course.

The most economical system for thorough drainage
is that of parallel lines of a good length. This will be
readily acknowledged when it is seen that, wherever one
drain joins another, the soil in the vicinity of the junc-
tion has two drains acting upon it instead of one ; in
other words, it is doubly drained. In such soils laterals
should be laid up and down the slope and not across it
as advocated by many. It would doubtless seem in-
credible to those who find it necessary to place drains
only forty feet apart that other soils may be drained
as thoroughly with parallel lines 100 feet or even 200
feet apart. In the latter case, however, the laterals
should be not less than four or five inches in diameter.

While, as a general rule, drains should be laid up
and down the slope, there are special cases where the
other plan is more effective and will accomplish the de-
sired end at less cost. A case of this kind is illustrated
in Fig. 10, which shows a pond surrounded by lands
with steep slopes. The subsoil of the sloping land is
open and porous, absorbing the rainfall readily and per-
mitting water to flow through to the base of the slope,
where, being checked, it accumulates and forms a bor-
der of wet ground around _„
the outer edge of the pond.
The line located through
the center of the pond does
not affect this wet strip,
since the soil at the outer
edge of the pond is less
pervious to water than the
soil of the hillside. By rea-
son of this resistance and
the continual head of water
supplied by the hill, the
base is kept saturated. An
intercepting drain laid near
the base, as shown in the illustration (Fig. 10), is the

•

Fig. 10. — Intercepting Drain.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

209

most effective way of treating such cases. There are
also long level sloughs having steep side slopes which
furnish a constant supply of water by seepage at the
base of the slope. Drains at the upper edge of the
saturated strip will intercept the seepage water before
it is forced to the surface by the pressure of the water
above.

SURVEYS AND GRADES.

Whatever may be said to the contrary, it remains
a fact that in order to get the best results in a system
of drainage the work should be laid out with a leveling
instrument and executed in accordance with the survey
made. No one can be relied upon to guess a grade
correctly, nor can any one arrange a system of grades
with economy and at the same time get the best pos-
sible work out of the system without first knowing the
facts as determined by the level in the hands of one
who is able to use it. The drainage engineer can stake
out the lines, adjust the grades, and put the work in
such shape that it can be executed with precision, either
by contract or day labor. The results of the work can
be predicted with reasonable certainty before a ditch is
opened. The drainage engineer, with the aid of the
farmer who is familiar with the soil, can plan and lay
•out the work to far greater advantage than the inex-
perienced man. The farmer or superintendent can then
give his attention to the execution of the work and in-
sist on having it done according to the plans and sur-
veys without the misgiving that it may be entirely
wrong. Where there are large tracts of level land, or of
land so nearly level that it can be drained successfully
•only by the most accurate work with instruments, the
services of an engineer are indispensable. Where the
land is somewhat rolling, the farmer may be able to
.adjust the grades himself.

The slight grades upon which lines of tiles may be
laid with satisfactory results are a surprise to many;
indeed, they were regarded as entirely impracticable
until the experience of recent years proved the con-
trary. Lines of drain tiles laid on a grade as low as
one-half inch per 100 feet in firm soils will operate suc-
cessfully, provided the lines are not too long, while
•drains laid on grades of one to two inches per 100 feet
may be counted by the hundreds of miles, and their suc-
cessful operation is attested by thousands of acres of
cultivated lands. It is not difficult to impress upon the
jmind of anyone who will give the matter attention the
fact that such work must he laid out with accuracy and
executed with thoroughness and skill. It should lie ob-
served in this connection that the fact of a drain hav-
ing a good grade should not be made an excuse for
•careless and inaccurate work, though it is conceded that
the consequences would be less serious -than where the
grade is necessarily light. Where a grade can he ad-
justed as may be desired, three inches per 100 feet or
one-half inch to the rod is regarded as ample for tile
drains. The increase of the size of the drain as the
#rade is diminished is a principle that should be kept
in mind in laying out work, since grades must be largely
controlled by the natural slope of the land.

It is not intended here to convey the idea that
drains can not be laid by guess by observing the flow of
water or by the hand level, nor that apparently good
work has not been done in this way; but numberless
mistakes, involving great waste of labor, and failures in
the attainment of the best results from the work, em-
puhasize the wisdom of securing the best possible pre-
liminary plans as well as their intelligent execution.

SIZE OF TILES TO BE USED.

. The proper size of tiles to be used in the con-
struction of drains is a matter upon which there is
great difference of opinion, and accordingly of practice.
It is doubtful if there is any part of the work requir-
ing more careful consideration than this. Much differ-
ence of opinion on this subject arises from the fact that
various soils respond differently to drainage work.

There are several questions to be considered in de-
termining the size of tiles that should be used, espe-
cially for mains to a drainage system :

(1) What depth of water per acre will it be neces-
sary to remove from the land in a given time, say
twenty-four hours, in order to secure the desired condi-
tion of the soil?

(2) How rapidly will the water be brought to the
main drains i

(3) What surface drainage does the tract have
that will be available for carrying unusual rains?

(4) What is the nature of the soil as regards its
drainage properties — that is, is it open or retentive ?

(5) What are the grades upon which the drains
must be laid?

As to the first question, it may be answered that
there are times during the growing season when the
entire ordinary rainfall will be taken up by the soil.
At other times, when the rains are frequent and heavy
and the soil becomes filled with water, it may be neces-
sary to remove a large part of what falls in twenty-four
hours. There are times when the rainfall is so heavy
that the water can not pass through the soil fast
enough, even if the drains are sufficiently large to carry
it off, but a part must run off the surface, by its vari-
ous depressions and channels, and these it is always
wise to provide.

The total rainfall varies in the different States
and sections quite materially. Drainage, however, has
to deal with the extremes of rainfall rather than with
the mean, when the size and efficiency of drains are con-
sidered, although it is generally true that the sections
having the larger arinual rainfall are subject to heavier
storms. There are so many unforeseen conditions to be
met with that to treat the problems in an analytical
way in this connection will not contribute to any clearer
understanding of the best practice now followed.
Laboratory experiments made for determining the rela-
tion of rainfall to drainage are often so different from
field conditions that they aid us but little in practical
drainage problems. Deductions from the actual work-
ing of drains in lands of varied character and in dif-
ferent localities give us the most valuable data upon
this point, and these have been the guides used in the
following discussion.

If the main drains have a capacity to remove one-
half inch in depth of water from the entire tract in
twenty-four hours, they afford what may be regarded
as good farm drainage, for, as ascertained_ by observa-
'tion, even one-fourth or one-third inch in that time is
the limit of capacity of many drainage systems in well-
improved alluvial soils. The soil is a great reservoir
and will hold from 25 to 40 per cent of its volume of
water. In localities where no advantage can be taken
of the surface flow for relief in times of heavy rain-
fall, mains may be used large enough to carry off one
inch of water in twenty-four hours. Ordinarily for
lateral drains no smaller than three-inch tile should be
used.

(TO BE CONTINUED.)

210

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

COPYRIGHTED. 1903, BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE SCIENCE AND ABT OF IEBIGATION.

The main object of irrigation should always be
borne in mind; that is: nature having withheld from
plants the moisture necessary to their growth, it be-
comes necessary to supply the omission. When that
object has been attained, the work of the irrigator ends,
and to continue farther would be detrimental to the
soil, and injurious to plants instead of beneficial.

Given a certain tract of land, and a water supply,
the question which confronts the irrigation farmer is :
How shall the water be applied to the best advantage?
It must occur to him that there can not be one fixed,
rigid system of applying water to the soil, for he can
perceive by looking about him that there are widely dif-
ferent varieties of plants, and opposite conditions of
soil which preclude a uniform system of irrigation.

Scientific writers, and practical men, those who
have studied the subject from the earliest ages, and in
every country, have suggested more than a dozen dif-
ferent systems, but practical irrigators of modern times,
men who have acquired experience by practical experi-
ments, some of them costly, in our sixteen arid and
sub-humid States, have settled upon four distinct sys-
tems of irrigation as amply sufficient for every condi-
tion of soil and climate, for economically supplying
plants and soil with life-giving moisture.

Let the reader recall what has already been said
on the subject in previous chapters, that except in the
case of aquatic plants, it is not water or rather wetness
that is essential to the perfection of plant life, but
moisture. True, it is from water that moisture is de-
rived, but when water is converted into moisture it is
no longer water, but plant food. When a man eats
meat and vegetables, he is not" eating oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, carbonic acid, and the like, he is eating, how-
ever, combinations of those chemical substances, com-
binations which he, himself, can not create by devour-
ing the chemicals themselves in an original state. To
attempt to do so would be his speedy death, notwith-
standing the theories concerning the value of dieting
on certain artificial chemical combinations known as
"health foods."

Water is poured into or upon* the soil; gravity
draws it downward; the particles of earth seize upon
what they require, and the surplus water continues to
descend until it reaches a water table, or is carried off
through drainage appliances. Then capillary action be-
gins, and the moisture ascends, and it and the nutritive
elements it has gathered from the soil is seized upon
by the roots of plants and devoured, that is absorbed,
and the plant grows and waxes perfect upon the meat
with which it is fed.

The four systems of irrigation referred to are as
follows :

First — FLOWING, or ditch irrigation, where the
water is run over the land through ditches or furrows
intersecting the land to be watered.

Second — FLOODING, where the water is made to
cover the land entirely at any desired depth, and is
either allowed to remain stagnant, or stationary, or
possesses a slight current.

Third— INFILTRATION, or seepage, in which
the water is carried to the roots of plants by means of

open ditches, or through subterranean waterways, in
which case it is termed SUB-IRRIGATION.

Fourth — ASPERSION, or sprinkling, in which
the water is applied in a shower, or as an imitation
rain. Watering with a common garden sprinkling pot,
or rubber hose, will give an idea of this system.

The first of these systems constitutes irrigation in
the strict sense of the word, wherever water is utilized
as a fertilizer of the soil, or an agent of humidity or
moisture. The latter system relates to watering small
garden plants, and flowers, and is commonly applied by
means of some sprikling apparatus suitable to the size
of the garden patch, and the quantity of water to be
applied. It is not serviceable in hot dry regions and
seasons because of rapid evaporation which makes it
less economical than the others.

The choice of these systems, excluding the last, is
subordinated to the nature of the soil, and topography,
or "lay" of the land, the species of plants and the kind
of culture, the quality and level of the water, and par-
ticularly to the disposable volume of the latter. In
fact, two principles based upon the volume, or quantity
of irrigating waters, regulate their use: The utilization
of the maximum quantity of water obtainable to irri-
gate a given surface, or an increase of the irrigable sur-
face to correspond with the maximum quantity of
water.

The first principle is applicable to the sub-humid
sections where there is a certain amount of rainfall in
the winter months with dry summers, or a "dry season,"
like the Pacific Coast States, New Mexico, Arizona, and
portions of Texas, or snow in winter as in Colorado,
Wyoming, and the other northerly States.

In these localities, the rain and snow store in the
soil a greater or less volume of water, which serves not
only to fertilize it, but to keep it in a condition which
will enable vegetation to either continue to grow .with-
out stopping, or to sprout in the early spring without
preliminary irrigation.

In the warmer regions, however, there are dry
belts, where the rainfall is so slight as to be unservice-
able to perfect a crop, and in these belts little will grow
without irrigation. To these localities may be applied
the second principle.

Between these limits, principles, or conditions, are
grouped numerous variations in plant growth, in aid
of which irrigation supplies the means of rationally
utilizing water for crop growing purposes, These vari-
ations will be taken up under the explanation of the
four systems alluded to.

FLOWING, DITCH AND FURROW IRRIGATION.

On a naked tract of inclined, or sloping land, water
follows the heaviest grade with an increasing speed or
flow. When the same tract is covered with growing
plants, the flow of water is retarded by the resistance
of the plants, until an equilibrium is established, which
requires more or less time according to the steepness of
the grade and the character of the plants, and then the
water flows with a uniform velocity, the same as if the
land were naked. When that equilibrium has been
reached, reason tells the irrigator to stop the water
supply or the surface will be cut into gullies.

When the grade is very slight, the water, being un-
able to attain sufficient velocity, is lost in the soil before
it can cover the entire tract.

In the former case, the zone of irrigation must be
narrowed, and in the second, the lateral or distributing

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

211

ditches must be brought closer together. When the sur-
face soil is undulating, or irregular, the water spreads
out unevenly, in which case the distributing laterals
must be brought still closer together, and arranged to
correspond with the irregularities to avoid gullying.

Flowing is adapted to land the slope or grade of
which is between four and two per cent per running
yard. On steeper grades, irrigation is effected more
economically by arranging a series of levels or plateaus.

On feeble grades, the quantity of water increases
by accumulation and remains longer in a stagnant con-
dition, but in general, by this system of irrigation the
water is more fully aerated and its fertilizing power
increased.

On large fields, water flowing over steep grades
being more rapid, the ditches or water furrows should
be more numerous, to enable the soil to gather from the
water whatever fertilizing material it holds in suspen-
sion.

Where the grade is very slight, drainage may be
necessary to carry off an excess of water. After culti-
vation is always necessary as soon as the soil is in a
suitable condition, from twelve to twenty-four hours
being sufficient time according to the climatic condi-
tions of heat and cold.

•In all cases of ditch and furrow irrigation, it must
be remembered that the less the number of distributing
ditches or furrows, the less the quantity of water turned
into the soil.

IRRIGATION BY FLOODING.

(Submersion.)

In the system of irrigation by flowing, whatever
method be adopted, running water over the land, or
drawing it from ditches through furrows, the best con-
ditions for utilizing water are realized, that i^ to say,
so far as movement, aeration, double use, and facility
of distribution are concerned. It is possible to avoid
direct contact of the water with plants, thus retaining
essential atmospheric influences, and also regulating
the temperature of soil and vegetation. In this latter
case, it is reasonable to suppose that even in the arid,
hot regions, the application of cold water direct from a
mountain stream, or surface well, would check vegeta-
tion, an effect which is always deleterious to all grow-
ing crops.

But there are circumstances when flooding or sub-
mersion of the soil is not only convenient but more
beneficial, inasmuch as it supplies the soil with mois-
ture to a greater depth, thus furnishing deep rooted
plants with food material. Reference to alfalfa will
make this clear.

Irrigation by flooding is simply submerging a
given tract of land, by covering it with a sheet of water
more or less deep, and allowing it to remain upon it a
certain time, to "soak" into the soil before drawing it
off to use on some other tract.

On flat or level ground, preparations for submer-
sion are simple and easy. It suffices to smooth the sur-
face by reducing knolls and filling cavities or hollows
by means of a plow, cultivator, or road scraper, and
then throwing up ridges of earth or dikes around the
edge of the tract to retain the water.

It is an essentially economical method of irriga-
tion, and is adapted to land and plants which do not
require continuous or periodical applications of water.
Its advantages are that it irrigates uniformly; utilizes
all the water applied, it being absorbed except the small

• fraction lost by evaporation. Again, it tends to enrich
the soil more than any other system by giving the vari-
ous organic and inorganic solutions suspended in the
water time to be deposited upon and carried into the
soil. Lastly, it insures the destruction of insects and
their larvae injurious to plants.

Opposed to its advantages are the following de-
fects :

The plants are submerged either totally or par-
tially, and the essential atmospheric influences sus-
pended ; the surface of the land is cut into dikes which
interfere with adequate cultivation, and the consump-
tion of water is much greater in a given time than
when the water is flowed upon the land. Exceptions
might be made to include alfalfa, sugar beets, and
heavy root crops — gross feeders — the proper flooding
of which could not be detrimental, but on the con-
trary beneficial. It is, moreover, essential in rice cul-
ture, and highly beneficial in vegetable gardens, fruit
culture and in vineyards.

NATURAL SUBMERSION.

Irrigation by flooding, though produced by arti-
ficial means, is effected by the operations of nature in
many regions of great fertility and abundant harvests.
Countries of immense extent are fertilized by periodi-
cal, or rather annual submersions without which the
soil would be absolutely barren.

Such countries are Egypt, which i* fertilized by .
the regular flooding of the river Nile; the llamas,
pampas, and steppes of South America, which are
boundless natural pastures, mafhtained by the periodi-
cal overflow of numberless streams and rivers, and
whose fertility and plant growth could not be per-
petuated by artificial irrigation through ditches, be-
cause of the absence of grade to' allow flowing. In the
zone bounded by the dikes and river bed of the Rhone,
between Avignon and the sea, in France, the lands are
submerged through their whole extent during the win-
ter months. Cereals, alfalfa, vines, fruit trees and
vegetables grow to perfection without other fertiliza-
tion and with very little cultivation. The damages
from these annual inundations, though not slight, are
regarded as of little consequence when compared with
the benefits derived from them.

Other regions might be specified if it were neces-
sary to advocate the benefits of land flooding. We
might go back into the misty ages of antiquity and
point to the wonderfully fertile regions around the
Euphrates and Tigris, and depict the glories of ancient
dynasties that reached the pinnacle of earthly great-
ness through the fertilizing of land by flooding, and
show how those powerful dynasties crumbled into dust
when the lands were no longer thus fertilized, but this
is intended to be a practical work with barely enough
sentiment to make it readable.

ARTIFICIAL FLOODING.

It is possible for man to imitate or copy nature,
even to surpass nature, for he can control his water
supply, whereas that of nature is uncontrollable to a
great extent and destructive — a combination of utility
and damage.

There are two methods of artificial flooding or
submersion of land:

If the irrigation water provided for ditch or flow-
ing is not all exhausted by that process, it is run upon
land especially prepared for submersion, and allowed
to remain upon it stagnant for a certain length of time,

213

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

longer in winter than in summer, until it is all ab-
sorbed. Or, when there is at hand a greater quantity
of water than is needed for ditch purposes, it is allowed
to flow over the tops of the dikes, in proportion as fresh
water is added, and then the water becomes flowing
water to be utilized upon a series of submergible fields.

In the first case, that of stagnant or still water
charged with mud or other fertilizing material and food
supplies, the matter is deposited upon the soil, which,
in the case of sandy soil, or light loams, fertilizes and
consolidates them into consistency.

In the second case, where the climate is frosty in
winter, plant life in the soil is protected; mud and
soluble materials are deposited in less quantities, and
the atmosphere, or oxygen in the soil is not completely
intercepted for the benefit of weeds and deleterious
plants.

LAYING OUT THE LAND.

The best arrangement of a tract of land designed
for submersion, is to divide it into sections, or basins, by
means of dikes or ridges, which may be thrown up by
the plow. Each section, fed by the ditch, retains its
water, the same being allowed to run into it laterally
until it stops, and becomes stationary or stagnant. In
this way the humidity in the soil is equalized or ren-
dered uniform-.

On large level tracts, or where the subsoti is im-
pervious, the sections or basins may be enlarged. In
that case the flow into the basins should be hastened so
that every portion of .the basin be covered simulta-
neously, otherwise the humidity would not be uniform.
The only limit to the size or extent of these basins is
the supply of water and the facilities for flowing it
upon the soil. Several openings may be made from
the distributing ditch to hasten the process, and the
length of time the water is to remain upon the soil is
gauged by its permeability. The soil should not be
saturated unless a system of drainage is provided. This
can only be determined by testing the soil after the
water has been run off or is all taken up. If sodden,
there is too much, if after a few hours it will not pack
in the hand, it is ample. If the quantity of the flow
of water justify it, a number of basins may be sub-
merged simultaneously by openings made through the
ridges or dikes.

Submersion without dividing the land into basins
causes a great loss of water. During the daytime
it is possible to regulate the flow of water, and with a
plow, furrows may be run in various directions, or a
hoe is often sufficient to direct the water uniformly
over the surface. But at night, it is not so easy to con-
trol the course of the flow, particularly on large tracts
of land. .Night irrigation of this kind is practised,
but the crop appears luxuriant in spots, v.'hich shows
lack of uniformity in the application of the water.

As to the size of these basins to be submerged, the
lay of the land and the water supply must be the guides.
There are irrigated lands with submerged basins from
the extent of a small garden patch up to a hundred-acre
tract in alfalfa.

In extensive tracts, particularly cereals, beets, etc.,
flowing and ditch irrigation would be speedier and more
economical than submersion, and in many cases more
advantageous, particularly in the case of shallow rooted
plants. Thus flowing is preferable in the case of barley,
but submersion would be beneficial in the case of peas,
the former spreading out its roots near the surface,

and the latter thrusting them down deep into the soil.
So, potatoes will not stand submersion, but beets can
scarcely be drowned out. In rice culture, as has been
said, submersion is essential.

Should the land have a slope or grade impossible to
level, care must be taken to provide a lower dike suf-
ficiently high to overcome the height at the top where
the water supply enters, for in such case, the water at
the top of the grade would barely cover the soil, but flow
over the top of the lower dike and thus become flowing
water and not stagnant or stationary.

Professor Schwerz, in his treatise on practical
agriculture, thus refers to the advantages and the
disadvantages of submersion :

"By inundating the soil it is easy to shield a
field from any unfavorable temperature (heat or cold).

"The preparations for inundation are generally
inexpensive. The food elements held in solution by
the water have ample time to be deposited upon the
soil. Insects injurious to vegetation, and which are not
destroyed by ordinary irrigation, are totally destroyed,
and the same may be said of noxious weeds in arid
soils.

"On the other hand, many serviceable plants are
drowned by prolonged inundations; herbs are rendered
less hardy to changes of temperature, and hay and for-
age plants generally are of inferior quality. Inundation
is deleterious at the flowering period of plants, though
they can be irrigated beneficially in other modes. Fin-
ally, to inundate a large field rapidly throughout its
entire extent is to consume an enormous amount of irri-
gation water."

From these considerations, the scientist draws the
conclusion that, "The choice between inundation and
ordinary irrigation must lie in favor of that ordinary
irrigation, although in turfy, tough soils, or one very
porous, inundation is more advantageous."

NEVADA'S ENTERPRISING SPIRIT.

Nevada's exhibit at the World's Fair will be full
of interest and variety. Executive Commissioner
Yerington visited St. Louis recently and accepted the
completed Nevada State building and arranged for
the installation of Nevada's collected exhibits.

In the Mines and Metallurgy Palace Mr. Yering-
ton will exhibit specimens of 118 varieties of ore. Each
specimen will be catalogued and the World's Fair vis-
itor may ascertain the full history of the specimen,
from what mine it was taken, when, its value, etc.
Features will be the Yerington nugget, a 271-pound
lump of ruby silver that was taken from the mine at
Tonopah, and specimens of natural soap from the soap
mountain at Elko.

A comprehensive agricultural and horticultural
exhibit will be made, fine specimens in all -lines hav-
ing been secured.

In the transportation exhibit will be some marvel-
ously beautiful saddles and harness. One saddle with
silver mountings valued at $1,000 will be shown.

Models of the Wadsworth irrigation canal will be
shown. This canal has been built at a cost of $1,000,-
000, and 75,000 acres of land that was arid have been
converted into fertile fields.

The state building at the World's Fair is across
the avenue from the Pennsylvania building. It is of
the bungalow type and its interior is particularly in-
viting.

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

213

BROUGHT BY THE POSTMAN.

FLORENCE, ARIZ., April 15, 1904.
EDITOR IRRIGATION AGE, CHICAGO, ILL.

Of all the fifty delegates to the Ogden Irrigation Con-
gress from Arizona, I had the distinguished honor to be the
only one who opposed the repeal of the Desert Land and
other laws from which the irrigation fund is derived. By
means of railroad passes, handled by George H. Maxwell,
an effort was made to get the endorsement of the Congress
for this unworthy proposition, which all the world now
knows is solely in the interest of the transcontinental land-
grant railroads, that their lands and lieu-land scrip may
become more valuable.

The recent expose of Maxwell by his own words in his
testimony before the House irrigation committee has shown
the wisdom of the Ogden Congress in discrediting the alleged
gentleman. I promised him more than a year ago that I
would make his name stink from one end of the country to
the other; but he has saved me the trouble by performing
the public duty himself. That he has failed to work his schemes
before the National Legislature, as he did at Ogden, is a
matter for general congratulation and much of the credit
therefor is due your valuable magazine.

At this time it might not be out of place to reproduce a
letter written by Maxwell. It refers to the only "graft"
he has been successful in working and was addressed to
members of the mythical National Irrigation Association,
whoever they may be besides the land-grant railroads which
pay him his princely salary. The letter is as follows :

CHICAGO, ILL., February 14, 1903.

"Dear Sir — The National Irrigation Association is work-
ing for results. We want to see the irrigation works built,
and the increased population and trade actually created.

"When completed the Tonto, or Salt River, reservoir in
Arizona, costing $2,700,000, with a capacity of 1,500,000 acre-
feet, will rival the Nile dam as a great engineering work. It
will more than double the productiveness, population and
trade of the Salt River Valley.

"To make the influence of the National Irrigation Asso-
ciation effective, it must be concentrated on specific projects
which will demonstrate the benefits of national irrigation to
the entire country, and this Salt River reservoir is such a
project.

"The Homemaker for January contains in both the illus-
trated section and the editorial section articles giving in detail
an account of this great project and my own work in con-
nection with it. Read it carefully.

The enemies of the national irrigation movement, our
estwhile opponents, who wanted the 'States to control the great
work of reclamation, though scotched, are still active and
venomous. They are leaving no stone unturned to undo the
great work we have accomplished.

" 'By their fruits ye shall know them,' is the rule by
which the friends of the national irrigation movement, who
comprise the National Irrigation Association, must be meas-
ured. So far it is a record of things done. Yours faithfully,

"GEORGE H. MAXWELL."

It will be seen by the above letter, Maxwell considers
himself the great "I am" of the Reclamation service and that
he has deceived others into the same belief, "the more's the
pity."

The facts are these : First, the Tonto or Salt River
project in Arizona can not prove otherwise than a dismal
failure. If, as Maxwell says, the reservoir is to have a ca-
pacity of 1,500,000 acre-feet, it would take seven years to
fill it, without draining out a drop of water. In 1902 according
to the measurements of the United States Geological Survey
there were but 211,313 acre-feet of water discharged at the
damsite. (See First Annual Report of Reclamation Service,
page 93.) In 1903 the discharge was still less and the present
year, so far, has been no better. It is but fair to state that
we have been having a succession of dry years and 1 have no
disposition to distort the truth.

Second — If there is no water to fill the reservoir, there
can be no electricity generated for pumping purposes, either
for suffering Pima Indians or suffering farmers.

Third — There are more than 300,000 acres of land held in
private ownership in the Salt River Valley and for the past
three years there has not been a sufficient supply, even if it
were stored, to amply irrigate one-third of it. Hence the
folly of claiming that any Government land can be brought
under cultivation, as was intended by the law.

Fourth— As Tonto is purely a private land scheme, worked
up by Maxwell, the people of Arizona generally take no
particular interest in it. There are hundreds of them who
desire to file on homesteads under a Government reservoir,
and they see no justice in exhausting our pro rata in the irri-
gation fund on a private proposition. This sentiment is preva-
lent even in the Salt River Valley, where land is held in
blocks of as much as 20,000 acres by private owners and cor-
porations.

I am among those who believe that corruption has been
used in bringing about the selection of this unworthy project.
I have not hid my light under a bushel, but months ago laid
the facts before the Secretary of the Interior in carefully pre-
pared charges against certain engineers of the Geological Survey.
If there has ever been an investigation of those charges, I have
not heard of it, and at last I am forced to the conclusion that
the Interior Department is as rotten as the Postoffice Depart-
ment has proven to be. CHAS. D. REPPY.

CHEYENNE, WYO., April 4, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, CHICAGO, ILL.

Dear Sirs — There seems to be a sentiment prevailing now
in the East that the land laws are not suitable to the condi-
tions existing in the West. I have never heard it said that
the land laws are not satisfactory because they do not offer
the proper inducements to settlement or because they do not
protect the people who have built homes in the arid region.
The claim is that the Government is being robbed and de-
frauded. I do not believe any person of average intelligence
can read the land laws which have been attacked and under-
stand how land can be obtained fraudulently, providing the
officers charged with carrying out their provisions are fur-
nished with such assistance as to make this possible. In
transactions between private parties an inspection of property
disposed of is essential, but when the Government extends
patents to lands, whereby, it is said, great fraud has been
committed, it is the exceptional case in which an officer investi-
gates the conditions and satisfies himself for the Government
that the law has been complied with on the part of the
entryman.

As far as Wyoming is concerned, the people should be pro-
tected rather than the Government, as fraud is not common
here, regardless of the inefficient administration of the land
laws as far as inspection is concerned. If any change is
made in the existing laws it should tend to make the acqui-
sition of lands less difficult and there should be some provision
whereby small ranchmen could secure at least a temporary
control of a sufficient grazing area to support their live stock.
The lack of such a provision has led to fencing the public
domain ; otherwise the cattle business especially would have
become a thing of the past years ago. The Government should
recognize this condition as a necessity and make the statutes
conform to it instead of compelling those who engage in the
cattle business to violate the law.

I have too much faith in the representatives of the West-
ern people in Washington to believe that any great changes
will be made in the land laws unless it be in the interest
of those who are seeking to develop the country. The cry of
fraud against the Government is seldom heard outside of the
lobby headed by Mr. Maxwell and his object in seeking repeal
of the land laws is too well known to guarantee him much
support in the West. Sincerely yours,

CLARENCE T. JOHNSTON,

State Engineer.

FALLON, NEV., March 10, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, 112 DEARBORN STREET, CHICAGO, ILL.:

Enclosed please find postoffice order for one dollar, re-
newal of my subscription to IRRIGATION AGE for one year.

The practical courses outlined by your paper regarding
drainage in agriculture as well as horticulture are on the
right line, perhaps a little in advance of some communities,
but sooner or later such communities must toe this line
or be distanced in the march of agricultural progress.
Truly yours, H. ROWLAND LEE, U. S. G. S.

CROWN POINT, IND., March 20, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, 112 DEARBORN STREET, CHICAGO, ILL.:

Dear Sir — Win you kindly advise me what States afford
the best opportunity for a civil engineer to become identified
with irrigation work. I presume this work is generally pro-
jected and carried out on a large scale by capitalists who,
often being non-residents, make such engineering hard to
secure except for those in touch with them.

214

THE IEBIGATION AGE.

However, if there is any locality whereby districts are
organized by local interests and carried on something after
the manner of the Illinois drainage schemes, I will be pleased
to learn of such. In a general sense I will be pleased to
learn to what extent the services of an engineer are required
by statutes in these enterprises ; also to what extent such serv-
ices are in demand by local land owners in the development
of individual tracts.

Thanking you for such information as you can give or
reference you can make of this inquiry to parites who will
give me pointers for getting onto such work, I am

Truly yours, F. L. KNIGHT.

BROWNSVILLE, TEX., March 19, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, 112 DEARBORN STREET, CHICAGO, ILL.:

Gentlemen — Enclosed we hand you postoffice money order
for $1.00, for which kindly enter our name as a subscriber
and send us your valuable publication, beginning with the
February, 1904, number. We send you under separate cover
copy of the Browtisville Week'y Herald, calling your atten-
tion to our ad. therein and other interesting matter regard-
ing this section of the country. As we desire to mature
plans for economically irrigating our lands, you will kindly
put us in communication with manufacturers of windmills,
pumping and irrigation plants. Yours very truly,
THE BROWNSVILLE LAND & TOWN Co.

A. D. CHILDRESS,
Vice-President and General Manager.

NEWCASTLE, COLO., April 24, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, CHICAGO, ILL.

Gentlemen — Will you please answer this question : Sup-
pose a man digs a well for irrigation purposes, an individual
plant, on another man's ranch by his permission, or suppose
he, the one digging the well, buys a site and then digs the
well and pumps the water from this well, -turns it into his
ditch that he uses from the creek, when there is plenty of
water in said creek, and there are others below him that
have prior water rights to him, and this well is above high
water mark out of the creek bed or the bed channel in
which it runs, can this be an interference with these prior
water rights? This case is in Colorado. Yours very re-
spectfully, W. A. CONNER.

ALEXANDRIA, IOWA, April 20, 1904.
EDITOR IRRIGATION AGE, CHICAGO, ILL.

Dear Sir — Will you give me names and addresses of
reliable manufacturers of engines from 5 to 10-horsepower,
using crude Beaumont oil? Yours truly,

L. A. SAFFORD.

ROSWELL, N. M., April 23, 1904.
EDITOR IRRIGATION AGE, CHICAGO, ILL.

Dear Sir — Please send me a few copies of the issue
containing article on Greeley, Colo., as there are a few
farmers who want to engage in raising beets and alfalfa.
Please send them by return mail and oblige.

Yours truly, A. S. HARPHAM.

GREAT SHOSHONE IRRIGATION PROJECT.

Government Will Spend $2,225,000 on This Work— Cody Will
Relinquish Water Rights.

Secretary Hitchcock has approved the recom-
mendation of the director of the United States Geo-
logical Survey for the undertaking, under the national
irrigation act, of the Shoshone project on the north side
of the Shoshone Kiver, near Cody, and set aside $2,-
225,000 of the irrigation fund for the work. This
action of the secretary is subject to the Government ob-
taining the right to irrigate the large tract of land
now segregated under the Carey act and the water
rights now on file for the irrigation of that tract.

On January 26, 1903, Governor Chatterton, as
president of the State Board of Land Commissioners,
offered to the Government, through the director of the
Geological Survey, the lands in question if the Gov-
ernment would accept them for the purpose of re-

clamation, and at the same time he suggested that no
relinquishment be made until the Government had fully
determined to take up the enterprise; and while Messrs.
Cody and Salisbury had taken out a water right for
the irrigation of the lands in question, and Colonel
Cody has been recently attempting to raise the funds
for the irrigation of the tract, it is understood that
he will not stand in the way of the Government.

As soon as the relinquishment of the State's rights
to the segregated lands can be obtained and the ques-
tion of water right adjusted the Government will pro-
ceed to the building of the project. The first section
of this great enterprise will irrigate about 90,000 acres
of land between Cody and Garland. When this is suc-
cessfully accomplished some .20,000 or 30,000 addi-
tional acres on the drainage of Sage Creek between
Frannie and Byron will be irrigated, and if sufficient
water supply is obtained additional lands will be irri-
gated northeast of Cody on the drainage of Clark's
Fork, extending to the Montana line and possibly be-
yond.

The main canal will have a sufficient drop north-
east of Hart Mountain, in the vicinity of the old stage
station between Eagles' Nest and Clark, to furnish
power to elevate water for the irrigation of the splen-
did plateaus lying to the north of Garland flats. By
the complete utilization of available water supply it is
believed that this project will ultimately irrigate be-
tween 100,000 and 200,000 acres and constitute one of
the largest and most successful irrigation enterprises
in the world.

COLONIZATION FOR THE WEST.

Lute Wilcox, of the Denver Field and Farm, calls
on the proposed Government bureau to help settlers
locate on Western lands "a skin-grafting game." Sena-
tor Hanna would have introduced the bill had he lived,
but Senator Fairbanks will now take charge of the
measure. The proposition is this : The formation of
a colonization bureau under the direction of a com-
missioner of colonization in connection with the De-
partment of the Interior; the collection of reliable in-
formation for would-be settlers; the advancing to bona
fidk settlers of from $500 to $1,500 in cash or materials
for the purpose of enabling worthy but poor families
to make homes for themselves upon the lands ; the issue
of 3 per cent sixty-year gold bonds to the amount of
$50,000,000, with not more than $5,000,000 to be issued
each year, for such purposes, and the establishment
of worthy families on farms which are not to exceed
forty acres of irrigated or eighty acres of non-irrigated
land to be paid for in easy installments. The bill is
fathered by the Salvation Army and is one of the
altruistic schemes of that nomadic organization. The
probability of its passage hinges very materially on the
Army's political pull at Washington. Mr. Wilcox says
the people of the West are not especially interested
in it.

Two Dollars will secure for you one year's subscription to (
THE IRRIGATION AQE and a finely bound volume of the Primer I
of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid in a few months, |
when volume is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be (
finely Illustrated and will contain about 300 pages. 3end post
office or express money order for $ j.oo and secure copy of first
edition.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

215

CALIFORNIA OF THE NORTHWEST.

Great Work Done on the Columbia River in Kennewick County,
Washington.

BY H. A. NOVER.

In the eastern part of Yakima County, Wash., at
the junction of the Northern Pacific railroad and the
Columbia River, is located what has been aptly termed
the California of the Northwest. Here we find what
is known as the Kennewick country. v This valley,
which has an elevation of only 350 feet above the sea
level, was until a short time ago considered by many

degrees above zero, and only about one-half inch of
snow on two occasions. As a rule every day is bright
and sunny. The dry, balmy air and perfect atmos-
pheric conditions make this the most healthful location
in the entire Northwest. This, in connection with the
fact that this is a country where storms, cyclones, earth-
quakes, and such disturbances are unknown makes the
California of the Northwest an ideal place for the loca-
tion of homes, and there are already many beautiful
homes in this valley and many people are engaged in
adding to those already here.

Although the irrigation canal was completed and
water turned on here only last April, yet during that

High School, Payette, Idaho. Illustration furnuhed I

, Manager of the New Plymouth Lat-d and Colonization Co., Ltd., of Payette, Idaho.

to be of little importance and of practically no value.
However, since King Irrigation has been given sway
wonderful changes have been wrought, and it has been
proven that the soil, which is of an ashy volcanic origin,
is the most productive in the State of Washington,
and has few equals in the United States. The summer
season here is from two to four weeks earlier in spring
and later in fall than that of any other locality in the
Northwest. This is due largely to the low elevation and
the prevailing sunny skies.

The surrounding mountains form a natural pro-
tection and consequently this valley does not suiter
from the extremes of either heat or cold which ?re
so common in other parts. For example, the coldest
weather that was had in this valley in 1902 was eighteen

time it has been demonstrated beyond a doubt that
this valley will produce as fine fruit, berries, alfalfa
and garden produce as can be grown anywhere. Alfalfa
yields near ten tons per acre and often produces four
crops during the season; this sells at from $6.00 to
$15.00 per ton in the stack.

Garden tracts, after being set to fruit trees and ber-
ries, will return about $300 per acre per annum; thus
the land will pay for itself in a short time. A peculiar ad-
vantage of this section is that destructive droughts,
floods and storms are unknown. Its markets are fur-
nished by the large lumbering, mining, manufacturing
and wheat raising population of the Northwest, besides
being tributary to a city population aggregating 450,000
in number. These conditions give the Kennewick coun-

216

THE IREIGATION AGE.

try the best of advantages in marketing the products
of the valley, and from the fact that these products are
ready for the market from two to four weeks earlier
than those of any other point in the Northwest, gives
the farmers the benefit of the best prices with no com-
petition. Of the entire West California alone can get
produce on the market as early as this valley and from
the fact that the fruits and produce raised here are
of a better quality and flavor and do not have to be
shipped so long a distance makes the California fruits
a second-class commodity when compared with those
of the Kennewick Valley.

The transportation facilities are of the best, as
Kennewick is located on the Northern Pacific railroad's
main line. Steamboat lines from Portland and other
points will be established during the coming year, thus
making it a natural trading and shipping point. Be-
ing thus favored by its geographical location, altitude,
and natural transportation facilities, many wise and
far-seeing men of other cities give it as their opinion
that in a few years there will be here the largest city
in eastern Washington.

PRINTERS' INK

EDWIN F. ABELL, head of the
company that publishes the Balti-
more Sun, died in that city Febru-
ary 28, aged sixty-three years. His
father, A. S. AbeH, was the found-
er of the Sun, which dates from
1837, and the deceased was the last
surviving son, having had the man-
agement of the paper for ten years
past. His death was, in a measure,
brought on by grief and shock fol-
lowing the Baltimore fire

« «

< >

4 .
< '
« '

i >

< >
« >
« •

THE Irrigation Age, published
monthly in Chicago by the D. H.
Anderson Publishing Co.. has ab-
sorbed Moilern Irrigation, Denver.
There are five publications in the
United States devoted to the sub-
ject of irrigation, and the Irriga-
tion Age leads them in point of
circulation, being credited with a
monthly average of 22,100 copies
for 1903 in the Roll of Honor. The
consolidation gives a further in-
crease. The Denver publication
made no statement of circulation,
and was credited with H — exceed-
ing 2.250 copies. The Irrigation
Age is nineteen years old. and is
said to have readers, in all parts of
the world among individual irriga-
tors and irrigation corporations.

THE cir.
edition of I
increased t\
past year, i
no change
advertising

A mi.1..
legislatur
compel p
facturers'
on all bo,'
for sale
ure orj
medical :
This is
Mansfiej
sented i
a law i
do not
druggis;
the fact
their bu
medicines
popularity
who are s
patent medi
to use them
to ask'the ;
ties of othe
prop-rietar
in the
th"'

THE Hackstaff * *
Temnlc f-

We are reproducing herewith notice which
appeared in the columns of PRINTER'S INK, the
leading authority in the advertising field, for
which we wish to thank the publishers of that
journal and at the same time call attention to
the fact that the combined circulation of the
two journals is considerably more than the
figure named.

CHEAP METHODS.

The following from a leading Denver publication
illustrates the cheap methods adopted by a Denver pub-
lisher who wishes to profit by taking over the volume
number of a journal purchased by and merged with
THE IRRIGATION AGE. The attention of our readers
is called to notice in another column from Printers' Ink
concerning the merger.

"D. H. Anderson, the editor and publisher of THE
IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, the oldest journal of its
class in existence, announces in its February number
the purchase of Modern Irrigation, successor to Irriga-
tion Era, of Denver, Colo. The absorption of Modern
Irrigation by Anderson gives his already most excel-
lent journal a much broader field and greater useful-
ness. Mr. Anderson is recognized as one of the lead-
ing authorities on irrigation subjects and is one of
the strongest writers of the age.

A little chicken paper in Denver has improved the
opportunity of this change to start a paper called
Irrigation, and to fraudulently give it the volume and
number of Modern Irrigation. This little paper hopes,
in this way, to deceive the people and to create the
impression that his paper is the direct successor of
Modern Irrigation and is fifteen years old instead of
one month. While the manager of this new paper has
already succeeded in deceiving a number of advertisers,
it is hardly probable that he will succeed in deceiving
the postoffice authorities and that he will eventually
be forced to adopt honorable methods and start his
paper with volume one. — Ranch and Range, Denver,
Colo."

&

ENGINEERS

&

ARTHUR E. MORGAN,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEER,
Drainage, Irrigation, Sewerage, Water Supply

Topographical Surveying,
ST. CLOUD, - - - MINN.

T7OREST RESERVE "SCRIP" is the safest and quickest
- means for obtaining immediate title to government land.
Write for special prices for certain localities.

HUGO SEABERG, RATON, N. M.

I II I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Before You Buy a Ranch

Send for a free sample copy of Ranch and
Range, a 32-page illustrated monthly descriptive
of the Resources, Industries and Opportunities of the
Great West. Address

i

RANCH AND RANGE,

413-14 Quincy Block, DENVER, COLO.
1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 I I I

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

217

JEFFREY

Water Elevators

BOOKS ON

Chain Bucket Type

For wells of 10 to 30 feet or greater depth. Made in standard
sizes or to meet SPECIAL requirements.

Clear and muddy water handled equally well. Buckets of heavy

Galvanized Iron.
Catalogue Free

Irrigation and Drainage ii

THE IRRIGATION AGE has established a book
department for the benefit of its readers. Any
of the following named books on Irrigation
and Drainage will be forwarded postpaid on
'•'• receipt of price:

< • Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25

Irrigation in the United States, F. H. Newell 2.00

Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00

Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50

Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00

Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00

The Primer of Irrigation, cloth, 300 pages 1.00

Practical Farm Drainage, Charles G. Elliott 1.00

Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00

Principle and Practice of Farm Drainage, Klippart 1.00

Farm Drainage, French. 1.00

Land Drainage, Miles 1.00

4> Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40

Correspondence Invited

THE JEFFREY MANUFACTURING 60.

COLUMBUS, OHIO, U. S. A.

DENVER NEW YORK CHICAGO PITTSBURC CHARLESTOWN, W. VA.

111 iiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 111 iiiiiiiiiiiii ii i ii in i linn

Address

I THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO. |

112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO, ILL.

Eastern Oklahoma

A sweep of one hundred and ninety-five miles thru one of the most
promising agricultural regions ever turned over to the hand of man

This in brief represents that portion of Oklahoma which has been given new birth by
the building of the Santa Fe's Eastern Oklahoma line — "the finest farming country
the Lord ever made."

Shawnee, in Pottawatomie County, today holds the record for potato shipments
It ships more potatoes than any other town in the United States ! Ardmore, just
over the Indian Ty. line, has nearly the whole world beaten to a standstill as a
local cotton market. (Both points on the Santa Fe ) Oklahoma's 1903 wheat crop
was a record breaker. The Santa Fe gives these products direct and quick con-
nection with world markets, like Chicago, Kansas City and Galveston.

Write today for copy of our Eastern Oklahoma Folder, just issued, and information
of low rates in effect twice monthly.

Address. General Passenger Agent

Atchison, Topeka <& Santa. Fe Railway

:: :: CHICAGO:: ::

**++•

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

218

THE IREIGATION AGE.

DON'T BUY GASOLINE ENGINES

h —UNTIL YOU HAVE INVESTIGATED—
"THE MASTER WOBKMAN"

A twu-cy Illicit* r ^.isulint; engine super-
ior to all one-cylinder engioei. Cos«

less to boy and less to ran. Quicker and easier started; has a wider sphere of usefulness. Has no vibration, can be mounted on any light wagon as a portable. Weighs
tesa than half of one-cylinder engines. Give size of engine required. Especially adapted f or irriaration in connection with our centrifugal force pumps. (Sizes 2, 2Jf
4, 6, 8, 8, 10, 18 and 16 Horse Power.) HtorVi-trrarle Gasoline Engines, 3 to 6 horse power— adapted for Electric Lighting, Marine and Pu timing purpose!*. CtTPU ase
mention this paper. Send for catalogue. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO., Manfrs., Meagher and 15th Sts., CHICAGO, ILL. Established in Chicago, 1852.

"In all the land, range up, range down,

Is there ever a place so pleasant and sweet?"

THE
1000
ISLANDS.

There may be somewhere on the earth a
more delightful region than that of the
Thousand Islands, but if there is, it has not
been discovered. It is as fine as the Bay of
Naples, with no danger of being buried in
hot ashes. There are 2,000 picturesque
Islands scattered along the twenty -five
miles of one of the most beautiful rivers in
the world. You can find out a great deal
regarding it in No. 10 of the "Four-Track
Series," "The Thousand Islands" of the St.
Lawrence River, issued by the

NEW YORK CENTRAL.

A copy will be mailed free on receipt of a two-cent
stamp, by George H. Daniels, General Passenger
Agent, Grand Central Station, New York.

Maginnis Flume Mfg. Co.,

...Manufacturers of...

MAGINNIS
PATENT
FLUME,
SHEEP TROUGHS AND CATTLE TANKS

This flume is made in eight-foot sections up to and including 36
inches parameter, or above 36 parameter it is made in 30-inch sec-
tions, ribbed at every splice, and ships "Knocked I town" as third
class freight, or neatly as cheaply as ga vanized iron in the sheet.
This flume has taken the place of the wooden flumes io nearly every
ditch in our home county. Only two wooden flumes are now in use
in the county (both of which are practically new). Numerous testi-
monials as to the merits of our flume state that in uearly every
instance they have been substituted for wooden flumes. One
advantage ol the gahanized iron flume is that all the water goes
over the flume, which is not possible where wooden flumes are
used. Another featu'e about the disadvantages in using wooden
flumes is leakage around posts or bends where the ground is so
softentd up that supports settle. This never occurs with the
Maginals flume. Very little timber is tequired, just two slight
stringers of sufficient strength to carry the weight of the water.
The Maginnis flume is always ready for business, never leaks, nor
does it neeJ constant attention. Once in place, always ready for
work. Concerning the length of spans crossing streams, etc., any
length can be used by the application of proper size stringers to
carry the weight of the water. This flume can be taken out and moved
in sections of 30 inches without interferine with the rest of the flume.
Being made in a semi-circular form, no holes to break, galvanized,
thereoy causing no rust, no rivets to solder over, no solder, just
a plain splice joint. Guaranteed not to leak or buckle, as ribs every
30 inches make it strong enough to carry much greater weight than
can be put upon it. Special flumes made to order.

Write for prices, etc., to the

Maginnis Flxime Mfg. Co.,

Kimba.ll. Neb.

X

Wrought iron

LIGHT WEIGHT PIPE

A chance to save 5O% on purchases

We are offering for quick acceptance, 1,000,000 feet of good lap welded,
Wrought Iron Pipe, sizes from 2 to 6 inch. It Is in excellent condition
— having new threads and new couplings, and is in long lengths.

H inch, per foot, 13c. 1 inch, per foot, 17c

At this price, WE PAY FREIGHT IN CARLOAD LOTS to all points,

where freight rate does not exceed the rate to Pacific coast terminals.

We can also furnish this pipe with flanges instead of screwed ends.

Our Special Booklet No. 4 79 quotes low prices on

BOILERS ENGINES PUMPS HOISTING APPARATUS

WIRE ROPB INCANDESCENT LAMPS ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

HARDWARE PLUMBING MATERIAL MILL SUPPLIES, ETC.

Write Us Today

CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING

West 35th and Iron Streets, Chicago

CO.

Mentioning THE IRRIGATION AGE.

10.000 Plants for 1 6c

More eardens and farms are planted to
SaUer's Seeds thau any oilier in ,
A tneriua. There is reason for this. '
We own and operate over 6000 acres for ^
the production of our warranted seeds.
In order to induce you to try them, we '
make you the following unpre-i
cedented offer •

For 16 Cents Postpaid

l(HH»Fnrl7, Medium •odLatet'abbftge.i, '
2 OOO llrlirinus, Carroll,
20OO HUnching Celery,
2OOO Ki.-h SHUT Lettuce,
10OO Splendid Onion*,
104)0 Hare Luscious IUdl*he«,
1000 tilorloui.!7 Brilliant llo**r».
Abovfe seven packages contain suffi-
cient seed to grow 10,OU> planta, fur- ,
nistiingbufthels «f brilliant flower* ,
and lots and lots ot choice vepeta- /
bles.together with our great catalog, I
lellina all abont Flowers, Kosea, 1
Small Fruits, etc., all for ]6c in
skimps nnd this in. tier. Mam-
moth 140- page catalog alone, 4c.
JOHN A. SALZER SEED CO.,
F. La Crosse, Wis.

PATENTS

I promptly obtained OR HO PEE. Trade-Marks,
I CaveaW. CopyriKtits and Label! registered.
I TWENTY TEAKS' PRACTICE. Highest references.
I Send model, sketch or photo, for free report
I on patentability. All buainens oonndential.
I HAND-BOOK FREE. Explains every thing. Tells
1 How to Obtain and Bell Patents, What Inventions
I Will Pay, How to Get a Partner, explains best
I mechanical movements, and contains 300 other
I subjects of Importance to inventors. Address,

H. B, WILLSON & CO. A«,

gi!7 F Street North. WASHINGTON, D.C.

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

219

Oklahoma
Opportunities

Governor Ferguson of Oklahoma says:

*x

"The truck gardening industry is one that has not been developed to any extent whatever in Okla-
homa, though it is known that there are wonderful possibilities for the specialist along that line.
Onions, cabbage, tomatoes, beans, peas, sweet corn, and, in fact, all kinds of vegetables can be grown to
perfection in large quantifes for shipment. Experienced truck gardeners- cannot find a better location>
land values, local markets, climate and other things considered, than may be found in Oklahoma to-
day.

"While the natural conditions are highly favorable for the production of butter and cheese, the
opportuni y for specialists in these lines seems to be neglected, or at least overlooked. Thousands of
pounds of butter are shipped into the Territory nearly every month in the year, while cheese actually
comes in by the carload. Creameries and cheese factories would find a steady demand for their pro-
ducts right at home if properly conducted, and, under good management, could not fail to prove profit-
able as investments."

What Governor Ferguson says in regard to truck gardening and dairying ap-
plies with equal force to the raising of poultry and fruit. The demand far exceeds
the supply. The average Oklahoma farmer pays little or no attention to them.
Cattle, cotton, wheat and corn — these are his products and he concerns himself
with little else. Right here are a thousand opportunities for men and women who
have had experience in these lines. Little capital is needed, the climate is kindly,
the work is pleasant and the rewards are large.

Would you like more information about Oklahoma? Yes? Then fill out the
accompanying coupon, mail it to this office, and the information will be promptly
forthcoming. Homeseekers' excursions first and third Tuesdays of each month.

JOHN SEBASTIAN.

Passenger Traffic Manager Rock Island System,
CHICAGO, ILL.

I am interested in Oklahoma and shall be glad to have you send

me copy of your Oklahoma book. I have $ and

would like to embark in . business.

Please give full information as to desirable locations.

Name.

Street and No._
City and State_

JOHN SEBASTIAN,

Passenger Traffic Manager,

CHICAGO.

Rock Island
System

220

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

"For over 2O years we have run OTTO engines for motive power with great
satisfaction" — so writes the Aldine Printing House, Xenia, Ohio. There is a sermon in
this statement for every power user, present and prospective.

has seen the rise and fall of many imitations. The journey of most
of them from the foundry to the scrap pile has been short indeed.

Why experiment with the cheap kind when the reliability of the OTTO is attested by over

75,000 users ?

THE OTTO CAS ENGINE WORKS

CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA, PA. OMAHA

The Shuart Earth Grader No. 3

An ideal, all-round Grader for
Irrigators. This Machine, rapidly
and cheaply, does a quality of
grading possible with ordinary
appliances only at a virtually pro-
hibitory expense. The blade
can be worked straight across
for cutting, conveying and
spreading the earth ; or it
can be worked diagonally
for throwing up borders ;
and it can be tilted for run-
ninglaterals. Forillustrated
'circular and price, address

B. F. SHUART, OBER.LIN, o.

The Great East and West Line Try AC ANn IHIIIQIAMA
Across tKe Entire States of I tAAO AND LUUIOlANA

NO TROUBLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Through Tourist and Standard Sleepers between Chicago and California

without change. Close connection at El Paso.
New Dining Cars (meats a la carte) bet-ween Texas and Si, Louis.

Write for new book on Texas. FREE.
E. P. TURNER, General Passenger Agem, Dallas, Texas

To Owners of Gasoline Engines
Automobiles, Launches, Etc.

The Auto=Sparker

does away entirely with all starting
and running batteries, their annoy-
ance and expense. No belt — no
switch — no batteries. Can be at-
tached to any engine now using
batteries. Fully guaranteed ; write
for descriptive catalog.
MOTSINGER DEVICE MFG. CO.
Mala Street 111, I'endletou, Ind.

FREEI
\

ILLUSTRATED CATALOG

Western Seeds

"WESTERN SEEDS FOR WESTERN PLANTERS

We are the only extensive growers in the Middle West. Our Special Catalogues
for Bee Supplies, Poultry Supplies and fruit Packages are FREE.
BARTELDES A CO., 1521 15th Street. DENVER, COLORADO

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

Mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and
Illustrated Pamphlets.

H. C. TOWNSEND,

General Passenger ud Ticket Agent,
ST. LOUIS.

COLORADO

MIDLAND

RY.

OBSERVATION
CARS on day-
light trains

Run Dally Between
DENVER, SALT LAKE CITY and OQDEN

Panoramic Views, Descriptive
Pamphlets, etc., sent free upon
application to :: :: :: ::

C. H. Speers, Qen'IPass. Ag't., Denver, Colo.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

221

MYERS

"Without an Equal on the Globe"

Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head

No. 359. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, 7^ and

10-inch stroke. Price 875 00

No. 365. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 and

20-inch stroke. Price 150 00

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt
powers, in harmony with present requirements.

Hl> Fiv*. Stvtn and On* Halt.
** T,n ht

Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps

Five Inch Brass Lined
Cylinder.

Double Acting. Capacity, Two Thou-
sand Gallons Per Hour.

No. 362. Bulldozer Pump, 3-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, 7J4 and 10-inch stroke.

Price 875 00

No. 351. Bulldozer Pump, 4-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, 1% and 10-inch stroke.

Price 120 00

No. 353. Bulldozer Pump, 5-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5-inch stroke. Price 75 00

No. 363. Bulldozer Pump, 6-inch Brass Lined
iir ii r> f j Cylinder, 12, 16 and 20-inch stroke.

Artesian Well Cylinder Price 250 oo

FULL INFORMATION IN REGARD TO OUR. VARIED LINE ON APPLICATION.

« •
< >

F. E. MYERS B BRO.

ASHLAND,
OHIO, U. S. A.

PROPRIETORS OF

ASHLAND PUHP AND HAY TOOL WORKS

222

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Built Right

Run Right

Unsurpassed for Tile, Hollow Ware. Brick and all
Classes of Clay products. Write for Particulars
on this or other Cla.yworkinn Machinery 9995

The Improved Centennial Auger Machine

Bucyrus, Ohio
U. S. A.

The American Clay-Working
Machinery Company

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

223

Minim ii iiiiniiiii Minn 1 111 muni ii 111 1 ii 1 1 1 1 iiinin ii 1 111 inn ii iiiini

Samson Turbine \

T The higher the Speed of a. Generator the ;
Lower its Cost. We can Save You Money ;

if you will use the Samson to drive the genera- ;
tor, because there is not another turbine built ;
r~~] that will attain as quick a Speed when operating ;
under the same conditions.

THE JAMES LEFFEL 4 CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. ;

Write Department K-2 for Catalog.
..... IIIMMIMI II Illlllllllllllll Illllll II Illllllllllllllllll I I I II II II MUM I

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

Valley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for- TILE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

Pa.xarB.pl3Ll.e-ta j» 1 1« 1

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner, t^-SScS!u£m 5°6

When writing to Advertisers, please mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The Marion Steam Shovel Co.

No. 632 West Center Street, MARION, OHIO.

A COMPLETE LINE OF STEAM SHOVELS, DIPPER AND CLAMSHELL

DREDGES, ETC.

For constructing
Drainage Ditches
we have both dry'
land and floating
Dredges, and we
build them to suit
the requirements
of your work. We
manufacture our
own steel and grey
iron castings, and
m ake our own
chain.

When in the market write
us for information and prices

(When Writing Advertisers, Please
Mention IRRIGATION AGE.)

224

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

J. L. HUBBELL

Indian Trader

Dealer in

Navajo
Blankets

OLD STYLE WEAV1NQS AND
PATTERNS A SPECIALTY.

Silverware, Baskets,

Curios,
Prehistoric Pottery.

Products of Navajo

and other Indian

tribes.

AGENTS WANTED THROUGHOUT
THE UNITED STATES.

Write for particulars, mentioning
The Irrigation Age.

J. L. HUBBELL

BRANCH STORE: Keam's Canon, Ariz.

$33 to the Pacific Coast

From Chicago, every day in March and April, 1904. Only
$33 Chicago to San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle,
Tacoma, and many|other points on the Pacific Coast. Low
rates to hundreds of other points. Choice of routes if you
select the

Chicago, Milwaukee 4 St. Paul Railway

Tickets good in tourist sleeping cars. Rate for double berth,
Chicago to California, only $7. Call or write to-day for com-
plete information.

F. A. MILLER, PHIPAfift

General Passenger Agent, */Ul\/jflW

OWN ; A ; FARM!

Thousands of Jtcres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance, are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE. STOCK-RAISING AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address

CHICAGO AND ^^NORTH-
WESTERN RY.

J. F. CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISSIONER, C. * N.W. Ry ^ J.K- ASK FOR T.CKETS V,A

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III. «.«*••.'•;«?»;»• THE NORTH-WESTERN LINE

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES

212 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE STREETS.
OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUCH, W. A. GARDNER, W. B. KNISKERN,

Third Vice-President. General Manager. Pass. Traffic Manager.

-

STAR" WIND MILLS

Irrigating
Plant

Designed particularly for the
service of supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

"

"

Hoosier

and

'Fast Mail'

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of I ron
Pumps designed for
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
e rated by hand
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

Star "

Irrigating

Mill

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

' HOOSIER '

Tubular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

Any Capacity . . . -*- -^r^-A^ - *c^^ 1^3 , . , Any Pxirpose

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Steel Towers

Either 3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS OF GOODS

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog
and Circulars. Mention this Paper.

Flint (&. Walling Mfg. Co.

530 Oe>Lk Street, KendaJlville. Ind.

VOL. XIX.

No. 8.

"*

. THE .

^IRRIGATION AGEN

ESTABLISHED 1885

WITH WHICH IS MERGED

, THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL
: ESTABLISHED 1879

PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION

^ DRAINAGE

JUNE,
1904.

THED.KANDERSON
PUBLISHING CO,

Publishers.

112 DEARBORN ST..

CHICAGO.

SPECIAL

FEATURES

The Irrigation Problem
^Investigations in Irrigation*.

Canal and Stream Measure-
ments

Scope and Purpose of Irriga-
tion Investigations

The Primer of Irrigation

The G\ilf Coa.st
Country

CHARLES A.

COX.
. CHOO.

Ma

Cetttrifuoa] Pumping Machineryi
designed for any irrigating pr<ipt<
ositi:)]l. Send details Of s[)ecihca
tiotas ol what la wanted and
vUl recoinnaend a pumping ixt
10 soppiy the need,

N«w York office^
: '«M1 Cortlandt Stra

, Houston office,
I'! : 0)8 Main Street. T«!ca
Hmiion & Hubb«ll,, Ag«n L.
ft', lederson Street, Chicago, Hli
Hairon, Rickard & McCo
!«<$, 21 Fremont Stf«
S(itt Fraiadsco, Cal.

iii""'"'''"" ;;"

Keep Your ^ on the Challenge
Line of Irrigation Machinery.

Challenge Gasoline Engines

FIVE HORSE POWER WITH PUMP JACK

Strongest and simplest Engine ever constructed. Has Friction Clutch for throwing
Pump Jack out of gear. Has all latest appliances for convenience in handling.

Has Stroke

12 inch.
16 inch.
20 inch.
24 inch.

GET OUR PRICES

Furnished either
Mounted or Sta-
tionary. We also
build \ya H. P.,
2 H. P. and 3 H.
P. Engines with
Pump Jacks.

Dandy Irrigator Wind Mills

TOOTHING TO OO»J:r»A.I«EJ WITH THEJiM

Note its Simplio
ity, Compactness,
Immense strength

Brass or Graphite
Bearings.

Roller Bearings

for Turn Table.

Heaviest and
Strongest Wind
Mill ever offered
for sale.

It is everlasting
and has no equal.

Headquarters for all Kinds

of Water Supply

Goods.

This cut shows the
working and wearing
parts of our large
sizes of Dandy Mills.
They are particularly
adapted for irriga-
tion pumping.

The
Dandy

Write for Catalog

BRANCH HOUSES:

DALLAS. •
KANSAS CITY,
MINNEAPOLIS.
OMAHA, •
136 Liberty St.,

NEW YORK

y

i

. >
• •
« >
« >

ji Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill rn.,Batavia. Hi. jj

{*M^«MHK^^~X^^»XK~:~XK~X~X^^^

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

225

r

STANDARD FOR SIXTY-FIVE YEARS

MADE BY DEERE & CO., MOLINE, ILL.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Samson Turbine II

We have a large number of our SAMSON '•

TURBINES installed and driving pumps used ; ;

for irrigating purposes. The high speed and ; |

great power of these turbines make them espe- '•
dally adaptable for such work.

THE JAMES LEFFEL 4 CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. j \

Write Department K - 2 for Catalog.

Mill

OTTO"

SPACE NO. 41

MACHINERY BUILDING

UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION

ST. LOUIS

THE OTTO CAS ENGINE WORKS

CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA, PA. OMAHA

Renew your subscription of the IRRIGATION AGE for 1904
Send us in Post Office or Express money order for $1.00

226

THE IBBIQATION AGE.

After a "fair and impartial trial"

JEFFREY MACHINERY

Leads in constructions for
IRRIGATING PLANTS

Dredging Ladders, Chains, Buckets of any capacity,
Water Elevators, Etc.

You will find our prices reasonable, discounts liberal.
CATALOGUES FREE

SPECIALTIES INCLUDE ELEVATING, CONVEYINfi,
POWER TRANSMITTING MACHINERY

TUl JEFFREY MFC. CO.

COLUMBUS, OHIO, U. S. A.

•••••••••••••I

PUT IN A

NORTHWESTERN
[IRON HEADCATE

AND STOP THE LEAKS

Irrigating has begun, and the wooden
headgates in your reservoirs and
ditches leak more than ever. Have
you forgotten how much trouble those
wooden contrivances caused you last
year? Do you realize that with water
so valuable those leaks mean a direct
money loss to you?

The only way to prevent this loss is to put
in a NORTH WESTERN IRON HEADQATE,
which will not leak a drop and which mak«s
it easy to economize your water supply. You
can't afford to be without our Headgmte, be-
cause if water is scarce this season you can't
afford to lose any. After using a NORTH-
WESTERN HEADQATE you wouldn't be
without it for many times Its cost, which is
small, considering that our lieadgate lasts
a lifetime.

If your wooden slide leaks, don't wait till
it washes out before getting a NORTH-
WESTERN HEADGATE. Order now and
save water, money and time. You take no
chances, as we guarantee satisfactiou or re-
fund your money. Our catalogue will imprest
you and tell you more about Ihe advantages ol our
Headfjale. Lei us send it to you. FREE.

THE NORTHWESTERN
IRON HEADGATE CO.

DENVER, - - COLORADO

•••••••••••I

Ill I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I Mil I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I H II I I I I III! I I I III! I II II I I III! II t

$ OUR. LINE *

Wind Mills Pumps

Well Machinery Tanks

Gasoline Engines
Grain Drills Cultivators

Qvia-ljty -Ar\d Effectiveness

count with us.
Do they count with you?

View ol a Texas Artesian Well, made by a Dempster Well Machine.

The Dempster Machines have made scores of such wells in Texas and New Mexico.

We manufacture eight different styles and sizes Well Machines

DRILLING .. ROTATING .. JETTING

IT PAYS

to buy from

The Manufacturer

Ask your dealer for our prices

; DEMPSTER MILL MJtNUFJtCTURIMG COMPJitfY, .. Beatrice, tfebr. :
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i n i i i i i i i i i i i i i i n i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

C¥ T DDf IIT Q for Brick, Tile and Sewer
0 v * * I-f A J-rvJ Pipe Manufacturers

SEWER PIPE BARROW

TILE TRUCK HEAVY FURNACE FRONT

These Trucks and Barrows are made of first-class material, and the workmanship is the
best. Special trucks and barrows to suit customers, made to order. Prices quoted or*
receipt of specifications.

BAND TIGHTENERS AND DOOR CONNECTORS

CLASS B CLASS C

TUPPER STYLE GRATE

CAST IRON KILN COVERS

Sections 6 inches wide. 36, 42, and 48 inches long

STRAIGHT GRATES

Any length. Sections 3 inches to 3% inches wide. Weight average about 1 pound VENTILATORS

per inch in length.

We also make Kiln Bands complete with sections cut to length and rivet holes punched. Rivets fur-
nished and tighteners riveted on to end sections. Prices quoted for anything in this line upon application.

Address

The Arnold -Creager Co.

NEW LONDON, OHIO

or Cor. 6th and Vine Sts.. Cincinnati, Ohio-

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

The Samson.

The Windmill That Makes
Irrigation Possible Anywhere

"Blow high or blow low," The Samson is always ready. Made
of galvanized steel throughout, it is strong and durable. The
wings are so shaped and so set on the arms that they utilize more
of the force of the winds than any other mill made.

THE SAMSON

is a double-geared mill and the strain is between the gear wheels and the lift is inline with the
center of the power exerted. The strain is evenly divided among tour bearings instead of one, as
in single-geared mills. This arrangement saves wear, side draft and the twisting strain that comes
with the use of single gearing. The double gear insures steadiness in operating and prevents the
wobbling that shakes and weakens the tower.

The Samson is the latest and most perfect production of the largest windmill factory en earth
and is the result of experiments without number and the experience of many years spent in
building windmills.

The Samson is self-oiling, the extra large oil-cups needing to be filled only at long intervals.
It is strong enough to stand up and work in the highest wind, and is so carefully made that it
catches ana utilizes a very light breeze. For irrigation purposes, no windmill ever made will do
the same work that the Samson will. It lifts water from the deepest wells with perfect ease, a.id
will pump more hours in a year than any other windmill ever made.

We have not space here to tell all about this mill. We publish the best and finest booklet ever
sent out from any windmill factory and will be glad to send it to you on request. It describes
every piece and illustrates the minutest details. All this is told in an interesting manner, and
when you have read the booklet, you will know all there is to know about the Samson. It is not
necessary to cover up or gloss over any point. We are proud of it to the smallest bolt for in every
detail it stands for windmill perfection. Send for this booklet to-day.

617 River Street.

FR.EEPOR.T. ILL.

Stover Mfg. Co.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX

CHICAGO, JUNE, 1904.

No. 8

THE IRRIGATION AGE

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,

PUBLISHERS,
112 Dearborn Street. CHICAGO

Entered at the Postuttice at Chicago, 111., as Second-Class Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON

Editors

W. J. ANDERSON '
Western Office: Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver, Colo.
GEO. v.'. WAGNER, Mgr. W. L. JACKSON, Editor, Western Dept.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid $1.00

To Canada and Mexico, 1.00

All Other Foreign Countries, 1.50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks.
Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recognized throughout the world as
the exponent ol Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival in half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is th^ only publication
}n {he worl<J naving an actuai pai<j ^ advance circulation among individual
irrigators and large irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world.
The Irrigation Age is 19 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITORIAL

velopment along irrigation "lines in connection with his
work in Utah.

THE IRRIGATION AGE has been informed that an
investigation has been started by several gentlemen,
who are prominently placarded as officials of the Na-
tional Irrigation Association, which will, no doubt, re-
sult in the resignation from that organization of a
large number of manufacturers whose names have been
prominently used by Maxwell and his crowd. If the
proper steps are taken and the investigation is thorough
~there is no question but that all the men interested will
resign and leave the association with only such mem-
bers as are at present deriving a revenue therefrom.
THE AGE will publish in the near future further in-
formation concerning the investigation which is soon
lo take place.

In our July issue will appear a well-
Oar July written and finely-illustrated article on
Issue. "Irrigation Investigations of the Utah

Experiment Station," by Dr. John A.
Widtsoe, director. This article will treat of "The An-
tiquity of Irrigation," "Condition of Farming a Cen-
tury Ago," "Development of Modern Farming," "The
Neglect of Irrigation," "The Problems of Irrigation"
and "Soil Problems of Irrigation." This will be a
very interesting article and well worthy the attention
•of all our readers. Professor Widtsoe is a well-known
authority on the subject and has made remarkable de-

The

American
Irrigators'

League.

Our readers are requested to consider the
suggestion of joining the American Irri-
gators' League. We would respectfully
ask each subscriber to send us lists of
farmers in his vicinity who would be
likely to join for self-protection. Great benefits will
be derived from membership in this league. It costs
nothing to join and there are no expenses attached to
membership. We wish a league division in each county
of each State in the arid and semi-arid West. New
names are being added to our list every day, and all
are urgently requested to forward names to THE IRRI-
GATION AGE of those whom they think would be likely
to join, or who would be benefited by association with
the organization. The American Irrigators' League
will take up and attempt to right the wrongs practiced
upon individuals by large landowners and corporations.
It will try to bring about harmony between individuals
and aid in the settlement of controversies arising from
the question of water rights, etc.

We have been informed by acquaintances
Warning;. of the Maxwell-Boothe organization that

its managers make the statement that
they will absolutely control the Irrigation Congress to
be held at El Paso, Tex., in November. It is under-
stood that Maxwell has arranged to secure transporta-
tion for a large number of Eastern delegates, whose
votes will be used to swing matters to suit the above-

230

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

named combination. The true friends of irrigation de-
velopment in the West will take warning and prepare
to combat any effort which may be made by this crowd
to run things their own way at El Paso. In this con-
nection it appears that the railway companies are per-
mitting themselves to be misrepresented when they al-
low such men as Maxwell to state publicly that by the
use of free transportation furnished by the railways
through him they will bring delegates so as to pass
such resolutions at a national congress as will suit
certain individuals. It is high time that the railway
companies placed a muzzle on this man Maxwell, so he
may not put them in a bad light before the public.
His efforts at carrying out certain plans and develop-
ing special policies along irrigation lines have fallen
so flat in the past that it is a wonder the railway com-
panies or others still retain faith in him.

It is understood that several of the large corpora-
tions have become so thoroughly disgusted with his
work that they have or soon will withdraw their sup-
port from the movement. It may as well be understood
that the members of the American Irrigators' League
will have something to say at the time of the El Paso
congress, and if any effort is made to hoodwink the
delegates, as in the past congresses, an exposure will
take place that will put those back of these schemes
in an undesirable light before the public.

Mr. C. B. Boothe. a henchman of George
Look Out H. Maxwell, is carrying on the arrange-
— El Paso. ments for the Irrigation Congress at El
Paso with a high hand. He was elected
or appointed chairman of the executive committee, and
as such is playing into Mr. Maxwell's hands in a way
that threatens to make a successful meeting an impos-
sibility. We were informed a few months ago that
the President had become acquainted with Mr. Max-
well's true character and had warned Mr. Pinchot and
Mr. Newell to discontinue their co-operation with that
gentleman. These officers of the Government have
made an outward appearance of having done so, but
no one who watches the progress of affairs can be de-
ceived. The association is as close as it has ever been,
regardless of the apparent attitude of unfriendliness
which Mr. Pinchot and Mr. Newell manifest in public.
Mr. C. B. Boothe secured the chairmanship of the
executive committee of the Irrigation Congress last year
through the cunning of Mr. Maxwell. Boothe and Max-
well have been feeding at the same trough for a num-
ber of years and, as was predicted early in the year,
Mr. Maxwell has entire control of the arrangements
for the Congress. Boothe has recently formed the
following "sections" for the conduct of the program :
SECTIONS.

Forestry — Gifford Pinchot, chairman, Atlantic
building, Washington, D. C.

Land and Water Laws — George H. Maxwell, chair-
man. Fisher building, Chicago.

Engineering and Mechanics — Frederick H. Newell,
chairman, Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C.

Production by Irrigation Chairman.

Climatology — Willis L. Moore, chairman, Depart-,
ment Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Does this look as though Mr. Maxwell and his
friends in Government service were working in any
manner but harmoniously? Mr. Moore was doubtless
selected as a blind. To place a professional railroad
lobbyist in charge of the section dealing with land
and irrigation law and a mining engineer and geolor
gist, who has never had experience in the Government
work he now assumes to conduct, in charge of the sec-
tion dealing with engineering and mechanics, is the
acme of the ridiculous. The question now is whether
or not the local management will stand for any such
arrangement as Mr. Boothe has made The people of
El Paso and Texas are interested in the success of
the Congress. Will they permit it to be used as an
instrument to further the cause Mr. Maxwell and Mr.
Boothe advocate in behalf of the land and repealers and
holders of land scrip?

The irrigation law of 1902 creates an
The empire within an empire. On the one

Irrigation hand are many sovereign States with su-
Problem. preme dominion over matters and
things, persons and property within their
boundary lines, powerless to enforce any mandate or
law beyond those boundary lines.

On the other hand is the Federal Government, ex-
ercising uniform, universal dominion over its prop-
erty, scattered through all the vast territory included
within the sovereign State lines. There is not and
there can not be any conflict of jurisdiction or do-
minion upon this point, both being sovereign within
their spheres of jurisdiction, and each may enact what-
ever laws it shall deem proper and adequate for those
subject to its dominion, without interference one with
the other when acting within constitutional limits.

The national irrigation law expressly limits its
operation to its domain scattered over many States and
Territories specifically selected out of the total num-
ber of the United States, and omits all the remaining
States. The law, therefore, operates only in a certain
specified portion of the country and is inoperative in
all the remaining portion.

Whence it may be said that it is practically spe-
cial or local legislation, expressly and intentionally in-
tended to benefit one portion of the country directly
and to exclude from its benefits all other portions ex-
cept indirectly as their trade and commerce may be
benefited by the proper enforcement of the law upon
lands reclaimed.

Considered, therefore, as special legislation, and
from the letter of the law itself, it is impossible to
consider it in any other light; the national irrigation

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

231

law must be carried out or enforced in a special and
not in a general manner. That is, the laws of the
State of New York and the other States of the Union
•omitted from the category of the national irrigation
law, and the laws regarding the dominion of the Fed-
•eral Government in those omitted States, have no ope-
ration or vitality in Wyoming and the other States
•specifically enumerated in that national irrigation law.

So far as the Territories are concerned, the Fed-
eral Government has full, unmolested sway in the
•carrying out of the national irrigation law, and what-
ever system it adopts that system must become a part
of the organic law of the State erected out; of the Terri-
tory. The reason is because those who accept that sys-
tem and come in under its operation have acquired con-
tract rights which must be respected. They can not
be deprived of them without their consent.

But when we come to the States in which the
•double empire, so to speak, exists, the matter assumes a
•different complexion for the following reasons:

First — In the enforcement of the national irriga-
tion law the Federal Government must either adopt a
uniform system of irrigation or one that is diverse and
in conformity with the laws of the States in which its
•objects are carried out.

Second — The irrigation or water laws of the dif-
ferent States over which the national irrigation law
•extends are not uniform, the ownership or right to
the water for irrigation being diverse, even the meas-
urement of the water being governed by different rules.

Third — The individual who takes up "Govern-
ment land" with the water privileges accorded by the
national irrigation law is bound to conform to the gov-
ernment of the federal authorities until he has acquired
an absolute title to the land, and then he becomes sub-
ject to the State sovereignty, the federal authorities
having no further dominion over him or his land or
to control the water.

The rule of decision in the United States courts is
that} all federal laws shall be of uniform, general appli-
cation or operation, however special they may be in
their intent. Now, if the federal authorities adopt a
uniform system of irrigation throughout the entire irri-
gation area, that system will conflict with the diverse
State laws, and when the land which is now under the
dominion of the Federal Government shall fall within
the exclusive jurisdiction of the sovereign States, if
the law of contracts can not be so twisted as to uphold
him, there will be presented the curious problem of
the citizen of the State violating the laws of that State,
an individual setting its sovereignty at naught. This
is an unthinkable condition, and the law of contracts
will be apt to go by the board on the ground of public
policy, and the man who relied upon the federal power
to maintain his rights will find that power a broken
reed from the very nature of our system of government.

