\ From the collection of the a Prelinger i a v JJibrary t San Francisco, California 2007 ' I • * I .' ' V • TWENTY IRRIGMION AGE PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION FARMERS, DEALERS IN AND MANUFACTURERS OF, IRRIGATION AND GENERAL, 1TARM MACHINERY". Voi,. xxiv. CHICAGO. NOVEMBER. 1908. No. 1 TITLE REGISTERED U. S. PATENT OFFICE adapted to their particular tasks. They comprise : SIDE HILL DITCHING has frequently to be done in irrigation work; a side hill ditch consists of an up-hill cut and a down-hill embankment. THE AUSTIN SIDE HILL DITCHER makes both cut and embank- ment in one operation while traveling along the work by its own power. Its principle of oper- ation is exactly the same as that of the Austin Drainage Excavator, i. e., it digs a ditch to tem- plet. The sides are truly sloped and the bottom is smooth and true to grade. So perfect is the work of either of these ditchers that the concrete or other ditch lining is placed directly on the sides and bottom as excavated — no trimming, no smoothing, no forms. All Austin drainage and irrigation earth work machines are equally perfectly The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Builder The Austin Power Scraper Excavator The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher The Austin Tile Ditcher WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE DRAINAGE MACHINERY SEND FOR OUR CATALOG No. S. F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR COMPANY Main Office, Railway Exchange Building, Chicago, III. New York Office, 9O West Street Morris Machine Works BALDWINSVILLE, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating proposition. Send details or specifications of what is wanted and we -will recommend a pumping outfit to supply tbe need New York Office, 39-41 Cortlandl Street Houston Office, Cor. Wood « Willow Sts., Tens Benion C, Hubbeil. Agents, 61 N. Jefferson St. Chicago. 111. Huron, Rtckard 4 McComb, Agents, 21 Fremont Street, San Francisco, Cal. FERTILE If you have a tract of non-producing ground, .why not make it pay you. If you have a well of any description we can help you turn the useless soil into fertile land that will bring you in profitable returns, many times the sum expended for the installation of an outfit. The outfit in the illustration shows one of our serviceable triplex pumps connected to a horsepower outfit, by which medium many ranchmen, agri- culturists and fruit men, are now securing large crops of grain, grass and other growths from the irrigated ground. All the irrigation outfits we manufacture are exceedingly easy in action and are for operation by horsepower, gas orjgasoline engines, belt driven, direct connected to motor, or ANY available power. They have capacities of from 8 gallons per minute to 3,000 gallonsjper minute, and can be adjusted to suit any conditions. Our engineering department will give their most careful attention to state- ments of ^conditions under whichj the pumps would have to work, and will submit expert advice on the matter. Our Catalogue "G" is devoted exclusively tcTpower pumps and irrigation outfits, and if interested, we will be pleased to mail a copy on request/ THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HEN1OM & HUBBELL, 61-69 N. Jefferson Street, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents. CRANE CO., Portland, Ore., Spokane, Seattle, Tacoma, Wash., San Francisco, Los Angeles, Cal., Salt Lake City, Utah, Pacific Coast Agents. J. A. WHITING, CIVIL AND IRRIGATION ENGINEER Examinations, Estimates, Reports, Surveys, Plans and Supervision. 501 Firii N*'] Biok Bidg. Cheyenne, Wyoming JOHN CLAY, President JAS. T. CRAIG, Vice-President W. B. PENFOLD, Cashier A. H. MARBLE. Vice-President D. J. HULL. Ass't Cashier BUTTE COUNTY BANK BELLEFOURCHE, S. D. Capital and Surplus, S3O,OOO Personal Interview or Correspondence Solicited ROBERT McF. DOBLE iCIVIL AND IRRIGATION ENGINEER Surveys, Plans, Estimates, Exam- inations, Reports and •Supervision Majestic Building DENVER, COLORADO BEFORE YOU BUY A LEVEL Write for descriptive circulars of the 50STROM IMPROVED FARM AND BUILDERS' LEVELS Practical up-to-date instruments that anyone can use. Recommend- ed by professional men of repute and by the most progressive far- mers of the country for irrigation, drainage and building purposes. Prices: 3I6.OO and $28.OO including Telescope, Tripod and RodT BOSTROM-BRADY MFC. CO. 55 W. Alabama St. - • ATLANTA, CA. 3000 to 5000 TILE PER DAY Is the amount we guarantee to make on the SCHENK CEMENT TILE MACHINE with six men to operate It. Makes all sizes from] 4 to 16 inches. For further information write' THE CEMENT TILE MACHINERY CO. 134 Rath Street. WATERLOO. IOWA THE IRRIGATION AGE. Along the 7 Are to Be Found Splendid Opportunities For Fruit Raising, Stock Raising, Dairying And General Farming The Fertile, Well-Watered Valleys of Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon are unsurpassed, and all Temperate Zone fruits, grains and vegetables grow there. New Homes in the irrigated valleys or the growing towns of these States can be obtained now at reasonable figures, and are sure to rapidly Increase in Value Some of the best people in our great country are making new homes in the northwest where PROSPERITY prevails. Don't wait until it is too late, but buy now while prices are low, and for printed matter regarding this Northwestern Empire address C. W. MOTT GENERAL EMIGRATION AGENT, DEPARTMENT E ST. PAUL, MINN. For fares, etc., write to A. M. CLELAND GENERAL PASSENGER AGENT ST. PAUL, MINN. Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, Seattle, 1909 When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IBBIOATION AGE. 'RRIOR SlirEIIOl DULLS ire Used and Appreciated by OooJ farmeri Ihe World dyer SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., ... Minneapolis, Minn Kingman&Co., - - - Peoria, 111 Klagman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo Kineman-Moore Imp. Co., • Kansas City, Mo Kingman-Moore Imp. Co.. - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingman Implement Co.. • • Omaha, Neb. Parlin & Orendorff Imp. Co., Portland, Ore Colorado Moline Plow Co., • Denver, Colo The T. C. Powers Co., • • Helena, Mont Consolidated Wag. & Maeh. Co , Salt Lake City Newell Matthews Co.. - Los Angeles, Cal The H. C. Shaw Co., - Stockton, Cal Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturer* SUPERIOR DRILL CO., Springfield, Ohio Division of the American Seeding Mach. Co.. Inc. GRAIN DRILLS SAVED OF . THE EXPENSE O OF IRRIGATION Send for our booklet, "COST OF IRRIGATION." It wil save you money in irrigating. We guarantee 25jS more water with the same power, or the sam* amount ot water with 25j( less power than other make of pumping machinery. We have proved this greater efficiency by hundreds of tests and we are ready to prove it again. Bulletin No. 104 illustrates and describes irrigation machinery THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS AURORA. ILLINOIS. I . S. A. Chicago Office, First National Bank Building. Morse Bros. Machinery & Supply Co., Denver, Colo. Zimmerman- Wells Brown Company. Portland, Ore. Cal. Hydraulic. Kngineerine & Supply Co., San Francisco, Calif. MACHINERY I BARGAINS One 26 in. x 60 in. L. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 18x42 L. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 18 in. x 42 in. R. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 14x42 L. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 14x42 L. H. Aliss engine. One 12x30 L. H. Aliss engine One 16x16 Erie Ball C. C. automatic engine. One 13x12 New York Safety C. C. automatic engine. One 16x24 L. H. Atlas automatic engine. One 15x16 R. H. Buckeye automatic engine. One 10x16 L. H. Brownell automatic engine. One 4J^x6 in. American Hoist & Derrick Co., D. C., single friction drum, link motion hoisting engine, with top rigging, necessary sheave wheels, and double cages. One 5x6 Stroudsburg D. C., D. D. hoisting engine and boiler. 10 72 in. x 20 ft. horizontal tubular boilers, 110 Ibs. steam. 2 72x18 horizontal tubular boilers, 95 Ibs. steam. 3 72x16 horizontal tubular boilers, 90 Ibs. steam. 4 60x18 ft. horizontal tubular boilers, 95 Ibs. steam. 2 48x14 horizontal butt strap double riveted boilers, 125 Ibs. steam. 2 Worthington duplex steam pumps, size 16x14x10. 2 Worthington duplex steam pumps, size 14x7x10. 2 Wheeler & Tappen duplex steam pumps, size 20x 12^x12. One Worthington duplex steam pump, size 12x7x10. One Blake duplex steam pump, size 10x7x10. One Smith Vail duplex steam pump, size 10x6x10. Send us your inquiries for power equipment. We can save you from 30% to 75%. We buy our goods at various sheriffs', receivers' and manufacturers' sales and positively undersell all. Send for our free bargain machinery catalog. Ask for M 803. 36 PHONES— YARDS 1900. Chicago House Wrecking Company 35th and Iron Sts, When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. Sold direct or through our distributers. Large stocks carried at convenient points all over the country, ready for quick delivery in either short or long lengths, on reels or in coils. 72 Feet •H-in. Crucible Cast Steel Hoisting Rope 202 Feet 34-in. Monitor Dredge Rope, 6 x 19 78 Feet l-in. Plow Steel Hoisting American Dredge Rope IN the great work of reclamation of the submerged lands of the Mississippi Val- ley there is no more active mechanical factor than our dredge rope. We make this rope with full knowledge gained from years of experience in the hard usage to which it is subjected, than which perhaps no other ser- vice can show an equal. There is not the same risk of life that goes with the operation of an elevator or a mine hoist, but there is American Steel & Wire Co. greater wear, necessitating a very close study of the requisite quality of material and also experience in manufacture, to produce a flex- ible, reliable and durable dredge rope. We offer our rope to dredgemen with assur- ance of the highest uniform quality and efficiency, as proven by the many years that -it has now been successfully identified with this service. Chicago New York Worcester Denver When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. San Francisco THE IRRIGATION AGE. Desirable Irrigable Lands Open tor Entry. Relinquishments For Sale CAREY ACT DESERT ACT CHAS. T. MANNING QOODINQ IDAHO HEAVY and LIGHT GRADERS for leveling land for irri- gation, making and cleaning lateral ditches. Three styles: Ohio Reversible, Digger Attachment and Fenders Remov- able, Blade Reversible. The Ohio Road Machinery Co. Vine and Main Stg. OBERL1X, OHIO Steel Irrigation Flumes AND WATER TROUGHS Galvanized steel is rapidly taking the place of wood for fluming purposes and with The Maginnis Patent splice flummp is made easy Any boy can put the Maginnis Steel Flume together or take it apart. Steel flumes and troughs "Ship Knock down" Third Class freight. Let me figure on your flume. All flumes guaranteed. Write for Testimonials and Particulars to P. Maginnis, Mfr. Kimball. Nebraska STEAM SHOVELS both Traction and Railroad Trucks, Ballast Un- loaders, Placer Mining Dredges RIVER, HARBOR and DITCHING DREDGERS THE MARION STEAM SHOVEL COMPANY MARION, - OHIO WRITE FOR CATALOGUE, INFORMATION, Etc. C. W. BARNHART Western Manager 718 MONADNOCK BLDC., - SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. LIGHTNING CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR IRRIGATING PURPOSES 3-Inch to 8-Inch, Inclusive Get Our Catalog and Prices Kansas City Hay Press Co. 531 Mill Street KANSAS CITY, MO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXIV CHICAGO, NOVEMBER, 1908. No. 1 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered u Mcond-clu* matter October 8, 1897, at the PoitoSce at Chicago. 111., under Act of March 8, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid 11.00 To Canada and Mexico, 1.50 All Other Foreign Countries 1.50 In forwardine remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age it the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and DM readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 24 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. This, our November issue, marks the be- Twenty- ginning of the twenty-fourth year of the fourth Year, existence of THE IRRIGATION AGE, hence - a new volume, that of twenty-four, is be- ginning, and our title page will show Volume Twenty- four, Number One. The year ending October 31 has been the most suc- cessful in point of circulation building in the history of this journal. We have had representatives at work in California, Nevada, Idaho, New Mexico, Colorado, western Kansas, Nebraska and Wyoming and the re- sults have been exceedingly satisfactory. THE IRRIGATION AGE is being read by two and one-half times as many people today as were reading it a little over a year ago, and it is doubtful if any class publication in the United States can make and substantiate a similar statement. This should be interesting news to all manufac- turers through the United States as well as the coloniza- tion people who are figuring on developing areas under irrigation throughout the west. Judging from present indications it is our firm belief that our list will have doubled from November, 1908, to November, 1909. There is a great and rapidly growing interest in irri- gation affairs. Middle and eastern states people are becoming aware of the fact that the public lands are being rapidly taken up and that those who secure land at a moderate cost must do so within the next year or two. Land in private holdings over the entire country has greatly increased in value and this is particularly noticeable in the southwest and northwestern states. There are yet thousands of acres to be secured under the different forms of entry governing the settlement of the remaining public domain, but, as above stated, these lands are going so rapidly that it is certain that a year or two more will develop conditions whereby the prospective settler will have to hunt long and care- fully for choice locations. It behooves the man who has a growing family to look into the land question today and study conditions under irrigation develop- ment in the west, and this can be done more easily by regular purusal of the columns of THE IRRIGATION AGE than in any other manner. Whose Is the Greater Interest? The grievance of the Inyo County farm- ers against the Eeclamation Service in ignoring their rights in favor of the de- mands of the city of Los Angeles, 230 miles away, is ~of vastly more importance to all communities where irrigation is or is to be ii» use than the settlement of this one concrete difficulty seems at first glance. It is of vital concern to every irrigated district in that the outcome of the Owens Eiver valley protest against Los Angeles' taking vir- tually their whole water supply will establish a prec- edent which will settle once and for all the question as to whose is the greater interest — the city's or the rural community's. The case of the farmers as presented before the Eesolutions Committee of the Sixteenth National Irrl- THE IREIGATION AGE. gation Congress is on its face a recital of seemingly irremediable wrongs. Briefly Inyo County alleges : First: They and their ancestors settled the valley and braved many hardships, including frequent fights with Indians, while most of California was still un- occupied by white men. As a natural consequence the present generation in Inyo County has a sentimental attachment for its birthplace, a sentiment not existing in the more newly settled communities of the State. Second: By their own limited means they suc- ceeded years ago in irrigating and tilling on an aver- age throughout the valley 25 per cent of their holdings. Third : Qn their petitioning the government for a survey to establish their fitness to receive the benefits of national irrigation, a report favorable to the con- struction of an irrigation project was made in 1903. The inhabitants of the valley, in accordance with the usual requirements of the Eeclamation Service, testified to their desire for national irrigation by obligating themselves not to dispose of their lands for a period of ten years — this to prevent speculation. Fourth: Following the assurance from the Eec- lamation Service representatives that the irrigation project would shortly be a fact, they awakened sud- denly to the discovery that the project had been side- tracked and their watershed procured by Los Angeles. Before they had recovered from their first surprise the government withdrew 200,000 acres of their lands for a forest reserve — in spite of the fact that not a tree grew on all the big "forest" reserve and that its with- drawal worked a great hardship on owners of abutting property. Fifth : The $25,000,000 Los Angeles Viaduct pro- cured from the government a right of way across this forest reserve. Sixth: After repeated requests from Inyo County for information concerning what the future held for Owens Eiver valley farmers, the Eeclamation Service finally announced that the settlers would be allowed to have sufficient water to irrigate the lands now under cultivation — about 25 per cent of their total holdings. Virtually this means ruin for the farmer. He bought and paid for one hundred and sixty acres. By the decree of the Eeclamation Service he can never till more than forty acres. The other one hundred and twenty acres must remain forever barren. And this remains the fact in spite of the plenteous flow of Owens Eiver, which is great enough to give Los An- geles all it needs and still leave a remainder sufficient to water all the valley — under national irrigation meth- ods. But Los Angeles answers this statement by declar- ing that present day conditions are not to be considered. It is the future Los Angeles is providing against. And that future sees Los Angeles a city of one million in- habitants— a metropolis which will need all the water of the Owens Eiver watershed. So it happens that when new industries, seeking to locate in Inyo County, make application to the Eeclamation Service for the right to build their plants on the Owens Eiver and use its current for power pur- poses, the applications are sent promptly from Wash- ington to Los Angeles, where judgment on their merits is pronounced by the city authorities. And it is hardly necessary to add the municipality thus far has con- demned every application brought to its attention. Unquestionably municipal needs outweigh the de- sires of undeveloped farming communities. But just as surely do the rights of the long-established, pro- ducing settlement stand superior to the ambitious schemes of a consciousless municipality, stopping at no barrier to become the metropolis of the Pacific Coast. And after all, and behind it all* and permeating it all, the fundamental principle of fair play is in- volved. What is to be the outcome ? Is the immigrant, newly landed in New York, to learn that national irri- gation is the boon it has been described — only after the project has been constructed and the water" flowing [and land values advanced beyond the reach of his purse] ? Is the middle Westerner to decide that his de- pendence is better put in God and rain than in the gov- ernment and 25 per cent irrigation? In a word, is a precedent to be established in this Owens Eiver valley wrong, which will result in keep- ing every farmer who reads — east of the Eockies, where he at least knows just what to expect ? We are inclined to think the government will adopt no such attitude. And not the least reason for this opinion is the fact that the railroads here interested themselves in the matter. The railroads are sided with Inyo County. And the railroads are not moved by any philanthropic motive. They know the correct answer to the query, and by their alliance with the well-nigh discouraged Owens Eiver valley farmers, they, have shown their opinion as to whose interest is the greater. John Smith had lived thirty years on A Parable. his sixty-acre farm in Indiana. He had raised good vegetables and good children, and because of one and in spite of the other had ac- cumulated a little fortune. Each year he marketed his turnips and potatoes and corn and hay, and with the proceeds in successive years bought his spouse the auto- matic piano player, the power clothes washer, the seal- skin coat, and the sundry other luxuries her comfort- loving soul desired. John Smith was contented on his Indiana farm. Of course, there had been lean years when the rain failed to come. And equally, of course, there THE IRRIGATION AGE. were yet to come as bad seasons as had gone before. But the average was pretty good — good enough at any rate to satisfy John Smith. All this was before the multi-colored railway folder made its appearance in the Smith household. Then things changed rapidly. "Why, indeed," asked Smith, paraphrasing the somewhat differently worded query of the pamphlet, "should I stay here on this worn-out, scrubby sixty acres when I can raise more crops and make more money and do less work in Sunny California on irri- gated lands?" And the answer came a short three weeks later with the removal of the Smiths, together with such of their household goods as they could not bear to leave behind, from the old farm in Indiana to a ten-acre patch in the widely advertised Heart's Desire Valley in Southern California. It may be said in passing, Smith had been unable to find a buyer for his Indiana farm — a fact which convinced him of its worthlessness. According to all good rules of established parables, John 'Smith should have prospered exceedingly and made untold wealth in Heart's Desire Valley. But he didn't. To be sure, he raised quite as big crops as the advertisements said the land would produce. But — after he had shipped his carload of early cantaloupes he found the expense bill was 87 cents bigger than the check the consignee sent him for his produce. Presently a big city, 300 miles away, determined to increase its water supply to provide for the day when it should have doubled twice in population. The watershed on which the Heart's Desire Eiver had its source was chosen as most suited to the city's future needs. The government suddenly took a hand in the little game which was progressing merrily — and entirely unbeknown to the settlers in the Heart's Desire Valley. Thousands of acres of tree-less land were withdrawn for a forest reserve — land on which Smith's cattle had grazed free. The great city viaduct was to have a right of way across this reserve. The Heart's Desire River was to be reduced 75 per cent in flow, the government announced at length. And Heart's Desire Valley looked more like an ant hill kicked open by a careless range heifer than the liappy, prosperous community it had resembled. John Smith got out with the clothes on his back and returned with his family to the old farm in In- diana— in a chair car. They had traveled West in style — in a "tourist." MORAL. Ifs better to raise turnips with rain in Indiana than cantaloupe with irrigation in California — if the Reclamation and Forestry departments of the Govern- ment are allied against the settler. The Art of Irrigation CHAPTER Six By T. S. VAN DYKE If your soil is not too hard and tight and you do not apply the water too deep or too often you can hardly fail to find flooding profitable in spite of the sickly appearance of things at first. At the same time you may have a strong suspicion that the growth is not what it should be or that the quality of the product is not first class. Well, who told you that you must flood ? It is not always the best way and is generally the worst way to irrigate. If you have a rich vegetable mould its loose character and the stimulus of the nitrogen in the humus may enable it to overcome the effect of flooding. For garden work the same can be done by plenty of stable manure well mixed into the soil. An amount that would burn up almost anything under dependence on rain can be put in with safety and for many crops it can be used raw. On the desert it is so difficult to rot it that it must generally be used raw. I have found turnips, carrots, radishes, lettuce, beets and corn thrive wonderfully under six inches of raw stable manure. The same killed onions, tomatoes, peas and beans, made potatoes and cucumbers sick no matter how much water they were given, stimulated melons to an early crop and began to kill them before it was fully picked, etc. But all stand a much larger quantity of manure than under farming with rain alone, no matter how badly it is worked in. With such fertilizing I find flooding indispensable for most things on the desert, for the top soil must be sealed over to close out air spaces, which in dry air and under a hot sun will either dry out the seed before it sprouts or kill it afterward. This cannot be done by rolling, for the ground dries too deeply in spite of it and if planted deep enough to avoid that then it is too deep for most things. By flooding I can plant seed only an eighth of an inch deep and get a perfect stand, where without it I cannot get one per cent of slow seeds like carrots or lettuce, no matter how deeply planted or how well rolled. One should experi- ment at once on these things even though in a land of considerable rain, for deep planting may retard growth even where it does not stop it. I find melons just cov- ered stronger and better plants in every way than those covered two inches. By using seed sprouted under glass I can get sixty per cent with one irrigation. After that they are safe for a month if the ground has been well filled with water. Still there are good reasons for flooding which you may not be able to ignore. But first let us con- sider a modified form of it — flooding with moving water and commonly called irrigating in "Lands." So far we have considered only standing water confined bv levees on all sides. But if a narrow strip be confined on only two sides by levees such strip may be made quite long, provided the slope is great enough to keep water moving after it is well filled with vegeta- tion. These are very popular in many sections and where the slope is so great as to make good checks ex- pensive they are the best form of flooding. They are a THE IRRIGATION AQB. made of all lengths from a few hundred feet to nearly half a mile, though a quarter of a mile is nearer the extreme. They vary in width from about sixteen feet to twenty-five or more. I have some fifty feet wide that •work fairly well, but they are only three hundred feet long. When wide it is most too difficult to get them level on the bottom, that is level laterally so as to pre- vent the water from sliding off to one side or running in a dish down the center. Twenty feet is a better width for alfalfa, while for melons and other garden stuff I find ten wide enough. It is a mistake to make them too long, as it takes too long to get water enough to the lower end and keep it there long enough. Too much of the time water is wasting by soaking in at the upper end after it has soaked enough. Considerable must also run off at the lower end so as to insure wetting it well. It is better to have them shorter, collect the waste water in another cross ditch and run it in a new set of lands. Checks must be prepared to take the final waste or some ground will be left too dry. Six hundred feet is about the limit of efficiency on most soils unless there is plenty of water to waste. The slope should be six inches in a hundred feet to insure good running, and a foot is better yet. When vegetation is heavy, still more is better, but care must be taken in all cases about the soil cutting when the ground is first planted. The levees for these lands do not have to be so large as for flooding in checks. But when ground is well covered with vegetation it makes great resistance to the passage of water. The levees should be large enough to force the water in spite of all resistance and so strong that one cannot break and let the water into the next one. If it does you may have a dry strip be- low and have to haul in earth with a wagon to make repairs. • Neither do the gates have to be made with the same care as for checks because the lands are so narrow that large heads of water are not used, that is. large compared with those generally used in checks. It is not difficult to set several lands with the inlets about on a level so that one cross gate in the ditch will supply them all at once. Sometimes thev are set so that the water does not enter until raised by the cross gate. Then when it is opened to feed the next lot