The same result must ensue if the federal
authorities adapt their system 'of irrigation to the di-
verse laws of the States in which national irrigation
now operates. Some uniform system of irrigation must
be adopted, and in that case, or in the case of any
change in the law, the holder of former Government
land will be compelled to change his system to con-
form to the changes in the State laws. The predica-
ment is the same in both cases.

Under the second reason above given, it suffices to
say that the diversity of the irrigation laws in the vari-
ous States is self-evident. In some instances there is so
great a lack of uniformity that, suppose a ditch to cross
from one State to another, the right to use the water
in the ditch in one State may be taken away, or so
materially modified in the other as to be valueless.
This is more important than appears on the surface,
for it concerns streams traversing two or more States
or originating in one State and flowing into another.
Subterranean and all underground waters are impli-
cated in this question. Who knows where the infiltra-
tions of great streams or the seepage water ends or
flows? Shall the State in which the water has its
source own all its percolations, even into another State ?
A miner owns his ore ledge from the surface, or its
outcrop, along all its dips, spurs and angles, regard-
less of the territory through which it passes, but to
apply this principle to water is to immediately destroy
the efficacy of irrigation, and to set back the reclama-
tion of the arid and semi-arid empire to its desert con-
dition, with only a few oases here and there belonging
to the fortunate owners of the source of the water.

They stand substantially in the same position as
interstate commerce, with this vital difference, that the
individual water user is not a quasi-public corporation
subject to regulation by the Federal Government, that
power having lost its right to interfere the moment it
confers absolute ownership in the land and water upon
the individual, the private citizen who becomes, he
and his land, subject to the purview of the laws of the
sovereign State.

This last point covers what may be said under the
third reason given above. If the individual meets with
a conflict his only recourse is to court, but the federal
courts will rule according to the rights of the Federal
Government unless broadly contrary to its constitu-
tion, and the State courts are bound by their State
constitution as their rule of decision. Hence, the irri-
gator as the party between the upper and nether mill-
stone, is ground into powder.

What is the remedy to avoid the irritating ques-
tions liable to arise, to obviate a train of evils sure
to grow out of the attempt to reconcile the differences
which exist, and which must be eliminated or cured in
the interests of the public welfare ?

It is beyond the utmost power of any one man,
'or body of men organized or associated for private pur-

232

THE IREIGATION AGE.

poses, or for public purposes looking to private gain, to
apply any remedy which will establish uniformity in
the matter of irrigation, because the work to be done
is governmental in its nature.

We are building for the future by taking care of
the present. We are on the threshhold of a domain
sufficient to maintain from twenty-five to fifty millions
of people, and which will be filled with that number
of people within two generations. It was not two gen-
erations ago when it was difficult to find the city of
Chicago, and it was much less than that period of time
when a microscope was required to discern the city of
Omaha. What is it now, this vast empire, and whence
sprang the thousands of towns and cities that were
once desert sites without human habitations? All has
been created by private enterprise, and now, that the
Government comes to the aid of this great empire,
is not the building to go on much more rapidly? Shall
it be hampered or restrained by private interests?

This question of irrigation must be regarded from
a more enlarged point of view than that of the reclam-
ation of arid and semi-arid lands. The humid regions,
the States where the rainfall is sufficient to make the
soil laugh with a harvest, are studying the problem of
irrigation to obviate periods of drouth and to realize
unfailing harvests. Large canning interests in the State
of Illinois are contemplating the establishment of a
system of irrigation and drainage to assure themselves
of plentiful, luxuriant harvests.

We make the problem broad enough to prepare the
way for the remedy which will obviate all the evils
liable to arise from diverse systems of irrigation, and
which, in time, if not provided against now will retard
the entire nation, not only the arid and semi-arid
States, but every State in the Union, for irrigation is
agitating all of them.

From this viewpoint, the subject of irrigation be-
comes one of national importance and significance, not
that the Federal Government is concerned in it, but be-
cause of questions that may arise between the various
States when the water is interstate, as has been already
mentioned. As soon as the General Government shall
have disposed of its interests in its public lands to
private individuals, it will have lost all. interest in the
problem of irrigation, it will have ceased to be a factor
in their solution, and its active participancy in the set-
tlement of questions even arising out of interstate
questions will be an unwarranted intrusion upon the
rights of the sovereign States, unless the latter, or its
citizens appeal to the Federal courts, which is not a
very satisfactory way of governing an empire.

Under our system of government, a representative
body of the people is of the most signal influence in
providing for the wants of the people. It is the essence
of our free government, although we seem to be get-
ting away from it and intrusting our rights to private
individuals. In this matter of irrigation, which con- '

cerns the home, the vital rights of ownership over land'
and water, the relations between men and the State
and between the latter and the General Government, all
of the details of the question split into tens and soon
to be split into hundreds of thousands of small side
issues, the Federal Government can not be an active
party, and the States can not operate beyond their own
borders. Conflicting laws and burning questions in-
volving the application of twenty inches or half an inch
of water upon a given tract of land can not be settled
in a manner commensurate with the needs of the par-
ties involved, for our present methods of settling rights
between individuals and States is slow beyond parallel;
the individual is ruined before settlement is made, and
the question becomes one of mere principle, which is
of no application or merit when the cause demanding
it has ceased to exist.

But if a representative body of the people, such
as the American Irrigators' League, of the great body
of irrigation farmers carry out the intent of their con-
stituents; if that representative body is legalized and
empowered to bring about \iniformity in systems of
irrigation, and unite with a commission duly authorized
by the federal laws, there will be no more clashing of
interests, but unanimity must ensue. A uniform sys-
tem of irrigation must be adopted, one under which
the man in California will receive water in the same
legal manner as the man in Colorado; under which the
man with a small home and his few acres will possess
the same inalienable right to a sufficient quantity of
water to maintain him in his independence as the man
with a thousand acres.

There are innumerable watercourses to be diverted,
chains of reservoirs to be created to impound the sur-
plus, thousands of wells sunk to tap the inexhaustible-
water supply lying inert and unused below the sur-
face of the most sterile desert. The use of water must
be free and regulated only by a governmental body of
men, who will see to it that private individuals do not
pervert this freedom and convert it into a badge of
servitude.

The national irrigation law as it stands is satis-
factory, and the question of irrigation can be easily
determined under its provisions until the time shall
come when the Federal Government shall have no
more land at its disposal ; against the coming of that
time there is no provision, and there can be no pro-
vision until that time shall have arrived. What can
and what should be done is to prepare for it by unify-
ing our diverse systems, harmonizing them so that
they will fit into their proper place without confusion
or irritating discussion. To alter or amend the acts
of Congress now, to change the entire aspect of our
land laws, is to insert the wedge of unlimited confu-
sion and never-ending conflict instead of gradually
smoothing the way for a settlement of the land and!
water problems.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

233

REPORT OF THE INVESTIGATIONS IN IRRIGA-
TION CARRIED ON COOPERATIVELY BETWEEN
THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF
THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE AND THE STATE
BOARD OF EXAMINERS OF THE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA.

S. FORTIER.

In Charge Pacific District Irrigation Investigations, United States
Department of Agriculture.

It is no easy task to supply food and clothing for
450,000,000 people. The American farmers during the
past year have not only raised sufficient products to
supply the home demand, but the surplus, when sold
to foreigners, has reached the enormous sum of $878,-
000,000. Were it not for the cotton of Georgia, the

large increase in the value of soil products is largely
due to the more careful selection of plants and animals,
to the prevention of disease and to the better methods
of culture. In all of these improvements which have
resulted in an annual net gain to the nation of several
billion dollars a year, the Department of Agriculture
and the State experiment stations, which form a part
of it, deserve a share in the credit.

That the investigations of these institutions have
proved beneficial is favorably shown by the action of
so many State Legislatures in voting money to assist
them. Last year the Agricultural Experiment Station
of Illinois expended, in addition to the regular Gov-
ernment allowance of $15,000, a considerable sum ap-
propriated by the State. The various amounts of these
grants and the specific purposes for which State funds
were appropriated are as follows:

For live stock investigations $25,000

For soil investigations 25,000

For corn investigations 10,000

For horticultural investigations 10,000

For dairy, investigations 15,000

s. FORTIER.

In charge Pacific Irrigation Investigations.

tobacco of Kentucky, the corn of Illinois, the dairy
cows of Wisconsin, the wheat fields of the Dakotas, the
sheep of Montana and the fruits of California, this
country could not afford to build the Panama Canal.
Men are beginning to realize, as they never did before,
that the wealth of this nation is derived from the soil
and that national prosperity follows as the direct result
of abundant harvests sold at fair prices. So long, there-
fore, as the soil can be made to yield profitable returns
the danger of hard times will be averted. Prosperous
farmers make a prosperous country.

At the present time much is being done by both
the National Government and the several States in aid
of the farmer, the fruit raiser and the stockman. For
a number of years the National Government has ap-
propriated, in accordance with the provisions of the
Hatch act, nearly $750,000 a year in support of Amer-
ican agricultural experiment stations. That these sta-
tions have been the most potent factor in bringing
about the recent great change is shown by the census
returns. The value of crops on American farms in
1900 was about 48 per cent greater than in 1890. This

Total $85,000

Was it wisdom on the part of the Legislative As-
sembly of Illinois to grant $85,000 to be expended in
one year in making scientific experiments in agricul-
ture? A brief consideration of the item of $10,000
for corn investigations may aid in finding the proper
answer to this question. In 1902 the State of Illinois
had nearly 10,000,000 acres in corn, which produced
372,000,000 bushels, valued at $134,000,000. If we
assume that as a result of careful selection and breed-
ing a kind of corn can be produced which will yield
two bushels more per acre than the common kind, the
gain to the State is over $7,000,000 on one corn crop.
It has been clearly demonstrated that it is not only
possible to increase the yield, but to improve the quali-
ty. Men know in a general way the many points of
difference between the scrub steer and the pure-bred
Hereford. As a result of the far-reaching experiments
of such men as Luther Burbank, of Santa Rosa, Cal.,
we are beginning to realize that the cultivated plants
are as plastic as clay in the hands of the potter. "There
is not a weed or flower," says Mr. Burbank, "which will
not, sooner or later, respond liberally to good cultiva-
tion and persistent selection."

If California is to rank high as an agricultural
State and keep the pace set by the rich farming States
of Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois and Ohio, more money
must be spent in agricultural education and in scientific
experiments for the benefit of the farmers. The last
Legislative Assembly made the following appropria-
tions for the biennial period ending May 30, 1905 :

Protection of viticulture interests $ 3,000

Establishment of a poultry station 5,000

Ascertaining the best methods of using and

distributing water 10,000

The last named item was to be expended in con-
junction with a like sum from the irrigation investiga-
tions of the United States Department of Agriculture
in cooperative irrigation experiments.

In other ways the last Legislative Assembly was
quite liberal. The sum of $15,000 was appropriated to
be expended with a like sum by the Bureau of Forestry
in determining the forest resources of the State, while

234

THE IERIGATION AGE.

$35,000 was voted to aid the director of the United
State Geological Survey in making topographic maps,
gaging streams, surveying reservoir sites and the like.
The money derived from the sale of Government lands
in California may likewise be used for the survey and
construction of irrigation works, and for the three
years ending December 30, 1903, this fund amounted
to $1,287,119.

Few will question the wisdom of these appropria-
tions for forestry and land and water surveys, as well
as the building of large storage reservoirs by the Fed-
eral Government. At the same time, every fair-mind-
ed person must admit that these expenditures, although
of great value to the future welfare of the State, are
of practically no immediate benefit to the present own-
ers and occupants of farms, orchards and ranches of
California. It is, however, this class of citizens which
provide by far the larger part of the revenues of the
State, and it is asking no more than common justice
that in granting funds for the development of .agricul-
ture their needs be carefully considered.

We have endeavored to plan the irrigation investi-
gations now being carried on jointly by the State of
California and the United States Department of Ag-
riculture for the benefit of the irrigator. How far we
have succeeded in accomplishing this purpose is a mat-
ter for you to decide after having heard the following
brief report of the different lines of work that have
been taken up:

SEEPAGE LOSSES IN IRRIGATION.

Irrigation enterprises have interfered with natural
conditions. Before irrigation was practiced in Cali-
fornia the water which escaped by gravity from the
mountain slopes flowed in natural channels to the
ocean. Now, in many sections, such as the San Joa-
quin Valley, much of the natural flow is diverted dur-
ing the period of irrigation and spread over the sur-
face of cultivated lands. If this were done in such a
manner as to avoid loss there would be no seepage.
Unfortunately over 90 per cent of the ditches and
canals in Western America are built in earth, and the
loss by sepage is, in many cases, very great. As a re-
sult of measurements made on canals and laterals in
arid America during the past five years under the su-
pervision of Prof. Elwood Mead, the loss on convey-
ance is estimated to be 40 per cent. When one con-
siders that there is an additional waste of water in its
application to the surface of fields, it will be apparent
to all that as a rule less than one-half of the water
which is now diverted through headgates is put to
beneficial use. In other words, the water which is now
used on 9,000,000 acres would suffice to irrigate 18,-
000,000 acres if all losses and waste could be prevented.
It is not practicable to prevent all of this loss, but it
would prove a paying investment in most cases to ex-
pend more money in improving canal channels, as well
as the surface of irrigated fields. Improvements of
this character are seldom made until the owners possess
definite knowledge of present losses. A part o'f the
money appropriated by both the Federal and State
Governments to investigate irrigation in California has
been devoted to this purpose. Typical canals in both
the Santa Clara and San Joaquin Valleys are being
measured to determine this loss.

Some five years ago Director Carpenter, of the
Colorado Experiment Station, estimated the financial
loss to that State from this cause to be $8,000,000 per

annum. Owing to better methods of irrigating and to-
the costlier structures in use in Southern California
the loss in this State is considerably less. There is,
however, ample opportunity for improvement which
will save vast sums in water which is now wasted.

It is our intention, if the funds at our disposal
will permit, to make experiments on the cost and effi-
ciencies of different kinds of suitable linings for ditches
and canals.

IRRIGATION DISTRICTS OF CALIFORNIA.

Whether the Wright irrigation district law is good
or bad is not now a vital question. Districts have been
formed to the number of fifty, a large portion of the
best irrigable lands and available water supplies hav<?
been included within these organized limits, and the
large majority, for reasons that are well known, have
not been successful. Little benefit will accrue, we be-
lieve, from a further discussion of the causes which
led to these failures. Our plain duty is to unite in an
effort to change failures into; successes. This change is
being rapidly accomplished by the people of the Mo-
desto and Turlock districts. Last year the area irri-
gated in the two districts was about 12,000 acres; this
year the area will be increased to from 25,000 to 30,-
000 acres. At this rate it will not take long to re-
claim the 250,000 acres of fertile lands of both dis-
tricts. When this is accomplished it is no exaggeration
to state that the value of crops produced by irrigation
will exceed those from dry farming by $5,000,000 a
year. A community which is determined to accom-
plish this task deserves the encouragement of every
citizen as well as the financial assistance of both State
and Nation.

The completion of the Central Canal in the Sacra-
mento Valley, which is now to be carried out, will add
150,000 acres to the credit of the Wright act and make
a marvelous change in the population, taxable wealth
and agricultural resources of the valley.

A part of our appropriation is being used to as-
sist the people of the Toulumne districts. Water regis-
ters have been installed on each canal just below the
La Grange dam to keep a continuous record of the
flow; the duty of water and seepage losses will be de-
termined and a study made of the best methods of
water delivery under the district law, the proper prepa-
ration of land and its effect on crops.

The rise of the ground water level will also be
observed and recorded in order that measures may be
taken to drain certain portions before any injury is
done to the crops. These studies and examinations of
representative districts may prove valuable to other dis-
tricts that are less advanced.

PREPARING LAND AND APPLYING WATER.

Another portion of our vailable funds has been
expended in ascertaining the different methods em-
ployed in preparing land; the cost of each method has
been discussed and compared, and the most efficient
implements described. This information has been col-
lected and compiled and is now in the hands of the
Government printer. It is hoped that a.' practical bul-
letin on this subject will be of some use to every irri-
gator. It will enable those who are familiar with the
methods in vogue in their vicinity to compare them
with others practiced elsewhere, and it is believed that
it will assist the new beginner on an irrigated farm
in making a proper choice of the methods best adapted
to his local conditions.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

235

RESULTS OF IRRIGATION IN FRUIT RAISING.

In order to develop the practical point of view in
denning results attained in the use of irrigation in
fruit growing, a special inquiry has been pursued dur-
ing the current year. A brief schedule was prepared,
' presenting a few leading questions and asking for the
experience and observation of fruit growers in all the
irrigated districts of the Pacific Coast. The special
points covered were: Comparative amount and regu-
larity of crops of fruit, with and without irrigation;
comparative size, aroma and general appearance of
fruit; experience in shipping, canning and drying
fruits grown with and without irrigation; instances of
injuries to trees or vines by drouth or by irrigation,
etc. Very full responses have been received from these
questions and are now being compiled for publication.
By this phase of the work it is aimed to appeal directly
to agriculturists who prefer the personal testimony of
experience to the results of special experiments, or at
least are attracted to the advantages of systematic ex-
periments by the word of their friends that it "really
works that way." At the same time the declaration of
about 250 practical irrigators on a few specific points
submitted to them may have an important suggestive
relation to the work of the systematic investigation.

DRAINAGE.

In many sections of California irrigation can not
be practiced without resorting in time to drainage. At
first a naturally deep, dry soil absorbs all surplus and
waste waters, and in this way injury to cultivated
plants is avoided, but sooner or later there comes a time
when provision must be made to remove the surplus
by drains and pipes. Drainage has already become the
vital question in the older irrigated sections of the San
Joaquin Valley, and also in the more limited areas of
such places as Riverside, Westminster and Oxnard.

The seepage from the irrigation canals and the
waste from irrigated areas have been the chief cause of
damage to such lands. No description can here be
given of the 1,750,000 acres bordering on the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin Rivers which require drainage
from natural causes.

In the past few years the work done in California
by Mr. Mead and his assistants has included preventive
as well as remedial measures. It has been shown that
the cost of drainage in irrigated sections can be ma-
terially lessened by a more careful study of water. In
other places observations are being made on the rise
of the ground water level so that timely warning may
be given to the farmers, either to apply less water or
to prepare for drainage. Plans and estimates of cost
of draining large tracts have also been prepared and
submitted to the farmers whose lands were being dam-
aged.

DUTY OF WATEH.

The quantity of water applied to the land under
several canals was measured last year. Similar work
has already been done this season on the Modesto and
Turlock irrigation districts. In addition to this, weir
boxes have been inserted near the discharge pipes of a
considerable number of pumping plants in southern
California and in Tulare and Santa Clara Counties
for the purpose of measuring the quantity of water
used in orchard irrigation.

TANK EXPERIMENTS.

In addition to the ordinary duty, or service, of
water, experiments are being carried on in four widely

separated districts of the State to determine the right
amount of water to apply to different crops, the rate
of evaporation from soil surfaces, the effect of shallow
and deep furrows and other problems related to soil
moisture and the growth of plants.

PUMPING WATER FOR IRRIGATION.

This is a new branch of irrigation, and the ordi-
nary farmer, or water user, under a gravity canal has
had little opportunity of gaining information concern-
ing it. During the past few years many pumping
plants have been installed and much experimenting has
been done at the expense of the owners, but the ex-
perience and knowledge thus gained by the few have
not been available to the many. A study of the cost
and methods used in pumping water forms an im-
portant feature of the cooperative irrigation investiga-
tions. This branch of the subject is many-sided. There
are, for example, a comparison of the various fuels, the
proper conditions for each kind and make of pumps
and engines, under which both will work at their high-
est efficiency, the digging and boring of wells, the
proper installation of plants, the effect of pumping on
the ground water supply and the quantity required for
the different crops of soil of various character. These
and similar questions have been investigated during the
past year and the information obtained will be embodied
in a publication to be issued next fall.

WHEN ACORNS FALL.

When acorns fall and swallows troop for flight,

And hope matured slow mellows to regret,

And- autumn pressed by winter for his debt,

Drops leaf on leaf till she is beggared quite ;

Should then the crescent moon's unselfish light

Gleam up the sky just as the sun doth set,

Her brightening gaze, though day and dark have met,

Prolongs the gloaming and retards the night,

So, fair young life, new risen until mine

Just as it owns the edict of decay

And Fancy's fire should pale and pass away,

My menaced glory takes a glow from thine,

And, in the deepening sundown of my day.

Thou with thy dawn delayest my decline.

— Alfred Austin.

THE SITUATION IN A NUTSHELL.

Under the act of June 4, 1897, known as the lien-
land forest reserve selection act, many millions of acres
of scrip were authorized. This scrip may be located
on any public lands of the United States. Application
for more thaoi 3,000,000 acres under this scrip have
already been filed in the general land office. The re-
peal of our land laws would naturally enhance the
value of the scrip, which is held exclusively by two or
three corporations, and this is the reason why Hot-
Air Maxwell has been so busy trying to set aside the
laws. We have always contended that it is not wise
to reverse our land policy. We rather should find the
defects in existing laws and remedy them. — Denver
Field and Farm, December, 1903.

The Los Angeles Times bewails the failure of Con-
gress to comply with what it is pleased to term "the
universal demand of the West for the repeal of the
land laws." The universality of the Western demand
for the repeal of the land laws is confined to the col-
umns of the Times and the Maxwell gang.

236

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

CANAL AND STREAM MEASUREMENTS.*

BY A. P. STOVER.
Instructor in Irrigation, University of California.

As one comes in contact with irrigation practice in
the West, among the first features to attract attention is
the almost universal ignorance of the average irrigator
as to the exact amount of water he controls. It is true
that he has an idea of how much water is required to
satisfy his needs, but to reduce this amount to tangible
units is an utter impossibility. His gauge is his eye, aided
by his judgment sharpened by constant practice. We
may say that all irrigators know when their water supply
is short, a comparatively small number know when they
have too much, but the percentage who can tell when
they are receiving and using the right amount of water
is very small.

Where the value of agricultural land is gauged by
the water supply available for use thereon, it would
seem that a man's water supply should be measured and
divided as accurately as is the land whose producing
value it regulates. The average irrigator, if he wishes
to know the area of a tract of land, takes a tape line
and measures its boundaries and dimensions. He can,
with little difficulty, compute the volume of water in
his reservoir, but when it comes to determining the
discharge of his irrigation stream he too often is con-
tented with a mere guess, or relies upon the statement

box, having a slot in one side through which the water
is allowed to escape under a low pressure. With give»
conditions satisfied relative to the size of the slot, to the
head of the opening and to the flow of the water fron>
the orifice; the number of square inches of opening is-
the number of "inches" being discharged brom the box.
A number of States, California among the first, adopted
the miner's inch system as the legal method of measure-
ment and the statutes prescribed the conditions under
which the measurement should be made.

Colorado law defines the "inch" and prescribes the
conditions to be observed in measurement as follows r

"Every inch shall be considered equal to an inch
square orifice under a five-inch pressure, and a five-inch
pressure shall be from the top of the orifice * * *
to the surface of the water. * * * Slot or aperture-
through which the water may be measured shall in ali
cases be six inches perpendicular inside measurement
except in boxes delivering less than twelve inches which
may be square. * * * Box shall have a descending:
grade from the water in the ditch of not less than one-
eighth of an inch to the foot."

In most instances the six-inch slot has been pre-
scribed, and the head required varies from four inches-
above the center in some States to six inches above the
top of the orifice in others. Because of this wide varia-
tion in the conditions required, not only by statute, but

Fig. 1. The Foote Modification of the Miner's Inch-box.

of some one who is probably no more competent to judge
than himself.

To those unfamiliar with the operation, the meas-
urement of a stream of flowing water seems quite a
complicated and difficult problem. It is but another
case, however, where appearances are deceiving, for the
operation, when understood, is found to be a compara-
tively simple one. The two methods of measuring
water to be described — viz., by the measuring weir and
by the current meter, are those most commonly employed
by engineers and others required to control, regulate, or
divide flowing water.

UNITS USED IN EXPRESSING STREAM DISCHARGE.

The discharge from pumps and from wells is usual-
ly expressed in gallons per second, minute or hour.
From ditches, canals and streams, however, the gallon
is too small a unit and for these the discharge should
be expressed in cubic feet per second or in cubic feet
per minute, these units being abbreviated often to second
feet and minute feet respectively. In addition to these
units of flow the "Miner's Inch" is frequently used.

This method of measuring water by "inches" had
its origin in the early days of hydraulic mining. The
miner's inch box consists essentially of a rectangular

"Courtesy California Journal of Technology.

by custom as well, the use of the inch as a unit of meas-
urement is to be deprecated. Its value varies quite wide-
ly in various States as shown in the following table.

Table showing number of inches assumed to be
equal to a flow of one cubic foot per second in different
Western States: By Custom -By Statute

Equivalent in California 50 40

Equivalent in Colorado 38.4 38.4

Equivalent in Montana 40 40

Equivalent in Idaho 50

Equivalent in Arizona 40

Equivalent in Nevada 50

Equivalent in Utah 50

Not only does it vary in different States, but it
also has different value in some instances in the same
State. For instance, in Nevada the inch in one part
of the State may be measured under a four inch pressure,
while in another part of the State it is measured under
six inch or twelve inch pressure, depending entirely upon
local custom. An investigation of the irrigation practice
on the Humboldt River,* revealed the fact that not
only did the pressure vary between these limits, but ij>
some cases water was measured under pressures of two
feet, three and one-half feet and four feet.

* Report of United States Irrigation Investigations, Humboldt
River Valley, by J. D. Stannard, 1901.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

In California the equivalent of the inch in common
usage in the southern part of the State is one-fiftieth of
a second-foot, while in the statutes of California* the
equivalent is laid down as one-fortieth of a cubic foot
per second.

The reader will readily see that the conditions gov-
erning the volume of an "inch" are so numerous that a
discrepancy might very easily creep into the measure-
ment of a stream by this method, even though much care
be exercised. Not "the least among the many difficult
conditions to fulfill is to maintain a constant head over
the orifice. Former State Engineer of Idaho, Mr. A. D.
Foote, designed the measuring box shown in Fig. 1, by
means of which it was possible to maintain a fairly con-
stant head on the opening. The flume structure is placed
in the stream channel as shown and a portion of the flow
is admitted to the chamber on the lower side of which is
the measuring slot. The excess above the amount to
be measured spills back into the main channel over the
long crest, which is of sufficient height above the orifice
to give the desired head. By regulating the flash boards
in the main channel and the gate to the chamber, the
approximate amount to be measured can be admitted;

'.' ' - * .-

Fig. 2. Trapezoidal Weir-box.

then should any variation occur in the flow in the main
channel, the long crested weir prevents any excessive in-
crease in head on the orifice. The Foote box, when
properly installed, gives quite satisfactory results in the.
measurement of small streams.

The most serious fault to be found with the miner's
inch system of measurement, however, is that its field of
usefulness is limited to the measurement of a compara-
tively small volume of water. A stream of two or three
cubic feet per second could be measured with ease, but
a box to measure the flow of one of the large canals of
the State carrying, say, 600 cubic feet of water per sec-
ond, would, if all conditions were observed, require a
six-inch slot nearly 417 feet long, which would be
practically impossible.

THE MEASURING WEIR.

By far the most satisfactory and accurate method
of measuring small streams, where all the conditions
imposed can be fulfilled, is by means of a weir. The

•Statutes of California (approved March 23, 1901) Sec. 1. The
standard miner's inch of water shall be equivalent or equal to one and
one-half cubic feet of water per minute (.035 cubic feet per second),
measured through any aperture or orifice.

ones most commonly used in irrigation practice are the
rectangular weir and the Cippoletti or trapezoidal weir.
Both take their names from the shape of the notch
through which the stream of water is discharged. In Fig.
2 is shown a weir-box having a trapezoidal weir notch
while Fig. 3, a section passed longitudinally through -
the weir-box, shows the manner in which the water flow&
over the crest "C." The theory upon which the formula
for expressing the discharge is based is quite similar for
the two forms of weirs. It is, however, not within the
province of this paper to take up the theory of weir
discharge. Suffice it to say that the weir notch is con-
sidered as a large orifice through which the water flows.
The head, on the bottom of this orifice, is equal to the
depth of water flowing over the crest, while the head on
the top of the orifice becomes zero by virtue of the posi-
tion of the notch.

The formula for expressing the discharge over rec-
tangular weirs having complete end contractions was
developed by J. B. Francis, in 1854, from an exhaustive
series of experiments made at Lowell, Mass. As com-
monly written it is,

Q=3.33(L— .2h)h3/2

In this Q is the discharge in cubic feet per second
and h is the head of water on the crest which is measured
in feet some distance back of the weir plate as shown in
Fig. 3, L is the length of the weir crest in feet, while
3.33 is a constant derived by experiment.

The formula for the trapezoidal weir as derived by
Caesare Cippoletti, in 1887 is,

Q=3.367 (LxhV.)

In this Q, h and L represent the discharge, head on
crest, and length of crest as in the Francis formula.

While the discharge over either form of weir may be
computed by the formulae just given, it is not entirely-
necessary, however, as weir tables may be had which have
been computed by these formulae and which give the
discharge for any depth over weirs varying in length
from one to twelve feet.

By observing the following instructions regarding
the installation and operation of either of the weirs
just named, one may be confident that the error in meas-
urement will not be greater than one per cent. The con-
ditions as here given are taken from Prof. L. G. Car-
penter's valuable paper on "Measurement and Division
of Water." which appeared as Bulletin No. 27 of the
Colorado Experiment Station in 1894.

CONDITIONS FOR THE WEIR, EITHER RECTANGULAR OR
TRAPEZOIDAL.

1. That the channel leading to the weir be of
constant cross-section, its axis passing through the mid-
dle of the weir and perpendicular to it. This straight
reach to be of such length that the water flows with uni-
form velocity, without internal agitation or eddies. This
should be not less than fifty or sixty feet, more if pos-
sible.

2. Only by making the contraction complete on
both sides and bottom can the constants in the formula
have a value free from uncertainty, and to secure com-
plete contraction, it is necessary :

a. That the opening of the weir be made in a plane
surface, perpendicular to the course of the water;

b. That the opening itself have a sharp edge on
the upstream face, and its walls cut away so that their
thickness at the point of discharge shall not be above
one-tenth the depth for depths below five inches, nor

238

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

above one-fourth the depth for depths from five to
twenty-four inches ;

c. That the distance of the sill of the weir from
the bottom of the canal be at least three times the depth
on the water;

d. That the distance of the sill of the weir from
the sides of the channel be at least twice the depth of
the water flowing over the weir;

more practical method of obtaining the discharge is by
use of what is called a current meter which, as its name
implies, is a measurer of the current or velocity of flow.
The instrument consists essentially of a metal frame
in which is pivoted a small paddle wheel which turns on
its axis with but very little friction. The theory of its
operation is that when immersed in moving water there
is a mathematical ratio betwen the velocity of the flow

T

H

C

C

Fig. 3. Longitudinal Section Through Weir-box.

e. That the lateral contraction remaining undis-
turbed, the length of the weir shall be three or, better,
four times the depth of the water flowing over ;

f. That the length of the water flowing over the
"weir shall not be less than two inches.

3. The velocity of approach must be very small;
for weirs three feet long and depth of twelve inches, it
•ought not to be greater than six inches per second; for
weirs of six feet long and depth of twenty-four inches
it ought not to be above eight inches per second. In all
these cases the cross-section of the canal of approach
•ought to be at least seven times that of the weir. Other
conditions effecting the velocity are included in c, d, and
e, respecting complete contraction.

4. The layer of falling water should be perfectly
free from the walls below the weir, in order that air may
freely circulate underneath. For short weirs it is suf-
ficient that the lateral walls of the lower canal be free
from the sides of the weir. In such case, when air
freely passes underneath, the level of the water in the
lower canal has no influence on the discharge of the
weir, unless it reaches or exceeds the level of the crest.

5. The- depth of the water should be measured with
accuracy where the suction of the flow does not affect
the height and where it is free from the influences such
as the wind, or the movement of the water which can
effect the true level. The height should be read to within
one-three hundredth of the depth in order that the error
may be within one-half of one per cent.

6. The weir ought to be constructed with care
and carefully located. It should not vary more than
lour degrees from being perpendicular to the channel.
Its sill should be horizontal.

THE CURRENT METER.

To use the weir as a measuring device, it is neces-
sary, as has been seen, to obstruct the channel and inter-
fere with the free flow of the water. Obviously this can
only be done where the stream is of comparatively small
size. The large canal and natural stream are without
its sphere of usefulness, unless costly works can be em-
ployed. For the larger streams, therefore, say where the
discharge exceeds 40 cubic feet per second, by far the

of the stream and the velocity of the revolution of the
vane. This relation may be represented by an equation

Fig. 4. Small Electric Current Meter and Outfit.

which, as the friction in the instrument becomes less,
approaches the equation of a straight line.

To obtain the velocity of any stream it is necessary,

THE IRRIGATION AGE

239-

therefore, to know, for the particular meter used, the
relation of its velocity of revolution to the velocity of
the stream's flow, or, in short, to know the meter's equa-
tion, or rating, as it is commonly termed. Before pro-
ceeding, however, to a description of the method of
rating the meter it will be well to describe with some

EATING THE CURRENT METER.

The equation of a meter is determined by attaching
the instrument to the prow of a rowboat, or to specially
constructed float or car and moving the vane through
still water at various rates of speed ; varying from three-
tenths feet per second to ten or twelve feet per second.

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•

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e / \
rrr»ofi Vt/oiitv I o ° o i / \

I < \i
! ° o o _J_ tl j V. N

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Fig. 5. Flume Cross-Section, Showing Methods of Manipulating Current Meter.

detail the mechanism of the meter itself. From what
has been said it will be seen that it is necessary by some
means to keep tally on the number of revolutions the vane
makes when immersed in flowing water. This is ac-
complished in a variety of ways, depending upon the
style or type of meter used. In Pig. 4 is shown a small
sized current meter, suitable for measurement of all
sized canals and for medium sized streams. The meter
here shown has the vane mounted on a vertical axis,
which at its upper extremity is made eccentric so that
during a portion of each revolution of the wheel the
eccentric portion of the shaft comes in contact with a
fine steel spring, and thus makes an electrical contact.
By means of an electrical buzzer or register, properly
connected in circuit with the steel spring and meter
frame, the revolutions of the vane may be counted by

The observations are then platted on co-ordinate paper
with the velocity in feet per second as ordinates and the
revolutions of the vane per second as abscissae. For
such an instrument as the one illustrated, the curve
connecting the platted points will be practically a
straight line, whose equation may be easily determined.
By using the equation or by reading directly from the
curve, a rating table may be constructed .showing the
velocity corresponding to any number of revolutions
per second. The table is then ready for use in calcu-
lating the results of a stream measurement.

USING THE CURRENT METER.

To determine the discharge in any channel two
things must be determined : first, the sectional area of
the stream at the point of measurement, and second, the
velocity with which the water passes through different

Section of 100 Foot Stream Showing Method of Division Into Small Sections.

the observer. In the figure the electric buzzer is shown
connected to the two binding posts of the meter. There
are other forms of electric current meter, some having
horizontal axis and provided with a helicoidal shaped
vane instead of the cup vane. For large river work the
meter is made much heavier and stronger throughout, in
order that it may withstand the shock and strain without
being damaged. In addition to the electric pattern there
are what are 'termed acoustic current meters, in which
the revolutions of the vane are indicated by a mechanism
which taps on a small metallic drum every tenth revolu-
tion, the sound being transmitted through the meter
rod and a rubber tubing connection to a receiver placed
to the observer's ear. Then, also, there are self-recording
current meters in which the vane engages, by a system
of gears, with a set of index wheels from which the
revolutions mav be read directlv.

portions of this cross-section. The former can be de-
termined by direct measurement, as will be pres-
ently described. The latter must be determined
by means of the current meter, or some other
means, such as floats. The velocity in any cross-section,
as we all know, varies widely at different points. In the
center of the stream the velocity is much greater than
along the banks or bed. To obtain, therefore, an ex-
pression which shall represent th.e mean velocity
throughout the section it is necessary that observations
be taken at various points. In practice the mean ve-
locity is not determined for the stream as a whole, but
the cross section is sub-divided into small sections in
which the velocity and discharge are determined inde-
pendently, the total flow of the stream being represented
by the sum of the discharges in the smaller sections.
In choosing a point of measurement on a canal,

240

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

other things being equal, the measurement should be
made in a section where the velocity of flow is quite
uniform, where the channel is straight and banks free
from indentations. Measurements made in flumes which
are in good order are, as a rule, more accurate than
those made in the natural channels. Whether the chan-
nel be a flume or an earthen section, the measurement
should be made where the bottom of the channel is on
or slightly above the general grade of the channel. An
accurate measurement can not be made where there is
dead water space in the section.

The various ways in which the meter is manipulated
in determining the mean velocity of a section are shown
in Fig. 5. Sections 1 and 2 represent the Point method.
Sections 3 and 4 represent the Intergration method.

THE POINT METHOD.

Section 1. — The meter is held at one point in the
section at which it is supposed or assumed the velocity

Either method will give accurate results, depending, of
course, upon the number of observations made.

THE INTEGRATION METHOD.

Section 3. — The most common way of taking ob-
servations is to slowly move the meter up and down on
the center line of the section during the period of ob-
servation. In this way an integrated value representing
the mean velocity of the section is obtained. The mean
velocity of the section may also be determined by slowly
moving the meter in a zig-zag path over the entire area,
as shown in Section 4. In any measurement, the same
method, of course, should be used for all sections.

In dividing the cross-section of natural channels
into sections much more care is required than where the
measurement is made in a flume ; for in the open channel
the beds and sides of the channel being more uneven in
character cause the motion of the water to be much
more disturbed. As the variation velocities between the

Method ol Measuring Stream Flow by Wire Cable and Car.

is the mean of the entire section. Where the flow in
the section is uniform, as in the case of the flume under
consideration, this point will be found at the center of
each section and at a point about six-tenths of the depth
below the surface. It will be seen that by using this
method but little time is required to determine the mean
velocity in each section, but that the accuracy of the
measurement depends upon the success with which the
point representing the mean velocity is chosen.

Section 2. — A more accurate result will be obtained,
if, instead of determining the velocity at one point in
each section, observations be taken at a number of points
in a section. These may be located at intervals in a
vertical line through the center of the section or may be
taken at random over the entire area of the section.

center and the side in the natural channel is much
greater than in the flume the sections generally should
be made smaller and their area determined with greater
care.

MAKING A MEASUREMENT OF A STREAM IN NATURAL
CHANNEL.

The observer, having chosen the point at which a
stream is to be measured, proceeds in the following man-
ner to determine its discharge. Wherever possible, some
structure, such as a bridge, plank, or log. is used as a
platform from which the observations and measurements
are made. Where the stream is small and great accuracy
of measurement is not required the observer may get
along without such a structure by simply wading in the
stream. Where this, however, is done, it is very neces-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

241

sary that the obstructions of the flow caused by the
observer's body shall not interfere seriously with the
current acting upon the meter. For large streams where
a structure is not available and where the water is too
deep or the current too strong for wading, a wire cable
is stretched across the stream and by means of a car
suspended from it the observer is enabled to make the
measurements at the various points in the cross-section.
Whatever be the means of spanning the stream, the first
thing the observer does is to stretch his tape, chain or
tag wire across the channel and divide the stream into
sections whose sides depend upon the accuracy of the
measurement desired. In Fig. 6 is shown the cross-
section of a natural channel with the tag wire stretched
and sections outlined as above suggested. The stream,
in this instance, is taken as being 100 feet wide and
ten foot sections have been chosen and represented by
the tags on the chain. Beginning at the left bank,
which is taken as station 10, the observer measures the
depth of water at the edge. Then the depth at five feet
is taken, which is assumed to be the average depth of
the first section. The center depths of the remaining
sections are then taken in successive order .and recorded
in the note book, in a column headed "Depths." Having
measured the depth of each ten foot section he next
proceeds to obtain the mean velocity of flow in the re-
spective sections. This, if the vertical integration
method is used, is done by taking observations at the
same points at which the depths have been measured.
He immerses the meter at Station 5, and waits until
the motion of the vane has become uniform and the flow
of the water undisturbed, then simultaneously with the
sound of the buzzer the stop watch is started and the
meter gradually lowered until it reaches the. bottom of
the channel, then changing the direction it is moved
upward with a uniform motion until the starting point
is reached. The observer continues this vertical motion
usually for fifty seconds. The fifty second period is
chosen for ease in computation of the results. To deter-
mine the number of revolutions per second made by the
vane where the fifty second period is used it is only
necessary to multiply the total number of revolutions by
two and point off two decimal places. The number of
revolutions made at the center of each section is recorded
in the note book as shown. This completes the notes
of the observation and they are now ready for computa-
tion.

GAUGING OF GALLATIN RIVER AT SALESVILLE, MONT.

Date June 3, 1902. Gauge Height 7.4.

Revolu-

Station Depth Time tions
10 Left Bank

Revolutions

per Dis-

Second Velocity Area charge

15

1.0

50"

30

.06

1.85

mo

18.5

25

2.3

50"

35

.70

2.08

23.0

47.8

35

3.9

50"

43

.86

2.45

29.0

71.0

45

3.0

50"

50

1.00

2.82

30.0

84.6

55

3.4

50"

60

1.20

3.31

34.0

112.5

65

4.0

50"

65

1.30

3.55

40.0

142.0

75

4.0

50"

65

1.30

3.55

40.0

142.0

85

3.5

50"

48

.96

2.70

35.0

94.5

95

2.0

50"

40

.80

2.33

20.0

46.6

105

1.6

50"

37

.74

2.20

16.0

35.2

110 Right Bank

794.7
Meter No. 112.

PAGE OF FIELD NOTE BOOK.

Computation of field notes. The figures in the first
four columns represent the observations taken in the

field. In column headed "station" are given the points
in the cross-section at which the depths of sections re-
corded in the second column and meter observations
recorded in the fourth column have been taken. In com-
puting the discharge, the number of revolutions made
per second by the meter are placed in the fifth column.
From the rating table of the meter a mean velocity of
flow for each section corresponding to the revolutions
per second observed are placed in the sixth column,
headed "velocity." The width of each section in the
case under consideration is ten feet. This multiplied
by the mean depth of each section gives the area in
square feet, which is placed in the seventh column. Not
knowing the area and corresponding mean velocity of
each section, the product of the two gives us the dis-
charge, which is placed in the last column. The sum
of the several discharges is the total discharge of the
stream. The method of recording notes varies, of
course with the style of meter used and with the way in
which the velocity is determined.

From what has been said, it will be seen that the
accuracy of current meter measurements depends pri-
marily upon the accuracy of the meter rating. It also
depends upon the care and the manner in which the
meter is used and upon the conditions of flow in the
channel measured. Other conditions being equal, the
best results will be obtained where the measurement can
be made in the section of greatest uniformity. For this
reason, the rating flume should be used wherever pos-
sible and wherever a record is to be continued on a canal
or stream some means should be adopted to obtain a
uniform fixed channel. In a few of the Western States
laws require that all irrigation canals and ditches shall
install properly constructed rating flumes near their re-
spective points of diversion.

KANSAS VS. COLORADO.

Senator Smith Spoke of the Law-suit and What It Means for
Kansas.

At the irrigation convention held at Garden City,
Kan., in December, Senator F. Dumont Smith, of Kins-
ley, one of the counsel for Kansas in the suit of Kansas
vs. Colorado, explained the objects and status of the
case. This suit was brought by the State at the urging
of the people in the Arkansas Valley around Wichita
and Arkansas City, who believed that since the exten-
sive practice of irrigation in Colorado the water in the
Arkansas and the underflow was greatly decreased.
Such a case is unprecedented. The contention of Kan-
sas is under the old common law doctrine of riparian
rights, that the lower properties on a stream had a
right to have the water flow as accustomed except for
domestic use, the proprietor above not being allowed
to prevent or contaminate the water. The Colorado
contention conceeds the common law position of Kan-
sas but holds that owing to necessity this principle has
been superseded in arid regions by the theory of prior
appropriation, that the man who first takes out the
water for irrigation" has the first right to it. This
doctrine prevails in all the Western States and is recog-
nized by the constitution of Colorado, and was agreed
to by the United States when Colorado was admitted
with that constitution. Under this theory Colorado
claims the right to every drop of water in the river.
Colorado further claims that irrigation in that State
does not injure Kansas,

242

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE IRRIGATION

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE OFFICE

OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BY ELWOOD MEAD, IRRIGATION EXPERT IN CHARGE.

Courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture.

With relation to rainfall the territory of the
United States is divided into three parts — the humid,
the subhumid and the arid. In the humid region the
rainfall is ordinarily abundant, but there are occasional
seasons when it is insufficient for the raising of crops,
and in most seasons there are times when crops are
checked in their growth by periods of drought lasting
from a few days to a few weeks. The subhumid region
includes the territory where dry periods in summer are
the rule. ' The injury to crops in subhumid regions is
due to two causes — insufficient moisture and great ir-
regularity in its distribution. The arid region includes

all of these regions. It is a necessity in the arid region,
of great value in the subhumid district, and is proving
highly profitable in the growing of certain crops in
the humid region. There are also large areas in the
recently acquired insular possessions of the United
States where irrigation is required, and where the
value of the products permits of a large outlay to pro-
vide for its use. The work of the irrigation investiga-
tion of the Office of Experiment Stations covers, there-
fore, the whole of the United States.

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE ARID REGION.

The greater part of the irrigation work of this
office has been carried on in the region where farming
is impossible without the artificial application of water
to crops. This includes all of- the Territories of
Arizona and New Mexico, the States of Colorado, Utah,
Nevada, Montana and Wyoming, and large parts of
California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, North Dakota,.

Irrigation Investigations — Measuring Station on Jackson Lateral, Laguna Canal, Rockyford, Colorado.

the areas where cultivated crops can not be grown by
the aid of rainfall alone.

Geographically, these regions are arranged from
east to west, although no exact line can be drawn sep-
arating them. The humid region, as generally de-
scribed, includes all of the United States westward to
a line which would cross Nebraska and Kansas about
halfway between their eastern and western borders.
The subhumid region lies between the humid and arid
regions, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada
and including irregular areas in the different Pacific
coast States ; while the arid region includes all the
territory lying west of the eastern subhumid belt with a
considerable exception along the Pacific coast, and with
smaller local areas in each of the arid States.

Irrigation is employed as an aid to agriculture in

South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas. The-
greater attention paid to the problems of this section
of the country is justified by the fact that here irrigation
is a necessity rather than a valuable adjunct to agri-
culture. It measures agricultural settlement and very
largely controls the development of other industries,
because both the cost and comfort of living are very
largely determined by the production of a home food
supply. In the regions farther east, the adoption of
irrigation is determined by whether or not it will im-
prove conditions already favorable, but in the arid re-
gion it is the choice between civilization and desert
condtion.

The work in this region has followed two general
lines — agricultural and engineering, legal and social.
Of these, the legal and social problems present the-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

243

greatest difficulties and stand most in need of an early
solution. The success of irrigated agriculture in this
region requires first of all the creation of institutions
which shall offer a just and adequate foundation for
future development. Such a foundation requires that
the users' rights to streams must be clearly defined in
order that those who now use streams and those who
expect to use them may understand how much of the
water supply is appropriated and how much remains
open to appropriation. The litigation and controversy
which now menace communities and which are a con-
stant source of anxiety and loss to irrigators should, be
brought to an end. In order to effect these desirable
reforms, a knowledge of certain essential facts is re-
quired. Among these are the quantity of water re-
quired to grow crops, the losses from seepage and evap-
oration in distribution, the character of the control over

ment stations, and at the same time has aided them to
take hold of other studies, such as problems relating to
the economical use of water on different crops. It
makes possible the bringing together of observations
from the whole country. It promotes uniformity of
methods in these investigations and thus gives to the
results a wider value than is possible with each station
working independently and alone. It brings together
the experience of the whole irrigated West for the use
of each locality, and shows the farmers of one section
where their practices can be improved by adopting those
of other and oftentimes far distant sections.

AGRICULTURAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS.

The studies of the practical questions involved in
diverting water from streams; transporting^.!!; through
canals and ditches, distributing it over the land, and de-
termining the requirements of different crops have been

Irrigation Investigations- Flume and Register Used in Measuring Irrigating Water.

streams already vested, and the kind of administrative
measures needed to insure effective division of streams
among the multitude of users who depend thereon.
Specific information along these lines is indispensable
to wise and effective action in the future either by the
Government or by individuals. It is the information
which should have been gathered at the very outset of
this development, but the long delay in its collection
renders it all the more urgent that it be carried on now
to an early and effective completion.

The work along agricultural and engineering lines
has been largely carried out in cooperation with the
agricultural experiment stations of the different States,
and with the State engineers in States having such
officials. By undertaking systematic work on some of
the general problems of irrigation, this office has been
able to supplement and extend the work of the experi-

carried on in all of the arid and semiarid States with
one exception. In general, the results of this work
show that the losses in distribution are much greater
than has usually been supposed, and that the quantity
of water required, where these losses are included, is
somewhat greater than has been estimated by many
writers on the subject or stipulated in many water-right
contracts. The stations for the measurement of the
duty of water are scattered over nearly one-third of the
United States. The averages of the different measure-
ments for the past two years show a surprisingly close
agreement when this wide range of conditions is consid-
ered, as appears from the following summary :

Feet.
The average depth of water applied to crops in

1899 was 4.35

The average depth of water applied to crops in

1900 was 4.13

244

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

One of the results of this work has been to show
the importance of keeping canals in good condition,
and to emphasize the benefits resulting from diminish-
ing as far as possible the losses by percolation. Meas-
urements show that the loss from seepage and evapora-
tion in ditches and canals varies from 15 to 70 per cent
of all the water taken in at their heads, and that by far
the greater part of this loss is due to seepage. Formerly
many believed that most of the loss was due to evapora-
tion, and was therefore beyond the power of man to
remedy. Now that it has been demonstrated that the
water disappears through the sides and bottoms of
ditches and canals, steps can be taken to improve these
channels and the loss stopped to a great extent. Im-
provements of this character will increase the area
which can be irrigated, and save much land for pro-
ductive agriculture which would otherwise become
swamps and marshes.

The difference between the high and low duties
obtained under practically the same conditions shows
that where water can be had in abundance the natural
tendency is to use too much, resulting in a reduction
in the yield of crops, a temporary injury to the land,
and a limitation of the area which can be irrigated
with the available water supply.

In many localities a lavish use of water has con-
verted areas' once arid into alkali marshes, of which the
only product is cat-tail flags, and made drainage neces-
sary at a cost fully as great as was required to provide
the water supply in the first instance. The need of this
drainage might have been avoided in many cases had
canals been constructed with more care and the evil
results of overirrigation appreciated at the outset.

The soils of the arid regions are rich in mineral
ingredients. This is due in part to their origin and in
part to the scanty rainfall, which has not been sufficient
to wash out the soluble elements, as has been the case
in humid regions. Because of this there are large areas
which are highly charged with alkali. The tendency of
irrigation is to leach these salts out of the higher
grounds and concentrate them in the lower lands.
Evaporation tends to bring them to the surface, where
they accumulate in such quantities as to kill vegeta-
tion. The remedy is to be found in drainage, and this
investigation has been called upon to assist in solving
the larger engineering and legal problems connected
with the formation of drainage plans. As some of these
districts embrace in the aggregate many thousands of
acres, in which not only the alkali but the water plane
has risen until it has reached the surface, it is necessary
that the plans should be comprehensive, and must in-
clude provision for removing the surplus water as well
as the salts which are to pass with it. Drainage studies
must include the causes of their being flooded and a de-
termination of the source and volume of the water to
be removed. Drainage and irrigation are a part of one
whole, and their investigation should be carried on to-
gether. The office is now engaged in this work in Col-
orado and California.

The publication and circulation of the facts being
gathered regarding the injuries resulting from exces-
sive losses in distribution or wasteful use will go far
to prevent a recurrence' of such injuries in other locali-
ties where irrigation is yet in its infancy. Another re-
sult will be the reclamation of more land than would
otherwise be possible.

(To 'be Continued.)

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

COPYRIGHTED, 1903, BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE SCIENCE AND ABT OF IRRIGATION INFILTRATION

OR SEEPAGE.

(Continued.)

Irrigation by infiltration or seepage is effected, fol-
lowing the configuration of the soil, by means of flowing,
or sleeping water seeping or soaking into the soil from
ditches, canals, or other waterways at or beneath the
surface of the land. The water spreads, soaks, seep&
out fanlike into the soil from the sides and bottom of
the ditch or canal, and descends in pursuance of the law
of gravity, or ascends in accordance with the law of
capillary motion toward the surface, where it evaporates
unless its course is stopped by breaking up the soil.

Water descending by the force of gravity continues
on until it meets with what is commonly called "ground
water," with which it mingles. If it does not encounter
ground water, or a water table, it expends its energy by
descending as far as it can as water, then it is converted
into moisture and begins making its way to the surface
through capillary motion. Infiltration rests upon the
principle of the permeability of the soil, and hence, this-
method of irrigation is not always so beneficial as those
which have been already mentioned, for it consumes a
large quantity of water without supplying the soil with
a uniform humidity. There is this exception, however;
when the flowing water in the trench, ditch, or under-
ground conveyance reaches the intended root zone and
there spreads out or seeps into soil where it can be di-
rectly utilized. This is one of the advantages of sub-
irrigation, a system which can not be ignored for many
reasons.

SUB-IRRIGATION.

Sub-irrigation is a variety of infiltration which pos-
sesses many advantages, over surface irrigation where
wastage -of water is an object to be avoided. By this
system, land too elevated to be reached through other
means is transformed into fertility. In the case of hill
land it is admirable for cereals, and also on lands where
weeds abound. It lends an invaluable aid to special
plant cultures, such as grapes, olives, oranges and citrus
fruits generally, and in gardening. It enables steep
lands to be cut into terraces which irrigation water could
not reach or in which it could not penetrate to a suf-
ficient depth. In addition to these advantages, the ap-
plication of underground water to arid or waste land
covered with gravel or sand, permits the propagation and
cultivation of productive plants which would otherwise
perish through dryness of subsoil. Finally, a well ar-
ranged system of sub-irrigation operates as a drainage
system, and thus a double purpose is served.

The nature of the soil is of more importance than
the configuration of the land in sub-irrigation. In this
respect, hard, impenetrable soils, and those too open
and porous should be avoided for general infiltration
purposes. Experience alone is able to guide the irrigator
in establishing any system of deep ditches, the main
point to be attained is always to provide for moistening
the soil uniformlv.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

245

FURROW IRRIGATION.

Applied to cultivated land, furrow irrigation is
allied to infiltration. Eunning water into furrows be-
tween the rows of plants and then cultivating over is a
very common method of irrigation by infiltration, and
is suitable for all shallow rooted plants, corn, potatoes,
and tubers generally. The after cultivation by which
the surface soil is pulverized, forms a mulch which re-
tains the moisture below for a long period. It is also
adopted on a large scale in orchards, vineyards, and
nurseries ; for small fruits, vegetable and flower gardens,
wherever, in fact, deep irrigation or sub-irrigation,
flooding, or flowing would be useless, or inefficient. It
is well to provide that the water or surface wet be pre-
vented from spreading as far as the stalks or bodies
of the plants, for that means rotting, restricting it to the
service of the roots. This renders this method of irriga-
tion more efficacious than direct irrigation for the reason
that the humidity is imprisoned around the roots where
it is needed and evaporation retarded.

It is in the kitchen garden that infiltration attains
marvelous results, particularly in the culture of root
plants. In fact, it is the only system of irrigation which
enables plants to obtain the greatest quantity of nutritive
elements from a given surface. The soil is never at
rest, and where the climate is favorable, one crop after
another may be grown all the year around, and even in
climates where the farmer is satisfied with one crop each
season he may easily raise two. It is the equivalent to
hothouse culture so far as growth is concerned, but the
plants possess a quality unknown to forced cultivation.

WINTER IRRIGATION.

Infiltration or sub-irrigation is an admirable system
for what is known as "winter irrigation," when the water
supply is more abundant than is the case in the dry
or growing season in humid climates. Water is run
into the underground conduits to fill the soil with mois-
ture, and then by the further storing up of the water in
excess, surface irrigation becomes practicable when it
comes to planting, and plants are supplied with moisture
until their first true leaves are formed, by which time
their roots are in moisture laden soil and they grow to
maturity with very little after irrigation, unless shallow
rooted, in which case surface irrigation is always necessary.

There are three atmospheric and meteorological
conditions which should be considered under the name
of winter: In the arid and semi-arid regions of the
South and Southwest and on the Pacific slope, where
the Kuro Siwa or Japanese ocean current creates a per-
petual spring climate, what is known as the winter sea-
son is the growing period generally for cereals and gar-
den products — it is the "wet season." If there be any
rainfall at all it begins about November and ends in
April. Sometimes the rainfall is not more than five
or ten inches, perhaps fifteen inches, an amount so
small to a farmer in the humid regions that he would
not venture to move a plow, but eight inches is con-
sidered sufficient to raise a reasonable crop without
irrigation, provided there is constant cultivation. In
such regions every drop of water is utilized and care
taken to prevent evaporation.

In such a climate the farmer dry plants, that is,
he puts his seed into the ground when the latter is as
dry as powder, plowing it up previously or plowing his
seed under. There being no moisture of course it does
not sprout, but lies in the soil as safely as in his barn

bin. But when the first rain comes, perhaps only half
an inch, his seed is up in a few days, and then begins
cultivation to prevent evaporation. This is continued
during the entire season, after every shower, large or
small, so that his crop matures very well on eight inches
of water from the clouds, aided, however, by dews and
mists, which, as has been said in a former chapter, is
quite considerable.

Here winter irrigation is of the most incalculable
benefit for the deciduous plants which spring into life
in March and April, small fruits, orchards and the
like, for it fills the soil with moisture, and when a trifle
of surface irrigation is added the plants continue grow-
ing with profusion and produce profitable crops.

In the totally arid regions where there is no rain-
fall at all, nothing but aggravation mists, or heavy, foggy
dews, nothing can be grown without irrigation of some
kind, and experience has demonstrated that surface ir-
rigation can not very well be performed unless there is
an ocean of water at hand to be wasted in evaporation,
for the climate is usually hot. Now, if the soil can be
moistened by infiltration through subterranean conduits,
that moisture will remain in the soil for an indefinite
period and may be added to by subsequent irrigations.
The fact is, that this system of sub-irrigation furnishes
an artificial water table which provides capillary attrac-
tion something upon which to operate.

The same results may be attained by running water
into deep open furrows, care being taken to cultivate
over immediately, and then infiltration or seepage will
begin operating, and whatever excess there may be will
find its way into the soil in all directions, from a higher
field to a lower one, and from one slope to another, for
instance.

The second climatic condition is where the region is
cold and frosty, precluding winter growth, and without
very much snow or other precipitated moisture. Here
sub-irrigation prepares the soil for spring cultivation,
and sufficient water- is retained for surface irrigation
when needed. It should be observed that constant and
deep soil cultivation is as much necessary in such a
region as in an arid or semi-arid one, the rule being
that the roots of plants must be provided with adequate
moisture regardless of surface conditions.

The third condition of climate is where the rains
and snows of winter are comparatively heavy, equal to
the rainfall in the sub-humid sections, but the cold is
too great to permit any sort of plant life. In such
case winter irrigation is as much of a necessity as in
the arid and semi-arid regions because the necessities
are the same. There is a cessation of water precipita-
tion in the spring of the year, or else the precipitation
during the growing season is not sufficient to mature
a crop, hence there must be water enough stored up in
the soil to meet the coming drought.

IRRIGATION BY SPRINKLING.

Water sprinkling is practically artificial rain in a
small way. In an arid climate it is of trifling advantage
unless other means of irrigating are employed, or unless
there is a thick growth of vegetation which shades the
ground, or "mats," as in the case of strawberries, etc.
It is adapted to garden culture, however, and in horti-
cultural cultivation generally it is of the highest excel-
lence. Where water can be conveyed in pipes, with
hydrants placed at intervals to admit of hose attach-
ments, there is no better system of irrigation, though

246

THE IRKIQATION AGE.

in this, as in all others, the soil must be kept open to
retard evaporation, otherwise constant applications of
water are necessary to keep plants growing.

Where water is not obtainable from pipes and
hydrants, a tank on a two wheeled cart, with a pro-
jecting sprinkler is commonly used. In ordinary vege-
table gardens hand sprinklers are used, the water being
run into a convenient reservoir, which may be a barrel
sunk into the ground, and the water dipped out. With
one or with one sprinkler in each hand, the irrigator
walks along the rows, slowly sprinkling the plants with
water until it runs off the ground as in a rainfall. Many
plants are benefited by this system of irrigation. Flow-
ers, small bush fruits, strawberries, and even trees, the
spraying of water upon which washes the leaves and
freshens them, or as it is sometimes expressed, "gives
them a drink."

In market gardens in proximity to cities, hydrant
water is plentiful and this is used for sprinkling or
any desired system of irrigation. Lawns are watered
by means of a rubber hose with all sorts of attachments
intended to scatter the water over the largest space.
Where windmills are in use and elevated tanks common,
all the advantages of hydrant water may be secured at
small expense, and the same is the case where the
farmer is so fortunate as to have an elevated acre or
two of ground in which to dig a catch reservoir. There
are some doubts as to the proper time during the day to
irrigate crops or plants by sprinkling. Some contend
that the evening or the early morning is the best time
while others, again, contend that it does not make any
difference. It does make a difference, when one stops
to think. In the early morning the water is chilled after
the hours of the night, and when water is applied after
sundown it becomes cold and where the water is colder
than the plant it is not beneficial, but stops growth. To
recur again to the everlasting Chinaman, whose ideas are
founded on centuries of success in growing anything he
attempts, he can be seen religiously pouring water on
his plants, even the most delicate, while the hot sun is
shining down upon them with a burning heat. One
looks in vain for the plants to droop and wither under
such treatment, for they keep on growing vigorously
and luxuriantly under the influence of the heat and
the watery vapor engendered by the heat of the sun.

There can be no doubt that by the constant or regu-
lar application of water to the soil, in quantities to equal
evaporation, the ground will be maintained in a moist
condition favorable to plant growth. Moreover, there
is always less water required for a second application
than for a first one, and the quantity diminishes with
•each application, until a modicum of water will be
reached and a profitable crop raised economically. Where
there is- no water in the subsoil, or at least none attain-
able by capillary motion, irrigation creates an artificial
one which may be drawn upon by aeration of the soil
by deep cultivation. Where there is a water table al-
ready within serviceable distance of the surface, irriga-
tion may be so regulated as to keep the soil open and
aerated by the flowing of water through it, and when
that object has been attained, the labor of irrigation will
have been reduced to an economical minimum and pro-
duction astonishingly increased.

We shall have more to say on the subject of sub-
irrigation in a special chapter devoted to the system.

DRAINAGE OF FARM LANDS.

Results of Careful and Extended Investigations by the Gov-
ernment for the Benefit of the Fanners.

BY C. G. ELLIOTT,
Expert in Drainage and Irrigation, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

From Farmers' Bulletin No. 187, Courtesy U. S. Department of
Agriculture.

(CONTINUED.)

The capacity of drains for carrying water may be
computed quite accurately, but the modifying condi-
tions and the quantity of water it is desired to remove
in a given time are just as important elements in any
determination of the problems. Any table which can
be computed will apply only to the conditions assumed,
whereas each drain presents a problem which should

Fig. 11.
Grading Scoop.

be solved with all its peculiarities considered. The fol-
lowing table has been computed to serve as a guide in
adjusting the size of mains to the area which is to be
drained. Two cases only are considered — one in which
the mains are 1,000 feet long, and the other in which
they are 2,000 feet long. Lateral drains should be three
inches and four inches in diameter. Submains or large

Fig. 12.
Grading by Line and Gauge.

branches which themselves receive the drainage of lat-
erals should be regarded as mains in considering their
The table is computed for removing one-fourth

size.

inch of water in depth each twenty-four hours from
the area drained. Should the conditions be such as to
require the removal of a greater depth of water in
twenty-four hours, a proportional reduction in the num-

Fig. 13.
Tile Hook.

ber of acres given in the table may be used ; that is, if
it is desired to remove one-half inch of water instead
of one-fourth inch, the sizes given in the table will

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

247

serve one-half the number of acres. If it is desired to
remove only one-eighth inch the sizes given in the
table will serve twice the number of acres indicated.
in this chapter because it is important to keep con-
stantly in mind the principles advocated in this book.
The author is not following any beaten track nor rely-
ing upon theory, but has taken experience as his guide,
and made assertions that can be easily verified in actual
experience.

In the use of the table for determining the size
of drains, good judgment must be exercised in applying
it to the case in hand. The tract under consideration
may have such surface slopes that the underdrains may
be called upon to take the drainage of a much larger

annual loss that will soon equal the amount that wat
apparently saved in their purchase.

Figure 14. Large Tile Main in Place.

The present tendency in drainage is to use large
tile mains in place of small open ditches where land is

AREAS FROM WHICH ONE FOURTH INCH OF WATER WILL BE RHMOVBD IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS BY OUTLET TILE DRAINS OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS

AND DIFFERENT LENGTHS WITH DIFFERENT GRADES, a

Grade per 100 feet in Decimals of a foot (with * approximate equivalents in inches).

Diameter of tile in inchei.

0.04tMin).

0.05 (ys in.).

0.08 (lin.)

0.10 (13-16 in.).

0.12 (IK in.).

0.16 (2 in.).

Length of drain in feet.

1000.

2.000.

1,000.

2,000.

1,000.

2,000.

1.000.

2,000.

1.000.

2.000.

1.000.

2,000.

Acres of land drained.

5

17.3
27 3
39.9
55.7
74.7
96.9
152 2
222 8
310 2
414.4
537.6

13 5
21.4
31.4
43.7
58.8
76.3
119.9
175.9
245.0
328.7
426.9

17.7
28.0
41.1
57.3
76.5
99.5
156.1
228.7
317.8
424.9
551.6

14.0
•» 2

32.7
45. '6
61.2
79.5
124.9
183.7
255.9
342.5
444.9

19 1

29.9
44.1
61 4
82.2
106.7
167.7
245.3
341 4
456.4
591.5

15.7
24.8
36 4
50 7
68.1
88.5
139.3
204.3
284.6
381.3
495.8

19.8
31.2
45.9
64.0
85.6
111.2
174.8
258.1
355.4
475 7
616.4

16.7
26 4
38;7
53.9
72.3
94.0
147.9
217.4
302 5
405.5
526.7

20.6
32.5
47.7
66 5
89.1
115.6
181.7
265.8
369.5
494.4
640.4

17 6
27.8
40.8
57.0
76.3
99.2
156.2
229.7
319 7
428.1
556.6

22.1
34.8
51.1
71.2
95.8
123.9
194.6
284.9
396.3
529.1
686.3

19.4
30.5
44 8
62.6
83.8
108.9
171.6
251.7
350.4
470.1
610.5

g

7

8

9 .

10

12

H

16

18

20

Diameter of tile in inches.

Grade per 100 feet in decimals of a foot (with approximate equivalents in inches).

0 20 (2M in.).

0.25 (3 in.). | 0.30 (&Y, m.).

0.40(4^in.). 0.50 (6 in.).

0.75 (9 in.).

Length if drain in feet.

1,000.

2,000.

1,000.

2,000.

1.000.

2.000.

1,000.

2.000.

1,000.

2.000.

1,000.

2,000.

Acres of land drained.

23.5

20 9
33.0
48.5
67.7
90.7
117.9
185.6
272.2
379.1
508.1
660 3

25.1

39.6
58 0
80.9
108.4
140.6
221.1
323.5
449.9
601.8
780.0

•>•> 7
35^9
52.8
73.6
98.6
128.1
201 8
298.1
412.2
552.5
718.2

26.7
42.0
61.6
85.8
114.9
149 3
234.5
343.5
477.4
638.1
826.9

24.5
38.6
56.7
79.0
106.0
137 6
216.9
318.1
442 9
593.7
771.1

29.5
46.4
68.2
95.0
127.0
165.2
259.2
379.7
527.8
705 2
914.7

27.5
43.5
63.8
89.1
119.4
155.3
244.1
358.2
498 4
668.0
867.8

32.0
50.5
74.0
103 3
138.1
179.2
281.8
412.9
573.7
767.4
994.5

30.3
47.8
70.1
98.0
131.3
170.5
268 6
893.9
548.8
735.1
954 6

37.7
59.4
87.1
121.4
162.6
211.1
331.8
485.8
675.2
902.3
1,170.1

36.8
57.3
84 1
117.3
157.1
204.4
321.7
472.1
657.8
880.5
1,144.1

6 •••«

37.0
54.3
75.6
101.4
131.6
208 8
302.5
420 6
562.2
729.!

7

g

9

10

19

14 . .

16

18
20

a This table was computed frjm the formulas for determining the size for tile drains given in Elliott's Engineering for Land Drainage, which are:

<3M

<?

.0105

Where »=velocity of flow in feet per second.

rt sectional area of tile in square feet.

rf=diameter of tile in feet.

_/"=total fall in length of drain.

/t— depth of drain in feet at upper end.

/total length of drain in feet.

C?=discnarge of drain in cubic feet per second.

A= acre« drained.

Constant 0.0105=quantity of water to be removed from 1 acre in 1 second of time.

Computations are made lor two assumed lengths of drain— 1,000 feet and 2.000 feet. Vik is 1.5 feet, that is one-half of depth of drain where the soil is
open and saturated with water, under which conditions the drain will discharge its maximum quantity. Where the soil is close no additional head will be
added by the free water of the soil , so that the factor }'ik should be omitted in computations. Three feet of soil above the top of the drain has been assum ed .
It will be be readily seen that the grade, length of drain, and openness of soil are important factors in the capacity of a tile drain for discharging soil water.

area than if the land were nearly level. By reason of
the surface slope and drainage _a main may be required
to receive the drainage of twenty acres instead of ten,
as would appear at a casual glance. It is important to
take into account also all the facilities for natural
drainage when one undertakes to drain land by tiles.
Too large tiles involve an expense without adequate re-
turn, while those which are too small may entail an

worth $200 an acre or more. It is not uncommon to
use tiles eighteen and twenty inches in diameter. Where
large tracts are drained some surface relief drains
should also be provided against excessive rainfall in
order to keep the expense of the main underdrains
within the limits of paying returns.

DIGGING THE TRENCH.

The trench should be started on the surface by a

248

THE IBRIQATION AGE.

line and should be made clean-cut and straight. Any
curve made at the surface will ordinarily be greater
when the bottom is reached. If a survey has been made,
a line should be drawn about five inches to one side of
and parallel with the line of grade stakes. It is as-
sumed that these stakes have been set on a true line
fifty or one hundred feet apart and that the depth of
the cuts from the top of each grade stake to the grade
line of the ditch has been furnished to the workman or
marked upon the guide stakes which denote the position
of the grade stakes.

The digging tools which are necessary in easily
worked soils are as follows : A ditching spade with
blade eighteen or twenty inches long, a round-pointed
shovel with long handle, and a grading scoop of the
"pull" pattern (Fig. 11). In light, mucky soils a muck
spade, which is a three-tined fork with a steel cutting
edge like a spade, can be used with profit. Where the
clay is hard or stony a pick and iron bar will be neces-
sary. Straight ditches and neat work should be insisted
upon, since the labor required is no greater than in
digging crooked and ragged ones, and a drain in a neat
line is more efficient than one which has short irregular
crooks. Where it is necessary to change the direction
of the line it should be done by an easy curve. When
a lateral drain joins another it should form an angle of
about 30° with it.

( To be Continued)

is not protected or secured by the bond company, is put
on the market at twenty-five cents per share, while that
which is backed by the security bond is sold for fifty
cents per share, the purchase of either being optional
with the individual interested, as the stock is the same
and the twenty-five cent stock will earn equally as much

CHANCE FOR INVESTMENT.

In this issue will be found an advertisement of
the Northwestern Consolidated Oil Company, whoso
main field of operations at present is at Belton, Mo.
This company has been organized for two years and
owns and operates a territory covering a total of 1.300
acres in three oil fields. At Belton. Mo., twenty-four
miles from Kansas City, this company has one excel-
lent well producing a high grade of lubricating oil.
The pumping plant, tanks, all necessary buildings and
good machinery are all paid for.

This oil can be developed into various by-products
and the company contemplates the erection of a refin-
ery to handle the oil and place it on the market. Ow-
ing to the fact that so many illuminating oil proposi-
tions are before the public at the present time, it is
well to consider the circumstance that this oil is a
high grade lubricant, which commands a much larger
price and consequently a much larger profit than may
be obtained from illuminating oils. In a conversation
recently with Mr. Nelson J. Eussell, who is the head of
the company, he informed us that he has invested some-
thing like $21,000 of his own money in this plant and
is exceedingly hopeful of its future. He stated that
$10,000 additional capital is now needed for the further
development of the property and is satisfied that after
the expenditure of this money the company can pay
dividends of at least 8 per cent on capital stock as soon
as the plant is in good working order. At the present
selling price of the stock, the par value being $1.00.
and the selling price fifty cents, the earning capacity
of the stock would be 16 per cent, and this income is
guaranteed on the fifty-cent stock by the issuance of
bonds to each purchaser to cover his investment. These
bonds are underwritten by a well-known security com-
pany and the security back of the bonds is composed
of railway and high grade municipal bonds. The stock
issued and sold without this guarantee (and remember,
only a limited amount of the stock will be sold) which

FLOW OF OIL FROM BELTON WELL.

as that secured by the bond after the property is fully
developed.

One strong feature about this investment is that
the wells are located within hauling distance by wagons
of Kansas City, thereby precluding the possibilities of
freight or railway interference, as sometimes occurs
with other corporations out of the control of the heavier
corporations. The company only desires to raise $10,-
000 to complete the work already well started and when
this sum is raised no more stock will be offered, as
those in control are fully satisfied that that amount will
place the business .on a good paying basis. Up to the
present time the Northwestern Consolidated Oil Com-
pany has been a close corporation. All the money ex-
pended so far has been by the organizers, which in
itself shows their good faith and that it was not organ-
ized as a stock selling proposition. If our readers will
look into this we are satisfied that they will find the
investment fully warrants their consideration.

In connection herewith is a half-tone photo show-
ing flow of oil from the well now in operation. Please
bear in mind this is a lubricating oil. The photograph
shown in the advertisement, which appears on another
page, is of the well at Belton at the time it was shot.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

249

TO IRRIGATE CROW RESERVATION.

Custer Battlefield Within the Limits— Over One Million Acres to
Be Reclaimed.

NORTH YAKIMA, Jan. 2. — The Crow Indian reser-
vation is one of the historic spots of the great North-
west. It has been brought to notice recently by the
fact that efforts are being made to have a large area
opened to settlers. A big tract, comprising 1,100,000
acres, will be set aside and given to home builders.
The Indians have no use for the lands. They occupy
all that their limited abilities can control. In the
years past these lands have been leased to cattlemen
for about two cents an acre per year. That condition
is about to change and farms will be carved from the
richest agricultural area in the Northwest.

The Crows number about 1,800 men, women and
children. They live upon their allotments and hold
the lands in severalty. No Indian can transfer his
right to lands, but the tribe may consent to the sale
of that which is not considered advisable to retain. A
treaty has been made with the tribe and the large
area formerly leased for cattle grazing will be sold
to the Government. This will then be thrown open
for settlement under the homestead laws of the United
States. The citizens of the Yellowstone Valley are
elated over the prospect of having new neighbors.

This reservation contains the historic Custer battle-
field, where Gen. George A. Custer and his command,
comprising a portion of the Seventh cavalry, fell on
June 25, 1876. The large battlefield has since been
fenced and dedicated as a soldier's cemetery. Over
1,000 graves, marked by white monuments, show the
resting places. Around the cemetery are fields of
alfalfa, wheat and potatoes, cultivated by the redmen
and their sons. A wonderful change has come over
the country. The cause for this is irrigation.

Many irrigation canals have been constructed by
the Indians and their white friends. The Montana far-
mers are wealthy. Their lands are productive and
their flocks and herds yield good returns. The State
Commissioner of Agriculture reports that there are
13,370 farms in the State, producing an average income
of 20 per cent annually on the investment.

The Yellowstone Valley has 383 of these farmers.
But they are not content to live alone. They want
others, from every land under the sun, to join them
and convert the once howling wilderness into a land
of orchards, gardens and vineyards.

An irrigation canal is being constructed on the
north side of the Yellowstone River, overlooking the
Indian reservation. This great water carrier is to ex-
tend for fifty miles. It will be forty feet wide on top
and carry a volume of 500 cubic . feet per second,
making an artificial river five feet deep and forty feet
wide. A tract comprising 25,000 acres, owned by the
Billings Land & Irrigation Company, will be re-
claimed and put under cultivation next year. The canal
will become the property of the people, after all rights
are sold and handled on the co-operative plan.

Twenty-five years ago this country was almost un-
known except to the painted warriors and soldiers.
Now it is crossed by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
and the Northern Pacific railroads. Tourists may look
out from the windows of the Burlington and gaze on
the famous field of the Custer battle. The only evi-
dences of former barbarism are occasional glimpses of

Indian veterans wrapped in their blankets, or blackened
tepees from which emit the curling smoke sending up
its messages of peace fr,om the squaws and papooses
who are happy because their tribe is no longer at war.

JOEL SHOMAKER.

William Henry Jaques, a gentle-
man prominent in irrigation affairs,,
is shown in accompanying half-
tone. His home is at Little Boar's
Head, N. H.

We show herewith miniature half-
tone of Hon. John Hall, vice-presi-
dent of the Twelfth National Irri-
gation Congress. He formerly lived
at Syracuse, Kan., but is now mak-
ing his home at Lampasas, Tex.
Mr. Hall has always taken an act-
ive interest in irrigation affairs and
will no doubt appear prominently
in the deliberations of the national
congress to be held at El Paso in November of this year.

THE LEFFEL NEW CATALOGUE.

The new catalogue of engines and boilers made by
James Leffel & Co., of Springfield, Ohio, is a book that
will interest many of our readers. It should interest
anyone who has to do with steam power. This book
goes into the matter of the making of Leffel engines
and boilers, and shows on what their superiority is
based. The book is well gotten up, printed on heavy
enameled paper, has numerous full-page and many
smaller illustrations, and is filled with just such de-
tailed information about engines and boilers as to make
it truly valuable to those using or contemplating using
an engine or boiler. The book will be mailed free to
prospective buyers of an engine or boiler, stating wants
and addressing the company as above.

A

ENGINEERS

A

ARTHUR E. MORGAN,
HYDRAULIC ENGINEER,

Drainage, Irrigation, Sewerage, Water Supply
Topographical Surveying,

ST. CLOUD,

MINN.

GINSENG

OZARK

Fortunes in this plant. Easily grown. Roots
and seeds for sale. Room in your garden.
Plant in Fall. Booklet and Magazine, * cents.
CO., DEPT. Y-21, - - - JOPLIN, MO.

Two Dollars will secure for you one year's subscription to
THE IRRIGATION AGE and a finely bound volume of the Primer
of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid in a few months,
when volume Is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be
finely Illustrated and will contain about 300 pages. Send post
office or express money order for $1.00 and secure copy of first
edition.

§•»•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

250

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

PRINTERS' INK

EDWIN F. ABELL, head of the
company that publishes the Balti-
more Sun, died in that city Febru-
ary 28, aged sixty-three years. His
father, A. S. AbeH. was the found-
er of the Sun, which dates from
1837, and the deceased was the last
surviving son, having had the man-
agement of the paper for ten years
past. His death was, in a measure,
brought on by grief and shock fol-
lowing the Baltimore fire

THE Irrigation Age, published
monthly in Chicago by the D. H.
Anderson Publishing Co.. has ab-
sorbed Modern Irrigation, Denver.
There are five publications in the
United States devoted to the sub-
ject of irrigation, and the Irriga-
tion Age leads them in point of
circulation, being credited with a
monthly average of 22,100 copies
for 1903 in the Roll of Honor. The
consolidation gives a further in-
crease. The Denver publication
made no statement of circulation,
and was credited with H — exceed-
ing 2.250 copies. The Irrigation
Age is nineteen years old. and is
said to have readers, in all parts of
the world among individual irriga-
tors and irrigation corporations.

THE cir
edition of I
increased i\
past year, i
no change
advertisin;

A im.F.
legislatur
compel p
facturers!
on all bq1
for sale
ure ori
medical ;
This is i
MansfieJ
sented i'
a law i
do not
druggisi
the fact
their bu
medicines
popularity
who are s
patent medi
to use them
to- a.sk-tlie ;
ties, of othf
proprietar
in thp
thp'

THE Hackstaff * '
Temnlo f-

We are reproducing herewith notice which
appeared in the columns of PRINTER'S INK, the
leading authority in the advertising field, for
which we wish to thank the publishers of that
journal and at the same time call attention to
the fact that the combined circulation of the
two journals is considerably more than the
figure named.

"POREST RESERVE "SCRIP" is the safest and quickest
- means for obtaining immediate title to government land.
Write for special prices for certain localities.

HUGO SEABERG, RATON, N. M.

BOOKS ON

Irrigation and Drainage i |

THE IRRIGATION AGE has established a book
department for the benefit of its readers. Any
of the following named books on Irrigation
and Drainage will be forwarded postpaid on
receipt of price:

Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead 81.25

Irrigation in the United States, F. H. Newell 2.00

Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00

Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50

Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00

Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00

The Primer of Irrigation, cloth, 300 pages 1.00

Practical Farm Drainage, Charles G. Elliott 1.00

Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00

Principle and Practice of Farm Drainage, Klippart 1.00

Farm Drainage, French 1.00

Land Drainage, Miles 1.00

Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40

Address

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.

112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO, ILL.

HIM I I Hill I I I I II II I II I I Illl II

Before You Buy a Ranch

Send for a free sample copy of Ranch and
Range, a 32-page illustrated monthly descriptive
of the Resources, Industries and Opportunities of the
Great West. Address

RANCH AND RANGE,

413-14 Quincy Block, DENVER, COLO.
II 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 II III 1 1 III 1 1 1

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

Valley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for TILE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

Write for IP «.»M.r> Inlets

IVIr»i»i.

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner,

Central Station, Park Row, Room 506
CHICAGO. ILL.

When writing to Advertisers, please mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

251

DON'T BUY GASOLINE ENGINES

h —UNTIL YOU HAVE INVESTIGATED—
••THE MASTER WORKMAN"
A. two-cylinder gasoline engine luper-
ior to ill one-cylinder engine*. Cost*

less to buy and less to run. Quicker and easier started; has a wider sphere of usefulness. Has no vibration, can be mounted on any light wagon as a portable. Weighs
less than half of one-cylinder engines. Give sice of engine required. Especially adapted for irrigation in connection with our centrifugal force pumps. (Sizes 2, 2Jf
4, r», I,K, 10, 12 ami 18 Horse Power.) Hiirh-srrade Gasoline Engines, 3 to 8 horse power — adapted for Electric Lighting, Marine and Pumping purposes. tyPlease*
mention this paper. Send for catalogue. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO., Alaafrs., Meagher and 15th Sts., CHICAGO, ILL. Established In Chicago, 1852,

'The Nation's pleasure ground and sanitarium."
—David Bennett Hill.

THE

ADIRONDACK

MOUNTAINS.

The lakes and streams in the Adi-
rondack Mountains are full of fish ; the
woods are inviting, the air is filled
with health, and the nights are cool
and restful. If you visit this region
once, you will go there again. An
answer to almost any question in re-
gard to the Adirondacks will be found
in No. 20 of the "Four-Track Series,"
' ' The Adirondack Mountains and How
to Reach Them," issued by the

NEW YORK CENTRAL

A copy will be mailed free on receipt of a two-cent
stamp, oy George H. Daniels, General Passenger
Agent, Grand Central Station, New York.

»v

Maginnis Flume Mfg. Co.,

...Manufacturers of...

MAGINNIS
PATENT
FLUME,
SHEEP TROUGHS AND CATTLE TANKS

This Hume is made in eight-foot sections up to and including 36
inches parameter, or above 36 parameter it is made in 30-inch sec-
tions, ribbed at every splice, and ships "Knocked Down" as third
class freight, or nearly as cheaply as galvanized iron in the sheet.
This flume has taken the place of the wooden flumes in nearly every
ditch in our home county. Only two wooden flumes are now in use
in the county (both of which are practically new). Numerous testi-
monials as to the merits of our flume state that in nearly every
instance they have been substituted for wooden flumes. One
advantage of the galvanized iron flume is that all the water goes
over the flume, which is not possible where wooden flumes are
used. Another feature about the disadvantages in using wooden
flumes is leakage around posts or bends where the ground is so
softened up that supports settle. This never occurs with the
Maginnis flume. Very little timber is required, just two slight
stringers of sufficient strength to carry the weight of the water.
The Maginnis flume is always ready for business, never leaks, nor
does it need constant attention. Once in place, always ready for
work. Concerning the length of spans crossing streams, etc., any
length can be used by the- application of proper size stringers to
carry the weight of the water. This flume can be taken out and moved
in sections of 30 inches without interfering with the rest of the flume.
Being made in a semi-circular form, no holes to break, galvanized,
thereby causing no rust, no rivets to solder over, no solder, just
a plain splice joint. Guaranteed not to leak or buckle, as ribs every
SO inches make it strong enough to carry much greater weight than
can be put upon it. Special flumes made to order.

Write for prices, etc., to the

Maginnis Flxime Mfg.

Kimba.ll. Neb.

Mentioning THH IRRIGATION AGE.

Co.,

To Owners of Gasoline Rngin«
Automobiles, Launches, Etc.

The Auto=Sparker

does away entirely with all starting
and running batteries, their annoy-
ance and expense. No belt — no
switch — no batteries. Can be at-
tached to any engine now using
batteries. Fully guaranteed ; write
for descriptive catalog.

MOTSINGER DEVICE MFG. CO.
AUinSiral III. Peodleton, I no.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

One year, $1.00

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION

300 pages, $1.00

Wrought iron

LIGHT WEIGHT PIPE

A chance to save 5O% on purchases

We are offering for quick acceptance, 1,000,000 feet of good lap welded,
Wrought Iron Pipe, sizes from 2 to 6 inch. It is in excellent condition
— having new threads and new couplings, and is in long lengths.

:t inch, per foot, 13c. 1 inch, per foot, 17c

At this price, WE PAY FREIGHT IN CARLOAD LOTS to all points,

where freight rate does not exceed the rate to Pacific coast terminals.

We can also furnish this pipe with flanges instead of screwed ends.

Our Special Booklet No. 4 79 quotes low prices on

BOILERS ENGINES PUMPS HOISTING APPARATUS

WIRE ROPE INCANDESCENT LAMPS ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

HARDWARE PLUMBING MATERIAL MILL SUPPLIES, ETC.

Write Us Today

CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO.

West 35th and Iron Streets. Chicago

NEW HOMES
IN THE WEST

Almost a half million acres of the fertile and
well-watered lands of the Rosebud Indian Res-
ervation, in South Dakota, will be thrown open
to settlement by the Government in July. These
lands are best reached by the Chicago & North-
western Railway's direct through lines from
Chicago to Bonesteel, S. D. All agents sell
tickets via this line. Special low rates.

HOW TO GET
A HOME

Send for a copy of pamphlet giving full informa-
tion as to dates of opening and how to secure 160
acres of land at nominal cost, with full descrip-
tion of the soil, climate, timber and mineral
resources, towns, schools and churches, oppor-
tunities for business openings, railway rates,
etc., free on application.

W. B. KNISKERN,

Passenger Traffic Manager,
NWSO* CHICAGO, ILL.

252

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Tl BgST BATH

I rfflL^B ALLEN

:**^ FOUNTAIN BRUSH

The Allan Fountain Brush,
the Only Brush by which
Friction, a Regulated Show-
er and Massage can be ap-
plied to any part of the
body. The Only Sanitary,
Self-Cleaning Bath Brush.
Opens pores, washes with
clean water. Thoroughly
cleanses skin, imparts
healthy glow, insures clear
complexion, bright eyes,
rosy cheeks, cheerful spir-
it*, sound sleep.

For every home, every
Traveler's Grip.

DO YOU WANT ITT

' Superb Style Fountain Brush

Solid brass holder
highly nickeled. Hard

rubber brush back and handle. Brush adjustable to
holder, soft or stiff bristle brush cm be used. Soft
bristle brush sent with holder. Stiff bristle brush in
place of soft, extra, 25c. Stlfl bristle brush addi-
tional $1.1,0.

Superb Fountain Brush, with Portable Outfit, 96.00
Superb Fountain Brush, with Bathroom Outfit, »3. 50

Niagara Style Fountain Brush

Highly polished hardwood back,
metal parts sol id brass, highly nick-
eled. Finest selected bristle* securely anchored.
Niagara Fountain Brush, with Portable Outfit, S4.7B
Niagara Fountain Brush, with Bathroom Outfit, S2.7S

Descrlp-

Safety Floor Mat

Iseasllycarriedand
emptied. Holds
several gallons.
Catches all spray.

Bathroom Outfit consists of
an Allen Fountain Brush, six
feet High Pressure Hose with
Bulb Faucet connection. (Give
diameter ol faucet.)

Portable Outfit consists ol an
Allen Fountain Brush, a Sani-
tary Metallic Fountain (3-tjt.
Rubber Witer Bottle cao be
used for Fountain sent In
place of Metallic Fountain it
ordered), Tubing, Pipes, etc,
and Safety Floor Mat.

i Brush, with Portable Outfit, S3. 75
Gem Fountain Brush, with Bathroom Outfit, S2.25

"SCIENCE OF THE BATH" greatest book on bathing, mentlree.
Responsible Agent* Wanted. Ask your dealtr or any outfit prepaid on receipt of price

•"* A4,-t Erie Street
TOLEDO, OHIO, U S A.

THE ALLEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

Mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and
Illustrated Pamphlets.

H. C. TOWNSEND,

General Passenger and Ticket Agent,
ST. LOUIS.

The Great East and West Line TCYAQ ANn ICIIIIQIAMA

Across the Entire States of ItAAO AND LUUIolANA

NO TROUBLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Through Tourist and Standard Sleepers between Chicago and California

without change. Close connection it El Paso.
New Dining Cars (meals a la carte) bct-wicn Texas and St. Louis.

Write for new book on Texas. FREE.
E. P. TURNER, General Passenger Agen', Dallas, Texas

COLORADO

MIDLAND

RY.

OBSERVATION
CARS on day-
light trains

Run Dally Between
DENVER, SALT LAKE CITY and OQDEN

Panoramic Views, Descriptive
Pamphlets, etc., sent free upon
application to :: :: :: ::

C. H. Speers, Gen (Pass. Ag't., Denver, Colo.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

MYERS

"Without an Equal on the Globe"

Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head

No. 359. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, 7^ and
X 10-inch stroke. Price $75 00

**. No. 365. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 and

20-inch stroke. Price 150 00

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt •>
powers, in harmony with present requirements.

Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps

Five Inch Brass Lined
Cylinder.

BACK GEARED
SIX TO

Double Acting. Opacity, Two Thou-
sind Gallons Per Hour.

No. 362. Bulldozer Pump, 3-inch Brasi Lined
Cylinder, 5, IV* and 10-inch stroke.

Price 875 00

No. 351. Bulldozer Pump, 4-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, 1% and 10-inch stroke.

Price 120 00

No. 353. Bulldozer Pump, 5-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5-inch stroke. Price 75 00

No. 363. Bulldozer Pump, 6-inch Brass Lined
«r it r> i- j • Cylinder, 12, 16 and 20-inch stroke.

Artesian Well Cylinder Price 250 co

FULL INFORMATION IN REGARD TO OUR. VARIED LINE ON APPLICATION.

F. E MYERS « BRO.

ASHLAND,
OHIO, U. S. A.

PROPRIETORS OF

ASHLAND RUHR AND HAY TOOL WORKS

254

THE IRBIGATION AGE.

Built Right

Run Right

Unsurpassed for Tile, Hollow Ware. Brick and all

Classes of Clay products. Write for Particulars
on this or other Clayworkirvn Machinery 9959

The Improved Centennial Auger Machine

Bucyrus, Ohio
U. S. A.

The American Clay-Working
Machinery Company

. THEIEKIGATIONAGE. 255

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Illl

INVEST YOUR MONEY WHERE RETURNS
ARE ABSOLUTELY SURE.

Vast sums of money are deposited in savings banks that could readily be diverted into
enterprises that promise good profit, provided equal or better security was offered investors,
than they now have.

We Offer Investors a Paying Investment, Guaranteed by Security Bond.

We know what our properties are. We know that by further development we will have a large dividend-
paying property. Therefore we back pur belief by placing a first-class bond, .for the amount of your purchase,
as good as money and first-class security can buy, in your hands, as a guarantee that, should your stock fail to
be earning a DIVIDEND OF AT LEAST 8 PER CENT on the par value at the end of two years from date
of your certificate, we agree to forfeit the bond you hold ?nd it becomes yours absolutely.

On the other hand, if your stock is earning dividends of 8$ or more on the par value, or 16 PER CENT
ON EVERY DOLLAR YOU INVEST, which means that your stock is worth above par, you have then a splendid
investment for your money and you return the bond to the Company. Can you ask anything better? Can any-
thing be more fair?

Millions

of;..

Dollars

"Will be paid
in Dividends
by....

Oil Companies

The....

Northwestern
Consolidated
Oil Company

With its exception-
ally valuable prop-
erties, is the ideal
Company. Your
chances to become
independently rich
through an invest-
ment in its stock
are fully equal to
the chances of the
many who have
profited so largely
through this won-
derful industry.

The people who
come in with us
now get the bene-
fits of all the time
and money ex-
pended in devel-
oping and placing
this property on a
sound basis.

Our Company '5 Well at Belton, Mo.

The Time to Buy Stock is at the Present Low Price.

We protect you against possible loss by giving you with your stock a security bond. This bond will be
payable to bearer, and will be negotiable. YOU ARE GUARANTEED AT LEAST 16 PER CENT- ON
EVERY DOLLAR YOU INVEST.

The securities placed in trust to guarantee this bond are of the highest quality, such as Gov-
ernment Bonds, Illinois Central R. R. Bonds, Louisville & Nashville R. R. Bonds, Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Pe R. R. Bonds, making the Bonds Issued to you absolutely good and safe.

The successful man is he who takes advantage of the opportunities. Remember that only a limited
amount of the stock is to be sold. If you are interested. ACT NOW. For further particulars, address

NORTHWESTERN CONSOLIDATED OIL COMPANY,

Suite 701-2-3, 85 Dearborn St., Chicago, III.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I H I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I'"

256

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Looking for
A Location?

Perhaps I can help you.

I have, in my office in Chicago, a vast amount of
data as to the Industrial needs of the Southwest —
Oklahoma, Indian Territory, Arkansas, New Mexico
and Texas. I can tell you where there is an opening
in almost any line of business. I can let you know
where good land is to be had, what the price is, and
on what terms it can be bought.

All you need do is — fill out and mail the accompany-
ing coupon.

JOHN SEBASTIAN,

Passenger Traffic Manager Rock Island System,
CHICAGO, ILL.

Please advise me

Desirable locations for

What is land worth in vicinity of

I have $

.business

Name .

Street and No..
Town or City

Rock island
System

The Marion Steam Shovel Co.

No. 632 West Center Street, MARION, OHIO.

A COMPLETE LINE OF STEAM SHOVELS, DIPPER AND CLAMSHELL

DREDGES, ETC.

For constructing
Drainage Ditches
we have both dry-
land and floating
Dredges, and we
build them to suit
the requirements
of your work. We
manufacture our
own steel and grey
iron castings, and
m ake our own
chain.

When in the market write
us for information and prices

(When Writing Advertisers, Please
Mention IRRIGATION AGE.)

OWN : A: F A R. M !

Thousands of Acres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance, are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE. STOCK-RAISING AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address

CHICAGO AND

J. F. CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISSIONER, C. & N.W. Ry

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III.

C.& N.W.RT

NORTH-
WESTERN RY.

ASK FOR TICKETS VIA

THE NORTH-WESTERN LINE

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES

212 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE STREETS.
OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUCH,

Third Vice-President.

W. A. GARDNER,

General Manager.

W. B. KNISKERN,

Pass. Traffic Manager.

STAR" WIND MILLS

Irrigating
Flint

'

• 99

Hoosier

and

Fast Mail"

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of Iron
Pumps designed for
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
e ra t ed by hand
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

Any Capacity . . .

Designed particularly for the
service of supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

Star "

Irrigating

Mill

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

'HOOSIER'

Tabular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

. . . Any Pvirpose

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Steel Towers

Either 3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS OF GOODS

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog
and Circulars. Mention this Paper.

Flint ®L Walling Mfg. Co.

530 Oa-k Street. KendeJlville. Ind.

VOL. XIX. No. 9.

MGATIONAG]

PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION

±!^ DRAINAGE

•pg

fefe?

THE

' IRRIGATION AGE^

ESTABLISHED 1885

WITH WHICH IS MERGED

THEDRADttfiEJOURKAL

: ESTABLISHED 1879

Morris Ma=
chine Works

BALDWINSVILLE.N.Y.

Centrifugal Pumping Machinery,
designed for any irrigating prop-
osition. Send details or specifica-
tions of what Is wanted and we
will recommend a pumping outfit
to supply the need.

New York office,
39-41 Cortlandt Street

Houston office,

208 Main Street, Texas

Henion & Hubbell, Agents,

61 N. Jefferson Street, Chicago. 111.

Harron, Rickard & McCone,

Agents, 21 Fremont Street,

San Francisco, Cal.

SPECIAL

JULY,
1904.

THE BE ANDERSON
.PUBLISHING CO.,

Publishers.
113 DEARBORN ST.,
CHICAGO.

FEATURES

Irrigation Investigations Utah
Station

Scope and Purpose Irrigation
Investigations

Drainage of Farm Lands

Investigation in Arizona

The Primer of Irriga.tion

' * » * *

<

< •

Keep Your f^ on the Challenge
Line of Irrigation Machinery.

Challenge Gasoline Engines

FIVE HORSE POWER WITH PUMP JACK

Strongest and simplest Engine ever constructed. Has Friction Clutch for throwing
Pump Jack out of gear. Has all latest appliances for convenience in handling.

Has Stroke

12 inch.

' 1 6 inch.

20 inch.

24 inch.

GET OUR PRICES

Dandy Irrigator Wind Mills

Note its Simplic-
ity, Compactness,
Immense strength

Brass or Graphite
Bearings.

Roller Bearings

for Turn Table.

This cut shows the
working and wearing
parts of our large
sizes of Dandy Mills.
They are particularly
adapted for irriga-
tion pumping.

Heaviest and
Strongest Wind
Mill ever offered
for sale.

It is everlasting
and has no equal.

Headquarters for all Kinds

of Water Supply

Goods.

DALLAS, •
KANSAS CITY,
MINNEAPOLIS,
OMAHA. •

The
Dandy

• '

• >
« '

Furnished either
Mounted or Sta-
tionary. We also
build i% H. P.,
2 H. P. and 3 H.
P. Engines with j
Pump Jacks.

f Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill fn^Batavia. ill, ij

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

257

STANDARD FOR SIXTY-FIVE YEARS

MADE BY DEERE & CO., MOLINE, ILL.

I.

*•! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I H I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Samson Turbine

We have a large number of our SAMSON
TURBINES installed and driving pumps used
for irrigating purposes. The high speed and
great power of these turbines make them espe-
cially adaptable for such work.

i THE JAMES LEFFEL 4 CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. j

Write Department K-2 for Catalog.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

OUR EXHIBIT

at the St. Louis WORLD'S FAIR, consisting of IT Gas and Gasoline
Engines, 11 of which are piped and running, is the largest, most com-
prehensive and most attractive display in this line ever made.

Our friends will find at the space good drinking water, electric
fans, comfortable chairs and writing materials. Visit us, see our ex-
hibit and teat our hospitality.

THE OTTO CAS ENGINE WORKS

CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA, PA. OMAHA

Renew your subscription of the IRRIGATION AGE for 1904
Send us in Post Office or Express money order for $1.00

258

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Jeffrey Specialties

INCLUDE MACHINERY
ESPECIALLY DESIGNED

For

IRRIGATING
PURPOSES

CATALOGUES
FREE

A BOX TYPE

OF

WATER
ELEVATOR

is among the line, also
Dredging Ladders.
Buckets ol varied
capacities and a large
assortment of Chains.

ELEVATING, CONVEYING,

POWER TRANSMITTING MACHINERY
THE JEFFREY MFG. COMPANY

COLUMBUS. OHIO, V. S. A.

f

I
I

I

:
:

i

PUT IN A

NORTHWESTERN
IRON HEADCATE

AND STOP THE LEAKS

Irrigating has begun, and the wooden
headgates in your reservoirs and
ditches leak more than ever. Have
you forgotten how much trouble those
wooden contrivances caused you last
year? Do you realize that with water
so valuable those leaks mean a direct
money loss to you?

The only way to prevent this loss is to put
in a NORTHWESTERN IRON HEADdATE,
which will not leak a drop and which makes
it easy to economize your water supply. You
can't afford to be without eur Headgate, be-
cause if wa-er is scarce this season you can't
afford to lose any. After usmg a NORTH-
WESTERN HEADQATE you wouldn't be
without it for many times its cost, which is
small, considering that our Headgate lasts
a lifetime.

If your wooden slide leaks, don't wait till
it washes out before getting a NORTH-
WESTERN HEADQATE. Order now and
save water, money and time. You take no
chances, as we guarantee satisfaction or re-
fund your money. Our catalogue will interest
you and tell you more about the advantages ol our
Headgate. Let us send il to you, FREE.

* THE NORTHWESTERN
IRON HEADGATE CO.

DENVER,

COLORADO

I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II
$ OUR. LINE $

Wind Mills Pumps

Well Machinery Tanks

Gasoline Engines
Grain Drills Cultivators

Qviality «vnd Effectiveness

count with us.
Do they count with you?

View of a Texas Artesian Well, made by a Dempster Well Machine,

The Dempster Machines have made scores of such wells in Texas and New Mexico.
1 We manufacture eight different styles and sizes Well Machines
DRILLING .. ROTATING .. JETTING

; DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY, .. Beatrice, Nebr. \

III I III I I Mil III I Mill I III I III! I II I III I II I I I I III! I Illllll I II I Mill I I I

IT PAYS

to buy from

The M«xnufacturer

Ask your dealer for our prices

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

259

CJf 7F>F>I f IT Q for Brick, Tile and Sewer
0 v * * »***-'« Pipe Manufacturers

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BAND TIGHTENERS AND DOOR CONNECTORS

CLASS B CLASS C

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Sections 6 inches wide.

36, 42, and 48 inches long

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Address

The Arnold -Cr eager Co.

NEW LONDON. OHIO

or Cor. 6th and Vine Sts.. Cincinnati, Ohio

260

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The Samson.

The Windmill That Makes
Irrigation Possible Anywhere

"Blow high or blow low," The Samson is always ready. Made
of galvanized steel throughout, it is strong and durable. The
wings are so shaped and so set on the arms that they utilize more
of tht force of the winds than any other mill made.

^ THE SAMSON

is a double-geared mill and the strain is between the gear wheels and the lift is in line with the
center of the power exerted. The strain is evenly divided among lour bearings inttead of one, as
in single-geared millf. This arrangement saves wear, side draft and the twisting strain that comes
with the use of single gearing. The double gear insures steadiness in operating and prevents the
wobbling that shakes and weakens the tower.

The Samson is the latest and most perfect production of the largest windmill factory en earth
and is the result of experiments without number and the experience of many years spent in
building windmills.

The Samson is self-oiling, the extra large oil-cups needing to be filled only at long intervals.
It is strong enough tu stand up and work in the highest wind, and is so carefully made that it
catches and utilizes a very light breeze. For irrigation purposes, no windmill ever made will do
the same work that the Samson will. It lifts water from the deepest wells with perfect ease, Bad
will pump more hours in a year than any other windmill ever made.

We have not space here to tell all about this mill. We publish the best and finest booklet ever
sent out from any windmill factory and will- be glad to send it to you on request. It describes
every piece and illustrates the minutest details. All this is told in an interesting manner, and
when you have read the booklet, you will know all there is to know about the Samson. It is not
necessary to cover up or gloss over any point. We are proud of it to the smallest bolt for in every
detail it stands for windmill perfection. Send for this booklet to-day.

617 River Street.

FR.EEPORT. ILL.

Stover Mfg. Co,

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX

CHICAGO, JULY, 1904.

No. 9

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged

MODERN IRRIGATION
THE IRRIGATION ERA
ARID AMERICA

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL
MID-WEST

THE FARM HERALD

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,

PUBLISHERS.
112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Entered at the Postoffice at Chicago, 111., as Second-Class Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON ) m
W. J. ANDERSON J c'

Western Office: Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver, Colo.
GEO. W. WAGNER, Mgr. W. C. JACKSON, Editor, Western Dept.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid *1.00

To Canada and Mexico, 1.00

All Other Foreign Countries, 1.50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks.
Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recognized ihroughout the world as
the exponent of Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival in half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

Interesting to Advertisers.

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the
only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance
circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo-
rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has
readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 19 years
old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITORIAL

The Irrigation Age has been informed that an in-
vestigation has been started by several gentlemen, who
are prominently placarded as officials of the National
Irrigation Association, which will, no doubt, result in
the resignation from that organization of a large
number of manufacturers whose names have been
prominently used by its officials. If the proper steps
are taken and the investigation is thorough there is no
question but that all the men interested will withdraw
from membership.

Utah
Irrigation.

We are presenting in this issue the first
of a series of articles by Prof. John A.
Widtsoe, director of the Utah Experiment
Station, on the irrigation investigations
at thai station. This article will be found highly inter-
esting and will be followed by others, which will prove
of great value to all our readers. Beginning with our
issue of August, we will publish in serial form Bulletin
No. 86, issued by the Agricultural College of Utah . on
"The Eight Way to Irrigate." This article will be
profusely illustrated with cuts made from photographs
taken in the fields of the experiment station. The pho-
tographs used for these illustrations are considered the
best irrigation pictures yet brought out and will ma-
terially beautify and strengthen this series of articles.

We note a great many comments recently
George B. in the daily papers concerning the fitness
Cortelyou. of Mr. George B. Cortelyou as head of the

National Committee and are pleased that
the majority of the papers look kindly upon this gentle-
man. One remarkable thing about the comments made
on the advance of Mr. Cortelyou from the position of
court reporter in New York to a cabinet position within
a comparatively few years, is that they fail to attribute
any direct cause as a ground work for his advancement.
While the writer has never had the pleasure of
meeting Mr. Cortelyou personally, he has at various
times had correspondence with him while he was fill-
ing the position of secretary to President McKinley,
and later to President Roosevelt, and from the extremely
courteous manner in which the gentleman treated all
subjects brought to his attention, it is easy to under-
stand why he has such a hold on the people with
whom he is brought in closest contact. One writer,
Mr. Walter Wellman, stated that his success is due to
the fact that he has made an effort to do all things
well and has paid close attention to the smaller affairs
of life, and this is no doubt true. But it is our im-
pression that his great strength lies in the fact that
he is uniformly courteous with all with whom he is
brought in contact, either personally or by correspond-
ence, and THE IRRIGATION AGE is glad to testify so
far as it may to its appreciation of Mr. Cortelyou, and
fully believes that there is nothing good which the
future may have in store for him that he does not de-
serve.

262

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The evidence is accumulating that certain
An Ertip persons who are endeavoring to divert the
tion Not irrigation law of Congress from its bene-
Unlikely. ficial purpose to provide homes for Amer-
ican citizens, actual homeseekers, into a
means of private speculation, will soon be brought up
with a round turn by a power that will show them little
mercy when the facts are laid before it.

We know that scant ceremony has been shown
those engaged in various larger and smaller swindles
in the Postoffice Department, though that concerned
only the Government directly and the people indirectly,
and we feel assured that when it comes to scheming
against the people directly to take from them what is
for their benefit, for the public welfare, the hand
will be laid upon them without distinction as to dig-
nity, ill gotten wealth, or political influence.

Does any one suppose that a man like President
Roosevelt, whose heart and soul are wrapped up in the
welfare of the people of this country, is racing through
the land blindfolded? Or that he is not taking notes
of conditions wherever he goes to verify the manifold
complaints that have been laid before him? This man
we have for President is not a political ward striker,
who closes his eyes to the deeds of those he has in his
employ, or wink at the tricks of his henchman. He is
a man who has openly declared that he is the President
of the people of the United States, and not the leader of
any clique, gang or combination of appointees, who can
set at naught the spirit of our laws and expect to escape
punishment.

The Romans had a saying to the effect that "whom
the gods would destroy they first make mad," the plain
meaning of which is that men pursuing a .crooked path
are so mad as to imagine they can continue in it with
impunity and involve themselves in such a labyrinth of
wickedness that all trace of them will be concealed from
the eye of the arenger. They are mad to dream that
their iniquities may not be laid bare, their willful tam-
pering with law, justice and right undetected.

The plain meaning and intent of this writing is
that there are those who are at present ruling the sub-
ordinate powers of the Government for their private
gain; that a combination exists to select for themselves
the choicest locations under the irrigation law and leave
the remnants, the "culls," for the people, who believed
the President to be speaking in good faith when he said
that law was for the benefit of actual, bona fide home-
seekers and not for a gang of speculators, composed
of Government officials led by private adventurers,
whose whole occupation consists in working against the
intent of the President, the intent of Congress, and
making both belie their words.

Such is the opinion of the people who are not blind
to the corrupt influences creeping into the manage-
ment of the machinery conducting the operations under

that irrigation law, and such soon will be the opinion
of the power, who can crush out the pernicious influence
when the accumulated evidence shall have been laid be-
fore it.

We go so far as to say that even if President
Roosevelt should endanger his chances for election, he
would not hesitate to oust summarily these derelict
officials who openly boast that their influence is suffi-
cient to mar his chances if he dare interfere with them.

This is not a note of warning to any one impli-
cated. It is notice to a long suffering and defrauded
people that the Aegean stable in and behind the Geolog-
ical Survey will as surely be cleaned and fumigated as
that you read this prophecy" in THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The far western farmer, necessarily re-
The Pump sourcesful from the very nature of his
as a Farm surroundings, is rapidly developing the
Factor. great bodies of water whose outlets can

not be utilized for surface irrigation.

The modern pump is rapidly becoming an
important factor in developing large sections of the
arid West. It has long been known that large sheets
of underground water exist in many sections where
the surface, presents nothing but apparently hopeless
problems to the agriculturist. It is only within the
last few years that the ingenuity of mechnical engineers
has solved an easy and inexpensive way of raising this
water to the surface and distributing it over the thirsty
land to make it bloom and blossom as the rose.

In some of these parched deserts wells sunk to the
depth of two or three hundred feet bring great gush-
ing streams to the surface whose flow is as constant
and regular as the rivers and streams of the mountains
themselves. In many places, however, the water lies
too near the surface to give a self-raising force and
where this condition exists the modern pump is brought
into use. Shafts are sunk to the water body ; the pump
is put into operation and the stream rises to the surface
and instantly reclaims land that has been fit for nothing
but sage brush and the home of the jack rabbit for
centuries.

The Division of Engineering and Drainage of the
Department of Agriculture is doing great work in edu-
cating the people of the West how to take advantage of
these underground bodies of water and utilize them for
their benefit. Careful surveys are made showing the
exact locations and boundaries of these underground
lakes and streams, and the seeker after water may sink
his well or his shaft with the certainty of finding water
without the tedious and expensive process of haphazard
experiment. In the Pecos Valley in New Mexico along
the line of the Sante Fe railway, in Utah, along the
line of the Union Pacific, and in certain sections of
North and South Dakota, traversed by the Northern
Pacific and Great Northern railways, in Southern Cali-

THE IK RIG ATI ON AGE.

263

fornia, through which runs the Southern Pacific, large
areas of unproductive- land are rapidly being brought
to a state of high cultivation and usefulness through
the pumping system.

This work is in its infancy, and there is no doubt
that its development during the next fifteen years will be
far beyond the imagination of the average man who has
not thoroughly investigated the possibilities and wonder-
ful resources of these underground waters. Most of this
work is now being done by private parties because the
expense is insignificant as compared with other methods
of irrigation. A half dozen farmers can join their re-
sources in the purchase of pumping machinery sufficient
to irrigate small farms and insure them sc constant and
unfailing supply of water at a comparatively small cost.
The work can be done quickly. A promising section
having been selected, pumping machinery can be in-
stalled and the water brought to the surface in the
course of a few weeks, whereas the construction of
surface irrigation ditches requires months and years.
This system of irrigation as an adjunct to the great
surface work that has been planned, and is now being
put into operation by the Government and large private
land companies, will reclaim almost every portion of
the arid West and add immeasurably to our vast agri-
cultural domain.

THE IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS OF THE UTAH
EXPERIMENT STATION.

DR. JOHN A. WIDTSOE,
Director, Utah Experiment Station.

. ON SHOSHONE PROJECT.

State Engineer Johnston Will Talk on Great Government
Enterprise.

State Engineer Clarence Johnston has a number of
very fine photographs of the Shoshone canon and vicin-
ity, which he took on the occasion of his examination
of the Government dam site some weeks ago when ac-
companied by the consulting engineers. The site se-
lected by the Government for its first reservoir in the
State is very picturesque.

Below the junction of the forks of the Shoshone
the river passes through a deep gorge which is cut
through a mountain. The walls of this canon rise to
a height of about 3.000 feet above the river, making
it one of the deepest and wildest canons in the State.

One of the views is taken from a granite promon-
tory 1,400 feet above the river. From this height the
river looks like a small stream and yet the walls of
the canon rise high above the point from which the
picture was taken.

Other views show the mouth of the canon, the
neighboring mountain, the bench along which the great
canal will run, the town of Cody and neighborhood as
well as a number of views of the river.

Professor Johnston is having some colored lantern
slides made of these pictures and will deliver a lecture
on the Shoshone project illustrated by these views
before the Young Men's Literary Club.

It is hoped that the club will call an open meeting
for the occasion, as there are many who would be in-
terested in hearing of the Shoshone project and seeing
pictures of the great canon, which will be the location
of the great dam for which the Government has appro-
priated over $2.000,000.— Wyoming Tribune.

THE ANTIQUITY OF IRRIGATION.

History teaches that the great nations of antiquity
lived in irrigated countries. In the great valley of the
Mesopotamia, where written history begins, were located
the wonderful cities of Babylon and Nineveh, sur-
rounded by the most perfect canals and other irrigation
.devices yet known to man. Egypt, also, which looms
large in the history of the world, has always depended
upon irrigation for its wealth and prosperity. On the
American continent, especially in Mexico and Peru, the
numerous remains of skillfully constructed canals show
that the most prosperous among the early inhabitants
of this continent were those that resided in the irrigated
districts. The coincidence of a high civilization with
the practice of irrigation is not, in any sense, accidental.
Countries in which irrigation is necessary usually pos-
sess relatively dry and warm climates, under the influ-
ence of which extremely fertile soils are produced,
which with the control over the growth and quality and
yield of crops that irrigation affords, makes possible a
more satisfactory system of agriculture than can be de-
veloped in countries of abundant rainfall. In the days
of the ancients, the art of irrigation was undoubtedly
developed to a degree commensurate with the best knowl-
edge of those times, and, undoubtedly also, the prin-
ciples concerning the actual tillage of the soil were not
better understood in those days than were those relating
to the application of water to soils for the production of
plants.

THE CONDITION OF FARMING A CENTURY AGO.

The learning of the ancients has been, in a large de-
gree, lost to us, and we know little mote concerning the
methods of agriculture and irrigation of antiquity than
is indicated by the ruins of their magnificient irrigation
works.

With the loss of the earliest civilization, the art of
agriculture was reduced to a practice based upon em-
pirical rules, some of which were good, many of which
were bad, and all of which had been formulated without
special reference to the laws of nature. In fact, during
very many centuries of the earth's history the condition
of the art of agriculture has been such that it has at-
tracted only those who were incapable or unable to fol-
low the more developed and progressive professions.
Nevertheless, the thinkers of all ages have clearly under-
stood that the prosperity and happiness of a nation root
in the agriculture of the country, and that no country
can "be truly and permanently great which does not prac-
tice an intelligent system of soil cultivation, in which
some of its best minds are enlisted. Many attempts
were made in early days to apply the little that was
known of the operations of nature to the betterment of
agriculture, but the elementary condition of science
itself made such attempts void of results of any conse-
quence. One hundred years ago, the practices of agri-
culture were in this lamentable condition, resting only
upon the vague traditions of the past, and inviting into
the service only the most inferior classes of men in the
community. The great land owner alone could be a
farmer, and at the same time command intellectual and
social enjoyment.

364

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN FARMING.

It was about one hundred years ago, also, that the
great branches of science which have done so much to
transform the conditions surrounding civilized man
during the last few decades, began to be developed. As
soon as new principles were discovered, men of the high-
est training and intelligence immediately set to work
to apply these discoveries to the profitable production
of plants, and in consequence the growth of modern
agriculture has been almost simultaneous and parallel
with the growth of modern science itself.

The practices of modern agriculture rest upon the
fundamental laws of physics, chemistry, biology and
geology, and are modified and improved as new dis-
coveries in science are made.

last few years that the attention of the great nations has
been directed toward those portions of their domains
which are arid in their nature and require irrigation as
the basis of successful agriculture. In our own great
country it is only within the last ten years that the great
public has taken seriously the development of the great
West, the larger portion of which can be profitably re-
claimed only by irrigation.

The present condition of irrigation is, therefore,
-practically this : All branches of agriculture that are in-
dependent of irrigation have been developed to a very
high degree and are steadily growing, while the branches
that are definitely related to irrigation are just begin-
ning their growth, and are practically in the position
that general agriculture was one hundred years ago.

Courtesy Sunset Magazine.

METHOD OF RUNNING WATER INTO ORCHARD FOR IRRIGATING PURPOSES.

So perfect is the system of the agriculture of today
that it is worthy to be classed with .the great applied
sciences.

THE NEGLECT OF IRRIGATION.

The advancement of modern science has been due to
the efforts of the great- nations of Europe and America.
That is, the men who have discovered the laws of na-
ture and who have applied them to the art of agriculture
have lived in countries of abundant rainfall where there
was no need and little appreciation of the art of irriga-
tion. As a result of this fact, the scientific study of the
art of irrigation was neglected and it fell woefully be-
hind that agriculture which is independent of the artifi-
cial application of water. In fact, it is only within the

THE PROBLEMS OF IRRIGATION.

To many who have given this subject little thought,
it seems strange that anything needs to be discovered
about irrigation. They say, "If we have good soil and
the water in the right position and the right kind of
seed, all that needs to be done is to let the water flow over
the ground and nature does the rest." In view of the
neglect which the art of irrigation has suffered at the
hands of scientific investigators, such a reply is only to
be expected, yet it is an emphatic fact that the problems
that irrigation offers for solution are very numerous
and most intricate in their nature.

Irrigation problems may be grouped into three
great classes:

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

265

First. The great problems pertaining to the storing
of the mountain waters in large reservoirs, to be led to
the farms during the growing season when the plants
most require moisture. These problems are almost
wholly of an engineering nature, though some of them
concern themselves directly with the questions regarding
the maintenance of the forest and range growth upon
the mountains.

Second. Following the building of reservoirs, is the
construction of the canals through which water may be
carried to the farms. Here again numerous problems
are involved, but these are also almost exclusively of an
engineering nature.

Third. The farmer who receives water from the
canal to be applied upon his farm also finds himself
confronted by numerous problems of the most vital
nature, so far as the profitableness of his operations is
concerned. These problems are, in complexity and dif-
ficulty of solution, no whit behind those of the first two
classes.

The problems of the first two divisions are much
better understood than those of the third. This is due
largely to the fact that dams, reservoirs and canals have
been built in all countries and in all ages for purposes
other than those involved in the art of irrigation.

SOME SOIL PROBLEMS OF IRRIGATION.

It is to the problems that confront the farmer in the
actual application of water on the farm that the in-
vestigations undertaken by the Utah Experiment Station
in 1900 have concerned themselves. In the experiments
it has been clearly kept in mind that, in an arid region,
the land itself has little value unless accompanied by a
water right; and, moreover, that the amount of availa-
ble water, even when all possible reservoirs shall have
been built, will be sufficient to cover only a small frac-
tion of the arable land. Water has been studied, there-
fore, in its relations to both soils and crops.

The water applied to different soils — sandy, loamy,
clayey and calcareous — has been followed in its down-
ward movement and it has been shown that by proper
precautions clrainage may be avoided and the danger of
forming alkali in the lowering lands diminished or al-
together eliminated. The lateral movement of water has
likewise been investigated to determine to what extent
the water applied to a field disappears by the lateral flow
of soil moisture. The upward movement of soil water,
after an irrigation, has been traced, with reference to the
nature of soils found in the arid regions, the total
moisture in the soil and the kind of crop growing on
the soil. It has been found that the rate of loss of
water from bare soils depends upon the nature of the
soil, the depth of the soil, the hardpan or gravel bottom,
the per cent of moisture in the soil, the meteorological
factors, including temperature, sunshine and showers,
the time after irrigation, the condition of the top soil,
and the method of irrigation. The rate of loss
from soils on which crops are growing has been found
to depend upon the same factors, and in addition, upon
the kind of crop grown and the age of the crop. In
studying all of these conditions it has been found that
there is a method of treatment which is better than all
others in the conservation of soil moisture.

The relations of soil fertility to irrigation has also
been studied with reference to the composition of the
irrigation water, the nature of the soil, the addition of
various natural and commercial fertilizers and artificial
drainage. The results of this branch of the work have

also been very interesting in showing that there is a
mutual dependence between soil fertility and use of
water by plants. In connection with the question of soil
fertility, the reclamation of alkali lands by means of
under-drainage has here been investigated briefly, with
the result that it seems probable that alkali lands may
be reclaimed by under-drainage, and that, by proper
methods of irrigation, they need not again be subjected
to alkali conditions.

The conservation of the moisture, already in the soil,
has been studied with reference to the stirring of the
top soil, the addition or removal of soluble salts, the
quantity of water to be added at each irrigation, sub-
irrigation, standing water near the surface, and the
crops. The consideration of these problems has led to
conclusions which, if applied by the farmer, may lead
to the saving of one-third to one-half of the water now
ordinarily used for the production of the common field
crops.

The various methods of irrigation, flooding, fur-
rowing and sub-irrigation, have been tested with results
that indicate plainly the relative merits of these methods
of supplying water to soils.

THE CROP PROBLEMS OF IRRIGATION.

The relation of water to crops has also been investi-
gated systematically and exhaustively. The total yield
of crops has been found to depend not only upon the
total amount of water, but also upon the time of appli-
cation, the frequency of application and the manner of
application. The results of this investigation, which
will be published in a later article, have been of a more
surprising nature, and show the way to an economical
use of water in the arid regions. However, there is
much to be considered by the farmer besides the actual
yield of crops obtained. For instance, with certain crops
it may be very desirable to be able to hasten the ma-
turity and the question of being able to delay or hasten
the ripening of crops has been studied with most im-
portant results.

In another investigation, the relative proportion of
the different plant parts — leaves, stalks and roots — as af-
fected by irrigation has been determined, and it has been
found possible to produce plants at will with a larger or
smaller proportion of any one of these parts than is
ordinarily found.

Of prime importance, also, have been the results ob-
tained in the study of the quality of various crops as in-
fluenced by irrigation. It has been discovered that the
various constituents of plant parts, such as gluten in
wheat, starch in potatoes and sugar in beets, may be in-
creased or diminished at will by suitable methods of
irrigation. Incidentally, the milling quality of grains
grown with different amounts of water, and the cooking
quality of potatoes, cabbage, carrots and other vegeta-
bles as depending upon irrigation, have been deter-
mined.

Of even greater interest than the questions already
mentioned are the attempts to breed certain characteris-
tics into plants by controlling irrigation. For instance,
the best flour for human food is that which contains a
high per cent of gluten, and by irrigation it is possible
to increase or diminish this per cent. The attempt has
been made to produce grain so rich in gluten that when
grown in countries of abundant rainfall where irrigation
is not practiced it will yield seed that is also rich in
gluten. Can this be done in the case of wheat and other
crops, and it seems very probable that it can be, it will

266

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

undoubtedly mean that the arid irrigated districts of
the world will become the great seed producing centers
for those parts of the world where irrigation is not
practiced.

These are some of the problems that have been
studied at this institution during the last four years and
show the general tenor of the investigations.

The crops investigated so far have not been very
many, but include wheat, oats, barley, corn, lucern,
brome grass, timothy, Italian rye grass, orchard grass,
potatoes, sugar beets, peas, onions, cabbage, carrots,
hemp, tomatoes and apples. As opportunity allows,
other crops will be studied in a similar exhaustive man-
ner.

INCREASING THE IRRIGATED AREA.

As already remarked, back of all these more or less
scientific problems lies the greater problem of using the
water at our disposal in the most economical manner,
and the results obtained show beyond doubt that the ap-
plication of scientific principles to the art of irrigation
will do for irrigation what such applications have done
for the great science of agriculture. Specifically, the
results of our investigations lead us to assert that even
under present conditions without building one new
reservoir or adding to the present irrigation canals, the
irrigated area may be increased one-third or one-fourth
or one-half. With such results the elaborate investiga-
tions carried on here for several years past are amply
justified. When, in addition it is recalled that there
is a strong probability of raising the quality of crops
by rational methods of irrigation, far above the quality
of crops in humid districts, it follows that all such in-
vestigations as those outlined can not be supported too
heartily.

EQUIPMENT.

It is evident that such work as has been outlined
requires a large and special equipment. In fact, the
amount and quality of the work that can be done depend
almost altogether upon the means which may be placed
at the disposal of the investigators. Three farms have
been and are being used in this work — the college farm
containing one hundred plats, one-twentieth of an acre
each ; the Greenville farm containing one hundred plats,
one-twenty-fifth of an acre each, and the Frankhaiiser
farm containing eighty plats, one-twenty-fifth of an acre
each. These farms have been laid off into plats so far
removed from each other that the water applied to one
plat does not affect the soil water of the adjoining plats.
Large main and lateral flumes have been built so that
the water may be conveyed at will to any portion of the
farm and to any one of the plats. A large Cippoletti
weir, of the very best construction, is built for each farm
to enable the measurement of the water to be made in
the most accurate manner. The clock work recording
devices for water measurement have been found to be
unsatisfactory and have been discarded. Men are now
employed to attend to the weirs and to measure the
water at frequent intervals with micrometer gauge*.
All the plats are so ridged that all the water applied to
one plat is compelled to soak into the soil of that plat.
As far as the means at the disposal of the investigators
will allow, the conditions under which the water is ap-
plied to these plats are possessed of almost mathe-
matical certainty.

In addition to the three farms, a large vegetation
house has been built, containing seventy-eight pots,
each one twenty-four inches in diameter and two and
one-half feet high. These pots are filled with vari-

ous kinds of soils in which different plants are grown
with varying amounts of water. The vegetation house
experiments serve to check the work done in the field,
and to furnish data concerning problems that can not
well be solved directly on the farm. These pots are
placed on small, specially constructed cars, and are
kept in the open air day and night, except on rainy days
when they are sheltered under a glass roof. Weighing
contrivances have been constructed whereby the pots
may be weighed at stated intervals and the loss of water
under different conditions may be determined.

Then several laboratories are in operation for the
chemical, physical and other studies of the soils and
crops used in the investigation. Beyond question, the
experimental plant for the study of irrigation at the
Utah Experiment Station is the only one of its kind in
the world.

THE WORKERS.

Such elaborate experiments can not be conducted
successfully by one man. The problems are so widely
different that various specialists are necessary to handle
them all. Three of the departments of the station are
therefore engaged in the co-operative study of the prin-
ciples underlying the art of irrigation. The seeding
and harvesting of crops and all the field work are
under the direction of the agronomist, Prof. L. A.
Merrill. The application and proper measurement of
water and all relative work were under the direction,
during the first two seasons, of Prof. G. L. Swend-
sen, now of the United States Eeclamation Service,
who was succeeded by Prof. W. W. McLaughlin, the
present irrigation engineer. The soil moisture work
and the chemical studies of the soils and crops are
under the direction of the writer, who also has general
oversight of the work. In addition to the heads of the
different departments, numerous assistants and laborers
are employed to look after the details of the work.

Beginning with 1904 these investigations will be
carried on in co-operation with the irrigation investi-
gations of the Office of Experiment Stations under the
direction of Prof. Elwood Mead. With the support
thus given the investigations by the Washington office,
it is expected that future investigations will be even
richer and more valuable than in the past.

The field is so vast that many investigators must
give many years to its study before the art of irrigation
can be said to rest on a rational basis.

The report of the work done during the season
of 1901, only, has been published (Bulletins 80 and
86). The report for 1902 will soon appear, and the
report for 1903 will be published as soon as the mass
of data can be systematized and digested.

In succeeding articles will be presented some of
the results gained in 1901.

Mr. H. G. Ferrar, manager of
the American Beet Sugar Company,
of Nlew York, made a trip through
Nebraska a few months ago with
Secretary of Agriculture Wilson,
Henry Wallace, of Wallace's Far-
mer, and a few others. Mr. Payne
)f the Payne Investment Company,
»f Omaha, accompanied the party,
and secured a few snapshots of the

different genetlemen. Among them he secured the one

shown herewith of Mr. Ferrar.

THE IREIGATION AGE.

267

THE SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE IRRIGATION

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE OFFICE OF

EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BY ELWOOD MEAD, IRRIGATION EXPERT IN CHARGE.
Courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Coniiuucd

INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING WATER.

In carrying on the measurements of water it was
found that the instruments used were in many cases
not suited to the work required of them, and were so
expensive as to limit their use generally to Government
and State work. With the progress of the work of the
investigation there has been a growing demand for
instruments which will do accurate work and at the

that is, a person or company can maintain a right to
only so much water as he or it can put to a beneficial
use in irrigation. It is of first importance, therefore,
to know how much water is needed to grow crops on a
given area, in order that courts and boards of control
may intelligently determine the amount of rights to
- water, and officers charged with this duty be able to
prevent wasteful use by those who have early rights 01
a desire to monopolize the supply. Because of the lack
of this information, rights to water have too often been
established without any regard to the volume of the
stream, the capacity of canals, or the needs of the land
to be irrigated. The attempt to utilize such excess
rights can lead to nothing else than continued litigation
and trouble. The facts gathered in these investigations
are already being eagerly sought as a guide in the es-
tablishment of water titles, and they are certain to

IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS— RESULTS OF IRRIGATION IN WISCONSIN.

The two central piles show the yield and size of potatoes grown on unirrigated rows. The two end piles show the yield and size of potatoes grown on

irrigated rows.

same time be within the reach of canal companies and
individual irrigators. The instruments most used are
the current meter and the register for keeping a con-
tinuous record of depth of water at any point. Efforts
have been made to cheapen these instruments and at
the same time increase their efficiency. Little has been
accomplished with the current meter, but the water
register has been so simplified as to reduce its cost by
more than half without any sacrifice in accuracy. The
appearance and method of using these registers is shown
in Fig. 2.

LEGAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS.

The measurements made to determine the quanti-
ties of water used and the losses from canals has an-
other object besides the improvement of agricultural
practices. It is a principle of irrigation law, in theory
at least, that rights to water are based on beneficial use ;

prove one of the most effective agencies in preventing
erroneous or excess decrees in the future.

A knowledge of the extent of the losses from canals
is also necessary to the proper distribution of the sup-
ply. Appropriations usually contemplate the measure-
ment of the volume allowed at the head of the canal,
hence the amount granted should be great enough to
meet all the necessities of crops and also to allow for
losses in transit. If this estimated loss is too large the
volume taken in at the head gate will be greater than
the needs of the Jand irrigated, but if too small irriga-
tors will suffer. Excessive allowance for these losses
puts a premium on poor construction, hence data is
needed to show what are reasonable losses and to pre-
vent anything above this. Where losses can be stopped
appropriations should be cut down in order to compel
ditch owners to make them economical water carriers.
Losses which can not be stopped should be provided for.

263

THE IR&IGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION LAWS.

Along with the observations and experiments in
the use of water has gone a study of the laws and cus-
toms which control its distribution. This study reveals
the fact that the development of irrigation law has not
kept pace with irrigation engineering or agricultural
practices. As the need and value of water has in-
creased, engineers and farmers have found ways to
conserve the supply and economize in its use. But it is
too often the case that this increase in value has only
added to the uncertainty as to titles, since it presents
greater inducements or temptations to those holding
inferior rights to try to secure a larger share of the
supply. The absence of tribunals for the final estab-
lishment of water titles, and the lack of public control
over the division of streams, puts upon the holders of
the older and better rights the burden of protecting
their interests either by force or in the courts. The
greatest need of irrigation is legislation which will
end this uncertainty and controversy, but from the
nature of things such legislation is hard to secure.
Conservative legislative bodies' are slow to act, and they
often have not the information on which to base intelli-
gent action, even if they have the desire to do all that
should be done. The conflicting views of appropriators
of water make it impossible to enact any effective law
which will not be strongly opposed, or which will not
work hardship to some individual. The work of this
office is limited to collecting and publishing informa-
tion, with discussions by experts whose broad views en-
able them to better interpret the facts than is possible
where details and local interests obscure the general
policies which should prevail.

Studies of irrigation laws and customs have been
made in connection with the measurements of water
in all the arid States and Territories. Comprehensive
studies of irrigation laws and customs have been made
in California and Utah. A report dealing with the
agricultural situation in California has just been pub-
lished. This study was undertaken in response to a
petition from the citizens of that State in the hope
that a clear statement of existing conditions would
help toward the enactment of a comprehensive code of
irrigation laws.

A similar study has been made in Utah, and the
reports of the different observers are about ready for
publication. These reports will show that titles to
water in that State are far from being stable or secure
and that there is urgent need of a cheaper and simpler
method by which they can be permanently settled.

The conditions found in California and Utah are
not peculiar to those States. They are common to
nearly all the arid States. Their betterment is the
first step in the successful or the complete use of West-
ern water supplies. As has been said, the work of this
office can not extend to the enactment of laws. It
must stop with showing existing conditions and point-
ing out remedies for the evils found. With this end
in view the larws of not only our own States, but of
Canada, Australia, Europe, and Egypt, are being studied
in order that the best lessons from the experience
of all the world may be within the reach of those who
must enact the laws which will protect and encourage
investment in irrigation enterprises. An agent of the
department is now in Egypt studying the legal sys-
tems in vogue there.

ORGANIZATION OF IRRIGATION INDUSTRIES.

Not less important than the system of irrigation
laws is the character of the organizations which con-
trol the water supply under these laws. Irrigation is
essentially a co-operative industry. In its beginning
small ditches were sometimes constructed by individual
farmers, but opportunities for such construction are
practically all utilized. The large canal covering the
lands of many farmers is in most remaining cases the
only possible one; hence the existence of the industry
calls for organization and co-operation, and in most
cases not only co-operation of farmers, but of capi-
talists as well. The problem to be solved here is how
to secure returns upon the capital invested and at the
same time keep the land and water within the reach
of the poor man, the only man who is seeking for a
new home. This problem has not been solved in this
country. It is one which must be solved before irriga-
tion can go much further.

Under the laws of many States water rights are
granted to the canal companies. In those States the
rights of the farmers depend on the form of the or-
ganization of these companies rather than on the laws.
The reports of this office show that the peace and pros-
perity of many communTties, as. well as tile economy
with which water is used, depend almost wholly on the
rights of the individuals under the companies. This
study of organization and its effect on development is
being carried on wherever the measurements of water
have been made.

In this connection it seems proper to reiterate the
views expresesd in a former report on the subject of
water rights. The first step in future development
should be to reach an enlightened agreement regard-
ing the true character of these rights. The idea of
private ownership in water apart from land can not
prevail without creating institutions essentially feudal
in character. To give to companies or individuals the
control of streams, and make the farmers who use those
streams dependent for their rights on the conditions
which these companies impose in private contracts, is
to make the water company the practical owner of
the land it serves and the irrigator and farmer a tenant.
A proposition which would contemplate turning over
all the land of the West to private monopolies and mak-
ing those who have homes upon it dependent upon these
monopolies would not command popular support, but
the idea of private ownership in water, amounting to
a virtual monopoly of this vital element, has been per-
mitted to grow up in some sections of the West. To
a certain extent it has obtained recognition in legisla-
tion and protection in judicial decrees and decisions.
Such a doctrine meets with no favor in other irrigated
lands, and should in this country give place to the
more just conception that rights to water should be
restricted to the right of use, and that ownership should
not be vested in either companies or individuals, but in
the land itself. When this principle is adopted the
control of water is divided like the control of land
among a multitude of proprietors; water monopoly is
impossible, and no other abuse or injustice is encour-
aged. Years of experience in other lands and the lim-
ited experience of this country have abundantly proven
that peaceful and orderly development can not be real-
ized except as water and land are united in one owner-
ship, and canals treated as public or semipublic utilities
rather than as a means of fastening a vicious monopoly
upon communities.

THE IBBIGATION AGE.

269

IRRIGATION IN THE SUBHUMID PORTIONS Or THE
UNITED STATES.

The subhumid portions of the United States pos-
sess certain advantages in the employment of irrigation
which must in time greatly extend its application in
this section of the country. There is a greater rainfall
and a more humid atmosphere than in the arid region,
so that a given water supply and a canal of given
dimensions will irrigate more acres than in the region
wholly arid. Much of the subhumid district east of
the Rocky Mountains is remarkably well suited to the
distribution of water in irrigation. The slope of the
country away from the mountains is about what is
needed for the construction of canals and the distribu-
tion of water over the ground. ' The practical obstacles
to be encountered, either of an engineering or agri-
cultural character, are less, as a rule, than in either the
arid or humid sections, and the cost of supplying water
is proportionately reduced. Important studies have
been made during the past year in this region by Prof.
0. V. P. Stout, of the Agricultural Experiment Station
of the University of Nebraska, acting under the direc-
tion of this office. This station is in a section where
lands have been cultivated for many years, and where
agriculture is a demonstrated success without the aid
of irrigation. The question to be settled is whether
the use of water on general farm crops will give suf-
ficiently increased yields to repay with a profit the
cost of providing the water supply and distributing it
over the land. Results thus far secured show that it
will. The maximum yield of corn in this locality with-
out irrigation is about 40 bushels per acre, while the
lands irrigated during the past year yielded from 40
to 60 bushels per acre, with a maximum yield in rare
instances of 90 bushels per acre: Two adjacent fields,
one irrigated and one depending on rainfall alone,
yielded 66 bushels and 20 bushels per acre, respectively.

The methods of diverting and applying water were
those of the ordinary irrigator; the soil and climate
were typical of the territory which extends westward
from the Missouri River for 250 miles> and the results
can fairly be taken as representing what may be ex-
pected in seasons of scanty rainfall throughout the
greater part of the subhumid district.
(To be continued.)

Wesley A. Stuart, of Sturgis, S.
D., is a gentleman who has been
prominent in irrigation matters and
has always shown an active interest
in the National Irrigation Congress.
His picture shown in this column
would lead one to pick him for a
New York banker rather than an at-
torney from the wind-swept prairies
of the Da-kotas.

GRADUATE HONORED.

Prof. Elwood Mead Receives the Highest Honor at Disposal
of Purdue University.

Gen. W. H: H. Beadle, president
State Normal School, Ma-dison, S.
D., was active at the Irrigation Con-
gress held at Colorado Springs in
1902 and has been prominent in
educational work in his State.

Purdue University recently conferred the highest
honor at its disposal and recognized an engineer of dis-
tinguished merit in conferring the honorary degree of
Doctor of Engineering upon Elwood Mead, chief of the
Government bureau of Irrigation. This degree is rarely
given and only to persons of distinguished attainments
in engineering. It has not been given at Purdue before.

Mr. Mead graduated from Purdue in 1882, was ap-
pointed professor of mathematics in the Colorado Agri-
cultural College in 1883, received the degree of Master

ELWOOD MEAD

of Science from Purdue in the same year, and the
degree of Civil Engineer from the Iowa Agricultural
College soon after. He inaugurated the course in irriga-
tion engineering at the Colorado college and soon be-
came a recognized authority on the subject. He bore
an important part in securing legislation in Colorado
on water rights. Later as territorial engineer for
Wyoming he was largely concerned in shaping the law
and practice of irrigation. Recently he has been made
special agent of the Government in charge of irrigation
investigations.

His work on irrigation institutions is a recognized
authority on the subject.

Mr. Mead has been for many years a member of
the American Society of Civil Engineers. He is pro-
fessor of irrigation instruction in the University of
California and also delivers a course of lectures each
year at Harvard university.

Our readers who, are acquainted with Professor
Mead will be pleased to learn of the honor conferred.
We are showing herewith photo of the gentleman.

270

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

DRAINAGE OF FARM LANDS.

Results of Careful and Extended Investigations by the Gov-
ernment for the Benefit of the Farmers.

BY C G. ELLIOTT,
Expert in Diainage and Irrigation, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

From Farmers' Bulletin No. 187, Courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(CONTINUED.)
FILLING THE TRENCHES.

Enough - earth should be thrown upon the tiles
after they are laid to secure them in their position.
This work should be intrusted to a careful workman,
who should see that moist earth is thrown around and
over the tiles in such a way that they will not be moved
by any subsequent filling. After this has been done

continues so for a year, preventing grass from taking
quick and permanent root. This is not the case with
cultivated crops, as the most luxuriant growth may usu-
ally be found directly over the drains.

DITCHING MACHINES

During the sixty years in which tile drainage has
been practiced in this country, many machines for
opening the trenches for tile have been invented and
manufactured, which, when tested, failed to meet the
requirements. There are many difficulties to be met
in the digging of farm drains. The soil is often soft
and sticky ; at other times it is hard, and in some locali-
ties contains gravel, stone, and hardpan. Deep cuts
must sometimes be made; muck ponds and snaking
bogs must be gone through. In short, the difficulties
to be overcome by the inventor of a tile-ditching ma-
chine can hardly be appreciated by any one acquainted

FIG. 15.— Map showing the drainage of 128 acres of clay land in Jefferson County, Ky.

the filling may be completed in the most convenient
and expeditious manner. Where the land is cultivated,
ditches can be filled rapidly with a plow pulled by a
team on each side of the trench. The evener used
upon the plow for this purpose should be sixteen feet
long. The excavated earth, it has been assumed, has
been thrown in about equal quantities on each side
of the ditch. In meadow or sod land a V-shaped scraper
with the point behind, made for the purpose, can be
used to fill from both sides at one passage without dis-
turbing the turf. In order to use either of these meth-
ods satisfactorily the earth should be dry enough to
fall apart when moved, instead of sticking together in
a gummy mass. Where the soil is too wet, soft, or
sticky to be moved by the means just described, the
filling may best be done by hand labor with a potato
hook, or filling hook, which is in the form of a hoe with
tines instead of a: solid blade. The land should be
cultivated the next year or two after being cut up by
drains, if practicable, because the earth is loose and

with practical draining.

Doubtless no machine will ever be made that will
meet the requirements of all kinds of land. There are,
however, a few which seem to work satisfactorily where
the ground is sufficiently firm to support the machine
and where the earth is not extremiely mucky and
sticky. Where draining of considerable extent is pro-
posed, the adaptation of these machines to the work
required may be profitably investigated.

SOME OF THE RESULTS TO BE EXPECTED FROM
UNDEKDRAINS.

After heavy Tains the surface usually begins to
dry first directly over the drain, the drying process ex-
tending on either side until the limit of action of the
drain is reached. This limit, as previously explained,
will depend upon the closeness and structure of the
soil. The physical characteristics of the soil also affect
in a remarkable degree the quickness of the action of
drains, so that their effect as regards both time and ex-
tent varies greatly with the kind of soil acted upon.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

271

Nevertheless, there are but few soils which will not
respond to underdr.ainagc if -properly treated.

The farmer may reasonably expect to begin work-
ing his land a week or ten days earlier in the spring
with the soil in good condition than if it were not
drained. He may expect that his winter grain and
clover will not be injured by the heaving of the soil,
as is the case with wet clay soils. He may expect his
crops to endure the drought of summer with less injury
than those on undrained land. He may adjust the
rotation of his crops irrespective of the fact that some
portions of the field are wet while others are dry. He
may continue his cultivation during the summer with-
out being obliged to avoid or go around portions of
the field which, by heavy rainfall, are made too wet
for profitable cultivation.

COST AND PROFIT OF TILE DRAINAGE.

The ultimate question that must be answered in
regard to drainage is, "Will it pay?" The agricul-
turist can usually answer that question if he can ascer-
tain what the cost of the work will be. From what has
been said regarding the necessity of varying the dis-
tance between drains to accomplish the same work in
different classes of soils, it will be seen that the cost
must necessarily vary greatly. The price of labor and
material in different sections of the country is also
subject to constant change. Farms of which parts have
natural drainage and parts require artificial drainage
may be improved at a cost of $6 to $8 per acre for an
entire farm where the outlets are provided by nature.
In this case the improvement consists in draining the
wet land and fitting it for profitable cultivation. On
farms which require drains at uniform distances of,
say, 100 feet, the cost may be $14 per acre, while on
those lands requiring drains thirty-three feet apart the
cost will be $22 to $30 per acre. The cost will vary,
of course, according to the price of material and labor.

Tiles are sold by the thousand feet, each tile being
one foot long except sizes above twelve inches in diam-
eter, which are usually made eighteen or twenty-four
inches long. The prices given below are those prevail-
ing in the East and Middle West. Prices in the far
West are quoted much higher than those here given.
The following may be regarded as an average range of
prices for tile at the factory, and in some instances at
a railroad station 100 miles distant from the factory:

COST OF TILES OF DIFFERENT SIZES PER 1,000 FEET.

3-inch tiles $10.00 to $ 12.50

3i/,-inch tiles 12.00 to 15.00

4-inch tiles 15.00 to 20.00

5-inch tiles 20.00 to 27.00

6-inch tiles 27.00 to 35.00

7-inch tiles 36.00 to 50.00

8-inch tiles 45.00 to 60.00

10-inch tiles 60.00 to 110.00

12-inch tiles 90.00 to 150.00

The excavating of the ci itches is done by workmen
who furnish their own tools and contract to dig and
grade the ditch, lay the tiles, and cover them securely
with a few inches of earth, at a certain price per rod.
The price of such work in soils which may be easily
handled with th'e spade, that is, those having no stones
and not so hard as to require the use of the pick, is
about 25 cents a rod for ditches averaging three feet
deep and for tile not exceeding six inches in diameter.
Such ditches may range from two and one-half to three

anel one-half feet deep, making an average of three feet.
Where the range is from two to two and one-half feet,
20 cents a rod is considered a fair price. For depths
from three to five feet an additional price of 1 cent per
rod for each inch of depth below the average of three
feet is charged. That is, a ditch averaging three and
one-half feet deep, will cost 31 cents a rod ; one four feet
deep, 37 cents. It is the practice of workmen to accept
the average depth of the entire line as the depth upon
which settlement for the work is to be made. For tiles
eight to twelve inches in diameter, the price is 30 cents
for the three-foot depths and iy2 cents an inch per rod
for additional depths.

These statements should serve as a general guide
only in making estimates. The hauling and distribut-
ing of tile and the tough and hard clays encountered in
many localities will necessarily make considerable varia-
tions in- the cost of completed drains. The farmer may
often do much of the work with the labor he regularly
employs at a less cost than the price a contractor will
make, especially if the drains are to be laid in hard or
stony soil.

The profit derived from draining wet land is more
apparent when we consider that the same labor that is
bestowed upon undrained land will produce from 20 to
50 per cent greater yield of cereals where the land is
drained. As a rule, lands to be drained should have a
large supply of fertility, drainage being the only thing
needed to make them productive. It has, however, been
found by experience that soils which require artificial
fertilizing frequently become very productive whqn
drained, since the fertilizers applied are able, through
the effect of drainage upon the soil, to bring into use
natural resources hitherto hidden and unavailable.

The writer has known of many thousands of acres
of land that have been drained, and has never known of
an instance in which the money spent for drainage, when
thoroughly done, did not pay a large return on the in-
vestment. An annual profit of 25 per cent is not at all
uncommon. The question should be looked at in the
following way : If the farmer owns the land he must
pay the taxes, keep up the improvements, and procure
the necessary help and implements for cultivating it.
If there is land which he cultivates at a disadvantage,
because it is too wet to yield a full crop, or possibly
yields none at all, proper drainage will cause this land
to yield a full crop without the expenditure of any ad-
ditional labor, seed, or capital, and the entire increase
may properly be regarded as the profit of drainage. A
few examples which have come under the writer's per-
sonal observation will help to emphasize these general
statements.

A twenty-acre field which usually yielded only
twenty-five bushels of corn per acre was tile-drained at
a cost of $10 per acre. The yield after drainage was
not less than sixty bushels of corn per acre, and the
yield of other crops in the rotation was in proportion.
This gain of thirty-five bushels, at 30 cents per bushel,
the selling price of corn at that time, paid for the entire
cost of drainage the first year.

(To Be Continued.)

THE IRRIGATION AQB

One Year, $1.00
THE PRiriER OF IRRIGATION

300 pages, $1.00

272

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION EXPERIMENTS IN ARIZONA.

Investigations Covering a Period of Four Years at the Experi-
ment Station Farm at Tucson.

BY PROF. ALFRED J. ll'CLATCHIE,

Agriculturist and Horticulturist of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment
Station.

previous to plowing the land for the reception of the
seed. This amount was usually about .6 of a foot.
To be sure, much of it would be lost before the crop
would be sufficiently developed to begin to use it, but
this irrigation previous to plowing is in most cases a
necessary part of our farming operations, and the water
thus used should be counted as part of that necessary
for producing any given crop.

The atmospheric conditions seemed to be unfavor-
able for the proper development of many crops during
the spring of 1900, causing low yields, regardless of the
amount of water applied. Hence many of the yields
(especially of vegetables) can not be considered indica-
tive of what the same amount of water would produce
during an average season.

RECORD FOE 1901.

In addition to keeping a record of the water ap-
plied during the growing of a crop, a record was made
of the amount applied previous to planting the crop.
In some cases, as of melons and corn, part of this
amount is applied previous to plowing and part of it
after plowing, a short time before planting the seed.
As w*s noted in the case of the previous year, two of
the grain crops were sown during the previous year.

From a record kept of the work done on each crop,
and from data secured from farmers, an estimate, be-
lieved to be fairly accurate, was made of the cost of the
production of each crop grown during 1901.

The gross value of the crop per acre was estimated
chiefly from a record of actual returns from produce
sold. In case a crop, or a portion thereof, was not sold,
it was credited with what it would have brought upon
the market at the time it was harvested.

It will be observed that some crops give a much
higher net return per acre foot of water applied than
others. This is a matter of considerable importance to
a water user. It is to his interest to obtain as large a
net return from his investment in water as possible.
It is to his interest to grow, to the extent the market
will warrant, the crops that will give him the greatest
net return for the water used. If potatoes, or toma-
toes, or melons give a higher net return annually than
In the above table, there is included in the amount grain, then to grow one of the above instead of grain

[Continued.]

A record has been kept of the water applied to the
principal crops grown upon the station farm during
1900 and 1901. For determining the amount applied
at each irrigation, gauged flumes were installed at neces-
sary points upon the farm, and the length of time
water ran upon a given crop at each irrigation, and
the depth in the box, noted and recorded by the employe
doing the irrigating. From the records thus made are
computed the amounts applied to the crop. During
1900 no attempt was made to ascertain the cost of pro-
duction and the gross value of the crop, as was done
during 1901.

RECORD FOR 1900.

Three of the crops harvested during this year were
sown during November and December of 1899. Most
grain sowing is done during the above months, but the
planting of beets during that period is unusual. Had
cold rainy weather followed the sowing of the beets,
they would not have fared so well.

TABLE V.— CROP RECORD FOR 1900.

Crops

Date of
planting

Dale of

til Sl ill' I

gation

Date of
last Irri-
gation

Number
of irri-
gations

Depth of
water
applied

Date of
harvest-
ing

Yield
per
acre

LBS.

8400
6800
7200
2400
29000
21000
4000
8200
260CO
14000
13400
5200
4400

N.v. 7
Nov. 10
June 6
Nov. 4
Dec. 26
Jan. 23
Ian. 17
Feb. 7
Mar. 17
Aug. 11
Sept. 29
Sept. 16
Nov. 28

Nov. 10
Nov. 11
June 9
Nov. 5
Apr. 1
Apr. 3
Feb. 17
Feb. 17
Mar. 29
Sept. 15
Nov. 22
Sept. 16
Dec. 10

Mar. 18
Mar. 19
Sept 9
Apr. 14
June 26
July 15
May 2
May 2
July 15
Feb. 25
May 9
July 11
Mar. 22

8
4
9
4

5
5
4
4
18
16
16
29
6

FCCT

1 6
2.1
1. 8
2.2
2.5
2.5
2 0
2.0
3.2
5.0
5.0
6.2
2.4

Apr. 8
Apr. 20
Sept. 19
May 10
July 30
Aug. 10
May 25
May 31

]«>>•
Jan-Mr.
Mr-My.

J,«!y

April

Wheat hay

Cowpea hay.
Wheat (grain)

Potatoes

Potatoes

Watermelons
Cabbage

Cabbage

of water applied to produce the crop the water applied

FIG. 2. IRRIGATING YOUNG POTATOES THROUGH FURROWS.

would be a good business policy.

It is also important that such a
M variety of crops be raised as will result
in using the water available, at all
times of the year. Grain requires wa-
ter during one part of the year, pota-
toes during another, melons during a
later portion, and corn and some other
crops during still later parts of the
year. Diversified farming is likely to
result not only in using the water
throughout all the year, but in higher
net returns from the water used.

The individual farmer is interest-
ed in the net returns he obtains, but
the community is equally interested in
the gross returns from a crop. A
large gross return ordinarily indicates
that a large proportion has been of ne-
cessity spent for labor. A crop that
furnished labor for a large number
of workmen is a more valuable one
to a community than one grown with
little labor. The more laborers re-
quired at farming operations, the

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

273

greater the demand for all that the merchant has
to sell, and all that the farmer is producing. The
longer the region is cultivated, the more evident it is
likely to become that much can be accomplished along
the lines of material progress, by more diversified and
more intensive farming.

METHOD OF IRRIGATING CROPS.

Most irrigating is done in the region by one of two
methods — through furrows, or by flooding. The fur-
rows may be permanent or temporary. Plants such ag
strawberries and small vegetables that require the fre-
quent application of small amounts of water are by
most growers irrigated through furrows that are more
or less permanent. Some farmers break up by cultiva-
tion the crust that forms on the surface, while others
simply hoe from the furrows and the intervening ridges
the weeds that grow there. This method of irrigation
should be resorted to only in the case of such crops and
under such climatic conditions as to make it difficult to
irrigate by any other method.

Running water through temporary furrows that are
cultivated up after each irrigation is to be preferred
wherever practicable. Experience at the farm shows
that this is the method by which all crops that can be
so irrigated should be irrigated. The water applied
penetrates the soil, and a smaller percentage is lost by
evaporation than by any other method. Since the soil
mulch formed by cultivation prevents the rapid escape
of moisture, crops will need less frequent irrigation by
this method than by any other.

In irrigating by the furrow method it is important
that the streams permitted to run in the furrows be
small. Just enough water to cause the stream to creep
slowly along should be turned down each furrow. The
soil will thus become thoroughly saturated and little
water will escape at the lower end of the field. The
more slowly the water makes its way down the furrows,
the better, provided it gets through during the time that
irrigating water is available. If so large a stream is
permitted to run in each furrow that the water reaches
the lower end quickly, the sides are thus made less per-
vious, and a large percentage of the water escapes at
the lower end — water that would percolate into the soil,
if it ran more slowly. For equalizing the flow of water
into the upper ends of the furrows, straw or other
similar coarse material will usually be found service-
able. If something is not used to prevent the washing
of the soil, the tendency is for too much water to find
its way down some furrows, and too little down others.