of lands the water falls as it flows on so that the first lot of inlets do not have to be closed at all and need no gates. Sometimes it is best to start at the lower end and work backward, closing cross gates instead of opening them. And often vou can work both wavs. one way at each irrigation. It will all depend on the li.v of the land and the amoiint of water vou are running. If you have a good slope the wav the lands run, with the ground nearlv level on a liri" at a right angle to it, vou cnn do it almost as vou please if the lands are not so long or so wide as to take too much water. One feature of this method is that you can hardly get the water too deep — a groat advantage where vou have to flood in gardening. "NTor do vou have to watch it verv closelv ns it can do no harm except to waste at the lower end. The levees are not liable to be broken nv waves a« in checks, nor can gophers make much of a home in them a« in larger ones. You have also a per- fect clearance with a certaintv of no stagnant water if thpv are Inid out on uniform slope. This means no scalding of alfalfa or other vegetation unless you make a special effort to insure it. It takes some care, how- ever, to keep a uniform flow in several lands. If not you have to leave some running after the others are shut off and this may require gates that might other- wise be dispensed with. Careful grading of the slope is more important than in checks. The water is flow- ing, and flowing in a thin sheet, so that if a spot is too high it will collect rubbish and split the stream, often leaving a dry spot. And if a spot is too low it may, after being well soaked, hold water long enough to injure something the same as in a check with water too deep. The surest way is to have the levees high enough to force the water, and water enough to be forced, and then collect the waste below and use it over again. Another advantage of this method is where you have short heads of water, or cannot run them a long time, you can cover more ground than you can with checks that are as cheaply made. But unless the ground has a long and easy slope, needing very little grading to make it uniform, with fall enough to in- sure a fast run of water against a heavy stand of vegeta- tion .lands will not be as cheap or efficient as small checks might be. To flood or not to flood is therefore the important question at first. And on its proper determination will depend much of your success as well as comfort in your work. With the right system selected and properly laid out you should spend much of your time in the ham- mock. Otherwise you may be hopping about all day with a shovel wondering why there is so much work for so small an area. In considering this question the two systems, standing water and running water, will be treated together as they differ only in the ways above mentioned. To the following principles you will find hardly an exception. Apparent exceptions are in the wrong application of the principle. First. — For handling large heads of water on a large area flooding is the cheapest method, if slope is not too great. Second. — Where soil is so porous that water runs in small furrows sinks in too fast, or sinks directly downward instead of soaking sideways, flooding is gen- erally the only way to insure quick and uniform wet- ting. Third. — Where soil is so tight that soaking from furrows is too slow flooding must generally be used, but with great care because on such land drainage is probably bad. Fourth. — Where your water supply is limited to a short run of a big head flooding is often the only way you can get it over the ground within the time limited. Fifth. — Whore the slope is so light that water will not run fast enough in furrows flooding in large heads is often essential to quick work. Sixth. — Where you have to take your turn at the water in the night you can often arrange things so that one check will feed another and pass on while you are in bed. But if vour crops are very valuable, and espe- cially if water is scarce, you had better stay up and take care of it under anv system. If you have to go on a night run this time the ditch tender will put you on for a day run the next time if possible. Where the run lasts much more than a day vou can generally arrange furrows to run all night without watching. Such is the case now in about all the orange orchards in South- ern California, where the run is rarelv less than three THE IEBIOATION AGE. days and nights and sometimes four. In a few places in Orange county the old method of flooding in checks about twenty-five feet square is still used because the soil is too porous to hold up water fir in furrows. A line of a dozen or two is fed from a ditch at the upper side and about the time the last is full they commence breaking them and letting the water into the next line, then into the next and so on. This takes about three men six to twelve hours for ten acres with a head of two or three cubic feet a second. Three second feet will equal three rain inches on ten acres in ten hours. This takes lively work for a short time. With furrows the same amount of water may be put in the ground with a smaller head by one man working less than half his time and generally producing better fruit. But it may take much longer time at each irrigation, though less during the year. But there is much of this soil in all countries where furrows will be too slow if your time limit for the run of water is short, so that flood- ing is the most available method, though not the best for results. Seventh. — Flooding is sometimes the only way you can start seed. Especially is this the case on desert land. It has been the custom to smile at those who live on the desert. But there is too much of it, now producing too much wealth, to laugh at. One learns to love the desert climate, scenery and elbow-room, gets quickly used to the heat, which is so dry that it is not oppressive, especially at the altitude of most of our deserts. They are already supporting in luxury large settlements and will in time be the richest parts of our country for the same area. The lessons to be learned from them cannot only be applied to sections having a good rainfall, but many such lessons cannot be ignored. I must beg the reader's indulgence for referring so often to my own ranch, but he will pardon me if he will remember that I have nothing to sell or recom- mend and no time to answer any letters. After twenty- five years' experience and observation in the best parts of California I have learned more in seven years from opening up a new place myself where others failed than I did in all the previous time. And what I have so learned is more valuable to the beginner on new ground and in new climate. But most of the lessons are valu- able anywhere. I am situated in what is probably the dryest part of our country — that part of the Mojave Desert lying along the Mojave Eiver, some forty miles west of its sink. The elevation is about two thousand feet, aver- age rainfall about four inches, often less than three and that only in winter. Temperature in summer 116 occasionally, but seldom over 112 and rarely below 100 except at night. Moisture in air about the extreme minimum of the world. I have soil of several textures, from near clay to the coarsest gravel. In spring when it is windy much of the time, and in summer when it is hot but rarely windy, I find it almost impossible to get a decent stand of anything without flooding. The moisture can- not be kept long enough at the immediate surface, even for seeds like alfalfa (which is up inside of five days), unless the surface is sealed over. My first planting of alfalfa was in the most orthodox manner, with deep plowing, fine harrowing, and immediate seeding and harrowing in on soil wet many feet deep. I got about one plant to a square rod from about thirty-five pounds of seed to the acre. I concluded that air spaces drying out the soil under the hot sun and dry air had done the mischief and that if the seed were drilled in shallow on unplowed ground so dry that loose dirt could be easily dragged back over the seed by the chains that trail behind the feeders of the drill, and the whole then sealed over by flooding, that I could get a stand in spite of the hardening and tightening of the soil. The .ground in the other case had been irrigated by furrows and they were run for some time after planting without effect, except in the bottom of the furrows, with a few scattering plants along the sides. But now I rushed a big head over the whole patch ; in five days the young plants were lifting the thin crust in every direction ; and I had a stand about three times too thick, although I had planted the smallest amount of seed the drill would feed — about fifteen pounds to the acre, or half of what is generally deemed necessary for sowing broad- cast under good conditions and culture. I have found it the same in greater or less degree with about everything else. Even such a simple thing as a carrot I could hardly raise at all with furrow irri- gation, but by thin flooding in lands I. can raise at least twenty tons to the acre and am sure the yield has been above that. But this was on heavily manured ground. The natural soil is not rich enough, no mat- ter how wet. But on that the seed would dry out un- less sealed over by flooding, and on the manured ground it would not only dry out before sprouting but do it more quickly than on ground not manured. And 'the little that would start at all in that way would soon burn out unless flooded. I have not tried this with artificial fertilizers, but it is probable that there would be something like the same results. And it is also probable that to some extent it would be true in a dry time in summer even in a land of good rainfall. One year I set out over 200 sweet potato plants with furrows close beside them, ground well wet and .plants well shaded from sun and wind. I lost every one. The next year I set 300 in bottom of furrow without shading and kept water running four days, and every one grew all right. The beginner on a new piece anywhere should study these points as fast as possible. Thus far I have been considering irrigation that is indispensable for any crop, as on the dryest parts of the desert. But all of these principles apply about as well where the irrigation is only supplementary to a rain- fall just a little short of what is needed for good results, as in the greater part of California. And they cannot safely be ignored anywhere that irrigation is expedient, though not really necessary. If great results can be obtained anywhere in our country by intensive farming with rich fertilizers andf fine cultivation it is almost a certainty that still greater results can be had by apply- ing the right amount of water at the right time and above all in the right way. And that, after all, is what irrigation is. Irrigation is commonly supposed to be a poor substitute for a good rainfall. Years of experi- ence will show you that it is just the reverse, and that ihe best rainfall in the country is a very poor substi- tute for irrigation. 10 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The National Forests and the Forest Service. By Judge D. C. Beaman, Denver, Colo. [Continued from October number.] If he would confine the Forestry Bureau to its legitimate purposes, as does the Weather Bureau, it would be as popular and valuable to the people as the latter. The outrages perpetrated by subordinates in hun- dreds of cases, are by him excused because he cannot, at the prices he pays, always get good men. A sufficient answer to that is, that it is better to have no men than to have bad men. It is unfortunate indeed that any good work that Mr. Pinchot has done, and might continue to do, has been so overshadowed by unwise administration, and regulations wholly unnecessary to the protection of the forests, as to cause political parties to make it an issue in their platforms. It has been often stated in newspapers which are blind supporters of the forest policy, that it is in perfect harmony with the wishes of a vast majority of the people concerned; that as rapidly as possible Mr. Pinchot cor- rects all grounds for complaints arising from vexatious and disagreeable acts of over-officious subordinates, and that a man who has a real grievance should communicate with him so as to enable him to correct it. This is a subject which neither the personal experi- ence nor observation of most of these editors fit them to discuss — their forest experience having been chiefly ac- quired in the potted forests in the palm rooms of the metropolitan hotels and city clubs — and in doing so they utterly ignore facts that have been proven beyond dis-. pute. They are evidently based on statements of the self-laudatory bulletins put forth by the Forest Press Bureau, and sent broadcast over the country and re- printed in these papers as original editorials or corre- spondence. The complaints of the people are not so much be- cause the forest employes obstruct the homesteader and the miner, as because the rules governing forests compel them to do so. Mr. Pinchot is the chief offender, and instead of his policy being in harmony with the wishes of those chiefly concerned, the very opposite is true. There is, and has been for several years, a hostility thereto constantly growing in intensity, which has only been restrained because the power of the government is behind the policy, and those who are the sufferers are helpless to secure justice. No policy of recent years has done so much to alienate the friends of the government as the mistaken policy of. the Forest Service in these respects, and if any of the mountain states shall go democratic this fall, it will be chiefly for that reason. If a state government had treated its people in such a manner, it would have been ousted at the next election. It is supremely silly to make the assertion that the people generally are satisfied, when the recent platforms of the Democratic Party, National as well as in Colo- rado, declare to the contrary, and the Republican plat- forms of Colorado and New Mexico are of like effect. It will not answer this to say that the Republican plat- form in Colorado does not directly condemn the policy. It favors an administration of forests "which will not retard our natural growth and development," and de- clares that the national government is not familiar with actual conditions. This is not an approval, but by strongest implication an affirmation that the present administration does retard growth and development, and ' a condemnation of it by the Republicans of Colorado. It is equally useless for a man to attempt to com- municate with Mr. Pinchot for any relief. The com- munication will probably never reach him, but if it does, it will do him no good. Not content with discussing forest questions, and boosting itself, the Bureau has a bunch of experts em- ployed in advising those who live near the habitats of wild animals, as to their habits. The profound knowledge which is put forth in some of these bulletins, telling us how to conserve our resources and save the nation, is simply wonderful. In a recent one it was seriously stated that "a good way to exterminate wolves is to find the dens and kill the young ones." This method has been known to pioneers lor some time, although some of them think that to kill the old ones before breeding time is quite as effectual. One of the very latest is on prairie dogs. The Forest Service has recently discovered that poison will kill them if administered internally — not hypodermic- ally. It is scientifically estimated that 256 prairie dogs of average appetite will eat as much grass as one cow; that proper soil will yeild about twenty-five and one- half dogs to the acre (this is probably half a dog too much), and that there are in Texas enough dogs to eat as much grass as 1,000,000 cows. This dog-goned slap at Kansas, so long the banner prairie dog state, seems uncalled for. It would seem that the time and talent of the Bureau might better be employed in correcting abuses and vicious rules than in compiling prairie dog statistics, so long at least as these dogs do not inhabit the forests or eat the timber. Besides the numerous other calamities which Mr. Pinchot warns us about in his hysterical moments, is that a billion of tons of our soil is going into the streams and ocean annually. Where the data is obtained for this estimate of tonnage we are not advised, probably from the catfiesh, which should know most about it. Has Mr. Pinchot forgotten, or would it have dulled his point to have also stated, that ever since the earth cooled off, disintegration of the rocks and erosion has been going on, and that the amount of soil has been constantly increasing; that the wash and erosion into the Mississippi river has formed much of the two great states at its mouth, and that all the plains country of the West was made from the rocks of the mountains ? There are, no doubt, some regions where soil erosion has rendered a few acres of land almost, or quite, valueless, but it is equally unquestionable, notwithstand- ing these isolated cases, so vividly photographed and emphasized in the bulletins and magazine articles of the Forest Service, that as the rocks disintegrate the pro- portion of arable soil increases until the soil area now comprises more than 90 per cent of the land. This he proposes to remedy by preserving the forests in the mountains, and, therefore, according to THE IRRIGATION AGE. 11 him, the Forest Service is to be the savior of the country in this respect. The truth is that the rains which pro- duce the greatest floods do not fall in the mountains, as' the heavy rains there are usually short; the rivers in the mountains are not generally high at the times when the greatest flood destmction is wrought. These storms are almost wholly in the plains country, the result of long and incessant rains, and these floods can only be pre- vented by the construction of reservoirs of sufficient capacity to retain the surplus water, and that must be the final remedy against enormous rains which forests cannot entirely restrain. The greatest floods that Iowa ever had were in 1851, when the country was but sparsely settled, and no timber of any consequence had been cut. Mr. Pinchot will have to invent some means to stop the rain when it is not needed, before his plan of salva- tion in this respect will be water proof. As to the use of timber in the earlier days, Mr. Pinchot complains that the tops of the trees were left unused in most cases, and this he calls a waste of re- sources. All this, he says, the Forest Service has changed, cutting only mature, dead or dying trees, and utilizing every part of the trees for cord wood, etc. It has been generally believed that the early settler did not cut trees for sport, but, on the contrary, used every part of every tree which his conditions required. He had no market for cord wood, hence he left the tops, using only that part of the tree which he needed for his cabin and fences. It will now surprise him to learn that he cut and wasted vast quantities of timber for fun, when he really supposed he was in earnest, and trying to make for himself a farm and home. I have quite recently spent some time in the Un- compahgre forest. It is yellow pine, averaging not more than ten trees to the acre, where timbered at all, with thousands of acres not having thereon a tree of any kind. It is sparsely inhabited, and not a tree should ever be cut in it if snow and water conservation is to be chiefly considered. Notwithstanding this, the sawmill is doing its work, and about one-third of the yellow pines is be- ing made into lumber. The tops are not "utilized," and this for the very same reason that the early settler did not do so — there is no market where a price can be obtained equal to the cost of cutting and hauling cord- wood. I do not criticize the non-utilization of the tops. What I do say, however, is that the Forest Service is in this respect, as usual, preaching one thing and practicing another. In fact, nothing is wasted in the true sense, if it cannot at the time and place in question be economically utilized. In all other forests the sawmill is active, and in most of them scattering trees are left for reseeding. These unprotected seeders have nearly all been blown down by violent storms, frequent in the mountains, while in the adjacent untouched forests, but few are prostrated, as the solid forest can resist these winds more success- fully. Where the cutting has thus been done under so- called "scientific forestry," the forest in many places is practically annihilated. But perhaps his greatest complaint is over the cut- ting of timber near mining camps where there is no question that great areas were cut over and little timber left. At Leadville, Colorado, during the last thirty years, approximately 100,000 acres of timber were cut for use in building, developing the mines and making charcoal for the smelters. Such things are now declared to have been wasteful and wrong, this timber should have been "conserved for posterity." What has been the result to us and our day and generation? From this wasteful destruction has come a city of 30,000 industrious thriving people, who have produced nearly $500,000,000 of precious and other metals, the value of which has gone into the commercial world. We ourselves — and as these values are practically indestructible, our posterity, have thus obtained for each 1,000 acres of trees, 300 men and $5,000,000 in treasure. Compare this with the value of these trees, and how much will there be to the credit of the "conservation" idea? This condition has come about in hundreds of cases throughout the Rock mountain mining regions. Senator Teller never made a more important or truthful statement than that he made at the Public Lands Convention in Denver last year, to the effect that "men are worth more than trees." Mr. Pinchot at first charged the early settlers with the fires that also destroyed large forest areas. Since then he has become better informed, and in his 1904 report, he states in relation to the Pikes Peak reserve : "That the most serious fires took place at least fifty years ago." There were Indian and lightning fires before the settlement of the country, as were most of the serious fires in the Rocky mountains, as every old settler well knows. If fifty years ago our coal, iron and timber had been looked up, as Mr. Pinchot and some others higher up now claim should have been done, we would have had no "great West." No more can such a policy be pur- sued now, save at the sacrifice of the development and progress of the nation. It has been repeatedly and publicly charged by myself and others that personal observation, as well as the reports of the Forester, show that more timber has been sold and cut under the Forest Service than ever before in the Rocky mountains ; for instance, in Colorado in 1907, over 70,000,000 board feet, and in other states even greater amounts, and that the main object of the Forest Service was to make the revenue from the forests equal the expense of administration. I have been recently informed by a forest supervisor that the policy of the service as to allowing the cutting of so much timber has been radically changed, so that much less is now offered for sale and will be hereafter cut than formerly, the sales being limited to local needs, and mostly confined to dead timber. Is it possible that the charges above referred to have been taken notice of by higher authorities in Washington, and Mr. Pinchot called down ? If so, much has been accomplished. Whether this is so or not, the change is a confes- sion that the former policy was wrong, and a condemna- tion of it. To me the logic seems unanswerable that every living tree cut necessarily lessens the conservation ca- pacity of the forest. Over and over again we have been informed by the Forest Service bulletins of the great work mapped out THE IRRIGATION AGE. by it in the reforestation of the Rocky mountains, and how the forests were to be so taken care of that succes- sive timber crops were to be harvested. Ill the Red Book entitled "Use of the National Forests," is the following : "Agricultural lands are managed so as to produce the most valuable crops, year after year, without a break. Forest lands also should be managed so as to produce the most valuable crops of timber and wood year after year, without interruption." This feat is to be performed, so far as the public has been advised, by preparing nurseries which are to be seeded, and when the trees are of sufficient size they are to be transplanted to the forests. The following is a quotation from a forest super- visor's report for 1907,- a copy of which I obtained from the Forest Bureau at Washington. Out of sympathy for the subordinates concerned, I omit the name of the station and the forest, as they no doubt realize how use- less it is to attempt reforestation by such means. "Nursery and Ditch. A nursery was plowed and fenced at ranger station jn May of this year. This nursery is 135 feet long by 45 feet wide, and is fenced with four barbed wires strung on posts 16 feet apart. Six seed beds were prepared and planted this spring, each of them being covered with a shade frame made of lath nailed on 2 by 4 pieces 12 feet long and placed on stakes about 18 inches high." When the Rocky mountains are reforested by means of nurseries the size of a town lot, the miracles of the Bible may well be forgotten, and we may console our- selves that the food famine is indefinitely postponed so long as the Forest Service can annually procure five loaves and two fishes on which to feed the nation. In theory, timber cutting under Forest Service supervision is confined to mature, diseased and dying trees. If Mr. Pinchot would visit these regions on horseback, instead of in a Pullman car, he would learn more about our forests in a week than he ever knew before. He would learn that there are no "mature" pine or spruce trees in our mountains, nor will there be for no one knows how many hundred years; that a majority of them are less than 1,000 years old, but there are some that are 1,500 years old and growing as thrifty as ever. There are in many places dead and dying trees, not from age, but from injury and disease. In our forests which are at an average altitude of 9,000 feet, there are but about three months in the year, and but about six hours in each day of these months, when the trees will grow; the soil is generally rocky and thin, furnishing but slight nourishment, and the average of tree growth under such conditions for each twelve inches in diameter is for red spruce 200 years, white spruce 400 years, yellow pine 200 years, and lodge pole pine 300 years; therefore the second natural crop of saw timber which the Forest Service is promis- ing us, as a great feature of scientific forestry, will not be crowding us and our posterity during the next 500 years. In low altitudes where the trees grow the year round in rich soil and under equable climatic conditions, pines will grow to twelve inches diameter in twenty years, but this is in nowise a standard from which to judge growth in the Rocky mountains. But the Forest Service is proposing to outdo nature, if we are to take its promise for performance. Quite recently the following prophecy was put forth : "Following out the plan to preserve and replenish the forest reserves of the country, the members jf the Forestry Bureau will, within the next few days, begin the planting of 100,000 trees in the neighborhood of the Cheeseman dam and in the Tarryall mountains, along the South Platte river. This is only the beginning of a gigantic scheme to plant 20,000,000 trees in a tract of 100,000 acres in the Pikes Peak forest reservation. "This new forest will result in millions of gallons of water being saved to the city of Denver and to the State by the checking of the heavy volume of water that now goes to waste in flood periods. "Julius F. Kuemmel, who has charge of the plant- ing, says that benefit will begin to be derived from the new forests in about ten years." Let us see when this second flood of water will come. After these trees have spent five or ten years in a nursery, they will be ready for transplanting to the forests. It is safe to say that the operation of taking up, trans- portation to the forest and replanting will average one hour to the tree ; this will require 2,500,000 days of eight hours each, and allowing 300 working days in each year, it will take 100 men eighty-three years to do the job ! It will take about forty years after planting for the trees to attain a foliage spread sufficient to conserve snow and increase the water supply. According to Mr. Pinchot's forecast on our re- sources, our coal, iron ore, etc., will all be gone in less than 100 years. What, then, will we do with all this water ? Of course, as a hope that our posterity may not have to build a second ark, we may rely somewhat on the statement of equally eminent scientists that these young trees, in order to grow, will each require a natural or artificial supply of water of- about one gallon, or a total of 20,000,000 gallons per day from the time of transplanting. Just how this will help the water supply of Denver in the first instance we have not been advised. When in Colorado last month, Secretary Wilson used his eyes and ears, and acquired considerable infor- mation as to conditions and among other criticisms of the forest administration, is reported to have declared the scheme of reforestation by hand to be absurd. If Mr. Pinchot had more mountain experience, he would see that natural reforestation is going on as . rapidly as can be wherever moisture and soil conditions permit, and that unless these conditions are favorable, reforestation is not possible, either naturally or arti- ficially, the fact being that all over the mountains where the timber was destroyed, either by the axe or fire twenty to fifty years ago, natural reforestation is going on, and these areas are now thickly set with new growth from 3 to 20 feet high, and nature is accomplishing more every year than the Forest Service will accomplish in the next thousand years, and the idea of reforestation in the Rocky mountains, by human hands, is a dream that will never materialize. In this respect, as well as to our resources, Provi- dence has up to date taken fairly good care of us, and as between the two P's — Providence and Pinchot — a majority of the people will still tie up to Providence. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 13 A CASE FOR MR. PINCHOT. I could, from my files of correspondence, present to you more than 100 cases of flagrant abuse of the rights of homesteaders, miners and prospectors, by the Forest Service, but time forbids, and besides they would be waived aside as unauthorized acts of subordinates. I will, therefore, content myself with presenting one only, but it is one for which the head of the service is directly responsible, and is of unusual importance, and far reaching consequences, not only to the individual wronged, but to every citizen of a forest state, and I ask Mr. Pinchot or his proxy here to defend the action before this Convention if he can. I am authorized to speak for the man concerned. September 10th, 1906, A. J. Porter, a respectable citizen of Colorado, applied for a homestead in the White river Colorado forest. Mr. Pinchot wrote him that he would have it examined but there would be some "necessary delay." In January, 1908, sixteen months afterwards, he was advised by the "Acting Forester" that examination had been made (by a ranger), and in the letter it is stated : "This land is open park, covered with mountain bunch grass, and owing to the shortness of the growing season, is ony valuable for grazing. It is not the policy of the Forest Service to classify grazing land as chiefly valuable for agriculture. I regret to inform you therefore that your application must be rejected." The applicant is a reliable man and says that the altitude is about 8,000 feet; that timothy, oats, wheat and barley will grow there, and as many of you no doubt know, such crops are successfully grown at that altitude on hundreds of farms in Colorado. I know the ground, and that his statement is true. He also says that there is a large area there without a tree, and with water available, which would all be settled on at once if people were allowed to do so, but his application was rejected without a hearing or an opportunity to produce witnesses to show that the forest ranger on whose judgment, or lack of judgment, Pinchot acted, was mistaken. Ever since the first IT. S. Land Laws were passed, grazing has been recognized as a branch of agriculture. In a circular issued many years ago by the General Land Office, in relation to homesteads, is the following : "In grazing districts, stock raising and dairy pro- duction are so nearly akin to agricultural pursuits as to justify the issuance of patents upon proof of permanent settlement and the use of the land for such purposes." In August, 1906, just before this application was filed, the General Land Office issued a new circular, in which it is said : . • "Lands covered by homestead entry may be used for grazing purposes if they are more valuable for pasture than for cultivation of crops. When lands of this char- acter are used in good faith for pasturage, actual grazing will be accepted in lieu of actual cultivation." . Thus more emphatically, if possible, showing that grazing is deemed an agricultural pursuit. In the Forest Use Book of 1907, under "Agricul- ture," is the following: "Homestead claimants are required to live upon and cultivate or graze lands embraced in their claims." This was in force when the letter was written re- jecting the claim, and Mr. Pinchot not only undertook to reverse the policy of the land laws, but actually vio- lated the regulations promulgated by himself ! In the new Use Book, however, taking effect July 1, 1908, the words "or graze" are omitted from the above sentence, showing the rejection of the claim was in pur- suance of a new policy to be hereafter enforced in National forests. Is there any officer, other than Mr. Pinchot, who would thus assume to change the policy of the land laws according to his fancy ? Yet Mr. Pinchot says this suits the majority of the people, and also says in his Eed Book that: "A national forest does not in the least shut out real settlement. It encourages it." Again it says : "What happens to the homeseeker? When a Na- tional forest is created, the homemaker is not interfered with in the least." Oh. no, he is not interfered with when he has to wait sixteen months to know whether he can get his claim approved, during which time he cannot even pitch a tent or cut a fence pole. And I now ask you and Mr. Pinchot if these Eed Book pretenses are true or false ? But this is not the whole story. Ever since our public lands were opened for entry, one, whose applica- tion to enter was protested, was given opportunity to produce witnesses and have a hearing to determine his rights, and the right of appeal if decided adversely to him. The same procedure still obtains in all other con- troversies concerning human rights, except in Mr. Pin- chot's tribunal, where the fundamental principles of common sense, common law and common justice are disregarded and a subordinate's decision is final and without appeal. The Lord help the homesteader who must rely for "encouragement" on the Forest Service and on the editors of some Kepublican papers for aid in maintaining his rights. This case, however, presents a much more serious question than the mere attitude of such newspapers, or an injustice to one homesteader. If this ruling that grazing is not agriculture, and an applicant can have no opportunity to prove his contention that grain crops will grow on his claim is to stand, it explains his failure to include reclamation of lands suitable for agriculture in forest reserves as a part of his plan to relieve the coming shortage of food, and it not only "retards" development in the West, but practically ends homestead entries on forest reservations. This is C9nsidered by many as more important to western forest states than the election of a governor or a president, and our members of Congress should see to it that siich a policy is not allowed to stand. That there be no question of doubt, I have here the original of these two letters, and they may be read by any one desiring to do so. I doubt very much if this radical and indefensible change of policy has ever been brought to the notice of, or directly approved by Secretary Wilson. It has been stated that Mr. Pinchot is not coming to this meeting, having been appointed on the Committee on "Country Life," which is to report and advise our farmers how to lead a simple life and enjoy themselves. I suppose Mr. Pinchot, having been born and lived in a city, will find it easy to recommend that these farmers quit cutting hay and raising potatoes, and buy an automobile, ride out to a country chib and play tennis. 14 THE. IRRIGATION AGE. It has also been stated that Mr. A. F. Potter, Chief of Forest Grazing, is to be Mr. Pinchot's proxy at this meeting. If so, I have a case for him — one strictly in his line. Early in 1907 there was an intimation that grazing fees in Colorado forests were to be increased, and on account of this there was general dissatisfaction and disposition to refuse the payment of fees. In order to allay this feeling and induce stockmen to submit to the collection, the following letter was written by Mr. Potter to the supervisor of the Gunnison forest, and given out for publication : "No Change in Grazing Fees. Board of Grazing, Dep't of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., July 1, 1907. William P. Kreutzer, Gunnison, Colorado. Dear Sir : — In reply to your letter of June 11, you may inform the patrons of the forest that the grazing fees as charged at present will not be changed and will remain the same during the reign of the present administration. A. F.- Potter, Chief." In the third edition of the "Use Book," issued July 1, 1908, and now in effect, the scale of grazing fees is raised about 40 per cent by Regulation 55, and an extra charge of from one to five cents per head in excess of any former charge for extension of season per- mits to yearly ones. It may be that grazing fees have not yet, in prac- tical effect, been increased, but the new scale is in force and, of course, this advance was not made without some purpose, and no doubt the raise will come shortly. The price of timber has also been increased. The foresight of Mr. Pinchot is here shown. The last Congress increased the per cent of forest revenue to be turned over to the states from 10 to 25 per cent, and, no doubt, this increase in fees and the price of timber was intended to make up, in part, for this loss to the Forest Service by imposing the additional burden on the users of the forest. Quite recently an officer, referring to the fact that the forest states were soon to receive their per cent from the Forest Service, said : "It is with great pleasure that I am able to inform you of this direct contribution of the National forests to the counties in which they are lying." He, however, omitted to state that this sum was first extracted from the users of the forests, and retained about a year after it was collected. As soon as this new thumb screw on grazing fees and timber prices gets in action, the people who are "pinchees" will be entitled to still more fervent congratulations — and grief. Mr. Potter hit the bull's eye when he called this forest administration a "reign," as nothing like it was ever before heard of in a republic. But who is "reign- ing" now? If Mr. Pinchot is still enthroned, how about this previous promise of no raise during his reign ? This violation of his promise further supports the contention of opponents of the forest service as admin- istered by Mr. Pinchot, that his promises and perform- ances are different things. Finally, I do not want to be misquoted or misrepre- sented as to my position. I recognize some good in the Forest Service, even as administered by Mr. Pinchot and blindly supported by many others, and I repeat that I am not criticizing forest reserves, nor forestry, nor the Forest Service, except where it works injustice, and is a sham and a false pretense, and endeavoring to deceive the people. A prominent Republican said to me that the de- livery of such an address as this at this time is not good politics. That may be so. But it is just as good poli- tics as some things that have been doing recently farther east, and also as good politics as the cause — the Pinchot policy. The way to get this question out of politics is to remove the cause. This ought to be, and can be speedily, done, and when done the Forest Service will be wholly beneficial and have universal support. I am not a politician. I have been a Republican, not ever since I was born, but ever since that party was born. I am a Republican now, but I am opposed to oppression and slavery in Colorado, the same as in South Carolina. I have a warm fellow feeling for the pioneers, one of whom I was for the greater part of my life, and I will stand for them as long as I stand at all. Especi- ally do I stand for the pioneer living in or near a forest reserve, where the winters are long and the summers short, making his life a hard one at the best, and will continue, to the best of my ability, to help him to get a "square deal." A GROWING COUNTRY. Progress in the San Joaquin Valley of California can not be better illustrated than by directing attention to Stanislaus county. The development here can hardly be appreciated by those who do not make a personal visit and spend a few days upon the scene. It has been only five years since the Turlock and Modesto irrigating canals were opened, and the country has expanded in population and improvements almost beyond contempla- tion. What was formerly vast grain fields, farmed with little permanent population and with very indifferent success, especially in later years, has given way to beau- tiful green alfalfa fields, fruit orchards and variegated gardens, with comfortable country homes for a multi- tude of people. The next five years will wholly trans- form the country from a semi-wild state to a condition of a modern civilized, happy, prosperous and contented rural community, supplied with good schools, mail de- livery and electric railroads. The unique campaign of promotion and develop- ment that has been undertaken by all classes of Califor- nia's citizens with marked vigor and publicity at all times, but more especially during the last half decade, has caused a large influx of homeseekers from all parts of the country who desire small farms. The publicity undertaken on behalf of .the state has borne excellent results, for the reason that preparations have been made so that settlers may purchase lands suited to their. re- quirements. Country lands in California have, conse- quently, risen enormously in value. In the old days the great interior valleys of Cali- fornia, the San Joaquin Valley and the Sacramento Val- ley, of empire extent, were almost entirely owned by large land owners, who cultivated, in vast tracts, enor- mous crops of grain. These huge grants, some of which ranked among the largest tracts tinder single ownership in the United States, were held intact. It was impos- sible for the small farmer to purchase lands. This con- dition obtained throughout California. THE IKKIGATION AGE. 15 The owners, who in the main had obtained their lands from Spanish grants, were not disposed to sell. Their decision was impelled by two causes: first, that it did not pay them to sell a small corner from their estates, as the land could be more profitably farmed in wholesale operations; and, secondly, that the natural rainfall, while amply sufficient to care for grain, was not so distributed as to encourage diversified and con- tinuous farming throughout the year. Today the amazing development ol irrigation proj- ects renders the cultivation of small tracts most feas- ible, thousands of settlers are pouring into the state, the vast reaches of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys are dotted with hundreds of new homesteads. Little farms are springing up everywhere. The big land holders are subdividing, millions of dollars are being added to California's annual produc- tion. The movement is striking not only throughout the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, but through- out the State of California as a whole. One example in Stanislaus county will give some idea of the rate at which the country is growing. Five years ago a tract of less than seventeen hundred acres of land known as the Wood Eanch, situated four or five miles west of Modesto and in Modesto Irrigation Dis- trict, had but one house upon it and this was not occu- pied save during the grain harvesting season. The land was subdivided and with some adjoining land sold in small tracts to settlers. Within a year a school district was created for the benefit of these settlers and two years ago it was fond necessary to build an addition to the school house and to employ a second teacher. Four- year-old improved places in this tract, now known as the Woodland Colony, have a market value of $250 and higher per acre. There are a score or more of like colonies in the district in various stages of advance- ment. They are uniformly prosperous, the land yield- ing abundant crops and prices uniformly high. As early as last autumn fourteen new school dis- tricts had been created and twenty-three teachers added. Seven rural delivery routes have been installed, and free mail delivery has been instituted in Modesto. The school system of the county ranks sixth of the fifty-eight county school systems of California. Fourteen teachers are employed in the grammar grades of the Modesto schools and five in the high school. Graduates of this latter institution are admitted to the State University and to Sanford University on their diplomas. Stanislaus county is acknowledged to rank among the first of the state in its public high and grammar grade schools. It has four high schools, one being at Turlock, in the Turlock Irrigation District, one at Modesto, in the Modesto Irrigation District, one at Oak- dale and one at Newman, and grammar schools at con- venient places throughout the county. In the Turlock and Modesto Districts there are twenty-three grammar schools properly and conveniently located. Our high schools are accredited to the State University. The people of Stanislaus county are enterprising, intelligent and progressive. The new conditions which have awakened the new era in the annals of the old province have attracted a class of settlers who may be said to have every reauisite for active citizenship. Stanislaus county is now a modern county with a mod- ern set of people in charge of its affairs, and the natural sequence will be rapid modern progress. GARDEN CITY KANSAS VICINITY BY R. H. FAXON. THE IRRIGATION AGE has requested the above named to write something each month for this publication concerning Garden City, Kansas, conditions there and in western Kansas generally, something touching the work of reclamation and development there, and what is being done to make western Kansas attractive to people throughout the country, especially in the Middle West and in the West. Properly to write on this subject one must have a knowledge of it, and must impart that knowledge to the reader. Hence a few introductory words concerning Gar- den City, first of all, and later of western Kansas, to those readers not already familiar with these places, may be pertinent. Garden City is the most important point in southwest- ern Kansas. It is a city of nearly 4,000 inhabitants, located on the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Tail- road, sixty-five miles east of the Colorado line. It is the capital of a rich kingdom, which a political writer in Kan- sas years ago termed the "shortgrass country." Con- ditions make this section homogenous and sui generis. There is no other section in the country quite like it, with respect to topography, physical conditions, natural re- sources and spirit and psychology. Having gone through an experience calculated to try out men and find the stuff of which they were made, during the days when irrigation and applied agricultural science were, respectively, a lost and an undeveloped art, the people of this section have been bound together and have been welded into a com- pact body that is peculiarly its own. Infected by the bigness of the country, their minds are broad and their thoughts are liberal. They are manly and womanly to the highest degree. They are successful, for the tried ones who went through the "boom" period know what it meant to play with edged tools and have not since been lost to either caution or cunning. They are hospitable, kindly, prosperous and contented. Garden City holds a place essentially its own. Located 200 miles west of Hutchinson, Kas., the commercial cen- ter of middle Kansas, and 200 miles east of Pueblo, Colo., the dominating commercial center of south-central Colo- rado, Garden City is not approached in any way by any other town or city. As all roads led to Rome in the olden days, so did all the cow trails, years ago, lead to Garden City; and now all the automobile and wagon roads head in there, wherever there is not a railroad to bring the peo- ple to this common center of southwestern Kansas. To that great country southwest of Garden City, comprising ' five Kansas counties without railroads, Garden City is the metropolis, the commercial center, the hub, the capital. Irrigation was born, so far as this section of the country is concerned, in the Arkansas valley, and Garden City was its cradle. Many years ago, the ditches and canals ran out like spider's legs from this town. In Gar- den City lived a band of men who preached and believed in irrigation from the start. They practiced what they preached, and the wonderful fertility of western Kansas soil, unsurpassed plus the water, soon made the town even in those days the acknowledged mistress of the great southwestern Kansas. Proudly and uninterruptedly and seldom disputed, it has held sway ever since. Garden City has, then, nearly 4,000 inhabitants; is the hub of southwestern Kansas; and was a prime factor in irrigation in its infancy. Its name does not belie it. It has physical beauty in addition to commercial impor- tance. It is a veritable garden — for, in the beginning, these wise pioneers did what few western communities did; they planted trees. And then, fearing they had not planted enough, they planted more. There were the cot- tonwood, that father of all Kansas trees, the poplar, the ash, the locust, and many other varieties, but principally those named. The big. broad main street of Garden City is flanked with great shading branches that make a pleas- ing sight to the traveler on the Santa Fe Limited, who rests his eye in hot summertime on the grateful foliage of these green giants that throw their protection and comfort 16 THE IRRIGATION AGE. over this western town in a manner seldom seen in the smaller communities. The residence streets are so dense with shade that there has ever been a thinning process, at times, some- thing almost unheard of in a western community. The lawns and the flower beds supplement the work of the trees, and the "Garden" City is no misnomer. Garden City is a modern town in every respect. Its commercial importance and the character of the country surrounding it, with the fact that it is on the main line of a great railroad system have made it necessary for the town to keep pace with modern requirements and not to become provincial in any sense. For instance, it had elec- tric light and telephones before any city in western Kan- sas. It has had for years the largest hotel in the state, west of Wichita and Emporia. It has an opera house that is a credit to the town. It has sidewalk and street-clean- ing ordinances that put it in the city class. It has ice plants, storage establishments, water works, and that sort of thing. Its supremacy is due to the initiative and force of its people, and the fact that it is no mere strag- gling small town. What is called the "Garden City spirit" is a factor well known in the development of the west. The incentive to progress is greater here, proportionally, than in almost any other town or city of the west. The citizenship is of the highest possible character, and energy and public spirit abound. Thirty thousand dollars was raised in no time to get the big sugar factory. The Industrial Club of Garden City is one of the best known bodies of a commercial na- ture in the west. Only a few days ago the town, which has a vote of nearly 1,000 voted aid to the Kansas-Colo- rado electrical railroad and transmission project, which will be treated later at length in this page, in the way of bonds, with but thirteen votes in the negative. Less than a week ago — as this is being written — the town enter- tained several hundred guests when ground was broken for this project, gave a formal breakfast to 100 prominent visitors, had band and orchestra, a smoker and supper in the evening, and paid for all the entertainment of these people during their two-days' stay in the town. These few things are mentioned to show the resourcefulness and energy with which the town proceeds in any public mat- ter, or anything that may serve to bring it before the public. Another instance of this very thing was seen at Albu- querque during the recent Irrigation Congress. The Gar- den City delegation, calling itself the "Boosters," went the several hundred miles in a special Pullman car, with ban- ners flying, with large badges reading "Garden City Boosters," took a prominent part in the congress, and conducted for Pueblo the campaign that was made for that large city's desire to be the meeting place for next year. That Pueblo lost was by no means the fault of Garden City. Garden City has a number of good things of which any city of greater size might well be proud. It has a beet sugar factory, independent, costing more than a million dollars. It is the seat of the government reclamation plant, costing $350,000. It is the seat of the Garden City national forest, which contains more than 200,000 acres. It has a joint government-state dry-farming experimental station. It will have, next spring, the quarter-million-dol- lar pumping plant, now building, of the United States Sugar & Land Company, which owns and operates the sugar factory. It has been chosen as the site of the first of the three big powerhouses of the Kansas-Colorado Electrical Railroad & Transmission Company, for which ground has been broken. Briefly, and in a word introductory, the writer has essayed to give some idea of the town of Garden City and establish in the reader's mind its location and im- portance. In future will appear more general stories of various great industries and public works, and more con- cerning the development of the country tributary. GOODING, IDAHO. An Eleven-Months-Old Child of the Desert Showing What Human Energy, Aided by Irrigation, May Produce. EDWARD F. BARBER. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and •:• the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated X work for new beginners in irrigation. Nowhere has the struggle of the human race been more severe in its conquest of nature in her wildest and most formidable forms than in the desert regions of the earth. Nowhere does nature respond more generously to the demands of the conqueror than in these same regions. As the reward for the effort is correspondingly high so the incentive to action is correspondingly increased. The great Snake river valley of Idaho has since its first discovery by the white man presented desert nature in her most iniattractive form, by reason of its vastness and the extremely arid conditions existing. Yet through this great desert flows one of the mightiest rivers of the continent. The Snake river has its source in the high mountains of the region of the Yellowstone park amidst the eternal snows of the Bitter Root and the Teton ranges of the Rocky Mountains. It enters the southern rectangle of Idaho at its northeast corner, flows in a crescent shape sweep to the south and west, leaving the desert portion of the state at the northwestern corner of the rectangle which constitutes southern Idaho. This valley is about the size and shape of the state of Kansas and the Snake river, with its tributaries, makes it by far the best watered section of the whole of arid America. The millions of money necessary to the subju- gation of this great desert region has been made available through the U. S'. Reclamation laws and the Carey Act, which donated to the state of Idaho 3,000,000 acres of desert land to be irrigated by the state. The great irrigation projects operated under this most beneficent law lie in the middle Snake river valley. If you will look at a map of Idaho you will find the Oregon Short Line railway threading the desert from Pocatello to the western boundary of the state and along about the middle of the route you will see the name of Gooding. At the time the map was made, Gooding was a passing switch and a water station for transcontinental trains. But irrigation, under the Carey act, has changed all this during the past eleven months. Full 80,000 acres of these lands lie in the immediate vicinity of Gooding and the magic touch of water has wrought the wonders of the ancient magician during the past eleven months. A young city of 800 people has sprung up. And these people have under construction at present $200,000 worth of substantial fire proof buildings. Among these is a fine white brick hotel, a $25,000 white brick school house, a beautiful cement block church of the Presbyterian denomination, a printing office of cement blocks, two stories high, with a 50-foct front, in which is being installed a plant costing $10,000. a cement block building three stories high with a 150-foot frontage, in which will be a modern opera house capable of seating 1,500 people, two banks are in active operation, a splendid furniture store, a hardware store and a number of general merchandise establishments. Gooding has a commercial club of forty active members who are out after business for Gooding. There are three large lumber yards in the town, all doing an immense business. Brick for the buildings have been burned on the townsite and at a short distance from the town are found fine beds of sand and gravel suitable for all sorts of concrete work. Contracts have been let for three blocks of cement walks now under construction and an ordinance has been passed authorizing three more blocks to be put in at once. Aside from being on the Oregon Short Line main line, it is the junction of an electric line with the Short Line. The electric line is now graded twenty-five miles to Jerome and there are on the tracks at Gooding rails and ties suffi- cient for five miles of new track. City waterworks are under construction. The pumps are now supplying the town from the city standpipe, but the pipes have not yet been placed. This will be done within the next month and Gooding will justly boast of another step accomplished towards becoming such a city as her magnificent surroundings will justify. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 17 DROPS FROM THE IRRIGATION CONGRESS. [BY OLANDER.] In commemoration of those joyful days and nights from September 29 to October 3— those "Five Nights" when the 1,051 delegates, who established a record for good-fellowship and good-nature equalled only by the same qualities inspiring every citizen of Albuquerque so long as it played the role of hostess to the Irrigation Congress, were serious and gay by turns, in the con- vention hall and in the red upholstered room of the Alvarado Hotel — the following anecdotes are written down: ARNOT'S BAR BILL. He wore a badge that identified him as a member of the local reception committee, and to those strangers who troubled to inquire his name was found to be Arnot, Scotchman, and his occupation bossing the biggest trading outfit in the southwest — the Gross-Kelly Company, which sells blankets and curios to tourists and everything from pins to prairie schooners to the inhabitants of the country for 300 miles around. He felt the weight of the responsi- bility which rested on his shoulders, a responsibility which unpaid for. It's little enough to do. And it's cost less than I believed it would." Western hospitality has come to be a sadly over- worked expression these days. But if Bret Harte's time developed more perfect hosts than Alququerque furnished, then that happy historian failed to recount their virtues. And the truth is, anyone of a score of Albuquerque's citi- zens did as much as Arnot for the comfort of the Irriga- tionists — and in as quiet and practical a way. WHEN HEARST SIDESTEPPED. William Randolph Hearst, whatever else he is or with whatever contumely he may be attacked, is not and has never been accused of being a physical coward. For all that, the Hon. William is well guarded whenever he ven- tures across the East or North rivers and leaves the con- fines of his mansion on Manhattan Isle. And, be it said in passing, the Pinkertons are enriched thereby. One never knows, in these days of unscented, Standard Oil- Senatorial love-note disclosures, what may happen to the man who is thus ruthlessly spreading out before a gaping public's gaze, the confidences of friends. Besides, the Pinkertons need and Randolph has — the money. It remained for the convention hall in Albuquerque and a crowd of 4,000 mildly interested Irrigation Congress delegates and their friends to be respectively the scene and the audience to witness the worst scare the Inde- pendence party's proprietor has had in all his trans- Roosevelt Dam, Salt River, Arizona. included among other things the proving to all the visiting delegates the indisputable fact that Albuquerque knows well how to cheer the stranger within her gates. It was not yet noon and the hospitable room at the end of the long wing of the Alvarado was a trifle less crowded than usual. Arnot, radiant in the possession of two wandering delegates, whom he had coralled in the less cheerful, if more righteous lobby, led the way to a vacant space at the polished mahogany counter behind which stood the polished-mahogany-hued Mitchell, he of the never lacking smile, and with a rich Highland brogue asked cheeringly for his guests to name their hearts' de- sire. The liquid sunshine dispensed and swallowed, Arnot now addressed himself to Mitchell, the ubiquitous bar- tender. "How much am I owing this morning, Mitch?" The delegates exchanged significant glances. Surely it is not the usual thing for gentlemen, even in Albuquer- que during an Irrigation Congress, to become indebted to a bartender before the sun has reached the zenith. "Yo* all ain't stuck much today, Mistah Arnot," came from the grinning purveyor of the bottled care-annihilators as he fingered three slips of paper on the cash register. "Only forty-five cents this mornin', Mistah Arnot." Then in reply to the unspoken queries of his com- panions, the big Scotchman explained, jokingly: "Ye see, it would be verra embarrassing if a gentleman forgot to pay for his liquor and Mitch here were forced to call him back. And in these busy days anyone is quite likely to walk off unmindful of his bill. So I arranged with Mitch to settle for any drinks that might be left continental speech-making trip. And the fact that the scare was really unnecessary and quickly turned into a joke in nowise detracted from its seriousness while it lasted. Hearst and his presidential candidate, "Honest Tom" Hisgen, had been seated on the platform while the big throng applauded politely. The newspaper proprietor had finished a speech in which politics was not once referred to and was about to resume his chair when — the scare came. The newspaper men in front of the platform in- stinctively ducked as the whistle of some object moving rapidly through the air warned them of a missile hurled in their direction. An instant later the thing [it was moving so fast it could not be distinguished]^ flew across the plat- form on a level with Mr. Hearst's midsection, said mid- section being directly in the path of the winged object. Mr. Hearst sidestepped with wonderful speed and with a momentary flush of unmistakable fear warming his blood- less countenance. Two stalwart men in black clothes, seated unobstrusively at one side of the platform, sprang to their feet simultaneously. The thing hit the big wall map at the rear of the plat- form with a dull thud; dropped to the floor and then rolled meekly back towards the Hon. William, now wholly him- self again, save for a forced grin that illy hid the shock he had so recently received. It was an apple — a big, pale, yellow, irrigated apple — the gift of some unknown in the body of the hall who doubtless wished to make sure of its reaching its destina- tion and used more strength in sending it on its kindly way than was necessary. 18 THE IRBIGATION AGE. The resourceful political dabbler, bringing into service all those famed powers of turning seeming rout into posi- tive triumph, bent his six feet plus to the apple and, taking it in his hands, bowed generally to the big audience as he took his seat and proceeded to break it in two for grateful mastication. But William was destined to be disappointed. The apple was too big and firm and his hands too weak. The best he could do was to smear his fingers with its juice! THE PETTICOAT BOSS. The El Paso delegation was distinctively in its effer- vescent, joviality; its absolute lack of an axe to grind; its privately-owned brass band and sleeping cars, and its ability and inclination to create a shortage in the visible supply of Albuquerque's good thing. The El Paso delega- tion came for fun. The Pueblo crowd was as distinctive with their big white badges; their page advertisements reciting in wondrous language the beauties of their town, and their soul-stirring ambition to become the seat of next year's congress. Pueblo came for business. It remained for California to present as diversified a purposeful delegation as ever (dis)graced a convention. There were Symmes and Loveland, the magnetic San tion her name. Suffice it to say she came from San Fran- cisco determined to run the doing of her state in the congress, no matter who would say her nay. The first morning of the first day, the congress learned from the secretary, as he read the several notices, that "the California delegation will meet in the Resolutions Committee room immediately following the morning ses- sion. By order of Mrs. ." There's no telling what might not have happened following this bold announcement by the lady, who shall . remain unnamed — had an El Paso delegate not grinned sarcastically. That grin settled it. California would show those Texans she was no region of serfdom to females with, strong minds. Accordingly the California delegation did not meet in the Resolutions Committee room that day — and when it came time to elect the honorary vice-president of the delegation, Mrs. saw [to her intense disgust and vexation, not to say anger] Mrs. John Fairweather, who had played the part of pleased spectator rather than self- seeking politician, fairly hurled into the office. California, or, more properly, that small portion of it represented at Albuquerque, thus registered itself against woman's suffrage. Franciscans whose minds were filled not half so much with irrigation as how best to induce the greatest number of delegates to return with them to the City of the Golden Gate and lend eclat [whatever that is] to the sessions of the Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress. There was Jastro, he who heads that mighty body known as the American National Livestock Association. He left Bak- ersfield and his huge interests to advise the farmers that the stockmen here agreed to quit censuring Gifford Pinchot. Jastro came to make peace. There were "Al" Hechtman and "Jim" Bishop, who acted all the time as if they thought the congress was a Bohemian Club, "Jinks" and the red upholstered room in the Alyarado the only worth-while center of interest to good irrigationists in all Albuquerque. Al and Jim came to enjoy themselves and spur the El Paso outfit to greater exertions. There were Beard of Sacramento and Mendenhall of Los Angeles — very serious gentlemen [who drank not, neither did they smoke]' who came to do things. There was a real astrono- mer writing for the Hearst papers and wearing a Califor- nia delegate's badge. There were the Inyo county trio, headed by the uncompromising, fighting editor, Chalfant — with a grievance against the Reclamation Service that will worry many a government official before they're done, if appearances count for anything. Verily California brought a varied crowd. But the worst has not been told. California produced the woman who thought she could boss her delegation. It would be unkind to men- Inlet Canal, New Mexico. "THE JUDGE" AND THE BAD BILL. Coin collectors, attention! Judge J. F. Hechtman, of Globe, Ariz., who met his cousin, "Al," of San Francisco, for the first time in thirty-five years over the spacious, round-topped table in that red-upholstered room of the Alvarado, is the proud possessor of a twenty-dollar bank note which theoretically is valueless and practically is without doubt almost as rare a specimen of national cur- rency as the "Judge's" big Gila monster badge, the one and only banner of its kind at the congress. The Judge had been trying in vain to foot one of the dozen bills for as many rounds of drinks which had been served to the happy little throng surrounding the table. "Cousin Albert" had each time forestalled his relative's attempt by reaching the grinning bar boy, Frank, a few seconds more quickly. But at last the Judge's opportunity came and he slid the twenty-dollar bill across the table and insisted that he be permitted to buy at least once. One of the crowd picked up the bill casually to in- spect it. Paper money is at best unusual in this southwest country. It was issued by a national bank of Winchester, Ky., and was obviously government-printed. But, wonder of wonders, it was lacking the signatures of the cashier and president! When the Judge's attention was called to the omission he silently received the startling news. Then, without comment, he laboriously and without so much as by your leave untied his shoe; removed it, and depositing the queer bank note in the sole, calmly laced up the boot aerain. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 19 "I'll frame it when 1 get back to Globe," he said, finally. "And I've put it where I shant spend it — so long as I remain in good society." And the fact that the Judge still possessed the curi- osity as he boarded the train for his Arizona town, spoke volumes for his continence in Albuquerque. WHEN DEWEY WAS HURT. Jastro, serious, shrewd land and cattle owner and boss of the biggest stockmen's organization in the country, did not join frequently in the happy gatherings in the Alya- rado. The Jastro constitution was in bad health during the congress and innocuous spring waters were the only drinks allowed. For all that, brother Jastro was not wholly miserable as witness the following: It was one of the infrequent visits of Jastro to the charmed circle in the red-upholstered room. Everybody had told a yarn and now it was the stockman's turn. And this was his offering: "I was on a business trip to Washington several years ago and dropped in Paul Morton's office one afternoon. Truxton Beale was present and so was Admiral Dewey. Flathead Valley Grain. It seems Beale had just been urging the Admiral to pay a visit to his ranch in the S'an Joaquin Valley. The Ad- miral was questioning Beale minutely about the place. Finally he asked, perfectly seriously: "'And how is the boating? Is it good on the San Joaquin?' "Beale kept his face straight by an effort, but couldn't find his voice to make answer. So I chipped in with: " 'The boating is all right. Admiral, if you strike it right. You can get a fine sail off a good lively bronco anywhere in the San Joaquin.' "That was too much for Paul Morton. He tilted back in his chair and laughed so hard be fell all the way over onto the floor. Beale grinned, too. The Admiral gave me one look that spoke more than a book could hold, and ran out of the room as mad as a wet hen. They told me afterwards Dewey is slightly deaf and hence the more sensitive when anybody laughs when he is not in on the joke. "So, for all I know, he may still be wondering about what kind of boating there is on the San Joaquin." Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and The Primer of Irrigation SISKIYOU COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. T. J. NOLTON SECRETARY SISKIYOU COUNTY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. The most northly county in the great state of Cali- fornia is known as Sis-ki-you; the word is of Indian origin — sis means girl and kiyou pretty— the country is full of them. This wonderfully favored section of the west has everything that any other California county has excepting sea coast. One hundred and twenty-five miles of the state of Oregon marks its boundary. The trains of the Southern Pacific railroad, which crosses the county from north to south, pass over eighty miles of track. In eastern Sis- kiyou this same railroad has opened up Butte Creek val- ley, by building 75 miles of road reaching from Weed to the great lakes of northeastern Siskiyou. Independent of the roads owned by the Southern Pacific Company there are four other railroads in the county, counting none of the logging roads. Within the broad boundaries of the inland empire of Siskiyou every industry of the great west is carried on. Copper mining, gold mining in its different branches, logging, milling, manufacturing, cattle raising, dairying, ranching or farming and fruit raising. There are five rivers in the county, and more than one hundred creeks. The available water power, and that which has already been developed, is the greatest on the Pacific coast. The Siskiyou Electric power and Light Company had to dig but 4,700 feet (580 less than one mile) to get a vertical drop of 720 feet. The wide distribution of electricity by this company has made it possible for a number of ranch- ers to pump water to irrigate with at a cost only nominal. While there are 300 irrigating ditches in the county, the electric pumping system will enable an unlimited num- ber of ranchers to get an abundance of water onto their property, at a very small cost. There is no such thing as a failure of crops in Sis- kiyou county on irrigated ranches, and there are a great many ranches on which fine crops are raised where the an- nual rain fall of 15 to 25 inches affords the only moisture. Of the 6,200 square miles (4,000,000 acres) of the coun- ty's area — 40 square miles less than the combined area of the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island— one-half is timber land, a large percentage being white pine. Several large sawmills and many small ones are cutting lumber at the rate of 200,000,000 feet annually. Several factories are cutting the low grade lumber (estimated at 60 per cent of the mills' output) into boxes supplying one-half of the number used in the state. Since the discovery of gold in the county at Scott River in 1851, fully $150,000,000 of the precious metal has been mined and the gold output of the county now amounts to $1,000,000 a year. We have undeveloped coal and iron deposits, lime, onyx, jade, marble and other building stones. Within the last few years rich and extensive copper mines have be«n developed and this industry promises to become one of the most important. Sixty thousand head of cattle are shipped annually from our railroad stations, the value of $1,000,000 are Sis- kiyou cattle, balance are from the ranges of eastern Ore- gon. There are 1,000 ranches in the county, many of them very large. No scientific farming has been carried on. On many of the ranches nothing but hay is raised, and that often is wild grass. The cattle feed on the ranges from May until October and the hay fed to them during the win- ter. Some seasons the winters are so open that the cattle are kept on the ranges. Every crop raised in the temperate zone thrives in this county. Wheat, barley and oats to the extent of 500,- 000 bushels are raised. Nearly all of our wheat is sold for seed in the big Sacramento valley, south of us. The grow- ing of grains has not been carried on as extensively as the crops warrant, for the reason that our farmers find it easier to grow hay and feed it to their cattle. The dairying industry is an important one and brings to the farmers half a million dollars a year. Time will come when the present output will be trebled or quadru- pled, as conditions here are ideal for making butter — an abundance of wild and cultivated grasses, and a never- failing supply of the purest water on earth. 20 THE IRRIGATION AGE. So famous is the cream of Scott Valley that a firm of ice cream makers in Portland, Ore., haul in wagons a distance of 25 miles every other day 40 to 50 twelve-gallon cans of cream, and ship it by express from Yreka, the county seat, to Portland, a distance of 350 miles. The cream is first put through a process to prevent it turning sour. While no attempt has been made at growing fruit for the market, the horticultural possibilities of the county are great — apples, pears, peaches, cherries, English walnuts and small fruits grow to their, greatest perfection. Orchards of bearing fruit trees across the border in southern Oregon and in many other parts of the coast are netting the owners $500 to $1,000 dollars an acre. There is no place in the wide, wide world, unless on the South Sea Islands, where the cocoanuts drop at the feet of the natives, where the people live with less exertion than do they in the part of California of which I write. The climate here is delightful, the mercury dropping to zero only in occasional winters, excepting in the high altitudes. Frequently during the whole of a winter's month the freezing point is not reached. In the summer there is a hot spell in July or August, but the nights are always cool. So delightful are the Siskiyou summers that the resi- dents of the lowlands south of us spend the heated term in our mountains along the line of the railroad, breathing our life-giving air and drinking the effervescing water of our mineral springs, some of which rival those of the old world. Here city-worn humanity may rest and recuperate amid the grandest of mountain scenery. Our streams teem with trout and salmon in their sea- son. Home of S. H. Soule, Little Shasta Valley, Siskiyou County, Cal. Shasta river is the home of the largest rainbow trout in the world, and the McCloud river is equally famous for its "Dolly Vardens." Many of the religious denominations are represented, and our one hundred schools are among the best in the state. Both of our high schools are accredited in all studies to the State University. Our tax rate is the lowest, only $1.45 on the one hundred dollars. The amount of taxable property amounts to $17,000,000, being an increase of $5,- 000,000 in two years. Our population is twenty to twenty-five thousand and should be one hundred thousand or more. Homes may be secured from the owners of the big ranches who are subdividing and selling in small tracts. Bargains may often be secured from the anti-rustlers, who want to go at something easier than farming. There are still opportunities of homesteading public lands, living on them continuously for 14 months, then paying the gov- ernment $2.50 an acre. Men with a few hundred dollars with which to get a start, if willing to work, can always find employment at the mines, mills and ranches, while their families remain on their newly acquired ranches and raise most everything needed to sustain them. Supreme Court Decisions] Irrigation Cases CHANGE OF USE BY APPROPRIATOR. — An appropriator of water from a stream for irrigation of land on one side of it cannot, as against subsequent ap- propriatprs, use his appropriation for irrigating land on the other side of the stream. — Williams v. Altnow. Supreme Court of Oregon. 97 Pacific 539. RIGHTS OF SUBSEQUENT APPROPRIATORS. — Every riparian proprietor on a non-navigable stream is entitled to a reasonable use of the water of the stream flow- ing through his land, and after the natural wants of all the other riparian proprietors have been supplied he may use their corresponding rights. — Williams v. Altnow. Supreme Court of Oregon. 95 Pacific 200. RESTRAINING ENFORCEMENT OF RATES BY SUPERVISORS. — A court of equity has jurisdiction of a suit by an irriga- tion company to enjoin the boards of supervisors of the respective counties through which its canal extends from enforcing rates fixed by them under the California statute, which it is alleged do not enable the company to earn in the aggregate the income to which it is entitled under the statute, and to determine in a single suit the legality of such rates, on the ground of avoiding a multiplicity of suits. — San Joaquin &• Kings River Canal & Irrigation Co. y. Stanislaus County. Circuit Court, Northern District of California. 163 Federal 567. PRESCRIPTIVE RIGHTS. — Owners of land acquired by prescription title to an irri- gation ditch through the land of a third person, with a right to conduct through it a designated quantity of water. The third person subsequently executed leases of the right to carry water through the ditch, which leases were signed by persons purporting to represent the owners of the land irrigated from, the ditch, but who were not connected with the owners. The leases were for a nominal rent. Other leases were executed to and signed by persons purporting to act as water commis- sioners for a district for a mere nominal rent, and other leases were executed to a corporation organized for the irrigation of lands. The owners were in possession of the property at the time of the execution of all the leases. Held, that their prescriptive rights were not extinguished under Civ. Code, Sec. 811, providing that a servitude is extinguished by disuse for the period prescribed for acquiring title by enjoyment, etc. — Strong v. Baldwin. Supreme Court of California. 97 Pa- cific 178. REGULATION OF IRRIGATION RATES BY COUNTIES. — Under Act Cal. March 12, 1885 (St. 1885, p. 95, c. 115), which provides that the boards of supervisors of the several counties of the state shall estimate as near as may be the value of the canals, ditches, flumes, water ways, and all other property actually used and useful in the appropriation and furnishing of water for sale in the county by any irrigation company, etc., and in like manner to estimate the annual rea- sonable expenses of such company, including the cost of re- pairs, and to establish maximum rates of charge for water by such company such that its net annual receipts and profits shall not be less than 6 nor more than 18 per cent upon the said value of the property, when in making such estimate a deduction is made for deterioration of the plant from year to year, an allowance should be made for such deduction and added to the annual income in fixing the rates of charge to cover the cost to the company of renewal or reconstruction. — San Joaquin &• Kings River Canal & Irrigation Co. v. Stan- islaus County. Circuit Court, Northern District of California. 163 Federal 567. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 21 BLUEWATER VALLEY :•:—:•: NEW MEXICO :•:—:•: BY OLANDER. Inquiries received from our article of last mouth on the Bluewater Valley in Valencia County, New Mex- ico, prompted us to make a more detailed investigation of the results obtained from this year's cultivation by the Bluewater Development Company. We found that about 2,000 acres had been in cultivation at various times, that alfalfa produced about a ton and a half per cutting and that it sells at an average of sixteen dollars per ton on board cars Bluewater, that oats pro- duce from sixty to seventy-five bushels per acre, and are selling at about one dollar per bushel, as we said last month; that potatoes grown in the valley equal the famous Greeley potato and produce from 30,000 to 40,- 000 pounds to the acre; sugar beets planted in July when pulled in September weighed four pounds and a half, and beets from the valley have tested as high as 21 per cent in saccharine matter; onions produce boun- tifully; cabbages and cauliflower reach a size not at- tained elsewhere, and, in fact, apparently all kinds of garden truck and field crops are raised successfully and produce net results that are difficult to believe. Some of the reports of experts on the soils found in the valley may be of interest to our readers. President Tight, of the University of New Mex- ico, has said of these lands : "The agricultural lands of the company lie wholly in one of these basin-like filled sections. The soils, therefore, are very deep, and as they are composed of elements from the decay of sandstones, volcanic rocks and limestones, they are very fertile and light. They have the property of retaining their moisture so that not so much moisture is required for irrigation or as many other types of soil." Another interesting comment is by George G.' Anderson, consulting engineer and a well known mem- ber of all the more prominent engineering societies of the United States and Canada. Mr. Anderson has written : "The soil throughout almost the entire irrigable area is a red clay, of uniformly good quality and great depth. The color is due to the presence of oxide of iron, a valuable constituent for crop producing, and while the soil is of decomposed sandstone, it is not sandy in character. Both soil and sub-soil are ex- tremely fertile. "The soil is of a character that does not require much water for the propagation of crops, it is not lumpy, nor does it show signs of 'baking.' The soil conditions will result in a high duty of water, higher, in my judgment, than I have placed it elsewhere in this report, with the prospect of an extension of the irrigable area with a given quantity of water. "The irrigable land presents, generally, a uniform surface, with gentle and regular slopes, well adapted for irrigation purposes. "A wide range of products can be successfully raised, including all the cereals, alfalfa and other grasses, sugar beets, vegetables of all descriptions and the hardier fruits." Mr. A. J. McCune, former state engineer of irri- gation for Colorado, made an examination of the Blue- water project some time ago and says of its soil: "The very fine quality of soil, the healthful cli- mate, the abundance of building material and fuel and its cheapness, the abundance of free range for stock contiguous to the farming land on every side, will en- able men with small means to make homes and build up valuable properties at a very small cost. "It seems to me to be an excellent place to make a community of small stock gtowers and stock feeders. My observation for several years has been that stock growing under conditions as they appear to exist there is the safest business for men of small means. Being on a through line of railroad, the facilities for shipping any of their products are good. "The limited area of irrigable lands in that and contiguous territory will always give the farmer in that neighborhood a good market in the mining camps, gov- ernment posts and lumbering camps adjoining." James J. Armstrong, irrigation expert of Denver, has thrown an interesting light upon the lands by comparing them with the fertile lands of northern Colorado. ' He says: "There was about twenty thousand acres of very fine land in sight which lays first rate for irrigation, quite as good as the best of our lands in northern Colorado. "After looking over the ground there can be no question as to the fertility of the soil. The whole valley is covered with a rank growth of weeds ex- cepting where it is covered with a heavy growth of wild hay or alfalfa. It is plain that with a good water service heavy crops of all kinds can be raised in this valley. "To sum up the whole situation, I would say that there is an opportunity here for quite a large settle- ment with comfortable homes and profitable farming operations, as the markets are close at hand." Richard J. Hinton, a prominent member of the American Society of Irrigation Engineers, writing of the soil in Bluewater Valley, says : "As to the fertility and adaptability of the soils and lands, under the Bluewater system, I have no hesi- tancy in expressing an entire approval. As it lays out of doors, I have seldom seen 25,000 acres so perfectly adapted to irrigation as these. About one-half the acres — the western section— consists of the famous red loam so eagerly sought after in our region. It is charged with mineral elements, deep, warm, easily worked and retentive of moisture. This is largely the product of volcanic rocks. There is a distinct di- vision between it and the lower, or gray limestone made lands. "The latter are excellent vegetable, grape, small fruit and forage lands. Both soil divisions are tractable, deep and readily watered and drained. The surface loam or deposits are from 15 to 30 feet in depth. Be- neath the tufa or volcanic soil there is at about forty feet a volcanic hard pan. "The limestone soils are underlaid with gravel and hard strata. Drainage waters for well use can be ob- tained in the volcanic or red soils at from thirty to forty feet. The subplane waters are about the same 22 THE IRRIGATION AGE. depth in the lime rock soils (admirably adapted for alfalfa). In short, these soils will produce abundantly all the crops of the temperate zone. This will be found to be an excellent sugar beet section. All root crops as well as grain, forage and leguminous products will thrive abundantly. The natural grasses are of the best. The range and foot hills furnish wild fruits, gooseberries, raspberries, Eocky Mountain • cherries, plums, etc., in abundance. High altitude timber is ample for years to come, scrub oak, cedar, mesquite, pinion or scrub pine. Coal has been found within six miles. Mineral float has been found. Pine timber is near by. Fine limestone rock furnishes the kiln men, and there are works in operation producing about 90 or 95 per cent pure lime. I noticed excellent building stone also." . The writer has a theory that an investment in irrigated lands has all of the safeguards offered bv the purchase of life insurance with many added advan- tages. The life insurance agent, after his seven or eight unsuccessful attempts to get to his prospect, be- gins by enlarging upon one's duty to those one may have dependent upon him and after having firmly established this duty proceeds to persuade him that the one and only way to fulfill this duty is either to pay such an amount as he can or perhaps cannot afford, as long as he lives to his, the agent's company, or as an alternative to pay a greater amount for say twenty years and at that time receives a paid-up policy or an annuity, or maybe a proportion of what has been paid to the company in cash. One buying a tract of irrigated land may obtain all of the security offered by the insurance company and, more than that, the use of the land with twenty or thirty per cent increase as soon as the land begins to produce. If he is a laboring man and by any mischance loses his job, he has a place where he can provide a home and a living for his family amid surroundings such as those who have gained a competence spend a great deal of money in seeking for — an avenue in which to spend their leisure time. If he is a salaried man he can, instead of just making ends meet, amid uncomfortable surroundings, with a small percentage of the time necessary to earn a living as an employe of some one else, establish him- self as his own master over his own home, which will produce as much if not more than he has heretofore been earning and leave him at the end of the year with money in the bank and an assurance that he can obtain the same and usually greater results in succeeding years. While, if he simply wishes to invest his money, he has purchased something which no changes in financial conditions, no weakness of trusted employes, no mistakes in the judgment of others, can take away from him and which will produce an income that no other investment offering even a portion of the security could approach. Of course, it is not the idea of this article to at- tempt to supplant insurance investments by any others, but in many instances the added advantages offered by land that will produce a crop every year as surely as each year rolls around, should be carefully considered before any other investment is made. (Any inquiries regarding any of the irrigation enterprises men- tioned in these columns will receive prompt attention if sent to Editor IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago.) IDAHO AN EMPIRE OF DIVERSIFIED WEALTH AND OPPORTUNITIES. BY A .T. TAYLOR. Out-West-in-Idaho, that's where they are doing things! There is more activity, more prosperity and greater de- velopment in Idaho today than in any other state in the Union. The thousands of acres of rolling prairie lands that but a few years ago were the playground of the coyote and the sagehen are now being rapidly converted to agriculture. Railroads are stretching out their lines in every direction, new towns are springing up like magic, and all these changes are taking place so rapidly that only instantaneous photography can mark the trans- formation. Men talk of enterprises in Idaho involving millions as though money were a mere incident to the object to be attained. Everything is large and liberal there, and all things attendant upon success and prosperity seem to have been born of a common parent. Nature in the distribution of her wealth has been prodigal to Idaho. Her mountains contain many rich and dividend-paying mines, and yet the great development in this direction is to come. These same mountains which surround her valleys form a great water-shed which in the near future will irrigate millions of acres of fertile farms and will furnish power second only to that of the Niagara. Read this from Governor F. R. Gpoding's statement at the conference of governors at Washington, May 14, 1908, and take off your hat to Idaho: "Idaho leads all the Western States as to the amount of irrigated lands and land open to settlement. The total acreage now under irrigation is 1,656,593, while more than $20,000,000 has been spent in constructing 9,000 miles of canals and ditches. Idaho has a wonderfully rich soil. It is formed by the disintegration of the Columbia River lava, or basalt rock, which, mixed with the lava dust that fell in great showers over the whole country ages ago, has formed a soil of marvelous fertility. Idaho appreciates the needs of settlers and capital. Idaho offers to the bona fide settler a clear title to his lands and water; to the investor a careful administration of all the rights of capital provided for by the Congress of the United States in the Carey Act; and to both, by closest inspection of projects as to plans and personnel, a fair deal with square people." The conditions for farming are so ideal that to dispose of land, once there is water upon it, is but a secondary consideration, yet there are thousands of acres of land in Idaho at the present time practically worthless for agricultural purposes, which within the next two years will be under thorough irrigation systems and will be worth $35.00 per acre and upward. The man who is lucky enough to get in on the ground floor and acquire forty or eighty acres of this land may consider himself fortunate indeed. In Lincoln County alone there are over 600,000 acres of agricultural land, all of which will soon be under irri- gation systems. The rapidly growing and prosperous town of Shoshone, on the Oregon Short Line, is the county seat of Lincoln County and centrally located within this vast area of irrigable lands, making it the most con- venient point from which to visit all the Carey Act projects as well as the improved ranches in the county. A few miles east of Shoshone are 50,000 acres of splendid agricultural land which is the property of the Idaho Irrigation Company. In June, 1909, this entire tract will be put upon the market under the Carey Act. This, with 50,000 acres of irrigated land of the Twin Falls North Side Irrigation Company, are all tributary to Shoshone, which loudly emphasizes the future prominence of the town and places it conspicuously in line as one of the coming cities of Idaho. The citizens of Shoshone are a live and progressive people, proud of their town and willing with their dollars to back their unbounded faith in its future, which is ap- parent in its substantial stone and brick business blocks, its imposing court house, its fine schools and churches, and its handsome residences. It has good hotels, lodging houses and restaurants, and affords splendid accommoda- tions for visitors. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 23 Although Shoshone is growing in rapid strides, the demand for residence property is far in excess of the sup- ply, and from five to six families are turned away weekly for lack of accommodations. There is an unequaled op- portunity for some one with the means to build a num- ber of cottages for rent and sale. Investments along all lines are exceptionally promising, and conservative busi- ness men of the community predict that Shoshone will double its population within the next two years. Governor Gooding and his brothers, to whom a large measure of the advancement of Lincoln County is due, and who are known throughout the length and breadth of the State as men of large enterprise and sterling qualities, are numbered among Shoshone's foremost business men. They are Shoshone's exclusive bankers at the present time and are the proprietors of an extensive general mer- chandise store. Their bank has a wide and lucrative patronage, and is known as one of the most substantial institutions of its kind in the State. Shoshone is to have another bank, however, in the near future, which pro- claims an important step in its growth and solidity. An electric railway is now in course of construction from the town of Milner, on the Twin Falls branch of the Oregon Short Line, through the town of Jerome and on to the towns of Shoshone and Gooding. As this road will ultimately be extended to Boise, it will place Shoshone on two lines of railroad, a position of no small commercial consequence. From a competitive view, Shoshone cer- ta_inly has a point of vantage to be seriously reckoned with by the towns of Southeastern Idaho. Shoshone has an association, composed of her best citizens, known as Shoshone Commercial Club. It is the purpose and pleasure of this club to furnish information amHiterature to those who desire it upon all matters per- taining to the town or surrounding country. THE MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETE DRAIN TILE. A Coming Industry. WRITE US HADDOCK LAND CO. OFFICES AT Shoshone, Gooding and Jerome Lincoln County IDAHO We are the oldest Real Estate firm in Lincoln County and thoroughly familiar with the land, land values, resources; present and prospective conditions. We handle town property, Carey Act Claims and improved ranches. The opportunities in this section are wonderful for men of even slender means. You should investigate at once as land values are rapidly going up. One shining example of remarkable success in the line of manufactured commodities of concrete is the flourishing drain tile business that has been developed principally in the last two or three years in those sections of the West where the surplus oil waters must be removed before anything ap- proaching maximum crojJ production can be attained. Al- ready the field of operation is widening in this line to the delta lands of the South, which, when reclaimed, will make one of the most fertile regions of the world. The climatic conditions make possible almost priceless crops of fruits and vegetables, and they lie close enough to market to make immediate results tangible the first year after the improve- ment of drainage is provided for. In California, far beyond the reach of present transportation facilities for clay drain tile to reach, they are awakening to the opportunity presented by the adoption of concrete drain tile as the only means to successfully reclaim countless square miles of what is now little better than waste land to the agriculturist. The drain tile business, starting in the Middle West to meet the needs of the farmers already engaged in the cultiva- tion of valuable land, is merely in its infancy, for the work that lies before the concrete drain tile industry from now on into the future amounts to the stupendous undertaking of reclaiming an area of farming land equal to that part already under cultivation. Not this generation or even the next will see any appreciable diminution of the field for operations. Whole sections as yet unknown to the agriculturist will be made to blossom and bring forth fruit abundantly, and the day is at hand when waste lands will yield fortunes to tile manufacturers with the capital to improve cheap real estate by simply putting in the tile to give sufficient drainage. Speculative capital is looking in this direction at the present time, because it is close to Mother Earth and too simple a route to big profits to go unseen. It is clearly bet- ter, saner and safer than any mining project that has been successfully exploited in recent years, and better still, it is a proposition that will appeal to the farmers, who are rapidly becoming the holders of the surplus or speculative wealth of the land. At the same time it is a proposition which can be capitalized, controlled and operated by the farmers themselves and an intimate knowledge of every step of the proceedings, thereby assuring intelligent and profitable administration. In this way the concrete tile offers a suggestion for the farmer by using the practical knowledge obtained in his own farm- ing business to keep his investments in his own hands. This is a pointer to the legitimate promoter — the_ man who knows how to make the tile right — to get busy in the direction of big things in the concrete tile indusrty, even though it may mean large activity a long ways from home. The drain tile manufacturers as a rule have all the business they can take on for this season without any extraordinary effort on their part, and nearly every man is working his think tank to figure out a longer day, or, failing in that, an increase of capacity by additional machinery. A correspondent visited some of the busy Western shops where drain tile manufacture is a specialty, and he gives the following expert observations : "About the first of May I happened to notice the exten- sive plant of a tile manufacturer in an Iowa town. They had just set up and started into operation the second tile machine to increase the capacity of their plant. It was in- stalled by the Cement Tile Machinery Company of Waterloo, Iowa. The first machine was installed about eighteen months ago, and has been running continuously since first put into operation, and the proprietor stated that he had not a tile in stock that was old enough to send out, as it is his practice never to deliver any tile that are less than thirty days old. "For the purpose of introducing concrete drain tile in the local market he took a county contract which required SHOSHONE LAND £ INVESTMENT COMPANY CAREY ACT LANDS SHOSHONE, IDAHO IRRIGATED FARMS BEST WATER RIGHTS IN THE WEST All inquiries will be We have a large acreage of the best fruit land to be had in the West, cheerfully and promptly answered. THE IRRIGATION AGE. large quantities of tile, ranging in size from 6 to 24 inches in diameter. All the tile' larger than 12 inches in diameter were made in hand molds, but the smaller sizes were all machine made. This county contract was started two years ago this coming fall, and quantities of the tile were delivered then upon practically the full length of the line, but the work was delayed for the purpose of completing the main ditch into which the line discharges. The tile delivered during the latter part of 1906 and the early part of 1907 lay unprotected from the weather along the line until they were put into the trench, some of which had been done comparatively re- cently. In fact, I saw nearly a mile of tile stretched out through the swamp above ground, most of which was deliv- ered in October and November, 1906. Some of these tile were entirely submerged, while others were partially under water, and still others were entirely high and dry. The tile had evidently been frozen repeatedly in the position in which I saw them, but when examined they were found to be in perfect condition. The number of broken tile along that line was remarkably small. I noticed some 15-inch tile two feet in length which were about two years old being placed in the trench which at that point was about 10 feet deep. The treatment received by this concrete tile which had lain exposed for two winters, and subjected to the natural freezing and thawing of that period certainly proves their superiority to drain tile made of clay in this particular. No clay tile other than a perfectly vitrified one could resist disintegration under such conditions'. In fact, it is well known to those who are interested in land drainage that ordinary drain tile of clay are badly disintegrated by the action of frost, and the outlets of drains using them are constantly changing, due to the breaking down of the exposed tile. . "My interests growing in the matter, I learned of several farmers in the immediate neighborhood who had made use of quantities of the product of this plant in draining their lands and I examined some of the concrete tile drains which have been in almost two years. I observed the outlet on a farm drain system and found the 8-inch tile at this point in first- class condition. The first fifty or sixty feet of this line was covered with only earth enough to protect it against stock, and therefore exposed to the extremes of freezing and thaw- ing for two winters. After finding the tile in that outlet in perfect condition I went to the head of the ditch and exposed the tile which were at this point covered by about four feet of earth. The tile here was also found to be in perfect con- dition. I examined the tile on a 4-inch lateral line and here found this size also in first-class condition, and the farmer, who is quite an enthusiast over the perfection of his drainage system, remarked that these were harder than when they were put in, as they were taken from the plant when only two weeks old. He stated that there was very little loss in the handling of concrete tile in the operation of laying it in the ditch and hauling it to his farm, and further that his drains were giving perfect satisfaction. "I will say that this statement was verified by the splen- did flow witnessed at the outlet of the system. Together we crossed over to an adjoining farm and visited the outlets of several clay tile drains. My farmer friend and companion advised that these drains had been in over a year longer than his ; that is to say they had passed three winters. I believe I am safe in saying that there was not as much water being discharged from five separate lines as from the one just cited, although the total area drained was very much larger. The outlets of three of these clay tile lines were constructed of hard glazed tile, while the other two, of soft clay, showed a very marked tendency to be disintegrated for about 10 feet, the liroken down tile having been shoveled out, and an open drain was being used from the present end of the tile to the lake into which it emptied. "At another town I took occasion to inquire as to the developments and progress of the drain tile branch of their operations, and one of the proprietors informed me that they had never been able to keep up with their orders at that place for concrete drain tile and blocks. They have been in busi- ness for a number of years and have a splendidly equipped factory, steam heated in winter and electric lighted. The plant is run the year around, and the proprietor is a great believer in the future of cement products, in which they have built up a very satisfactory' and profitable business. "There is no question in my mind after these observa- The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economicaland Certain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements The Temple Water Elevators —The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Four Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly s tated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follows: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel. On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, . and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III.. U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 25 tions, which were conducted as carefully as could be, but that concrete tile drains the soil more thoroughly and rapidly than do clay tile. I long ago observed that most clay tile, though they are certainly affected by frost, are not sufficient porous to permit the passage of water freely. Drainage therefore is entirely through the joints. Concrete tile of the same length have equal drainage through the joints, plus the drainage through the shell. "The last manufacturer of tile mentioned above told me of one farmer who placed two lateral lines in the same field, draining about the same area, one using clay tile and the other concrete tile. This farmer reported that he was able to raise a crop last year from his concrete tile, while the crop over the clay tile was destroyed owing to the failure of the latter to carry the water off before the young crop was killed. Such testimony, I take it, is the best practical endorsement that could be secured for this thriving branch of concrete industry." Those who desire information, literature, etc., regarding machines for the manufacture of concrete drain tile should write the Cement Tile Machinery Company of Waterloo, Iowa. "Small potatoes and few in a hill" is an old saying that need not apply to your garden any more if you are willing to adopt progressive methods and provide for means of supplying your truck patch with water during the dry periods that prove so destructive to plant life every summer. • Yes, every summer there is a period of a longer or shorter time that your potatoes are blighted, tomatoes withered, cucumbers shriveled or other garden truck burned out. How can you prevent it? Easily, if your water supply in the ground is abundant at a depth not greater than 40 feet, or if you have a stream that you can pump from. The same result can just as surely be accomplished where the water is found at greater depth, but of course greater power will be required. If you are interested write now to Dempster Mill Mfg. Co., Beatrice, Neb., who are making a specialty of small irrigating plants. Tell them just what your problem is and they will help you solve it. Their advice will cost you nothing but your time and stamp for your letter. The award of contract to Mr. Tom Burke, of Belle Fourche, S. D., for the construction of five miles of laterals under the Belle Fourche irrigation project, has been withdrawn and the contract reawarded to Mr. L. W. Dotson, of Orman, S. D. This contract was awarded to Mr. Burke on June 25, but before it was prepared for execution he had departed for parts unknown. The work involves the excavation of about 45,000 cubic yards of materials and Mr. Burke's bid was $2,637.30. Mr. Dotson's proposal was $2,655. Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation Irrigators', Engineers') Prospectors' and [Miners' High Cut Boot* Expressly adaptedjfor irrigation work. Made of the highest qual- ity and stock. Strong, comfort- able and dependable. Many styles. Protect the feet and keep them dry. Can be secured through shoe dealers. t If not obtainable, write to us. J For a dress shoe, wear] "HONORBILT" F.Mayer Boot & Shoe Co. Milwaukee. Wisconsin GILSON MFG. CO. GOES LIKE SIXTY SELLS LIKE SIXTY, BELLS FOR SIX'. . GILSON GASOLENE ENGINE For Pumping, Cream Chums, Wash M«. «.. etc. PBEE TSUI. AsL for catalog-all sizes Pot WMhlagto, Wl» National Field and Hog Fence pi ves beat service, las tslonfirest,eaiipesno trouble. Don't buy a fence until you have written about this, our us what you require and we will name you special delivered price. Of \lf\\ \H\iC IRJDOU/IDC KtVOLVING 1 BARD WIRE DeKalb Fence Co. . DoKalb, 111. Kansas City, Mo. An Opportunity — A Prize Contest Earn a New $3OO.OO Piano Earn a $5O Marlln Ride Earn a $12 Internat'l Dictionary Earn 1OO Peach Trees Earn 1OO Plum Trees NOTE— We offer these and other prizes besides our regular cash commission. Send us no money. Simply send us your name and address and we will send you our confidential terms to canvassers, stating how you may obtain valu- able prizes FREE for a little work introducing Green's Fruit Grower in your neighborhood. USE THIS COUPON Green's Fruit Grower Co., Rochester, N. Y. Gentlemen — send me Green's Free Agent's Outfit, consisting of S different issues of Green's Fruit Grower and your confidential terms to canvassers stating how I may obtain hundreds of dollars in prizes and cash pay for a little work introducing Green's Fruit Grower in my own neighborhood. Name CHAS. A GREEN, Editor. Town State. ( Green's Fruit Grower. Rochester. N. Y.) 26 THE IRRIGATION AGE. 0 - 1— 0 < a < * H f- Oil Will Sell it to You for $3.00 a Week Geo. E. Barstow President Pecos Valley Land & Irrigation Co. OF BARSTOW TEXAS Any one who Is familiar with the results from Texas Irrigated Land will tell you that the safest, surest way to pain a large and per- manent Income from a email out- lay Is to tret hold of a few acres of Texas Irrigated Land. But, heretofore. It has required some capital— at least a few hund- red dollars — and it has been neces- sary for the purchas- er to go and live on tliL1 land and develop it. Now, my company makes it possible for you to get ten acres of the finest kind of Texas Irrigated Land, all under cultivation, Income property from the very beginning, if yon can save 83.00 a week. You can go and live on it — absolutely assured of an Independent living from it alone. Or arrangements will be made to have It culti- vated for you for a small »hare of the crops. Now I can and will prove all this from the highest authorities In the land. All you have to do Is— write to me and say, " Prove to me that ten acres of your Texas Irrigated Land can be made to produce an Income of from 91,000.00 to 85,000. (0 a year." I have the proof, so read what my company will do for you. New Safe Land Plan I will deliver at once to the Citizen's State Bank of Baretow, Texas, a Warranty Deed to ten acres of the land of the Pecos Valley Land and Irrigation Company as per the subdivision of the Company's properly made by John Wilson and flled for record with the County Clerk of Ward County, Texas. I will deliver at once to you, one of onr Secured Land Contracts for the War- ranty Deed at the Bank— on the contract appeal's a certificate signed by an Officer of the Bank and certifying that the Hank has your deed and will deliver It to you eocorlingto the terms of your Secured Land Contract. The Bank acta as an Inde- pendent agent for both of us— to guaran- tee fair play. You must pay 83.00 a week, or at the Safeguarded The Bank will deliver your deed direct to you when your $3.00 a week and interest credits total $483.00 i»te"of^6oaw^klnmolith"ly7quarteriy] If. IV^er***- "Tab-** T f\nrr cemi-annual or annual payments. 11 1^065111 I Q.K.G L-ODg Or you can pay as much faster as yon like. At the end of each year— If you take more than a year to complete your payments— you will be credited with 5 per oent per annum on tbe amount you have paid. •15 down and 93 a week paid regularly, and the Interest credits, will mature your Contract in a little over two and three- fourths years. But you can mature your Contract by paying the same total amount, 9483, in a day, a month, six months, a year, or In any less time than 2,\ years, and whenever your regular receipts and your interest allowance credit receipts total (483, all you have to do to get your land is to take or send your receipts and your con- tract to the Citizen's State Bank at Barstow, Texas, together with twenty-eight vendor lien notes each for 939, payable one every three months for seven years. The Bank will then give you your Warranty Deed to the land, which, according to the Contract and the Deed, must be fully Irrigated and all under cultivation. -* Remember this is ten acres of land which I must flmt prove iy Is capable of producing an Income of from 91,000 to (5,000 a year. Yon get this land for (483, which you can pay In less than three years — (IB down and (3 a week — and you then haveonly four 139 notes each year for seven years to pay out of your Income. Can you Lope in any other way, so safe and sure as this, to have so large an independent income In so short a time! I believe the purchase of Texas Irrigated Land to be the best way for a man of small means to make hlmnelf Independent. And I believe I am qualified to pass judgment as I have been in- terested In Irrigation matters locally and nationally for 15 years. The results are simply astounding to those who are unfamil- iar with the great subject of Irrigation. And I believe the happiest man these days Is the man with the little ten acre irrigated farm — (President Roosevelt says, "Even B acres is enough to support a family and keep it busy"). The owner of a Ten Acre Irrigated Farm doesn't have to "knuckle to tbe boss," nor strain his conscience in the struggle of the intense commercialism of the day. His income Is practically untouched by "financial depression." His living and peace of mind are not dependent upon the whim of any man. He is king in his own little domain. He can make his little ten acres earn as much as a quarter section (160 acres) unirrigated, would produce — as much as be- tween twenty and eighty thousand dollars In cash would bring, loaned out at 6 per cent. He has his close neighbors, his telephone, good roads, schools and churches— In fact, all the comloits and conveniences of life that come with the prosperous close-knit community, though they pass by the great isolated farm. The land I want you to buy la all good rich soli. Irrigated from Canals and Ditches already constructed In the most ap- proved modern fashion and carrying an abundant supply of water taken from the ever-flowing Pecos River. It is within a few miles of Barstow, Texas, and Pecos City, Texas, (the two towns aro only fi" J miles apart— the land lies be- tween the towns and a little to the north) and served by the Texas & Pacific Railway and the Pecos Valley Line of the Santa Fe System. With rich soil, a splendid climate and the uncertain quantity —moisture— eliminated, agriculture and horticulture can here be scientifically car- ried on to the splendid profit of the land owner. Tbe abundant crops of large and In every other way superior hays, grains, cotton, vegetables and fruits are equaled in only a very few favored spots. The justly celebrated Barstow Grapes are considered by many to be even better — variety for variety — than those raised In Southern California — and we are 1,200 miles nearer the great Eat; tern market. But all this is the merest outline of what I desire to show you in detail. lam only attempting to make It clear to you that you can have an assured Independent living income In less than three years if you can possibly save 93 a week. I have promised to submit the proof. All yon have to do Is write for It. Will you do that today , even If you can't commence right away I I want the address of every man or woman who is willing to save 93 a week if I can prove that the result will be financial independence In less tli&n three short years. There Is nothing philanthropic about this proposition, bnt I especially want to hear from the wage-earners. I have worked for fifteen years to develop this Irrigation System and this com- munity. It would be gratifying to me to have those who most need it reap the benefits of my labors. It will be more convenient f or you to address me at St. Louis, and I am equipped there to best answer you. GEORGE E. BARSTOW, President Pecos Valley Land and Irrigation Company, of Barstow, Texas, 849 Missouri Trust Bldg.. St. Louis. Mo. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IBBIGATION AGE. UNION MACHINES WITH PUG MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO QALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 28 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Clay Working ••BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Soft Mud Machine!, Hor*e and Steam Power Hone Power Plunger Machine Product* of our Auger Machine When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. Vulcan Steam Shovels For Digging Irrigation Ditches, Canals, etc. 10 Standard Sizes The Ynlcan Steam Shoyel Company 130 Vulcan Place TOLEDO. OHIO 'DOUBLE J>OWEB $1,000 Reward forlts cquaU Wlndpower doubled. Two 14 Awheel* I work on lame pinlonooo er tliau urns. A Governor That Covert: In all winds. Develops 10 full h. p. in 90 mile wind. All power needed for farm. shop. irrigatine. . " '. tbout our self -nine.- • •*. Unete wheel pumper-«»o Al»»>-r Husker. A. (book 6 DOUBLE P /.VCR MILL CO. I WASHINGTON today offers the best opportunities to the fruit grower. An orchard or farm of your own along the Pacific Coast Line of the Chicago. Mil- waukee { SI. Paul Railway will yield suie profits. De- scriptive folder free. F. A. MILLhR, G. J1. A. CHICAGO. Bend 93.5O for The Irrigation Ag-e, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illus- trated work for new beginners In Irrigation. ; R.OCKFORD ENGINE WORKS . TO O O O Address Dept. 4. Mocklord. 111. Q The engine that will please you. 1L Any style engine ^ 3 to 60 horse Q power. O Write for special 3; prices. IJLC Almost every farmer has a few acres of land that lie too high to be irri- gated from his laterals. To flume or siphon the water to these few acres is not practicable on account of the expense. And yet to let this land lie .idle means a big hole in the profits of the farm each season. The most economical and satisfactory way to bring such waste lands under cultivation is to use the powerful I. H. C. gasoline engine to pump water upon them. These engines pump water in large quantities. They are opeiated at small expense. They require but little attention. The cost of running an I. H. C. engine during an irrigating season, in- cluding fuel and attendance, is a very small item compared with the value of the crop that will be produced. Remember, the engine will be operated only a short time during the season. During the remainder of the year the e'ngine is available for other farm work, such as running the cream separator or churn, sawing, grinding, cutting feed, etc. And even while the engine is being run to irrigate the lands, the operator does not give,it his whole time. He returns to it occasionally. He can devote practically all his time to looking after the head of water which the engine pumps. The cost of the engine is only a fraction of the value of the reclaimed land. Its cost of operation for the season is only a fraction of the value of that season's crops. When you buy an I. H. C. engine you have a power for pumping that is good for many years' service. If you have land lying above the ditch, why will not an I H C engine for pumping water be a wise investment for you? Call and see the International local agent about it. He will supply you with catalogs and give you all information desired. Or, if you prefer, write direct to the nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH BOOSES: Denver. Colo.: Portland. Ore.; Salt Lake City, Utah: Helena, Montana; Spokane. Wash.: San Francisco. Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA ( I ncorpo rated ) CHICAGO. V. S. A. Economical, Reliable Running Water Service A constant supply wherever you want it. Automatic in action — no expense for power or repairs. It's easy with a RIFE HYDRAULIC RAM Large and small rams forCountry Places, Irrigation, Supply Tanks, Town Plants, etc. For every foot water drops to ram it is raised 30 feet. 7.000 in use. WRITE FOR FREE PLANS AND ESTIMATES Don't Buy Any Fence at Any Price until you get my "Leader Fence Book" and learn how to secure the cheap- est and best all-wire field and yard fence made. Pay no royalty to trusts or factory combinations. I challenge any and all fence makers to equal the "Leader Fence" la strength, durability and price. I make the Leader Fence in the most economically run fence factory In this country, of the very best galvanized steel wire, and sell It direct to you at world-beating prices. Or, I will sell you the wire and all materials at wholesale prices and furnish you the Perfection Fence Machine, with which you can build the fence right on the posts at home. 1 am the All -Round Leader Fence Man. Write today for my FREE fence book. H. L. FAHRNEY. MANAGER, LEADER FENCE CO., Dept. 35, ST. CHARLES, ILL. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and the Primer of Irrigation When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 30 THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE PNEUMATIC PIPE DREDGE The Pneumatic Pipe Dredge is a new, inexpensive device for dredging sand, silt, muck and gravel, or any other material or soil susceptible to rapidMisintegration by the action of water under pressure Its pipe From one to four or even more pipes can be operated from the same scow; one pump and air compressor serving for all. or head "jets" itself deeply into the material to be handled, breaks it up and forces it upwards through a discharge pipe by the use of water and com- pressed air mixed under high pressure. It is not a suction or centrifugal dredge. It is a hydro-pneumatic ram. The Bed Rock Pneumatic or Compressed Air-Pipe Dredge. This shows the pipe lifting the heavy black sand out of one of nature's bed rock riffles. The precious minerals like gold and plati- num have been trapped in these pockets or riffles for untold ages, but no method to recover these stored up treasures had been devised before the advent of the pipe dredge. This dredge will enter these pockets and recover the values they contain. ATTENTION ENGINEERS. It is not possible to describe this dredge nor tell of its superiority in a few words. However, IF YOU HAVE USE FOR A DREDGER, it will pay you and save you money to look into the merits of this device. It will also save time. Here is part of what Mr. M. A. Nurse, for 18 years Chief Engineer of the State of California, says about the Pneumatic Pipe Dredge. "Beyond question, the Pneumatic Dredge embraces the cheapest and best application and utilization of mechanical and natural agencies for excavation and transmission of sand, silt, or any material susceptible of rapid disintegration by the joint action of air and water under pressure, that I have ever known through an active experience of over thirty years in river improvement and reclamation. It is simple in principle, cheap in construction, efficient in operation and must on the score of economy and greater adaptability supersede other methods hi the broadest field of river^and harbor improve- ment essential to our State and National development." HAVE YOU DREDGING TO DO? If you require a dredge for reclamation work, for levee building, for recovering sanu or gravel, for" filling, for channel or harbor deepening, for mining or for lifting or moving any class of material excepting boulders, DON'T OVERLOOK THE PNEUMATIC PIPE DREDGE. CHEAPEST AND BEST DREDGER IN THE WORLD. The Pneumatic Pipe Dredge can be installed anywhere within .a few weeks for a small fraction of the cost of other dredges and it requires only one-fifth the labor, one-fifth the power and one-twentieth the cost of maintenance of any other dredge with similar capacity. It handles from 40% to 60% solid matter all the time and dredges handling from 25 cubic yards per hour to 20,000 cubic yards per day can be built and installed for rrom $3,000 to $25,000. There is nothing to get out of order. Any- one with common sense canTrun it.l'llt is "fool-proof." Don't you think ITfaSPWORTH? WHILE^INVESTIGATING. _^One of these dredges is operating in the heart of the City of Sacramento, California, on a contract for the city. Twice in succession this dredge has been awarded city contracts on com- petitive bids. Other contractors could not come within a mile of the price bid for the work. Yet the dredge is ranking money. It is practical results like this that talk. Sfor full particulars about thejdredge and its installation on a royalty basis, address Pneumatic Pipe Dredge, Operating by Electricity, with Four Ten-Inch Discharge Pipes. Capacity over 15,000 Cubic Yards per day. HERBERT A. PARKYN, 1511 Marquette Building, CHICAGO, ILL. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AOE. 31 PDT IN A RELIABLE — WATER-TIGHT AND DURABLE — IRON EADGATE . NOW WHILE YOU HAVE TIME AND BEFORE THE GROUND FREEZES You know how much trouble you had this year with your old wooden headgate leaking and perhaps washing out, and next year you would have still more trouble with it. You know that no matter how well a wooden headgate is made, or how much you spend for repairs, it is not as strong and durable as an iron headgate. A wooden gate is certain to swell, warp and decay, causing leaks and probably a wash- out just when you most need the water. Can you afford to risk losing valuable water next year, or waste valuable time this year making repairs on that old wooden gate? Northwestern Iron Headgates Being complete in themselves, can be easily set up by any one. As they can be easily and quickly operated, they will save you time and trouble. By careful machine work they are made absolutely water-tight. And being made of iron and a little heavier than absolutely necessary, they will last a lifetime without getting out of order and without repairs. My Absolute Guarantee I will send a Northwestern Iron Headgate on thirty days' trial, freight prepaid, to any responsible farmer. If the gate does not prove to have all the advantages claimed, ship it back at my expense, and I will pay you what it costs you to set up the gate. C. D. BUTCHART, Denver, Colo. A wooden gate is a yearly expense because of the leaks, washouts, loss of time, and the repairs. A Northwestern Iron Headgate is a lifetime investment which will pay you big returns. When you get a headgate, the first cost is not the only thing to consider. The cheapest gate is the one that lasts the longest. As one Northwestern Iron Headgate will outlast a dozen wooden gates, a Northwest- ern is really the cheapest and most economical. The cost of repairs year after year on an old wooden gate amounts to more than the cost of a substantial iron headgate. SendJFor Northwestern Headgate Handbook It contains valuable information for irrigat- ing farmers, shows many kinds of Iron head- gates and irrigation specialties, and gives some practical details. Fill out this coupon and mail it today if you are interested In the most economical methods of handling water. C. D. BUTCHART, Denver, Colo. Mail This Coupon C. D BUTCHART, Denver, Colo. Please send me the Northwestern Headgate Handbook, and prices on iron headgates. Name . , Address State . When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 32 THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE MONEY-SAVING FENCE Is the one which, bought at the right price, gives you the best service, lasts the long- est, causes you no trouble. NATIONAL FIELD AND HOG FENCE Is just that kind. Made of heavy, single wire, an In- comparable lock.close mesh, as strong as a stone wall. Don't buy a fence until -^a have -written us about thla . and ourKanger Barb Wire — >a heavy, single wire with •TFVAIVDtLC 1 RAPR U/IDt rotary barb. Tell us what KCVULVInNy i DAKD.nlKl you require and w« win name you delivered price. DeKALB FENCE CO. DeKalb. III. Kansas City. Ho. RANGER Otto Suction Gas Producers And Otto Engines Are Reliable and Cm Be Operated By Hrn of Ordinary Inlellif ence J. A. Witter, Engineer for the Beaver Crossing Electric Light & Power Co.. Beaver Crossing, Nebr., writes: " Please send me a book of instructions on handling and running your gas producer and engine. I have been running this one on horse sense, but that might not work at all times. Plant works fine. This man without special instructions, but with the use of " horse sense " causes his plant to work fine. There is a volume of praise for "OTTO" machinery in Mr. Witter's short letter. The Otto Gas Engine Works Philadelphia. Pa. tlllllllllll I I •• HIM ••••••• III MM i I •••••• t SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. Write Department K-2 for Catalog. Ill I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I IH I I II III I I I I I I I II I IMHI I M Oxford Hotel DENVER, COLORADO At the OXFORD HOTEL, Denver, Colorado, you will find all the leading men interested in irrigation and all of its branches. Denver is the logical irrigation center of the United States. You will find nearly everyone engaged in or interested in irrigation projects stopping at the Oxford Located half a block from the Union Depot: Fire Proof, Modern, European Plan and Popular Prices THE HAMILTON-BROOKS CO. PROPRIETORS It Makes You Save a Coin a Day or the Clock Stops FLITCRAFT Savings Bank Clock This is a novel combination of an alarm clock and savings bank, provid- ed with a coin chute, also automatic locking and unlocking mechanism. The clock in its normal condition is locked, and cannot be wound until a coin is deposited into the slot. Within a brief period after it is wound, the clock is automatically locked again PAT. No. 775058 and cannot be wound until another coin is deposited. It takes nickels, dimes and pennies, and holds over eighty dollars in dimes. Start Now saving your dimes, nickels and pennies and have ready money for your vacation. Christmas presents, clothing, life insurance, etc. . Banks— This bank clock is now being used successfully by hundreds of banks as a savings account stimulator and business getter — its compulsory savings feature and general usefulness make it much more valuable than the ordinary metal bank. As a Trade. Newspaper Subscription. Insurance and Bank Premium it is without equal. If you own a store or are a circulation manager or an insurance solicitor or a bank cashier, we can show you plans--of proven success-for using the FLIT- CRAFT BANK CLOCK in securing new business. GENERAL AGENTS. As a sales proposition to banks, stores, newspapers, dealers in irrigation lands and all premium users, it offers exceptional opportunities to high-grade salesmen as general agents. Many excellent territories open to salesmen of ability. PRICE $2.50 each-postage stamps accepted-a substantial reduction in price in quantities. WRITE TODAY. Flitcraft Savings Bank Clock Co. 13O9 Marquette Building Chicago. 111. "The Piano with a Soul* P*The LC KERL £ "SOLD — when You're SATISFIED" That's the way Eckerle Pianos find homes for themselves. OUR NEW 60-PAGE flRT COLOR CATALOG will be Bent free and postpaid to you if you ask for it. Then in tbe quiet of your own home you can, by means of these beautiful photographs and complete deecrip- tions, read and learn just how Well Eckerle Pianos are made, why they stay in tuue BO lone; why they last a lifetime; why they always satisfy, and why it is called the "Piano with a Soul." This book takes yon on atrip through one of the largest and best equipped piano fac- tories in America, and explains clearly why Eckerle Pia- nos are better than other iinxlci-ate price instruments. There are thirty-four of these important reasons which yon should know about, scattered along the journey from lumber yard to shipping room. Send for this Art Color Catalog today. It shows our new 1908 styles in colors, quotes lowest freight-paid prices, explains onr 4 different plans of payment, and tells you in the words of other buyers just what they have found the Eckerlo Piano to be. Alter you have read this book through and talked the matter over with your family, you can take advantage of our fair and square "Sold When you're satisfied" offer, and we will deliver to your own home, freight and delivery charges paid, the style of Eckerle Piano you prefer, and let you give it a thorough 80 days' trial. Play it yourself; let yonr chil- dren try it; invite your musical friends to play on it, and when the 30 days are up, let os know whether the Eckerle— "The Piano with a Soul"— has found a home with you. Yon take no risk whatever in trying the Eckerle Piano i n your own home, and we take but very little risk in making you this offer if yon are really seeking earn- estly for the best piano at a moderate ' 'Factory to Home' ' price. Write a postal or a letter right now and ask us to send you the Art Color Catalog of the Eckerle — the piano that is not considered sold until yoa are fully satisfied that it is the piano you want to place In your home. ALBAUGH-DOVER co. 903- 938 Marshall Boulevard Capital $ 1 ,500,000 CHICAGO, ILL. NEW ALBAUGH-DOVER MODEL 5D-12 SEWING MACHINE The most w.nderful offer we or any other house has ever made on a strictly highest grade ball bearing drop head sewing machine. Do not class this machine with the ordinary drop head sewing machines which you can buy anywhere at 125.00 to $35.00. At $35.00 this machine would stand alone as one of the greatest values ever presented, and now when wo cut the price In two and ask only $17.95 for this beautiful piano- polished quartered oak case, with carved front and round comers, and this high arm automatic head fitted with best ball bearings and equipped with stitch regulator, double feed, spring tension, cylinder shuttle and automatic bobbin winder.also include a full set of attachments and accessories, the offer becomes the sensation of the season In sewing machine values. You don't need to take our word for it, but trust to your own judgment after you have tried the machine In your own home for 90 days. Order this machine on 0 days trial; use It alongside of any $60 Agency Machine t17Q5 " ^W-'—^i-^' -a made, and If you donTt prefer the new Albaugh-Dover •914.79 \y— model No. 5D-12 machine, regardless of cost, send it -3 back and get every cent of your money. You take no risk whatever. We can make quick shipment. Order today on 90 days trial. PUCE $17.95. Albaugh-Dover Go,, 905-938 Marshall Blvd., Chicago, III, 90 Days Trial A $60.00 Machine From Factory to Home for ALDOCO STEEL WIND MILLS Only 137.40 and up for complete steel mill and steel tower. Aldoco Mills run smoothly, quietly, and easily, and re- quire but the slightest breete to set them In motion. They hare solid tool steel wrist pins, and a special Rocker Arm Device Our steel towers are strongly braced, well pro- portioned and fitted with ladders. Every mill fully guaranteed. Write us. No. 13 D I A-7701-11. Complete 8-foot wheel and 30-foot tower, total weight 940 pounds. Price $37.48 No. 13 D I A-7701-12. Complete 8-foot wheel with 40-foot tower, total weight 1130 pounds. Price $43.85 No. 13 D I A-7702-20. Complete 10-foot wheel with 40-foot tower, total weight 1260 pounds. Price $51.05 No. 13 D I A-7702-21. Complete 10-foot wheel with 50-foot tower, total weight 1600 pounds. Price $60.05 ALL SHIPMENTS MADl FROM FiCTOET NI1B CHICAGO ALBAUGH-DOVER CO. 913-938 Marshall Blvd., Chicago. III. MORE MONEY From Your Cows and Much Less Work\ In Getting It. \^ff. ' OUR PATENTED ALUMINUM COR- RUGATED SKIMMING DEVII If , you could see the Real 'DIFFERENCE between the NEW BUTTERFLY t CREAM f* and any other Difference in amount f the cream you get; Differ- ence In the quality ot cream; .Difference in the way the machine runs. .. DIHerence in the number of times a minute you have to turn the crank; If you could gee how to make easily SlOtotlSmoreayearoneachand every cow you keep, and still do " wit& less work for I other machine. Every drop of niilk that em^ra ' I the bowl of the New Butterfly Cream Separator . \ ie actually pat through the skimming process I 8 time*. This guarantees complete separation, and I yon can't fail to get ALL THE CREAM. Now Butter- I fly Cream Separators are sold as they oufht to be. Not I agents, but direct from ourfactory to your farm Frtignt ^ 1 paid and on 365 days' trial. Send today for illust'd catalog. I For average use, vie recom- PR i C E I mend Mo. e stocks carried at convenient points all over the country, ready for quick delivery in either short or loiifi lengths, on reels or in coils. 35 72 Feet -1,-in. Crucible Cast Steel Hoisting Rope 202 Feet 34-in. Monitor Dredge Rope, 6 x 19 78 Feet 1-in. Plow Steel Hoisting American Dredge Rope IN the great work of reclamation of the submerged lands of the Mississippi Val- ley there is no more active mechanical factor than our dredge rope. We make this rope with full knowledge gained from years of experience in the hard usage to which it is subjected, than which perhaps no other ser- vice can show an equal. There is not the same risk of life that goes with the operation of an elevator or a mine hoist, but there is greater wear, necessitating a very close study of the requisite quality of material and also experience in manufacture, to produce a flex- ible, reliable and durable dredge rope. We offer our rope to dredgemen with assur- ance of the highest uniform quality and efficiency, as proven by the many years that it has now been successfully identified with this service. Chicago American Steel & Wire Co. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. New York Worcester 36 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Desirable Irrigable Lands Open tor Entry. Relinquishments For Sale CAREY ACT DESERT ACT CHAS. T. MANNING GOODING IDAHO HEAVY and LIGHT GRADERS for leveling land for irri- gation, making and cleaning lateral ditches. Three styles: Ohio Reversible, Digger Attachment and Fenders Remov- able, Blade Reversible. The Ohio Road Machinery Co. O'BERLIN, OHIO Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Troxighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. -OR- T. C. EGLESTON, 1\\ Ideal Bid*., Denver. Colo. STEAM SHOVELS both Traction and Railroad Trucks, Ballast I n- loaders, Placer Mining Dredges RIVER, HARBOR and DITCHING DREDGERS THE MARION STEAM SHOVEL COMPANY MARION, - OHIO WRITE FOR CATALOGUE, INFORMATION, Etc. C. W. BARNHART Western Manager 718 MONADNOCK BLDC., - SAN FRINCISCO, CAL. ROBERT McF. DOBLE = CIVIL AND IRRIGATION ENGINEER: Surveys, Plans, Estimates, Exam- inations, Reports and Supervision Majestic Building DENVER, COLORADO With 24 years' experience as an Irrigation farmer at Greeley, Colo. I offer my ser- vices for the year 1909 to some Company that is in need of an Irrigation Superintendent for develop- ment work and Canal Manager. Address Jno. G. Hall 8 W. 2d St. Colorado Springs, Colo. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and The Primer of Irrigation When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXIV CHICAGO, DECEMBER, 1908. NO. 2 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered u second-clan nutter October t, 1897, at the FcMtoflke *t Chicago. III., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $J. 50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid fl.OO To Canada and Mexico 1.50 All Other Foreign Countries, 1.50 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is th< only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 24 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. We are presenting in this issue the first Owens of a series of articles on the Owens Val- Valley, ley-Los Angeles question. In following California. numbers additional details will be given and all of the information obtained by the editor during a recent visit to that country will be sub- mitted to the public through the columns of this journal. These facts will also be presented to Government officials, leading citizens and the prominent newspapers throughout the country by means of a well conducted news bureau. This bureau will also, from time to time, give information concerning the usurpation of the peo- ple's rights by bureau heads at Washington. The west is evidently up in arms over the treat- ment accorded them by the head of the Forestry Bu- reau. We hope to furnish some interesting facts to our readers concerning these matters during the coming year. A well defined plan is on foot to petition Investigate Congressman Mondell of Wyoming to Land present a resolution to the next Congress Office. calling for an investigation into the affairs of the General Land Office. It is no secret that this office is in a hopeless tangle and that the time has come for Congress to take a hand in the interest of good government. The administration of this office for the past few years has been conducted on the lines of reform, but the results are far from satisfactory. The trouble has been in the failure to distinguish between the honest settler and the "land grabber," which should be easy to determine. Today every man seeking title to government land is treated as a thief until he proves himself innocent, and this sometimes takes him from five to seven years to accomplish. Formerly all settlers were considered honest until proven guilty; under present conditions the reverse is true. Pacific Coast Extension The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Bail- way will derive much help in exploiting the country along its new Pacific Coast line through the fact of the Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress being held at Spokane next year. This great system has been en- gaged in extending its line to the coast during the past two years and has made such wonderful headway as to attract the attention of the world. The officials of the system deserve praise for the work accomplished during the past year, when finan- cial conditions were not such as to warrant a heavy ex- penditure on new work. This new line is entering a section of the country heretofore almost unknown, territory rich in timber, minerals and agricultural possibilities. There will develop along its route as a result great 38 THE IRRIGATION AGE. opportunities for the homeseeker as well as the mer- chant. This system is now entering a territory where irrigation is necessary and new conditions in the way of colonization as well as in other directions will con- front it. The marvelous development of the north- The west during the past decade in the line of Northwest. agriculture as well as the rapid growth of its commercial centers has attracted the attention of the entire country. The exploitation of different sections is attributa- ble to the everlasting push and energy of the citizens of that country, but to no other cause may we give as great credit for this development as in the unity of action as exemplified by the well-managed commercial clubs in each town and city. This applies particularly to the cities of Spokane, Washington, and Portland, Oregon, as many of the smaller towns and cities have gotten the cue from or- ganizations of this character in the cities named. The writer has often wondered at the great and good work performed by these two commercial bodies, and the query has arisen: Do the citizens of these cities give due credit to such men as Tom Richardson, manager of the Portland Commercial Club, or Mr. Monroe of the Spokane Chamber of Commerce? Both of these gentlemen have devoted their best years to this work, in fact, it is a life work with them. It is safe to say that no other single citizen in either state has done as much to extend colonization and bring new people and capital into the northwest as Messrs. Richardson and Monroe. C. F. Robertson, secretary and general Pinchot manager of the Hanover Canal Company, and Mayor of Worland, Wyoming, an old-time Pinchotism. friend of the editor, who, by the way, has been a subscriber of THE IRRIGATION AGE ever since its first number, was in Chicago recently, and in an interview made the statement that if Pinchot and Pinchotism is to prevail, Wyoming will go Demo- cratic at the next state election, following Colorado, which has already set its stamp of disapproval upon the Pinchot policy, and he predicted that in four years every mountain state would be found in the Democratic column on that issue. If the Republican party hopes to hold these states it must repudiate Pinchot and his methods, says Mr. Robertson. He further stated that he hoped to see a call made by the governors of the trans-Missouri states for a representative meeting of citizens to protest against the present government land policy and to inaugurate a move looking to the turning over to the control of the states all remaining public lands as the only solution of the problem. The present governmental tendency to- wards paternalism is repugnant to the western spirit. Why the governmental bureaus should be permitted to so conduct affairs as to nullify the acts of Congress mystifies the people and sooner or later they will rise up in their might and smite the hand of the oppressor. Originally, the public land laws were passed and administered in the interest of the pioneer. Today, the same laws are administered to make it as nearly im- possible for their occupancy and development by the pioneer settler, as the twisted construction of the law will permit, without inciting open rebellion. The people of the west should rise and enter an earnest and emphatic protest to President-elect Taft against Pinchot and his pet hobbies. The Spokane Chamber of Commerce is National actively at work preparing for the seven- Irrigation teenth National Irrigation Congress which Congress. is to be held in that city late in September of next year. The representatives of Spokane worked faithfully at Albuquerque to land the next meeting for their city and were successful. Spokane is one of the most enterprising cities west of Chicago and is the commercial center for what is known as the inter-mountain country. It is one of the picture cities of the northwest and is well supplied with hotels; some of the best restaurants in the country are to be found there, so that no difficulty will be encoun- tered in entertaining the thoiisands of visitors who will attend the congress, as well as the hundreds of tourists who will stop off there on going or returning from the Alaska-Yukon Exposition, which will be held in Seattle the coming summer. A visit to Spokane is in itself well worth while, but the added attraction at Seattle will, no doubt, bring many leading manufacturers and others from central and eastern states who will take advantage of the un- usually low excursion rates to both points. The railways centering in Spokane will allow a stop-over privilege on all Alaska- Yukon Exposition tickets and this arrangement will materially increase the attendance at the Irrigation Congress. Secretary Monroe, of the Spokane Chamber of Commerce will gladly answer all inquiries concerning the congress and the Local Board of Control will assist those who will be looking for accommodations during the congress. Don't fail to improve this opportunity of visiting the Inter-mountain country and the great northwest; there are presented sublime scenery for the tourist; great opportunities for the home-seeker and merchant who is looking to extend his trade into this marvelously rich country, where irrigation makes all who follow agriculture under it, well-to-do and amply able to pay for what they need. THE IBHIGATION AGE. 39 We are in receipt of a clipping from the Hired Jackson, Michigan, Morning Patriot of Man November 27, 1908, in which considerable Maxwell. space is devoted to a recent issue of that nearly forgotten journal which goes through the mails under the title of Maxwell's Talis- man. It is very evident from the tone of the article taken from the Patriot that the editor of that journal has formed a wrong opinion of the forestry and other governmental affairs, through the press agent of the Forestry Bureau and through the medium supposedly owned and published by George H. Maxwell, who is without doubt in the employ of the Forestry Bureau. The clipping goes on to say that in the great economic questions of the day — those relating to land and labor — it is always sound and instructive, "it" be- ing Maxwell's Talisman. The article then goes on to enumerate the com- pact statements made of the waste involved in destroy- ing forests around the head of streams and then comes some of the dense matter suggested by Mr. Maxwell's publication on erosion, which follows denudation, and how this deposits annually untold volumes of silt and rubbish into the rivers and harbors, which Congress annually appropriates millions to clear out. This sort of argument taken from the Talisman is in line with the usual "rot" published in that journal. Erosion and denudation and deposits of untold volumes were going on when Maxwell and Pinchot and their ilk were but spirit specks in the million-year horo- scopic observation of that long ago. They are telling us nothing new. In fact, they are enlarging upon original conditions to stir the people up with what object? Some of us fully comprehend. Assuming that Mr. Maxwell is sincere in his pres- ent work, we cannot grant him any great degree of con- sistency or interest in the welfare of unborn genera- tions, in view of facts which have recently been pre- sented to us by people whose word is unquestioned. In conversing recently with a prominent western gentleman who is related to one of the officials of a large corporation, with headquarters in Chicago, the gentleman informed the writer that after having been appointed as a delegate to a national irrigation con- gress he received a letter from his relative, stating that he was glad he had been appointed, and urged him to become acquainted with the then representative of the railways at the Irrigation Congress, George H. Max- well, and assist him in putting through a resolution favoring a repeal of the Timber and Stone and Desert Land acts, as by the repeal of these laws, so the letter from the corporation attorney to his nephew read, the corporation in which he was interested and all who wer% large holders of lieu land scrip would be greatly bene- fited; when it is known that the repeal of these laws would make it more difficult for homeseekers to obtain title to land and thereby retard western development and when it is also made clear that the man who is act- ing as spokesman for the corporations who would be benefited is also posing as the head of an organization whose slogan is "small farms, homes on the land," which is misleading and intended to convey the idea that he is a public benefactor — the hypocrisy of the individual is "really and truly" disgusting. This is the same Mr. Maxwell who poses in his Talisman as the father of the fatherless and friend of the widow. The philanthropist who aims to aid those who are helpless and oppressed. As stated above, we can hardly consider that his attitude on the denuding of forest areas and his persistent effort along this line is sincere in the face of the facts above stated. Nor can we understand why Messrs. Pinchot and some of his friends feel it necessary to have Maxwell champion their cause. If the cause is righteous, it needs no cham- pion, however good. If it is the opposite, they should chose a different character as champion. We may, some day, if conditions warrant it, pub- lish the letter mentioned above. Our only object in withholding it at this time is to protect the gentleman who wrote the letter to his nephew in Kansas. Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases RIGHTS ACQUIRED BY PRESCRIPTION. — Owners of land acquired by prescription title to an irriga- tion ditch over the land of another, with a right to carry through it a specified quantity of water. The third person sub- sequently claimed to be the owner of the ditch, and executed leases therefor. The owners were in possession of the prop- erty at the time of the execution of the leases, and never en- tered into possession under the third person. Held, that though the effect of the leases might be to prevent the ac- quiring of title by prescription, they did not operate to divest a title acquired by prescription. — Strong v. Baldwin. Supreme Court of California. 97 Pacific 178. PRESCRIPTIVE TITLES COMPLETE. — A title by prescription is as effectual and complete as one obtained by a conveyance, and, unless extinguished by virtue of special statutory provisions like Ciy. Code, Sec. 811, pre- scribing the conditions for the extinguishment of a servitude, continues until conveyed by the possessor or lost by another adverse possession for the required time. — Strong v. Baldwin. Supreme Court of California. 97 Pacific 178. RIGHTS OF RIPARIAN PROPRIETORS. — The nature and extent of the right of a riparian pro- prietor to the water of a stream for irrigation cannot be measured by any definite or fixed rule, nor can the amount of water which he is entitled to use for that purpose or- dinarily be definitely determined; it being necessarily a vary- ing quantity depending upon the use by other proprietors, and whether its use by him will be an injury to them. — Williams v. Altnow. Supreme Court of Oregon. 95 Pacific 200. 40 THE IERIGATION AGE. Are Government Officials Playing Fair? Some Facts About the Owens River Valley Condition. During the past month the editor of this journal made a trip of some six thousand miles, covering the states of Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Wyoming, and visited during that time many of the leading irrigation projects in the states named. The principal object of his visit in the far west was, however, to look into the matter of the complaints made by the Owens Eiver Valley people in Inyo county, California, and learn of their treatment by the Forestry and Eeclamation Bureaus. Many complaints have reached us and have also been presented at the two last irrigation congresses by the people from Inyo county, who claim that they are not being treated fairly by the Reclamation Service and the Forestry Bureau. A strong effort was made at Sacramento to keep the evidence in the hands of the representatives from this section from the resolutions committee. It was, however, taken up by the com- mittee in Albuquerque this year, and after much manipulation a resolution was passed. Through the instrumentality of Geo. H. Maxwell and some of his cohorts this resolution was so well trimmed that it will come forth with no particular feature which may be used in the interest of the com- plainants. The Owens River Valley has been inhabited for up- wards of sixty years by white people. The present population, of the valley is about five thousand. The Owens River Valley proper is about one hundred miles in length and in continuation of this valley on the south are the Rose Spring Valley of about fifteen thou- sand acres and Indian Wells Valley, which borders on the Mojave desert, covering an area of about 200,000 acres. While the Indian Wells Valley is not strictly a part of the Owens River Valley, it would have formed a great part of the Federal irrigation project which was contemplated as early as 1903, had that work been carried forward. In the year 1906 a large area of land in Owens River Valley was withdrawn from entry by order of the Secretary of the Interior. During the year 1903 this same area was withdrawn or segregated under the Recla- mation Act, and later, in 1904, several sites which had been considered feasible by the inhabitants of the val- ley for reservoir purposes, with a view to reclaim the entire area of the Owens River Valley, were withdrawn from any kind of entry and lifted entirely away from the control of the inhabitants of the valley. This was done with the full knowledge and acquiescense of the inhabitants, who were led to believe by government en- gineers that the Reclamation Service would take up this work and carry it to a logical finish ; in fact, this statement was repeatedly made by local representatives of the Reclamation Service, and the people were very glad indeed to co-operate with the government for the ultimate good of their section. Surveys were made by the Reclamation officers, and the people of the valley had entire confidence in the intent and integrity of the officials at Washington. Work dragged on slowly, however, and after many pro- tests, asking for a release of the reservoir sites and a release also from the agreement which was entered into whereby all of the rights of the settlers in the valley were practically placed in the control of government officials, about 115,000 acres set aside for the reclama- tion work were restored to entry, but this was not done until through some manipulation or understanding be- tween the Reclamation and Forestry Bureaus, 35,000 acres were immediately withdrawn and placed under the control of the Forestry Bureau, which left 75,000 acres (a small tract around Bishop) free from all forms of withdrawal. All of the balance of the land of the Owens River water shed is now held from entry under the forestry withdrawals, about 500,000 acres; notwithstanding the Smith bill which restored to entry under the Homestead act all agricultural lands in the forest reserve (which was supposed to cover all of the agricultural lands in the forest reserve) . There are over 70,000 acres of land withdrawn under a blanket order, which, eliminating the patented lands under the description, totals over 50,000 acres of the finest agricultural lands, the order specifying that "the lands are withdrawn from any form of dis- position what ever under the Public Land laws until further ordered by the department for the benefit of the city of Los Angeles, California, in connection with its Owens River project." The general trend of these or- ders would indicate a direct effort on the part of the de- partment to favor Los Angeles against the interest and contentions of the inhabitants of Owens River Valley. On December 21, 1906, the department ordered the withdrawal of over 100,000 acres. On January 8, 1907, a portion of this land was restored to entry, the order stating specifically that said withdrawal and said restoration were made under the act of June 17, 1902, for reclamation purposes. The bill for advertising said restoration was paid. On September 18, 1907, a letter was received from the department stating that this withdrawal was made "as being needed by the city of Los Angeles in con- nection with its Owens River project under the pro- visions of the Act of June 30, 1906 (Stat. 34-801), and not under the Act of June 17, 1902. To one who is investigating in order that facts may be brought out this would, we believe, conclusively prove collusion, or attempt to mislead officials of the land office in the matter of favoring the city of Los Angeles or some monied interests connected therewith as against the settlers of the Owens River Valley. It would also tend to show that on the date of issuing the first order of withdrawal, these officials knew that the withdrawal was made for the city and not for the purposes therein stated, and to the casual observer would indicate clearly that an effort was made on the part of these officials to "cover their tracks." From what is locally known as the conduit where water is to be taken out of the Owens River near the town of Independence for the Los Angeles project, a strip of sections ^of land is withdrawn from all forms of entry under the special withdrawals of the Secretary THE IRRIGATION AGE. of the Interior. A little north of the town and running east the land is similarly withdrawn for a distance of four miles. There is not a sentence in any of the acts of Con- gress, so far as we are able to discover, authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to withdraw one acre for the city of Los Angeles or withhold one acre from entry. The Act of June 30, 1906, states (Section 5) that all lands over which the rights of way mentioned in this Act shall pass, "shall be disposed of, subject to such easements." (Section 6, Public Document 395.) There are in the neighborhood of 25,000 acres with- drawn arbitrary to the law from all forms of entry and for what purpose ? It is the general impression of the people in Inde- pendence and all other citizens throughout the valley that this withdrawal is made with the sole purpose of benefiting individuals who h£(ve been instrumental in pushing the Los . Angeles water project to the fore. Another purpose in the premises is of preventing the settlement of the lands so that they may gain control of the water. The same conditions prevail in the vicinity of Lone Pine, a town near the stream, south of Indepen- dence. The object, apparently, is to gain control, not only of the Owens Eiver water shed, but also of the Mono Lake region, giving them the future exploitation of a water shed of upwards of 2,000,000 acres, with a possible 100,000 inches of water. If the Reclamation Service can be kept out of this field all of this water and all of the power to be de- veloped, running into hundreds of thousands of horse- power, will be subject to their exploitation for all time. Our readers may, from reading the foregoing, have developed the inquiry, "Who are they?" Personal interests and large land holders in the Los Angeles territory creep out in this investigation. It is said that a leading citizen of that city has secured a total of 16,000 acres of land which may be watered from this source, thereby increasing the value from the purchase price of from $20 to $25 per acre to at least $100 per acre. It is alleged that five individuals inter- ested in the Colombia Trust Company of Los Angeles own or control 65.000 acres of land in San Fernando valley, which, it is proposed, to irrigate from this source. The question naturally arises, "Why should water be taken from Owens Valley and the citizens thereof, who have within the past sixty years made a garden of a sage brush plain, to enrich a section 260 miles away and allow enormous profits to be made by a few shrewd individuals in that city ?" To one who would study the condition carefully there appears to be a tendency on the part of the gov- ernment officials to favor Los Angeles in this connec- tion. It is possible that the Forestry Bureau head and the head of the Reclamation Service are not aware of the fact that the Owens Valley peonle have fairly good proof of the intent and conduct of the men who are attempting to take over this water for use on lands far removed from its source, and it is difficult to be- lieve ' that the higher government officials will permit a move of this kind when all of the facts are laid be- fore them. We have secured a large amount of data concern- ing the connection of the Forestry Service as well as the Reclamation Service with the Owens Valley terri- tory and this will be exploited from time to time in the columns of THE IRRIGATION AGE. There are letters in our possession which would in- dicate that there has been a grievous wrong done the inhabitants of this delightful valley by government officials in Washington and elsewhere. The man who had full charge of the reclamation work in the valley has since resigned his position and gone over to the Los Angeles people at a salary, we are informed, of $10,000 per year. This, in itself, looks rather strange to even a casual observer. Later on a history of the connection of this official and his associ- ation with reclamation work in the valley will be fully exploited in these columns. There is much also to be said about the taking over of the Rickey land in Long Valley and at certain points along the Owens River in the valley of that name which will make interesting reading. All of these facts will be laid before the proper officials from time to time with the hope that the citizens of Inyo county may not be injured by combinations against which they have not heretofore been able to combat on equal grounds. GOODING, IDAHO. The Central City of an Irrigated Empire, where the De- sert Has Been Made to Blossom as the Rose. BY EDWARD T. BARBER. On the 14th of November, 1907, the townsite of Gooding was opened to the public. Previous to that time it had been but a passing switch and a watering station of the great Oregon Short Line Railway. Sur- rounding it there had been a few ranches cleared of sage brush and irrigated from the waters of the two Wood rivers, which flow near the town. These ranches were the small spots of the desert which could be easily irrigated by the men of small means who used them to raise hay for their flocks and herds. But the great irrigation companies, with their millions of dollars, came at last and began irrigation works on a scale so A view down Main street, Gooding, Idaho. The tmilding at the farther end on the left side is the home of the Idaho Leader, a new newspaper with a $10,000 print shop to back it up. great that the cost can only be counted in millions, and Gooding was fortunately located at the point where these great irrigation enterprises came together and met the railway. This made Gooding a natural location for a city and its backers began to let the world know its advantages. The result is a city of twelve months that might well make places of twenty years feel proud to accomplish. THE IRRIGATION AGE. organized and a fine chemical engine is ready for use; a full mile of cement walks have been builded, and along Maine street, besides five or six good, substantial frame houses, there have been built four fine brick business houses, two one-story concrete buildings and one two- story concrete building; a hotel costing $50,000, built of white brick; a school house costing $25,000, also O. S. L. Depot, Gooding, Idaho, at which ten to fifteen cars of freight are received every day and an average of one hundred cars stand unloaded on the tracks for want of unloading space. of white brick, and about 150 dwellings, sme cost- ing as high as $3,500. Eight buildings of brick and concrete, each two stories high and from 60 to 80 feet long, are now under construction, and a three-story opera house will be ready for the next season's pleasure. A thousand happy, busy and prosperous people in- habit the town, and Gooding boasts of one of the best and most active commercial clubs in the west. The West side of Main street, Gooding, Idaho, looking south. One year ago this ground was -an alfalfa field and sheep pasture. City water