In the case of crops that cover the ground, such as
alfalfa and grains, flooding is the method in general
practice. In this region these crops are flooded by run-
ning a large stream of water between two ridges (com-
monly called "borders") thrown up with a plow, about
thirty feet part. Between these two ridges the water
being applied spreads out into a broad shallow stream
that flows the length of the field. Waste ditches at the
lower end of the field carry off water that flows from
the ends of the lands. The first time a field is irrigated
after sowing, and to some extent at later irrigations, it
is necessary to impede the progress of the stream of
water and cause it to spread over the whole surface,
where, on account of the slope of the land, it is inclined
to run in a narrow stream. This is done by throwing
up across its course earthen ridges called "tappoons."
If these tappoons are properly made they will usually
cause the water to flow where it is desired during sev-
eral subsequent irrigations.

Before plowing unoccupied land it is commonly
irrigated by flooding. Experience at the farm shows,
however, that a better way is to run the water through
furrows made two to three feet apart, the distance
apart depending on the nature of the soil and the length
of the field. The more slowly the soil takes water,
and the shorter the field the nearer together the furrows
need to be. At the farm these furrows are made with
an adjustable three-shovel furrower, by means of which
the land can be furrowed as rapidly as it can be ridged
("bordered"). Less water is required by the furrow
method, less labor is required to handle the water, and
less water is lost by evaporation. Moreover, the whole
surface of the soil does not become crusted over or
baked as it dries, as does land that is irrigated by flood-
ing. In some cases land may be too hard to furrow, and
flooding be therefore necessary.

In discussing the irrigation of individual crops in
the pages that follow, the methods recommended are
those that experiments at the farm indicate are best.

Alfalfa seed may be sown in dry soil or soil that
has been previously irrigated, the latter method being
usually preferable. It is better to have the soil in such
condition as to moisture and tilth that the seed will
germinate and the young plants appear without further
irrigation being necessary. If the soil was dry when
the seed was sown, or is not sufficiently retentive of
moisture, or if, on account of the nature of the weather
that follows seeding, the soil dries before the plants
appear, water should be applied as promptly as prac-
ticable. The young plants must have plenty of water
in order that a good stand may be secured.

The seeding may be done at any time during the
period from October to March inclusive, but the best
times are October 1st to November 10th and January
loth to the end of February. The young plants being
sensitive to both low temperatures and excessive heat
and aridity, a good stand can best be secured from the
use of a given amount of water by sowing during the
seasons above recommended.

After the young plants appear, they should be
given water frequently enough to keep them growing
steadily. The application of water twice a month, dur-
ing the first three months is usually ample to secure a
good stand. If sown during the winter season men-
tioned above, a light crop may be cut three or four
months after sowing. After this, the application of
water once a month is sufficient the first season. It is
probably not economical to apply much water during
November and December, but beginning with January,
water may be applied freely to advantage, under the
conditions existing in the region of the farm. Where
water is available at all times of the year when needed
for alfalfa, it will probably be better in most cases to
postpone the free application of water until the first
of February. Alfalfa being very deep-rooted, water to
the depth of two feet may be applied to advantage just
before, or during the early part of the growing season.
After cutting the first crop, water may still be applied
freely to advantage. After cutting the second crop the
application of one-half to two-thirds of a foot of water
will be sufficient for the production of each subsequent
crop. But the amount that will be necessary to secure
a good growth during the summer will depend very
much upon the amount applied during the winter. If
the field has been thoroughly wet during the latter sea-
son, two good crops can usually be cut without irriga-

274

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

tion between the first and second cuttings ; and in some
cases a third, or even a fourth crop can be cut. During
the cutting season, the best time to apply water is a few
days previous to mowing. By this method, the new
growth starts promptly after each crop is removed.

Alfalfa is especially adapted to a region with a
fluctuating water supply, such as we have. When once
established, the crop produced varies with the water
applied, within certain limits. Water may be applied
freely during the winter when it is abundant, and with-
held entirely during the summer. In fact, it will live
during several average years without the application of
any irrigating water. One field that has been under
the observation of the writer has not been irrigated for
over four years, yet many of the plants are still alive, a
crop having been cut each spring the first two of the
four years. Up to a limit of about six crops of two tons
each, the -amount that a field of alfalfa will yield in-
creases with the quantity of water applied. A total of
four to six feet can be applied to advantage during the
year. It is not easily killed by drought, but it thrives
under and responds to irrigation as satisfactorily as
does any crop grown.

(To Be Continued.)

METHODS OF PREPARING LAND FOR IRRIGATION.

The Office of Experiment Stations, United States
Department of Agriculture, will soon issue a bulletin
describing methods of preparing land for irrigation and
applying water to crops in different sections of the
arid region of the United States. In this bulletin the
methods of getting rid of sagebrush, smoothing the
ground, building laterals, and distributing water over
fields as developed by the experience of farmers in
irrigated districts are brought together and described.
The tools and implements used are illustrated and the
cost of the work, based upon actual examples in dif-
ferent States, is given. The purpose is to afford begin-
ners a reliable guide both as to the cost of bringing
wild land under cultivation and methods best suited to
different soils, climates and crops. The facts included
in this bulletin have been gathered by the irrigation
investigations of this office, acting in co-operation with
the State Experiment Stations and State Engineer's
offices.

This bulletin brings out the fact, not well under-
stood, that the cost of preparing land for irrigation is
in many instances greater than the cost of building
ing canals and reservoirs. Detailed figures of the cost
of checking land show that it varies in certain districts
in California from $9.96 to $18.08 per acre. This is
more than twice the cost of the canal systems in the
San Joaquin valley, California, which is given in the
report of the Census Bureau for 1902 as $4.99 per
irrigated acre. Where the preparing of land is con-
tracted for the cost of checking varies from $7.50 to
$20 per acre. The price of preparing land for flooding
is much less — but is $5 per acre in Wyoming. The
need of a better understanding of this particular branch
of irrigation practice is becoming more and more im-
portant. Eeservoirs and canals are but means to ac-
complish a purpose. That purpose is to increase the
products of the soil. The value of the ditch or reser-
voir depends upon the acreage of land which it will
serve and the increase in the value of the products which
the use of water will bring about. The time is com-
ing when the most important problems connected with

irrigation will be the best means of applying water,
and not, as at present, those of canal and reservoir
building.

About thirty different methods of applying water
are now in use. This does not mean that there are
thirty distinct systems, but includes the different ways
of preparing land by checking, compartments, deep
and shallow furrows, flooding, sprinkling, and sub-
irrigation. The bulletin gives some of the results of
a series of tests of different methods of applying water
and the difference in loss of water by evaporation in
deep and shallow furrows and in flooding. About one
and one-half times as much water was needed to irri-
gate an acre of land by flooding as was required in fur-
rows twelve inches deep. About one and one-third times
as much water was needed to irrigate in furrows three
inches deep as in furrows one foot deep. A saving
of one-third of the water by the adoption of a better
system would mean not only increased profits to farmers
but a large increase in the acreage which could be irri-
gated from canals or reservoirs.

PRINTERS' INK

EDWIN F. ABELL, head of the
company that publishes the Balti-
more Sun, died in that city Febru-
ary 28, aged sixty-three years. His
father, A. S. AbeH. was the found-
er of the Sun, which dates from
1837, and the deceased was the last
surviving son, having had the man-
agement of the paper for ten years
past. His death was, in a measure,
brought on by grief and shock fol-
lowing the Baltimore fire

THE Irrigation Age, published
monthly in Chicago by the D. H.
Anderson Publishing Co.. has ab-
sorbed Modern Irrigation, Denver.
There are five publications in the
United States devoted to the sub-
ject of irrigation, and the Irriga-
tion Age leads them in point of
circulation, being credited with a
monthly average of 22,100 copies
for 1903 in the Roll of Honor. The
consolidation gives a further in-
crease. The Denver publication
made no statement of circulation,
and was credited with H — exceed-
ing 2.250 copies. The Irrigation
Age is nineteen years old. and is
said to have readers, in all parts of
the world among individual irriga-
tors and irrigation corporations.

THE cir
edition of I
increased ti
past year, i
no change
advertisint

A BILL
legislatur
compel p
facturers'
on all1>9'
for sale
ure orj
medical ;
This is i
Mansfiej
sent«d i'
a law i
do not
druggisi
the fact
their bu
medicines
popularity
who are s
patent medi
to use them
to ask^the •
ties, of othf
proprietor
in thp
th.>;

V
V

A

THE Hackstaff * *
Temnlo f-

We are reproducing herewith notice which
appeared in the columns of PRINTER'S INK, the
leading authority in the advertising field, for
which we wish to thank the publishers of that
journal and at the same time call attention to
the fact that the combined circulation of the
two journals is considerably more than the
figure named.

• >

• •
« >

• >

• •

• >

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

275

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

COPYRIGHTED, 1908, BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER XV.

SUB-IRRIGATION — DRAINAGE.

(Continued.)

Infiltration, or seepage, as a method of irrigation is
included in this chapter because it is practically sub-
irrigation.

The drainage here referred to is that system of
carrying off the surplus or excess of water through un-
derground conveyances, when the same is connected
with a system of sub-irrigation. Drainage proper will
furnish matter for a special chapter on the subject.

Irrigation by infiltration, or seepage, is effected
through following the configuration of the land, by
means of flowing or sleeping water seeping through or
into the soil from ditches, canals, or pipes, uncovered or
covered, but located below the surface of the ground.
The water spreads out, seeps or soaks out from the con-
veyance fan-like into the soil from the sides and bot-
tom of the ditch, canal or pipe, and, following the law
of gravity, descends or ascends in accordance with the
law of capillary attraction.

Infiltration rests upon the principle of the per-
meability of the soil, and hence, this method of irriga-
tion is not always as beneficial as those already
mentioned, for the reason that it consumes a large
quantity of water without supplying the soil with a
uniform humidity.

Unless, however, and here are two occasions when
infiltration is more economical and beneficial : When
.the water in the trench, or ditch, or underground con-
veyance is running water, and when it reaches the roots
of the plants intended without spreading out where it
can not be utilized.

The advantages of underground or sub-irrigation
are too numerous to be ignored. By this system, land
too elevated to be reached by water through other means •
may be transformed into fertile tracts. In the case
of hill land it is admirable for cereals, and also on lands
where weeds abound. It lends an invaluable aid to a
series of special cultures, such as grapes, olives, oranges
and citrus fruits generally, likewise in gardening. It
enables steep land to be cut into terraces which irriga-
tion water generally could not penetrate to a sufficient
depth. In addition to these advantages, the application
of underground water on arid or waste land covered
with sand or gravel, permits the propagation and cul-
tivation of profitable productive plants which would
otherwise perish through dryness of sub-soil. Finally,
a well arranged system of sub-irrigation operates as a
drainage system as well as for irrigation.

The nature of the soil is more important than the
configuration of the ground in sub-irrigation. In this
respect, hard impenetrable soils should be avoided for
irrigation by infiltration. Experience alone can guide
the irrigator in establishing his system of deep ditches,
the main point being always to provide for moistening
the soil uniformly.

Furrow irrigation applied to cultivated land is
similar to infiltration. Eunning water into furrows
and then cultivating the soil over them is a very com-

mon method of irrigating by infiltration, and it is suita-
ble for shallow rooted plants, corn, and tubers gen-
erally. The pulverized earth forms a mulch which ob-
viates rapid evaporation and enables the water to seep
into the soil in every direction before drying out. It
is also adopted on a large scale in orchards, vineyards,
nurseries, for small fruits and in flower and vegetable
gardens where deep irrigation or sub-irrigation proper
would not be effective. In all such methods of irriga-
tion it is well to provide that the water or surface wet-
ness be prevented from extending as far as the plant
proper, and restrict it to the service of the roots. It is
considered more efficacious than direct irrigation, for the
reason that the humidity is imprisoned around the roots
and evaporation is perceptibly retarded.

It is in the kitchen garden, applied to the culture
of root plants, that irrigation by infiltration attains
marvelous results. It is the only system of irrigation
that enables plants to obtain the greatest quantity of
nutritive matter from a given surface. The soil is never
at rest; one crop may immediately succeed another,
growth continuing all the year around without interrup-
tion. It is, in the hot arid regions, equivalent to hot-
house culture, so far as luxuriance of growth is con-
cerned, but the crops possess a quality of excellence
unknown to forced culture.

SUBTERRANEAN CONDUITS.

Although infiltration is sub-irrigation, many per-
sons limit the system of sub-irrigation to the conveyance
of water through underground pipes, tiles or conduits.
This method of irrigation is very ancient in its applica-
tion to special cultures, or to utilize liquid fertilizers.
When the volume of water is limited, the soil too porous
for surface applications, the method of applying water
to the roots of plants through subterranean conduits is
very successful in its results, but only, let it be said,
for very profitable plants. In general, the great ex-
pense attendant upon the installation of a system of
underground conduits has prevented the common use
of this system of irrigation, ordinary infiltration as
above described having been found satisfactory.

But the constant pouring of water upon the soil in
many of the older irrigated districts in the arid region,
has resulted in creating a water table near the surface,
so near in fact that formerly fertile tracts of land have
been converted into swamps. Hence, drainage has be-
come a problem necessary to be solved if fertile lands
and profitable orchards are to be saved from destruction,
and it is gradually dawning upon the minds of irriga-
tors that where there is a system of sub-irrigation there
is also a system of drainage ready at hand.

The writer advances the proposition founded on
long experience in other countries of similar soil, climate
and meteorology as the arid and semi-arid lands of the
west, that sub-irrigation and drainage may well go to-
gether, and that if tiling or other media be so arranged
in underground conduits, they will serve a double pur-
pose, one highly economical and productive of good
results. The conditions, indeed, are identical. The
water passing through the drain pipes is surplus water,
which may quite naturally be used over again as is the
surplus water from a surface ditch, or that from over-
flowed land.

Nearly a hundred years ago the scientist Fellen-
berg put in at the agricultural establishment of Hofwyl,
near the city of Berne, a system of sub-irrigation

276

THE IRBIOATION AGE.

through subterranean conduits, for the purpose of
moistening the fields in dry periods, when the spongy
soil of the gardens commenced to dry and crack, and
when the turf was not sufficiently packed to permit sur-
face irrigation.

These underground conduits were so arranged as to
serve two purposes : to carry off drainage water, or to
retain it for moistening the soil. To accomplish this
end the pipes were cut at fixed points by a mass of clay
which was traversed by a drain which served as a com-
munication between the ends of the conduit, and which
could be closed by means of a movable plug or valve.
To cause the water to ascend or flow into the soil, it
sufficed to stop or plug up the tubing below the point
to be irrigated, and the water flowing through the drain
rose to its level and flowed into ground by infiltration.

The idea was approved in England, and in 1839
Fellenberg's system was adopted, and irrigation by in-
filtration came into common use, largely, however, for
the purpose of flowing liquid manures through pipes to
fertilize the sub-soil of arable land. The system was
afterward enlarged and developed into a system of sub-
irrigation where surface irrigation could not be prac-
ticed. It was carried to the United States and is now
quite common where water is scarce, and in orchards,
vineyards and for deep rooted plants generally.

SUB-IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE COMBINED.

In every properly arranged system of irrigation the
ditches or other conveyers of water are equivalent to
open drains devised for the purpose of flowing water
from the surface along lines and in directions carefully
surveyed.

According to the common understanding, drainage
means carrying off an excess of water from swamps
and cold, over-moist soils for the purpose of reclaiming
them, or converting them into fertile fields. But since
irrigation plays so important a part in farm economy
and profitable plant culture, indeed, since it has become
an absolutely essential element of success in the arid
and sub-humid regions of the United States, and is
gaining ground in the humid regions, it has been dis-
covered through costly experience that drainage and
irrigation are inseparable systems.

Originally, the pioneer farmer on arid and semi-
arid lands, finding none at all or very little water or
even moisture in the sub-soil, disregarded drainage if
he ever even thought of such a thing, and went on pour-
ing water upon the soil and into it faster than it could
evaporate.

The surplus accumulated little by little, until after
a few years he discovered that his vines, trees and even
small fruits were beginning to die at the tops. Investi-
gation disclosed the curious fact in an arid region, that
there was too much water in the soil ; that a water table
had formed, in some cases within two and four feet of
the surface, and that no means of drainage having been
provided, this water table was constantly rising, and, in
the course of a very few years his land would become a
valueless swamp. A ridiculous thing in a rainless
region, but one that was quite common.

Again, the advent of an enormous ditch or canal
was hailed with joy. It meant water, and water in the
arid regions, it must be confessed, means everything.
As years went on, the water in the canal was insidiously
working its way through the sub-soil by infiltration or
seepage and dissolving the deleterious alkalis in the soil
through which it passed, carried the solution down to

the low lying lands, saturated them and evaporating,
left a whitened soil dead, so far as useful vegetation
was concerned. Quite naturally there was much con-
sternation, and various remedies were thought of. Beets
and sorghum, and other gross (feeding plans, were
recommended as alkali destroyers. Then ditches were
dug to carry off the seepage water from the bottom
lands or to prevent further infiltration from the canals.
An unconscious recognition of the necessity for drains.

Still the insidious infiltration went on, and by and
by barren black or white patches began to appear higher
up the sloping land, until seepage water became the bane
of the irrigation farmer. Then came the idea of cement-
ing the great ditches to prevent seepage, a good policy
where water is to be transported long distances but if all
ditches were cemented there would be no infiltration and
many lands would revert to an arid condition and
pioneering would have to begin over again. The great
aim of converting arid lands into fertile, moistened
soil would be defeated if seepage or infiltration were to
be stopped entirely.

Out of this condition grew the idea of drainage
systems which it was supposed would more or less ob-
viate the alkali trouble, but this also deprived the land
of seepage water from canals and ditches in which the
water was good irrigating water, and so wasted it.

Scientists came to the rescue and gave the patent
opinion that the good water became bad by associating
with the deleterious elements in the soil, picking them
up in solution and carrying them along down to the
lower levels, and then backing up, on the principle that
it is the nature of water to seek its own level, carried up
the deadly ingredients to the surface, and there
abandoned them in a cowardly fashion and evaporated,
leaving alkali and other impurities behind to destroy
vegetation, ruin fertility.

But this did not dishearten the farmer, for if one
tract of land ceased to be productive by reason of an
excess of alkali deposits, he selected a virgin tract out of
his numerous broad acres and went on as before. But
now he is confronted with the alkali fiend on all sides
in certain regions and seeks a remedy against it. The
demand now is for small farms, every foot of which
may be made productive, and be more profitable than
a large ranch cultivated in patches.

Years, nay, ages ago, in other arid regions than
those of the United States, the same difficulties en-
countered by the western irrigation farmer were ex-
perienced and sought to be overcome by means of drain-
age. It was soon discovered that by drainage alone, the
vegetating stratum above the drain pipes no longer pre-
sented its natural cohesion, but dried and cracked into
fissures to such an extent that surface irrigating water
cut gullies into the soil through which it rapidly dis-
appeared on its way to the drains to be wasted or to
obstruct the drain pipes. These inconveniences were
grave in the case of small irrigating ditches, but were
aggravated when the main supply ditch or canal crossed
the line of drains. A remedy was sought by giving the
drains a steeper incline to create a strong, rapid current
through the pipes, or by using light conduits with ver-
tical wells or tubing at certain fixed points, up which the
excess water might rise and thus regulate the flow, or
again by isolating the drains and the irrigating ditches.

In drained fields two experiments were tried :

First. The drains were buried only about four
inches below the turf, and the surplus water allowed

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

277

to spread out through open joints of the tiles, or through
openings expressly made for the purpose, within reach
of the roots, whereas, in drainage exclusively, the
drains operated contrariwise by drawing the water away
from the roots. By this method none of the land was
overlooked and irrigation could be effected at any time,
and liquid fertilizers could be introduced whenever de-
sirable. The pipes were easily laid in an ordinary fur-
row opened by a plow, and could be multiplied economi-
cally to any extent.

Second. The second process was to lay a certain
number of drains along the line of the steepest grade
and connect them with a transverse collecting pipe or
conduit, in the center of which was arranged a vertical
tube or well of wood or tile, up which the water ascended
and flowed over into a main ditch from which the sur-
face could be irrigated in the usual manner. Each
transverse collecting drain corresponded with a princi-
pal flowing ditch, and to suspend irrigation all that was
necessary was to throw open the front or end of each
discharge drain where it entered the transverse collect-
ing drain.

The vertical tubes or wells were vent holes pro-
vided with sluices which could be worked from the top
in any desired convenient manner, whenever it was de-
sired to drain without irrigation or irrigate without
draining, or whether it was desired to hold the water at
a given level in the soil to furnish seepage water or
irrigate by infiltration.

The principle of these methods is identical with
that of ordinary irrigation, which, after all is said, is
the seepage or filtration of water from above down
through the soil, and the absorption by the soil of the
elements held in suspension or solution by the water.
Carbonic acid is disengaged by flowing over the surface,
is partially decomposed by the plants and absorbed by
them, and the remainder passes into the soil. Oxygen,
after subjecting what it reaches to the phenomena of
combustion, which explains the fertilizing effects of
irrigation, is less abundant in water filtered through the
soil than in that which flows over the surface, while, on
the contrary, carbonic and sulphuric acids increase in
quantity. By seepage or infiltration from below upward,
mineral matters, lime, chalk, potash, etc., are not pre-
cipitated mechanically, but deposited in the sub-soil un-
less the water be saturated, which is too often the case
in the alkali lands, bnt which is more or less obviated
by combining this system of drainage with irrigation.
At all events it reduces the quantity of the deposit
of deleterious mineral salts to a minimum. In
addition to that desideratum it is possible to
wash the alkali out of the soil by permitting the
saturated water to drain off and carry with it
;he alkali in the sub-soil or near the surface, top
washing of course carrying the surface alkali down
within reach of the drains. It is like cleansing a
sponge of its impurities. Dip an impure sponge in a
basin of pure water and squeeze. The water becomes
impregnated with the impurities of the sponge. Throw
away that water and fill the basin with clear water and
dip in it the sponge and squeeze as before. By and by
the water running from the sponge is clear, showing
that the latter contains no more impurities.

If it be true, as the majority of the scientists main-
tain, that the use of irrigating water is all the more
beneficial when vegetation is most flourishing and
luxuriant, and that the nutritive elements in the soil
are directly absorbed by the roots, it is apparent that

the oxydizing and purifying action of drainage com-
bined with irrigation must be the means of supplying
vegetation with the necessary plant food, either through
the infiltration of the water into the region of the roots
or by intermittent flowing over the surface from the
vent wells.

The system is quite simple, expense alone being
probably the only disadvantage, bnt even then, if the
land must be drained, the laying of tiles, if with a view
of also irrigating, will divide the expense.

By an arrangement of valves or plugs managed
from the vertical vent wells, the pipes are closed at the
point where irrigation is desired. Then, the water
flowing through the drains is stopped at the closed valve,
escapes through the loose joints of the tiles, and if per-
mitted, will make its way to the surface. When one sec-
tion has been sufficiently irrigated in this manner, the
valve is opened, and another one further down is closed,
and the soil in that section irrigated in the same man-
ner. To drain without irrigating, all the underground
valves are opened and the water flows through the
secondary drains into the main, or transverse collecting
drain, to be carried off entirely or into a reservoir for
further use unless too alkaline.

To wash the soil, repeat the process of irrigation
and drainage several times successively until tests show
a weak solution.

This system of irrigation and drainage may be
adapted to any condition of soil, or to any topography.
Indeed, the principle of the siphon may be connected
with it. Regard, of course, must be had to the nature
of the plants to be irrigated when it comes to regulating
the depth at which the tiles are to be placed, or the
height to which the water is to be permitted to ascend
in the soil. Where the land is flat the tiles may be laid
on a light grade, the source of the water supply above
the tiles regulating the velocity of the current of water
and the height to which it can be raised in the soil. In
such cases, a fifty or a hundred-acre tract may be sub-
irrigated by infiltration until it is in a fit condition to
cultivate for any crop without any flowing over the
surface. In sloping land the pipes should be laid paral-
lel with the slope to insure uniformity of distribution,
at, say. four feet below the surface for ordinary culture,
with transverse collecting pipes at intervals, so as to lay
out the land in sections, each one of which may be
irrigated in turn. Practically, the system means the
creation of an artificial water table managed at will.

A query arises here : Will not the water rising in
an upper section of land through the drain pipes also
descend to the section below at the same time in obedi-
ence to the law of gravity?

The answer is that water as such certainly will
descend and much faster than it rises. But moisture
will not. In irrigating the upper section of a tract of
land through drain pipes, the water is under pressure
which overcomes gravity. Again, the soil will absorb the
water as fast as it rises and not until it is saturated
will it give any of it up, and then the surplus will be-
gin to flow downward, but when that moment arrives the
irrigator opens the valve and removes the pressure, suf-
fers the saturated land to drain off and moisture alone
is left, which, as has been said, does not drain down-
ward, but ascends toward the surface in obedience to
the law of capillary attraction.

SURFACE, SUB-IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE COMBINED.

It is possible to combine surface, sub-irrigation and
drainage by the same system of underground conduits

278

THE IRBIGATION AGE.

or tiles, and for that reasoa drainage should always be
arranged with a view of making a treble use of it.

The line of irrigation is always along the line of
drainage, which is evident from the fact that drainage
is nothing more than disposing of the excess water that
flows through the soil. There is no other way for it to
reach the drain tiles except through the soil, and this is
true whether the soil is arid or a swamp. The flow of
irrigation water is necessarily in the same direction as
the drainage water, and hence it is economy to com-
bine them.

If the water source is high enough above the field
to be irrigated or drained, a sufficiently large reservoir
or retaining ditch should be provided. From this, what
may be called the "velocity water," is to be supplied.
That is, the water naturally flowing downward toward
the drain pipes can not rise to the surface except by
seepage or infiltration, and then only when the lower
drain courses are closed at their intersection with the
transverse collecting drain. But water let in from an
elevated source, unites with the drainage water and
forces it to the surface or to any desired height, even
above the surface if necessary or required.

Now, by closing the exits of the drain tiles at any
point, the water may be forced up through the vertical
vent wells or tubes and allowed to flow into distributing
ditches through which any part of the land may be
surface irrigated, and a double use of the drainage sys-
tem be effected. It is a convenient and profitable mode
of irrigating small, shallow rooted plants, strawberries,
for instance, and the tubers like potatoes that will not
stand water soaking. Likewise it is adapted to the
kitchen garden and floriculture.

It is an admirable system for what is termed
"winter irrigation," where the water supply is more
abundant in the winter months than in the dry sea-
son. Sub-irrigation is practiced to fill the soil with
moisture, and then by storing the water, surface irriga-
tion becomes practicable when planting time arrives,
and when plants show their first true leaves. By that
time their roots are in moist soil and they grow to ma-
turity with very little after irrigation unless shallow
rooted.

There are three classes or conditions of atmos-
phere or meteorological conditions existing in the great
west, however, which should be understood whenever
mention is made of "winter."

In the arid and semi-arid regions of the south and
southwest, and on the Pacific slope where the Kuro
Siwa or Japanese ocean current creates a perpetual
spring climate, what is known as winter is the growing
period for cereals and garden products. In these lo-
calities the seasons are commonly divided into "wet
season" and "dry season," winter as it is known else-
where being unknown. If there be any rainfall at all,
it usually begins in October or November and ends in
April. Sometimes the rainfall for the season ranges
from four inches to ten, sometimes reaching fourteen
inches, the latter quantity being sufficient to raise a fair
crop of grain without irrigation, but in the case of
corn and vegetables constant cultivation is required.

In these regions winter irrigation is beneficial for
deciduous plants, which overcome their winter sleep
and spring into life in March or April, small fruits,
orchards and the like, for it fills the soil with moisture
at a greater depth than the rainfall can reach, and when
a trifle of surface irrigation is added, they grow and
produce profitably.

In the absolutely arid regions where there is an
absence of rain, or less than five inches, frequently as-
suming the form of what is known as a "Scotch mist,"
nothing can be grown in the way of profitable plants
without irrigation of some kind. Now, if the sub-soil
can be charged with moisture it will be retained for a
long period if the surface soil be kept open and highly
pulverized to serve as a mulch, and with a little irriga-
tion it will perform wonders of plant growth. More-
over, by constant infiltration, an artificial water table
will finally be created which will become perpetual with
periodical additions. In irrigation there is always more
water put into the soil than is necessary for plant
growth, and the excess water, allowing for evapora-
tion, must flow down into the subterranean receptacles.
If there be a sloping field above, then it will perform the
duty of a storage reservoir for the lower one, and the
escaping water may be caught and utilized as has been
already described.

The second climatic condition to be observed, is
where the region is cold and frosty in winter, but with-
out much snow or other precipitated moisture. Here,
winter sub-irrigation prepares the soil for spring culti-
vation, and sufficient water is retained for surface irri-
gation when needed to enable plants to start. Colorado
and western Kansas, with portions of western Nebraska
and eastern Wyoming, are illustrations.

The third condition is where the snows of winter
are very heavy, equal to the rainfall in humid regions,
but the summers are dry. Northern Utah, Montana,
Idaho, Nevada and the Dakotas may be placed in this
category. In such regions, winter irrigation and drain-
age go together naturally. The soil is aerated, main-
tained in a friable, tillable condition, and almost as soon
as spring opens plowing and planting may begin. The
soil is charged with water which, if excessive, must be
drained off, and if insufficient, the drainage pipes are
closed and a uniform saturation induced.

(Chapter XV mil be concluded in August issue.)

It would almost seem that Providence has had a
hand in fitting Hon. P. W. Mondell for the duties of
a representative in the lower house of the National
Congress.

He is distinctly a man of the people.

He came up from the ranks.

He made his own way and is as much of the
people today as he was when he "struck out" for him-
self a young and energetic boy only a few years ago.

His association, employment and experience for
years have made him a many sided man.

He understands mining conditions from long con-
tact with mining men and actual experience in devel-
oping the famous Cambria coal and coke district.

He knows what it is to work with his hands as
well as his mind.

He knows ranch, farm, irrigation and public land
problems as few other men in Wyoming know them.

As a "pioneer" in Newcastle, its first mayor, a
State Senator and member of Congress four terms he
has had a legislative experience that admirably equips
him for the onerous duties of representing a State of
such diversified interests.

As a speaker he has few superiors and his resume
of Eepublican history and Eepublican principles at Lar-
amie on accepting the nomination for a fifth term in
Congress would serve as a fine party platform should
not another line be written. Wyoming Tribune.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

279

BROUGHT BY THE POSTMAN.

ARTESIA, N. M., June 11, 190-i.
The D. H. Anderson Publishing Co., Chicago, III,

Gentlemen : Yours of May 30th at hand. I will endeavor
to send you some data concerning artesian wells. If not on
the subject of well measurement, will give you a few facts
concerning the advantage of artesian wells for irrigation. I
shall try to send the report in a week or so. Will you be
able to reproduce a picture from a picture of the well, or
should I send a wooden plate of the well? We have some
magnificent wells in this section.

Yours respectfully,

S. W. GILBERT.

CHICAGO, ILL., June 15, 1904.
Mr. S. W. Gilbert, Artesia, N. M.

Dear Sir : Replying to your favor of the llth in
which you express a willingness to send us data concerning
artesian wells, would say that we will appreciate your kind-
ness in the matter and hope you may get it on to us in time
for our July issue, which will go to press on the 5th of that
month. If not, we will use it in our August issue.

Kindly send the wooden plate you have and also photo-
graph of any wells you may care to have us illustrate and
we will select from same cuts to accompany the article.
THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING Co.,

MONTGOMERY CITY, Mo., June, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, III.

Gentlemen : Enclosed you will find 10 cents in stamps
for which please send us a single copy of THE IRRIGATION AGE
with subscription rates and to pay for your answer to the
following questions, if you be so kind as to answer them :

1. Between what dates should wheat be sown in the
Arkansas Valley?

2. Does corn grow successfully in the Arkansas Valley?
What is about the average yield per acre?

3. What are Arkansas Valley farmers paying experienced
irrigators and general farm hands working by the month?

4. Which crop of alfalfa is usually cut for seed in cen-
tral New Mexico and when does it ripen?

5. Which is cut for seed in Wyoming and whan does it
ripen?

6. Which crop is cut for seed in the Arkansas Valley
and at Fort Collins, and when is it cut?

7. What is a fair yield per acre of seed in Colorado?

8. What price is paid per cwt. for it?

9. Is hog raising a success in the Arkansas Valley?
Hoping you will answer the above questions and send us

a copy of your paper, we remain,

FUHR BROS.,

R. D. No. 2.

The inquiry received from Fuhr Bros, was referred to
Philp K. Blinn. Field Agent of the Agricultural Experiment
Station of Colorado, who sends us the following reply:

ROCKY FORD, COLO., June 23, 1904.
IRRIGATION AGE, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III.

Dear Sirs : In answer to the enclosed questions referred
to me, I will submit the following as far as my experience
goes:

1. For fall wheat, September 15 to October 15; spring
grain, March 1 to April 15 and possibly May 1.

2. Corn grows successfully, but is not considered a
standard crop. Nights are too cool for good corn, yet it is not
uncommon for corn to yield forty to sixty bushels per acre
on good ground.

3. Hands on farms are paid twenty-five to thirty dollars
per month and board. The latter price for experienced men
in Colorado farming.

4. Do not know.

5. Do not know.

6. Usually the second crop, but sometimes the first if it
blooms satisfactorily. Same at Fort Collins usually, but in
September, depending on season.

7. From two to eight bushels per acre ; four or five a
fair yield.

8. Price varies from 5 to 12 cents, 6 to 8 cents per pound.

9. Hog raising is in a measure a success ; pastured on
alfalfa, a cheap growth and in fall, cantaloupes, beets and
grain finish up a fair product.

PHILO K. BLINN.

IRRIGATION MAKVELS.

AUSTIN, TEXAS, May 28. — Archer Richardson, the pioneer
irrigator of Dimmitt County, was here today from his Oak-
grove ranch near Carrizo Springs, lie conies from the sec-
tion where irrigation is just proving to do such wonders, the
onion crop haying been a' small gold mine. Richardson's
accounts of irrigation in Dimmitt are simply marvelous. He
says he has two artesian wells, 215 yards apart, 650 feet
deep, which water 1,000 acres and grow the finest crops to
be seen anywhere. Onions, cotton, cabbage, corn, Irish pota-
toes, peaches, strawberries, dewberries and blackberries. He
says he is now securing the second crop of strawberries and
the most luscious fruit to be found.

The cotton makes two bales to the acre, but is planted
only the first year to get the land ready for the truck and
fruit. He says the returns from the latter are from $300 to
$400 per acre, and that tobasco pepper can be grown there to
yield $1,800 to the acre.

Figuring on onions he says 32,000 pounds to the acre are
easily grown, which at 2 cents per pound, bring net over cost
of cultivation, about $600, or $384,000 for one section of 640
acres. Richardson states that about four thousand acres were
in irrigation in Dimmitt County last year, though it is forty
miles from a railroad, and that great gangs of Mexicans are
now grubbing new land for next year, receiving $6.25 per
acre for the work. He says the price is to be increased in
order to get more land ready for irrigation next year.

He says the irrigated peaches are large and finer flavored
than those of Maryland and Georgia, and other products the
same. He says the great returns from irrigation in Dimmitt
are due to rich soil, unceasing sunshine and an abundance of
good pure artesian water.

Mr. Richardson is at the head of several large land owners
negotiating for a railroad to Carrizo Springs, but did not care
to make public any of the particulars, only saying that at this
time there are easily an average of sixty care per day for
300 days in the year, of truck, etc., not to mention cattle and
wool, and with the ever increasing acreage in irrigation the
tonnage would double.

He says the coming of a railroad will make Dimmitt
County one of the best in the State and would develop a
great industry.

ONLY LIVE FISH SWIM UPSTREAM.

SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, June 14, 1904.

Great excitement prevailed on Main street today, and
many conjectures, pertinent and otherwise, were hazarded by
the crowd which clustered about a gentleman of generous
proportions, who stood upon the curb holding in his hand a
large wriggling fish of the Redhorse variety. Vociferous
laughter greeted the amazement with which each newcomer
became enlightened as to the why and wherefore of this
unusual spectacle. It was evident that a catch had been
made under exceptional conditions.

The writer did not learn what disposition was made of
the find, but it is to be hoped that it appeared upon some
hospitable board that evening, and was served up with all
due honors.

From Utah Lake, where fish abound, to this newly dis-
covered resort for anglers on Main street, is a distance of
over thirty miles. The highway upon which the adventurous
truant of the deep must have followed is the Utah Lake Canal,
which winds for miles along the base of the Wasatch Range,
eventually feeding the ditch in question, among many others.

In view of the undoubted veracity of the gentleman above
mentioned, as well as existing circumstances which refute
any other theory, it became the generally accepted opinion that
the plucky member of the finny tribe had bidden farewell to
the placid waters of Utah Lake, triumphantly passed the
dangerous currents of the canal, and having at last reached the
most congested portion of the city (with what purpose is
unknown), he had turned upon his course and was about to
retrace his steps (if the word can be used), when his doughty
career was brought to an untimely end.

Had the fish been dead when found, his arrival in our
midst would have left little room for speculation. He was
however, very much alive, and was, at the time, struggling
bravely against the current in an uphill effort to pass the
shallow gutter, with a pertinacity which bore witness to many
perils successfully overcome in the past. By this time, it is
to be expected that the veteran is no more, and it seems fitting
that the obituary should appear in THE IRRIGATION AGE. which
still holds to its motto, that "Only Live Fish Swim Upstream."

E. W. H. '

280

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE ROSEBUD INDIAN RESERVATION.

382,000 Acres of Fertile and Well Watered Lands Open to
Settlement.

Some two years ago the Chicago & North- Western
railway built the Verdigre and Bonesteel line to the
eastern border of the Eosebud Indian Reservation, thus
securing the only direct line from Chicago, Minneapolis,
St. Paul, Sioux City, Omaha and other points in the
West to the fertile region which is now to be thrown
open to settlement under the United States Homestead
laws.

$50 an acre. With an altitude of about 2,200 feet,
they are in a region which can not be excelled for
healthfulness.

A heavy influx of people is looked for at these
points of registration, and everything possible is being
done by the North-Western line to spread broadcast all
information in the shape of maps and folders that is
of interest to applicants for these lands.

The Temple Pump Company, Chicago, TIL, ad-
vertise in our columns their famous gasoline engine,
"The Master Workman." It costs less and is less ex-
pensive to run than other engines is the claim of the

A SOUTH DAKOTA WHEAT FIELD.

Under President Roosevelt's proclamation United
States Registry Land Offices are to be opened July 5th
at Yankton, Fairfax and Bonesteel, S. D., for the
registration of applicants for these lands. The regis-
tration books will remain open vintil July 23d. and corn-

manufacturers. It has two cylinders and weighs less
than half the weight of one-cylinder engines, so can be
mounted on any light wagon. It has no vibration. It
can be adapted to more uses than other engines. This
firm was established in Chicago in 1852.

HOMESEEKERS IN ROSELAND COUNTY-TRAIN LOAD OF EXCURSIONISTS AT BONESTEEL.

mencing July 28th, drawings will take place, to de-
termine the order in which the applicants will be per-
mitted to make final entry and settlement. The final
entry begins at Bonesteel. August 8th. No one is 'per-
mitted to register or make entry to land by mail, but
must be personally present at one of the three point?
named for registration and at Bonesteel for final entry.
The lands are well watered by the Missouri, Nio-
brara and White Rivers and are remarkably fertile,
situated in the midst of the great corn belt of the Mis-
souri Valley, where similar land is worth from $20 to

RIGATION AGE, 1 year $1.00

1.00

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION, a finely illustrated
300-page book

Address, IRRIGATION AGE.

12 Dearborn, Street Chicago.

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

281

&

ENGINEERS

&

ARTHUR E. MORGAN,
HYDRAULIC ENGINEER,

Drainage, Irrigation, Sewerage, Water Supply
Topographical Surveying,

ST. CLOUD,

MINN.

GINSENG

Fortunes in this plant. Easily grown. Roots
and seeds for sale. Room in your garden.
Plant in Fall. Booklet and Magazine, 4 cents.
OZARK (ilNSENO CO.. DEPT. Y-21, ... JOPLIN, MO.

Two Dollars will secure for you one year's subscription to
THE IRRIGATION AQE and a finely bound volume of the Primer
of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid in a few months,
when volume Is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be
finely Illustrated and will contain about 300 pages. 5end post
office or express money order for $2.00 and secure copy of first
edition.

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8 to 16 photo-engravings of attractive, practical, well- v

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arrangements in each issue of Building News. Designs X

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25c. Sample copies free. Address

Speed Publishing Company, Publishers,

, Indiana.

T7OREST RESERVE "SCRIP" is the safest and quickest
- means for obtaining immediate title to government land.
Write for special prices for certain localities.

HUGO SEABERG, RATON, N. M.

BOOKS ON

* >

Irrigation and Drainage j

THE IRRIGATION AGE has established a book ', ',
department for the benefit of its readers. Any ! I
of the following named books on Irrigation
£ and Drainage will be forwarded postpaid on
receipt of price:

Irrigation Institutions, El wood Mead 81.25

Irrigation in the United States, F. H. Newell 2.00

Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00

Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.60

Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00

Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00

The Primer of Irrigation, cloth, 300 pages 1.00

Practical Farm Drainage, Charles G. Elliott 1.00

Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00

Principle and Practice of Farm Drainage, Klippart 1.00

Farm Drainage, French 1.00

Land Drainage, Miles 1.00

Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40

Address

I THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.

112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO, ILL.

1 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I

Before You Buy a Ranch

Send for a free sample copy of Ranch and
Range, a 32-page illustrated monthly descriptive
of the Resources, Industries and Opportunities of the
Great West. Address

RANCH AND RANGE,

413-14 Quincy Block, DENVER, COLO.
1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I 1 1 1

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

o Valley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

for

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for TILE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner,

Central Station. Park Row, Room 506
CHICAGO. ILL.

When writing to Advertisers, please mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.

»0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«O«O»0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«OCO«0€0«0«0«0«0«0«0«Oi

282

THE IREIGATION AGE.

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less than half of one-cylinder engines. Give size of engine required. Especially adapted for irrigation in connection with our centrifugal force pumps. (Sizes 2, 2 J<
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"Free from the care which wearies and annoys,
Where every hour brings its several joys."

"AMERICA'S
SUMMER
RESORTS "

This is 'one of the most complete publications
of its kind, and will assist those who are wonder-
ing where they will go to spend their vacation
this summer.

It contains a valuable map, in addition to
much interesting information regarding resorts
on or reached by the

NEW YORK CENTRAL LINES

A copy will be s«nt free, upon receipt of a two-cent
stamp, by George H. Daniels, General Passenger Agent,
New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, Grand
Central Station, New York.

Maginnis Flume Mfg. Co.,

...Manufacturers of...

MAGINNIS
PATENT
FLUME,
SHEEP TROUGHS AND CATTLE TANKS

This flume is made in eight-foot sections up to and including 36
inches parameter, or above 36 parameter it is made in 80-inch sec-
tions, ribbed at every splice, and ships "Knocked Down" as third
class freight, or nearly as cheaply as galvanized iron in the sheet.
This flume has taken the place of the wooden flumes in nearly every
ditch in our home county. Only two wooden flumes are now in use
in the county (both of which are practically new). Numerous testi-
monials as fo the merits of our flume state that in nearly every
instance they have been substituted for wooden flumes. On«
advantage ot the galvanized iron flume is that all the water goes
over the flume, which is not possible where wooden flumes are
used. Another feature about the disadvantages in using wooden
flumes is leakage around posts or bends where the ground is so
softened up that supports settle. This never occurs with the
•*• Maginnis flume. Very little timber is required, just two slight
A stringers of sufficient strength to carry the weight of the water.
•*• The Maginnis flume is always ready for business, never leaks, nor
4> does it need constant attention. Once in place, always ready for
A work. Concerning the length of spans crossing streams, etc., any
••• length can be used by the application of proper size stringers to
••• carry the weight of the water. This flume can be taken out and moved
»> in sections of 30 inches without interfering with the rest of the flume.
#*# Being made in a semi-circular form.no holes to break, galvanized,
•> thereby causing no rust, no rivets to solder over, no solder, just
«•+ a plain splice joint. Guaranteed not to leak or buckle, as ribs every
•;« 30 inches make it strong enough to carry much greater weight than
*> can be put upon it. Special flumes made to order.
«*• Write for prices, etc., to the

% Maginnis FKime Mfg. Co.,
X KimbaJl. Neb.

y Mentioning THH IRRIGATION AGE.

To Owners of Gasoline fingines
Automobiles, Launches, Etc.

The Auto-Sparker

does away entirely with all starting
and running batteries, their annoy-
ance and expense. No belt — no
switch — no batteries. Can be at-
tached to any engine now using
batteries. Fully guaranteed ; write
for descriptive catalog.

MOTSINGER DEVICE MFG. CO.
Mala Street III, Pendleton, Ind.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

One year, $1.00

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION

300 pages, $1.00

Wrought iron

LIGHT WEIGHT PIPE

A chance to save 5O% on purchases

We are offering for quick acceptance, 1,000,000 feet of good lap welded,
Wrought Iron Pipe, sizes from 2 to 6 inch. It is In excellent condition
— having new threads and new couplings, and is in long lengths.

:i inch, per foot, 13c. 1 inch, per foot, 17c

At this price, WE PAY FREIGHT IN CARLOAD LOTS to all points,

where freight rate does not exceed the rate to Pacific coast terminals.

We can also furnish this pipe with flanges instead of screwed ends.

Our Special Booklet No. 479 quotes low prices on

BOILERS ENGINES PUMPS HOISTING APPARATUS

WIRE ROPE INCANDESCENT LAMPS ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

HARDWARE PLUMBING MATERIAL MILL SUPPLIES, ETC.

Write Us Today

CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING

West 35th and Iron Streets, Chicago

CO.

NEW HOMES
IN THE WEST

Almost a half million acres of the fertile and
well-watered lands of the Rosebud Indian Res-
ervation, in South Dakota, will be thrown open
to settlement by the Government in July. These
lands are best reached by the Chicago & North-
Western Railway's direct through lines from
Chicago to Bonesteel, S. D. All agents sell
tickets via this line. Special low rates.

HOW TO GET
A HOME

Send for a copy of pamphlet giving full Informa-
tion as to dates of opening and how to secure 160
acres of land at nominalcost, with full descrip-
tion of the soil, climate, timber and mineral
resources, towns, schools and churches, oppor-
tunities for business openings, railway rates,
etc., free on application.

W. B. KNISKERN,
Passenger Traffic Manager,
NW3o« CHICAGO, ILL.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

HE

4§^i

rjL\

TRADE
MARK

For every home, every
Traveler's Grip.

DO YOU WANT IT?

5T BATH

ALLEN

FOUNTAIN BRUSH

filh or Without Bathroom

Superb Style Fountain

Solid brass bolder
highly nickeled. Hard
rubber brush back and handle. Brush adjustable to
holder, softer stifl bristle brush can be used. Soft
bristle brush sent with holder. Stiff bristle brush in
place of soft, extra, 2Sc. Stifl bristle brush addi-
tional $1.00.

Superb Fountain Brush, with Portable Outfit, S6.0O
Superb Fountain Brush, with Bathroom Outfit, $3.50

Com Sfyle
Fountain
Hand
Brush

irso

J Descrip-
tion same
s Niagara

Safety Floor Mat

I s easily carried and
emptied. Holds
s e T e r al gallons.
Catches all spray.

Bathroom Outfit consists of
an Allen Fountain Brush, six
feet High Pressure Hose with
Bulb Faucet connection. (Gire
diameter of faucet.)

Gem Fountain Brash, with Portable Outfit,
Gem Fountain Brush, with Bathroom Outfit,

Portable Outfit consists of an
Allen Fountain Brush, a San!-
tary Metallic Fountain (3-qt.
Rubber Witer Bottle can be
used for * Fountain sent in
place of Metallic Fountain II
ordered), Tubing, Pipes, etc.,
and Safety Floor Mat.

93.76
92.25

"SCIENCE OP THE BATH" greatest book on bathing, aent free.
Responsible Agent* Wanted. Ask your dealer or any outfit prepaid on receipt of price

THE ALLEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY

SPRINGS

ARKANSAS

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and
Illustrated Pamphlets.

H. C. TOWNSEND,

General Passenger and Ticket Agent,
ST. LOUIS.

The Great East and West Line Try AC .„„
Across tKe Entire States of I tAAO Mi

NO TROUBLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Through Tourist and Standard Sleepers between Chicago and California

without change. Close connection at £1 Paso.
New Dining Cars (meals a la carti) between Texas and St. Louis.

' Write for new book on Texas. FREE.
E. P.TURNER, General Passenger Aeon-, Dallas, Texas

COLORADO

MIDLAND

RY.

THE BEST
ROCKY
MOUNTAIN
S C E N E RY

OBSERVATION
CARS on day-
light trains

Run Dally Between
DENVER, SALT LAKE CITY and OQDEN

Panoramic Views, Descriptive
Pamphlets, etc., sent free upon
application to :: :: :: ::

C. H. Speers, Gen'IPass. Art., Denver, Colo.

284

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

MYERS

"Without an Equal on the Globe"

Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head

No. 359. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, 11A and

10-inch stroke. Price 875 00

No. 365. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 and

20-inch stroke. Price 150 00

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt
powers, in harmony with present requirements.

H« Fivt. 5*v»n jnd On, HiH.
»«1 Ttn loeh Strok*.

Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps

Five Inch Brass Lined
Cylinder.

BACK SEARED
SDC TO ONE^

Double Acting. Capacity, Two Thou.
sand Gallons Per Hour.

Artesian Well Cylinder

i

No. 362. Bulldozer Pump, 3-inch Brasi Lined
Cylinder, 5, T/£ and 10-inch stroke.

Price 875 00

No. 351. Bulldozer Pump, 4-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, 7^ and 10-inch stroke.

Price 120 00

No. 353. Bulldozer Pump, 5-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5-inch stroke. Price 75 00

No. 363. Bulldozer Pump, 6-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 12, 16 and 20-inch stroke.

Price 250 CO

FULL INFORMATION IN REGARD TO OUR. VARIED LINE ON APPLICATION.

RE. MYERS sBRO.

ASHLAND,
OHIO, U. S. A.

PROPRIETORS OF

ASHLAND PUflP AND HAY TOOL WORKS

« p

• •

< p
« p

• >

• >

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

285

Built Right

Run Right

Unsurpassed for Tile, Hollow Ware. Brick and &.1I

Classes of Clay products. Write for Particulars
on this or other Clayworkintf Machinery 9999

The Improved Centennial Auger Machine

Bucyrus, OKio
U. S. A.

The American Clay-Working
Machinery Company

286

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

Looking for
A Location?

Perhaps I can help you.

I have, in my office in Chicago, a vast amount of
data as to the Industrial needs of the Southwest —
Oklahoma, Indian Territory, Arkansas, New Mexico
and Texas. I can tell you where there is an opening
in almost any line of business. I can let you know
where good land is to be had, what the price is, and
on what terms it can be bought.

All you need do is — fill out and mail the accompany-
ing coupon.

JOHN SEBASTIAN,

Passenger Traffic Manager Rock Island System,
CHICAGO, ILL.

Please advise me

Desirable locations for

-business

What is land worth in vicinity of_
I have $__

Name .

Street and No._
Town or City

ROCK Island
System

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

.287

<

Money Made

by the

Dairy Maid

Dairy products are a most
profitable source of revenue for
the progressive farmer.

Much ready money is received
from the sale of milk, cream and
butter; also from chickens, ducks,
turkeys and eggs. No country in the world is so suitable
for these products as California and the

Santa Fe Southwest

where there are mild winters, budding springtimes, pleasant sum-
mers £nd glorious autumns.

Write us and we will send you some
profusely illustrated literature about this
great country. Will also quote lowest
rates to where you are going.

W. J. BLACK

Gen. Pass. A«t.. A. T. £>• S. F. Ry.
Chicago

Send me booklets about dairying in Santa

Fe Southwest, and quote lowest

Homeseekers* rates

Name

Street No

City and State.

Farming in Colorado, Utah
and New Mexico.

*[[ The farmer who contemplates changing his location
should look well into the subject of irrigation. Before
making a trip of investigation there is no better way to
secure advance information than by writing to those
most interested in the settlement of unoccupied lands.
Several publications, giving valuable information in
regard to the agricultural, horticultural and live stock
interests of this great western section, have been pre-
pared by the Denver & Rio Grande System, which
should be in the hands of all who desire to become
acquainted with the merits of the various localities.

Write S. K. HOOPER, G. P. & T. A.

DENVER, COLORADO.

288 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Farms for
$4 an Acre

Nearly 2,400 quarter sections (160 acres) of land, now
a part of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South
Dakota, will be opened for settlement under the
homestead laws in July. Allotments will be made
by drawing for choice. First payment, $i an acre.
Remaining payments in five years. Drawing starts
July 28 at Chamberlain, S. D. Chamberlain is
reached only by the

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul

Railway

You may register at either Yankton or Chamberlain,
but drawing takes place at latter city. Good hotel
accommodations. Registry for lands at Chamberlain
or Yankton, July 5 to July 23. The land is excel-
lent for corn and live-stock industry. You will never
have another such opportunity to secure a good farm.
Book on Rosebud Country for two cents' postage.

Low rates July 1 to 23

F. A MILLER, CH|QAQQ

General Passenger Agent

The Marion Steam Shovel Co.

No. 633 West Center Street, MARION, OHIO.

A COMPLETE LINE OF STEAM SHOVELS, DIPPER AND CLAMSHELL

DREDGES, ETC.

For constructing
"Drainage Ditches
we have both dry*
land and floating
Dredges, and we
build them, to suit
the requirements
of your work. We
manufacture our
own steel and grey
iron castings, and
make our own
chain.

When in the market write
us for information and prices

(When Writing Advertisers, Please
Mention IRRIGATION AGE.)

OWN : A : FAR.M!

Thousands of Acres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance, are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE. STOCK-RAISING AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address

CHICAGO AND

J. F. CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISSIONER, C. & N.W. Ry

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III.

NORTH-
WESTERN RY.

ASK FOR TICKETS VIA

THE NORTH-WESTERN LINE

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES

212 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE STREETS.
OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUCH,

Third Vice-President.

W. A. GARDNER,

General Manager.

W. B. KNISKERN,

Pass. Traffic Manager.

STAR" WIND MILLS

Irrigating
Plant

Hoosier

and

99

'Fast Mail

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of Iron
Pumps designed for
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
crated by hand
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

Designed particularly for the
service of supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

Star "

Irrigating

Mill

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

'HOOSIER'

Tubular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

Any Capacity ... ... Any Pxirpose

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Steel Towers

Either 3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS OF GOODS

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog
and Circulars. Mention this Paper.

Flint <& Walling Mfg. Co.

530 Oa.k Street. Kendivllville. Ind.

ocooocxxoooooooocoooocxxx^^

VOL. XIX. No. 10,

PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION

±^ DRAINAGE

THE

^IRRIGATION AGE^

ESTABLISHED 1885

WITH WHICH IS MERGED

, THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL

• ESTABLISHED 1879

Morris Ma=
chine Works

BALDW1NSVILLE.N.Y.

Centrifugal Pumping Machinery,
designed for any irrigating prop-
osition. Send details or specifica-
tions of what is wanted and we
will recommend a pumping outfit
to supply the need.

New York office,
39-41 Cortlandt Street

Houston office,

208 Main Street, Texas

Henion & Hubbell, Agents,

61 N. Jefferson Street, Chicago. 111.

Harron, Rickard & McCone,

Agents. 21 Fremont Street,

San Francisco, Cal.

AUGUST,
1904.

THED.H.ANDER50N
PUBLISHING CO,

Publishers.
113 DEARBORN ST.,
CHICAGO.

SPECIAL

FEATURES

Government Project in Utah

Irrigation Development
Scope and Purpose Irrigation

Investigations

Cantaloupe Seed

Experiments in Arizona

The Primer of Irrigation

Drainage of Farm Lands

CHARLES *.. *
cox

•:•»*»»*»*»

4 >

< •
1 '

< •

• '

• •
t '

• •

• >

• •

• •

.. GET OUR PRICES

Keep Your f^ on the Challenge
Line of Irrigation Machinery.

Challenge Gasoline Engines

FIVE HORSE POWER WITH PUMP JACK

Strongest and simplest Engine ever constructed. Has Friction Clutch for throwing
Pump Jack out of gear. Has all latest appliances for convenience in handling.

Has Stroke

12 inch.
16 inch.
20 inch.
24 inch.

Furnished either
Mounted or Sta-
tionary. We also
build \% H. P.,
2 H. P. and 3 H.
P. Engines with
Pump Jacks.

He Dandy Irrigator Wind Mills

TO COMPARE WITH THEJM

Note its Simplic-
ity, Compactness,
Immense strength

Brass or Graphite
Bearings.

Roller Bearings

for Turn Table.

Heaviest and
Strongest Wind
Mill ever offered
for sale.

It is everlasting
and has no equal.

Headquarters for all Kinds

of Water Supply

Goods.

This cut shows the
working and wearing
parts of our large
sizes of Dandy Mills.
They are particularly
adapted for irriga-
tion pumping.

The
Dandy

Write for Catalog

BRANCH HOUSES:

DALLAS. •
KANSAS CITY.
MINNEAPOLIS.
OMAHA. •
136 Liberty St.,

NEW YORK

« >
« •

« •
•, •

f Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill r^Batavia.!!!.

•

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

289

STANDARD FOR SIXTY-FIVE YEARS

MADE BY DEERE & CO., MOLINE, ILL.

I I I I I I I III III II Mill Ml I

1 1 1 1 1 1 ii ii 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 in ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii i mi 111 ii

; JAMES LEFFEL 4 CO.,

SAMSON TURBINE

We have a large number of our SAMSON
TURBINES installed and driving pumps used
for irrigating purposes. The high speed and
great power of these turbines make them espe-
cially adaptable for such work.

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. ;

Write Department K-2 for Catalog.

• I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IT

OUR EXHIBIT

at the St. Louis WORLD'S FAIR, consisting of 17 Ca<> and Gasoline
Engines, 11 of which are ploed and running, Is the largest, most com-
prehensive and most attractive display In 'his line ever made.

Our friends will find at the space good drinking water, electric
fans, comfortable chairs and writing materials. Visit us, see our ex-
hibit and test our hospitality.

CHICAGO

THE OTTO CAS ENGINE WORKS

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

OMAHA

Renew your subscription of the IRRIGATION AGE for 1904
Send us in Post Office or Express money order for $1.00

290

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Jeffrey Specialties

INCLUDE MACHINERY
ESPECIALLY DESIGNED

For

IRRIGATING
PURPOSES

CATALOGUES
FREE

A BOX TYPE

OF

WATER
ELEVATOR

is among the line, also
Dredging Ladders.
Buckets of var td
capacities and a large
assortment of Chains.

ELEVATING, CONVEYING,

POWER TRANSMITTING MACHINERY
THE JEFFREY MFG. COMPANY

COLUMBUS. OHIO, U. S. A.

*t**r**I^IM!**J**t**C**J*CM«******^*^***!M«***M!*****»^t*^

Maginnis Flume Mfg. Co.,

...Manufacturers of...

MAGINNIS
PATENT
FLUME,
SHEEP TROUGHS AND CATTLE TANKS

This Hume is made in eight-foot sections up to and including 86
inches parameter, or above 36 parameter it is made in 30-inch sec-
tiuns. ribbed at every' splice, and ships "Knocked Down" as third
class freight, or nearly as cheaply as galvanized iron in the sheet.
This flume has taken the place of the wooden flumes in nearly every
ditch in ' ur home county. Only two wooden flumes are now in use
in the county (both of which are practically new). Numerous testi-
monials as to the merits of our flume state that in nearly every
instance they have been substituted for wooden flumes. One
advantage ol the gaUanized iron flume is that all the water goes
over the flume, which is not possible where wooden flumes are
used. Another feature about the disadvantages in usiog wooden
flumes is leakage around posts or bends where the ground is so
softenid up that supports settle. This never occurs with the
M.iginnis flume. Very little timber is required, just two slight
stringers of sufficient strength to carry the weight of the water.
The Maginnis flume is always ready for business, never leaks, nor
does it need constant attention. Once in place, always ready for
work. Concerning the length of spans crossing streams, etc., any
length can be used by the application of proper size stringers to
carry the weight ol the water. This flume can be taken out and moved
in sections of 30 inches without inter ferine with the rest of the flume.
Being made in a semi-circular form.no holes to break, galvanized,
thereby causing no rust, no rivets to solder over, no solder, just
a plain splice joint. Guaranteed not to leak or buckle, as ribs every
30 inches make it strong enough to carry much greater weight than
can be put upon it. Special flumes made to order.

Write for prices, etc., to the

Maginnis Flxime Mfg. Co.,«
Kimba.ll. Neb.

Mentioning THE IRRIGATION AGE.

I III I II I

in i inini 1 1 mi mi i inn 1 1 1 1 ii 111 ii 1 1 1 1 nil

9 OUR. LINE $

Wind Mills Pumps :

Well Machinery Tanks ;

Gasoline Engines
Grain Drills Cultivators !

"

Quality and Effectiveness

count with us*
Do they count witH you?

View of i Texas Artesian Well, made by a Dempster Well Machine.

The Dempster Machines have made scores of such wells in Texas and New Mexico.

We manufacture eight different styles and sizes Well Machines

DRILLING .. ROTATING .. JETTING

IT PAYS

to buy from

The Manufacturer

Ask your dealer for our prices

DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY, .. Beatrice, Nebr.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

291

for Brick, Tile and Sewer
Pipe Manufacturers

SEWER PIPE BARROW

TILE TRUCK HEAVY FURNACE FRONT

These Trucks and Barrows are made of first-class material, and the workmanship is the
best. Special trucks and barrows to suit customers, made to order. Prices quoted on
receipt of specifications.

BAND TIGHTENERS AND DOOR CONNECTORS

CLASS B CLASS C

TUPPER STYLE GRATE

CAST IRON KILN COVERS

Sections 6 inches wide.

36, 42, and 48 inches long

STRAIGHT GRATES

Any length. Sections 3 inches to 3}4 inches wide. Weight average about 1 pound VENTILATORS

per inch in length.

»

We also make Kiln Bands complete with sections cut to length and rivet holes punched. Rivets fur-
nished and tighteners riveted on to end sections. Prices quoted for anything in this line upon application.

Address

The Arnold- Creager Co.

NEW LONDON. OHIO

or Cor. 6th and Vine Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The Samson.

The Windmill That Makes
Irrigation Possible Anywhere

"Blow high or blow low," The Samson is always ready. Made
of galvanized steel throughout, it is strong and durable. The
wings are so shaped and so set on the arms that they utilize more
of the force of the winds than any other mill made.

THE SAMSON

is a double-geared mill and the strain is between the gear wheels and the lift Is inline with the
center of the power exerted. The strain is evenly divided among lour bearings initead of one, as
in single-geared null*. This arrangement saves wear, side draft and the twisting strain that comes
with the use of single gearing. The double gear insures steadiness in operating and prevents the
wobbling that shakes and weakens the tower.

The Samson is the latest and most perfect production of the largest windmill factory on earth
and is the result of experiments without number and the expenence of many years spent in
building windmills.

The Samson is self-oiling, the extra large oil-cups needing to be filled only at long intervals.
It is strong enough tu stand up and wort in the highest wind, and is so carefully made that it
catches and utilizes a very light breeze. For irrigation purposes, no windmill ever made will do
the same work that the Samson will. It lifts water from ihe deepest wells with perfect ease, and
will pump more hours in a year than any other windmill ever made.

We have not space here to tell all about this mill. We publish the best and finest booklet ever
sent out from any windmill factory and will be glad to send it to you on request. It describes
every piece and illustrates the minutest details. All this is told in an interesting manner, and
when you have read the booklet, you will know all there is to know about the Samson. It is not
necessary to cover up or gloss over any point. We are proud of it to the smallest bolt for in every
detail it stands for windmill perfection. Send for this booklet to-day.

617 River Street.

FR.EEPOR.T. ILL.

Stover Mfg. Co.

' - •-• I

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX

CHICAGO, AUGUST, 1904.

No. 10

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged

MODERN IRRIGATION
THE IRRIGATION ERA
ARID AMERICA

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL
MID-WEST

THE FARM HERALD

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,
PUBLISHERS,

112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Entered at the Postoffice at Chicago, 111., as Second-Class Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON
W. J. ANDERSON

Editors

Western Office: Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver, Colo.
GEO. W. WAGNER, Mgr. W. C. JACKSON, Editor, Western Dept.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid *1.00

To Canada and Mexico, 1.00

All Other Foreign Countries, . 1.50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks.
Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recognized throughout the world as
the exponent ot Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival in half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

Interesting to Advertisers.

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the
only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance
circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo-
rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has
readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is (9 years
old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITORIAL

El Paso The executive committee of the South-
Convention western Irrigation Association at its last
Hall. meeting awarded the contract for the con-

struction of a convention hall capable of
seating more than 3,000 delegates, who will arrive
there in November to attend the annual session of the
National Irrigation Congress.

The building is to be completed by October 1st,
after which it will be decorated and furnished in
readiness for the convention.

Senator

Hans-

brough.

Hon. Henry C. Hansbrough, the senior
senator from North Dakota, is what the
world calls a practical man. His knowl-
edge of the Western country has well
fitted him for the distinction which he
enjoys as chairman of the committee on public lands.
Besides being a pioneer resident of the Northwestern
frontier, Senator Hansbrough^ has been an extensive
traveler. For some years he was a citizen of Califor-
nia, where he first began the study of irrigation. Away
back in the '80s, years before statehood was established
in North Dakota, Senator Hansbrough began advocat-
ing irrigation for all the semi-arid parts of the coun-
try. In his first campaign for Congress he enhanced

his popularity with North Dakota people by an intelli-
gent discussion of the land laws, the irrigation prob-
lem, etc. North Dakota is thoroughly educated on the
.subject of artificial irrigation. The people believe in
the principle and they keenly realize the need of -its
application. If they have been slow to' act it is not
through the indifference "or neglect of their public men.
The few artesian wells now in existence are the result,
to a great extent, of the persistent and earnest ad-
vocacy of Senator Hansbrough. Many years ago he
presented facts showing how easily that part of the
frontier could be irrigated from the lakes, rivers and
vast subterranean reservoirs. Senator Hansbrough has
had an exceedingly interesting career. He is not a
showy man, but nevertheless is one of the most capable
party leaders in -North Dakota. His various political
battles have shown great shrewdness on his part. The
fact that he is now serving his third term in the
United States Senate proves that he has a strong hold
upon his people. It is everywhere admitted that he
is one of the most useful men that the Northwest has
ever sent to Congress. His intimate knowledge of the
land laws and the needs of the agricultural class is
fully appreciated by his colleagues in the Senate, who
also esteem him for his sterling character and good,
practical sense. The senator has always been a work-
ing journalist. A little less than thirty years ago he
was doing newspaper work in Chicago, and it is al-
most a quarter of a century since he located in Dakota
Territory.

294

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

By recent advices from El Paso we learn
Irrigation that preparations for the 12th National
Congress. Irrigation Congress, to be held in that
city November 15-18, are well under way
and the citizens of the gateway of the southwest an-
ticipate a large attendance. The press committee has
informed us that Mr. James Charlton, of the Transcon-
tinental Passenger Association, has given notice to the
officers of the Congress of extremely low rates offered
by the lines under his jurisdiction for the benefit of
those desiring to attend the Congress. The rate of
one fare for the round trip is offered by all lines west
of the Mississippi River with an extension of thirty
days. Mr. ^f. J. Anderson, general passenger agent
of the G. H. & S. A. Ry., who represents the association
in the Southwest, has fixed the dates of sale for these
tickets at November 10, 11 and 12. In addition to
this concession from the western roads, the irrigation
association has also obtained unusually low rates from
the Mexican and territorial railways, not only for the
benefit of visitors, but also for those wishing to take
side trips to Mexico or other points of interest during
or immediately after the convention.

A movement is on foot to bring fifty or a hundred
Apache Indians from the Mescalero reservation of New
Mexico to El Paso during the Congress. These Indians,
it is stated, will be permitted to hold the scalp dance
for the edification of visitors and it is presumed will
show the bloodthirsty savage in his wildest moods. Old
Geronimo, the famoiis Apache chief, will also visit El
Paso, if permission from the Government may be ob-
tained, for him to meet the remnants of his tribe dur-
ing their sojourn in that city. The citizens of El Paso
are to be commended on their effort to offer adequate
entertainment to all who may attend and it is sin-
cerely hoped that this Congress at El Paso may equal
in point of attendance the record breaker of Otrden in
1903.

THE IRRIGATION AGE is in receipt of information
indicating that a lot of the old time workers along irri-
gation lines will not attend the El Paso Congress, owing
to the fact that the Maxwell-Boothe crowd are attempt-
ing to run it for their own glory and profit. It is the
impression of THE AGE. however, that all workers for
the cause should attend and lend such assistance to the
citizens of El Paso and the southwest as will make this
•one of the best meetings ever held. It is, of course,
unfortunate that such men as those above mentioned
are in a position to mislead the people of El Paso, but
this is no reason why the rank and file of old irriga-
tion workers should withhold their support, and it is
to be hoped that those who have decided to picll away
from the Congress may reconsider and lend all the aid
in their power to furthering the general cause of irri-
gation.

We are informed that the hotels will be able to
offer ample accommodations to all who attend and every-
thing will be done in the way of side trips and enter-
tainment which the visitors could reasonably expect,
so that all who go, whether for the business of irriga-
tion or pleasure, will find entertainment and profitable
diversion.

$15,000 En- The executive committee of the South-
tertainment western Irrigation Association has corn-
Fond, piled a statement showing that fifteen
thousand dollars will be spent in enter-
taining the National Irrigation Congress in November.

Calls the Apropos of the trouble brewing among
"N. I. A." members of the National Irrigation As-
a Fake. sociation and the proposed investigation

of that body by men whose names have
been used as officers and backers without their full
knowledge of its plans, the following editorial from the
San Francisco Chronicle is extremely interesting at
this time. The Chronicle is the leading daily news-
paper of the Pacific coast and is owned by M. H. De
Young, one of the wealthiest and most influential men
in California, and the utterances of his paper always
mean something.

C. B. Boothe, chairman of the board of directors
of the National Irrigation Association, took exception
to the term "Fake Association," which the Chronicle
had applied to that body. Boothe refers to a long list
of names of distinguished gentlemen bulletined as
officers of the association and asks if it is possible to
suppose that such men would lend their names to a
fake association. The Chronicle replies that it does
not believe that the gentlemen referred to would lend
their names to what they believed to be a fake associa-
tion, but is of the opinion "that most of them permitted
their names to be used without knowing much about
the origin, history or methods of the concern." The
Chronicle then says:

"The board of directors, for example, of which Mr.
Boothe is the chairman, consists of twenty-four busi-
ness men, mostly of national reputation. The Chron-
icle has grave reasons to doubt whether those gentle-
men ever met as a board of directors, unless, pro jorma,
a few of them have got together at some annual meet-
ing. We are sure they take no part in the management
of the concern, for we are sure they would never have
authorized some things which have been done in the
name of the association. The same may be said of
the bewildering array of vice-presidents and other of-
ficers. It is also to be said that a good many of the
officials have always been also prominent railroad of-
ficials and from their standpoint the institution is
quite the reverse of a fake association. As they look
at it, it is perfectly genuine."

The Chronicle then gives the following facts,
which, in its opinion, justify the term "Fake Associa-
tion" as applied to the so-called National Irrigation
Association and make it a proper object of suspicion :

"The association purports to be an outgrowth of
popular sentiment crystallized into an association repre-
senting, and authorized to represent, a large body of
people interested in irrigation. As a matter of fact, the
organization of the association grew out of the proposal
of one person looking for remunerative employment,
made to the president of several transcontinental rail-
roads, and involving an appropriation of $6,000 a year
from each of them. That appropriation was the sole
support of the concern until other contributions were

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

295

obtained in small amounts from many individuals,
and the railroads, as the largest and only absolutely
reliable contributors, have always been able to control.
There was, of course, no impropriety in the railroads
contributing to educate the Eastern public in regard
to irrigation, and in so far as they have interests dis-
tinct from the public they are entitled to a hearing,
but when' their contributions and control and the real
origin of the association were kept profound secrets,
and the concern paraded as a genuine public 'associa-
tion, the Chronicle submits that nobody has reason to
complain if it is called a fake association. The secrecy
which has always maintained as to the railroad control
is ground for reasonable belief that there were ulterior
objects in view opposed to the public interests. This
was much strengthened in the minds of those who
knew the facts by the character of the person in real
control of the institution, for he was one who had done
California infinite injury by beginning and conducting
through the press a most virulent war on the Wright
law and all bonds issued under it, declaring that not a
single bond issued under it was valid, the attack being
made while he was counsel for an irrigation district
which was seeking to avoid payment for its bonds, and
apparently for the purpose of terrifying bondholders
into a surrender of their claims for some nominal
amount. This course greatly injured the financial
credit of California communities, and when a person
of that kind was found directing a so-called association
created and organized as this was, and soliciting the
names of prominent men to give it standing by accept-
ing nominal offices carrying neither duties nor control,
there was evidently a concern which would bear watch-
ing."

The Chronicle gives the association credit for cre-
ating an interest in irrigation and says that money was
spent freely and wisely to that end, but adds :

"With the published policies of the association the
Chronicle has usually agreed. Of its ulterior objects
we are ignorant, but few will believe that if there were
no ulterior and unpublished objects there would have
been any secrecy in the source of the income. The in-
tense hostility to the association, however, which has de-
veloped in many sections of the West is not so much
due to fear of improper gains to the railroads from the
use of an apparently public association to promote
private ends as from the overbearing, dictatorial man-
nner of its only active officer, and his relentless persecu-
tion, in the name of the association, of every official
whom he can not control. At the last session of the
California Legislature telegrams from this person as-
sumed to absolutely dictate for what purposes money
should be and should not be appropriated, and they
were evidently taken by some legislators as orders to
be implicitly obeyed. It was the familiar crack of the
whip of the railroad boss, directing the railroad gang.
These telegrams could not be obtained for publication,

but they were shown to men present in , Sacramento,
promoting a public measure in the public interest, to
convince them that they were up against the real thing
and might as well surrender, which they did.

"It is tactics of this kind which are at the bottom
of the~ ugly feeling with which this alleged "associa-
tion" has come to be regarded, and there is evidence
which is conclusive, in our judgment, that the baneful
influence of the concern is quite as effective in some
departments of the National Government as in State
legislation. If the National Irrigation Association
will abandon the pretense of representing a popular
movement and come out into the open as the agent
of corporate interests it will be entitled to recognition
and hearing as such."

This scathing arraignment of the National Irri-
gation Association is an unqualified indorsement of
the position taken by THE IRRIGATION AGE in this mat-
ter. We have always claimed that the National Irriga-
tion Association was not conducted for an honest pur-
pose, but was used as a powerful grafting machine for
the benefit of one individual. Now that the eyes of the
estimable gentlemen whose names have been misused
in connection with its officers have been opened it is
not likely that the National Irrigation Association will
ever have any further influence in the legitimate irri-
gation movement of this country.

PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT CALLS A HALT.

So rank had become the interior department's pol-
icy in segregating public lands for forest reserves that
Mr. Eoosevelt was finally called upon to stop the prac-
tice and did so the other day by issuing an order re-
quiring all such matters to be referred to the interested
senators and congressmen before withdrawing land
from entry. This curtails the power of the interior de-
partment and means a better administration of such
affairs. In Gunnison County one-third of its area was
lately withdrawn from settlement and the same dead-
fall fell upon Routt County while petitions galore were
presented asking for the enlargement of the Battlement
mesa and Uncompahgre reservations. This looks like
adding insult to injury when we consider that in the
former there exists a plateau sixty miles square upon
which no tree grows and only sagebrush abounds. A
few years ago some cute cattlemen about the size of Ed
Wetzel saw to the preparation of these lines and it looks
like inconsistency to see them fighting the reserve pol-
icy now. It is after all like the tariff outrage — merely
a local question and the proposition to shut out the
settlers at this time should create no especial disturb-
ance in the cow camps, although. the whole thing be-
comes quite as farcical as one of Grover Cleveland's
historical messages to congress on the silver issue. —
Denver Field and Farm.

The Irrigation Age 1 yea.r a^nd the
Primer of Irrigation, $2.00.

296

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE GOVERNMENT PROJECT IN UTAH.

E. W. HAIIT.

With the completion of the San Pedro railroad to
the west in sight, the great Moffat line to the east, and
the extensive local improvements by the Oregon Short
Line under way, which bring into view the probable
acquisition of a new grand union depot in the near
future, Salt Lake City is forging rapidly to the front.
True to the earliest policy of the Utah'ns, they have
not suffered the irrigation problem to lag at this time.
Indeed, one of the grandest irrigation projects ever un-
dertaken in the West is not only afoot, but so far ad-
vanced that it is hoped that the work of construction
will be able to proceed at no distant date. This im-
mense system of water supply is designed to embrace
the possibilities of Utah Lake and Strawberry Valley
as reservoirs, swelled by the surplus waters of the Du-
chesne River, and to the north Bear Lake and the
Bear and Blackfoot Rivers. This plan for unifying
the available supply has been carefully worked out in
detail, and is said to demonstrate 'the perfect feasibility
of furnishing permanent and abundant water to Cache,
Salt Lake and Utah Valleys in northern Utah, and to
a portion of southern Idaho. When local agricultural
requirements have been met by the disposal of this
unfailing body of water, the growing demands of Salt
Lake City will be satisfied by the diversion of the cold
mountain streams which have hitherto found their way
to the outlying farms.

The Utah irrigation programme has repeatedly
changed form and grown into mammoth proportions
since the State Commission took up the work of pre-
paring its scheme for submission to the Government.
There are still many points to be settled and much
remains indefinite, but the work of survey and meas-
urement and the organization of water users is proceed-
ing rapidly, the project is already conceded to be prac-
ticable, and no doubt is expressed that the success of
the undertaking is assured. The original plan com-
prised only the formation of the Utah Lake reservoir,
the preliminary work upon which was done last sum-
mer, but in February State Engineer A. F. Doremus.
submitted to the Government the ambitious scheme now
in preparation, whereby the original plan is supple-
mented by a general system for conserving the flood
waters of the rivers of the three valleys above men-
tioned, annexing the Strawberry. Valley reservoir, and
bringing in Bear Lake and its tributaries and reservoirs
to conserve the winter and flood waters of the Blackfoot
in Idaho and their transmission southward, altogether
designed to afford an abundance of water at all seasons
to Cache, Salt Lake and Utah Valleys, and bringing to
the highest state of cultivation 1,000,000 acres of land.

Only about one-third of the available area of the
three valleys is at present imperfectly irrigated. It is
estimated that 1.000,000 acres can be richly cultivated
under the new system, and that the average increase in
the value of land will be at least $30.00 an acre, or $30.-
000,000. The present density of population in this
region is one person to each 1% acres of irrigated land,
and 1,000.000 acres under cultivation will easily sup-
port 1,000,000 people.

The plan first projected by the State Commission-
ers contemplated no more than the improvement of
Utah Lake as a reservoir, involving only some method
of curtailing the loss by evaporation from the surface

of the lake, especially the eastern and southern arms,
which at present exist merely as extensive and unwhole-
some swamps. That the measures designed for this
purpose are important is readily understood when it is
known that of the 431.000 acre feet flowing into the
lake each year, 398,000 acre feet have been lost annu-
ally by evaporation. In order to reduce the area of
the lake the plan recommended by Prof. G. L. Swend-
sen is to cut down the channel of the Jordan River
and extend it out into the lake, thus drawing the water
down much below its present level. This will neces-
sitate pumping to the high line canals, but would result
in an enormous saving of water. The other plan under
consideration is to run drainage ditches through the
centers of the low water and swamp lands comprising
the eastern and southern arms of the lake. By this
method, it is also pointed out, that hundreds of thou-
sands of acres of the richest land in the valley could
be reclaimed. A still further extension of soil and
further recession of the surface water could be accom-
plished by putting pumping dredges to work near these
shori's. and filling in thousands of additional acres

The plan now adopted proposes to augment the
supply afforded by Utah Lake by bringing water from
the east of the mountains. Strawberry Valley is in
the Uinta Indian reservation and lies just east of the
crest of the Wasatch Mountains at an -elevation of
7,500 feet above sea level. It has an area of 7,000
acres and 'forms a natural reservoir, requiring only the
building of a dyke fijjty or one hundred feet high at
one end to serve the purpose. It is proposed that this
reservoir shall be supplied by a diversion channel thirty
to fifty miles long, intercepting the head waters of the
nearest tributaries of the Duchesne River. To deliver
this water into the valley west of the range means run-
ning a water tunnel three and one-half miles through
the solid wall of the mountain crest, probably the most
difficult engineering undertaking involved in the entire
work. The water thus brought through the mountain
wall will be carried down through the channel of rhe
Spanish Fork River to about the 4.800 foot contour.
and from thence a canal will branch off southwest
toward the town of Goshen and a second main chan-
nel will run northerly along about the 4,800 foot con-
tour to connect with a main channel from the north,
thus distributing water to all the high lands east of the
valley. The Weber. Ogdcn and Provo Rivers will be
dammed, like many others, all together constituting a
general design to store and save the flood waters
throughout the entire watershed, with branches and
laterals penetrating every loca-lity. Whether any of
the water reaches Utah Lake through the Spanish Fork
or not is immaterial, nqr will it alter conditions there
even if all its tributaries are cut off and spread over
the surface of the land before reaching it, for the seep-
age finding its way into Utah Lake from the constantly
watered high lands will more than compensate for its
loss in other directions.

An objection to the idea of building expensive
works, including the three-mile tunnel through the
mountains, in order to deliver the water from Straw-
berry Valley down into the Spanish Fork River, as
designed, instead of using the water in Strawberry
Vallev itself, is well answered by reference to the fact
that in the last named valley, whose altitude is 7,500
feet, nothing can be grown except hay and grasses",
while the land intended to be supplied thereby can be

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

297

made to yield, in some instances, as high as $1,200 au
acre. The immense superiority of the plan is, there-
fore, evident at once.

Passing northward a distance of about 200 miles,
we come to Bear Lake and its tributary streams. The
northern end of Bear Lake is a useless swamp, known
as Mud Lake. By the use of canals intercepting the
streams emptying into this swamp and conducting the
water to Bear Lake proper instead, together with a
drainage canal intersecting the same, new soil will be
reclaimed and the efficiency of Bear Lake as a reser-
voir will be improved.

Separated from the Bear Lake region by a divide,
the basins and valley of the Blackfoot branch of the
Snake Eiver in south Idaho, at an elevation of 6,100
feet above sea level, will be utilized for" impounding
the winter and flood waters of the Blackfoot River, and
a channel run a distance of twelve or fifteen miles
over the divide, whereby such water will be dis-
charged into the Bear Eiver near Soda Springs. Idaho.
A canal thirty miles in length will intersect the Bear
River below this point, and, skirting the western edge
of Cache Valley along about the 4,800 foot contour,
will furnish water to a large area of land in its vicini-
ty. Issuing from Bear River canon, between Cache
and Salt Lake valleys, a large canal will extend in
a southerly direction along the 4,500 foot contour, con-
necting at a suitable point with the main channel, al-
ready described as issuing from Spanish Fork canon
and directed northward.

The cost of this great work is roughly estimated
at about $5,000,000. The United States Government
stands ready to devote the necessary sum of money to
this project, as presented to the Reclamation Service,
as soon as the practicability of the system in detail has
been mathematically demonstrated . by the engineers
now engaged in that campaign, and-lhe present water
users and canal companies have themselves acceded to
the plan in the manner required. • A water users' as-
sociation is being formed to carry out the latter meas-
ure, and it is with this body of representative men
alone that the negotiations can be carried on by the
Government. Their pledge 'will be required for the
repayment of the $5,000,000, and the entire enterprise,
when put in motion, will fall under their supervision,
superseding the separate canal companies now in the
field.

The water users' association will have an arduous
task before it in order to gain a basis upon which to
deal with the Government, for the support of the
canal companies and water users must be won, their
old rights and privileges abandoned for the new and
their undertaking secured for the repayment of the
loan. The farmer, however, is assured of a safe in-
vestment, for he pays only when the' water is deliv-
ered, and that in sufficient quantity to meet all de-
mands. The sum advanced is to be repaid in ten an-
nual installments, without interest, and is secured by
the lien of the water users' certificate upon his land.
Such old canals as may prove available \mder the new-
scheme will be bought of the old companies, but in
any event the rights and property of former owner*
will, of couse, be respected and due compensation is
promised to those which must be abandoned in order
to come into the new system.

The canal companies, it has been authoritatively
stated, will be compelled to take common ground with

the water users, and make over their powers to the as-
sociation, with whom the Government will deal when
their organization has been completed. It is not clear,
at this time, upon what basis individual water users
will be assessed for the repayment of the Government
loan. Those using the water at greater distances from
the main channels, or reservoirs, it is said, will be
taxed more than those near at hand, the ratio being in
proportion to the expense of the intervening work of
construction.

An incident of this mammoth project concerns the
permanent preservation of the Great Salt Lake^as well
as saving vast quantities of water lost to the State
through evaporation from its surface. In this regard
it is suggested that the area of that lake may be readily
reduced to tworthirds of its present size by making use
of existing conditions. At this time the lake is in-
tersected' by what is known as the Lucin cutoff, the
railroad embankment of the Southern Pacific, which
cuts off about the northern third of the area of the lake.
If proper alterations can be made upon the Lucin cut-
off, this third can be entirely isolated and left to dry
up. The water then all finding its way through the
ground and through rivers to the remaining two-thirds,
the latter will be indefinitely well supplied and evapo-
ration diminished in the same proportion.

In short, the scheme comprises not only the acqui-
sition of millions of acre feet of water now going to
waste and its proper distribution and use, but also the
concentration of the underflow and the contraction of
the surface area of evaporation.

It is true that this great system of irrigation of
the high lands will, in the course of time, necessitate
the introduction of a co-extensive system of drainage
for those on the lower level, but the great benefits ac-
rruing justify the expense, and it is not believed that
any legal barrier could be raised by the lower users,
even if so disposed, which would be sustained by the
courts.

One of the remarkable benefits which would fol-
low in the wake of the institution of this system of
irrigation would be the development of enormous water
power in the 3,000 foot fall from Strawberry Valley
and from the Blackfoot basin into Bear River. This
power would be appropriated by the water users the
same as the agricultural properties of the water, for it
nas been announced that no corporation can legally
be entitled to become a shareholder in the organization.
Power plants could be erected at suitable points by the
association and electricity transmitted to the water
users for the operation of their machinery and -farm
iTYiplements.

Arriving at this stage of the propaganda, one may
be pardoned for lapsing into visionary predictions of
the future, when the most distant farms will be con-
nected by electric tram cars with markets and facto-
ries, and when tbe only thing lacking to make the
"Promised Land" a vertiable Utopia will be the advent
of passenger cars in which madame, the farmer's wife,
may visit town arrayed in all the splendor and finery
of an alderman's wife without the fear of ruining her
best gown?, which has heretofore imposed upon her the
indignity of making the dusty journey in her oldest
calicos and least perishable wearing apparel.

The Irrigation Age One Yea.r and The Primer
of Irrigation. $2.00

298

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED
STATES, PRESENT AND PROSPECTIVE.

BY FRANK W. MONDELL.
Chairman of the House Irrigation Committee.

The national irrigation act, which became a law
on June 17, 1902, and which appropriates the receipts
from the sale and disposal of the public lands in six-
teen western states and territories to the construction
of works for the irrigation of arid lands, has very prop-
erly been characterized as the most important legisla-
tion for the development ' of the great West since the
passage of the Homestead Act. Under wise adminis-
tration, which hap-
pily seems assured,
there is every pros-
pect that the reason-
able hopes and ex-
pectations of the
friends of the meas-
ure will be realized,
and that in th'e
course of a very few
years a considerable
acreage will be add-
ed annually to our
cultivated area
through the medium
of this law, without
expense to the tax
payers of the coun-
try, the original out-
lay being provided
for by land sales in
the territory to be
benefited and ulti-
mately repaid by
those who shall es-
tablish homes on the
lands irrigated.

The moneys paid
in by the settlers,
are, under the pro-
visions of the law, to
be used again for the
reclamation of other
lands, and thus a re-
volving fund is cre-
ated and the work of
reclamation is to be

carried on until the HON. FRANK

limit of available
water supply for enterprises of sufficient magnitude to
invite Government undertakings under the measure shall
have been exhausted.

The field of operations of the law has an area of
over thirteen hundred thousand square miles. The acre-
age which may ultimately be brought under cultiva-
tion through this agency, while largely a matter of
conjecture at this time, will certainly run well into the
tens of millions of acres. The works which will be
undertaken will undoubtedly, many of them, rank
among the largest and most important hydraulic works
of the world. The communities created will in time
contain millions of souls; and lands and regions now
arid and almost valueless and uninhabited will teem
with a dense population under the highly satisfactory

social and industrial conditions which obtain through
the intense cultivation of small farms under irrigation.
In view of these facts, it is not strange that the law
should be considered one of the most important that
has ever been written upon the statute books of the
nation.

Important and far-reaching as the national irriga-
tion law is, however, and helpful and beneficial as its
operation will be in providing homes for a large num-
ber of people, it should be remembered that the law
by no means marked the beginning of irrigation de-
velopment in the United States; nor was it intended
or expected to occupy fully the field of activity which,
up to the time of its passage, had been exclusively oc-
cupied and developed
by individual, co-op-
erative and corporate
enterprise.

At the time of
the passage of the ir-
rigation law, we had
an irrigated area in
the arid region of
the United States of
approximately eight
million acres, a larg-
er area than that ar-
tificially watered in
any other country
except British India ;
and while no lands
have as yet been
watered and in all
probability no con-
siderable acreage will
be for the next two
years under national
projects, yet irriga-
tion reclamation by
private enterprise has
not been retarded by
the passage of the
act, but on the other
hand, as was antici-
pated, seems to have
received an impetus
therefrom. The cen-
sus bureau estimates
that approximately
9,200.000 acres were
under irrigation in
July of this year.
This is an increase
since the irrigation season of 1899 as reported in
the census of 1900 of 1,660,455 acres, an increase
which, if continued, will double our irrigated area
of 1900, by means of private enterprise, in thirteen
years.

In the main the lands irrigated by private enter-
prise and individual effort have been those offering the
most attractive opportunities, by reason of low cost
of the undertaking per acre irrigated and favorable con-
ditions of climate, soil and market. There have been
some notable exceptions to the general rule of low
cost and comparatively limited acreage under a single
enterprise where the conditions have been exceptionally
favorable; and as time passes, more ambitious and ex-
tensive projects for the irrigation of considerable areas

W. MONDELL
from Wyoming.

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

299.

are being investigated and undertaken by co-operative
associations and corporations. The field is so vast
that there need be no conflict between private and public
works; the Government naturally looking generally to
enterprises of greater magnitude than those which in-
vite private capital, or those presenting complications
more easily solved by public undertakings than by en-
terprise under private control.

The larger proportion of our present irrigated area
consists of lands entered by settlers under the desert
land law, who in addition to the expense of reclama-
tion have paid $1.25 an acre for their lands, which be-
fore reclamation were arid and practically valueless.
In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, final entry
was made on 264,533 acres under the desert land act;
and while this entire acreage was not fully irrigated
at the time of making final proof, as the law only
compels the irrigation of a portion of each forty-acre
tract at that time, and in many instances the topography
of the lands entered prevent the reclamation ,of the
entire tract, unquestionably the major portion of our
increased irrigated area for the year is of lands irri-
gated under the provisions of the desert land act. The
importance of this reclamation under the desert land
act is increased by the fact that a very considerable
proportion of the lands thus irrigated consists of com-
paratively small tracts in isolated localities, which be-
come the nuclei of a mixed1 farming and stock growing
business, assuring the most advantageous utilization
of the surrounding non-irrigable grazing territory.

Under the desert land donation act, commonly
called the Carey Act, which was passed in 1894, a very
considerable area has been irrigated and settled in small
farms in a number of States ; most satisfactory progress
under this law having been made in Wyoming, where
about 65.000 acres have been thus reclaimed, with
several projects for the irrigation of considerable tracts
under way. This law, particularly where supplemented
by wise State legislation, has all the safeguards of the
national irrigation law to insure home making on small
tracts, and has made possible the development of larger
areas and more expensive projects than could ordina-
rily be undertaken by individuals or associations oper-
ating under other land laws.

In addition to the irrigation of public land under
these laws, development is constantly going on for the
reclamation of lands already in private ownership, in-
cluding, in the Southwest, lands included in Spanish
and Mexican grants. The opportunities for the irriga-
tion of small areas by the impounding of flood waters
in reservoirs whose cost is within the means of the aver-
age farmer are almost unlimited in the arid region;
and as the demand for agricultural products and the
search for lands upon which to found homes increases,
while the knowledge of the practice and value of irri-
gation becomes more general, the utilization of these
opportunities will be constant and in the aggregate the
lands thus reclaimed will constitute a very consider-
able as well as a most valuable portion of the irri-
gated domain of the country.

So numerous are the opportunities which careful
research and investigation will present for large and
expensive works, costing from hundreds of thousands to
tens of millions of dollars, for the irrigation of from
thousands to hundreds of thousands of acres, that for
some time at least the disposition will undoubtedly be
to pay most attention to, and make the major portion
of the expenditures, under the national irrigation law,

on enterprises of considerable magnitude; though un-
questionably enterprises for the irrigation of compar-
atively limited areas will be undertaken, and in many
instances such are at the present time the most earn-
estly urged and would undoubtedly be of the greatest
immediate benefit, not only in furnishing opportunities
for home building, but also in testing all features of
the national irrigation law. With the utmost activity
in extending work under the national law, there will re-
main abundant opportunities for the investment of pri-
vate capital in works which will insure fair returns on
the investment and be of great benefit in providing
homes under the favorable and agreeable conditions
which surround agricultural pursuits in irrigated re-
gions.

Except for the fact that the Government expects
no profit on its enterprises under the national irriga-
tion law, but provides water for the irrigation of lands
at the actual cost of the' construction of works, there
is no essential difference between the methods of the
Government under the national irrigation law and judi-
cious irrigation undertakings by private enterprise. The
Government proceeds to the irrigation of its lands ex-
actly as any wise and careful landowner might do, and
on the completion of the works, the titles to individual
water rights are maintained and protected as in the
case of lands irrigated by individuals or private organ-
izal^ons.

There is at this time in the national irrigation
fund, available for construction under the national law,
about $16,000,000. The reclamation service of the
geological survey having charge of the work under the
law, has made examinations of projects in all of the
States and territories to which the bill is applicable.
Two projects are already under construction, one in
ITevada and another in Arizona, and enough projects
have already been examined which will probably prove
to be feasible to consume, together with the projects
already undertaken, all of the funds now available.
The beginning of construction on some of these enter-
prises will quite likely be delayed for some time yet,
by reason of the necessity of further surveys and exam-
inations, and construction on each project will neces-
sarily extend over a considerable period of time, during
which, if the proceeds of the sales of the public lands
do not fall below normal by reason of radical repeal or
amendment of land laws or periods of depression and
low prices of farm products, which always curtail the
demand for public lands, the fund will be annually rein-
forced by from two to four millions of dollars. In all
probability the annual proceeds from the sales of public
lands available for work under the national law will
never again reach the large sum available for the last
fiscal year.

The practical workings of the national irrigation
law in all of its features will not be fully tested for a
number of years to come; not until considerable areas
of public lands are watered and settled and paid for
under the provisions of the act can we have practical
demonstration of the wisdom of all of its provisions;
but it is a matter of gratification to those who had to
do with the framing and passage of the act, as it must
be to all American citizens interested in the develop-
ment and growth of their country, to know that, so far
as the work has proceeded, the law appears to be wisely
drawn to meet all conditions, elastic enough to provide
for the development of projects of widely differing char-
acter, and yet sufficiently guarded to be safe.

300

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE IRRIGATION

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE OFFICE OF

EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BY ELWOOD MEAD, IRRIGATION EXPERT IN CHARGE.
Courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(Continued.)

IRRIGATION IN THE HUMID PORTIONS OF THE
UNITED STATES.

The experience thus far gained makes it certain
that irrigation is destined to be an important means
of improving the already prosperous conditions of agri-
culture in humid and subhumid portions of the United
States. The possibilities along this line have not yet
been fully established, but the lessons thus far learned
seem to be that it has a wide field of usefulness wher-

the amount of water used, the time of its application,
the cost of pumping and the increase in yield of the
various crops to which it was applied. Owing to the
exceptional drouth which pervailed the results were,
highly favorable to irrigation. The difference in the
yield and size between the irrigated and unirrigated
potatoes is shown graphically in the illustration
(Plato XL), in which the larger piles of larger pota-
toes represent the product of the irrigated rows and the
smaller piles of smaller potatoes the unirrigated rows.
If the results of one season's trial would justify draw-
ing definite conclusions, it would be that irrigation in
Wisconsin is a marked success; but that is not the
case, and it is the intention to continue these studies
for a number of years, the work being broadened so
as to include all the crops which promise beneficial re-
sults.

A co-operative investigation in irrigation is also
being carried on between the Missouri Experiment Sta-
tion and this office at Columbia, Mo., under the direc-

Showing growth of strawberry patch on the unirrigated plat at the close of the season.

ever intensive agriculture is practiced or where in-
surance from drouth is important. The irrigation in-
vestigations of this offica now include a study of the
problems of irrigation in this region, in Wisconsin
and Missouri, to determine what can be done in the
States of the middle West; in New Jersey, to ascertain
its field of usefulness in the North Atlantic States;
in the Carolinas and Georgia, to determine its possi-
bilities in the South Atlantic region, and in Louisiana
and Texas in connection with the increasing use of
irrigation in the production of rice.

IRRIGATION IN THE MIDDLE WEST.

During the past season studies of the benefits of
irrigation in Wisconsin have been carried on under
the immediate direction of Prof. F. H. King, of the
College of Agriculture of the University of Wiscon-
sin, at the station farm at Madison ,and at Stevens
Point. In both cases the water supply had to be pro-
vided by pumping, and records have been kept to show

tion of Prof. H. J. Waters. Applies, strawberries and
nursery stock were the crops receiving the most at-
tention, arrangements for the water supply not hav-
ing been completed in time to prepare for its applica-
tion to other staple farm crops. The beneficial effects
of the irrigation of strawberries are shown in the illus-
tration of the irrigated and unirrigated rows (Plate
XLI, Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Careful records were kept of
the quantity of water used, the cost of furnishing it
and the time of its application. The report of Profes-
sor Waters states that "the season was very disastrous
to strawberry plants, many of the old plants dying and
practically no runners being formed under ordinary
treatment. The irrigated plants developed strong
crowns and undoubtedly stored an abundant supply of
food for next year's crop. The strawberry nursery-
man, the man whose business it is to supply plants for
the commercial strawberry grower, will find in irriga-
tion absolute protection against failure." It will re-
quire next year's record of the yield to determine the

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

301

full measure of the benefits of this year's irrigation.
Referring to the result of this year's watering of
nursery stock, Professor Waters believes that nursery-
men will find irrigation exceedingly profitable, that it
will result in securing larger growth in young trees,
trees with better formed heads and possibly a saving
of one year in the time when nursery stock can be
placed on the market. He also believes that the pro-
tection of bearing trees from injury by drouth is a
matter of very great importance, because this injury
often extends beyond the season when the scarcity of
water begins.

IRRIGATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC STATES.

In the North Atlantic States the large area devot-
ed to market gardens makes security against drouth
a matter of much importance. Throughout this re-
gion the average rainfall provides sufficient moisture
if properly distributed, -but short drouths just at the
time when the crops are maturing frequently cause
heavy losses. In many years no such drouths occur,

sonal direction, paying the entire cost of installing
the pumping plants, with a profit, in a single season.

An analysis of the rainfall records at Philadel-
phia, covering a period of seventy years, shows that
in considerably more than half the years there was a
lack of rainfall in some one month of the growing sea-
son to seriously affect the yield of small fruits and
garden vegetables, which constitute so large a part of
the products of the Eastern farms. Taking Philadel-
phia records as typical of the Eastern United States,
and the results so far obtained in New Jersey as a
basis for deduction, it will be seen that an irrigation
plant would be a profitable investment for most of
the farmers living where our large cities provide a
ready market for small fruits and vegetables.

It is not likely that the water-right problems which
are so large a factor in Western development will prove
of equal importance in the East, owing to the larger
flow of streams and the fact that the areas to be irri-
gated will always be restricted, but in many localities

Scene Wisconsin Experiment Station No. 2.

but they come often enough to make the growing of
vegetables and small fruits uncertain. The problem
to be solved is whether the saving of an occasional
crop and the increased yield of many crops will re-
pay with a profit the cost of providing a water supply.
The study of these questions is being carried on by
this office in connection with the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station in New Jersey, Prof. E. B. Voorhees,
director of this station, being in charge. His experi-
ments, so far reported, have been limited to small
fruits. They show that, in case of almost all varieties,
the increase in the product of the irrigated tracts over
the unirrigated ones was considerably more than
enough to pay in a single season the entire cost of pro-
viding the water supply, as well as the expense of ap-
plying it.

In addition to making experiments with small
fruits Professor Voorhees collected data from private
parties in regard to the irrigation of various kinds of
garden truck. In most cases the results were equal to
those obtained in the experiments made under his per-

there are already indications that important legal prob-
lems will have to be solved before irrigation can safely
assume the importance which its value wiill naturally
give it. The work of this investigation along the legal
and social lines can well be extended to this section.
The experience of the West will in time come to be
of value in solving the water problems of the East.

Among the important work which needs to be done
in the East along agricultural and engineering lines is
a study of the cost of installing and operating pump-
ing plants for small areas. Something has alredy been
done along this line and arrangements are being
made to continue this more effectively in the future.

RICE IRRIGATION.

During the past season the problems of rice irri-
gation have received much attention from this office.
The investigations inaugurated have been principally
along agricultural and engineering lines. In the Caro-
lina? it has included a study of the methods of storing
water to provide a supplemental water supply, the

302

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

methods of diverting and distributing it over the fields
and the problems connected with the regulation of
tidal rivers so as to determine what may be done,
either by the Government or by the concerted action of
private individuals, and the construction and main-
tenance of levees for the protection of fields against
floods or injury from breaks above or below.

Rice growing in the Carolinas and Georgia is not
as important an industry as it was fifty years ago. In
part this decline is due to the cost of labor. The rice
fields are located along the low, alluvial bottom lands,
where the greater part of the work must be done by
hand. This leaves only a small margin of profit at
present prices, and the danger of this being occasional-
ly lost through breaks in levees or river floods has tend-
ed to retard a revival of what was once an important
and valuable industry.

There seem to be two or three questions which this
investigation can properly deal with. One is to what
extent State or Government aid is required to assist in
the regulation of streams, and to study the topography
and watersheds of streams to ascertain what measures
may be taken to furnish a supplemental water supply
through storage.

The growing of rice on the uplands in Louisiana
and Texas presents an entirely different condition of
affairs. Here the industry has been from the first
unusually successful, and it has increased until it has
assumed a national importance, promising to make the
United States an exporter instead of an importer of
this staple product.

Aside from the agricultural questions peculiar to
rice farming, the irrigation of these uplands presents
new problems in canal construction and the lifting of
water. In the arid region streams as a rule have a
heavy fall, and it is, therefore, easy to get water onto
the lands to be irrigated by gravity. In the rice dis-
tricts the water supply is below the lands to be served,
in streams which have hardly enough fall to produce
a perceptible current, and the water must, therefore,
be raised by pumps. Even with this expense, rice grow-
ing has proven remarkably profitable. The rice lands,
which were 'formerly worth from $1 to $3 per acre and
used only for grazing, now sell for from $30 to $50
per acre and yield an annual return equal to the value
of the land. About 250,000 acres of these lands have
already been devoted to rice culture, and much more
is capable of the same use.

Along a few of the streams used more land has
already been devoted to rice than the streams can
properly water, and the question of protecting the early
users against the demands of those coming later is
pressing for settlement. Louisiana has no laws or cus-
toms affording this protection. The publications of
this office place at the command of the canal owners
and lawmakers of that State the results of the ex-
perience of other States and countries, and will afford
them the means of enacting a just and intelligent law
governing water rights whenever such action becomes
necessary.

A report will soon be published showing the
methods used in irrigating rice and discussing the
problems which have arisen in the rice districts. This
investigation should be continued by the experts em-
ployed by this office, whose familiarity with conditions
elsewhere makes them especially fitted for the solution
of the problems arising in this new field.

CANTALOUPE SEED.

Improvement by Selection.

BY PHILO K. BLINN,

Of the Agricultural Kxperiment Station of the Agricultural College
of Colorado.

The cantaloupe now known as the Rocky Ford
was originally Burpee's Netted Gem, but under the
favorable conditions which prevail in the arid regions
of Colorado it has developed into a melon surpassing
in quality the parent stock, and its superior merits
have won for it a new name and a popular reputa-
tion.

In the early days of the cantaloupe industry at
Rocky Ford the growers relied on . Eastern seedsmen
for their supply of seed, and to a certain extent had
satisfactory results, unitl the growth of the industry
exceeded the supply of reliable seed, when a number
of growers were supplied with seed which produced a

PLATE I.

mixed lot of varieties, wholly unfit for market as
Rocky Ford cantaloupes. The loss not only fell heavily
on the disappointed grower, but through the agency of
bees and other insects carrying the pollen the injury
was easily transmitted to neighboring fields of choice

' melons, producing crosses of an undesirable nature.

On account of the introduction of these mixed
strains and the varying ideas of seed selection, the
Rocky Ford cantaloupe lacks uniformity in many re-
spects. A large percentage of melons are unmarket-
able on account of size and form, which render them

• unfit to crate. Defective netting and thin, soft flesh
are also common imperfections. Because of these de-
fects the growers sustain a loss that could largely be
prevented by planting a better grade of seed.

The cantaloupe is a product of years of systematic
selection, and it requires the same methods to main-
tnin its excellence as were employed in its development.
Without care in selection, the natural tendency of all
cultivated plants to vary will soon cause a good strain

'of cantaloupes to revert to an undesirable type.

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

303

There is a marked contrast between the products
of carelessly selected and pedigreed, i. e., carefully se-
lected, melon seed; the one is inclined to be irregular
in size and form, with the netting thin and often want-
ing, and with a decided tendency to ripen prematurely,

nately for the industry, the quality of this supply is
not what it should be. It is principally produced from
the cull piles.

After frost, at the close of the shipping season,
everything in the line of a cantaloupe, green or ripe,

PLATE in.

turning yellow and soft, a loss not uncommonly of
20 to 40 per cent in culls, while choice seed produces
melons that are uniform in size and shape, the netting
thick and complete, the marketable stage more pro-
longed and practically no loss in culls.

large or small, is gathered and run through a melon-
seeder with no attempt at selection.

This seed is bought by the jobber and seedsman
for 10 to 20 cents per pound, and when it is on the
market it can not be distinguished from well-selected

PLATE IV.

The wide reputation of the Rocky Ford canta-
loupe has created a great demand for Eocky Ford seed,
as it is claimed to produce a higher grade of canta-
loupes than seed from other States, and each year large
quantities are saved to. fill this demand, but, unfortu-

seed, and doubtless is sold as such.

There would be nothing to commend such seed to
any practical grower if he realized its source.

As the seed market has been so abused, to procure
good seed one must either save it himself or have seen

304

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

the melons from which it was saved, or purchase it
from a reliable grower before it has passed through
several hands.

The fact that seed can be had cheap and growers
are willing to plant it is an evident reason for its
existence on the market, but the lack of information
as to what constitutes a good seed cantaloupe may also
be responsible for poor seed selection. In this bulletin
we wish to show what a good melon is and that it pays
to plant and save good seed.

STANDARD OF PERFECTION.

The form and outward appearance of a perfect
Rocky Ford cantaloupe is well represented in the sev-
eral plates shown in this bulletin ; as to size, it requires
a melon slightly over four inches in diameter and about
four and five-eighths inches long; it should have sil-
ver gray netting that stands out like thick, heavy lace,
practically covering the entire melon, save the well-
defined slate-colored stripes; these should run the
whole length of the melon, clear cut as if grooved out
with a round chisel, and terminating at the blossom
end in a small button, well shown in the melon on
the left side of Plate III. The interstices in the net-
ting should be light olive green, tliat turns slightly
yellow when the melon is ready for market. A melon
with a black skin under the netting- it not so attractive
in appearance. The proper netting is well brought
out in Plate I.

But the outward appearance is not the only basis
for selection in saving seed. The inside points are as
essential to consider as any external quality, and no
one can determine that a melon is fit for seed until it
has been cut open and the inside qualities examined.
For this reason the machine seeder is of no use in se-
lecting choice seed. The melons should all be cut and
examined by hand.

The flesh should be thick and firm, of a smooth
texture and free from watery appearance, rich and
melting in flavor. The shipping and keeping qualities
depend largely on the solidity of the melon, so the
seed cavity should be small and perfectly filled with
seed. The color of the flesh near the rind should be
dark green, shading lighter toward the seed cavity,
which should be salmon or orange in color. The flesh
is often mottled with salmon and not uncommonly the
entire flesh is of that color. The flavor is usually
quife uniform, though it is sometimes affected by
the health of the vines or other conditions of growth.

The seed will bear close inspection, as it is some-
times cracked or sprouted, which renders it of no
value for germination.

The first steps in seed selection should be made
when the melons are growing. Extra prolific hills
should be marked with stakes and the earliest ripening
specimens conforming to the above ideal should be
saved as choice seed and planted in a place isolated
from other melons, and the same care should be .exer-
cised in the years that follow.

The grower can and should save his own seed, as
he can give it more careful attention than any com-
mercial seed grower.

A few growers, realizing the importance of sys-
tematic selection, have made the proper choice of seed
for their own use.

As an illustration of what can be done in this line
the plates shown in this bulletin represent photographs
of melons developed after five years of careful seed se-

lection. Beginning with a melon as nearly perfect as
could be found, the old saying that "like produces
like" has been exemplified to a marked degree. Each
year the number of perfect melons has increased, BO-
•that now, when soil, fertility and all growing condi-
.tionj; are favorable, the oversized melons are eliminated,
all melons are completely netted and practically all
are marketable.

Plates II and IV represent an average product of
the choicest of this seed.

Improvement is still possible, yet the value of
careful seed selection has been so demonstrated that if
hielon growers would only adhere to a strict selection
of perfect, early-ripening melons, not only would the
returns from the melon crop be increased, but the
cantaloupe would become a more staple article by
virtue of its improved shipping and keeping quali-
ties.

VALUE OF CHOICE SEED.

Unless one has a well-developed strain of seed it
i* not probable that he can save more than one or two
pounds per acre of extra selected seed, so the supply of
choice seed is limited.

Irie market value of the cantaloupe at the time
the seed is saved should determine the price of seed.
Thus it requires about as many melons to produce one
pound of seed as will fill a standard crate, and actually
more, because some melons need to be rejected. This
can not be fully determined until the melon is cut,
when if it proves unfit for seed it is also lost for mar-
ket. So the price of seed must be equal to or exceed
the price of a crate of melons at the time the seed
was saved.

During the first week or ten days of the shipping,
season at Rocky Ford it is common to realize from
.$2 to $6 per crate. Jfo.. one.. at. this time can afford
to save seed to sell at the ordinary price per pound.
Indeed, few growers are wise enough to save for their
own use.

At the average price of cantaloupes through the
shipping season, the grower must realize at least $1
per pound to warrant him in saving seed for the mar-
ket. At the close of the shipping season, when melons
are no longer marketable, the seed is willingly saved
for what it will bring. This is the source of a large
part of the seed on the market.

The difference in value between seed saved early
from perfect melons of high market worth and that
saved six weeks later from immature, frost-bitten mel-
ons, which can not be marketed, is not often appreciat-
ed ; yet if the higher priced seed should yield only one
or more crates per acre of early melons, or increase
the total yield by several crates, which the extra vitality
and superior points of perfection can easily do, the
higher priced seed is cheaper at any price, and its value
to the melon industry can not he estimated.

Send $2.00 for The Irrigation Age
1 year, and The Primer of Irrigation

THE IRRIGATION AGE

305

IRRIGATION EXPERIMENTS IN ARIZONA.

Investigations Covering a Period of Four Years at the Experi-
ment Station Farm at Tucson.

BY PROF. ALFRED J. M'CLATCHIE,

Agriculturist and Horticulturist of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment
Station.

(Continued.)

ORCHARDS.

Since it is important that trees be properly irri-
gated from the first, it will be well to begin the dis-
cussion of orchard irrigation with the setting of the
trees. During the first year all varieties of fruit trees,
whether . decidiious or citrus, need to he treated in
about the same manner.

excellent check to the flow of the irrigating water, as
well as a benefit otherwise. When the winter irrigation
is finished the soil should be thoroughly cultivated to a
depth of eight to. twelve inches, and the surface be
permitted to remain dry until the time of the summer
rains.

Where the soil is of the proper character the tree
roots penetrate to great depths, enabling them to
thrive though the surface stratum be quite dry. In
the station orchards their roots are abundant at a
depth of twelve to sixteen feet, and many of them
penetrate to a depth of more than twenty feet. This
characteristic makes it possible to store in the soil
during winter much, if not all, of the water needed to
produce a good crop. To one orchard at the station
farm all of the water used by the trees during the

Hg. 4. Irrigating young strawberries through shallow furrows.

Before the trees are set furrows are run near the
lines of the tree rows for the early irrigations. Usually
water is run through the furrows before the trees are
set, and as soon thereafter as practicable. The fur-
rows should be cultivated up within a month, and
fresh ones made for each subsequent irrigation. The
young orchard should be irrigated .only along the tree
rows, and the soil should be kept moist to a depth of
several feet. This will induce the trees to send their
roots down deeply, instead of out laterally near the
surface. Deep irrigation followed by deep cultivation
will prevent the growth of roots near the surface.
Since much depends upon the treatment of the orchard
during its early growth, it pays to give the trees special
attention the. first season.

As the trees get older they will need less frequent
irrigation during the growing period, and more of the
water may be applied during winter. After they are
four or five years old, at least three-fourths of the
water needed may be applied to deciduous trees during
January. February and March. The remainder needed
may be applied when water is most abundant during
summer. The furrows do not need to be cultivated
up. after each winter irrigation ; but they should be re-
newed as often as once a month, if a green manuring
crop is not grown in the orchard. Such a crop is an

past three seasons has been applied from December to
March, while the trees were dormant above the surface.
That they were not dormant beneath the surface was
shown by an examination made February 20, 1900,
revealing that, at a depth of ten to sixteen feet even,
young roots three to six inches longs had already
grown.

As demonstrated by experiments reported on in
bulletin No. 37, a deciduous orchard may be kept in
excellent condition and will produce good crops of fruit
if irrigated during the winter only. In fact, the re-
sults from the winter-irrigated orchard were better
than from the same orchard irrigated during earlier
years through the summer, and better than from other
similar summer-irrigated orchards the same seasons.

Aside from the difference in the results obtained,
and the amount of labor involved, it should bo taken
into consideration that the water available during the
winter has a much less value, upon account of its com-
parative abundance, than the water available during
the summer. ' Even if a greater amount were used by
the winter-irrigating plant it would still be the .cheaper
method.

. Citrus orchards, upon account of being evergreen,
need somewhat different treatment than do deciduous,
orchards. In deep soils a large part of the water they

30C

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

need during the year may be applied during the win-
ter, as recommended for deciduous orchards. But they
commonly need more water during the summer than
do the latter. However, it does not seem to be wise
to give citrus trees sufficient water during summer to
keep up a fresh growth during the hottest weather of
July and August, and from October 15th to December
15th water should be withheld entirely. Fresh growth
made during the middle of summer is apt to be injured
by heat, and growth made during the late fall is apt to
be injured by cold. The best time to induce unpro-
tected citrus trees to make growth seems to be from
March to June inclusive.

PEAS.

If sown from November 15 to February 15 peas
may be planted just as they are in regions where they
are not irrigated, and furrows for irrigation made after
the peas have made some growth. To make this pos-
sible the soil in which they are to be sown should be
thoroughly irrigated and well plowed and harrowed

or if rain occurs, however, it is best to harrow the field
once or more during these two months.

The best time to plant in this region is usually
early February, and the plants should appear about a
month later. If the soil has been put into proper con-
dition previous to planting, potatoes will usually pro-
duce a better crop if not irrigated until early in April.
For irrigation, make furrows midway between the rows
(which should be thirty to thirty-six inches apart)
with a good-sized shovel plow. Turn a small stream
of water down each furrow and permit it to run four
to eight hours, the time depending upon the character
of the soil. The applications of about 0.4 of a foot of
water at each irrigation is advisable. As soon as the
soil is sufficiently dry, which will be in two to three
days, the field should be thoroughly cultivated. Dur-
ing the remainder of April and during early May the
crop will commonly need either one or two more irri-
gations. After giving the last irrigation, instead of
using a cultivator, when the soil is sufficiently dry, the

Fig. 3. Irrigating young strawberries through endless ditches.

previous to sowing. As long as they are making a
thrifty growth it is best to withhold water.

If sown at other times of the year than the sea-
son mentioned above, it will usually be necessary to sow
the peas along previously-made furrows, or to make
furrows directly after they are sown. Running water
through these furrows is usually necessary to bring
the peas up during the warm weather of early fall and
early spring. In whatever way or at whatever time
they are sown it is best not to keep the soil too wet
and to cultivate it after each irrigation.
POTATOES.

At least half of the water necessary to produce
a spring crop of potatoes may be stored in the soil be-
fore the field is planted. If two-thirds to one foot of
water (the amount necessary depending on the condi-
tion of the soil) be applied and the soil plowed deeply
and well harrowed just before planting, potatoes may
be planted here during winter in just the same man-
ner as they are in regions where they are not irrigated,
the field harrowed level, and no further attention be
given them for about two months. If weeds appear,

shovel-plow used for furrowing may be run in the fur-
rows and the soil thus thrown about the plants.

If planted during August for a fall crop, instead
of harrowing the field level after planting, as is done
in the winter, the furrows made in covering the pota-
toes need to be left for the first irrigation, which must
usually occur soon after planting. The subsequent
treatment is the same as of winter-planted potatoes,
except that the crop will need more frequent irrigation.
But usually, though irrigated freely, a satisfactory
crop can. not be secured at this season.

The winter-planted crop of potatoes, since it makes
the most of its growth during cool weather, is pro-
duced with a comparatively small amount of water —
less than in some cooler regions, where potatoes are
necessarily grown during the summer. A total of 1.5
to 2.0 feet of water is ample to produce a good crop
in most soils. The tendency with many growers is to
apply too much water and to give too little cultivation.
The amount of water mentioned above, with proper
cultivation, will produce a better crop than double the
amount without cultivation. Too early irrigation tends

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

307

to cause too rank a growth of tops without the forma-
tion of as many tubers as if the plants were not irri-
gated. It is better to permit the potatoes to continue
growing in the mellow soil in which they were planted,
as long as they are growing thriftily, than to compact
the soil by too early or too excessive irrigation. The
less water the crop can be grown with and the more
thoroughly it is cultivated, the better will the quality
of the tubers be.

The potatoes planted January 9, 1901, as will be
seen by referring to Table VI, gave a lower yield than
those planted February 1st. This was due to the fre-
quent frosts that occurred during March. Those
planted earlier were larger when the frosts came and
consequently sustained more injury than those planted
later. On the other hand, those planted the latter
part of February did not have sufficient time to make
a full growth before the warm weather of May, and
consequently did not give so large a yield as those from
either of the other two plants. Judging from the ex-
perience of the past four years, during average years
a larger yield from a given amount of water applied
may be expected from potatoes planted during early
February. During mild winters a heavier yield may be
secured from potatoes planted about the middle of
January, but during no year, according to our ex-
perience, is it wise to postpone planting much after
early February, if a full return from the water ap-
plied is to be expected. The two objects to be kept
in mind are the avoidance of the March frosts and the
securing of the principal growth of the crop before the
heat of May. The attainment of these two objects is
not always easy. If planted too early or covered too
lightly they are apt to be injured by frosts in March.
On the other hand, if they are planted so late or covered
so deeply that they are not nearly full grown by May
they will not produce a satisfactory crop, no matter
how much water be applied to them.

PUMPKINS AND SQUASHES.

Pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers are irrigated
in the same manner as are melons. Furrows are made
four to eight feet apart, water run through them and
the seed planted along one side when the soil is suffi-
ciently dry.

The only squashes cultivated generally in this
region are the early bush varieties. These are planted
in February and March and produce their crop before
the heat of summer. The common winter squashes
grown so extensively in the North are grown very little
here, as they do not endure well the heat of our sum-
mers, no matter how much water is applied to their
roots. Instead of these squashes is grown the Cashaw
pumpkin, which does well here, and keeps well through
the winter. For winter use it is planted during June,
and from the time of planting until fall needs frequent
irrigation.

Cucumbers are planted at about the same distance
and irrigated in about the same manner as muskmelons.
They are planted during February and March, and
from that time on need quite frequent irrigation. They
do not usually produce many pickles after the heat of
June. For a fall crop they may be planted during
June and July, in which case they will need frequent
irrigation.

SORGHUM.

The seed of sorghum is sown in the bottom of fur-
rows during May, June and July, a light covering of

earth thrown upon the seed by dragging a bush through
the furrows or by turning a light furrow with a plow,
and water run through the furrows soon after planting.
Some growers leave these furrows permanently and
run water through them every ten to fifteen days. The
better way, however, usually is to cultivate up the fur-
rows after each of the early irrigations and make fresh
ones for each subsequent irrigation. After the sorghum
has reached such a size that it is not convenient to
furrow it, the furrows may be left for the later irri-
gations. By this time the sorghum will shade the fur-
rows and they will not become hard and baked as they
will before the crop covers the ground. As this crop
is grown entirely during the warm weather of sum-
mer, considerable water is required to produce it, but
on account of its excellent system of roots not as much
water is needed as might be expected.

STRAWBERRIES.

Strawberries are irrigated in this region almost
entirely through permanent furrows. The furrows are
either left open at each end or they are connected at
alternate ends, and an endless ditch through the patch
thus formed. This method of irrigating through an
endless ditch is necessary in small pieces, especially
where the ground is sloping. The water is simply
turned in at one side of the piece and permitted to
make its way, by flowing back and forth, through the
entire piece. If the strip across which the furrows
extend be long, water is admitted at several places along
the side, either at all places at the same time or at
the different places successively. If the field be large,
especially if it is long and nearly level, strawberries
can be irrigated to better advantage through furrows
that are open at each end. A small stream should be
turned down each furrow and permitted to run long
enough to wet the soil about the plants properly. If
the streams are small enough, little water will escape
at the lower ends of the furrows.

Whatever the method of subsequent irrigation, the
procedure in setting the plants is much the same.
Water is run througli the furrows, the plants set along
the water line a few days afterward and water again
run through the furrows as soon as practicable. In
the case of the endless ditch arrangement, the water
run through before setting the plants usually fills the
furrows about half full ; hence the plants are set about
midway between the bottom and the top of the ridges.
Along the open furrows the plants are set near or at
the edge.

For the first few weeks subsequent to the first irri-
gation after setting, water should be applied often
enough to keep the soil about the roots constantly moist.
When the plants have become established the soil about
them does not need to be kept quite so moist, but
should never become very dry. The frequency of irri-
gation necessary will depend upon the nature of the
weather. During the cool weather of winter irriga-
tion twice a month will be sufficient. During March,
April and the early part of May irrigation once in
eight days will ordinarily be sufficient. From the lat-
ter month until October, strawberry plants should re-
ceive water once in four days. During the remainder of
the fall months once in eight to twelve days is suffi-
cient.

The advantage of the endless ditch arrangement ia
the convenience of irrigation, especially upon uneven
ground.

308

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

DRAINAGE OF FARM LANDS.

Results of Careful and Extended Investigations by the Gov-
ernment for the Benefit of the Farmers.

BY C. G. ELLIOTT,

Expert in Drainage and Irrigation, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

From Farmers' Bulletin No. 187, Courtesy U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.

(Continued.)

A pond, previously waste land, was drained at a
cost of $8 per acre. It was broken and sown to mil-
let and the first crop paid the expense of underdrain-
age.

A farm of 160 acres, situated in an Illinois drain-
age district, wa? taxed $5 per acre for the general out-
let. It was bought for $30, subject to this tax of $5,
costing the purchaser $35 an acre. Tile drainage and
improvements cost $15 per acre, making the land cost
$50 per acre. The farm was rented and yielded the
owner a rental of $5 per acre for four successive years,
or 10 per cent on the entire investment. He was
then offered $80 per acre for the farm and refused it.

Fig. 16. Catch basin for leading surface water into a tile drain.

As will be noticed in comparing the two maps of
drainage given on preceding pages, there is a material
difference in the method of treatment necessitated by
the differences in soil. In the Kentucky plan (Fig.
15) the drains are placed systematically fifty, sixty and
seventy feet apart, the entire cost of the work being
$25 per acre. The plan of the Illinois work, where
the soil possesses better drainage properties, was made
with special reference to the particular requirements
of the land in connection with natural drainage and
the work cost about $9 per acre. The drains in both
plans have been in actual operation for several years
and are evidently well adapted to the needs of the re-
spective localities.

It is a well-recognized fact that no practical
gardener or fruit grower attempts to practice intensive
cultivation on land which is not fairly well drained,
either naturally or artificially. It would be easy to
multiply examples of the profits which accrue from the
practice of soil drainage, not only to the farmer who
drains his land and cultivates it himself, but also to
the capitalist who purchases land which is compara-
tively worthless without drainage and then improves it
in this way as an investment. What has been said,
however, will be sufficient to indicate that nothing

brings a surer return for the money invested than does
the drainage of rich soils.

CATCH-BASINS AND PROTECTION OP OUTLETS.

Surface water should be excluded from the tile
drains unless sufficient provision is made for conveying
it into them in such a way that dirt, sand and rubbish
will be prevented from entering. This may be done by
the use of catch-basins constructed of two lengths of
sewer pipe set in a vertical position (Fig. 16) and
covered by an iron grating (a) to prevent rubbish
entering the drain. This grate may be covered with
a pile of bricks or small stones (6) to act as a coarse
filter and prevent the clogging of the grate. The
bricks or stones may be rearranged and the silt removed
from the bottom of the basin occasionally so that with
proper care such an arrangement will serve an excellent
purpose for removing surface water from places where
it can not pass through the soil with sufficient readi-
ness and at the same time do no injury to the drain.
Such basins should not be connected with drains of
less diameter than six inches. * Under the conditions
which make it desirable to use them, the surface water
will be received and pass away before the soil water
reaches the drain.

JVhile a substantial stone or brick bulkhead at the
outlet of each main drain, when well made, has a per-
manent and workmanlike appearance, it is expensive
and in many localities impracticable to use because of
the lack of proper material. One of the most common,
as well as most efficient, protections is the plank box
with wire bars placed vertically across the end about
two inches apart. Such a box (Fig. 17) should be
made of two-inch plank, twelve feet long and large
enough to admit of the insertion of the tile into the
upstream end. It should be laid correctly, and more

Fig. 17. Outlet protection for drains.

than ordinary care should be taken in tamping the
earth securely about it. In fact, the entire filling
should be well tamped from bottom to top. A protec-
tion of this kind serves two purposes: It prevents
small animals from entering the drain, which they are
likely to do when no water is flowing from it, and ob-
viates the necessity of using vitrified tile at the out-
let. which it is always wise to do for the reason that red
tiles usually scale when exposed to the weather under
such conditions.

OBSTRUCTION OF DRAINS BY HOOTS.

As far as known, the roots of grains, grasses and
annual field crops do not obstruct underdrains, but
this is not the case with the roots of some trees. Among
them are the willow, water elm, tamarack and some-
times the soft maple, which in a short time will fill
the drain with a mass of root hairs, even when they
are growing fifty feet distant from the line of the
drain. It should be noted that our field drains under

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

309

ordinary conditions contain no water during a consid-
erable portion of the growing season. Those drains
which are fed by springs or have a continual flow
through them are more subject to obstruction from the
roots of trees than drains which are dry for a part of
the year. Dr. W. I. Chamberlain, of Summit County,
Ohio, in writing upon this subject, says :

"I have lately dug down to my drains in an apple
orchard set twenty-one years ago with trees thirty-mree

Fig. 18. Drainage of irrigated land by wells.

feet apart, and whose roots long since met and passed
each other and whose branches have nearly met, and
the drains placed between the rows are wholly free from
any obstruction by roots."

An orchard known to the writer was set on the
farm of Mr. L. Goodwin, in Tipton County, Ind.,
thirteen years ago, consisting of apple and pear trees
in rows thirty feet apart. Tile drains were placed five
feet deep between the rows and as yet are unobstructed
by roots. The tiles in a small fruit garden adjoining
this orchard, drained in a similar way, are still free
from roots.

Where there is reason to suspect that there will be
difficulty with tree roots the joints of the tiles near

Fig. 19. Drainage of irrigated land by intercepting drains.

the trees should be securely cemented. It is safe to
say that all willows and water elms growing within
fifty feet of any tile drain should be destroyed, irre-
spective of the flow of water in the drain.

CO-OPERATION IN DRAINAGE WORK.

It is not often the case that drainage can be ac-
complished in any comprehensive manner without co-
operation among landowners. Outlets can not always
be secured upon the land which it is desired to drain.
Water courses exist without reference to land lines or

the desires of individual owners. The property of
some owner is more elevated than that of an adjoining
neighbor, and as a result the lower land, in a state
of nature, receives the drainage. All land is entitled
to such drainage relief as is afforded by nature. When
natural means are insufficient and co-operation becomes
necessary there are common interests involved which
can not be considered separately. Both mutual and in-
dividual benefits should eliminate self-interest suffi-
ciently to secure a fair consideration of the merits of
the case in hand. It may be said that the improve-
ments made by any farmer in a community indirectly
benefit his neighbors. The privilege of improving his
land by draining it should not be prohibited either by
law or the prejudice of his neighbors, especially when no
injury can be suffered by the neighbor occupying lower
land. Assuming that the owner of land occupying a
higher level desires to drain, and has no outlet with-
out crossing the land of his neighbor, he should not
be enjoined from doing so at his own expense, even
when no good will incidentally be conferred upon that
neighbor. On the other hand, if the drain so con-
structed will benefit his neighbor the latter should bear
a proportional part of the expense of the work done on
his own land. A case can scarcely be found where the
making of a drain for the benefit of upper land and
conducting it through that occupying a lower level
can work any injury to the lower land. It is in accord-
ance with justice and equity, however, that the work
of improving the upper land by artificial means should
be done in such a way that no injury will result to
anyone. In case this is unavoidable, remuneration
should be made to the person suffering injury. Some
farmers are unintentionally captious in cases where the
improvement of a neighbor's land requires some con-
cessidn on their parts. At the same time there is great
reluctance on the part of some to consider the rights
of the owners of lower lands over or through which
drainage must be obtained. Many misunderstandings
in the adjustment of these matters arise from a
misconception of the true office and results of land
drainage in general. It is a subject whose appearance
varies according to the viewpoint of the observer, and
so requires candid consideration by every one inter-
ested in carrying out the work of a character covering
more than individual interests. The questions arising
under this head are so diverse and include work of such
magnitude that a comprehensive knowledge of the sub-
ject is a necessary prerequisite in arriving at any just
conclusions.

DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS.

The soils in most irrigated regions are deep and
loose, containing a small percentage of clay, but rich
in available paint food. They are finely divided and
possess great capillary attraction for moisture ; more-
over, their physical structure is such that they are
easily kept in prefect condition by judicious cultiva-
tion. Further than this, they permit of the ready
passage of water through them after the capillary
spaces have been filled. The rainfall is so far deficient
that water must be obtained from supplies diverted
from mountain-fed streams, brought tf> the land and
distributed by ditches. The effect of this application
of water to soils, under judicious management, is re-
markable, as the abundance and value of the products
obtained from such land have proved. (Continued.)

310

THE IRBIGATION AGE.

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

COPYRIGHTED, 1803, BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER XVI.

SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION.

When the subject of irrigation is broached one
immediately thinks of an arid region or one in which
the ordinary rainfall is inadequate to raise a crop to
maturity or to raise one sufficiently profitable. In such
regions irrigation is practiced all the time, from the
planting of the seed to the maturity of the plant, and
even afterward it is necessary to again irrigate for the
purpose of fitting the soil for cultivation for the plant-
ing of another crop. The rainfall is totally disregarded.
Irrigation is a necessity.

But in the humid regions where there is an ade-
quate rainfall, or at least from thirty to forty inches
of rain precipitated upon the soil during the year, irri-
gation has until quite recently in this country been
looked upon very much in the light of an unnecessary
luxury, a refinement of agriculture suitable for gentle-
man farming and not to be encouraged when it comes
to general farming. The idea of irrigating in the
humid regions is growing stronger, however, and it
will not be long before irrigation will be as common in
Massachusetts and New York as in Arizona. Indeed,
it must come to that or the humid States will be com-
pelled to go entirely out of the business of crop rais-
ing, for the productions of the soil in the irrigated
regions are so enormous that the humid or rain farmer
will not be able to compete. This irrigating in the
humid regions where there is an abundant annual rain-
fall is what is termed "supplemental irrigation," in-
asmuch as it supplements the rainfall or makes good its
deficiencies and uneven distribution during the periods
of the year of the growing season.

. Supplemental irrigation, though quite recent in
the United States and even now looked upon with dis-
favor, has been practiced in Europe for centuries
where the rainfall is sufficient to raise crops without
irrigation, as in our humid regions. Germany, France,
Italy and the British Isles have practiced it with profit
and success, and to fail to irrigate is to be guilty of
bad husbandry and careless of profits.

To state the proposition of supplemental irrigation
broadly, it removes the element of chance in all farm-
ing that depends solely upon the water precipitated
from the clouds naturally. No farmer guesses at his
seed, but selects the best variety with the greatest care,
even experimenting with a small quantity before trust-
ing his entire harvest to the probability of failure.' So
also does he choose his implements, his stock, and he
prepares his soil in the most approved and certain
manner, but when he considers the probabilities of the
element favoring him with bountiful returns he shuts
his eyes and draws for trumps when he might have the
winning cards in his own hands by the exercise of his
common sense.

There are times when the skies are as brass and
the earth like a burning furnace, then his hopes are
blasted and he grieves. There are also times when the
rain comes just right and the earth laughs with a har-
vest. Then the farmer rejoices and says : "We have
had a good crop." But if he will stop to consider and
look hack a few years, go over his ledger of balances,

he will discover that in the space of five years, for in-
stance, he has had three bad crops and only two good
ones. Why ? The only answer is : There was not rain
enough to mature the crops; there were several dry
spells right in the growing season when the plants
were seriously injured and no amount of after rainfall
— nay, a deluge — could restore them their lost vitality.

It is not the desire of the author to argue in favor
of supplementary irrigation in the humid regions, for
that is bound to come to the wise farmers, but there
are many who may not yet be assured of the neces-
sity of it, or to whom the knowledge of it has not yet
come, and to whom he will only say : How much better
it would be if a farmer could plant with the certainty
that every crop would be uniformly abundant, and
that, too, year after year without a single break.

He can accomplish this by simply utilizing the
surplus water which he watches go to waste without
raising a hand to stop it or to store it up against the
time of dire need. It rains, says the rain farmer, there-
fore why pour more water on the soil ? True, but there
is a story to tell which will illustrate that sort of argu-
ment better than pages of theory. It is an old one to
the middle-aged, perhaps threadbare, but new in this
connection, for which reason it will bear repeating.
Thk is the story, or, rather, anecdote:

A stranger once traveling through Arkansas one
fine day came across a rain farmer sitting in the
sunshine at the door of his cabin fiddling awiay for dear
life on a cracked fiddle. Dismounting, the traveler
passed the compliments of the season and looked
around to take in the situation. It happened that a
large hole in the roof of the cabin caught his eye.

"Why do you not mend the hole in your roof?"
inquired the stranger.

" 'Tain't wuth while, stranger ; 'tain't a-rainin'."

"Well, when it rains you will have to mend it,"
said the stranger, sarcastically.

"Dunno about thet, mister ; it mought be too wet to
fix when it are a-rainin'."

It seems strange to unaccustomed eyes to see an
irrigation farmer of the far west pouring water on his
soil with the rain falling in torrents.

A Bostonian who was passing through the Sacra-
mento valley in California in a comfortable Pullman
car during a heavy rain noticed a farmer busily en-
gaged in irrigating his land without noticing the down-
pour.

"Just look at that fool watering his land when it
is raining so hard."

"He's no fool," said his companion, who happened
to know something about irrigation, "but a wise man.
He knows that the effects of the rain will last about
three days, but that the irrigation water is good for
two weeks."

IRRIGATING IN A HDMID EEGION.

The experience of Dr. Clarke Gapen, at one time
superintendent of the Illinois Eastern Hospital for the
Insane, may do much toward clearing away any doubts
the reader may entertain as to the wisdom of irrigating
in a humid region. Says the doctor:

"For two years the garden crops on about ninety
acres of larid were almost a total failure, the loss not
only depriving the inmates of the institution of fresh
vegetables, but it was a financial loss. In the spring
of the third year I suggested to the Board of Trustees
the extension of our water mains into the garden and

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

311

into certain lands which it was proposed to use for
garden purposes, consisting of about 150 acres. This
was agreed to, and we proceeded to lay about 4,000 feet
of water mains out into the farm. As there was some
delay in completing the work, our irrigation was not
begun until some time in June. We had in the mean-
time, however, planted a portion of the land in fruit
trees and berries, and the remainder was planted in
vegetables. As soon as the pipe laying was completed
the water was turned on and irrigation of the entire
tract begun.

"The following results show the profit of the un-
dertaking :

Beets, 4 acres, 1,960 bu. at 30c $ 588.00

Cabbage, 15 acres, 1,498 bbls. at $1 1,498.00

Cauliflower, 3 acres, 81 bbls. at $1.50 121.00

Cucumber, % acre, 184 bu. at 60c 110.00

Lettuce, % acre, 101 bbls. at $1 T . 101.00

Water and musk melons, 7 acres, 16,000 at 3c 148.00

Onions, 3 acres, 245 bbls. at 75c 183.75

Peas, 5 acres, 250 bu. at $1.25 323.75

Eadishes, 3 acres, 304 bbls. at $2 608.00

Tomatoes, 6 acres, 1,360 bu. at 30c 408.00

Turnips, 15 acres, 3,000 bu. at 30c 910.50

Potatoes, 25 acres, 3,000 bu. at 30c 900.00

Greens, 2 1-3 acres, 500 bu. at 25c 125.00

Rhubarb, % acre, 261 bbls. at 50c 130.00

Total for 9Qi/o acres $6,478.40

Total for 1 acre 73.57

"While it is conceded that this does not show an
excessively large yield, it must be borne in mind that
is far greater than the average yield in the regions
round about during the same season, and that irriga-
tion was begun very late in the season. Moreover, the
ground was newly broken and had never before been
used for vegetables. *

"The cost of laying the pipe was about $1,500, or,
say, $10 per acre. The land before the pipes were
laid would have been regarded for agricultural pur-
poses as at a high price at $100 per acre ; it now has a
producing value to the institution of $500 per acre.

TWO METHODS OF APPLYING WATER.

"In applying the water at the hospital we used
only two methods — the ditch and the flowing. In both
cases the water was conveyed in large ditches meander-
ing in conformity with the contour of the ground,
running often by very circuitous routes to the desired
points. There it was diverted into furrows made by
what is called 'middle breakers,' or double mold board
plow between the rows of corn, potatoes, cabbage or
whatever the plant; or by the flooding method it was
spread out over a leveled space ten to fifteen feet in
width, with ridges six to eight inches high, thrown up
to separate these spaces from each other, and occasional
cross-ridges if the slope of the ground was steep. We
kept the slope of the land constantly in mind and we
found it always best to always begin at the lowest point
and work up or backward. In irrigating the orchard
we ran a furrow on each side of each row of trees and
allowed the water to run slowly throughout its length.
For orchard purposes we find two irrigations sufficient,
one early in the spring and the other just as the fruit
begins to ripen. As the trees grow the irrigating fur-
row is run farther and farther away from the trees."

Dr. Gapen is of the opinion that irrigation has a
much larger future in those portions of the country

where the rainfall is reasonably large than even in the
dry regions, because there is a larger supply of water
which can be utilized and, of course, can be utilized
to a greater extent. Long continued experiments in
the direction of supplemental irrigation have indeed
demonstrated beyond any doubt that crops may be
doubled and quadrupled. The irrigation system
adopted at the institution of which Dr. Gapen is super-
intendent required from 100,000 to 200,000 gallons of
water per acre during the growing season. He esti-
mated that at least two inches of rainfal were neces-
sary for even a light irrigation, approximately 55,000
gallons, being at the rate of 27,154 gallons of water for
one inch of rain, and that to give two good wettings
to the soil at least 220,000 gallons, or about eight
inches, should be given each acre. This was modified
to about 100,000 gallons per acre for each wetting.
More water, however, could be used to advantage, for
the reason that in humid regions a 70 per cent satura-
tion by bulk will give the best results.

As to the expense of the supplemental irrigation at
the Illinois institution, above referred to, it cost $3.00
per 1,000,000 gallons to deliver the water at the point
required. At this rate the cost of delivering 100,000
gallons, the amount necessary to irrigate one acre,
was only 60 cents per acre for two good wettings. This
expense was much greater than that incurred by ordi-
nary pumping or lifting, for the reason that there was
maintained a pressure of fifty pounds, which required
high pressure pumps. The piping was the best grade
of cast iron pipe, laid entirely below the frost line,
using three, four and six-inch pipe, which cost from
20 to 30 cents per foot.

With a farm located on the bank of a stream, or
with an inexhaustible well, it is not difficult to under-
stand that the expense would be much less. The fact
remains, however, that with the most expensive appli-
ances supplemental irrigation is productive of double
profits, and therefore it is a system not to be rejected
without at least a trial of its merits.

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS.

Office of Experiment Stations.

The office of experiment stations of the United
States Department of Agriculture has issued a report
on the drainage investigations carried on during 1903
under the direction of Elwood Mead, chief of irriga-
tion and drainage division of this office, by C. G. El-
liott, expert in charge.

The object of the report is to show the possibilities
of drainage and the methods of accomplishing it most
effectively and economically. The work carried on by
Mr. Elliott during the past year included plans for
reclaiming alkali lands at Fresno, Cal. ; surveys and in-
vestigations in Yakima and Atanum Valleys, Washing-
ton, and in Grey Bull Valley, Wyoming; plans for the
drainage of overflowed bottom lands in the Missouri
Valley in Iowa, and experiments with the use of
drains to prevent hillside erosion in Georgia.

In the district about Fresno, Cal., where the water
plane in the once dry soil had reached, in places, a
distance of but two feet from the surface, the injury
to crops from an excess of water in the soil and the
accumulation of alkali was apparent over a large area.
Surveys were instituted to determine the proper ar-
rangement of drain ditches. Plans were made for two

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

methods of drainage, one employing open ditches, the
other drain tile. The drain-tile plan, while leaking the
first cost less than for the open-ditch system, since no
provision has to be made for the land taken up and the
crossings of roads and irrigation canals, requires ample
provision for securing the drains and operating pumps.

The abundance of the water supply and the ap-
parent necessity for its liberal use upon tne lands un-
der Sunnyside Canal, in the Yakima Valley, Washing-
ton, have hastened the filling i\p of the soil with sur-
plus water. At the edges of the slopes are saturated
spots and in many places alkali has accumulated to an
injurkras extent. Test wells were sunk and a .close
study of the fluctuations of the water level was made.
The source of the oversupply and the nature of the
substrata having been determined, the depth and grade
of proposed drains were shown upon a map furnished
to the owners.

In this, as in all other cases, it is evident that a
thorough knowledge of conditions governing the move-
ment of water in the soil is essential. The expense in
each case is estimated nccording to local conditions and
an ample margin of safety" is allowed. In each dis-
trict the disposal of drainage water receives careful at-
tention, and' cautions as to the necessity for studying
local conditions are added. The top and bottom widths
necessary for permanent maintenance are carefully esti-
mated. The ditches are planned to provide also for
winter storm water. The attention given to these
typical cases shows the value of the expert advice on
questions of drainage provided by the Department of
Agriculture. ,

In the Atanum Valley, in order to remove alkali
from abandoned lands and protect hop fields from its
inroads it is necessary to drain the subsoil so that the
alkali dissolved and washed down from the surface may
be carried away from the lower levels. Directions for
making such ditches are part of the report. The plan
for the drainage of a farm of eighty acres in this val-
ley, while applicable to particular conditions, suggests
how drainage may be made to counteract excessive sub-
irrigation. Practical work in the removal of alkali is
illustrated by the description of the reclamation of
seventy-two acres in Kittitas County, Washington.

Although it is but seven years since irrigation be-
gan under the Farmers' canal in Grey Bull Valley, Wy-
oming, there are boggy tracts -of considerable extent at
the foot of the benches which are now given over to
aquatic grasses where formerly some of the most pro-
ductive land of the valley was found. In 'other places
the deposits of white alkali have destroyed the fertility
of the soil. While there is a gravel vein of great thick-
ness that receives and conducts away from the benches
the surplus ' water applied in irrigation, a stratum of
impervious clay finally arrests the downward course
of the water arid turns it to the surface at the foot of «
the benches and alkali accumulates wherever the sur-
face is exposed to evaporation. The remedv suggested
is to deepen the ditches provided for waste until they
strike well into the -gravel, at the same time -arranging
them so that the seepage water collected in them may
be discharged into ditches lower down, thus adding
somewhat to the supply. More frequent watering will
be required on this area than on land with clay sub-
soil, but the distribution of water should be more di-
rectly and carefullv made. That a provision for dis-
posing of the excess of water would also relieve the

land of alkali deposits is evident from the fact that
the alkali washed out of this gravelly bottom land at
each irrigation, if left during one season, would de-
stroy a crop.

An entirely different problem in drainage is pre-
sented by conditions along Missouri River in western
Iowa. This very fertile country is lower than the
hanks of the rivers which form its boundaries and is
threatened with overflow whenever the river rises. Two
features are included in the plans for relieving this
situation. First, the construction of a ditch to carry
water from the Little Sioux across the intervening
triangle and deliver it into the more capacious channel
of the Missouri; second, the straightening of the chan-
nel of the Little Sioux by cutoffs. By the wise pro-
visions of^the State drainage laws the entire cost of
these improvements can be met by issuing bonds, which
will be amply covered by the returns from the re-
claimed land. While the need of underdrainage is not
lost sight of, the emphasis here and in the districts of
Hancock County, Iowa, is laid upon the improvement
of the natural channels for carrying off water.

The prevention of hillside erosion by underdrains
was the object of an experiment made upon a farm in
nOTthern Georgia. Lines of drain tile were laid across
the slope to intercept water, which, oozing through the
soil and cropping out at some lower point on the sur-
face of the hill, formed seeped spots, the starting points ,
of surface washing, which in time made wide and deep
gullies that necessitated the abandonment of the whole
field. After the tile was laid the gullies were filled and
the surface graded and dressed in such a way that
all surface water would be scattered instead of con-
i entrated. In the season that has elapsed since the im-
provement was made a crop has been raised and no
washing has occurred.

Throughout the report* the necessity for making
complete preliminary surveys 'and for gathering full
data in regard to each locality is made apparent. The
question of the adaptability of different methods of
drainage is in each case considered, while the legal
and economic aspects of each problem are not lost
sight of. These clear statements of practical problems
and their solutions are a valuable addition- to the libra-
ry of the intelligent farmer and should have careful
reading.

<sxs*£<^<s><jxexSy3>$xex8>s><s><£<s^

Send $2.00 for The Irrigation Age
1 year, and The Primer of Irrigation

BROUGHT BY THE POSTMAN.

Letters from Correspondents to The Irrigation Age.

NEW YORK; July 20, 1904.
THE. IRRIGATION AGE,- Chicago,-Ill.

Gentlemen : We would like very much to obtain a recent
and authentic list of irrigation companies in the United
Slates, particularly those located in the South Central States
arid Texas. If you can tell us where we can find such a list,
kindly oblige us -with the information.

Very truly yours,
INTERNATIONAL STEAM PUMP Co.,

GEORGE H. GIBSON.
Manager Dept. of Publicity.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

313

CASPER, WYO., July 1, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.

Maybe you have been poisoned by the venom of the
Talisman. Give an account of yourself.

We have had considerable moisture from above this
spring, but there is very little snow in the mountains and
it looked for a while that a total abstainer would not be in
it. A friend tells me that they are very saving of water
in his locality, so much so that they wash their feet in the
dish water and scrape the kids with curry combs.

Yours very truly, J. W. PRICE.

TRINIDAD, COLO., July 15, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, 112 Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111.

Dear Sirs : We have been trying to find the factory
making what we have heard described the "Lambert Rotary
Pump." Can you oblige us with any information about it?
The only thing we know is that it is either a rotary or
centrifugal pump of large capacity and of course is run by
power. If you can give us any information in the matter, we
assure you that it will be greatly appreciated and the favor
will be reciprocated whenever possible. Yours truly,
THE F. BURKHARD SADDLERY & IMPLEMENT Co.

AUBURN, IND., July 10. 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.

Gentlemen : Will you kindly answer me through the
columns of your paper whether or not that irrigation project
in Crook County, Oregon, is started? And who is the proper
person to write to about it?

Yours very truly,

A. G. MOORE.

The Deschutes Irrigation & Power Company, which ab-
sorbed the water rights and segregated tracts of the Pilot
Butte Development Company and the Oregon Irrigation Com-
pany in February of this year, has its headquarters at Bend,
Ore. Active construction on its main canals was started in
March, since which time about twenty-five miles of ditch
have been built, covering a territory of nearly 25,000 acres
lying immediately north of Bend. A large portion of this
land falling under the ditch has been sold to settlers and it is
expected that a considerable area will be under cultivation
inside of another twelve months. It is the intention of the
company to begin active construction work soon on another
of the main canal lines which, when completed, will reclaim
the balance of the company's segregation, amounting to 150,000
acres.

Communications should be addressed to the Deschutes
Irrigation & Power Company, McKay building. Portland,
Ore., or to W. E. Guerin Jr., Bend, Ore., who is in active
management of the' company's business at the seat of their
operations.

MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, June 21, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.

Gentlemen : I post you on a Leader newspaper ; also
will send you a couple of photos concerning a trial of the
Bennett American Tile Ditcher. I have for years tried to
sell one of these machines and haye at last found a customer
in Mr. G. O. Webb, orchardist, a tile drain maker, Somerville,
Victoria. At the trial I took out all the numbers of THE
IRRIGATION AGE we have received from you and gave thenr
to prominent orchardists, viz. : Mr. T. H. Grant, Pakersham,
Vic., who has about twenty-five miles of drain in his orchard ;
Mr. W. S. Williams, lemon grower, Doncaster, Victoria; Mr.
Charles French, Government Entomologist, Law Offices, Mel-
bourne, Victoria ; Mr. H. Jennes, Melgrave ; Mr. J. Herbert,
Diamond Creek ; Mr. J. R. Warren, Harcourt, and others.
If you will send me out any back numbers, I will give them
to good growers.

We also want catalogues on tile making machines, also
drain tools. I am trying my best to make our farmers go
in for drainage. You have a good friend in Mr. D. M. Dow,
of the Leader. You might drop him a' line, or send a short
article on the benefit of drainage to his paper.

I will let you know later how Mr. Webb gets on. He
has two contracts to proceed on at present.

With best regards and all success to drainage,

Yours,

J. DAVIES.

TUCSON, ARIZ, July 15, 1904.
EDITOR THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.

Dear Sir: On my way home from the East I laid off in
El Paso three days and naturally made inquiries into the
doings of Maxwell, Boothe & Co., referred to in your last
two or three issues. I was at first afraid that your open ref-
erences to these parties and their little games were too
pointed and nothing more than a personal "tiff" between
two editors publishing papers on similar subjects, but my
mind on this has been thoroughly disabused, and I have no
hesitation in giving you a few concentrated facts that I can
vouch for.

In the first place, why did G. H. Maxwell, unsolicited,
come forward with cash or railroad passes for the whole of
the El Paso delegation to the Ogden congress, after they won
the day at Ogden? The acceptance of this much more or less
put El Paso under an obligation to this pair of "lobbyists"
and "land grabbers." From what I can learn, early in the
year the chief aide of G. H. Maxwell, one C. B. Boothe, ap-
peared in El Paso as the "great I am" on all matters apper-
taining to the coming Irrigation Congress to be held there in
November next. He called meetings and demanded offices
for this and that party, an assistant secretary, etc., and went
so far as to make many of the El Paso people believe that
neither Senator Clarke nor the Hon. H. B. Maxson (presi-
dent and secretary, respectively, of the coming congress)
were anything more than second fiddles to the "I am" and
so matters are going on. Everything has to be referred to
Mr. Boothe. According to a local paper, the El Paso Irriga-
tion Committee could not close tenders for the building of the
proposed Congress Hall unless Mr. Boothe was consulted.
He further led people to believe while there that he held
the position of secretary to the National Irrigation Congress,
but this one of the local newspapers corrected.

I was introduced to the new local secretary, who, although
a mining man, is known to be pushing affairs to make this
the most notable event in the annals of the National Irriga-
tion Congress, and every visitor will be received with open
arms and will be guaranteed a rare, good time while in the
city of El 'Paso. I do not think that as a body the local
people see through the two-faced intentions of Maxwell &
Co., but I met one or two who seem to be fully informed
on all that is going on, and appear to know Maxwell and
Boothe as one and the same. Boothe appears to be the best
diplomat and talker and appears to have the most "gall"
and probably this is why he is sent forth to make arrange-
ments and also do the "lobbying" in New York. It is to be
hoped that should this combine make a renewed attempt to
get control of affairs, they will be sat upon from the 'start,
for should any private individuals, the acknowledged agents
of land grabbers, get into national affairs on so important a
matter as "irrigation," which has become a national question,
such supporters of the National Irrigation Annual Congress
as Senator Clarke, Governor Warren, Elwood Mead and all
those 'who at great expense and time, have by their presence
and good common sense, made each one and all of the past
meetings an unqualified success and advanced the good cause
for the benefit of the whole nation, shun with disgust the
idea of ever being connected with the National Irrigation
Congress in the future. It is the opinion of those well in-
formed that this combination is using every influence to
secure a vote at the coming congress favoring a resolution
for the repeal of the commutation Clause of the Homestead
Act, the Desert Land Law and the Timber and Stone Act
and they, Maxwell and Boothe, state that they have El Paso
"cinched" on this proposition. They claim the vote of the
full El Paso delegation on the subject. How could they
vote otherwise when Maxwell, Boothe & Co., perfect strangers
to all hands, before the Ogden congress handed them free
passes for their whole trip. On the strength of his appoint-
ment, Mr. C. B. Boothe has placed his "boss" Maxwell in
the position of chairman of the "Land and Water Section."
So far things have been going well for them, but how people
like them, who in their monthly paper called the "Talisman"
claim to be the true friends of the homesteader and bona-
fide settler, can reconcile the evidence given by Maxwell
in his examination before the House Committee on Irriga-
tion of Arid Lands on April 1st, last, viz. : that he had spent
over $60,000 in the interest of land-grabbers during the year,
is more than I, or many others, can see through, except in
one light.

The combine may be clever in a way, but it would be a
very grave error to allow such parties to get control of
national affairs, much less one of so much importance to the

314

THE IRBIGATION AGE.

whole country as irrigation. I can not help thinking that the
time has come for- one or more parties to frame charges
against this so-called ''National Irrigation Association" for
attempting to divert the Irrigation Law of Congress from the
beneficial purpose to provide homes for American citizens,
actual homeseekers, into a source of private speculation.
Should the President, who has made so many friends out
West by taking up the cause of irrigation as warmly as he
has, get wind of this combination, I have no doubt he would
order an inquiry such as has been carried out in the postal
and other frauds which have resulted in the exposure of so
many individuals who were being looked upon by their fellow
beings as saints and not sinners. I hope to return East via
El Paso shortly and shall not fail to keep in touch with you
in regard to general ideas .on this subject, as they come
under my notice during my run through Utah and Colorado.
Yours respectfully,

E. W. HART.

PEORIA, ILL., July 11, 1904.
MR. D. H. ANDERSON, Chicago, 111.

Dear Sir : Your article on "Sub-Irrigation" in your last
issue of THE IRRIGATION AGE has the right kind of a ring
to it and many others are seeing it in the same light ! Too
much can not be said of sub-irrigation, as it is the only prac-
tical system before the people for draining and fertilizing the
soil, saving 50 to 75 per cent of water and the same per-
centage in labor. Stronger and healthier trees or vines, more
and better fruit. All these points mean something and are
worthy of the consideration of the public. Water is too
scarce in the arid districts to feed the sun 50 to 75 per cent
of it, and this is not all. The flooding with water is in-
jurious to any land. It not only leaches the soil, but causes
it to bake and get hard, which is very injurious and many
other things that lack of space will not permit me to mention.

Two points in your article were not plain to me :

First. Is the running of water through the laterals
without the aid of an air vent and what means have you to
tell when the system is full of water.

Second. By what means do you retain water upon the
side of a hill, as water will naturally run to the lowest point
when the pressure is shut off?

These points are very important in sub-irrigation.

Think your journal (by exchanging thoughts upon this
great subject, irrigation) is doing much to educate the public
along this line and the time will soon come when each person
will have his own "Irrigating System," indepndent of the
"Water Trusts" and by so doing will open up millions
of acres of land that can not be irrigated in any other way
and also add a million more homes in the arid West.
With best wishes and success, I remain,

Yours truly, W. A. LEE.

BLOOMINGTON, JACKSON COUNTY, ALA., July 19, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.

Dear Sirs : I am in need of a hydraulic pump. I have
a small one at work, but it does not give satisfaction. I
have plenty of pressure with ten foot fall and lift twenty feet,
but I want something to throw plenty of water, so as to
irrigate a garden and to attach a hose. If you can give
me information as to who has a good variety, I would
appreciate it. I am a subscriber to THE AGE.

Yours truly, J. F. BELL.

WANTED— Trade. Will trade land for a Dredge or Drag
Boat Ditcher. Address Lock Box 619, Garner, Iowa.

&

ENGINEERS

<&

ARTHUR E. MORGAN,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEER,

Drainage, Irrigation, Sewerage, Water Supply
Topographical Surveying,

ST. CLOUD, - - - MINN.

CpOREST RESERVE "SCRIP" is the safest and quickest
•*- means for obtaining immediate title to government land.
Write for special prices for certain localities.

HUGO SEABERG, RATON, N. M.

Two Dollars will secure for you one year's subscription to
THE IRRIGATION AOE and a finely bound volume of the Primer
of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid in a few months,
when volume Is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be
finely illustrated and will contain about 300 pages. Send post
office or express money order for $2.00 and secure copy of first
edition.

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THE IREIGATION AGE.

315

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8 to 16 photo-engravings of attractive, practical, well-
designed homes with full descriptions and floor plan
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BOOKS ON

Irrigation and Drainage

THE IRRIGATION AGE has established a book
department for the benefit of its readers. Any
of the following named books on Irrigation
and Drainage will be forwarded postpaid on
receipt of price:

Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead 81.25

Irrigation in the United States, F. H. Newell 2.00

Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00

Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King ' 1.50

Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00

Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00

The Primer of Irrigation, cloth, 300 pages 1.00

Practical Farm Drainage, Charles G. Elliott 1.00

Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00

Principle and Practice of Farm Drainage, Klippart 1.00

Farm Drainage, French 1.00

Land Drainage, Miles 1.00

Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40

Address

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO. f

112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO, ILL. ;!;

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Before You Buy a Ranch

i

Send for a free sample copy of Ranch and
Range, a 32-page illustrated monthly descriptive
of the Resources, Industries and Opportunities of the
Great West. Address

RANCH AND RANGE,

413-14 Quincy Block, DENVER, COLO.
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"All roads lead to Rome."

And all business in New York
seems to tend toward

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This great building, which cov-
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A copy of the 52-page Illustrated Catalogue
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upon receipt of a two-cent stamp, by George
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Central Station, New York.

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

Vedley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

•Write

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for TILE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner,

Central Station, Park Row, Room 506
CHICAGO. ILL.

When writing to Advertisers, please mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.
IO«0«0«0«0«0«0€C«0«0«0€C«0«0«0«0«0«0»C«C«0»0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«C

316

THE IRBIGATION AGE.

~X

MYERS

"Without an Equal on the Globe"

Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head

No. 359. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, 7^ and

10-inch stroke. Price 875 00

No. 365. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 and

20-inch stroke. Price 150 00

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt
powers, in harmony with present requirements.

P,.,. s,.,, ,nd o™ Ma.
*od T« Inch Slrekc.

Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps

No. 362. Bulldozer Pump, 3-inch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, 1% and 10-inch stroke.

Price 875 00

No. 351. Bulldozer Pump, 4-ihch Brass Lined
Cylinder, 5, T/£ and 10-inch stroke.

Price 120 00

No. 353. Bulldozer Pump, 5-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5-inch stroke. Price 75 00

No. 363. Bulldozer Pump, 6-inch Brass Lined
(i; n <• i- j Cylinder, 12, 16 and 20-inch stroke.

Artesian Well Cylinder Price 250 oo

FULL INFORMATION IN REGARD TO OUR. VARIED LINE ON ^APPLICATION.

RE. MYERS sBRO.

ASHLAND,
OHIO, U.S. A.

PROPRIETORS OF

ASHLAND PUHP AND HAY TOOL WORKS

L
>
••tt~l''tt"M't"l"l'*t'''~l't't"M'tt''l'*^^

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

317

Built Right

Run Right

Unsurpassed for Tile, Hollow Ware, Brick and all
Classes of Clay products. Write for Particulars
on this or other Clayworkinn Machinery 9)99

The Improved Centennial Auger Machine

Bucyrus, Ohio
U. S. A.

The American Clay-Working
Machinery Company

318

THE IRKIGATION AGE.
»O«O»O»O»0«0«O«O«O«O«OO«O»C*O«^

Farming in Colorado, Utah
and New Mexico*

The farmer who contemplates changing his location
should look well into the subject of irrigation. Before
making a trip of investigation there is no better way to
secure advance information than by writing to those
most interested in the settlement of unoccupied lands.
Several publications, giving valuable information in
regard to the agricultural, horticultural and live stock
interests of this great western section, have been pre-
pared by the Denver & Rio Grande System, which
should be in the hands of all who desire to become
acquainted with the merits of the various localities.

Write S. K. HOOPER, G. P. & T. A.

DENVER, COLORADO.

0«0«0«0€0«0«0«orr •O«0«0«0«0«0»O«O«O*D

•o*o«o»o«o«o«o«o«o«o«o

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and
Illustrated Pamphlets.

H. C. TOWNSEND,

General Passenger tnd Ticket Agent,
ST. LOUIS.

The Great East and West Line Try Jin inillQIAUA

Across the Entire States of I tAAO MB LUUIOlANA

NO TROUBLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Through Tourist and Standard Sleepers between Chicago and California
without change. Close connection at £1 Paso.

New Dining Cars (meals a la carte) bet-ween Texas and St. Louis.
Write for new book on Texas. FREE.

E. P. TURNER, General Passenger Agent, Dallas, Texas

COLORADO

MIDLAND

RY.

OBSERVATION
CARS on day-
light trains

Run Dally Between
DENVER, SALT LAKE CITY and OQDEN

Panoramic Views. Descriptive
Pamphlets, etc., sent free upon
application to :: :: :: ::

C. H. Speers, Uen'IPass. Ag't., Denver, Colo.

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

319

Money Made

by the

Dairy Maid

Dairy products are a most
profitable source of revenue for
the progressive farmer.

Much ready money is received
from the sale of milk, cream and
butter; also from chickens, ducks,

turkeys and eggs. No country in the world is so suitable
for these products as California and the

Santa Fe Southwest

where there are mild winters, budding springtimes, pleasant sum-
mers and glorious autumns.

Write us and we will send you some
profusely illustrated literature about this
great country. Will also quote lowest
rates to where you are going.

W. J. BLACK
Gen. Pass. Agt.. A. T. &• S. f. Ry.

Chicago

Send me booklets about dairying in Santa

Fe Southwest, and quote lowest

Homeseekers* rates

Name

Street No

OityandState

< .

< •

> i
i .

«

***********************************************

It has been discovered that the

PLATTE VALLEY

traversed by the

UNION PACIFIC

Possesses immense wealth in alfalfa— greater than all the

grasses and clovers combined. As a source of revenue

alfalfa exceeds all other products. Its growth is

simply enormous. Three, and sometimes four

cuttings are made a year.

EVERY FARMER CAN RAISE ALFALFA

And if he raises that, he can also raise cattle,
sheep, horses and hogs.

Illustrated publication "Alfalfa on Union Pacific,
free on application.

IVQUIRE OF ANY
UNION PACIFIC AGENT

crol E. L. LOMAX, G. V. & T. A.
OMAHA, NEB.

320

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Looking for
A Location?

Pertiaps I can help you.

/

I have, in my office in Chicago, a vast amount of
data as to the Industrial needs of the Southwest-
Oklahoma, Indian Territory, Arkansas, New Mexico

ff.
and Texas. I can tell you where there is an opening

in almost any line of business. I can let you know
where good land is to be had, what the price is, and

T^^H^j^^^^^^l

on what terms it can be bought.

All you need do is— fill out and mail the accompany-
ing coupon.

JOHN SEBASTIAN,

Passenger Traffic Manager Rock Island System,
CHICAGO, ILL.

Please advise me

Desirable locations for

business

What is land worth in vicinity of
I have $_

Name.

Street and No._
Town or City

ROCK Island
System

Steam Shovels, all sizes, Traction Shovels, Ballast Unloaders, Dredges and

Ditching Machin-
ery. For drainage
and irrigation ditch
es we have both dry
land and floating
dredges. We build
them to suit the re-
quirements of your
work. We manu-
facture our own
boilers, chains, and
steel and gray iron
castings. Write us
fully as to your
needs. Wecansup=
ply them.

The Marion Steam Shovel Co.

No. 649 West Center Street, MARION, OHIO.

GEO. W. BARNHART, Western Manager,

No. 4 SUTTER ST., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

F. H. HOPKINS & CO.,

MONTREAL. P. Q.

OWN : A: FARM!

Thousands of Acres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance, are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, -Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE. STOCK-RAISING AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address '

CHICAGO AND

J. F. CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISSIONER, C. A N.W. Ry

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III.

NORTH-
WESTERN RY.

ASK FOR TICKETS VIA

THE NORTH-WESTERN LINE

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES
212 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE STREETS.

OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUGH,

Third Vice-president.

W. A. GARDNER,

General Manager.

W. B. KNISKERN,

r*. Pass. Traffic Manager.

STAR" WIND MILLS

Irrigating
Plant

Hoosier

and

'Fast Mail'

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of Iron
Pumps designed for
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
er a t ed by hand
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

Designed particularly for the
service of supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

"HOOSIER"

Tubular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

Any Capacity ... ... Any Pvirpose

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Steel Towers

Either 3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS OF GOODS

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog
and Circulars. Mention this Paper.

Flint <a Walling Mfg. Co.

530 O*xk Street. Kendsvllville. Ind.

VOL. XIX. No. 11.

THE

' IRRIGATION AGE^

ESTABLISHED 1885

WITH WHICH IS MERGED

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL

Morris Ma=
chine Works

BALDWINSV1LLE.N.Y.

Centrifugal Pumping Machinery,
designed for any irrigating prop-
osition. Send details or specifica-
tions of what is wanted and we
will recommend a pumping outfit
to supply the need.

New York office,
39-41 Cortlandt Street

Houston office,

208 Main Street. Texas

Henion & Hubbell, Agents,

61 N. Jefferson Mreet, Chicago, 111.

Harron, Rickard & McCone,

Agents, 21 Fremont Street,

San Francisco, Cal.

RIG&TIONAGJ

PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION

DRAINAGE

SEPTEMBER,,
1904.

THEB.H.ANDERSON
PUBLISHING CO,

Publishers.

112 DEARBORN ST.,

CHICAGO.

SPECIAL

FEATURES

Call for Newell's Resignation
Twin Falls Irrigation Prefect

The Primer of Irrigation

Idaho
Twelfth Irrigation Congress

Drainage of Farm Lands

u

rv

CHARLES A. '

cox.

^ CHOO.

*4">^^

Keep Your ^ on the Challenge
Line of Irrigation Machinery.

Challenge Gasoline Engines

FIVE HORSE POWER WITH PUMP JACK

Strongest and simplest Engine ever constructed. Has Friction Clutch for throwing
Pump Jack out of gear. Has all latest appliances for convenience in handling.

Has Stroke

12 inch.
1 6 inch.
20 inch.
24 inch.

GET OUR PRICES

Furnished either
Mounted or Sta-
tionary. We also
build \% H. P.,
2 H. P. and 3 H.
P. Engines with
Pump Jacks.

Dandy litigator Wind Mills

PffOTHISJQ TO OO»<H»A.ieEJ -WITH

Note its Simplic-
ity, Compactness,
Immense strength

Brass or Graphite
Bearings.

Roller Bearings

for Turn Table.

Heaviest and
Strongest Wind
Mill ever offered
for sale.

It is everlasting
and has no equal.

Headquarters for all Kinds.

of Water Supply

Qoods.

This cut shows the
working and wearing
parts of our large
sizes of Dandy Mills.
They are particularly
adapted for irriga-
tion pumping.

The
Dandy

Write for Catalog

BRANCH HOUSES:

DALLAS. •
KANSAS CITY.
MINNEAPOLIS,
OMAHA. •
136 Liberty St.,

NEW YORK

| Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill r^Batavia. ill, jj

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

321

STANDARD FOR SIXTY-FIVE YEARS

MADE BY DEERE & CO., MOLINE, ILL.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 il 1 1

! JAMES LEFFEL 4 CO

SAMSON TURBINE

You can SAVE MONEY if you will use a SAM-
SON to drive your GENER.ATOR, because the
SAMSON attains a QUICKER SPEED than any
other turbine operating under the same conditions. This
allows the use of LIGHTER and consequently
CHEAPER TRANSMISSION MACHINERY.

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. : : "

Write Department K - 2 for Catalog.
I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t

The marked superiority of the "OTTO" Gas and Gaso-
line Engines in ease of starting and smoothness of run-
ning is readily apparent when compared, side by side,
with the cheaper kind. While "comparisons are odious,"
they are sometimes helpful in arriving at the truth. See
our exhibit at the World's Fair, Block No. 41, Machinery
Hall, and draw your own conclusions.

CHICAGO

THE OTTO CAS ENGINE WORKS

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

OMAHA

Renew your subscription of the IRRIGATION AGE for 1904
Send us in Post Office or Express money order for $1.00

322

THE IRBIGATION AGE.

OCOOCOCQOOOOOCXDC^^

DEMPSTER VERTICAL
GASOLINE ENGINE

FOR PUMPING OR DRIVING MACHINERY

•

i

•

1
'.

TWO HORSE POWER
TWO CYCLE TYPE

Ready For Business Any Time

NO EXPENSE WHEN NOT WORKING

MODERATE IN PR.ICE
EASILY MANAGED

Especially Adapted for Irrigating

WE ALSO MAKE

Wind Mills, Pumps, Tanks, Grain Drills, Culti
vators, Farm and Ranch Water Supplies. :: :

WE MAKE GASOLINE ENGINES 2 TO 30 HOR.SE POWER.

DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO.

Beatrice, Nebraska

KANSAS CITY. MO

OMAHA. NEB.

SIOUX FALLS, S. D.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

323

tor Brick, Tile and Sewer
Pipe Manvifacturers

SEWER PIPE BARROW

TILE TRUCK HEAVY FURNACE FRONT

These Trucks and Barrows are made of first-class material, and the workmanship is the
best. Special trucks and barrows to suit customers, made to order. Prices quoted on
receipt of specifications.

BAND TIGHTENERS AND DOOR CONNECTORS

CLASS B CLASS C

- 1

TUPPER STYLE GRATE

CAST IRON KILN COVERS

Sections 6 inches wide.

36, 42, and 48 inches long

STRAIGHT GRATES

Any length. Sections 3 inches to 3% inches wide. Weight average about 1 pound VENTILATORS

per inch in length.

We also make Kiln Bands complete with sections cut to length and rivet holes punched. Rivets fur-
nished and tighteners riveted on to end sections. Prices quoted for anything in this line upon application.

Address

The Arnold -Cr eager Co.

NEW LONDON. OHIO

or Cor. 6th and Vine Sts.. Cincinnati, Ohio

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The Samson

The Windmill That Makes
Irrigation Possible Anywhere

"Blow high or blow low," The Samson is always ready. Made
of galvanized steel throughout, it is strong and durable. The
wings are so shaped and so set on the arms that they utilize more
of the force of the winds than any other mill made.

THE SAMSON

is a double-geared mill and the strain is between the gear wheels and the lift is in line with the
center of the power exerted. The strain is evenly divided among tour bearings instead of one, as
in single-geared milli . This arrangement saves wear, side draft and the twisting strain that comes
with the use of single gearing. The double gear insures steadiness in operating and prevents the
wobbliug that shakes and weakens the tower.

The Samson is the latest and most perfect production of the largest windmill factory on earth
and is the result of experiments without number and the experience of many years spent in
building windmills.

The Samson is self-oiling, the extra large oil-cups needing to be filled only at long intervals.
It is strong enough to stand up and work in the highest wind, and is so carefully made that it
catches and utilizes a very light*r>reeze. For irrigation purposes, no windmill ever made will do
the same work that the Samson will, it lifts water from the deepest nells with perfect ease, Kid
will pump more hours in a year than any other windmill ever made.

We have not space here to tell all about this mill. We publish the best and finest booklet ever
sent out from any windmill factory and will be glad to send it to you on request. It describes
every piece and illustrates the minutest details. All this is told in an interesting manner, and
when you have read the booklet, you will know all there is to know about the Samson. It is not
necessary to cover up or gloss over any point. We are proud of it to the smallest bolt for in every
detail it stands for windmill perfection. Send for this booklet to-day.

617 River Street.

FR.EEPORT. ILL.

Stover Mfg. Co,

\ W j

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX

CHICAGO, SEPTEMBER, 1904.

No. 11

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged

MODERN IRRIGATION
THE IRRIGATION ERA
ARID AMERICA

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL
M ID-WEST

THE FARM HERALD

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,
PUBLISHERS,

112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Entered at the Postoffice at Chicago, 111., as Second-Class Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON / Pir.
W. J. ANDERSON 5 d(

Western Office: Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver, Colo.
GEO. W. WAGNER, Mgr. W. C. JACKSON, Editor, Western Dept.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, ...*.. *1.00

To Canada and Mexico 1.00

All Other Foreign Countries 1.50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks.
Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recognized throughout the world as
the exponent of Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival in half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

Interesting to Advertisers.

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the
only publication jn the •world having an actual paid in advance
circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo-
rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has
readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is (9 years
old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITORIAL

The interview of Mr. Newell's, published
Newell's elsewhere in this issue, and the reply
Interview. of Governor Chatterton of Wyoming are

deserving of some study and further in-
vestigation. Mr. Newell has always taken the posi-
tion that only the work he does is worth consideration
and he makes sweeping statements regarding the large
irrigation companies of the West that are calculated
to discredit such development as has taken place under
their management. A few years ago Mr. Newell said
that investment in irrigation works on a large scale was
not profitable, and the truth is that but few com-
panies have received large returns from the money
expended. It is also true that many of the irrigation
companies of the West have sold land with a water
right at half the price the Government will find it
necessary to charge. It is also true that the water
rights of these companies have been perfected and the
people who bought their lands are today as secure as
local laws, under which the Government must operate,
to a certain extent, can make them.

Such statements coming from a man who stands
high in the service of the Government should have
weight and would, usually, be accepted as an approxi-
mation of the truth. Mr. Newell does not name any

of the canal companies to which his remarks might
more particularly refer, but would lead one to be-
lieve that what he has said has general application.
Would he care to say that his statements refer to the
Washington Irrigation Company of the Yakima Val-
ley in the State of Washington, to the Bear Kiver Canal
Company in Utah, to the Grand Valley Canal Com-
pany in Colorado, to the Pecos Valley Irrigation Com-
pany in New Mexico or to the Wyoming Development
Company of Wyoming? He knows, as all know who
have visited these States, that the operation of these
companies has made possible the settlement of large
areas by comparatively poor people; that the canal
companies have carried these people on their books for
years in many cases; that only a fair return has been
received or is expected from the money invested, and
in some cases no return has yet been made. He also
knows that the above named companies are only a few
among a hundred and more that might be mentioned
and put in the same class.

As before stated, Mr. Newell never recognizes the
_ value of any work unless done under his supervision.
The Irrigation Act, under which he is operating, has
as yet accomplished nothing for the people. It is in
an experimental stage and it would seem that Mr.
Newell would prefer to show us what can be done
under Government control before he discredits those
who have risked their money and employed the best
years of their lives in developing the West.

Mr. Newell's remarks would come more gracefully

326

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

from a western man and an engineer who had made
surveys or built canals and reservoirs or one who had
actually invested in irrigation works. As THE AGE
has already stated, Mr. Newell has never performed any
such work and is not able to view irrigation develop-
ment from the aspect of the practical engineer or con-
structor. Those who have read "Influences in the
National Irrigation Program" understand how he se-
cured his place and to whom he owes it today, and such
persons will not be surprised to read his indiscreet re-
marks made for publication in the Omaha Bee.

i The aim of THE IRRIGATION AGE is to

Irrigation encourage the further development of irri-
Problem. gation. When we contrast the progress
which has been made in arid America
with conditions there two decades ago, we are justly
proud of our share contributed. But irrigation is an
evolution. A century hence and there will be problems
unsolved. We can not, therefore, rest content, but rmist
press onward and onward with the work.

Colorado claims, perhaps justly, io lead in the
law and practice of irrigation. Its agriculture is
already vastly more important than its mines. And yet
T. C. Henry, its most prominent votary, publicly asserts
that there is present need and opportunity to employ
fifty million dollars in outright and auxiliary construc-
tion, including storage, in that State alone. He says
the lands there which have a full supply of water are
in local demand at $100 per acre and that until the
million or more acres now "under ditch" but partially
supplied, are supplemented or new systems built, it is
unnecessary and unwise to invite immigration unduly
lured by glowing results of Southern Colorado canta-
loupes, Northern Colorado potatoes or western slope
fruit. We know that such is the situation in parts of
California and Arizona, as well as Oregon and Idaho.
How shall the demand be met? How shall the capital
be secured? The need is urgent and large sums separ-
ately and collectively are required. The Government,
through the Reclamation Act, is helping greatly. But
of the 80,000 acres for instance, proposed to be re-
claimed by the Gunnison Tunnel project, fully four-
fifths are private lands and under canals, some of
them in operation for the past twenty years. In that
case, therefore, it is supplementary supply mainly
which is needed and which the proposed $2,500,000
Government outlay is to meet, and if completed within
the five years estimated, the territory so "reclaimed" is
a mere spot in a remote section of that State. This en-
terprise is likely to consume the Colorado allotment
for ten years. If the present and increasing land hunger
is to be appeased, clearly large private capital must be
employed.

It is useless now to discuss the causes which led
to the losses and disappointment in irrigation enter-

prises a decade or two ago, in the pioneer period, as it
would be profitless to rehearse the story of the panic of
'93 or of Chicago in '57. It is enough to know, how-
ever, that owing to imperfect local laws and because
of the burnt child's dread of fire, outside capital will
no longer undertake these large projects and chance
the sale, or risk the rental of water for its return. The
great increment which has come to irrigated land has
not been fairly shared by the men whose capital and
enterprise made such increment possible. It seems to
us that the solution for further and immediate consider-
able development lies through the irrigation district
laws enacted by several of the arid States. As our
readers generally know, this law, is analogous to the
Illinois Drainage District Act. The territory to be
improved or reclaimed is organized into a district,
quasi-municipal, like a school district, and bonds voted
to construct or improve on a lien on all .the lands irri-
gated, principal and interest collectable and paid
throjfgh taxation, like other bonds. By this plan the
affairs of the district from its initiative are in the
hands of those directly interested. It is asserted that
nine-tenths of the attendant friction and antagonism
grows out of administration — even when the parent
company itself is a large land owner and therefore in-
cited to wise and economic effort.

Difficulty is being experienced in marketing such
bonds. The scattered owners of the lands to be re-
claimed are, of course, themselves unable to take up
such large holdings, nor is there an available supply of
capital in the neighboring towns and cities; hence in
eastern or middle west money centers must the quest
be made. Here, however, a knowledge of the subject
of practical irrigation is as yet confined to the very
few, and such securities are almost wholly new to the
investing public. Here, too, the separate and virgin
factors of land and water have little value apart, until
brought together by the very outlay through the bonds
made in advance.

The ordinary showing of considerable taxable prop-
erty like a city ig, necessarily lacking at the start. The
situation is somewhat similar to the homesteader when
he applies for a loan before he has "proved up." His
land being unpatented and therefore untaxed, he can
make ho showing by the tax list, and still the basis for
the loan may be as substantial as otherwise. We be-
lieve the whole plan of irrigation development and
administration embodied in the District Law is almost
ideal. We believe, also, that the security such bonds
offer has great intrinsic merit. Even a school district
could not exist if its territory were still arid, and yet
its bonds are sought for at a low interest bearing rate,
while the irrigation bond, the primary security, may be
difficult to market at a higher rate. We are confident
this anomaly will not long continue.

The various local cities through their banks, Boards

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

327

of Trade, etc., and particularly the railroads, should
take up, investigate and vouch for meritorious district
projects and co-operate to interest their respective east-
ern connections in these securities. The law has un-
usual safeguards, which heeded and enforced by public
spirited citizenship as suggested, should soon solve the
problem and inaugurate the great work now needed
and now lagging.

POLITICIAN AND EDUCATOR.

Hon. John H. Worst, a Talented and Influential Han in North
Dakota.

0. C. BOWSFIELD.

Hon. John H. Worst, president of the agricultural
college at Fargo, is one of the grand characters of the
Northwest. He has been a citizen of North Dakota
for twenty years and is a leader of thought in the
young State. Both as a politician and an educator
Mr. Worst has been an influential citizen from pioneer
times to the present.

He was in the first North Dakota legislature as
senator from Emmons county and held that position
for five years, when he was elected lieutenant governor
on the ticket with Governor Roger Allin, of Walsh
county. Before the expiration of his term as lieutenant
governor Mr. Worst was chosen to the presidency of
the North Dakota Agricultural College. While in the
senate, and during the exciting campaigns which,
marked the earlier political history of the State, he won
an enviable reputation as an orator. In fact he is one
of the most brilliant public speakers in the North-
west. Hjis information is varied and he entertains his
audiences by a fine command of language and a logical
presentation of facts.

As the head of the agricultural college he has a
splendid opportunity for educational work. For this
line of duty his early training abundantly fitted him.
He acquired his education chiefly at the public schools
of Wayne county, Ohio; at Salem college, Indiana,
and at Ashland university. He is a native of Ash-
land county, Ohio. After leaving college he was a
teacher and editor for a number of years. He also
carried on farming in a practical way and understands
tilling the soil with the best of men in that vocation.
Therefore, Mr. Worst was no mere theorist when he
assumed his duties as head of the faculty at the Fargo
college.

He is a broad-minded, genial man, true in his
friendships and earnestly devoted to high purposes in
life. His faithfulness to duty and his correct principles
have contributed to his success quite as much as his
commanding ability.

Mr. Worst owns a large stock farm in Emmons
county, quite close to the Missouri river, at a point
adjacent to the Standing Rock Agency and about
sixty miles south of Bismarck. It is one of the most
picturesque sections of North Dakota. There is a mag-
nificent sweep of prairie on both sides of the Missouri.
The graceful curves of the river and a vista of hills in
the distance make a beautiful scene. The Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, recently
extended its line into Emmons county, adding greatly
to the value of property and the comfort of the inhab-
itants. The railway brings the stock ranches and
wheat farms there to their full perfection.

CALL FOR NEWELL'S RESIGNATION.

Gov. Chatterton of Wyoming and John T. Alterman of Idaho

Think F. H. Newell, Chief of Reclamation Service, Talks

Too Much — His Claims Not Founded on Fact.

The following is notable not only because the
governor of a great State says it, because it is just
and deserved.

Mr. Newell has steadily and, until this, covertly
antagonized private enterprise all over the arid West.
His hostility extends to individuals as well, often
treacherously. It is not enough that his sly malice is
leveled at those personally who are promoting large
private and independent irrigation enterprises, but he
will condescend to display petty slight and spite toward
those who will not acclaim him Allah. Mr. Newell is
essentially a man of small calibre and vain. Maxwell
knows this. He has flattered and cajoled him with the
idea that the Government can and should monopolize
irrigation development and that he is man enough to
direct it all. Newell has surrounded himself with a
coterie of men of more or less ability, but whose servility
is pitiable and degrading. Maxwell; having busied
Newell with that program, is himself interminably
manipulating the back door through which his schemes
are led up to Newell's sanctum. Mr. Newell is not
corrupt. He is simply weak. But Maxwell is the
personification of cunning, graft and deceit. He has
already immeasureably discredited Newell and bred dis-
trust nearly everywhere. From this time on indignant
protest voiced by Governor Chatterton will be re-
echoed and reiterated. Had Newell been a wiser man,
long since he would have cut loose from Maxwell and
shunned him as the Evil One. But he is too weak —
possibly he is too deeply compromised. The end is
inevitable. Mr. Newell will sooner or later be
superseded by a man of adequate practical ability — one
who is great enough to welcome co-operation from
every quarter and through united harmonious and
patriotic effort create for himself an enduring monu-
ment crowned with laurels proffered by a glad people.

In order that our readers may fully understand
this controversy we are publishing in full, interview
which appeared simultaneously in a number of metro-
politan daily papers. The interview with Mr. Newell
immediately follows, after which is given a letter from
Governor Chatterton of Wyoming, as well as a letter
from Mr. John T. Alterman of Boise, Idaho. In
future issues of THE IRRIGATION AGE will appear further
information and correspondence on this subject.

Omaha Daily Bee, August 1, 1904.
TWO KINDS OF IRRIGATION.

Government Expert Newell Tells of Work in the West.

WARNS AGAINST WILDCAT SCHEMES.

Many Proportions Are Floated Where thete Is No Water Within Reach
of the Land.

(From a Staff Correspondent.)

WASHINGTON, July 31. — (Special.) — Three hundred
engineers, surveyors and helpers in the Irrigation Rec-
lamation Service are out in the field, studying and
planning for irrigation projects in the great West. Some
few are superintending the actual construction of huge
dams and canals. Mr. Newell himself, the head of the

328

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

service, has just returned to Washington from a some-
what extensive western trip. He reports great interest
throughout the West in the big works proposed by the
Government, but sounds a note of warning against
numerous schemes and frauds which are being foisted
upon various localities as a result of the great interest
aroused through national irrigation activities.

"There are many instances of honest, effective and
legitimate irrigation works," he said, "where the settlers
themselves, or their capital to some extent, have gone
in and build the works, owning or controlling them
along with the reclaimed land; but I do not
know of any of the big private irrigation
schemes which are what might be called legiti-
mate development enterprises. They are ex-
ploited, probably, more for selling stock and bonds
than for watering land. Irrigation development can be
compared to mining development. The two are quite
similar in their methods of finance. The gold or the
copper mine, or the oil which has really proven a good
thing, is taken up and operated by its owners. It is
made into a close corporation proposition in every case.
If, on the other hand, the supply of metal or oil is
problematical, then it is made an attractive stock and
bond scheme, with glittering letterheads and artistically
printed circulars, and other people's money in large
quantities is solicited. Attempts are being made to
float very questionable irrigation schemes all over the
West.

SCHEMES TO SELL STOCK.

"It is singular, too," said Mr. Newell, "how many
men of ordinary hard business sense will go into these
wild-cat things. A successful grocer, for instance, if
he were investing his money in the grocery business,
would find out every detail and every 'in and out' of the
new business, and would make a close and advantageous
deal, will draw his check for some irrigation stocks or
bonds in the most trustful and confiding manner — pay-
ing for an investment regarding which he knows noth-
ing, and which is as problematical in its returns as
the veriest wild-cat mine. Other people make personal
investigation. They go over the land to be reclaimed.
They see the splendid crops growing on other lands
which have been reclaimed, and having 'investigated'
they confidently invest, even though a tract of 50,000
acres is to be reclaimed with a water supply insufficient
for 5,000 acres. I am mentioning these figures ad-
visedly. There are instances today where irrigation
shares are being sold for land containing absolutely no
water supply at all, and which can never be irrigated,
but will always remain a desert.

"The meanest and most contemptible class of sales
are where the promoters hold out the alluring picture
to the poor man of family, that he is," by his small,
regular contributions, buying a home for himself and
his family. Thousands of people in the United States
are making such contributions, which they might as
well throw into a rat hole."

Governor Chatterton's Letter.

THE STATE OF WYOMING, EXECUTIVE DE-
PARTMENT.

CHEYENNE, August 18, 1904.
Fenimore Chatterton,

Governor.

D. H. ANDERSON, Esq., Editor, IRRIGATION AGE, 112
Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. :

Dear Sir — My attention has just been called to an
interview with Government Expert (?) Newell, pub-

lished in the Omaha Bee, August 1st, and of which
the enclosed is a copy. If correctly quoted, this utter-
ance is an outrage coming from a man whose position —
not his knowledge — gives his words the apparent stamp
of authority.

He says: "There are many instances of honest,,
effective and legitimate works where the settlers them-
selves have built the works, owning them along with
the reclaimed land; but I do not know of any big
private irrigation schemes which are what might be
called legitimate enterprises."

Mr. Newell ought to know that his statement is
false, for there are very few instances where the set-
tlers themselves have reclaimed large tracts of land —
such people have not the means. When he states that
he "does not know of any big private irrigation schemes
that are legitimate enterprises" he states what even he
knows to be false, for he knows that his chief, the Sec-
retary of the Interior, has approved many such enter-
prises in the State of Wyoming, and that as a result
there has been legitimately reclaimed 166,077 acres by
five'such enterprises, and that there is at this time
424,953 acres being rapidly and legitimately put under
ditch by twelve such enterprises, and all of these enter-
prises furnish water at a less cost per acre than will
the Government, acording to the estimates reported
by Newell under the Government plans, as now managed
by him.

He says attempts are being made to float very
questionable irrigation schemes all over the West. This
is false, for there are none such in Wyoming; she is a
part of the West.

He says : "There are instances where irrigation
shares are being sold for land containing absolutely no
water supply at all and which can never be irrigated,
but will always remain desert." He knows that such
a condition can not exist under the Wyoming irrigation
laws.

There may be fake irrigation schemes, but they
are the exception and not the rule, as Newell states.
He should confine himself to facts, not sweeping state-
ments, and come forward like a man and name the
fakers; but no, under the influence of Maxwell, he
uses every effort to discredit large numbers of legiti-
mate enterprises by general statements.

We of the West had hoped the National Government
would co-operate with us for the reclamation of the arid
lands, but unfortupately the department, through the
action of Newell, its chief irrigation officer, antago-
nizes every effort of our home people. We feel that
his statements, if he is correctly quoted, are not only
false, but maliciously so, and that, therefore, he should
be dismissed from the service. Let us have a practical
man in this department and stop newspaper interviews
containing false statements and antagonism to home en-
terprise. Let us have a man who can realize that up
to this time the entire work of reclaiming vast areas
from a desert condition has been by private enterprise
and that the Government work has only just entered
upon its experimental stage. Let us have a man who
is competent to expend Uncle Sam's irrigation funds
in practical works and not waste it in experimental
red tape.

It is time the interested arid West took hold of
this matter and made a movement looking to the
appointment of a capable and practical man.
Yours very truly,

F. CHATTERTON.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

329

Letter from John T. Alterman.

BOISE, Idaho, Aug. 20, 190-i.
IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111. :

Gentlemen — Herewith you will find a newspaper
clipping which will afford grounds for reflection among
those interested in irrigation matters. Probably you
have already seen the deliverance.

Is it possible, ^in view of all that has been accom-
plished in the direction of reclaiming the arid lands
of the West and in view of the further fact that Mr.
Newell's bureau has not up to this time reclaimed one
acre of arid land, nor constructed a mile of irrigation
canal conveying water, that these statements will be
allowed to go unchallenged?

\This "dog in the manger" policy has already in-
jured a number of legitimate irrigation enterprises in
this section of country and it is creating considerable
prejudice against the Government and its noisy but
ineffective irrigation bureau. To many of us the Gov-
ernment Eeclamation Service begins to assume the
aspect of a menace and an evil rather than a benefit.
It threatens to overturn and disarrange all of our
affairs and to blight our prospects, and we are begin-
ning to regard the Government as an enemy rather
than a benefactor.

Presuming you are interested in such matters, I
have concluded to call your attention to Newell's attitude
in this business.

Yours truly,

JOHN T. ALTERMAN.

MR. C. G. ROWLEY.

The editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE returned re-
cently from a trip through Nebraska, Colorado, Wy-

acter. On this trip he was accompanied by Mr. Chas.
G. Eowley, Chairman of the Committee on Arid Lands
and Irrigation of the National Association of Imple-
ment and Vehicle Manufacturers of America. This
association has a membership of several thousand, has
$300,000,000 capital invested in manufacturing plants
and the value of the finished product of the members
of the association annually amounts to something like
four hundred millions of dollars. It was with a view
to giving Mr. Eowley an opportunity of looking into
the possibilities of irrigation and the development of
the West that brought about this trip and Mr. Rowley
will furnish to his association at its next annual meet-
ing, which is to be held in Chattanooga, Tenn., a
report covering his investigations and suggest such a
line of action to the association as will assist in ex-
tending irrigation development, both that carried on
by private corporations and projects under the control
of the Federal Government.

The association made a happy selection when Mr.
Rowley was made chairman of this committee, as he is
a very thorough man and immediately com-
menced to study the subject so that his report would be
comprehensive and full. Mr. Rowley is still in the
far West, but will return some time early in September,
when he will begin work on his report. We are show-
ing herwith a good likeness of the gentleman. Mr.
Rowley is treasurer and general manager of the
Aspinwall Manufacturing Co., the leading potato ma-
chinery manufacturing concern in the world.

LEADING IRRIGATION JOURNAL.

Under the heading "The Leading Irrigation
Journal," The Oregon Irrigator of Irrigon, Oregon,
has the following to say concerning THE IRRIGATION
AGE:

"THE IRRIGATION AGE, published at 112 Dear-
born street, Chicago, by the D. H. Anderson Company,
stands at the head of the world's irrigation journals.
It is a very handsome publication containing thirty-
six pages, each 9x12 inches, is printed on fine paper
and profusely and handsomely illustrated. In typo-
graphical and mechanical appearance it is a gem —
one of those rare publications which one never likes
to see soiled, torn apart or destroyed. Nearly every
copy is saved as a souvenir.

"The THE AGE shows most resplendently from a
literary standpoint, for in that respect it is one of the
ablest class publications in this country. Mr. Ander-
son, the editor, is the foremost writer on irrigation in
the United States, and he has each month in THE
AGE numerous articles on pertinent subjects of great
value to every irrigator.

"Every one of our readers should take THE AGE.
Any person who is interested in irrigation, even
though indirectly, and does not take it is making a
mistake, which should be rectified by at once sending
a dollar for a year's subscription. It will be the best
dollar-investment you ever made."

C. G. ROWLEY, Jackson, Mich.

Chairman ol Committee on Arid Lands and Irrigation, National Association
of Implement and Vehicle Manufacturers.

oming, Utah and Idaho, where he looked into different
irrigation projects both of a private and federal char-

Send $2.00 for The Irrigation Age
1 year, and The Primer of Irrigation

330

THE IRBIGATION AGE.

THE TWIN FALLS IRRIGATION PROJECT OF
IDAHO.

Information About This Giant Enterprise That Will Cost Its
Promoters Over a Million Dollars.

A representative of THE IRBIGATION AGE spent a
week's time in Idaho recently looking over different
irrigation projects, among them the Twin Falls Land
& Water Co.'s project along the Snake Eiver. This
is the largest private project ever undertaken in the
United States, and the vast area under the Twin Falls
canal is peculiarly favored for irrigation. It slopes
gently to the west in such manner that it can be watered
from the canal and laterals with no difficulty. The
amount of land to be irrigated by this canal is about

are usually delightful; sometimes the weather is warm
in summer, the thermometer in the Snake River valley
running up as high as 105 to 108 in the shade. This
was the temperature during the writer's visit at Sho-
shone and the Twin Falls district, but he could hardly
believe the statement made that it was over 105 in
the shade, as it certainly did not seem to be over what
would be known as 80-degree weather in Chicago. This
peculiarity is due to the fact that there is so very little
moisture in the atmosphere, and furthermore, a good
breeze is always blowing from the mountains on the
south or . north.

Away to the north of this tract of land is what is
known as the Saw Tooth range, a beautiful range of
mountains, snow capped, which have the appearance

Shoshone Falls, near Twin Falls City, Idaho.

240,000 acres. It is located in the Snake River valley
in the vicinity of the world-famed Shoshone Falls,
which are second only to Niagara Falls in importance
and beauty. The land, also, surrounds the Twin Falls
noted for their scenic grandeur and enchanting beauty,
these falls being nearly as large as the Shoshone Falls.
Near the lower part of the land to be irrigated are
also to be found the Auger Falls, of no small signifi-
cance. The soil under this canal is exceedingly rich
and productive and contains no alkali or mineral sub-
stances injurious to vegetation. It is particularly free
from gravel and stones. Idaho is known distinctively
as a land of sunshine. It is noted for cloudless skies,
and there are very few days in the year when the sun
can not be seen. It is also noted for its healthfulness.
The winters are comparatively mild, with but a mod-
erate amount of snow, while the spring and fall seasons

of saw teeth, owing to their almost equal height and
uniform size. This is really one of the prettiest moun-
tain ranges in the country, the only possible objection
to them from a scenic standpoint being the monotony
in regard to height, one peak being apparently no
higher than the others. This range. extends from the
extreme east looking north from Shoshone Falls to the
end of vision to the west. Another mountainous country
lies south of the Twin Falls tract. The State of Idaho
has long been known as "the gem of the mountains,"
this title having been given it, no doubt, from the fact
that large quantities of minerals were found in this
State at an early date. That title holds good now
that large areas of the State have been watered from the
mountain streams and have been turned from sage
brush plains and trackless areas into lovely farms and
gardens.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

331

Some of the finest irrigated ranches in the West
are to be found in Idaho, this being particulary true
of its fruit ranches, that State having become promi-
nent as a fruit raiser within the past decade. The
handiest way at present to reach the Twin Falls tract
of land and the new town of Twin Falls City, is via
Shoshone, a promising town on the Oregon Short Line
railway, about 100 miles west of Pocatello. From this
point a stage line may be taken as far as Blue Lakes
and the famous Perrine ranch, which is located in the
canon alongside of Snake Eiver. From there another
stage line is taken three or four miles further on to
the town of Twin Falls City, which it is intended to
make the metropolis of southern Idaho. Some very
delightful scenery, is found in making this stage trip,
particularly west of Blue Lakes on the Perrine ranch.

Photo by Chas. E. Brooks, Pocatello, Idaho.
En route, Shoshone to Perrjne's Ranch.

[The stage shown is an "old-timer," having been in service between
Salt Lake City and Boise, Idaho, before the Oregon Short Line was built.]

Mr. I. B. Perrine, who is the vice-president and general
manager of the Twin Falls Investment Co., a subsidiary
company to the Twin Falls Land & Water Co., located
at Blue Lakes eighteen or twenty years ago, and has
developed a 1,000-acre ranch, which is noted as one
of the best fruit and alfalfa ranches in the West. A
peculiarity of this delightful spot is that the rim rock
which makes the canon, forms a fence on one side of
the ranch, while the green, rapidly flowing Snake
River takes the place of a fence on the other side. Be-
tween this rim rock and the river may be found as
finely developed fruit tracts as this country possesses.
The writer spent a day or two with Mr. Perrine, driv-
ing over his ranch and later on over the Twin Falls
land. Part of a day was spent at Twin Falls City. Mr.
Perrine owns the ferry across Snake River at this
point and has also built roads up the sides of the canon
on to the table lands at a cost of many thousand dol-
lars. The rim rock on each side of the river reaches

up 700 to 900 feet at this point and it can be imagined
that it was no easy matter to build a road from the
bass along the different ledges of rock until the table
lands above were reached. The drive down into the
canon and up out of it on the other side on the way to
Twin Falls City will long be remembered by all who

A Fine Atmosphere — Snake River, Idaho.

have never experienced travel in the mountains or pre-
cipitous country. In fact one needs remarkably strong
nerves to enjoy riding up or down over these roads for
the first time. It was the writer's good fortune to be
accompanied on this trip from Shoshone to Blue Lakes
and over the Twin Falls land by Mr. G. D. Aiken of
the Oregon Short Line and Mr. Charles E. Brooks,
who is also connected with that company. Mr. Brooks
had a camera with him and secured several photographs
on the way, some of which are shown in connection
with this article.

The lands under the canal system of Twin Falls

Clearing the Land of Sage Bru-h near Twin Falls, Idaho.

Land & Water Co. have been withdrawn from the public
domain by application of the State Land Board under
the provision of the Carey Act. By this act the United
States Government will transfer title to the State,
which in turn deeds control to the settler. Under strict
regulations for the protection of settlers, the State
has entered into contract with the Twin Falls Land &

332

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Water Co., the latter agreeing to construct the canal
system, which is nearly completed, secure settlers and
otherwise improve the lands. Water used in irrigation
of the land is diverted from the Snake River, twenty-
three miles above Shoshone. and flows into the main

Photo by Clias. £. Brooks, Pocatello, Idaho.
Stage Going Down Into Canon at Blue Lakes [Perrine's Ranch].

canal in a westerly direction for a distance of sixty-
nine miles. The main canal is eighty feet wide at the
bottom and 120 feet wide at the top and will carry
a volume of water ten feet in depth. In their irriga-
tion the canals will require no flumes or side hill work
and with the laterals will constitute a system requiring
over 1,000 miles of excavation. The Snake River always
carries an abundance of water and in this project noth-
ing in the way of reservoirs is needed for storage pur-
poses.

For the information of those who may contemplate
investigating this project it may J)e well -to say that
in order to obtain title to land under the Twin Falls
canal, purchase must first be made from the company
of water right. The State then requires the sum of
50 cents per acre, one-half of this amount to be paid
to the State when entry is made and the other half
upon final proof and patent, any time within three
years after notice that water is ready or on the land.
This soil will produce wheat, oats, barley, rye, corn,
corn wheat, kaffir corn and hops and the land is ad-
mirably adapted for beet sugar culture. Among the
grasses which may be grown are alfalfa, clover, timothy,
red top and orchard grass. Blue grass can also be suc-
cessfully grown for pasture. Among the fruits which
it is known can be raised successfully and profitably
are apples, peaches, pears, prunes, plums, nectarines,
apricots, cherries and quinces, as well as blackberries,
raspberries, strawberries, etc.

It is our intention in later issues to publish a

series of articles concerning the development of this
giant project. Illustrations will be used, showing first
the virgin land with sage brush- Others showing the
land under the operation of the removal of the sage
brush, as well as the land before it is plowed and after
it is plowed and cultivated. It is our intention to
illustrate fully the development of certain tracts under
the Twin Falls project in a series of articles entitled,
''The Story of An American Irrigated Farm," the
object in publishing this serial story being to thor-r
oughly familiarize people throughout the Central
States, who have no knowledge of irrigation, with the
amount of labor required, cost of land, cost of pro-
ducing crops after the land is cleared and broken, cost
of water, its distribution, maintenance of canal system
and then the value of each crop harvested, with a full
explanation of methods of procedure of planting, culti-
vation and eventual sale of crop, with comparative
figures as to prices received in Idaho and other points
throughout the West. It can readily be seen that a
series of articles of this character will prove valuable,
not only to those interested and engaged in irrigation
farming in other sections throughout the West, but
wilTMbe particularly advantageous to those contemplat-
ing purchase of land and farming under irrigation.
THE IRRIGATION AGE will have a representative on this
tract, who will regularly prepare articles for its
columns.

Photo by Chaa. E. Brooks, Pocatello, Idaho.
Trout Stream at Perrine's Ranch.

The Oregon Short Line Railway had a survey made
through the Twin Falls irrigation tract and it is said
before very many months roll away trains will be
running into Twin Falls City and beyond. This will do
away with the stage trip of something like thirty miles,
which is now necessary to reach the site of the new
town. Large numbers of land buyers are looking over
this tract regularly and entries are being made.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

333

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

COPYRIGHTED, 1903, BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER XVII.

QUANTITY OF WATER TO RAISE CROPS.

(The Duty of Water.)

The amount of transpiration through the leaves of
plants will furnish an approximation of the quantity
of water needed by them before they can attain perfect
maturity. That amount of water in the shape of
moisture they must have, and if they can not obtain it
by natural means, through rainfall, ground water,
capillary action, dew, or moisture from the atmosphere,

quantity required per acre during the growing period
of a crop, which is estimated at about 80 or 90 days.

It is well for the reader to grasp the immensity of
such volumes of water, and to enable him to do so, a
few mathematical facts will not be out of place.

One inch of water covering an acre of ground,
equals 27,154 gallons, or 1,086,160 gallons per acre for
the season upon the basis of a supposed total of forty
inches. The weight of this amount of water at 8 1-3
pounds standard II. S. weight to the gallon, is
nearly 4,526 tons. Weight will be used instead of
measure in order to make comparisons.

Let us take potatoes as an illustration, and on them
base a simple calculation. According to the laws of
most of the States, a bushel of potatoes weighs sixty

Ben Davis Apples, Perrine's Ranch.

it must be supplied by artificial means through irriga-
tion, else the farmer may as well retire from business,
unless he admires a useless expenditure of labor year
after year.

It is alleged by men of the highest scientific stand-
ing, men who have made irrigation agriculture a pro-
found study, and have performed a multitude of practi-
cal experiments to demonstrate the verity of their propo-
sition that about forty inches of water whether rainfall,
or evenly distributed artificially, is the proper and
essential quantity to successfully grow a crop from the
planting to the harvest. Some claim that a lesser
quantity will be sufficient. Thus, Professor King found
that he could use 34 inches for the growing season in
Wisconsin. In California from 7% to 20 inches will
answer the purpose; in Colorado. 22 inches; in India
48 inches are necessary, and 50 inches in Prance and
Italy. All these calculatioas are based upon the

pounds avoirdupois. At the rate of three hundred
bushels per acre, which is a very large yield to the
acre, the weight will reach 18,000 pounds, or nine tons.

In the case of sugar beets, the production runs all
the way from fifteen to thirty-five tons per acre.

Now, it has been calculated that potatoes and beets
contain from 80 to 90 per cent of their weight in
water, or its equivalent, and at 90 per cent, to give
them the benefit of the largest possible quantity of
fluidity, an acre of potatoes would contain about 8y2
tons of water, and an acre of beets about 32 tons.

It is impossible to believe that this small quantity
of vegetable extract required the distillation in the
plant of 4,526 tons of water in ninety days, and the fact
is that it does not. In a former chapter it is said that
moisture, or water in the shape of moisture, is taken
into the plant by way of the roots, and after being
utilized in the economy of the plant, it is discharged

334

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

through the medium of the leaves ; that is to say, trans-
pired through the stomata or mouths of the leaves.
Indeed, there is no other way by which water can enter
into the plant. It is a solvent for plant food, and the
plant having absorbed the food, rejects the water by
transpiration.

The reader will find in Chapter V an experiment
made by Professor Williams of Vermont with an acre of
forest containing 640 trees averaging S1/^ inches in
diameter and 30 feet in height, having an average
of 21,192 leaves on each tree to transpire water during
ninety-two days.

It was discovered by careful experiment that such
an acreage of trees drew from the soil and evaporated,
or transpired by way of the tree leaves, 2,852,000 pounds
of water during ninety-two days, or 1.426 tons, the
evaporation or transpiration being calculated as going

View in Perrine's Vineyard, Showing Loaded Grape Vines. Mr. I. B.
. Perrine is central figure in group. The figure to left is Mr.
G. D. Aikin ofthe Oregon short Line Railway.

on twelve hours per day, inasmuch as it is almost im-
perceptible at night. This leaves a very large balance
of the 4,526 tons unconsumed by the trees, and even
assuming that the leaves transpired water during twen-
ty-four hours there would still be 1,674 tons to the good
unutilized by vegetation.

Carrying the calculation still further, let it be
assumed that the evaporation from the soil was 1,000
pounds per hour and that such evaporation occurred
every hour of the twenty-four, and there would be still
remaining unutilized for any known purpose 570 tons
of water. There would remain a much larger quantity,
for the estimate of evaporation could not exist in a for-
est, and not under any circumstances at night. More-
over, evaporation from a freshly plowed soil does not

reach 1,000 pounds per hour, even without vegetation to
retard it.

Recurring to the sunflower experiment (Chapter V).
An acre of sunflowers three and a half feet high, esti-
mating 10,000 of them to the acre, which would be
crowding them, with their great broad leaves, would
transpire during twelve hours every day for ninety days
810 tons of water drawn from the soil. It will be per-
ceived that the 4,526 tons of irrigating water or rain-
fall are still practically intact, and it may occur to the
mind of the ordinary reader that forty inches is alto-
gether too much water to put on or into the soil for
any profitable or needed purpose. If not, what becomes
of it? It is not utilized by vegetation of any sort.
Even sugar cane, which possesses an insatiable thirst,
would repudiate such gluttony.

The fact is, about three-fourths of this water is
wasted — fed to run-off, seepage and drainage. It is
put into the soil to kill the plants eventually instead of
nourishing and giving them life.

Government experts say that out of a possible forty
inches of rainfall 50 per cent of it is lost in running
off* or out of the land, and 25 per cent disappears
through evaporation. If this is correct, then there are
left ten inches to be utilized by the crop, whatever it
may be, and according to our calculation that amount
is ample for plant growth from the planting to the
harvest if irrigation is practiced as it should be.

There is this to be also considered, that rainfall
does not mean a precipitation of a certain number of
inches of water during the growing season when needed
more than at any other time, whereas irrigation does
mean that very thing. Taking four months of the
year as the growing period, that is to say, May, June,
July and August, where summer is the seedtime and
harvest, or January, February, March and April on
the Pacific Coast and semi-tropical regions, the mean
monthly precipitation of water at forty inches per an-
num1 would be one-twelfth of the annual supply, or
three and one-third inches, a total for the entire grow-
ing period of thirteen and one-third inches.

When it comes to crop requirements averages are
to be disregarded, but assuming it* to be true. that the
forty inches of rainfall are evenly distributed during
the growing season, as above specified, then a crop can
be grown to maturity on thirteen and one-third inches ;
indeed, it can not be imagined that the entire annual
rainfall is precipitated upon the soil during the four
months specified unless rice culture be contemplated.
With thirteen and one-third inches of water distributed
through the growing season the soil receives 1,508 tons
of water per acre, which, by referring to the cases of
the forest and the sunflowers above given, will more
than satisfy the requirements of those plants ; in fact,
nearly two acres of sunflowers can be amply provid-
ed for.

Now, what becomes of the remaining twenty-six
and two-thirds inches of the assumed forty inches?
The 3,018 tons of water on our acre? In the opinion
of the writer that water has gone down to raise the
ground water uncomfortably close to the root zone,
where it will do damage, has "ran off or drained off.
It is certainly wasted unless the excess is intended to
irrigate several more acres further down some slope, or
is to be pumped out from wells and used over again.
In that case, why put so much water on the soil if
agriculture be the object and not the water supply
business?

THE IEEIGATIOK AGE.

335

It is not safe, however, to rely upon thirteen and
one-third inches of rainfall during the growing sea-
son. Farmers know to their cost that then the rain
possesses a very retiring disposition, and the skies are
brazen for long periods, long enough, sometimes, to
either ruin the crops or to stunt them and produce only
a small percentage of what was expected from their
early start and growth. In other words, the growing
season is also the season of drouths, except in those re-
gions where winter is the growing season, there being
no frosts to retard vegetation. Yet, strange to say, even
with all the uncertainties of summer moisture good
crops are sometimes grown and that on a small per-
centage of the annual rainfall. With irrigation sup-
plying the deficiency of rainfall there is a certainty of
a good, profitable crop every year.

What has been said thus far relates to land which
contains natural moisture or a water table, a supply
of water which is brought up to the surface by capillary
action or by accretions from heavy rains, and where the
soil is wet enough to require a system of drainage to
carry off the surplus. It is easy to perceive that under
such conditions plants will draw moisture from below
by means of their tap roots and thus supply themselves
with plant food to make up for any deficiency of pre-
cipitation. Where those conditions prevail, irrigation
becomes supplemental and is not only useful but es-
sential in the humid regions to overcome the possible
damage likely to occur during the period of drouths.
To dose the soil with water having a water table near
enough the surface for the tap roots of plants to reach
would be a waste and of no benefit to plant life, as
will be readily believed when it is understood that too
much water is as detrimental to plant life as too little.

Where there is moisture in the subsoil, and even a
modicum of rainfall during the summer months, the
author would suggest that if the deficiency amounts to
six inches, or four inches, or thirteen inches, such de-
ficiency be made good by an artificial application of
water at regular intervals, one surely just at the period
of flowering and the last one just before the ripening
of the fruit, or at the period when they are said to be
"in the milk." At that time a chemical transforma-
tion is taking place in the economy of the plant, and
it must be supplied with the material to continue it,
else it will shrivel and die of old age before ripen-
ing.

The same observations may be adapted to those
semi-arid regions where the frosts of winter prevent the
existence of plant life, and the rainless summers de-
mand irrigation as necessary to raise a crop of any kind.
There are fall rains and winter snows, and by keeping
the ground open to their reception the moisture can be
retained for a long enough period to start the infant
plant well on its way in the spring, but after the first
true leaves are formed irrigation must begin and con-
tinue during the growing period, for there is no rainfall
to be depended upon as an aid to agriculture. Under
such conditions plants do not require any more moisture
than in any other region, and hence it is stated as a
broad proposition that the same quantity of moisture
that will raise a crop in the humid regions will also
raise one in the semi-arid districts, where winter is a
bar to winter growth.

In what are designated as "arid and semi-arid" re-
gions, with a semi-tropical climate, although there is
very little rainfall, it is surprising how far the small
precipitation will go toward maturing a crop without

the assistance of artificial applications of water. Five
inches will raise a crop planted in dry ground before the
rains come, and by careful and continual cultivation of
the ground that crop will be profitable enough to make
it worth while to plant. In favorable soil one inch of
water will wet the ground down about eighteen inches or
two feet,, and the first rain penetrating to the seed that
has been plowed under "dry" will cause it to sprout
within three or four days. From that time on until the
crop matures, in March or April, if the rain begins in
December or January, the farmer cultivates plants that
can be cultivated and harrows his wheat and barley to
keep the soil open as much as possible. There may not
be any moisture in the subsoil — on the contrary it may
be as "dry as a bone" for a hundred feet down — but
the crop grows, and with few inches of rain it reaches
maturity. Of course, it is not luxuriant vegetation,
.nor is the wheat and barley as high as a man's head.
But it produces enough for his stock and his vegeta-
bles, unless sugar beets and deep-rooting plants fur-
nish him with a good supply. Some of these "dry
farmers" say they are satisfied with eight inches of
rainfall and consider fourteen inches a "wash out." In
such regions the summer months, from May to No-
vember, and sometimes into December, the skies are
iloudless and not a particle of rain falls. Then irriga-
tion is an absolute necessity, and it is practiced so as
to continue the growing season all the year round and
to produce a succession of crops without any cessation.
There is undoubtedly more evaporation from the soil
than in the humid regions, but that is diminished by
deep cultivation and pulverization of the soil. Plants,
however, do not require any more moisture than in any
other region, and when the quantity consumed by the
plant during its period of growth is carefully gauged
that is the amount of water to give the soil, with
about 25 per cent added to the account of evapora-
tion.

After all is said the quantity of water to be given
the soil artificially is governed, in a great measure, by
the nature of the soil. In Chapter V, "Eelations of
Water to the Soil," this subject is treated and the
reader is referred to that chapter for the facts and
figures. There is one axiomatic proposition which is
here repeated in this connection because it is the key
to the whole matter : "The more water the soil contains
in its pores the greater the evaporation." Plants are
like the hum'an body — gorge it, even with the most nour-
ishing foods, and it becomes sick ; give it too little to
keep iip its system and it becomes anasmic. With just
enough, an equilibrium is maintained and health is se-
cured as a matter of course. This idea is what the
author seeks to convey in calling attention to the fact
that what a plant needs is the amount of provision
to rriake for it; all beyond that is superfluous, a waste
of material, not productive of any beneficial results.

Send $2.00 for The Irrigation Age
1 year, and The Primer of Irrigation

336

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IDAHO, THE GEM MOUNTAIN STATE.

The American Falls Power, Light & Water Company and the
American Falls Canal & Power Company, Two
Large Irrigation Projects.

E. W. HAKT.

THE UPPEK SNAKE EIVEE VALLEY.

Whatever may be said of the uncertainty attending
upon the investment of money in mining operations,
the comparatively virgin State of Idaho has already
yielded repeated demonstrations of the substantial re-
turns which can be realized from a small outlay of
capital in the cultivation of irrigated farms. The hus-
bandman in the Eastern States, weighed down by the

are among the richest in the world, producing over 55
per cent of the lead in the United States. It has ex-
tensive deposits of copper and coal. In Owyhee Coun-
ty are some of the finest opal fields in the United States
and rubies are found in Latah County. In fact, the
mining industry is represented in almost every county
in the State, and is still in its infancy. The Thunder
Mountain district, once almost inacessible, is slowly
but surely taking rank as a steady gold-producing
camp. A company is already in the field building for
the future of this district, ready with power, electricity
and enterprise to meet every progressive demand —
the Twentieth Century Mining & Power Company, Ltd.,
with headquarters at Cleveland, Ohio.

Although the tiller of the soil may not always be
willing to risk his hard-earned dollars in the mining in-

Loading Beets for The Idado Beet Sugar Company's Factory, Idaho Falls.

burden of the mortgage and never free from the acci-
dents of drouth, hot winds and inopportune storms,
knows of some one of his neighbors who has realized
what he could on his incumbered estate, gone to Idaho
and is reaping annually increasing reward for every
month of toil and thrift bestowed upon a faithful soil.
He who has not seized the opportunity himself, and
whose means will not afford the necessary start in life
for his sons in the midst of like conditions, is rejoiced
to learn that they have solved the problem in the arid
West to their entire satisfaction. This country no
longer stands in need of a recommendation with the
people — as witness the 106,000 applications- which
awaited the opening of the Rosebud reservation — more
than fifteen times as many as could possibly be ac-
commodated.

At the same time it is well to note in passing that
the mineral deposits in this State undoubtedly reserve
untold wealth for the future — a legacy which will de-
volve upon this young empire when it reaches its majori-
ty. Idaho has given the world $250,000,000 in gold
and silver since their discovery in 1863. Its lead mine?

dustry, if he contemplates farming in this section he
is, nevertheless, very much interested in the proximity
of the mining camp. There is a growing market for
farm produce in the camps throughout Idaho, and
there are no better buyers than the miners; nowhere
else are prices so high.

One hundred and sixty acres was once considered
an ordinary farm in Idaho, but since the completion of
the Idaho Beet Sugar Company's $1,000,000 factory
during the past year at Idaho Falls the farmer in
this section is growing rich from the products of a
20-acre field of sugar beets. This company has already
paid the farmers over $500,000 for their beets : has paid
out as much as $75,000 per month in wages, and has
a capacity of 12,000 to 16,000 bags of sugar per day
of 100 pounds each. It also creates a new market for
the hay which is used in its processes of manufacture.
Sugar beets yield the farmer from $80 to $100 per
acre. They find the soil in this valley best adapted
to their growth and are not injured by early frosts.

The reader should bear in mind that Idaho is
still an undeveloped region — not without some myste-

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

337

rious features — appreciated, perhaps, later than her
sister States, very largely, no doubt, because Nature
has here disguised her most precious gifts with be-
fitting modesty and prudence. Idaho is the best wa-
tered State in the arid West. The Snake River con-
forms in the most accommodating manner to the wants
of the irrigator, coiling its thousand miles of length
through as much territory as possible. The stream
carries enough water each season to cover its entire
valley of 5,000,000 acres over seventy-six inches. In
some places this wonderful river is unfathomable — at
one point, in fact, sounding to a depth of 240 feet
failed to find bottom. As a contrast to the indefatig-
able Snake, Idaho has in the Lost River a mystery yet
unsolved — a torrent swallowed outright, hustled sud-
denly down into the bowels of the earth, as if Nature's
generosity in her watering operations had suddenly
taken fright and collapsed.

Snake River valley, all begemmed with the glittering
splendor of electrical illumination, and humming with
the wheels of progress.

Pocatello, Blackfoot, Idaho Falls, Rexburg and St.
Anthony are among the more important towns which
have grown up in this region, counting populations of
front two to six thousand — all prosperous, growing
communities, everyone of them administered with a
zealous regard to the best civic ideals. Idaho ranks
high in her educational institutions. There is not a
town in this locality which can not point with pride
to its public schools.

THE AMERICAN FALLS POWER, LIGHT AND WATER
COMPANY, LTD.

This company is one of the most advanced of Mr.
Brady's several enterprises. It had its inception in
the undertaking to furnish the City of Pocatello with
cheap electric light and power, the rate now obtaining

Headgate, Great Feeder Canal.

Idaho is unique because it is a region of volcanic
origin. Its mineral treasures have been locked up for
ages under a combination which excites interest and
is inviting investigation. In the meantime the sage
plains are clearing and drawing water, the valleys here
and there are blossoming into green and golden harvests
and glistening with handsome orchards. And still
there is unlimited water and free land for all.

But to return to the Snake River. While ample
provision was made for the supply of water, the most
modern demands of the settlers were not overlooked in
the economy of this admirable watercourse, although
this serviceable quality was quite effectively disguised
behind a fair exterior. The innumerable tourists who
have admired the Shosbone Falls on the Snake River
have compared them favorably with the great Niagara.
The Salmon Falls and Twin Falls are not less inter-
esting to the traveler. The sightseer witnessed the
scene and passed on well pleased. It was not until
Mr. J. H. Brady came upon the ground and located at
Pocatello that this enormous energy, harmlessly await-
ing control was called into life, and the mysterious Spirit
which the Indian legend assigns to the Snake River
commenced to sing a new song, and tossin? her cornu-
copia, strewed a string of smart towns along the upper

there for the same being, in fact, much lower than the
average in other cities. This problem Mr. Brady pro-
posed to solve by harnessing the power disengaged by
the great American Falls. Apparently insurmountable
obstacles attended the undertaking from the start. The
only sites for the erection of a plant on either bank
of the river were already guarded by other claimants.
Nothing daunted, the Brady forces did not hault then,
nor at any time, until victory had crowned their
efforts. Ignoring the riparian claimants, a jutting rock
in the middle of the falls was deemed good enough
with such enterprise behind the project; a foundation
was blasted out of the solid rock, a thousand horse-
power plant at once installed, and at an outlay of
$350,000 the cities of Pocatello and Blackfoot "(the
latter at a distance of fifty miles from American Falls)
are at the present time supplied with- excellent light
and electric power by this company. Improvements are
now in progress to increase the capacity of the plant
to 6,000 horse power. The total energy to be derived
from the American Falls is estimated at 40,000 horse
power, all of which this company proposes to utilize
eventually. With this pressure at command, and a line
of high tension wire connecting the Power City with
Idnho Falls and St. Anthony, the enterprise will rejoice

338

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

in its full consummation, and the thriving com-
munities of the upper Snake River will lack nothing
of the luxuries of the day.

This is only one instance of what J. H. Brady is
doing for Idaho. His presence in that State is a matter
of "mutual congratulation to- both parties." Mr.
Brady predicts a great future for Idaho and it is need-
less to say that the State is proud of its prominent
citizen.

THE AMERICAN FALLS CANAL AND POWER COMPANY.

This company, of which Messrs, Otley and Jones
of Blackfoot are the local representatives, is reclaim-
ing a vast area of sage plain, extending sixty miles
along the west side of the Snake River from Blackfoot
to American Falls, and having an average width of
six to eight miles. This gently sloping broad stretch
of land is here awaiting the water which this company's
canal is bringing nearer, drawing its perennial supply
from the Snake River about ten miles above Blackfoot.
The prospect is a good one for the homleseeker, and
there is still plenty of room. The soil is a rich sandy
loam, from four to twenty feet in depth. The locality
is only about twelve miles northwest of Pocatello, and
is penetrated at two points by the Oregon Short Line.

If, by the way, the Short Line is extended from St.
Anthony into Yellowstone Park, as the maneuvers in
that region seem to indicate will be done, it will open
up another considerable market for this immediate
region — a market which has heretofore been monopo-
lized by Minnesota. The home market has been already
mentioned. This valley also lies in the direct path
between Utah and Mjontana, both of which States
afford good markets for Idaho produce in their mining
communities. The grazing interests, one of the most
important industries in Idaho, are a never failing
source of income to the strictly field farmer. More
will be said about the eastern market for Idaho fruit,
the finest in the country.

The system of the American Falls Canal and
Power Company is under the Carey Act — the company
a contractor with the State to furnish the capital and
to build the canals, for which outlay and investment
its remuneration is fixed by the contract, in the sale
of the entire system, when installed, to the settlers in
shares — one share giving the title to water sufficient to
irrigate one acre of land. The price per share is fif-
teen dollars, subject to change, however, as to future
buyers, as the amount of expenditure becomes more
definite as the work proceeds, but only by the action
of the State. Payments may be made in installments.
Having bargained for this water, the fanner buys the
land from the State itself, paying fifty cents per acre,
half in cash and the remainder when patent issues.
A farm of thirty to fifty acres soon pays for itself, nor
is a large amount of cash required to get a start. After
that, with thrift and good management, failure is im-
possible. A crop can be raised the first year. On the
other side of the river and for miles up and down
the valley, the fields are yielding their three crops of
alfalfa, with six to eight tons to the acre, spring and
fall wheat, thirty bushels to the acre, barley, rye, oats,
are extensively grown. Cantaloupes, sugar beets and
all kinds of vegetables flourish. Cabbages and onions
are especially good, and the potatoes are considered
even superior to the famous Greely tubers. A good
and reliable income is derived from these products
from the start, and in the meantime the thrifty farmer
is carefully training a fine orchard, which in the course

of four or five years will begin to bring him wealth and
luxury. Idaho is a successful rival to California in
her fruit products, with a large traffic to Chicago,
New York and other eastern cities. She received the
World's Fair award for apples in 1892, to say noth-
ing of a long list of other prizes, including the $500
sweep-stake cup offered by U. S. Senator Wm. A.
Clark at the Irrigation Congress at Ogden last
year, for "the greatest variety of perfect fruit, free
from insect pests and fungus diseases."

About sixty miles northwest of this tract of land
just described, the Lost Rivers, which have already been
mentioned, have their place of disappearance. What-
ever may be their course below the surface, it is a fact
that wells sunk anywhere upon this section never fail
to tap pure, cold water at from 15 to 60 feet in
depth, and in several places the water gushes forth in
flowing springs.

IDAHO CANAL A IMPROVEMENT COMPANY, LTD.

While this kind is now lying open for settlement,
just beyond and extending on up the valley, are to
be seen hundreds of well cultivated, prosperous farms,
and well settled districts. Much of this land lies under
the lateral ditches of the Idaho Canal & Improve-
mlent Company, a private enterprise launched by J.
H. Brady, and of late years attained to a fullness of
usefulness. Some two or three hundred irrigators take
from this canal at the company's present rates, while
a year ago a great portion of its system was purchased
from the company by the water users contributing to
it then, and now the cooperative owners — the usual
disposition made of a private irrigation company in
Idaho as soon as it is able to pay for itself.

This company has a tremtendous mileage of main
canals and laterals in Fremont, Bingham and Bannock
counties. It has three head-gates on the Snake River.
No. 1 is located on the South Fork of the Snake in
Fremont County, where that river leaves the moun-
tains and enters the valley. This company also owns
an interest in the Great Feeder Canal, into which
the water is diverted through a solid masonry head-
gate, with a system of diverting gates, each ten feet
wide, permitting a flow of water to enter the Feeder
Canal one hundred feet wide and five feet deep.
About four miles below this point the Idaho company
diverts 30,000 miners' inches of water through its own
private headgate. Its gate No. 2 is one of the largest
in the valley, taking its supply from the main river
about fifteen miles below the junction of the North
and South Forks; 50,000 miners' inches of water
can be diverted at this point. At the Reservation gate,
No. 3, water is diverted capable of watering a large
area between Basalt and the Blackfoot River besides
furnishing sufficient water for the use of the Indians
on the Fort Hall Reservation and to the fertile lands
north of Pocatello.

On the 6th day of September, the remainder of
the Fort Hall Reservation will be thrown open for
settlement, containing about fifteen square miles of
irrigable land. This company will extend its canal a
distance of twelve miles from the north, to water this
region, having commenced surveys for this purpose.
A further extension will be made to Pocatello. The
main channel, now carrying 15,000 inches, will be
enlarged from its head on the Blackfoot, and will be
capable of delivering altogether 40,000 inches of water
to the territory above described.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

339

TWELFTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS.

Full Scope and Meaning of the Great November Meeting Ex-
plained by an Editorial Writer Who Favors the Con-
struction of an Enormous Reservoir in Western Texas.

EL PASO, TEX., August 31. — Under the caption,
"El Paso's Greatest Opportunity," the Morning Times
publishes the following editorial concerning the scope
of the Irrigation Congress:

"If the people of El Paso do not fully appreciate
the extreme importance of the National Irrigation
Congress to be held in this city, November 15-18 next,
it is high time for them to carefully study the full
scope of the convention and the meaning it carries with
it, for it presents the only opportunity that is within
reach of our city for it to receive a direct and valuable
indorsement of its international dam — a project which
means, to state the case in a few words, that the more
powerful Government of the United States should do
full justice to the weaker Government of Mexico in the
distribution and use of the waters of the Rio Grande.

"As the case now stands the flow of the river is
exhausted by irrigation methods in Colorado and New
Mexico long before the descending waters reach the
El Paso Valley and the Mexican frontier, until the
farmers here on both sides of the border have seen
their lands scorched by drouth and themselves impov-
erished to the point of demanding relief.

"Indeed, we are wrongfully deprived of the usage
of the waters of the river, for at various times in many
parts of the Union where interstate questions involving
the use of water for irrigation purposes have arisen the
courts have invariably awarded to the first users the
privilege and right of ownership to waters by reason of
priority of usage, commonly known under the Spanish
law as the first riparian right.

"But, beyond and outside of that consideration,
the Irrigation Congress has the expenditure of a fund
of $27,000,000, derived from the sale of public lands,
which is to be divided among only sixteen States and
Territories, in which Texas, unfortunately, is not in-
cluded, because she owns her own lands, over which
the Government exercises no control. Inasmuch,
therefore, as the State of Texas does not contribute
by the sale of public lands to the reclamation fund,
she can not, of course, participate in the benefits to
accrue from the expenditure of the large sum of money
in the arid regions and must depend solely on special
legislation for an appropriation to be used in the con-
struction of the international reservoir near the city;
but to obtain such legislation an indorsement of the
National Irrigation Congress will be found of great
value.

"The position occupied by El Paso is unique and
has no parallel on any frontier of our country. To
the north the Canadian border has constant and co-
pious rainfalls and needs no irrigation; to the south
there is no. point on the frontier as early settled as the
El Paso Valley, whose inhabitants were the first users
of the waters of the Rio Grande for irrigation pur-
poses, and below the El Paso Valley there is either no
land suitable for irrigation or else there is an abundant
flow of water the year round, beyond where the tribu-
tary streams like the Rio Concho empty into the main
channel.

"It is, therefore, a unique situation for both gov-
ernments, with a unique opportunity presented to both.

and the United States will doubtless avail itself of the
privilege now offered of doing full justice to Mexico
and of giving us the grandest object lesson of irriga-
tion that could possibly be attempted.

"While an international dam, thus constructed
would prove of incalculable value to this entire section,
there is yet another peculiar benefit to be derived from
the Irrigation Congress which assembles in this city
in November. It is this: We are in the midst of
a mining region and are surrounded by miners on
every side, so that we are more than repeating the his-
tory of the magnificent growth of Denver. For wher-
ever there have been deep mines and deep mining in
this section they have been most productive of wealth
and in every instance El Paso has been connected with
such mines by means of railroads. Now it happens
that the arid States are the identical States which
comprise the mining region of the country, and while
it is difficult to bring real mining men to a miners'
congress, because there is no money to divide, yet we
can be sure that mining magnates and mine operators
will flock to the Irrigation Congress because there are
$27,000,000 of federal money to be divided and expend-
ed in the arid regions. Furthermore, the treasury will
be replenished by every acre benefited, making the
irrigation fund permanent and constantly increasing.

"If, therefore, the Irrigation Congress can bring
together the miners of the West and of the mountain
regions, which are identical with the arid regions, this,
then, is El Paso's greatest opportunity, and the city
would deny itself ten years of its growth and the county
would be guilty of the same mistake if each did not
liberally appropraite moneys for this great November
event.

"Last year, when the El Paso delegation went to
Ogden, it was not until the last moment that the enor-
mity of the importance of the Irrigation Congress
made itself manifest to those in charge of the move-
ment. Even the State of Utah appropriated $5,000
for Ogden's benefit in the reception and entertainment
of that grand gathering, and there were above $10,-
000 subscribed and paid to the same fund by private
individuals of less important points throughout the
State, but the congress was worth all the money ex-
pended.

"Now the State of Texas is peculiarly situated _in
this respect, for the constitution forbids the appropria-
tion of a single cent for enterprises of this character,
and even the Texas building at the World's- Fair was
created by private subscription. El Paso, therefore,
must depend solely upon her own resources to make
the November congress a brilliant success, and the city
and county authorities, who have been called upon for
assistance, should not respond with any halfway dick-
ering, but should come forward and contribute the
full amount which they have been asked to appro-
priate."

THE IRRIGATION AGE

One Year, $1.00
THE PRIHER OF IRRIGATION

300 pages, $1.00

340

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

PROBLEMS IN THE IRRIGATION LAWS.

The following is taken from the Denver Daily Re-
publican of August 8th:

"Two questions of the utmost importance have
arisen in regard to the enormous irrigation enterprises
being started under the reclamation bureau of the Fed-
eral Governm'ent. Both involve the provisions of the
law itself. One of these is whether or not it would be
best for an independent commission to place and di-
rect the various enterprises. The other is the question
of what conditions will prevail when the purchaser of
land obtains full title."

D. H. Anderson, publisher of THE IERIGATIION
AGE, of Chicago, raised these points in a discussion at
the Oxford Hotel last night. With Mr. Anderson were
C. M. Shultz, of the Associated Farm Press, compris-
ing fifty daily papers, and C. G. Rowley, of Jackson,
Miss., chairman of the committee on arid lands and
irrigation of the National Association of Implement
and Vehicle Manufacturers. All are interested in
irrigation and are in the West to obtain information.

"It is claimed by many," continued Mr. Ander-
son, "that the law should be changed to provide for the
selection of a commission of men of the highest stand-
ing and representing all sections of the country; this
commission to select the places where reservoirs shall
be constructed. At present this is all done by the re-
clamation bureau, which is a part of the Interior De-
partment.

"Many claim that, the present system permits of
the establishing of these great Government enterprises
in such a manner that corporations or individuals are
benefited. It is asserted that this was the case in
Arizona, that there a reservoir project that would have
reclaimed 350,000 acres of the public domain was
abandoned in favor of an irrigation system that will re-
claim 200.000 acres of land owned by private parties.

"This is considered a very dangerous condition
by many men interested in irrigation. These main-
tain that the law should be so amended that there could
not be any chance for such results. A commission,
composed of men of recognized integrity, is believed
to be the best means of accomplishing this.

"In the eliminating of what might be called all
chance for graft, another good result could be accom-
plished, it is maintained. This would consist in the
selection of reservoir sites in such a manner that the
best results would he obtained and the systems prove
valuable for all time. By these methods it is believed
the best possible results could be accomplished.

"Probably more important than these points is the
question of the conditions that will exist in the future,
when the farmer owns the land the Government has
reclaimed. This question, which involves the opera-
tions of federal and State laws, especially with refer-
ence to the bearing one has upon the other, will be
up to every farmer some day unless a change is made
now. At least that is my opinion.

"The individual who takes up Government land,
with the water privileges accorded by the national irri-
gation law, is bound to conform to the government of
the federal authorities until he has acquired an abso-
lute title to the land, and then he becomes subject to
the State sovereignty, the federal authorities having
no further dominion over him or his land or to control
the water.

"All federal laws shall be of uniform, general ap-

plication or operation, however special they may be
in their intent. Now, if the federal law is made gen-
eral it is bound to result in a contract with the buyer
of land in some State where there is a conflict with the
State law. But the buyer holds a title, clear, and the
Government has nothing more to do with him. He is
under the State laws. If his contract conflicts with
these, where will the controversy be adjusted?

"To attempt to make a federal law that will con-
form with the laws of all the States in which it ope-
rates is impossible now. Some means should be found
to adjust these matters. Some body of men should be
legalized to bring about uniformity in the irrigation
systems before the effects of the present system are
felt. Such a body of men should be representative of
the persons directly concerned. The system that should
be adopted should make it possible for every man in
every State to receive his water right in the same legal
manner.

"Colorado is the very heart of the irrigation move-
ment, both federal and by private capital. The State
has before it a wonderful future. With the develop-
menWif agriculture, even to its present state, Colorado
is beyond any disturbance of any kind that can give it
a permanent setback."

Mr. Rowley is in the West to obtain information
for a special report that he will submit to the imple-
ment manufacturers at their next annual meeting in
Chattanooga. This report will cover the irrigation
question thoroughly. It will be the basis of bringing
the support of the association, which has invested in
plants $300,000,000, to the reclamation work from the
standpoint of business. With its influence gained, one
step will have been taken in educating the Eastern peo-
ple to the benefits of building up the West.

IOWA DRAINAGE ASSOCIATION.

The delegates present at the recent State Drainage
Convention held at the Agricultural College organized
the Iowa Drainage Association. The association was
formed by men who realize the urgent necessity for
state-wide organized effort in behalf of new drainage
laws which will adequately meet the needs of this State.
The members of this association propose to unite in
support of the drainage bill which will soon be drafted
and presented to the legislature by the strong legisla-
tive committee which was appointed by the chairman
of the Drainage Convention.

Every owner of wet land in Iowa appreciates the
urgent need for a new drainage law ; he also knows that
such a law will not be passed unless he unites with his
neighbors and asks for and works for such a law.
Without a doubt every man's efforts will count for the
most if he will identify himself with the recently or-
ganized Drainage Association. Iowa's need is great
and therefore we do not hesitate to urge the land
owners of the State to join the association and thus aid
in solving this important problem of drainage legisla-
tion.

The membership fee is one dollar, which entitles
the member to a printed copy of the full proceedings
of the Drainage Convention. These reports, as soon as
five cents per copy. Applications for membership or
for the reports of the convention should be addressed to
Prof. W. H. Stevenson, Agricultural College, Ames,
Iowa, secretary-treasurer of the Drainage Association.

THE IBRIGATION AGE.

341

BROUGHT BY THE POSTMAN.

Letters From Correspondents to The Irrigation Age.

PEORIA, ILL., Aug. 13, 1904.
D. H. Anderson,

Editor THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.

Dear Sir: Please allow me to contribute a few lines upon
the most important subject, irrigation, of which so much
has been said over and over again since the beginning of
ancient history, all efforts having failed to improve our ir-
rigating system thus far. Many of us can remember forty or
fifty years ago when corn rows were laid off with a plow and
dropped by hand. Wheat also was cut by a cradle and the
same was tramped or flailed out. Also stage coaches were
our modern conveyances and hundreds of other things might
be compared with today. One can hardly realize that such
a difference is possible, yet it is true. All along the line these
changes have been taking place during these years.

• How about our modern irrigation as compared with fifty
years ago, yes, say over two thousand years ago, where the
Bible speaks of the flooding and furrow system used in
Egypt by Pharaoh's people? With experiment stations in
every State and territory with ample funds to carry on such
work as they may desire toward the improvement of our ir-
rigating system, and in charge of men some of whom have
made a life study of irrigation — with all this equipment in
the hands of our most learned men along this line, we fail
to deviate from the old way of irrigating of two thousand
years ago. Just as much water evaporates now as did then,
only we are worse off in regard to water than they were.
While they had plenty without pay, we have to depend upon
some water trust at high price to furnish water.

In many parts of our country water is a very valuable
article. This being the case, why feed the sun fifty to seventy-
five per cent of the moisture when it can be saved by sub-ir-
rigation. Roots of whatever nature will always grow toward
moisture, the moisture being on top. By the flooding or
furrow system, naturally the roots will grow to the surface. •
It being very necessary to plow the ground, or it will bake
and get hard, many roots are cut or torn from their hiding
places and thereby the health of the tree is impaired and to
a great extent, like an unhealthy man, breeds disease. This
being the case, the fruit is very largely affected both in
quantity and quality. The top being so wet, with the aid of
the sun, draws the alkali to the surface, which is injurious to
both soil and plant. In my estimation, the system which gives
the best results from the least amount of water, labor and
expense in the system that should be used. I think sub-
irrigation comes nearer fulfilling all these requirements than
any other system. By sub-irrigation one is not dependent
upon some water trust for water, but has his own system and
is independent, which means a great deal to him. By having
the system under pressure, one can irrigate uneven as well
as level land and place every drop of water where it is
most needed. Roots of trees grow deeper and make healthy
trees, less liable to disease, and bearing more and better
fruit. This saves plowing, as the ground does not bake and
get hard; saves fifty to seventy-five per cent of moisture
and same per cent in labor. And last, but not least, such a
system, if properly constructed, would be self draining. There
are times during the year when the soil is too wet, either
from rains or otherwise, and in such case it can be drained
off in a short time.

Yours truly,

W. A. LEE.

Seistan Arbitration Commission via
Quetta, Baluchistan, June 25, 1904.

THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago.

Dear Sirs: I send you the second of exchange of a bill
for $3.00 that was sent you some time ago as my subscrip-
tion to THE IRRIGATION AGE. I am much obliged to you for
sending me THE AGE steadily, as it is very difficult to remit
from here and I am afraid the way this bank has done, it will
take a long time to reach you. When it does I hope you will
send me a copy of the Irrigation Primer, as it is the best
work of its kind I have seen and invaluable to people interested
in irrigation, the balance after paying for Primer to be put to
my credit as a subscription toward THE AGE.

If there is anytihng on irrigation matters that you would
like to know about India, I will be glad to send it to you.

Have you got the Irrigation Commissioner's report, four big
volumes of invaluable information? If the editor would like a
copy, I shall be glad to try and get one for him. It might
be worth while to send out sample copies of your paper to
some Indians interested in irrigation. I am very pleased to
see the circulation of THE AGE extend to India, as I have got
lots of good ideas from it and I am sure others could also.
The sending of the subscription is the difficulty.

Wishing you success, I am, Yours sincerely,

T. R. J. WARD.

SOCORRO, N. M., July 10, 1-904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.

Gentlemen: You may resume my subscription to THE
IRRIGATION AGE until further notice. Irrigation has been
practiced in this valley for ages, in fact, the only sure and
safe way to raise any kind of a crop almost anywhere in
New Mexico is through a wise application of water, the
rains here being an uncertain and out of season quantity.
In my native country I have learned the utility of water
for irrigation; both in France and Italy it has been a neces-
sity. In this valley but a very small percentage of farmers
use fertilizers, mostly barnyard stuff. The soil is rich and
when water is plentiful, there is an abundance of crops.

This year, however, the source of water for irrigation
has failed us; the Rio Grande, which supplies water for all
community ditches, some of them ten or more miles in
length, has gone back on the farmers early in the season.
Some of the farmers got only one irrigation, others none.
The effect is that the wheat crop has been a total failure
and there is a loss of thousands of dollars in alfalfa and other
crops. The Rio Grande River has been in the habit of
going hack on the New Mexico farmers for some eight
or ten years. It has never happened before, though, to be
as dry as early as in the month of April.

There is no other recourse left the Rio Grande agri-
culturist to make sure of his crops than to go to the expense
of putting in irrigating plants and to pump water from the
underflow, which is abundant anywhere in the valley at the
depth of from ten feet down. This is their only salvation;
it has come to this : either irrigation or emigrate to better
favored regions. Yours truly,

P. A. MARCELLING.

ST. CLOUD, MINN., August 31, 1904.
IRRIGATION AGE,

112 Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. :

Dear Sir — On September 28, at Litchfield, Minn.,
bids will be received for the construction of about fifty
miles of open ditch. These ditches are too large to be
dug without the use of a dredging machine, and un-
less the owner of a machine shall bid on them it is
not probable that any bids will be received^ Later in
the fall other ditching jobs will be sold to the amount
of about 800,000 cubic yards in all. Anyone having a
machine to use on these ditches could probably secure
these contracts at from 13 cents to 20 cents per cubic
yard. The ditches have a slope of .one to one and a
depth varying from one to twenty-one feet. The con-
tracts must be completed by January, 1906.

John N. Gaynor, of Litchfield, lets the jobs, and
Arthur E. Morgan, of St. Cloud, is the engineer. So
many ditches have been planned in central Minnesota
to be constructed during the season of 1905 that it is
going to be very hard to find contractors to handle all
the work. Perhaps 10,000,000 cubic yards of excava-
tion have been planned for the coming season within
100 miles of Minneapolis.

Very truly yours,

ARTHUR E. MORGAN,

Per J. E. M.

The Irrigation Age One Yea.r and The Primer
of Irrigation. $2.00

342

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

DRAINAGE OF FARM LANDS.

Results of Careful and Extended Investigations by the Gov-
ernment for the Benefit of the Farmers.

BY C. G. ELLIOTT,

Expert in Drainage and Irrigation, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

From Farmers' Bulletin No. 187, Courtesy U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.

(Concluded.)

The irrigator applies water by surface flooding,
using such quantities as his judgment and experience
may dictate, feeling sure that any excess which he
may appdy w£ll speedily pass down into the earthj,
which, under primitive conditions, being dry to a
depth of from forty to sixty feet, porous and open, af-
fords unlimited drainage facilities. The large amount
of leakage from main canals and the surplus from
over-irrigation for a time find a ready and harmless
exit into the lower soil. Under such conditions the
understrata become a waste reservoir which receives by
percolation the 'leakage from irrigation canals and the
drainage from, over-irrigation, thus securing to the cul-
tivator as perfect soil conditions as could be desired.

Many of these soils contain considerable quanti-
ties of soluble (alkali) salts, prominent among which
are sodium chloride, sodium sulphate and sodium car-
bonate, which originate in the rocks from which the
soils are formed. Lands which up to a certain time
have produced crops in quantity and quality to which
no exception can be taken may, without apparent
cause, begin to deteriorate. Upon examination it will
be found that the alkali salts have accumulated near-
the surface in such strength as to destroy crops that
had previously been grown successfully. Upon further
investigation as to the cause, it is found that the water
in the lower soil has dissolved large quantities of alkali
and holds it in solution. The rise of water to a plane
at or near the surface from which rapid evaporation
takes place results in the deposit in solid form of all
the alkali contained in the water evaporated. The
active capillary power of the more finely divided soils
accelerates the upward movement of the water, the
evaporation of which is rapid in arid climates, result-
ing in a deposit which constantly increases from year
to year.

The presence of layers of hardpan at irregular in-
tervals throughout the upper six feet of the soil, as
well as occasional layers of gravel deposit and adobe
clays, has had much to do with the deflection and con-
centration of soil water. By reason of hardpan layers
the excess of water is brought to the surface more di-
rectly at some points than at others. Under the action
of soil water some varieties of hardpan soften and
gradually disintegrate, thus changing the general text-
ure of the soil where it exists. The need of drainage
of such soils as a preventive of the injuries noted, as
well as for the restoration of land to its normal pro-
ductive condition, is appreciated. It is not proposed
here to discuss at length the varying conditions exist-
ing in different localities, but to call attention to the
success that has attended the eff8rts of some farmers
who have reclaimed land from the effects of seepage
and alkali.

In the treatment of lands of this character it must
be remembered that the conditions under which land
becomes saturated by seepage are radically different

from those of rainfall. In irrigated lands the water
accumulates at various points by underflow from the
.Vaste of irrigation practiced upon more elevated land
adjoining, or from leakage of supply ditches which are
constructed through previous material. The preven-
tion of the accumulation of water in harmful quanti-
ties is best accomplished, not by its removal from the
soil after saturation of the land, but by intercepting
it before it reaches the lower level. A few examples of
this kind will indicate that the method most success-
ful differs quite materially from that used in humid
areas.

Albert Igo, near Greeley, Colo., has used a series
of small wells located at points where water appeared,
-linking them into the gravel which lies beneath the
saturated soil. The wells consist of curb boxes twelve
inches in diameter, made with eight sides, from boards
one inch thick. They are sunk from eight to twelve
feet deep, the excavations being made with a large
auger. The wells have underdrain outlets about three
feet deep leading to a surface ditch. The water rises
at once in these wells to the height of the outlet pro-
videdrand flows away. The soil, which is about five feet
deep, is underlaid with gravel, which, through the
process of seepage from higher lands, has become sur-
charged with water which, by reason of constant press-
ure and continual supply from land occupying a higher
level, saturates the soil above the gravel. These wells,
put in at various points where water appeared, re-
claimed at small cost a field which had been given over
to grazing land on account of the saturation and
alkali.

This method of draining is regarded as highly suc-
cessful by the farmers of the vicinity who have wit-
nessed the reclamation of the land so treated. The in-
dividual well and drain as used in the work described
are shown in Pig. 18. The method is simple. Its
efficiency consists in relieving the pressure of the un-
derground water at such a depth that it will not con-
tinue to force itself upward against the soil, and also
in removing such a quantity that the gravel stratum
underlying the tract will provide for the remainder.

Drains upon another plan have been used by J.
Hetzel and others in the vicinity of Longmont, Colo.
A continuous line of underdrains is laid crosswise of
the slope along the upper-border of the lands show-
ing seepage. These drains are laid five feet deep,
which is regarded as necessary to their success. The
subsoil is adobe clay, in which pockets of sand are en-
countered which interefere with the laying of the
drains. The method of location is shown in Fig. 19.
The drains are made of one-inch boards in the form of
a continuous box, 6x6 inches in the inside, with no bot-
tom. These drains, complete, cost $1 per rod. It is
not uncommon in this vicinity to find one drain lo-
cated in this manner intercepting sufficient water to
reclaim forty to eighty acres of land, where the soil
is of a stiff nature. Where soils are open and admit
of very free percolation of water the same plan is
applicable, but the size of drains must be increased.
The quantity of water which it is necessary to inter-
cept is greater than is usually suspected, and some fail-
ures to obtain good results are probably owing to the
fact that the drains are too small. Shallow drains do
not accomplish the desired result, nor do drains laid
up and down the slope accomplish the work as fully
and cheaply as those laid across the slope.

THE IRRIGATION AGE. 343

**«**************^**********************«********************«******«>*e**^
I

Salt Lake Real Estate

Is a Good Investment for You

WHY?

ADDRESS

Salt Lake Real Estate Association

BUREAU OF INFORMATION:

15 West 2nd Street SALT LAKE, UTAH

Because the growth of the city is steady and in a constantly increasing ratio.

Because the great majority of Salt Lake's new-comers are citizens of the most
desirable class, who are determined to be and are becoming home-owners.

Because the municipal improvements which are now under way, or are definitely
projected, waterworks extensions, street paving and public buildings are
of an extent and nature that will greatly enhance the value of realty
throughout the city.

Because Salt Lake is certain, within the next three years, to become the most
important railroad" center of the West. The Salt Lake Route to Los
Angeles is now nearly completed, the Moffat road, the shortest and most
direct line from Denver, is now under way, the Western Pacific, from San
Francisco, headed for Salt Lake, gives assurance of a direct competitor
to the Southern Pacific — all of these are new factors in the city's growth
and will add immense sums to the money in local circulation, increase the
«jj demand for homes and afford many new openings for business investments.

The Salt Lake Real Estate Association will gladly furnish you with complete and
reliable data, covering every phase of the industrial and commercial
development and opportunities of Salt Lake City and Utah.

Because the city offers exceptional opportunities for manufacturing, the need
being great and the demand at present unsupplied.

344

THE IBKIGATION AGE.

Where drains are laid in wet land its unstable
condition and water-bearing sand pockets often make
it impracticable to use short tiles unless laid upon a
broad base. Sewer pipes known as "seconds" may
sometimes be used in place of drain tiles with better
success because of their greater length and the addi-
tion of sockets which aid in holding them in align-
ment.

The plans of treating land for the purpose of re-
deeming it from alkali which has accumulated through
evaporation and seepage are not uniform, nor is there
sny practice which has been so reduced to a system
as to justify an authoritative statement of methods that
may be best employed. The cutting off of the under-
ground supply by drainage has often resulted in the
full reclamation of the land, with no other treatment
than subsequent irrigation and cropping. In other
instances more complete underdrainage and special irri-
gation with cultivation for two or more years has been
found necessary.

The experience of R. P. Tjossem, of Ellensburg,
Wash., in reclaiming alkali land proves that it can be
done by underdrainage and subsequent irrigation. He
has tried mole drains and box drains 2\2y2 feet deep,
also box drains four and a half feet deep. His drain-
ing was not done systematically, but experimentally,
and was continued over a field of seventy-two acres in a
random way. He discarded the shallow system of
draining early in the work and adopted four and a
half feet as the minimum depth at which drains should
be placed. He is now of the opinion that five feet
is preferable. He irrigated liberally, and by sub-
soiling turned the surface soil down as deeply as pos-
sible and irrigated again. The land was seeded as rap-
idly as possible, the completeness of the reclamation
being indicated by the growth of the crops planted.
Some parts of the field were soon producing a paying
crop, while others were more stubborn and required
further irrigation and cultivation. At the end of five
years the entire tract produced a profitable crop of
alfalfa and timothy. In the sixth year only small
spots remained which failed to produce a good average
crop of grass. This field at the beginning was badly
affected with alkali, and is described as absolutely bar-
ren, black alkali being prominent among the salts.
The drainage was meager and experimental. The field
is now pointed to by neighboring farmers as an ex-
ample of the successful reclamation of alkali land by
underdrainage. The cheapest and most effective meth-
ods and the details which practical farmers desire to
know are not as fully demonstrated as they will un-
doubtedly he later on.

Attention was called to this land and the method
of its reclamation in Bulletin 49 of the Washington
State Experiment Station, issued in 1901, in which is
described quite fully the nature of the soil and the per-
centage of alkali it then contained. The fact that, in
1903, $1,500 worth of hay was harvested and sold from
this field, while the land adjoining it remains highly
charged with alkali and produces only salt grass, proves
in a most positive way the value of drainage as a
factor in reclaiming alkali land. A calcareous hardpan
is found over a considerable portion of land in that
locality. When it is encountered it costs 75 or 80 cents
a rod to dig a ditch five feet deep by hand labor.
Where this does not exist 50 cents a rod is a fair esti-
mate of cost.

THE GOVERNMENT FORESTRY EXHIBIT.

WHAT IT COMPRISES AND HOW IT IS ARRANGED AT
THE ST. LOUIS FAIR.

Both Indoor and Outdoor Features Described. Large Collection of

Transparencies Illustrating Forests and Forest Work in the

United States. Timber Tests, Wood Preservation and

Methods of Turpentine Orcharding Special Features.

The Bureau of Forestry of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture has prepared for the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition the most extensive display it has
ever made. The purpose is both to illustrate the work
which the Bureau is doing and to show actual forest con-
ditions in all parts of the country. The visitor will
see there the most impressive evidence of what practical
forestry is, and also its great present and future im-
portance as a means of promoting the national welfare.
Lumbering ranks fourth among the industries of the
country, and it is a matter of hopeful promise for the
permanence of the industry and for the cause of forestry
that lumbermen are adopting conservative forest man-
agement in their lumber operations. That agriculture,
incomparably the most important of our national
sources of wealth, also depends in no small degree on
forestry, is not, however, so well understood. Under
intensive methods of farming, and with the enlargement
of the cultivable area made possible by irrigation, this
dependence will become increasingly close. Mining and
grazing, too, materially depend on forestry, for mines
demand cheap and abundant timber, and the forage
which feeds most of the western stock is one of the
important indirect products which, under proper re-
strictions, the forest may be made to yield. All of these
relationships are strikingly displayed in the Forestry
exhibit at St. Louis.

The space allotted to the Bureau of Forestry is in
two different though not widely separated parts of the
Fair grounds. An indoor exhibit is located in the For-
estry, Fish and Game Building, in which is centered also
an exhibition of the lumber industry of the United
States. A striking and complete collection of photo-
graphic transparencies illustrate forest conditions and
problems as they are encountered by the Bureau. Typical
single trees and forests, the cutting or harvesting of
forests and their renewal by natural reproduction, forest
planting in treeless regions or where forests have been
destroyed, and damage by fire, insects, over-grazing, etc.,
are shown most clearly. Nearly all of the transparencies
are of large size, some of them four by five feet. They
are arranged to be seen from the inside of an arcade
illuminated by natural light, with eastern and western
forest scenes shown on opposite walls. This series is
supplemented by a collection of large colored bromide
photographs framed in the panels of the balustrade
which surrounds the exhibit space. On the floor be-
tween the balustrade and the arcade are cases which
display some specially important phases of the Bureau's
investigations, together with a collection of all the in-
struments used in forest work, the publications of the
Bureau, etc. Of particular interest is a large case con-
ctaining longleaf pine trunks which show the advan-
tages of the new system of turpentining promoted by
the Bureau and the disadvantages and injurious effects
of the old system of boxing. Two other cases exhibit

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

345

insects and /examples of their destructive work. The
method of determining the strength of commercial tim-
bers is shown by a testing machine, while the results of
tests are shown by charts and tested timbers. There is
also a large collection of timbers, both from the United
States and Europe, treated by different preservative proc-
esses to show the manner of increasing the life of various
construction timbers. Several specimens are shown of
building and other timbers which have been in use for
thirty jears or more.

One of the special features of the exhibit is a re-
lief map of the United States cast upon a section of a
sphere sixteen feet in diameter. By using this type .of
map the geographical distortion inevitable in flat maps
is avoided, and the real relationship of the various parts
of the country and their actual position on the globe are
correctly shown. The distribution and character of the
forests of the country are shown in different colors, as
are the location and extent of National and State forest
reserves. The forests managed according to working
plans prepared by the. Bureau and lands upon which
plantations have been instituted under Bureau planting
plans are also indicated by special symbols. The situa-
tion of forest schools and other institutions which afford
training in forestry is shown on the map. On another
relief map are shown the location of the proposed Appa-
lachian Forest Reserve, the extent and character of forest
and other lands included, and the relation of the reserve
to the surrounding country.

THE FUTURE OF SALT LAKE.

No other city of the West can, with resonable
assurance, look forward to the developments of the
next five years with as great confidence as does Salt
Lake.

The center of a region of mineral wealth, the mines
of which have already paid more than $70,000,000 in
dividends, and which even yet is comparatively unde-
veloped, Salt Lake is fast becoming one of the great-
est of smelting centers and is now taxed to find facil-
ities for handling the constantly increasing mineral
production.

The vast irrigation enterprises now under way by
the United States Government will reclaim a great em-
pire of Utah's arid land, adding to the already rich
agricultural and horticultural resources of the State
and will afford opportunities for tens of thousands to
secure good homes in the region tributary to Salt Lake.

The certainty of three new railroads will make
Salt Lake the railroad center of the West and draw
to it the wealth and trade from a vast extent of nat-
urally rich and hitherto undeveloped country. The
roads centering in the city are spending millions in
the improvement of terminal facilities and depots, and
at the same time constantly bettering their trackage and
equipment.

Salt Lake has gained steadily in population during
the past five years, has now upwards of 80,000 inhabi-
tants, and according to the constantly increasing ratio
of growth will pass the 100,000 mark before the pres-
ent decade passes.

Salt Lake is primarily a city of homes. The hun-
dreds of new houses that have been erected annually
during the last three years have in the great majority
of cases been for owner, not tenant, and it is certain
that this year's Irailding record will pass the $2,000,000
mark set by 1903.

For attractiveness, both in winter and summer, the
city is admittedly unsurpassed in climate ; its school sys-
tem is the best and most modern in the West, its home
resources are more varied and extensive and it offers
the best opportunity for the wage earner who seeks a
home, for the business man who wants a location, for
the capitalist who is looking for profitable investment.

THE ONLY ANTI-FASHION PAPER.

THE NATIONAL CRITIC

FOR COMMON SENSE IN DRESS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS

Original, Racy, Distinctive! Every Issue Worth the Price
for a. Yea.r. Society's Follies and a.11 Humbugs Exposed.

Make this your personal organ. Write for it. Get
into the compaign against the silly fashions. Let
us have your help to the extent of 50 cents a year,
the subscription price. :: :: :: :: :: :: ::

THE NATIONAL CRITIC

334 Dearborn Su CHICAGO

A

ENGINEERS

A

ARTHUR E. MORGAN,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEER,

Drainage, Irrigation, Sewerage, Water Supply

Topographical Surveying,
ST. CLOUD, - - - MINN.

BOOKS ON

I Irrigation and Drainage

.£ THE IRRIGATION AGE has established a book
department for the benefit of its readers. Any
of the following named books on Irrigation ', ',
and Drainage will be forwarded postpaid on ', ',
receipt of price:

Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25

Irrigation in the United States, F. H. Newell 2.00

Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00

Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50

Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00

Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00

The Primer of Irrigation, cloth, 300 pages 1.00

Practical Farm Drainage, Charles G. Elliott 1.00

; Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00

Principle and Practice of Farm Drainage, Klippart 1.00

Farm Drainage, French 1.00

Land Drainage, Miles 1.00

Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40

Address

? THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.

112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO, ILL.

346

THE IBRIGATION AGE.

DON'T BUY GASOLINE ENGINES

•11 one cylinder engines; revolutionizing eas power. CostsLen toBvvand Leu to Ron. Qufckly, easily started. No vibration. Canbemountcd on any wagon at small cost— portable, sta-
• ' athispapcr. SEND FOR CATALOGUE. THE TEMPLE PC1SP CO-, Mfm.f Heather A 16th St*., Chicago, THIS IS OUR FIFTY-FIRST YEAR.

UNTIL YOU INVESTIGATE -
"THE MASTER WORKMAN,**

a two-cylinder gasoline engine superior to

tionary or traction. Mention t

WANTED— Trade. Will trade land for a Dredge or Drag
Boat Ditcher. Address Lock Box 619, Garner, Iowa.

FOREST RESERVE "SCRIP" is the safest and quickest
means for obtaining immediate title to government land.
Write for special prices for certain localities.

HUGO SEABERG, RATON, N. M.

Jeffrey Specialties

INCLUDE MACHINERY
ESPECIALLY DESIGNED

For

IRRIGATING
PURPOSES

CATALOGUES
FREE

A BOX TYPE

or

WATER
ELEVATOR

is among the line, also
Dredging Ladders,
Buckets ot varied
capacities and a large
assortment of Chains.

ELEVATING, CONVEYING,

POWER TRANSMITTING MACHINERY
THE JEFFREY MFG. COMPANY

COLUMBUS, OHIO. V. S. A.

Two Dollar* will secure for you one year's subscription to
THE IRRIGATION AQE and a finely bound volume of the Primer
of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid in a few months,
when volume Is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be
finely Illustrated and will contain about 300 pages. Send post
office or express money order for $2.00 and secure copy of first
edition.

Maginnis Flume Mfg. Co.,

...Manufacturers of...

MAGINNIS

PATENT

FLUME,

SHEEP TROUGHS AND CATTLE TANKS

The Maginnis flume has taken the place of wooden
flumes in nearly every ditch in our home county. One
advantage of the galvanized iron flume is that all the
water goes over the flume, which is not possible where
wooden flumes are used. Very little timber is required
— just two slight stringers of sufficient strength to carry
the weight of the water. Being made in semi-circular
form, no holes to break; galvanized, thereby preventing
rust. No rivets to aolder over, no solder, just a plain
splice joint. Strengthened by ribs every thirty inches, it
is guaranteed not to leak or buckle. Can be moved in
sections of thirty inches, without interfering with the
rest of the flume. Special flumes made to order.

Write for prices, etc., to the

Maginnis Flvime Mfg. Co.,
Kimba.ll. Neb.

Mentioning THH IRRIGATION AGE.

To Owners of Gasoline Engines
Automobiles, Launches, Etc.

The Auto-Sparker

does away entirely with all starting
and running batteries, their annoy-
ance and expense. No belt — no
switch — no batteries. Can be at-
tached to any engine now using
batteries. Fully guaranteed ; write
for descriptive catalog.

MOTSINGER DEVICE MFG. CO.
Main Street IN.Pendleton, lod.

Wrought iron

LIGHT WEIGHT PIPE

A chance to save 5O% on purchases

We are offering for quick acceptance, 1,000,000 feet of good lap welded,
Wrought Iron Pipe, sizes from 2 to 6 inch. It is in excellent condition
— having new threads and new couplings, and is in long lengths.

inch, per foot, 13c. 4 inch, per foot, 17c

THE IRRIGATION AGE

One year, $1.00

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION

300 pages, $1.00

At this price, WE PAY FREIGHT IN CARLOAD LOTS to all points,

where freight rate does not exceed the rate to Pacific coast terminals.

We can also furnish this pipe with flanges instead of screwed ends.

Our Special Booklet No. 4?y quotes low prices on

BOILERS ENGINES PUMPS HOISTING APPARATUS

WIRE ROPE INCANDESCENT LAMPS ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

HARDWARE PLUMBING MATERIAL MILL SUPPLIES, ETC.

Write Us Today

CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO.

West 35th and Iron Streets, Chicago

THE IREIGATION AGE.

347

Bright Ideas In Borne Building

8 to 16 photo-engravings of attractive, practical, well-
designed homes with full descriptions and floor plan
arrangements in each issue of Building News. Designs
edited by leading architects in the Middle West and
South. One year, 81.00; 6 months, 50c; 3 months on trial,
25c. Sample copies free. Address

Speed Publishing Company, Publishers,

euansvillc, Indiana.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 mi 1 1

COMBINATION

YELLOWSTONE PARK
and CALIFORNIA TRIP

The Very Low rates in effect via the

NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY

To the MINING CONGRESS at Portland. Ore., Aug. 22-
27, '04; the KNIGHTS TEMPLARS, at San Francisco,
Sept. 5-9, '04; the GRAND LODGE of ODD FELLOWS at
San Francisco, Sept. 19-25. '04, afford a rare opportun-
ity for making a combination trip to

YELLOWSTONE PARK
and CALIFORNIA

The Round Trip rate — one fare or lower — added
to $49.5O the cost of the Park tour makes this the
lowest priced trip imaginable and through the finest
i scenery of the northwest, and if the "North Coast Limit-
ed" is used, on the Crack train of the Northwest.

For futher details apply to

-D. P. A.

Or to A. M. CLELAND, General Passenger Agent,
St. Paul, Minn.

II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II Mil Illllllll

Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Illllll

Before You Buy a Ranch •

! ! Send for a free sample copy of Ranch and
Range, a 32-page illustrated monthly descriptive
I i of the Resources, Industries and Opportunities of the
• ' Great West. Address

RANCH AND RANGE,

413-14 Quincy Block, DENVER, COLO.
I Illllllllllllll I I II II I II II Illlllll III

'By two or three wltneMH shall a matter be established'

FIVE

POINTS

OF EXCELLENCE.

Leaving the center of the city from which you
start; reaching the center of the city of your
destination, over smooth and level tracks; giving
rest and comfort; riding beside running waters
most of the way; through the centers of popu-
lation to the gateways of commerce; when you
travel by the

NEW YORK CENTRAL LINES.

A copy ol the Illustrated Catalogue of the "Four-Track
Series" will be sent free upon receipt of a two-cent stamp by
George H. Daniels, General Passenger Agent, Grand Central
Station, New York.

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

Valley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

for

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for TILE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

.- 1 1 1< i

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner,

Central Station, Park Row, Room 506
CHICAGO. ILL.

When writing to Advertisers, please mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.
IO«0«OCO«0«C)«0€0«0«0«0«0«0«O»0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0€0«0«0€0«0«0«0«0«0«0»

348

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

MYERS

< >
« >

••

"Without an Equal on the Globe"

Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head

No. 359. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, 7^ and

10-inch stroke. Price 875 00

No. 365. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 and

20-inch stroke. Price 150 00

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt
powers, in harmony with present requirements.

Five. Stvca imj One Half.
tea T(a inch Strok*.

Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps

Five Inch Brass Lined
Cylinder.

BACK GEARED
SIX TO ONE.

Double Acting. Capacity, Two Thou-
sand Gallons Per Hour.

:t:

t

I

• '•

No. 362. Bulldozer Pump, 3-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5, 7 !4 and 10-inch stroke. .-.

Price 875 00 f

y

No. 351. Bulldozer Pump, 4-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5, 7^ and 10-inch stroke. A

Price 120 00 *

9

No. 353. Bulldozer Pump, 5-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5-inch stroke. Price 75 00

No. 363. Bulldozer Pump, 6-inch Brass Lined
• \\r n f i- Cylinder, 12, 16 and 20-inch stroke.

Artesian Well Cylinder price 250 <o

FULL INFORMATION IN REGARD TO OUR. VARIED LINE ON APPLICATION.

F.E MYERS

ASHLAND,
OHIO, U. S. A.

PROPRIETORS OF

ASHLAND RUHR AND HAY TOOL WORKS

>+++«+«*+*4*+«*fr«««++****4**«*$*«4««+««+4+t+44««44«4*««*0«+«**44**«*^

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

349

Built Right

Run Right

Unsurpassed for Tile, Hollow Ware. Brick «xnd all
Classes of Cle.y products. Write for Particulars
on this or other Cla.yworkirvS Machinery 9999

The Improved Centennial Auger Machine

Bucyrus, OKio
U. S. A.

The American Clay-Working
Machinery Company

350

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Farming in Colorado, Utah
and New Mexico*

The farmer who contemplates changing his location
should look well into the subject of irrigation. Before
making a trip of investigation there is no better way to
secure advance information than by writing to those
most interested in the settlement of unoccupied lands.
Several publications, giving valuable information in
regard to the agricultural, horticultural and live stock
interests of this great western section, have been pre-
pared by the Denver & Rio Grande System, which
should be in the hands of all who desire to become
acquainted with' the merits of the various localities.

Write S. K. HOOPER, G. P. & T. A.

DENVER, COLORADO.

C*O«O«C*C»O«C»0«C *C«0«0*0«0«0«0«0«0»0

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and
Illustrated Pamphlets.

H. C. TOWNSEND,

General Passenger and Ticket Agent,
ST. LOUIS.

The Great East and West Line Try 110 ,N
Across the Entire States of I tAAO AND

NO TROUBLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Through Tourist and Standard Sleepers between Chicago and California

without change. Close connection at El Paso.
New Dining Cars (meals a la carte) bet-ween Texas and St. Louis.

Write for new book on Texas. FREE.
E. P. TURNER, General Passenger Acen', Dall»s, Texas

COLORADO

MIDLAND

RY.

OBSERVATION
CARS on day-
light trains

Run Dally Between
DENVER, SALT LAKE CITY and OQDEN

Panoramic Views, Descriptive
Pamphlets, etc., sent free upon
application to :: :: :: ::

C. H . Speers, Qen'l Pass . Aft. , Denver, Colo.

THE IHEIQATION AGE'.

351

Money Made

by the

Dairy Maid

Dairy products are a most
profitable source of revenue for
the progressive farmer.

Much ready money is received
from the sale of milk, cream and
butter; also from chickens, ducks,
turkeys and eggs. No country in the world is so suitable
for these products as California and the

Santa Fe Southwest

where there are mild winters, budding springtimes, pleasant sum-
mers and glorious autumns.

Write us and we will send you some
profusely illustrated literature about this
great country. Will also quote lowest
rates to where you are going.

1 1

1 1

Send me booklet) about dairying In Santa

Fe Southwest, and quote lowest

Homeseekers' rates

W. J. BLACK
Gen. Pass. Aft.. A. T. fc- S. F. Ry.

Chicago

It has been discovered that the

PLAT VAl iY

traversed by the

UNION PACIFIC

Possesses immense wealth in alfalfa— greater than all th«

grasses and clovers combined. As a source of revenue

alfalfa exceeds all other products. Its growth is

simply enormous. Three, and sometimes four

cuttings are made a year.

EVERY FARMER CAN RAISE ALFALFA

And if he raises that, he can also raise cattle,
sheep, horses and hogs.

Illustrated publication "Alfalfa on Union Pacific
free on application.

INQUIRE OF ANY
UNION PACIFIC AGENT

orolE. L. LOMAX, G. P. & 1". A
OMAHA, NEB.

352 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

To the
Pacific Coast

For Free Books and Folders kindly Fill Out This Coupon and mail to-day to

F. A. MILLER, C. P. A., The Railway Exchange, CHICAGO.

Name , :

Street Address,

City -State-
Probable Destination

Every day, September 15 to October 15,
from Chicago. Via the California Express
and Omaha; The Pioneer Limited through
St. Paul and Minneapolis; or The South-
west Limited and Kansas City if you select
the

CHICAGO. MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL

RAILWAY

Only $33.00, Chicago to San Francisco,
Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Portland,
Tacoma, Seattle and many other Pacific
Coast points. Only $30.50, Chicago to
Spokane; $30.00, Chicago to Helena and
Butte, Ogden and Salt Lake City.

Steam Shovels, all sizes, Traction Shovels, Ballast Unloaders, Dredges and

Ditching Machin=
ery. For drainage
and irrigation ditch-
es we have both dry
land and floating
dredges. We build
them to suit the re-
quirements of your
work. We manu-
facture our own
boilers, chains, and
steel and gray iron
castings. Write us
fully as to your
needs. We can sup-
ply them.

The Marion Steam Shovel Co.

No. 649 West Center Street, MARION, OHIO.
F. H. HOPKINS & CO., GEO. W. BARNHART, Western Manager,

MONTREAL, P. Q. No. 4 SUTTER ST., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

OWN : A : FARM!

Thousands of Acres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance, are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE. STOCK-RAISING AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address

CHICAGO AND

J. F. CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISSIONER, C. &. N.W. Ry

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III.

NORTH-
WESTERN RY.

ASK FOR TICKETS VIA

THE NORTH-WESTERN LINE

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES

212 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE STREETS.
OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUGH,

Third Vice-President.

W. A. GARDNER,

General Manager.

W. B. KNISKERN,

*> Pass. Traffic Manager.

STAR" WIND MILLS

Irrigating
Plant

Designed particularly for the
service of supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

"

"

Hoosier

and

'Fast Mail'

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of Iron
Pumps designed for
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
erated by hand
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

Star"

Irrigating

Mill

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

'HOOSIER'

Tubular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

Any Capacity ... A \^^L JZ^t- >lr%^ $5^ %. . . Any Pvirpose

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Steel Towers

Either 3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS OF GOODS

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog
and Circulars. Mention this Paper.

Flint <& Walling Mfg. Co.

530 Oa.k Street, Kervdadlville. Ind.

VOL. XIX. No. 12.

IGATIONAGE

PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION

^ DRAINAGE

THE

' IRRIGATION AGE^

ESTABLISHED 1885

WITH WHICH IS MERSED

, THE DRAINME JOURNAL,

OCTOBER,
1904.

SPECIAL
FEATUKL

THEB.H.ANDERSON
.PUBLISHING CO,

Publishers.
112 DEARBORN ST.,
CHICAGO.

An Immediate

Retain Good Men In 4. ifice

Preparing Land for ,a.tion

Irriga.tion Arovind El Paso

The Primer of Irrigation

Some Advantages of Artesian
Well I-*-iga.tion

Morris Ma-
chine Works

BALDWINSVILLE.N.Y.

Centrifugal Pumping Machinery,
designed for any irrigating prop-
ositiDn. Send details or specifica-
tions of what is wanted and we
will* recommend a pumping outfit
to supply the need.

New York office,
39-41 Cortlandt Street

Houston office,

208 Main Street. Texas

Henion & Hubbell, Agents.

61 N. Jefferson Street, Chicago. 111.

Harron, Rickard & McCone,

Agents, 21 Fremont btreet,

San Francisco, CaT.

1 SALT LAKE CITY

.*..*. A A

»y

ft

||

OFFERS

t?

tt
II

if
tt

yy
ft

*•?. MJML* M. 1 J-^AX X-TJ. A V-TJLV A V/ 1 ^ 1 A 1 J_^ vJ ||

fy ff

V*I* ******

BETTER OPPORTUNITIES «

"• FOR INVESTMENT IN REAL

Salt Lake Real Estate Assn.

Bvireau of Information

15 WEST SECOND SOUTH ST.

II SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH

The Center of ev Mining Region that
produces $100.000,000 yeaLrly ^ ^

ESTATE THAN ANY OTHER

CITY IN THE UNITED STATES.

IF YOU ARE LOOKING FOR A ||

CHANCE TO MAKE MONEY, ||

WRITE TO THE ,* ,* ^ & II

II
ii

a

1 Proofs Will Be Furnished

KK^^X^X^X^J^^^

~X~H^

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

353

r

STANDARD FOR SIXTY-FIVE YEARS

MADE BY DEERE & CO., MOLINE, ILL.

V=
MI

•i i ui 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 in i n iiiuni 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 M iiiiii

SAMSON TURBINE

By using a Turbine Water Wheel to drive your PUMP which
is to supply the water for your irrigation ditches, you have the most
Economical installation possible. The SAMSON is especially
desirable for use under such conditions.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. ! ;

Write Department K . 2 for Catalog.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

The marked superiority of the "OTTO" Gas and Gaso-
line Engines in ease of starting and smoothness of run-
ning is readily apparent when compared, side by side,
with the cheaper kind. While "comparisons are odious,"
they are sometimes helpful in arriving at the truth. See
our exhibit at the World's Fair, Block No. 41, Machinery
Hall, and draw your own conclusions.

CHICAGO

THE OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

OMAHA

Renew your subscription of the IRRIGATION AGB for 1904
Send us in Post Office or Express money order for $1.00

354

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

;O<XOOOOCXXXX3OCOOOC^^

DEMPSTER VERTICAL
GASOLINE ENGINE

FOR PUMPING OR DRIVING MACHINERY

TWO HORSE POWER
TWO CYCLE TYPE

Ready For Business Any Time

NO EXPENSE WHEN NOT WORKING

MODERATE IN PRICE
EASILY MANAGED

Especially Adapted for Irrigating

WE ALSO MAKE

Wind Mills, Pumps, Tanks, Grain Drills, Culti-
vators, Farm and Ranch Water Supplies. :: ::

Sfe

SIOUX FALLS, S. D

OMAHA. NEB.

WE MAKE GASOLINE ENGINES 2 TO 30 HOR.SE POWER

DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO.

Beatrice, Nebraska

KANSAS CITY. MO

OOCQOOOOCOOOOOCXXXQO^^

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

355

for Brick, Tile and Sewer
Pipe Manufacturers

SEWER PIPE BARROW

TILE TRUCK HEAVY FURNACE FRONT

These Trucks and Barrows are made of first-class material, and the workmanship is the
best., Special trucks and barrows to suit customers, made to order. Prices quoted on
receipt of specifications.

BAND TIGHTENERS AND DOOR CONNECTORS

CLASS B CLASS C

TUPPER STYLE GRATE

Sections 6 inches wide.

36, 42, and 48 inches long

STRAIGHT GRATES

Any length. Sections 3 inches to 3j£ inches wide. Weight average about 1 pound
per inch in length.

CAST IRON KILN COVERS

VENTILATORS

We also make Kiln Bands complete with sections cut to length and rivet holes punched. Rivets fur-
nished and tighteners riveted on to end sections. Prices quoted for anything in this line upon application.

Address

The Arnold -Creager Co*

NEW LONDON. OHIO

or Cor. 6th and Vine Sts., Cincinnati, OKio

356

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

Stover Mfg. Co.

The Samson. I

The Windmill That Makes
Irrigation Possible Anywhere

"Blow high or blow low," The Samson is always ready. Made
of galvanized steel throughout, it is strong and durable. The
wings are so shaped and so set on the arms that they utilize more
of the force of the winds lhan any other mill made.

THE SAMSON

is a double-geared mil! and the strain is between the gear wheels and the lift is inline with the
center of the power exerted. The strain is evenly divided among four bearings initead of one, as
in single-geared milli. I his arrangement saves wear, side draft and the twisting strJin that comes
with the use of single gearing. The double gear insures steadiness in operating and prevents the
wobbling that shakes and weakens the tower.

The Samson is the latest and most perfect production of the largest windmill factory on earth
and ts the result ot experiments without number and the experience of many years spent in
building windmills.

The Samson is self-oiling, the extra large oil-cups needing to be filled only at long intervals.
It is strong enough to stand up and wort in the highest wind, and is so carefully made that it
catches and utilizes a very light breeze. For irrigation purposes, no windmill ever made will do
the same work that the Samson will, it lifts water from ihe deepest wells with perfect ease, ud
will pump more hours in a year than any other windmill ever made.

We have not space here to tell all about this mill. We publish the best and finest booklet ever
sent out from any windmill factory and will be glad to serd it to you on request. It describes
every piece and illustrates the minutest details. All this is told in an interesting manner and
when you have read the booklet, you will know all there is to know about the Samson. It is not
necessary to cover up or gloss over any point. We are proud of it to the smallest bull for in every
detail it stands for windmill perfection. Send for this booklet to-day.

617 River Street.

FRlEEPORT. ILL.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XIX

CHICAGO, OCTOBER, 1904.

NO. 12

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged

MODERN IRRIGATION
THK IRRIGATION ERA
ARID AMERICA

THK DRAINAGE JOURNAL

M 1 D-WEST

THK FARM HERALD

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.,

PUBLISHERS,
112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Entered at the Po<tnfficf at Chicago. Ill . a* Second C ass Matter.

D. H. ANDERSON ) Edj
W. J. ANDERSON J C£

Western Office: Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver, Colo.
GEO. W. WAGNEK, Mgr. M. L . JACKSON, Editor, Western Dept.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE.

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid,

To Canada and Mexico, . .

All Other Foreign Countries, . . .

11.00

, 1.00

1.50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks.
Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or New York
draft.

A monthly illustrated magazine recoBnized throughout the world as
the exponent ot Irrigation and its kindred industries. It is the pioneer
journal of its kind in the world, and has no rival in half a continent. It
advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

Interesting to Advertisers.

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the
only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance
circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo-
rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has
readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is (9 years
old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

EDITORIAL

AN I IMMEDIATE NECESSITY

A general demand will be made soon by leading citi-
zens throughout the west, asking for the appointment
of a commission to supervise the expenditure of the
large fund accumulating under The Reclamation Act.
Judging from the reports which reach us of lavish
expenditure, a commission is an immediate necessity.

Irrigation Too many farmers in the East and Mid-
Pays die West look upon irrigation as a sub-
Everywhere, ject that is far removed from themselves.
They recognize that the principle of irri-
gation is right, but believe that it is only to be applied
in the a: id regions of the far West. This is a com-
mon mfitako and one that is costing old established
farmers a great deal of money.

Irrigation pays everywhere. No other principle
is so applicable or so important where a land owner is
trying to diversify his products. The greater the
diversification the greater the need of irrigation. If
the watering of the soil by artificial means pays where
a single crop is raised, it pays four times over where
various crops are raised, for some farm products and
some fields require much more water than others, and
it is only by practical irrigation that the tiller of the

soil is able to regulate the supply of moisture and give
to each article or each field what is required.

The old farms of the East and Middle West can be
made to produce amazing results by irrigation. An-
other fa-ct is that the long established farmer is usually
able to pay for needed improvements. Farmers in the
older sections of the country must get over the idea that
this great scientific principle is entirely for people
elsewhere. It is for the farms of Illinois, Indiana,
Wisconsin, and ev.cn for those of New England and the
old South.

Retain
Good Men
In Office.

The death of Senator Hoar, of Massachu-
setts, brings to mind a point in which
the East sets a wholesome example to the
West. The old Bay State has usually
honored herself in honoring her most dis-
tinguished sons. She seemed to take pride in Senator
Hoar's conspicuous ability and exalted character and
overlooked the fact that he was frequently at variance
with the Republican administration. The venerable
statesman was seldom in accord with the so-called party
leaders, but this did hot weaken him with his constitu-
ents. He was useful to Massachusetts and reflected
credit on the people who retained him in the public
service during the best years of his life. He was in
office upward of fifty years.

Examples of this kind are numerous in the East.
Occasionally an unworthy man is retained in office, but
this docs not disprove the fact that the East is more

358

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

keenly awake than the West to the importance of re-
taining good men in office. The lesson is more particu-
larly for the new States, some of which have at times
lost prestige and influence at Washington by retiring
men of high character from Congress.

It is the new and undeveloped section of the coun-
try that has special need of trained and influential
men at Washington. The new member, as a rule, ac-
complishes much less for his State than the old one.
Government officials will do more for a state which
keeps its good men at the front than for one which
makes frequent changes at the dictates of bosses and
rings.

A Land One of the newest sections of the north-
Of ern frontier is being opened to settle-

Opportuntty. ment largely through the influence of
Chicago men and Chicago railways.
This is a large belt of land lying south of the Northern
Pacific line and west of the Missouri River in North
Dakota. In fact it extends from the river west to the
Missouri line and beyond. Much of the territory
known as the bad lands is embraced. It is a region
adapted to general farming, but particulary live stock
raising. President Roosevelt and the Marquis de
Mores had their ranches on the Little Missouri River,
in the locality under consideration, twenty years ago.
Along the streams the country is fertile and the graz-
ing excellent, but on the uplands there is always more
or less danger of drought. With irrigation the entire
region, which is larger than some of the European
kingdoms, could be made highly prosperous. It is
already a picturesque and healthful place. The career
of Roosevelt and De Mores cast a romantic glamor
over that locality which clings to it to this day.

Just before their advent in the northwest that re-
gion was made famous by Gen. Ouster's last campaign
and the massacre of his command. Ouster's tragic
death occurred on the Little Big Horn River. The
Black Hills are to the southeast and the Yellowstone
Nathional park to the west. The Northern Pacific
railway strikes the Yellowstone River at Glendive, Mont.
The town of Medora, which the Marquis de Mores
named in honor of his young wife, a New York belle,
is situated in North Dakota just across the line from
Glendive. Miles City is the first prominent station
west of Glendive.

There has been much talk about the opening of
of the two Indian reservations in that section of coun-
try during the past few months, and it is worthy of note
that the unoccupied lands between the Missouri River
and the head waters of the Yellowstone are ten times
more extensive than these reservations and equally
attractive and valuable in every way. Several railway
lines are needed to bring the locality to its best.

East of the Missouri the country is well supplied
with railroads, but to the west there is urgent need

of north and south lines to intersect the Northern
Pacific and the Great Northern. A much more rapid
settlement of the territory would take place were there
ample shipping facilities. Several of the big companies
appear to be getting ready to meet this want and a good
many Chicago capitalists have interests there.

One of the great advantages is the abundance of
coal. Settlers are perfectly independent on the fuel
question. The entire west Missouri country in North
Dakota is underlaid with a good quality of lignite.
Farmers as a general thing find what they require on
their own homesteads and it is often the case that they
are able to market enough of the product in the towns
to pay for their general household supplies. In this
respect they are better off than most of the inhabitants
east of the Missouri River, where the population is be-
coming quite dense. Where people have capital enough
to mine coal extensively it is a profitable business. This
kind of enterprise will develop as new railroads are
constructed.

The fuel question being settled, the inhabitants
are in duty bound to take up the subject of irrigation.
Mixed farming reaches its highest state of prosperity
in the Dakotas when there is an abundance of water,
and on the new frontier this will have to be attained
by artificial means. By clubbing together, the settlers
in any locality can irrigate their land with artesian
wells. The laws are liberal and considerable aid is
given where citizens are disposed to co-operate with
tlie state..

While North Dakota leads the world for the ex-
cellence of its wheat, it is also unsurpassed for raising
live stock. The State has superior educational facilities
and is occupied by a progressive class of people. In-
vestors in land in that State have made a great deal
of money during the past two years. This is particu-
larly true of the James River Valley and the Missouri
Valley, where land is cheap.

Not only are deeded farms cheap there, but Gov-
ernment land may still be obtained under the homestead
and pre-emption laws. -

WALTER S. CHURCH, C. E.

Distinguished Member of Civil Engineering Profession Passed
Away.

Walter Stewart Church, the well known civil and
mining engineer, died at the home of his brother, John
B. Church, 844 South Main street, Geneva, N. Y.,
August 30th.

" The direct ancestors of Mr. Church embraces some
of the most distinguished names in the history of the
country, such as Gen. Philip Schuyler, Jonathan Trum-
bull, the Van Renselaers, Van Cortlandts and Liv-
ingstons.

He was born in Angelica, Alleghany County,
N. Y., August 29, 1832. He was educator! at General
Russells and Hopkins Grammar School, New Haven,

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

359

and entered Yale College in the class of '54. His health
failing, he left college during the freshman year to
travel in Europe with his grandfather, Prof. Silliman
Sen. Upon returning home he entered Dartmouth
College, graduating with the class of '56.

Choosing engineering as his profession, he began
work on railroad surveys in Illinois under Major Sidell
and later was with Gen. George Green on the hydro-
graphic surveys of the Croton watershed and in laying
water mains in New York City. In 1861 he was ap-
pointed by the Peruvian Government engineer of state,
with headquarters at Lima, Peru, and for upward of
four years was engaged in making surveys for water
works, harbors and railroads, making the first map of the
old Inca capital of Cuzco, including the famous fortress
of Sacshuman, whose fall completed Pizarro's conquest
of Peru. Returning to the States in 1866, he had
charge of the gold mines in Eldorado County, Cali-
fornia, and projected and surveyed the water works for
the University of California. In 1873 he joined his
brother, John Church, manager of Alliance Coal Min-
ing Company, at Pottsville, Pa., acting as mining engi-
neer for that company for ten years, retiring from the
mines to take charge of the record department of the
new Croton aqueduct commission, of which his brother,
Col. Benjamin S. Church, was the chief engineer. Since
the completion of the new aqueduct he had been em-
ployed chiefly in making reports on gold and silver
mines in the West, and lately, until disabled by illness,
with the United States engineers on the improvement
of the navigation of the Hudson River.

He was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati,
of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and the
Engineers' Club of Philadelphia. Mr. Church was a
man of exceptionally attractive personality. A gentle-
man of the old school, unswerving in his integrity and
ever ready to lend a helping hand or do an act of kind-
ness. He was unmarried. He is survived by one
brother, John B. Church, and one sister, Mrs. Coffin, of
Boston.

The North Dakota Republican State convention
paid its respects to the action taken by the Democratic
convention at St. Louis in the following resolution :

"We commend the Democracy for its generous ex-
pressions of approval of the patriotic work of Lincoln,
Grant, McKinley and other great Republican leaders
who are dead, but we seriously object to the policy in-
augurated at St. Louis whereby the Democratic na-
tional convention sought to deprive the administration
of Pesident Roosevelt of any credit for its work in the
passage of the Hansbrough irrigation law. This legis-
lation was enacted in 1892, under a Republican Presi-
dent and by a Republican Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives, the bill having been drawn, introduced and
managed by Mr. Hansbrough in the Senate, and when
it reached the House of Representatives Mr. Mondell
(Rep.), of Wyoming, took charge of it and secured its
passage by that body. It was then signed by President
Roosevelt and became a law.

"There is no statute law applicable to such a;
theft as was perpetrated by the Democracy at St. Louis,
but the moral obligation to protect the Republican na-
tional administration from the political cracksmen
rests upon every Republican in the land and particu-
larly upon this convention."

THE DEFECTS IN OUR CANALS.

The purpose of a canal is to convey water from one
place to another, but if one-third seeps through the
bottom and sides along the route the usefulness of such
a canal may be called in question. It is not enough
that we merely provide a channel, but we should also
ascertain if it will hold water. If not, the proper time
to remedy so serious a defect is when the canal is being
built. It costs but a trifle more to excavate the bed a
few inches below grade and fill the space thus made
with good puddle. If this were done at the worst places
along the route the value of the water thus saved in
one season would frequently pay for the extra cost
involved. Here in the Rocky Mountain States water is
usually abundant, especially in seasons like the present.
Instead of using impervious channels, such as lined
canals and closed pipes, water is conveyed in open
ditches over porous formations of loose earth and gravel.

Flooding is usually practiced, not because it is
the most economic of water, but because it is the cheap-
est. In view of the fact that large volumes of water
are daily diverted and applied to dry soil during the
summer season in such manner as to admit of a large
percentage of waste, it is not surprising that this waste
or seepage water becomes an important factor in the
irrigation of a district. Whenever water is conveyed in
channels excavated in ordinary soils and subsoils, a
large percentage of the flow is absorbed by the porous
materials forming the bottom and sides of the channel.
In the past writers on irrigation have frequently at-
tributed this loss to both evaporation and seepage.

This may account for the false impression that
prevails among irrigators as to the real cause of the
loss. Many claim that it is chiefly due to excessive
evaporation. One man whom we know, after thirteen
years of continuous service in operating a canal has
reached the conclusion that the loss in conveyance,
which forms about one-third of the total flow, is due
almost wholly to evaporation. As a- matter of fact, the
loss due to evaporation is so small when compared
with that from seepage as to be scarcely worth men-
tioning. On this particular canal the quantity of
water evaporated during a hot day in midsummer is
equivalent to the continuous flow of one cubic foot a
second for the same period, while the quantity lost by
seepage amounts to seventy-five cubic feet a second.
In other words, the loss due to seepage is seventy-five
times greater than that due to evaporation.

It is true that a large part of the water used in
irrigating is evaporated, but this takes place after the
water has been spread out on the fields and not to any
great extent while confined in the canal. This fact
should be clearly understood by irrigators or otherwise
the defects in existing canals will not soon be remedied.
So long as the owners believe that the loss of water
is principally due to evaporation, over which they have
practically no control, they will be content to let things
alone. Whereas, if the truth is made clear that evap-
oration from the surface of canals is insignificant and
that from fifty to a hundred times more water escapes
through the lining of the bottom and sides, they will
realize this great loss may be in a measure prevented and
the stream which now waters only seventy-five acres
may, if conveyed in a more impervious channel, supply
water for 100 acres. — Denver Field and Farm.

360

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

PREPARING LAND FOR IRRIGATION
METHODS OF APPLYING WATER.

AND

From Bulletin 145, Courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture.

INTRODUCTION.

The diversity in irrigation methods in use on
western farms is largely due to the early training and
environment of the irrigators themselves. Among
the 120,000 irrigators of Western America are to be
found nearly all classes and nationalities. Each settler

public lands and irrigate only sufficient native meadow
and alfalfa to supply the needs of their stock in mid-
winter. With this class irrigation is a side issue and
seldom receives the attention which it deserves.

Others again have another excuse for their poor
methods. They are tenants and wish to obtain the
greatest immediate returns for the least possible ex-
pense. At the other extreme one finds the so-called
''a-griculturisjt," who makes his money selling merchan-
dise in the city and spends it on his farm in the coun-
try. This class is content with small returns for large
outlays; for to such people farming is a pastime.

TdPERING LEVER

I^STflPLE Of STRflp

A'-e'PLATES
IROK 1^__ SPLIT PIN

Rectangular leveler.

from another State or from a foreign country intro-
duces on his farm some custom or practice common to
his old environment. This is particularly noticeable
in the conservative Chinese, who irrigate the truck
gardens near towns and cities in Chinese fashion. The
same is true of the Italians, Spaniards and Mexicans,
who imitate for a time at least the ways of their fore-
fathers. It also applies, but to a less degree, to those
who come from humid States. The farmer who lives
until maturity in the Mississippi Valley and then
moves west onto an irrigated farm does not as a gen-
eral thing adopt new ways of farming until crop fail-

The size of the farm has also much to do with
the manner of irrigating it. On large farms it has
been difficult of late years to hire the help needed
during the busy season. In consequence, owners have
been forced to expend more labor and money in pre-
paring the surface for more rapid and easy irrigation.
On the other hand, the farmer who cultivates a small
tract with the assistance of his boys can obtain better
crops at less cost for implements, machinery, and ma-
terials by going without the latest improvement? and
having all labor performed by the members of the
family.

I j,$ STRAPS

Modified buck scraper (planer).

ures compel him to do so. Even then the old ways
of doing things are mixed with the new.

Then, apart from the influence which early train-
ing may exert, there is always present the vital ques-
tion of money. Many new settlers hare not the means
to prepare their fields for easy and efficient irrigation.
They are compelled to resort to crude methods, which
rob them of a part of their possible profits.

The large stockmen pasture cattle and sheep on

Another cause of diversity is the character of
the water supply for the farm. The way a field is
watered frequently depends on the manner in which
water is delivered. One man may receive a small flow
continuously for months, another may receive a large
volume for a short time, and a third may be depend-
ent on a mountain creek which may harve a flood in
May and be dry in July. It-will be readily seen that
all irrigation works pertaining to the farm should be

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

361

planned to suit . the source from which water is ob-
tained and the regulations governing its delivery.

Climate has a still greater influence. It is the
cloudless sky, the high summer temperature, the ex-
cessive evaporation, and the lack of rainfall that com-
pel Western farmers to irrigate. It is none the less true
that the elements which go to make up the general
term "climate" differ in every locality. Over the vast
area of 1,433,830 square miles which lie west of the
one hundredth meridian there is the widest diversity.
No two States or river basins have the same climate.
On the border land between. the wet and dry regions
irrigation is not an absolute necessity. It is- resorted
to only in years of scanty rainfall. At the other ex-
treme is the irrigated section of southern California,
where irrigation not only is a necessity, but must be
practiced the greater part of the year. The average
annual rainfall at San Diego, Cal., for example, for
the past -fifty-two years has been only 9.43 inches.
What is true of rainfall applies with equal force to

A good example of steep grades may be seen in
going from Sacramento, Cal., to Eeno, Nev. The or-
chards on the western slope of the Sierras seem to be
on edge. Here, as elsewhere throughout the West,
costly trials and patient effort have finally overcome
the difficulty, and these orchards are now irrigated with
much the same ease as orchards on gentle slopes.

And, finally, the variety of crops raised is a cause
of differences in irrigation methods. There is a won-
derful diversity in the cultivated plants of the irrigated
farm, from the native blue joint of the North to the
date palm of the South, and from the corn fields of
the East to the citrus groves of the West. For each of
these scores of plants some particular kind of soil, cli-
mate, and locality will suit best. There is also for
each the proper time to sow and to reap, to cultivate
and to irrigate.

"Everything grows in California," said a Francis-
can monk of Santa Barbara last April. This growth,
however, is seldom due to natural conditions. The

Sau-cbrush Plain, Yakiniu Valley, Washington.

evaporation, and temperature. 1'he evaporation from
an irrigated field in Arizona in midsummer is quite
different from what it is in Wyoming.

There is a wide diversity in the soils and subsoils
of the arid region. This diversity calls for modifica-
tions in the methods employed in preparing the sur-
face and applying the water. The farmer in one lo-
cality can not use the furrow system on account of
the porous nature of the soil and subsoil. A stream
might run for days and days in a furrow and not ad-
vance beyond a sandy "sump." In other localities
nothing but furrows can be used for the reason that
the fine particles of basaltic soil bake so readily when
the surface, is flooded as to damage the crops.

The nature -of the surface, as well as the steepness
of the slope, is likewise to be considered. The hog
wallows of California are first cousins to the buffalo
wallows of Montana. In every locality, wherever found,
this unfavorable formation of alternate height and hol-
low must receive special treatment. The methods suit-
ed to an even, uniform slope do not apply to such land.

highest intelligence is required to sow the seed in the
right place and to properly care for the plant. Fre-
quently other soils and other climates produce the seeds
which are made to flourish in a western desert.

Many reasons might be given for publishing de-
scriptions of different methods of preparing land and
supplying water. It is thought advisable, for instance,
that the farmers of one arid State shall be made fa-
miliar with the practices of those of their calling in
other arid States. Again, since there are so many
different ways of performing the same task, it is con-
sidered wise to bring together in one publication such
information regarding different methods as will enable*
the reader to make an intelligent comparison. There
is also a desire to place in the hands of the new settlers
on irrigated farms some of the lessons of costly experi-
ence of the past fifty years.

In the reports given herein no effort has been made
to cover the entire arid region or to describe all of
the different methods adopted. Notwithstanding this
nccessarv limitation, the information contained in this

362

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

bulletin represents in a general way the entire West.

The most prevalent mode of preparing the surfaces
of fields, laying out and building lateral ditches, and
wetting the soil in the following-named localities have
been described :

State. Locality.

Washington Yakima Valley.

Utah Cache la Poudre Valley.

Colorado Salt Lake Basin.

Nebraska Western Nebraska.

Nevada Truckee Valley.

Kansas Western Kansas.

Montana Gallatin Valley.

i Santa Clara Valley.

California

San Joaquin Valley.
Southern California.
Imperial Valley.

Much more space has been given to California than
to any other State. The reasons for this are not far
to seek. In climate, topography and soil products it
possesses a wide range. As a result there is not only
great diversity in the kinds of crops produced, but
also in the manner of preparing the land for irrigaiion
and supplying it with moisture.

THE USE OF SCRAPERS.

Scrapers are in great favor for leveling land
throughout California. In the Imperial Valley they
are handled by Cocopah Indians, who work for $1.50 per
day and boards themselves.

The scraper most commonly used is strong, port-
able, and has a wide range of use. It loads quickly
;ind loses buf little in transportation. After the load
is dumped the team may be turned readily, and when
empty the scraper is drawn with sagging traces, it
has. however, the following disadvantages: (1) The
sudden strain on the team and the dumping bruises
the shoulders of the animals; (2) skill in handling is
necessary to rapid work and experienced help is usually
difficult to find; (3) the laborers object to the constant
lifting in loading and dumping; (4) large hummocks
are often full of limbs and roots of mesquite: mes-
quite mines, so called, will catch' on the blade of the
scraper, making it impossible to load until' the root
is removed. Leveling with the scraper is more expen-
sive than with the other implements yet to be described.
However, hummocks ten to twenty feet in diameter and

Using Hiu'k Scraper.

PREPARING LAND FOR IRRIGATION CLEARING AND LEV-
ELING LAND IN IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

The land in Imperial Valley has a uniform grade
of from two to six feet per mile, which is well adapted
to irrigation, but the removal of "mesquite mines,"
sagebrush, and greasewood on the top of hummocks
taxes the ingenuity of irrigators. Sometimes the work-
men remove the brush from the top of a hummock with
mattocks. This method is slow and expensive, and
the workman is often obliged to dig for a long time
to remove a single gnarled root. A better and cheaper
method is the use of a railroad rail to each end of
which a team is hitched. The rail should be bent to
'a V-shape, thus giving much greater power in cutting
and tearing up brush when dragged over and back.
The brittle branches are broken off below the ground,
or the shrubs are pulled up by the roots. The brush,
which is quite inflammable on account of an oil which
it contains, may be burned at once. The land is then
ready for leveling. The implements most commonly
used are the scraper, the rectangular leveler, and the
planer.

five to ten feet high can be removed in no other way.
But if such heaps of earth are numerous their removal
will not be profitable for ordinary crops. Land of
this character has been leveled with the scraper at an
average cost of $3 to $5 per acre. No attempt is made
to have the land perfectly level ; the farmers are satis-
fied with a uniform slope.

THE RECTANGULAR LEVELEIi.

Land on which the hummocks are more or less
uniform in size can be more cheaply and quickly lev-
eled by means other than the use of the scraper. An
implement in favor in Imperial Valley for the reduc-
tion of these humocks is a rectangular leveler. This
machine (Fig. 1) is large and strong enough to re-
move hummocks, shrubs, roots, and all. It is a rec-
tangular frame thirty feet long and twelve feet wide
made of four by twelve-inch timbers, preferably Ore-
gon pine. The twelve-foot timbers, six in number
and six feet apart, except No. 4, are spiked or bolted to
the thirty-foot side timbers and have iron tightening
rods beside them. Scraper No. 4 is attached to hang-
ers in such a wav as to be moved up and down by a

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

363

lever. Each crosspiece is shod on the wearing side
with plates of steel three-eighths inch by six inches;
thus each acts as a scraper. The machine weighs 1,600
to 2,000 pounds. It is drawn by sixteen horses at-
tached by chains and eveners to the ends of the side
timbers. Cross braces of two by six-inch timbers give
rigidity against strains in drawing and turning. The
leveler is shown in the upper part of Figure 1.

The machine is practically six levelers, each made
more effective by the total weight including the oper-
ators. The large chains and eveners by which the team
is attached are of no small value in preparing the way.
If the hummock is capped with brush the tops are
broken by the eveners, the stems are scattered, and
the earth is loosened. The first leveler carries before
it and gradually crushes most of the brush and re-

MODIFIED BUCK SCRAPER.

This implement is especially useful on slightly un-
even ground, small detached hummocks, or sma'll washes.
For this class of work it is preferable by far to any
other known to the writer. A similar machine has
been used in the San Joaquin Valley of California.

This leveler, called a planer (Fig. 2), is composed
of a fourteen-foot horizontal or base timber four by
twelve inches, and a back of two-inch lumber eighteen
inches high. The timbers are held together by the
extension of the steel plate with which the base is shod,
and also by one-fourth and one and one-half inch iron
straps from the top of the base to a point near the
top of the vertical piece. The base is beveled toward
the front and shod with plate steel to make it take
dirt. Each end of the base extends one foot beyond

First Irrigation by furrow on New Plymouth Colony Co's land near Payette. Idaho.

moves the top of the knoll, spreading the sand in a
fan-shape in the nearest depression. The second lev-
eler takes off more earth and carries it farther; the
third continues the process. Scraper No. 4 is con-
trolled by the lever and can be raised and lowered at
will. This is of particular advantage if the knoll has
become compact; for as much of the weight of the
machine as desired can be applied to this scraper.
The fifth and sixth levelers complete the process. The
machine has the additional weight of the driver on
the front and the lever tender on the rear. If there
is uniformity in the size and position of the knolls, and
this is where this leveler has its greatest value, the
field is worked over in long narrow lands, from one-
half a mile to a mile long and 100 or 200 yards wide.

the end of the vertical portion to which footboards
are bolted. Outside of and below the footboards are
the iron straps to which the teams are attached. On
each footboard stands a driver of four mules, and
together they govern the action of the planer. On
approaching a small mound the drivers stand on the
forward ends of the footboards, thus depressing the
blade. As the planer moves forward a layer of earth
is shaved off and gradually scattered as the weight of
the driver is shifted to the rear of the footboards.
The teams may be readily turned and the same mound
again approached. The manipulation is very simple,
easy and effective. The planer is of especial value in
conjunction with the rectangular leveler described.
(To be continued.)

364

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

F. E. & P. A. MYERS.

In this issue we are presenting the portraits of
Messrs. F. E. & P. A. Myers, of the firm of F. E.
Myers ,& Brother, Ashland, Ohio. Both of these gen-
tlemen are thoroughly well-known throughout the Unit-
ed States in the implement and accessory lines, F. E.
Myers being at the present time president of the Na-
tional Association of Implement and Vehicle Manufac-
turers. This firm has developed within the past twen-
ty-five years from one of small magnitude to one of
the leading firms in the world. This splendid devel-
opment has been due mainly to the remarkable energy

SKA HOARD AIR LIXE MAGAZINE.

One of the handsomest and possibly the mo<t costly
pieces of literature ever issued by a railroad is the spe-
cial southern edition of the Seaboard Air Line Magazine.

It is xnique in that it contains absolutely no ad-
vcrtising, is practically free from reading matter, and
embodies numerous full page and half page photo-
gravures— tlje most exquisite examples of the modern
printer's art, each one of them a gem and each worthy
of framing. Across the book-sellers' counters tin? vol-
ume would easily command fifty cents per copy and
will grace any drawing-room table. There is hardly a
man or women in the United States who would not

F. E. MYERS, Ashland, Ohio

P. A. MYERS, Ashland, Ohio

and great business foresight of F. E. Myers, the head
of the concern, who is generally recognized through-
out the country as one of the leading men in the imple-
ment field. He has been ably seconded by Mr. P. A.
Myers.

In a recent issue of an Ashland, Ohio, paper we
find an extended notice of the fourth annual picnic
given by the employes of F. E. Myers & Brother. This
picnic is an annual event and this year proved a com-
plete success, there having been nearly 3,000 in attend-
ance. It was held on Silver Lake near Ashland. The
consideration given F. E. Myers & Brother by their em-
ployes and friends is mutually complimentary, indi-
cating clearly the good fellowship that prevails, and
the proportions of their business accruing very largely
from close application and judicious advertising.

spend a fascinating hour or two in examining the beau-
tiful illustrations.

There is an entirely distinct and separate pamphlet
describing the Land of Manatee, and which is sent
out accompanying the special southern edition of the
magazine.

From the former one learns that the Land of
Manatee is the most beautiful section of the world
and but recently discovered by the Seaboard. The cli-
mate is delightful, the atmosphere salt-laden and per-
fumed by thousands of blossoming orange, lemon,
grape-fruit and guava trees, and the most beautiful
and fragrant of flowers. It is a land of ideal living,
perfect health; a land of plenty, where crime, trouble
and ill health are unknown. The entire set of booklets
can be had by application to Mr. J. W. White, general
industrial agent, Portsmouth, Va. Ten cents should
be enclosed for postage.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

3G5

NOTES ON IRRIGATION MATTERS IN AND
AROUND EL PASO.

H. SCOUGAL, C. E.

It is not our intention to write up El Paso as a
city, but to refer briefly to its surroundings and the
wonderful productiveness of the soil of the Rio Grande
Valley in its immediate vicinity. Without doubt, by
the aid of water this section, of the Eio Grande Valley
can be made the equal, if not the superior, of any
alfalfa or fruit producing locality not only of Texas,
but of the United States. At the present time in the
immediate vicinity of El Paso matters appertaining
to irrigation are in rather a revolutionary stage. This
can be attributed in part to the cutting off of the flood
waters of the Eio Grande by the irrigation in Colorado,

The Government has a number of officials em-
ployed at this moment in and around El Paso and
no doubt the district will derive some valuable in-
formation from them upon which to base the claims
of El Paso for Government aid. During the past few
seasons of scarcity of water, the residents of the val-
ley have become awakened to the fact that what should
be the annual rise of the Rio Grande can no longer be
depended upon, and headed by the authorities in charge
of the Agricultural College at Mesilla Park, windmills,
gasoline and fuel engiaes have come largely into use
owing to the fact that the underground flow, some
forty-five to sixty feet below the surface, has been
proved to be abundant, sufficient water having been
found below the surface to irrigate every acre of the
surface thai is worth tilling. A farm of ten to twenty

Harvest Scene, New Plymouth Colony Company's Land near Payette, Idaho.

which has gradually leduced the flow of this river in
its course through New Mexico and Texas to practically
"nil" except in the time of the big floods, which in
these days of climatic changes have become very un-
certain. It behooves the people of Texas, New Mexico
and Old Mexico, who are interested in irrigable lands
along the banks of the Rio Grande, to combine and
put their right shoulders forward during the coming
National Irrigation Congress and endeavor to get some
permanent assistance from the Government, and we can
not help thinking that they are entitled to substantial aid
in one form or another, either in the form of a dam
and reservoir at El Paso, or above that city and also
a grant to test the underflow for an artesian flow of
water which undoubtedly will be found not far from
El Paso at a depth of from 2,500 to 3,000 ftvi.

acres of land in the neighborhood of El Paso, when
properly, that is, scientifically, tilled . and irrigated,
has been proved to net the owner as much as an aver-
age farm of 100 or 150 acres in the northern or eastern
rain belt. Orchards, vineyards, strawberry patches and
the minor berries in many cases are netting the grow-
ers over $100 per acre. As much as $800 was taken
off an acre of strawberry ground in 1903 by Mr. J. J.
Smith, an old resident and one of the leading men of
El Paso. In short anything grows to perfection here
under irrigation and the facilities and rates for ship-
ping produce from El Paso are most favorable.

So far the pumping systems are of the most di-
mimitive type of gasoline engines and pumps, some
running smoothly and well, others giving more or
less trouble, but this latter class are few and are

366

THE 1KK1QATION AGE.

the result of mismanagement or ignorance in erection
and running. To remedy this under such fa-vorable
circumstances as exist along the banks of the Eio
Grande, we would suggest that instead of each farmer
purchasing a separate engine, let a co-operative com-
pany be formed to erect and install an electric power
plant that would do all the pumping required for
four or five miles above and below the power house,
the farmer merely having to sink his wells, attach his
pumps and touch the button when the power is re-
quired to start irrigating. All anxiety and annoy-
ance of constantly sending to town for a machinist,
gasoline and hire of an extra hand to attend an en-
gine will be avoided and it will be found that irriga-
tion will not cost one-half what it is now costing.
Say a power plant was erected at Isleta and Mesilla
Park from which all irrigation pumps within a radius
of five or six miles can be run for five or six months
in the year and if a contract were obtained to light
one or two small towns at night and supply power for
mills of one kind or another for six months of the
year when irrigation is not on, it would be found
that the cost of irrigation would be merely nominal.

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION.

COPYRIGHTED, 1903, BY D. H. ANDERSON.

CHAPTER XVIII.

(Measurement of Water.)

If we fill a gallon measure with water we know
that we have 231 cubic inches of water which weighs
eight and one-third pounds. That is the United States
standard. We also know, because it is easy to measure
it, that a cubic foot of water weighs sixty-two and one-
ha-lf pounds and measures 1,728 cubic inches, equal to
seven and one-half gallons.

When it comes to measure water for irrigation
purposes it is difficult to ascertain the exact quantity
measured, owing to arbitrary standards of what the
measure should be. Besides that, the various States
and countries are not agreed upon a universal stand-
ard of measurement, so that when one reads of fifty
inches being required to raise a crop, his measurement
may mean a much less number of inches if measured ac-
cording to some other standard. Ten thousand gallons

Road Bridge Across Main Canal— 14 miles from dam. Twin Falls Land and Water Co.'s Project, Twin Falls, Idaho.

In every way, unless an international dam be built
near El Paso, El Paso must look for its water supply,
both for irrigation and domestic purposes, to pump-
ing; and we are convinced that the plant we advocate
above, which has already proved successful in other
parts of the world, would be of all importance to
the irrigation of all localities situated under such cir-
cumstances as the farmers of the Eio Grande Valley
for sixty to seventy miles above and below El Paso.

A dispatch from Trinidad, Colo., under date of September
1st, has the following:

Maps for the construction of an immense storage reservoir
to be built about twenty miles east of this city on the Purga-
toire River were filed in the office of the county clerk today
by Charles R. Hays, of Denver. The maps have already been
filed with State Engineer Carpenter in Denver and the
project will cost $400,000.

A dam will be built at the upper end of Red Rock Canon
125 feet high and 337 feet long, and the reservoir will take
in portions of four townships. The water will be used in
irrigating a large area now arid between the dam and the
town of Las Animas.

The Irrigation Age One Yea.r and The Primer
of Irrigation, $2.00

of water by accurate measurement may be run into
a reservoir, and in twenty-four hours or less that num-
ber of gallons will be materially reduced, but the loss
can be accurately estimated, and so can the exact quan-
tity run out of it for any purpose be measured almost
to a drop. But in the case of taking water from a
running or flowing stream or ditch, various difficulties
stand in the way of accurate measurement.

In measuring water from streams, ditches and run-
ning or flowing water, generally three standards, or
"units of measure" as they are called, have been agreed
upon. They are the inch, the cubic foot per second,
and the acre-foot.

THE INCH.

The "inch" as a unit of water measurement origi-
nated with the placer miners of the West and was
adopted by irrigators when water came to be used upon
the land for the growing of crops. It is the volume of
water which will flow through an inch-square open-
ing or orifice with a certain other volume of water over
and a-bove it to* give it what is known as "pressure." Both
the opening as to size and the depth of water above it
are regulated by the laws of some of the States, and in

THE lEPiIGATION AGE.

367

many localities it is regulated by custom — that is, by
agreement. The definition given in the laws of Colo-
rado will furnish an idea of what constitutes an inch:

"Water sold by the inch shall be measured as fol-
lows, to-wit: Every inch shall be considered equal to
an ^inch-square orifice under a five-inch pressure, and
a five-inch pressure shall be from the top of the orifice
of the box put into the banks of the ditch to the sur-
face of the water."

Of course, this opening may be larger than one
inch square; for instance, six inches, or twelve inches,
but in that case the inch will become multiplied into
as many inches as there are inches in the opening. At
six inches the volume of water would be thirty-six
inches, and at twelve inches there would be delivered
144 inches of water. A simple and usual way to meas-
ure the inch and retain the pressure is to make the
opening one inch wide and any number of inches long
— a slot, so to speak ; over this slot is arranged a sliding
board that can be moved back and forth any number of
inches of actual measurement with a carpenter's rule.
By this device there will always be the required volume
of water, or pressure, above the inch orifice.

Many irrigators roughly measure the quantity of
water delivered from a ditch, or canal, by calculating
the number of square inches in a cross section of the
ditch and calling the result so many inches of water,
but this is not a safe rule to follow, for pressure and
the velocity of the stream of water are not taken into
consideration, and they make a vast difference some-
times in the quantity of water delivered. The orifice
measurement under pressure is the most accurate and
gives better satisfaction.

The inch, however, as a standard of measurement,
or unit, is of very little use except for the measure-
ment of small quantities of water. It may be adapted
to the distribution of water from small main ditches
or their laterals.

• CUBIC OR "SECOND-FOOT."

Owing to the inconveniences of the "inch" as a
unit of measurement, and the limitation on the me-
chanical device for measuring it, the cubic foot or
"second-foot" has been adopted as better adapted to
the measurement of both large and small quantities of
water; indeed, it is made the legal unit in most of the
arid States and Territories in water contracts and for
defining the amounts appropriated from streams. But
although made the unit of measurement it is used in
connection with the inch — that is, the cubic feet are
distributed to farmers ' according to the number of
inches it is supposed to contain. This is fixed by law
and the following table will show the variations in the
number of inches contained in a cubic foot:

Colorado — One cubic per second foot equals 38.4
statute inches.

Montana — One cubic per second foot equals 40
statute inches.

Idaho — One cubic per second foot equals 50 min-
er's inches.

Arizona — One cubic per second foot equals 40
miner's inches.

Nevada — One cubic per second foot equals 50
miner's inches.

Utah — One cubic per second foot equals 50 miner's
inches.

A second-foot is a cubic foot which passes a- given
point in a ditch or canal in one second of time, and to

measure the number of second feet it is only necessary
to the number of seconds of time by the cubic
feet of the stream to ascertain the iotal quantity of
water. To make this clearer, let the reader imagine
a small stream filling a square conduit or box one foot
wide and one foot deep. This gives a stream the face
or sectional area of which is one square foot. Now,
if the water runs through this conduit or box at the
speed of one foot per second of time, that will measure
exactly one cubic foot per second, or one second-foot.
If the water moves at a higher speed, as, for example
five linear feet per second, the volume will be five cubic
feet per second. If the conduit or stream is five feet
wide and twenty feet deep, the area of its face is 100
square feet, and the water flowing one foot per second
will give a volume of 100 cubic or second-feet; if it
runs two feet per second, then the volume will be 200
cubic or second-feet per second of time.

In measuring the flow of a stream it will be under-
stood from the foregoing that the width, depth and
speed or velocity are calculated. Streams, however,
are very irregular in their measurements and the veloc-
ity of the water is not fixed. For instance, the water
flows more rapidly in the center or where it is deep ;
along the shore where it is shallow the friction against
the bank and bottom retard it quite perceptibly. More-
over, the water flows more rapidly below the surface
than at the surface. In such case it is estimated that
the place of the greatest motion is about one-third of
the distance beneath the surface, this being the locality
where the water is least impeded by friction?

It is manifestly impossible for one to stand at the
delivery point of the water, watch in hand, and calcu-
late the number of second-feet that flow, hence a simple
way of measuring the whole stream is emite common.
A line, say 100 feet, is laid off along the bank and each
end of the line is marked by a stake. Then a light float
— a chip will answer the purpose — is cast into the
stream above the upper stake and the exact time it
passes is noted, and also the exact time it passes the
lower stake. If the float requires twenty seconds to
travel between the two stakes, then the velocity of the
water is assumed to be five feet per second. Other
floats are necessary, for the stream runs with unequal
velocity, but the average speed together with the aver-
age measurement is taken as the basis of a calculation
and the number of second-feet determined from that.
Thus, if the width averages twenty feet, the depth four
feet a cross section is eighty square feet. Then, if
the rate of flow is two feet per second, we have a volume
of 160 second-feet.

THE ACRE-FOOT.

The preceding water measurements are restricted
to flowing water for irrigating purposes. There are
numerous methods of measuring the volume of water
more accurately than in the case of the chip, and it may
be said that by means of submerged floats, current
meters with electrical attachments, and other con-
trivances and calculations based upon scientific princi-
ples, very little water will escape the notice of the com-
pany who has it for sale, and the farmer may be sure
of receiving all he is entitled to for his land. By and
by it will be possible for the irrigation farmer to esti-
mate exactly the quantity of water required by his
plants, and that amount he will be able to give them
with accuracy and without any waste or excess.

It is becoming the practice to store unused water

368

THE IBEIGATION AGE.

during the periods when there is an abundant supply —
that is, to lay aside in reservoirs enough to meet any
possible contingency of drought or insufficient supply
when most needed. The standard of measurement of
water stored in reservoirs, the unit of quantity, is
designated as "an acre-foot"; that is, an amount of
water which will cover one acre of ground, or 43,560
square feet to a depth of one foot. This will give, of
•course, 43,560 cubic feet, or 325,851 gallons. One
cubic foot per second flowing constantly for twenty-four
hours equals nearly two acre-feet, and from this it is
not difficult to convert cubic feet into acre-feet and
•estimate the quantity of water to be stored in reservoirs
for the use and requirements of crops. The reservoirs
themselves may also be measured in the same manner
as a tank, but allowance must be made for evaporation
and absorption.

To further explain the technical units of measure-
ments into quantities, the following table is given :

One second-foot equals 450 gallons per minute.

One cubic foot equals seventy-five 'gallons per
minute.

One second-foot equals two acre-feet in twenty-four
hours flowing constantly.

One- hundred California inches equal four acre-feet
in twenty-four hours.

One hundred Colorado inches equal five and one-
sixth acre-feet in twenty-fcrar hours.

One Colorado inch equals 17,000 gallons in twenty-
four hours.

One second-foot equals fifty-nine and one-half acre-
feet in thirty days.

Two acre-feet equal one second-foot per day, or
.0333 second-feet in thirty days.

One million gallons equal 3.069 acre-feet.

Taking water from streams and ditches open to the
atmosphere and its changes, rapid evaporation, seepage
and absorption, is always attended with an enormous
waste, the consequence being that the farmer never
knows and no man can tell him whether he is giving
his crops the quantity of water they absolutely require.
He can not tell how much of the water applied to the
soil is utilized by the crops, or is carried off by drain-
.•igf. seepage, infiltration to some portion of the land
where it is not needed and generally lost for useful
purposes. He knows, however, that so much water is
measiired out to him and that he pays for the amount
that runs through the head gate, whether it is of any
practical use to him or not. The returns from his crops
i!n not represent as much as he hoped, for the expense
takes away a very large slice of his profits. His water
tax may represent one-third of his receipts, and though
he may be well aware that he never received the water
he pays for — that is, it never was utilized by his crops —
there is no way out of his embarrassment, he must pay
or quit. His farm belongs to him — that is, he h.is the
ili eel to it — but he is paying rent on it all the time.

But a-long comes the farmer who irrigates his land
by means of a pump, worked by a windmill, horse-
]io\v.r, steam, gasoline, or electricity. This man says:
"It costs me thirty cents per acre to irrigate my crops.
I know just exactly how much water my plants need
and I can measure it out to them as exactly as if I used
a gallon measure." Then the big ditch man goes over
to look at his neighbor's farm. "Why," he says, with
a loud laugh, "you have only one hundred acres of land
nnd I have five hundred." The other answers: "Yen-

true, but I raise as much on my hundred acres as you do
your five hundred, or nearly so, and with one-fifth the
amonnt of labor and at a small fraction of the cost."
"How do you make that out ?" queries the other. "By
making every drop of water do its work. I get out of
it all the duty there is in it. I do not feed drainage,
seepage, evaporation, and my water does not wander
aimlessly all over the landscape. I am not in the' busi-
ness for the love of seeing water flowing over my land
back into the ditches and wells of my neighbors, or into
the subsoil to kill the roots; I am in it to make money,
and I am making money by saving water, and I pay
dividends into my own pocket, not into the pockets of
some one else, who charges me for water I do not get.
This is the era of small farms, and irrigation from
wells." How the well man can make this pay will be
described more in detail in the chapter on "Pumps."

ROOSEVELT ON IRRIGATION.

Writes a Letter to the State Congress in North Dakota.

MANDAN, N. D., Sept. 27. — Prominent citizens
from all parts of the northwest are here attending the
second state irrigation congress, which was called to
order by President B. A. Williams in the Mandan opera
house this afternoon.

After President Williams called the meeting to
order Senator Hansbrough told of the benefits to be
derived from irrigation.

At the close of Senator Hansbrough's address Pres-
ident Williams read a letter from President Roosevelt
regretting his inability to be present. The letter is
as follows :

"OYSTER BAT, N. Y., Sept. 19.— My Dear Mr.
Williams : I am in receipt of your letter of the 15th
inst., inviting me to be present at the Xorth Dakota
State Irrigation Congress on the 27th inst., and I
wish it were possible for me to be present, but I .re-
gret- to say it is not. During the time of my presi-
dency there has been no measure in which I have taken
a keener interest than that which started the policy
of national aid to the cause of irrigation.

"I have felt that the use of the rivers and smaller
streams of the States of the great plains and Rocky
Mountains for irrigation was even more important to
the future of this country than the improvement of
the course of thesr- same rivers, lower down, as an aid
to navigation ; and when I became president one of
the first things to which I turned my attention was
the effort to secure the passage of the law which in-
augurated this system.

"I congratulate the people of North Dakota — in-
deed. I congratulate the people of all the United States
upon the fact that this work has begun. It will be
of incalculable benefit to the people of the semi arid
regions and therefore to the people of the whole coun-
try, for in this country whatever benefits part of it
benefits all.

"With best wishes, believe me. sincerely yours,
"THEODORE ROOSEVELT."

Send $2.00 for The Irrigation Age
1 year, and The Primer of Irrigation

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

369

BROUGHT BY THE POSTMAN.

Letters from Correspondents to The Irrigation Age.

BROWNSVILLE, IND., Sept. 22, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111. :

Dear Sirs — 1 am just now on a visit here at my old home
in the "States," and as we are particularly interested in ir-
rigation and ditching machinery, 1 should be pleased to get in
touch with your advertisers of such.

In thanking you for a sample copy, either current or back
number, which I would be pleased to have you send me care
Hon. William Remington, Brownsville, Ind., and in awaiting
the receipt of your favor in the matter, I am,
Very truly yours,

O. L. REMINGTON,

With Will-am McLean & Co., 317 Flinders Lane,
.Melbourne, Australia.

SULTANA, CAL., Sept. 28, 19Q4.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111. :

Dear Sir— In glancing over the map of California about
midway between Los Angeles and San Francisco may be
seen the outlines of Lake Tulare. A few years ago this body
of water covered an area sixty miles in length as the crow
Hies, with an average widtli of thirty miles. Steamboats from
the San Joaquin River found their way into its placid waters
through a narrow stream known as the San Joaquin Slough.
But today not a drop of water is there to be found in the
bed of the old lake.

Kings River, with its source in the Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains, empties into the San Joaquin Slough. What has al-
ways been regarded as a peculiar feature of the rise and fall
of the waters of the lake, was the fact that the current from
Kings River flowed into the lake by way of the slough until
a certain level was reached. Then there would for a time
be a backing up of the waters of Kings River, an overflow of
low lands on either side. Then the current of the slough
would simply reverse itself and lake, river and slough would
slowly drain into the San Joaquin River. In the last few
years irrigation has wrought a great change in the vicinity of
the old lake.

Canals have been made that lead out the waters of upper
Kings River supplying the necessary moisture for thousands
of acres of orchards and vineyards in a section that was for-
merly an arid plain. Year after year Lake Tulare has grown
smaller and yet more small until now it is entirely off the
map. The surface of the lake's bottom is almost perfectly
level. Lands that have from time to time been reclaimed
on account of receding waters have proven wonderfully pro-
ductive. A sediment having for centuries settled on the
lake's bottom gives the soil some of the qualities of the valley
of the Nile. The lake's bottom being the property of the
State's school fund, it was subject for entry at $2.50 per
acre. All of it has been bought and real estate speculators
are endeavoring to control large tracts. It is generally con-
sidered that it is the richest soil in the State. To guard
against a possible inundation a great levee is now being
constructed across what was once the mouth of the San
Joaquin Slough. This precaution is hardly necessary. Lake
Tulare is a thing of the past. Yours, truly,

JAMES W. SWEETMAN.

SACRAMENTO, CAL., Aug. 27, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE. Chicago, 111.:

Dear Sir — I enclose herewith a bulletin covering the
fruit situation in this State which I trust you may find of
interest and value. I also enclose a short article on "Irriga-
tion," prepared exclusively for your publication.

We contemplate issuing a regular bulletin to agricultural
and horticultural papers throughout the United States and
Canada and at the same time sending to certain selected pub-
lications exclusive articles similar in character to that here-
with enclosed. If you would like to have this service we
will take pleasure in supplying it. Our purpose is to obtain
publicity for this portion of California for which we desire
to give full value.

We propose to send truthful reports without cost to you
and we believe a series of articles can be prepared that will
be of interest to your readers. We can furnish satisfactory
references.

The enclosed are samples of what we propose to do and
we trust they will meet with your approval. In case you

desire this service please let us know by letter, also please

kindly send copies . of your publication containing articles.

Yours very truly,

W. A. BEARD, Secretary.

PEORIA, ILL., Sept. 15, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.:

Dear Sir — You will kindly allow me once more to put
in a few words upon this most important topic, irrigation.
Your family of thinkers upon this topic is quite large and
appreciate your kindness in opening up the pages of your
valuable journal for the discussion, both pro and con, of this
most important subject of the day. The exchanging of
thoughts through the medium of your journal will finally re-
sult in a great educational school along this line.

Generally speaking, most of the young men and a great
many of the older ones are taking Horace Greeley's advice:
"Go west." The cause of this is chiefly the high price of
land in their native States. As they go west, they find the
same conditions prevailing and the great arid belt before
them. Looking over the situation they find the soil and cli-
mate very much like that of Southern California and it would
be just as valuable, but the lack of moisture makes it worth-
less. They also realize the great undertaking of the Gov-
ernment to bring thousands of acres of this worthless land
into value equal to that of their native States. According to
reports, only one-fourth of the arid belt can be irrigated by
the flooding and furrow systems. This being the case, makes
the number of farms very much limited and not in propor-
tion to the demand.

The question arises, what is to be done with the seventy-
five per cent of the arid land that can not be irrigated by the
flooding and furrow systems. This is a very vital and im-
portant point to be solved in the future. As our popula-
tion increases, the demand for this land will naturally in-
crease with it. So now is the time to prepare before the de-
mand is upon us. So let us get our heads together and pre-
pare or devise some plan by which this vast amount of un-
even arid land can be turned into beautiful homes and in
conclusion would say that it stands everyone in hand in
the arid West to make a little water go as far as possible,
for, according to Professor Cook's recent statement, in South-
ern California in six years the water had been lowered in
the ground about twenty-seven feet. This is enough to cause
some alarm. The question is, what will the condition be in
ten years should the same decline prevail? Therefore it
behooves all to study a more economical system of irrigation
and the time is not far distant when many of the fields will
have to abandon the flooding system on account of lack of
\vater. So the problem which is really the main issue at this
time is to get the best results from the least amount of
water. We read of rivers and creeks going dry, water low-
ering in the ground twenty-seven feet in six years. All
this puts us to thinking and well it may, for it means bread
and butter and beautiful homes to thousands. These are
questions of vital importance to all of us and I trust all
will take a hand in trying to solve them.

We don't wonder much at all this when we take into
consideration that the flooding system on one acre of ground
requires 27,154 gallons to cover the surface one inch. Think
of using this amount per acre every ten days during June,
July and August and you find out you have a great water
problem on hand that is going to tell in the near future.

In my estimation there is only one way to overcome this
vast amount of waste and that is by sub-irrigation. Stop
feeding the sun fifty per cent of the moisture and your crop
gets the benefit. By so doing there will be enough water to
go around, thereby doing away with so much contention
over water rights, etc.

If I have made any errors in my statements I am will-
ing to acknowledge same through THE IRRIGATION AGE. if
pointed out to me. Very truly,

W. A. LEE.

SACRAMENTO VALLEY DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION
PRESS BULLETIN.

. - SACRAMENTO, CAL., Aug. 29. 1904.

Shipments of California fruit to eastern points which have
passed through Sacramento this season to date aggregate
3,330^2 carloads as follows : Cherries, 209 cars ; apricots, 96
cars ; apples, 8% cars ; peaches, 475 cars ; plums, 990 cars ;
figs, 2 cars ; pears, 1,400 cars ; grapes, 150 cars ; total,
3,330*4 cars.

370

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

These figures cover almost the entire fruit shipments from
the State. The total is considerably less than that of ship-
ments to the same date last year. The shortage is princi-
pally in apricots and peaches, these crops being light through-
out the State. Apricot shipments last year aggregated 231
cars, peach shipments 1,866 cars.

Cherry shipments are approximately the same as last
year. Pear and grape shipments to date exceed those of last
year. Grape shipments have barely begun. The crop is
heavy and of good quality. The pear crop is unusually large.
The prune crop is large and of good quality.

Sacramento Valley oranges promise a good crop of ex-
cellent quality and with favorable weather conditions will
ripen early as usual. Olives promise a fair crop of excellent
quality in Sacramento Valley regions though short in some
portions of the State. Almonds will be a short crop and
almond prices rule correspondingly high. Figs are yielding
a good crop. Canners are using more figs than ever before
and fresh fig shipments are increasing.

Fruit prices have as a rule been very satisfactory. Can-
ners have paid good prices for apricots and peaches, thereby
reducing eastern shipments. Pears have failed to maintain
uniformly high prices, the heavy shipments operating at times
to depress values. While this has been an off year in some
respects fruit growers have as a rule done fairly well. Sac-
ramento Valley growers who had crops are reported well
pleased with returns and as the bulk of California's deciduous
fruits are grown in this valley this is true of the majority of
growers in this State.

The condition of canned and dried fruit markets is fairly
satisfactory except in the case of prunes and raisins. The
organization which formerly controlled these crops has
gone to pieces through disagreements and the result is a
condition which threatens grower's profits.

The grain crop is light, hay crop heavy. In the irri-
gated alfalfa districts of the Sacramento Valley the fourth
crop of hay is now being cut with good prospects of two
more cuttings. Hops are yielding heavy crops and prices rule
high. Twenty-five cents and upward is offered for choice lots.

STRATHCONA, N. W. T., CAN., Aug. 26, 1904.
D. H. Anderson, Esq., Editor IRRIGATION AGE.

Dear Sir : You will find my name along your list of
subscribers in much advertised Alberta — the present Mecca of
a good many Americans. "That's all right," as they say out
West, but for my part I am going to Washington State as
a homeseeker in July next.

I am much interested in an article in the current number
of THE IRRIGATION AGE by H. A. Hover, entitled "California
of the Northwest." I would like to know more about that
particular part of the State than I can learn from that article
and would be glad to have you either give me Mr. Hover's
address or forward this letter of inquiry to him for reply.

I would enclose American stamp for reply, but I have
none nor can I get one here. A reply in the next number of
THE IRRIGATION AGE will answer the purpose, but be more
trouble to you. Yours respectfully,

W. E. BARTI.ETT.

SACRAMENTO, CAL., Aug. 27, 1904.
THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111. :

Irrigation development has lately received a new impetus
in the Sacramento Valley, which comprises the northern por-
tion of the great interior basin of California. The great
Central Irrigation Canal, begun almost a quarter of a cen-
tury ago, is nearing completion after a long period, during
which work was stopped and various interests affected by
the canal were in litigation. Other irrigations systems are
building and the indications are that the great valley of the
Sacramento will at no distant date be rendered vastly more
produetive through the utilization of the water which has
heretofore gone to waste.

The Central Irrigation Canal will divert water from the
Sacramento River at a point near St. John in Glenn County,
and will irrigate an area of approximately 200,000 acres lying
west of the river. The greater portion of this jand is now
devoted to wheat, but with water for irrigation it will grow
a diversity of crops and its productiveness be many times
multiplied.

Another important irrigation enterprise will divert water
from the Feather River below Oroville and irrigate approxi-
mately 100,000 acres lying west of that stream. Work on
this system has just been begun. A new irrigation ditch of
considerable magnitude is almost completed in Yolo County.

F. E. V.

SOME SALT LAKE HOMES.

These are typical residences of Salt Lake City's
wealthy citizens. The home of United States Senator
Thomas Kearns was built and furnished at a cost of
nearly $1,000,000, while that of H. H. Walker repre-
sents about one-half that sum. Both of these residences
occupy fine sites on Brigham street, the home of the

Residence of Senator Kearns, Salt Lake City

• •

majority of the rich Salt Lakers. Upon this dtreet
there are a score of homes almost as magnificent.

Salt Lake City has always been noted for its nat-
ural beauty, healthfulness and commercial prosperity.
The last few years, however, have seen the city thorough-
ly modernized. A gnat many fine business houses and

Residence of H. H. Walker. Salt Lake City

residences have been added. The streets are clean and
spacious and the lawns and residences artistic from
every standpoint. The fame of Salt Lake City grows
steadily. Capitalists everywhere have come to recog-
nize that it is one of the best places in the country for
safe and profitable investments. No more desirable
city exists when the question of a residence is under
consideration.

s

I

!

Send $2.00 for The Irrigation Age
1 year, and The Primer of Irrigation

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

371

SOME ADVANTAGES OF THE ARTESIAN WELL
FOR IRRIGATION.

BY S. W. GILBERT,
President of the First National Bank, Artesia, N. M.

In this arid West any permanent supply of water
is appreciated. The important questions are the quan-
tity and the quality. There are at present three means
of irrigation. First the surface wells, from which the
water is raised by pumps run by windmills or gasoline
engines. Surface water is obtained at a depth of fifteen
to 150 feet below the surface and the supply seems
to be inexhaustible. My surface well for domestic use
is only thirty-five feet deep. The water stands three
and a half feet in a six-inch pipe, but the hardest
kind of pumping will not lower the water. For a
garden or a small truck farm a man may be suc-
cessful with surface water. But one need not hope
to farm on a large scale with water raised by a wind-
mill.

Second — We have the ditch or canal system taken
from the rivers. The rivers are mostly fed by springs
and a good head of water is obtained, but it is so
often accompanied by that expensive and disagreeable
lawsuit that makes company water rights so objec-
tionable. Then another serious objection to co-part-
nership water is when unscrupulous members live on
the ditch and insist that they have "prior right" and
want to take water out of their turn. Just a little
taken now and a little then does not amount to much
at the time, but when summed up it is no worse to
steal a man's crop than it is to take his water. I
have had all of my water cut off at night and turned
on the next morning. Just when you need the water
the most some one else needs it just as badly and
helps himself.

Next comes the artesian well, which to my mind
is the most satisfactory. A man who is fortunate
enough to own 320 acres of land with an average arte-
sian well on it has an independent fortune. I say
independent because he does not have to depend on
any man nor company of men to say when he shall
or shall not have water, nor how much he may use.
He has his supply 'always at hand and can use it at
his convenience. But some one will say one well is
-not enough for 320 acres of land and besides they
are so expensive. Yes, they are expensive, that is,
the first cost is considerable, but you are not compelled
to pay a water tax each year, neither are you com-
pelled to help keep the other man's ditches clean. The
average well in this part of the Pecos Valley is enough
for 320 acres with a good deal to spare. What is be-
ing done with some of the large wells? I shall men-
tion only two or three average wells. From February
1st to June 1, 1904, Mr. E. N. Heath had irrigated
250 acres of land two and one-half times. This irri-
gation was done directly from the well through new
ditches. The land had never been irrigated before.
This was government land two years ago. Most of the
irrigating was done by inexperienced men and conse-
quently a great deal of the water was wasted. Almost
the entire 320 acres of land has been planted and Mr.
Heath is renting water to his neighbors. This well
is 715 feet deep, cased with 7% casing and flows 2,000
or 2,500 gallons per minute.

Mr. J. B. Cecil has a well 830 feet deep, cased with

6-inch standard pipe and the water gushes seven feet
above the casing and flows about 2,500 gallons per min-
ute. He is cultivating about 400 acres of land that is
planted in corn, oats, barley, alfalfa1, and forty acres
of orchard. United States Land Commissioner Smith
has a well 740 feet deep on 320 acres of land and almost
the entire tract is in cultivation. The greatest won-
der of wells is that of R. B. Barnes, near the Penasco
River. This well is only 530 feet deep and flows five
feet above the casing. The well was completed too
late to allow of much planting. About ninety acres
is being irrigated, however.

The water from these wells is hard, but there is
no sulphur, as is found in the wells farther north. The
average temperature of the water as it flows from the
well is about sixty degrees. Therefore there is no
danger of chilling the vegetation directly from the
well.

PLAN FOR RECLAIMING VALUABLE WASTE
LAND.

Irrigation to Make Fertile 500,000 Acres in North Dakota. Water

Will be Pumped from Upper Missouri and

Distributed Through Ditches.

ST. PAUL, Sept. 23. — When certain irrigation plans
for North Dakota shall have been put in operation
North Dakotans declare that the "slope" country, now
a semi-arid region, will be made to blossom like a rose,
and that the State will be the richest agricultural
State in the Union.

E. A. Williams, United States surveyor general
for North Dokota, who is at the Merchants' Hotel, is
an enthusiast on the subject of reclaiming the great
areas on each side of the Missouri and the Cannon Ball
Rivers by pumping the water of the rivers up to the
table lands, and distributing it by means of reservoir
systems over a great area of lands.

The State has a fund of more than $3,500,000 for
the reclamation of the dry lands of the slope country,
and the expenditure of only a part of this sum, it is
said, will bring under cultivation an area of fully 500,-
000 acres of lands only awaiting the introduction of a
comparatively small quantity of water in addition to
the annual rainfall. Said Surveyor-General Williams :

PLENTY OF FUEL AT HAND.

"The cost of pumping water from the level of
the rivers to the table lands for subsequent distribu-
tion over the prairies, can be kept at a minimum by
the presence of great beds of lignite coal found in
limitless quantities along the streams and, which, it is
asserted, can be mined for a sum insignificant when
compared with the cost of bringing coal from the coal
fields of Illinois or Iowa.

"There is plenty of water in the Missouri, the
Little Missouri and the Cannon Ball, there is coal
available for driving the pumps, and only the pumps
and the system of irrigating ditches remain to be in-
stalled to convert the great area of now almost waste
lands into highly productive farms, capable of produc-
ing immense crops of every grain grown in the lati-
tude of the State.

"Government engineering experts who have tra-
versed the section of country that I describe say that
there is the greatest opportunity for a giant irrigation
plant in the country.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE IRRIGATION

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE OFFICE OF

EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BY ELWOOD MEAD, IRRIGATION EXPERT IN CHARGE.
Courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(Concluded.)

IRRIGATION IN THE INSULAR POSSESSIONS OF THE
UNITED STATES.

Hawaiian Islands. — During the past summer offi-
cials of the Hawaiian Islands requested this office to
make such investigation of the irrigation problems of
these islands as would furnish the facts needed in
framing an effective code of irrigation laws. The need
of such legislation is becoming urgent. Large -invest-
ments in irrigation works to supply water for the
growing of cane have made the subject of water
ownership and control of one of the most important
internal questions of these islands. Proposals have
been made by private parties to purchase from the
Government all of the water rights attached to pub-
lic lands. Wise action on such proposals will be
promoted by a thorough investigation of agricultural
conditions and the prospective needs of irrigators. An
agent is now engaged in collecting facts as to the use
of water on these islands.

Porto Rico. — Large areas in Porto Eico to be pro-
ductive require irrigation. Legislation will, therefore,
be needed for the establishment of water titles and to
protect the holders of these titles in times of scarcity.
It is now admitted everywhere that if water laws and
land laws had been framed and administered together
in the settlement of the arid West many of the compli-
cations which now exist could have been averted. The
opportunity is now open for inaugurating a compre-
hensive code of laws in Porto Eico which shall con-
trol development from the outset, and it is believed
that an investigation to determine the facts on which
such laws should be based should be inaugurated at
once. -^

THE NEED OF EARLY AND EFFECTIVE REFORM OF
IRRIGATION LAWS.

While the area of land in the West susceptible of
reclamation is small when compared to the whole ex-
tent of the arid region, it is practically unlimited when
rference is had to the water supply. Along almost every
stream there is an almndance of irrigable land and a
shortage of water. This brings attention to the im-
portance of measurements and experiments to deter-
mine how much water is necessarv to successful agri-
culture, and to inaugurate such measures in its distri-
bution and use as will secure the utmost economy.
The area ultimately to be reclaimed will depend wholly
on the water supply, and any excessive or wasteful use
on land already under cultivation deprives other land
equally good of that which would give it value, pre-
vents the increase in homes and robs the State and
community of taxable wealth. The laws of most
Western States have recognized this and prohibited the
wasteful use of water, but without greater knowledge
thev can establish no standard by which to determine
what is wasteful use.

The fact that the water supply is the source of all
agricultural values also emphasizes the need of an

efficient system of public control. Some States have
realized this need and have provided for it. Colorado
has seventy-five officials, appointed by the governor,
whose sole duty it is to see that the water supply is
properly distributed. Wyoming has a like system, with
forty-eight officials engaged in guarding its water sup-
ply. Nebraska also has a similar system. Utah and
Idaho have also made partial provision for accom-
plishing this result. In the other States, where pro-
tection is afforded for every other kind of property,
water is left to be fought over in the field and in the
courts, and even when controversies are settled in this
way for one year, the next season of drouth is almost
certain to biiag a renewal of the conflict. In the locali-
ties where those using water from a stream can settle
their rights satisfactorily to all concerned, there is
nothing to prevent newcomers from building other
canals, establishing new rights, unsettling existing con-
ditions, and in this way prolonging the anxiety, uncer-
tainty and controversy indefinitely.

There are other reasons for a prompt and com-
prehensive study of water-right problems. In every
arid State and Territory the acreage of land under
ditches already built is largely in excess of the land
now being cultivated. In Idaho there are about 1,600,-
000 acres of land under existing ditches, of which
only 600,000 are now being irrigated. In Wyoming
there are probably two acres under ditches for every
acre that is cultivated. Along the Arkansas Eiver in
Colorado and in western Kansas the same conditions
prevail. The same is true of the ditches in New
Mexico. In the Salt River Valley, in Arizona, the
canal systems cover an area of 350,000 acres, of which
less than 150,000 are being cultivated. In northern
California many completed ditches are only partly used
and a few not used at all. The rights to water in
most of these States are based upon the estimated ca-
pacities of the ditches, and when the lands for which
these rights have been acquired are actually brought
under cultivation the present difficulties experienced in
the distribution of the supply will be greatly enhanced.
This makes necessary two things: (1) More effective
administrative provisions, and (2) a knowledge of the
facts which ought to govern these officials in the per-
formance of their duties. In some of these States the
lack of cultivation of the lands under ditches is due
to an inadequate water supply. The streams on which
they depend have an abundance in the early part of
the season, but this is followed by a drouth in July
and August. Here the remedy will be found in slur-
age. In other cases, development has simply outrun
settlement and only time and effective measures for
colonization are required. In others inadequate water
laws and uncertainty regarding water titles is the cause
of the delay in making use of the facilities already
provided. Farmers do not feel warranted in building
laterals, planting crops and making contracts for water
when the most probable result of this outlay will be
an injunction suit. The storv told on pages 171-1 S:!,
Bulletin 100 of this office, shows that this danger is
not imaginary.

The investigations of this office have shown that
the boundaries of^ irrigation districts should follow
drainage lines, that rights to water should include all
the watershed of the stream and that administrative
control should not be restricted, as it is now in some
States, by arbitrary county boundaries. In several

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

373

States county commissioners are made water commis-
sioners; but as many streams flow through more than
one county, in some cases througli six or seven counties,
there can be no adequate or proper supervision. Colo-
rado, Wyoming and Nebraska have each been divided
under State laws into irrigation districts based on
drainage lines rather than on county lines. This makes
possible an effective division of water within the bound-
aries of these States. Something to supplement State
supervision, however, will in time be required. There
are interstate questions which can not be ignored, al-
though laws to provide for the proper division of water
within a State are a more vital and urgent necessity
than measures to settle the division of interstate streams.
The study of interstate rights should, however, begin
at once. It will be most unfortunate for all concerned
to delay this study until the gravity of the issues cre-
ated shall result in hasty or ill-considered legislation.
What is needed is a careful and impartial investigation
of this question by competent engineering and agricul-
tural experts. The problems to be solved are primarily
agricultural and engineering. The first questions to be
determined are: Where is water now being used?
Where can it be used to best advantage? What are the
character and extent of vested rights? These matters
ought to be settled by the dispassionate, unbiased
study of experienced men and not left to be fought over
in the courts by warring private interests. It is im-
possible for Congress to legislate regarding water rights
within States without revolutionizing existing condi-
tions in some of the States, and without interfering
with vested rights. The differences between State laws
and in the character of the rights established under
those laws make such a result inevitable. But a com-
mission could determine what proportion of a stream
should flow down from the State above to the State
below and leave it to the authorities of the State above
to determine what measures shall be taken to accom-
plish this result, and to the authorities of the State
below to determine what shall be done with the water
when they receive it. In this way there would be no in-
terference with vested rights or with State codes of
laws, while at the same time there would be a far better
prospect of securing a just and effective division of the
supply than through interstate litigation such as is
now impending.

PLANS FOR IRRIGATING 9,ooo,ooo-ACRE TRACT.

An irrigation project which, if carried out, will
reclaim more than 9,000,000 acres along the Missouri
River in North Dakota and will add approximately
$350.000,000 to the real estate valuation of the State,
is under consideration by the officials of North Dakota
and the Department of the Interior at Washington.
Chief Newell, of the United States Bureau of Geolog-
ical Survey, and a party of government officials passed
through St. Paul on the way to North Dakota, where
ttiey will inspect the land along the Missouri River
and determine to what extent irrigation is feasible.

It is reported that the investigation is being made
with the approval and sanction of President Roosevelt,
who is especially interested in reclaiming the semi-
arid lands of the Northwest through irrigation.
The president once had a ranch in North Dakota and
at that timo discovered the possibilities of irrigation.
Pie discovered that the soil is among the most fertile in
the world; that the Missouri River furnishes ample

water for irrigation; that there are abundant quanti-
ties of lignite coal along the river to furnish power
for pumping water into reservoirs, and that owing to
the natural resources of the country it is peculiarly
adapted to irrigation.

The tract which it is proposed to irrigate is fifty
. miles wide and extends 300 miles from the Montana
line along the river. The soil is as fertile as in any
section of the United States, and it is estimated that
land which is now worth only from $3.00 to $4.00 per
acre will be worth from $40 to $50 when irrigated. The
soil is unusually well adapted to the raising of cereals,
all kinds of vegetables and sugar beets, as according to
the analysis of experts it contains 22 per cent sac-
charine matter. Potatoes raised on similar soil are
mealy and dry, and wheat and other grains are famous
the_world over for their good qualities.

"Irrigation can be put into operation in North
Dakota more effectively and at a less cost of mainte-
nance than in any other section of the United States,"
said one of the leading business men of North Dakota,
who was at the Merchants Hotel recently. "The rain-,
fall in the section along the Missouri River is almost
enough to raise good crops, so that not a great amount
of water has to be spread on the land through irriga-
tion. The land has a clay subsoil and does not require
so much water as is required in Arizona, Nevada, Cali-
fornia and other Southwestern States. Experts who
have inspected the land say that in the dryest season
one or two soakings will be sufficient to raise the finest
crops in the country. This year there has been plenty
of rain, and specimens of a bumper crop have been on
exhibit at the Minnesota- State Fair and will be taken
to St. Louis.

"Expert irrigation engineers who have investigated
the project say that sufficient water can be obtained
from the Missouri River to irrigate the entire 9,000,000
acres. For 250 miles along the river there are banks
of lignite coal, which can be mined at merely nominal
cost. The banks of lignite extend into the river from
four to thirty feet, thus insuring an abundant quantity
of fuel for steam power. Lignite coal can be obtained
at 80 cents a ton. «

"According to the opinion of these engineers, who
have investigated irrigation in all parts of the tfnited
States, it is feasible to raise the water 150 to 200 feet
in reservoirs which will contain enough water to last
six months. Central plants can be installed near the
-river, and by means of electricity the power can be
distributed all over the 9,000,000-acre tract at little
cost. The land is rolling, so that it can be flooded with
water by the force of grarvity. In this way irrigation
can be carried on at much less cost than in Arizona,
where it is necessary to force the water over the land by
pumping, and in Nevada, where it is necessary to cut
down the mountains to secure a passageway for the
water.

"No one who has not visited this section of North
Dakota has any idea of the fertility of the soil. It is
1 adapted to the raising of all kinds of fruit, including
apples, plums and grapes, and the climate is better than
in the Red River Valley, and, in fact, many people
believe that it is better than in southern Minnesota.
Lands which now are suitable only for grazing when
irrigated, will make the finest farms in the Northwest
and worth from $40 to $50 an acre.— St. Paul Pioneer
Press.

374

THE IEEIQATION AGE.

IRRIGATION EXPERIMENTS IN ARIZONA.

Investigations Covering a Period of Four Years at the Experi-
ment Station Farm at Tucson.

BY PROF. ALFRED J. M'CLATCHIE,

Agriculturist and Horticulturist of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment
Station.

(Continued.)

The method of providing for the irrigation of
sugar or garden beets depends upon the time of the
year they are sown. If planted during the cool part
of the year — November 15 to the first of March — they
may be sown just as they are in regions where they
are not irrigated, and furrows subsequently made for
their irrigation. But if they are planted at other times
of the year it is necessary to sow the seed along pre-
viously .made furrows, or to make furrows as the sow-
ing is done, since a good stand can not be secured dur-
ing dry weather without irrigation. If the seeding is
done during the cool part of the year the crop will
need no irrigation for a month or two. If the seed
be sown during the warm weather of early fall the
crop will need frequent irrigation until cool weather
arrives. If sown during the warm weather of spring
irrigation will be necessary during the entire period
of growth. It is not usually advisable to sow either
sugar or garden beets so late in spring that they must
be grown entirely by irrigation.

Beets do best sown during September, October,
January and February. At whatever times during
these months the seeding is done, the crop makes the
most of its growth during the cool part of the year,
and is grown with a comparatively small amount of
water. During ordinary years the greater yield will
be obtained with the same amount of water the earlier
they are sown after the coldest weather is past. The
coldest weather of the winter 1899-1900 occurred be-
fore Christmas, and the beet sown December 26 por-
duced better results than those sown later and given
the same amount of water. The year previous those
sown during January produced a larger yield than those
sown during either December or February and given
the same amount of water. The same year a yield of
nearly ten tons per acre was secured by the use of
about one foot of water previous to sowing the seed
and of about .5 of a foot applied about two and one-
half months afterward — 1.5 feet in all. This was in
a fine adobe soil, quite retentive of moisture. To pro-
duce the same crop in a gravelly, porous soil required
the use of nearly three feet of water.

CABBAGES.

After the plants have been raised in beds in the
usual way they are set along furrows that have been
recently wet or through which water is run immediately
after setting. In either case the individual plants are
usually watered by hand as they are set. Plants are
set out from September to November inclusive, and
during January and February, from seed sown a
month or two previous. The furrows along which they
are set are usually permitted to remain until the plants
are well established. They are then cultivated up and
made afresh for each subsequent cultivation. During
the early stages of growth they are run near the plants,
but later are run midway between the rows. Reference

to Table V will show that cabbages require a large
number of irrigations.

While this crop is grown mainly during the cool
part of the year, when evaporation is comparatively
slow, yet the large part of the soil left unshaded by the
crop, there being thus little check to evaporation there-
from, and the shallow rooting of the plants, thus re-
quiring frequent irrigation, cause the need of a com-
paratively large amount of water to produce a crop.
Also, in order to thrive they need to have the soil kept
moister than do many other crops. It will be seen that
a total of five feet was applied during the sixteen irri-
gations.

CORN.

Corn is planted in soil that has been previously
irrigated, in some cases with a combined lister and
drill, but more usually along small furrows through
which water has been previously run and that are left
for the first irrigation. Some farmers, however, drop
the seed into each third or fourth furrow as the land
is plowed. When the corn has come up and the water
applied previous to plowing and planting has evapo-
rated, furrows are run between the rows for subsequent
irrigation.

For table use, corn is planted during February,
March, July and August. Field corn is planted dur-
ing July only in this region. When planted at this
time four to six irrigations of about 0.4 of a foot
each are necessary to produce a crop. It will be noted
by reference to Table VI that all the water the corn
grown during 1901 received was applied during the
first two months after planting, no irrigation, being
needed while it is maturing its ears. It will also be
noted that the total amount applied was just about
the same as that necessary to grow a crop of wheat.

COWPEAS.

Cowpeas may be planted in hills along furrows
that have been previously moistened, and through
which they are irrigated the first time; they may be
sown in drills and irrigated through subsequently made
furrows; or they may be sown broadcast, disked in and
irrigated by flooding. Whatever the method of plant-
ing and irrigation, they require quite frequent irriga-
tion.

The amount of water necessary to grow a crop of
cowpea hay is so great, as compared with the amount
necessary to produce the same amount of alfalfa hay,
a nitrogenous forage of equal value, that its production
can scarcely be profitable in any part of the Territory
where the amount of water used is an object. The
need of this great amount of water is due to the fact
that the plant must pass through all of its stages from
germination to maturity during the warm part of the
year, when the loss of water from the luxuriant foliage
and from the soil is rapid. The same amount of foliage
produced during the cool part of the year would not
require much over half the amount of water needed
during the summer. However, where the water supply
is ample cowpeas may be grown to advantage between
two crops of grain.

GRAIN.

There are two methods of putting in grain in
southern Arizona. Either the fields are plowed quite
dry and, after being harrowed, seeded in this condi-
tion; or the fields are thoroughly irrigated before plow-
ing and the seed sown in moist soil. If the former

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

method is used, irrigation as soon after sowing as pos-
sible is necessary to cause germination of the seed. If
sown in moist soil and covered deeply with an ordinary
harrow or with a disk harrow it will usually germinate
well and make a good stand without irrigation follow-
ing the sowing. The results from the two methods of
putting in grain are consequently quite different. Irri-
gating the dry soil after sowing the grain causes it to
bake and the surface to remain in a hard condition,
unless a harrow is run over the field before the grain
is too large to be injured, and in any case the condition
of the soil is such that another irrigation will be
needed before that sown in moist soil will show the
need of water. The compacting of the soil by irriga-
tion following seeding causes a loss of moisture more
rapidly than from the fields sown in the other way,
hence the consequent need of earlier and more copious
irrigation. Fields in which the seed is sown in moist
soil usually need no irrigation for two or three months,
during which the grain will make an excellent growth
and send its roots deeper than in soil that has been
irrigated soon after the sowing of the seed. By the time
the moisture stored in the soil before sowing is evapo-
rated from the soil and from the plants the surface of
the field will be covered by the growing grain. Con-
sequently when water is applied evaporation from the
surface of the soil is not as rapid as it would be from
bare soil, and the soil does not bake, as in the case of
that irrigated when bare. Hence the soil of such fields
remains in much better condition than that in those
irrigated soon after seeding, and the grain has an
opportunity to make a better growth and give a larger
yield.

It will be noted by referring to Table VI that the
wheat sown in moist soil not only required less water
to bring it properly to maturity, but gave a greater
yield. The amount of water used was about a seventh
greater on the field sown dry, while the yield was about
a seventh less than from the other field. This makes
quite a difference in the net returns per acre, as well
as in the net returns per foot of the water applied.

Grain sown in soil that has been thoroughly moist-
ened to a depth of two or three feet by the application
of one-half to three-fourths of a foot of water will
need no irrigation until March or April — depending
on the season — and will need but one or two subsequent
irrigations to produce a good crop. As long as the
young grain is making a thrifty growth, water should
be withheld. When it begins to wilt slightly during
the heat of the day, or about the time it begins to
send up grain stalks, water should be applied. The
last irrigation should be given just about the time the
grain is in the milk. If given water between these
two irrigations it should receive only enough to keep it
growing thriftily, but not enough to make it unduly
rank.

It will be observed that the amount of water used
in growing grains is comparatively small. This is due
to the time of the year during which these crops are
grown here, the season of sowing extending from the
early part of November to the middle of February.
The summer being too hot for them, they are grown
during the cool part of the year, most of the growth
being made from January to April, when evaporation is
comparatively slow. Crops of grain are sometimes
grown with the application of much less water than
given in the tables. As stated above, it is necessary

either to irrigate the soil thoroughly before plowing or
to irrigate soon after sowing the seed. With one irri-
gation subsequent to this, a- good crop can sometimes
be grown in soil retentive of moisture, the total amount
applied not having exceeded one foot. This possibility
of growing grain here during the cool part of the year
enables us to produce a crop with less water than in
cooler, less arid States, where the crop is grown during
the warm part of the year.

GRAPES.

The first season after setting, grape vines need fre-
quent irrigation throughout the season, to enable them
to become well established. Two irrigations a month
will be beneficial in porous soils, and one irrigation per
month should be given in most other soils. The second
season the vines will do well with less frequent irriga-
tion. During later years the greater part of the water
needed to produce a crop may be applied during the
winter— from January to March, inclusive. Water to
the depth of two feet may be applied to advantage in
most soils during this period.

When the blossoms begin to open water should be
withheld until the young fruit is about the size of peas.
One or two thorough summer irrigations will be ample
to produce a good crop. No water need be applied
from August to January. The .total amount needed
during the year is not over three feet.
MELONS.

Melons are planted during March along previously
moistened furrows. For watermelons the furrows are
made eight to ten feet apart, and for muskmelons,
about six feet apart. Water is run through the fur-
rows, and about two days later the seed is planted along
one side, just above the water line. During favorable
weather no further irrigation is necessary until after
the young plants appear. But if the weather following
planting be too cool for the germination of the seed,
the soil about them will often become too dry. In
such a case an irrigation a week or two after planting
will be important. After the first irrigation the furrow
should be cultivated up and a fresh one made for subse-
quent irrigations, which should occur about twice a
month during the first two months. Thereafter more
frequent and more copious irrigations will be desirable.

While watermelons and muskmelons require a large
number of irrigations during their growth, the amount
applied to the crop is not correspondingly large, as is
shown by the record of the water applied to the water-
melon crops grown during the past two years. This
is due to the distance between the rows and to the fact
that during the early part of their growth only the fur-
row along which they are planted is moistened. Thus,
during the first half of the life of the crop, only a small
portion of the soil is kept moist ; and at no part of its
growth is all the surface commonly moistened.
Furthermore, the vines grow so rapidly that undoubt-
edly a larger proportion of the water is used by the
plants and a smaller proportion lost from the soil than
is the case with many crops. The covering of the sur-
face by the vines would also cause less loss from the
soil. Thus, a crop consisting of a product containing
a large amount of water is produced with an amount
of water that is smaller than might be expected.
ONIONS.

Onions are irrigated through furrows, or by flood-
ing, the former method being preferable in most soils.
Seed is sown during September and October, either

376

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

broadcast in beds from which they are to be trans-
planted, or in drills eighteen to twenty-four inches
apart. From the time of planting until near the time
of harvesting they need to be irrigated frequently and
to be cultivated after each irrigation. As stated in
Table V, the crop of 1899-1900 received twenty-nine
irrigations.

The growing of onions involves the use of a large
amount of water, as well as the expenditure of much
labor. Though they are shallow-rooted and do not re-
quire that the soil be deeply irrigated, they must be
irrigated through such a long period — about ten
months — that a large amount of water must be applied
to produce a crop. A large percentage of this is lost
by evaporation. It will be observed that only about
two- tenths of a foot was applied at each irrigation,
enough to wet the soil only eight to ten inches deep.
Nearly all of the water of the upper two or three
inches would be lost by evaporation, as well as con-
siderable of what reached the soil below this stratum.

FROM FIELD TO DINING TABLE.

Ail Features of Rice Culture, Milling Processes and Rice Food
Preparation to Be Seen at the St. Louis Fair.

(Special Correspondence IRRIGATION AGE.)

ST. Louis, Mo., Oct. I. — Rice and rice culture
will be fully represented and all the by-products of
rice displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
All methods of milling rice, from the primitive in
China to the modern in the United States, will be
demonstrated by exhibiting the wooden blocks and
pestles and other appliances on through the various
stages of progress to the latest up-to-date machinery
in operation.

Rice is given a place of honor as one of the five
special exhibits in the Agricultural Palace, and will be
placed in the great central nave of that giant structure.
The state of Louisiana, which alone furnishes the cane
sugar portion of the special sugar exhibit, will also
provide the entire special rice exhibit. Louisiana will
demonstrate to the world that her possibilities for rice
culture are unexcelled because of the fact that her lands
and climate are especially adapted to rice growing,
where irrigation for this cereal can be done satisfac-
torily. This special rice exhibit will be favored with a
unique installation, and will be one of the star attrac-
tions in the Palace of Agriculture.

The very word "rice" brings to the mind of the
average man a picture of John Chinaman and his
chopsticks, and comparatively few people realize the
recent rapid growth of rice culture in this country.
Owing to climate and soil conditions Louisiana and
South Carolina are the two States that have stepped to
the front in the cultivation of this important cereal.
Texas is showing progress in the same field.

Taking the whole world in view, rice is the chief
diet of more people than depend upon any other cereal.
While the origin of rice is unknown, it is generally
conceded that the cereal was first cultivated by the
Chinese. History records that the first rice culture in
America began when a half bushel of the grain was
sent over from England to the Virginia colony in 1647.
Prom this a yield of sixteen bushels was obtained. But
the Virginia settlers allowed the rice industry to lapse,
and devoted more attention to tobacco growing, which

had secured a firm standing from the time the colonists
had bartered so many pounds of the weed for wives al-
most forty years before.

By a fortuitous accident the rice industry was
given a substantial start in 1694, when a ship bound
for Madagascar was driven by a storm to seek shelter
in the harbor at Charleston, S. C. The ship's captain
happened to find an old friend in the person of Thomas
Smith, governor of the province, and presented him
with a sack of rice. Rice culture was then started suc-
cessfully, and South Carolina for more than a century
held the primacy of States in rice production. But
Louisiana now stands first, with an annual production
of nearly 173,000,000 pounds, and South Carolina sec-
ond with 47,500,000 pounds. Up to the beginning of
the civil war the Carolinas and Georgia produced
most of the rice in this country, but the industry was
completely paralyzed during the war, and at its close
the rapid development was transferred to Louisiana,
where improved machinery has been used to a greater
extent than in other rice-growing States. This coun-
try now produces over 250,000,000 pounds annually.

Louisiana will astonish the thousands of visitors
to the World's Fair by her special rice exhibits by
showing (all the processes in rice culture, from the field
to the mill and from the mill to the dining table. Ma-
chines used in harvesting rice and the advanced mill-
ing processes will be demonstrated. The old-time
processes will be seen also. The primitive method of
milling rice in this country, and which still obtains in
China, is to place a small quantity of the grain in a
hollow stone or block of wood and pound it with a
stone pestle. The blow cracks the hull, and the fric-
tion created by the sliding motion of the rice under
the pestle removes the hull from the cuticle. The
hulls and bran are blown aside by winnowing. In
Oriental countries a large hollow log is now used as a
mortar, and the pestle is a heavy pounder attached to
a horizontal beam six or eight feet long, resting on a
fulcrum. Fanning mills are used now in the Orient.

The rice of commerce grown in the United States
is milled by modern machinery, which will be seen in
operation, as far as possible, in the special rice exhibit
by Louisiana. The hulls are removed by rapidly re-
volving millstones, and are separated from the grains
by screen and blowers. The rice then passes to other
hullers to remove smaller particles, and then the flour
and bran separated and the grain passed to cooling
pans to remain eight or nine hours. Then comes a
process' which is really detrimental to the grain as a
food product, and that is the polishing of the rice. It
is passed through revolving screens with brushes, or
with wire gauze and sheepskin. This gives the rice
grain a -fine, glossy luster and makes it sell at a higher
price on the market, but, as a matter of fact, it lessens
the nutritive value by taking away nearly all the fats
which are found in the outer surface of unpolished
rice.

Rice flour and bran, used as feed for cattle and hogs,
will be exhibited. Rice flour, mixed with wheat and
rye flour, will be made into delicious rice cakes and
served with fine syrups, also from Louisiana's sugar
exhibit.

The Germans use rice in making an imitation
ivory, which in turn they employ in manufacturing
cheap jewelry and doll heads. The Austrians make
shirt buttons from rice. Starch, cement, paper and
similar products" are also made from it in European

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

377

countries. In America ice companies, canned goods
factories and crockery houses are now using rice hulls
for packing their products.

Visitors to the fair can also go to the "Rice
Kitchen" on the grounds and enjoy a meal composed
of rice prepared palatably in many forms.

AN IMPORTANT IRRIGATION WORK.

The Secretary of the Interior has tentatively ap-
proved plans for a stupendous irrigation project to be
constructed in the valleys of Payettc and Boise Rivers,
in southwestern Idaho. This information will be espe-
cially interesting to those who are familiar with the
publications of the United States Geological Survey.
One of the most recent geologic folios issued by the
Survey is that relating to the Nampa Quadrangle, which
is situated near the lower end of Snake River Valley,
mostly in Canyon County, Idaho. Mr. Waldemar Lind-
gren, author of the folio, states that in this region, ow-
ing to the lack of rainfall, vegetation is scant, and the
entire quadrangle may be called a sagebrush desert.
He calls attention to the fact that, with the exception
of the flood plains of the Boise and Payette Rivers,
tributaries of Snake River, where there is a natural
subirrigation that keeps vegetation growing, and some
places along Willow Creek, where underground water
provides similar subirrigation, the agricultural lands
of the quadrangle must be irrigated. In view of this
great need, it is gratifying to learn that work has
been begun to bring under one comprehensive national
irrigation project 372,000 acres of land, or
more than the total irrigated area of Arizona.
Washington, or New Mexico. In compliance with a
request from the majority of the land owners of the
Boise and Payette Valleys, the Secretary of the In-
terior has ordered a continuance of the surveys and
investigations preliminary to actual construction work.
A sufficient sum for the completion of the work will
be set aside as soon as the settlers perfect the neces-
sary organization to secure to the reclamation fund the
return of the money required for the undertaking.

The project comprises two features, a* masonry
dam in Payette River and works for the diversion of
water from Boise River. Associated with the dam in
Payette River is a canal on each side of the stream,
that on the south side connecting with a large pump-
ing plant. The dam will be ninety feet high, 450
feet long on top, and 125 feet long on the bottom. The
capacity of the reservoir will be 190.000 acre feet.
The north side canal will have a length of twenty miles,
the south side forty miles. The estimated cost of these
works is $1,200.000. By means of them 1,000 cubic
feet of water may be diverted every second for the
irrigation of 150,000 acres of land.

The works for the diversion of waters from the
Boise River consists of a dam ten feet high, 400 feet
long on top, and 400 feet on the bottom, constructed
of- concrete, steel and timber. The capacity of the
reservoir will be 150,000 feet. Two diversion canals,
one on each side of the river, will have a combined
length of 135 miles and a bottom width varying from
forty-five to ninety feet. The estimated cost of this
section of the project is $2.000,000. making the cost
of the entire project $3,200,000.

No other region of the United States presents a
more attractive field for the engineers of the reclama-
tion service.

LAND SNAPS

NEED LITTLE ADVERTISING

Gov. irrigation and new R. R. opens BIG HORN BASIN and Yellow Stone
Valley. Booklet free. If you want va uable homestead send 25 cents foi
maps, plats and information.

WYOMING LAND CO., BOX N, DES MOINES. IOWA

THE ONLY ANTI-FASHION PAPER.

THE NATIONAL CRITIC

FOR COMMON SENSE IN DRESS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS

Original, R.B.CV, Distinctive! Every Issue Worth the Price
for a. Year. Society's Follies and all Humbugs Exposed.

Make this your personal organ. Write for it. Get
into the compaign against the silly fashions. Let
us have your help to the extent of 50 cents 2 year,
the subscription price. :: :: :: :: :: :: ::

THE NATIONAL CRITIC

334 Dearborn St., CHICAGO

&

ENGINEERS

&

ARTHUR E. MORGAN,
HYDRAULIC ENGINEER,

Drainage, Irrigation, Sewerage, Water Supply

Topographical Surveying,
ST. CLOUD, - MINN.

BOOKS ON

I Irrigation and Drainage

THE IRRIGATION AGE has established a book
department for the benefit of its readers. Any
of the following named books on Irrigation
and Drainage will be forwarded postpaid on
receipt of price:

Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead .............. 81.25

Irrigation in the United States, F. H. Newell ...... 2.00

Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson ........ 4.00

Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King .............. 1.50

Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart .......... 1.00

Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox ...................... 2.00

The Primer of Irrigation, cloth, 300 pages ........ . 1.00

Practical Farm Drainage, Charles G. Elliott ....... 00

Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring ............ 00

Principle and Practice of Farm Drainage, Klippart .CO
Farm Drainage, French . . > ........................ 00

Land Drainage, Miles ............................. 00

Tile Drainage, Chamberlain ................ , ...... 40

Address

THE D. H. ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO.

112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO, ILL.

z

378

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

WANTED— Trade. Will trade land for a Dredge or Drag
Boat Ditcher. Address Lock Box 619, Garner, Iowa.

"pOREST RESERVE "SCRIP" is the safest and quickest
- means for obtaining immediate title to government land.
Write for special prices for certain localities.

HUGO SEABERG, RATON, N. M.

JEFFREY DOUBLE BEAM

.WATER ELEVATOR

Com-
monly
used for
Wells
from 10
o50 feet
deep.

Using
heavier
chain ren-
ders it
adaptable
for deeper
wells.

Booklet on Water Elevators free with catalogue

THE JEFFREY MFG. CO., Columbus, Ohio, U. S. A,

I

Two Dollars will secure for you one year's subscription to (
THE IRRIGATION AQE and a finely bound volume of the Primer I
of Irrigation which will be sent postpaid in a few months,
when volume Is completed. The Primer of Irrigation will be
finely Illustrated and will contain about 300 pages. Send post I
office or express money order for $j.oo and secure copy of first
edition.

»»»•••••••*••»••••••<

| Maginnis Flume Mfg. Co.,

...Manufacturers of...

MAGINNIS

PATENT

FLUME,

SHEEP TROUGHS AND CATTLE TANKS

The Maginnis flume has taken the place of wooden
flumes in nearly every ditch in our home county. One
advantage of the galvanized iron flume is that all the
water goes over the flume, which is not possible where
wooden flumes are used. Very little timber is required
— just two slight stringers of sufficient strength to carry
the weight of the water. Being made in semi-circular
form, no holes to break; galvanized, thereby preventing
rust. No rivets to adder over, no solder, just a plain
splice joint. Strengthened by ribs every thirty inches, it
is guaranteed not to leak or buckle. Can be moved in
sections of thirty inches, without interfering with the
rest of the flume. Special flumes made to order.

Write for prices, etc., to the

Maginnis Flxime Mfg. Co.,
KimbaL.l. Neb.

Mentioning THE IRRIGATION AGE.

To Owners of IJasoline Engines
Automobiles, Launches, Etc.

The Auto=Sparker

does away entirely with all starting:
and running batteries, their annoy-
ance and expense. No belt — no
switch — no batteries. Can l*r at-
tached to any engine now using
batteries. Fully guaranteed ; write
for descriptive catalog.

MOTSINGER DEVICE MFG. CO.
Main Street III, Peodleton, Ind.

Wrought iron

LIGHT WEIGHT PIPE

A chance to save 5O% on purchases

We are offering for quick acceptance, 1,000,000 feet of good lap welded,
Wrought Iron Pipe, sizes from 2 to 6 inch. It is in excellent condition
— having new threads and new couplings, and is in long lengths.

:t ' inch, per foot, 13c. 4 inch, per foot, I TV

THE IRRIGATION AGE

One year, $1.00

THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION

300 pages, $1.00

At this price, WE PAY FREIGHT IN CARLOAD LOTS to all points,
where freight rate does not exceed the rate to Pacific coast terminals.
We can also furnish this pipe with flanges instead of screwed ends.

Our Special Booklet No. 1 ?y quotes low prices on
BOILERS ENGINES PUMPS HOISTING APPARATUS

WIRB ROPE INCANDESCENT LAMPS ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

HARDWARE PLUMBING MATERIAL MILL SUPPLIES, ETC.

Write Us Today

CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO.

West 35th and Iron Streets, Chicago

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

379

Bright Ideas in Borne Building |

^^=====^=====^= V

designed homes with full descriptions and floor plan
arrangements in each issue of Building News. Designs
edited by leading architects in the Middle West and
South. One year, 81.00; 6 months, 50c; 3 months on trial,
25c. Sample copies free. Address

Speed Publishing Company, Publishers,

e, Indiana.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 II I II 1 1 II II 1 1

COMBINATION

YELLOWSTONE PARK
and CALIFORNIA TRIP

The Very Low rates in effect via the

NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY

To the MINING CONGRESS at Portland, Ore., Aug. 22-
27, '04; the KNIGHTS TEMPLARS, at San Francisco,
Sept. 5-9, '04; the GRAND LODGE of ODD FELLOWS at
San Francisco, Sept. 19-25. '04, afford a rare opportun-
ity for making a combination trip to

YELLOWSTONE PARK
and CALIFORNIA

The Round Trip rate— one fare or lower— added
to $49.50 the cost of the Park tour makes this the
lowest priced trip imaginable and through the finest
i scenery of the northwest, and if the "North Coast Limit-
1 ed" is used, on the Crack train of the Northwest.
For futher details apply to

: D. P. A.

Or to A. M. CLELAND, General Passenger Agent,
St. Paul, Minn.

1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 ii ii 1 1 1 1 iiiiiiiiii t

llll Illllll I I Illllll Illlllllll Mill

Before You Buy a Ranch

Send for a free sample copy of Ranch and
Range, a 32-page illustrated monthly descriptive
of the Resources, Industries and Opportunities of the
Great West. Address

RANCH AND RANGE,

413-14 Quincy Block, DENVER, COLO.
I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I II 1 1 1 1 1

" The King's Highway."

TO THE

GATEWAYS OF COMMERCE

THROUGH THE

CENTERS OF POPULATION,

adding greatly" to the interst of your
journey, without increasing its expense
beyond what you would expect to pay
for the "best," which you secure if you
travel by the

NEW YORK CENTRAL LINES

A Copy of "Four-Track Series" No. IS, "Urban
Population in 1900," will be sent free, on receipt of a two-
cent stamp, by George H. Daniels, General Passenger
Agent, New York Central & Hudson River R. R , Grand
Central Station, New York.

•0«0«0«0«0«0»0«0«0*OI

LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

Valley, of Mississippi,

Along the lines of the Yazoo and Missis-
sippi Valley Railroad, are of the most
wonderful fertility for raising Cotton,
Corn, Cattle and Hogs.

The clay will make the best of TILE and
Brick and manufacturers will find a great
field for TILE in that country, which is
so well adapted for Tile Drainage.

for i »; 1 1 1 1 i>i i it -1 ••> j 1 1 n I

EDWARD P. SKENE, Land Commissioner,

Central Station, Park Row, Room 506
CHICAGO. ILL.

When writing to Advertisers, please mention THE IRRIGATION AGE.

iO«O«O«O«O«C«O«O«O«O«C«C«O«O«O«O«OCO«O«O«O«C

380

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

MYERS

t

"Without an Equal on the Globe"

Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head

No. 369. Bulldozer Working Head, 5, 1%. and

10-inch sroke. Price 87500

No. 365. Bulldozer Working Head, 12, 16 ai d

20-inch sttok. . Prue 15000

Adapted especially for gas engines, motor and belt
powers, in harmony with present requirements.

Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps

Five Inch Brass Lined
Cylinder.

BACK GEARED
SIX TO ONE,-

Doublt Actinj. Capacity, T«^> Thou,
sand Gallons Per Hour.

No. 362. Bulldozer Pump, 3-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5, 7 !4 and 10-inch stroke. X

Price $75 00 •!•
*t*
No. 351. Bulldozer Pump. 4-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5, 1l/2 and 10-inch stroke. X

Price 120 00 *

O

No. 353. Bulldozer Pump, 5-inch Brass Lined

Cylinder, 5-inch stroke. Price 75 00 A

No. 363. Bulldozer Pump, 6-inch Brass Lined

Artesian Well Cylinder "Kfe 250 co

FULL INFORMATION IN REGARD TO OUR, VARIED LINE ON APPLICATION.

I

RE. MYERS sBRO.

ASHLAND,
OHIO, U.S. A.

PROPRIETORS OF

ASHLAND RUHR AND HAY TOOL WORKS

^^

THE IEKIGATION AGE.

381

Built Right

Run Right

Unsurpassed lor Tile, Hollow Ware. Brick and a.11

Classes of Clay products. Write for Particulars
on this or other Clayworkinn Machinery 9999

The Improved Centennial Auger Machine

Bucyrus, OKio
U. S. A.

The American Clay-Working
Machinery Company

382

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

Farming in Colorado, Utah
and New Mexico.

^[ The farmer who contemplates changing his location
should look well into the subject of irrigation. Before
making a trip of investigation there is no better way to
secure advance information than by writing to those
most interested in the settlement of unoccupied lands.
Several publications, giving , valuable information in
regard to the agricultural, horticultural and live stock
interests of this great western section, have been pre-
pared by the Denver & Rio Grande System, which
should be in the hands of all who desire to become
acquainted with the. merits of the various localities.

Write S. K. HOOPER, G. P. & T. A.

DENVER, COLORADO.

0«0«0«0«0«KD»0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«O€0«0«0«0«C«0«0»0»0»0«0«0«0«0»0

BEST REACHED FROM
ALL POINTS VIA THE

Iron

mountain
Route

Write for Descriptive and
Illustrated Pamphlets.

H. C. TOWNSEND,

Central Passenger and Ticket igent,
ST. LOUIS.

The Great East and West Line Try A O AND IHIIIQIAUA
Across tKe Entire States of I tAAO AND LUUIOlANA

NO TROUBLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Through Tourist and Standard Sleepers between Chicago and California

without change. Close connection at El Paso.
New Dining Cars (meals a la carte) between Texas and Si. Louis.

Write for new book on Texas. FREE.
E. P.TURNER, General Passenger Agem, Dallas, Texas

COLORADO

MIDLAND

RY.

OBSERVATION
CARS on day-
light trains

Run Dally Between
DENVER, SALT LAKE CITY and OQDEN

Panoramic Views, Descriptive
Pamphlets, etc., sent free upon
application to :: :: :: ::

C. H. Speers, Gen'l Pass. Ag't., Denver, Colo.

THE IREIQATION AGE.

383

Money Made

by the

Dairy Maid

Dairy products are a most
profitable source of revenue for
the progressive farmer.

Much ready money is received
from the sale of milk, cream and
butter; also from chickens, ducks,

turkeys and eggs. No country in the world is so suitable
for these products as California and the

Santa Fe Southwest

where there are mild winters, budding springtimes, pleasant sum-
mers and glorious autumns.

Write us and we will send you some
profusely illustrated literature about this
great country. Will also quote lowest
rates to where you are going.

Send me booklets about dairy ins In Santi

Fe South-west, and quote lowest

Homeseekers* rates

W. J. BLACK
Gen. Pus. Atft.. A. T. tr S. F. Ry.

Chicago

It has been discovered that the

PLAT VALL iV

traversed by the

UNION PACIFIC

Possesses immense wealth in alfalfa — greater than all tb«

grasses and clovers combined. As a Source of revenue

alfalfa exceeds all other products. Its growth ia

simply enormous. Three, and sometimes four

cuttings are made a year.

EVERY FARMER CAN RAISE ALFALFA

And if he raises that, he can also raise cattle,
sheep, horses and hogs.

Illustrated publication "Alfalfa on Union Pacific,
free on application.
INQUIRE OF ANY
UNION PACIFIC AGENT

. orolE. L. LOM^X, G. P. & T. A.
OMAHA, NEB.

384

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

B

Suitable
^Location

For the practice of any profession; the
profitable pursuit of any business; the
establishment of an industry is easily
found by consulting the Industrial De-
partment of this Company.
Data will be given you which will en-
able intelligent consideration being
given such an important matter as a
change of location.

Our Monthly Magazine will prove in-
valuable to those interested in Virginia,
the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida or Ala-
bama.

of
/Emnatee

Is the most beautiful section of the
world, recently discovered by the Sea-
board. The climate is delightful, the
atmosphere salt-laden, and perfumed
by the odor of thousands of blossoming
grape fruit, orange and lemon trees,
and the most beautiful and fragrant of
flowers.

A land of plenty, of perfect health,
ideal living; a land of hospitality, where
crime, trouble and ill-health are posi-
tively unknown.
Manatee booklets describe it.

t
I

The special Southern Edition of the Scaboatb Hit
fIDaCjastne would easily command fifty cents across the
book-seller's counter. It's unique. Contains practically no
reading matter, is entirely free from advertisements and em-
bodies numerous full page photogravures — the most exquis-
ite examples of the printer's art and each worthy of fram-
ing; each photograph is typical of the South Beautiful, the
Land of Promise.

There is not a man or woman in America who would not spend
a fascinating hour or two in examining this.
Sent free on receipt of ten cents to pay postage.

t

J. W. WHITE, Gen I Industrial slgent

SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY, PORTSMOUTH, VA.

**<^

5 team Shovels, all sizes, Traction Shovels, Ballast Unloaders, Dredges and

Ditching Mnchiru
ery. For drainage
and irrigation ditch-
es we have both dry
land and floating
dredges. We build
them to suit the re-
quirements of your
work. We manu-
facture our own
boilers, chains, and
steel and gray iron
castings. Write us
fully as to your
needs. We can sup-
ply them.

The Marion Steam Shovel Co.

No. 649 West Center Street, MARION, OHIO.

GEO. W. BARNHART, Western Manager,

No. 4 SUTTER ST., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

F. H. HOPKINS & CO.,

MONTREAL, P. Q.

OWN : A :FAR.M!

Thousands of Jlcres of Fertile Lands

capable of raising the finest quality of farm products in luxurious abundance, are for sale

upon reasonable terms in Wisconsin, Northern Michigan, Minnesota, South

Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Reference to reliable

statistics will demonstrate the fact that the pursuits of

AGRICULTURE, STOCK-RAISING AND DAIRYING

in these states are attended with profitable results. For further information regarding lands, address

CHICAGO AND

J. F. CLEVELAND

LAND COMMISSIONER, C. &. N.W. Ry

22 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III.

NORTH-
WESTERN RY.

ASK FOR TICKETS VIA

THE NORTH-WESTERN LINE

CHICAGO TICKET OFFICES

212 CLARK STREET. PASSENGER STATION, WELLS AND KINZIE 6TREETS.
OAKLEY AVENUE AND KINZIE STREET.

H. R. McCULLOUGH,

Third Vice-President.

W. A. GARDNER,

General Manager.

W. B. KNI8KERN,

p Pass. Traffic Manager.

"STAR" WIND MILLS

irrigating
Plant

Designed particularly for the
service of supplying large
quantities of water under all
the variable conditions of the
wind.

Galvanized Steel or Wood

All sizes, 4 to 26 ft. in diameter
WITH BALL BEARINGS

"Hoosier

and

'Fast Mail'

Iron Pumps

We manufacture an
extensive and va-
ried line of Iro.n
Pumps designed for
nearly every pur-
pose, and to be op-
erated by h.a n d
power or in conjunc-
tion with wind mills

Star"

Irrigating

Mill

Irrigating
Outfits

Pumps, Cylinders

"HOOSIER'

Tubular Well Tools and Machinery

Galvanized Steel or
Wood Substructures

Any Capacity . . . M~ ^rm. -1-^- -MSk. 1^ . . . Any Pvirpose

CYPRESS, PINE OR GALVANIZED STEEL

Gadve^nized Steel Towers

Either 3 or 4 Post, with Substantial Ladder.

LARGEST FACTORY IN AMERICA FOR THIS CLASS OF GOODS

Inquiries are respectfully solicited. Write for Catalog
and Circulars. Mention this Paper.

Flint (®L Walling Mfg. Co.

530 Oa.k Street. Kendall ville. Ind.