tower and 50,000-gallon tank and the Hotel Lincoln in the back- ground. Commercial Club has its own rooms elegantly furnished and is making a record for its energy and push. What has done all this? Irrigation. The magic touch of water to the desert lands that have lain since the beginning of time accumulating the necessary con- stituents for plant life waiting the unlocking of water to begin its labors for mankind. Spokane Country Lands Made Productive Through Pri- vate Enterprises. BY AUGUST WOLF. When President Eoosevelt declared, in a recent message to Congress, that no government policy for the betterment of our internal conditions has been more fruitful of good than irrigation, he had, of course, in mind also the commendable work which is being done by private irrigationists in various parts of the north- west, and, especially in the inland empire. Recognizing that the policy of reclamation is one of the wisest pro- visions made by the federal government, the chief exe- cutive of the nation has .championed the cause and in this his influence has been of immeasurable benefit. BLUEWATER \&LLEY «—:•: NEW MEXICO :•:—:•: The work in the valley is progressing nicely. The settlers are ploughing their land to get it ready for plant- ing and are building houses and making other improve- ments. The difference between the situation here at Blue- water and that encountered in northern latitudes is im- pressed upon one, as here instead of being forced to sus- pend outside operations at this time of year, the farmers con- tinue ploughing in comfort practically all winter. There is talk' of a creamery being established in the valley which would, of course, enable the settler with a few cows to begin getting a cash income from the start. The fact that butter is now being shipped into the coun- try from points as far distant as Chicago is, perhaps, as good an argument as any to show the demand for cream- ery products. Fort Wingate alone should use at least forty tubs of butter per week and a considerable quantity of cheese. This alone should take the product of four hundred cows. The large camps of the American Lum- ber Company, within twenty miles, the coal town of Gal- lup, within sixty miles, and Albuquerque, within about one hundred miles, would consume enough to take the milk of cows which it would take a large proportion of the products which can be raised in the valley for some time to come to feed. At the present time, early morn- ing trains enable milk shippers to reach the Albuquerque market, where milk retails for 40 cents per gallon. Albu- querque, at the present time, ships in 75 per cent of the milk consumed there. Mr. Walker, one of the settlers, who is familiar with the conditions under which the famous New Mexican celery is grown in other parts of the territory, where it nets as high as $1,200 per acre, says that the conditions are better for raising celery at Bluewater than where these phenomenal results were attained. Cabbages, onions, asparagus, tomatoes, potatoes, cauliflower, beans, turnips, carrots, parsnips, peppers, Mexican chili and in fact almost all other crops do equally as well. The Bluewater Development Company has, it is said, plans on foot to induce graduates of agricultural col- leges to settle at Bluewater, which should give to all settlers the best opportunity to observe modern and im- proved methods together with their results. It is seldom that an enterprise is encountered where the company having the development in charge evidences so much interest in the welfare of settlers. They expect to employ an expert in agriculture who will advise all settlers as to the best crops to plant and the proper method of handling them, as well as the proper and efficient use of the water. They do and will urge all settlers to keep up a neat appearance about their places and provide in their contracts for a board, the duty of which is to look after the general welfare of all the resi- dents of the valley. It is hard to believe, after looking over this beauti- ful valley, and seeing the class of settlers coming into it, that the impression could have gone abroad that New Mexico is a country inhabited by Mexicans employing only crude methods of agriculture and cruder methods of life. The modern high class construction put into the plant, the crops carefully stacked or otherwise stored for use when needed, except those, of course, which have been sold, all belie this assumption. It is not difficult to imagine the remainder of the lands under cultivation watered by the flow from two hundred and forty square miles of the wooded water shed in the Zuni mountains stored until needed in the magnificent natural reservoir, supplemented by the sub- stantial dam and controlling tunnel constructed through the solid rock. This will indeed produce a community of which any person may well be proud to be a member. THE IRRIGATION AGE. The Art of Irrigation CHAPTER SEVEN By T. S. VAN DYKE Suppose you decide to irrigate in lands, have them laid out with perfect slope and perfect level at right angles, so that you can run a sheet of water not over a quarter of an inch thick over the whole area without running fast enough to be muddy ; in fact, to be as near to rain as it can be made without a spray thrower. Even a watering pot will make a sheet of water very quickly and unless extraordinary care be taken it will soon have the sheet muddy. Surely the best thing is this running the thinnest kind of a sheet in perfect lands. And yet you are not happy. In a very few days the plants that came up so fine are looking tired again heap for dozens of feet. Over this he spreads a thin blanket of wet earth by running water over it for an hour or so, generally less, and in this blanket he plants his crop. The idea that the dry dust below could sap the moisture downward as fast as the sun and dry air can sap it upward is the last that will ever occur to him. Amazing as the statement may seem, it takes the great majority of people years to learn this, even on the desert. If so, what may be expected where the rainfall is considerable, but not enough? Simply this — people going on for years and making money, but making less than they could make with the same amount of time and labor and never suspecting it. When things begin to wilt the regular orthodox performance is to pour on just enough water again to wet the same thin skin. Stuff revives at once to fail again in a few days and be revived as-ain for a few days in the same old way. Whatever the crop may be, it will be inferior both in yield and quality to what it would have been NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS 1909 SPOKANE BOOSTERS.' AT ALBUQUERQUE. Top Row, Left to Right — Arthur Hooker, Spokane; A. J. Ternent, Morrison; S. J. Harrison, Sunnyside; H. L. Moody, Spokane; W. 11. Harrison, Sunnyside; W. E. Russell, Tacoma; F. A. Turner. Hoaglin; M. J. Costello, Seattle. Second Row— C. W. Mott, Mrs. Mott, St. Paul; Dr. C. G. Fletcher, Mrs. Fletcher, North Yakima; L. G. Monroe, Spokane; C. B. Reed, Wenatchee; George H. Maxwell, Chicago; Miss Kiesel, Frederick J. Kiesel, Ogden. In the line of municipal improvements city water works have been installed, a fire department has been and some are plainly wilting. Can it be possible they need water again so soon? If it is this way in spring, what will be the demand for water in summer ? But the plants seem to need water, and they really do. On it goes, only to repeat the same experience in a few days, when they look more thirsty than before. So far I am assuming that you are irrigating where the rainfall is practically nothing and irrigation a necessity. But you would find the same result in those parts of the semi-arid belt where the rainfall is quite important, and, in a dry spell, much the same result where irriga- tion is only supplimentary to a good rainfall. The land seems to need water five times as .often as it would need rain. Is this the wav of the boasted irrigation? You have simply made the regular mistake of the novice. To see him perform on the desert would make the angels weep. The standard trick with such is to take a piece of land that for untold ages has never been wet more than a few inches and is dry as an ash if properly treated. And if it is fruit the percentage of first grade will be very low, And in the percentage of first grade is where all your profit lies, the second grade barely paying expenses, even when you are un- wise enough to throw it on the market. Nothing else can result from a constant fluctuation in the vigor of any plant or tree, and if it pays at all, it proves only that it would pay heavily if it had a fair chance. Has the reader ever seen a crop of anything grown without one drop of moisture from any source touching the surface after the planting of the seed ? If not, can you imagine how it can be done? Will you believe me when I tell you that fully 80 per cent of the enor- mous fruit and grape crop of California is raised with- out irrigation and gets no rain after the fruit is set? Or, rather, the growers want no rain, though a little may come. Can you believe that corn, potatoes and the majority of garden vegetables get never a drop of water after the planting of the seed ? And could you believe that for nearly all of the immense bean crop of the southern end, amounting to over twenty-five hun- 44 THE IRRIGATION AGE. dred carloads, the seed is purposely kept out of the ground until the rains are su^nosed to be over, so that the weeds can be killed and the soil left fine and loose, with no danger of being packed again? It is hard for one raised on a foot of soil lying on rock to believe this, but there are enough other places in the eastern states where a crop of corn surviving a drouth shows that the subsoil is a sponge holding mois- ture long after it has been exhausted on other soils. Almost any deep soil will do it, though some of the softer hard pans hold it quite as well. In the arid regions most of the soils are deep because drifted by wind and rain of ages from the hills forming the val- leys and slopes, or they are alluvial deposits from rivers. In the semi-arid they are much the same, though there are good soils lying farther up the hills right on the rock or shale from which they were formed, but the summer they look better than trees in Daggett only a mile away, and sprinkled every day in summer, but never wet in winter or spring. I have raised water- melons on the same desert soil fourteen pounds in weight and of good quality, without a drop of water after the seed was planted, but the ground had been heavily soaked before. These were the Chilian variety, of which the average maximum is only about twenty pounds under best conditions. There was no cultiva- tion and they were mere volunteers from seed dropped there the year before. All this has long been known outside of the desert. The Campbell system of dry farming is simply getting water enough into the subsoil and keeping it there. Under flooding the subsoil needs no special packing for heavy flooding will do it well enough. The greater part of the immense grain crop of California has long been A Dempster Gasoline Engine and a Centrifugal Pump Discharging Water Through a Long Line of Pipe on the Ranch of Henry Yeager in the Foothills West of Loveland, Colo. This cut illustrates the method of piping the water from the pump to a high point on the land to be irrigated. rock is generally decayed so that it is porous and forms a fine sponge. The results of filling these sponges thoroughly are wonderful to the stranger. I have about thirteen cot- tonwood trees lying along an old ditch that I cut off some seven years ago. They get positively nothing from the rainfall or any other ditch than the old dry one they are on and nothing from underneath because it is known to be over a hundred feet to water below. Railroad excavations' show the soil perfectly dry from the surface down as far as they have gone — over ten feet. These trees get water exactly once a year, when for a week or two I turn waste water in winter into that branch to save them. During the whole long dry raised on the same principle, one-half the ground being plowed and left fallow each year to retain the moisture in the subsoil. The grain is then planted early enough to catch all the rains of the next winter. A paying crop is quite a certainty if the weather is cool in filling time, as it generally is here. Now all you need do is to follow these principles of the Campbell system of dry farming and fill the soil with water in winter and spring when there is plenty in most all ditches that is not wanted very badly. Plant nothing except on ground so filled; then hold that moisture there bv cultivation, if your crop permits it, and you will be surprised to see how long it will be before there is any sign of suffering. If the air is moist, THE IRRIGATION AGE. 45 and the sun not too hot, many things like grapes, al- monds, figs, potatoes and melons will need no more that year if the crop is not too heavy and the subsoil is deep enough. Oranges and lemons and many other things cannot go so long, but even with them the difference in the amount of water needed is very great. But the tree will live. The only trouble will be in the size or quality of the fruit. Probably the best instance of all this is the farm- ing that has for ages been done by the Cocopahs, an In- dian tribe of several hundred living wholly by farming on the Lower Colorado river, some fifty miles below the American line, and on one of the worst and most dangerous deserts of the world. There is probably no other land where so many people have perished from Betting out of water in intense heat and drv air lasting about nine months. These Indians raise corn, melons, squashes and some other things and bring them to ma- turity solely on the water left in the ground from the overflow of the Colorado river and miles away from its regular bed. And they do it by making a hole in the wet ground with a stick and nutting in the seed. No cultivation afterward is known among them. This is probably the old Egyptian style, and while the crops are far from what they could be with nroper cultivation, they do prove that some ground carries water a long time when once well filled. The great importance of the principle lies in this and no one can afford to ignore it. Even on the thin- nest soils it is important, for in all there is something of a subsoil — soft rock, clay on top of the rock, hard- pan that softens and holds water, or something of the sort, which you cannot afford to leave dry while you toy with a thin blanket of wet earth above it. Now if anything wilts for want of water on a dry subsoil it is always injured, often badly. A shinkage of fruit on a heavily laden tree cannot be remedied by any amount of water so as to bring the crop up to what it should have been. If alfalfa wilts on a dry subsoil, when it is between six or eight inches high and before it comes into full bloom, probably one-third of that cutting is gone and often one-half, no matter how nuickly water is put on the top. But if the subsoil is wet, you may often make the whole cutting, with no water on top. Or if it goes too dry on top, there will be a slow darken- ing of the sunny green, which gives you ample warn- ing, and the loss will be slight. The folly of thin wetting is best shown in thou- sands of the lawns of Southern California. If a blue grass lawn is thoroughly wet to bed rock by flooding or long furrow irrfgation, it will go two or three weeks or more without suffering unless too much manure has been used or the soil is too thin. A light sprinkling once a week would then suffice to keep the surface wet enough. Instead of that the sprinkler is kept running every day, the grass is all trained to surface roots and if for any reason the water fails, a very few days sees it all foxv and faded, requiring long sprinkling to restore the original green. And a few days of hot weather will kill considerable of the top, so that if it comes up at all it will be by new shoots from a root not wholly dead. Such suffering is quick and also fatal to some things, while with a wet subsoil the suffering is slow, gives you abundant warning and kills nothing for a long time. Therefore, one of the first things to do is to find how your soil holds moisture in the subsoil as well as in the top soil. For soils of the same depth and ap- parently of the same texture will vary greatly in this respect. Suppose you have a soil like fine shot, with all the grains of about the same size. Such a texture would look all right and would hold more water than a mixed soil, provided you had it in a vessel so that the water could not escape. But after the water has run out the moisture remaining will be much less than in a mixed soil of a dozen sizes, from coarse gravel down to the finest dust. We have some river bottom wash in places in California of uniform size of grain, where no amount of cultivation will retain moisture in the top soil or bring any up from below, although it is only eight feet or so to sheet water from the river near by. On sucli soil it is common to see grain wilt in a week after a good rain, with plenty of water six feet below — some- thing quite impossible on the mixed soil of the uplands. If you have this kind of soil you must plant some- thing deep-rooted that is but slightly injured, if at all, by its roots reaching water — such as the pear tree. Alfalfa win do fairly well if the water is moving, but generally not if it is stagnant. You may raise paying crops, but not big ones. A mistake in such matters means often two or more years of time as well as loss in the profit. But you must not imagine that everything can be held up to the productive point by wet subsoil. Such things as strawberries must have surface water every few days. Every third day is not too much where the sun is hot enough. Even the plant will amount to nothing without frequent surface watering. Cucumbers will make quite a growth and the plant go through with very little surface watering if the subsoil be wet enough. But the cucumbers will be poor in quality and the yield short. To go through a long list of products in this way would be of little use, because the differing condi- tions of soil and climate will modify them all. I merely use enough to call attention to the ririnciple ; the appli- cation you should study out for yourself, and you can- not do it too speedily. NOT AFFECTED BY DEPRESSION. One Big Industry That Makes Its Business Grow and Ex- pand During Year of Business Depression. When a manufacturing establishment reaches out in a year of depression and increases and expands its business, while others in the same line diminish their outputs or stand still, it is because there must be some unusually good reason for it. In this instance a splendid reputation and a more-than-ordinary meritorious product were responsi- ble for the showing made. The Mayer Boot & Shoe Company, Milwaukee, the largest shoe establishment in the Northwest, has just closed its fiscal year and reports an increase in sales over the corresponding period of last year. This exceptional showing speaks volumes for the genuine merit of Mayer shoes, and is directly attributable to their high standard, and because of the fact that Mayer shoes have become uni- versally and popularly known as "shoes of quality." Most of our readers, no doubt, have become familiar with the shoe advertisements of this enterprising firm, that have been appearing in the columns of this publication for a number of years past. To those who have not yet become familiar with the extraordinary wearing qualities of Mayer shoes we would recommend a closer acquaint- ance by a purchase of a pair at the first occasion. The leading brands are "Honorbilt" fine shoes for men, "Leading Lady" fine shoes for women, "Yerma" Cushion shoes for both men and women (these are ex- ceptionally fine shoes for people troubled with tender feet) . 46 THE IBBIGATION AGE. CHARLEY'S BUTTE. W. A. CHALFANT. Midway between Independence and Big Pine, in eastern California, a spur of the Sierra Nevadas almost cuts Owens Valley in two. When the land was in the making, this uplift from below had accretions from craters which lie against the Sierra base a few miles westward. A broad tongue of lava juts across much of the valley's width — a veritable riot of matter which, as it flowed or fell, and as its molten glow changed to eternal blackness, took fantastic shapes, and lies in recesses, miniature precipices, caves, every conceivable roughness of surface. Affording many hiding places, it became one of the natural strongholds of the Piutes in their war against the white pioneers; and there they were lurking the day this story was acted. Near by is Charley's Butte. A new interest at- taches to it now, as the landmark of the Head of the further on, signal smokes were seen; and as the party passed the barrier of hills a band of at least 150 Indians came into view. Turning from the rough road they had followed, the Summers-McGee party tried to cross the river, opposite what has ever since been known as Charley's Butte. The wagon stuck in the soft mud of the bottom ; the horses were cut loose. By the time the party was well out in the water the Indians were on the bank, sending arrows and bullets whistling around them, but doing no damage. On the eastern side of the river, the ladies and child were placed on the team horses' backs, the men holding to the animals' manes and running alongside. Charley, the negro, fared worse. His efforts to catch one of the band of loose horses proved unavailing; and as the whites fled for their lives, Charley was seen running and fighting with the Indians, who had by then crossed the river and were closing in on him. The fugitives went on without further interference, and on reaching a ford a few miles below, again crossed the river and made their way "CHARLEY'S BUTTE," INYO COUNTY, CAL. Los Angeles aqueduct proposed to tap Owens river at that point. Being only a low mound, it would be prob- ably even yet as little regarded "and as nameless as a hundred other hills, but for the affair which christened it. Manv versions have been told, and some have been printed. This is the true story, as Mr. McGee's narra- tion is remembered: Early in 1863 a party of travelers entered Owens Valley on their way from Aurora, then a booming min- ing camp in western Nevada, to Visa.lia, California. In their camp near the later site of Owensville, on the night of March 7, were Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Summers, Mrs. Margaret McGee, her son Alney (then in his later teens), a little girl (a relative), and a negro named Charley Tyler. Resuming their journey on the morn- ing of the 8th, they crossed the river and had gone ahout twenty miles, when near the present locality of Big Pine thev found the body of a man who had been murdered by the Indians a few days before. Taking alarm, a hastv flight began. A few miles to Camp Independence, where they were cared for by soldiers. The fate of Charley was never learned by white men. He had killed several Indians in previous battles, and unless he met death outright in his last stand there may have been grounds for the surmises of death by torture. Later that fall two prospectors found the head and upper vertebrae of a man hanging in a clump of willows about two miles west of where the flight began. Their opinion was that the body had been burned, probably after death, the top of the skull hav- ing been crushed in. Whether the bones were those of Charley or of some other victim of the redskins they could not answer positively, nor can any one living, un- Jess it be some aged Indian. Mr. McGee's belief is that Charley died fighting. The Summers-McGee party lost all their posses- sions except the clothing they wore and the horses the ladies rode. A band of seventeen loose horses and the wagon, in which were household goods and $600 in THE IRRIGATION AGE. money, fell to the pursuing Indians. Some of the latter did not live long to enjoy their spoils, for among the forty-five Piutes slain in a battle near Owens lake the following month were many on whose bodies were found blankets, coins and other plunder looted from the abandoned wagon. Mr. McGee is one of the most highly esteemed citi- zens of Inyo county, and his absolute fearlessness is accompanied by the usual attribute of bravery — a mod- esty which minimizes one's own deeds. In this I have told his story, with a few additions from local written history; and so some of the details of the flight, as told by others than Mr. McGee himself, have been omitted — details of his own personal conduct, which made him in local estimation of the affair its most important figure, next to the unfortunate negro Charley. This was one of the incidents of four years of war, waged while a larger drama was being enacted east of the Mississippi. The government was well occupied elsewhere than in Owens Valley, and could do little to- ward helping the settlers. So it turned out that the pioneers largely fought their own battles, and struck the most telling blows which were to give this fertile valley to civilization. Today the government, too busy to conquer this then wilderness, is seeking by every arbitrary construction of law or official orders to nullify that victory; to deprive the people who risked their lives to win it of the legitimate fniits of their battles, by ordaining that its development shall be perpetually checked. Reclamation Service I .*, The Secretary of the Interior has ordered the suspen- sion of the contract of Messrs. Page & Brinton, of Boise, Idaho, for schedules 2 and 3 on the main canal, Payette- Boise project. On October 5 the contractors were noti- fied that unless within five days from that time they had resumed work on their contract, with force sufficient to complete the work by December 1, 1908, the contract would be suspended. The government has taken over the equipment of the contractors and will proceed at once to complete the work by force account. The second unit of the TJmatilla project of the United States Reclamation Service in Oregon has been completed and an additional 2,499 acres will be supplied with water next season. Developments on this project have attracted wide- spread interest, owing to the advantageous location of the irrigable lands, the favorable climate, and the exceed- ing fertility of the soil. The project is situated in a sec- tion where the growing season is long and a wide variety of crops are produced, many of which are the first on the markets of Portland, Seattle, Tacoma and Spokane, which cities are tributary to these farms. The project is essen- tially one of small farms, and. fully developed, is likely to become one of the most intensely cultivated areas in the Northwest. The irrigable lands are in townships 4 and 5 N., ranges 28 and 29 E., and plats showing the location and area of the various farms which may be entered under the provisions of the homestead laws and irrigable lands in private ownership are on file in the local land office at La Grande, Oregon. The water right charges are divided into two parts, namely, for building the works, and an annual charge covering the cost of operation and maintenance. The part for building the works has been fixed at $60 per acre of irrigable land and this may be paid in annual in- stalments of $6 per acre or some multiple thereof with- out interest. The part for operation and maintenance until further notice has been fixed at $1.30 per acre ot irrigable land per annum. For new entries one full in- stalment of the charges for building, operation and main- tenance, $7.30 per acre of irrigable land must be paid at the time of making entry and water right application at the U. S. Land Office at La Grande, Oregon. The sec- ond instalment is due and payable December 1, 1910, at the same place, and subsequent instalments on December 1 of each year, but the part for operation and maintenance must be paid on or before April 1 of each year. For private lands and lands heretofore entered within the irrigable area, the first instalment will be due and payable December 1, 1909. All water right applicants are required to join the Umatilla Water Users' Association, Hermiston, Oregon, which has contracted with the United States, guaranteeing the payment of the water right charges by its members, who give the Association a lien on their lands. The acting Secretary of the Interior has changed the form of withdrawal of the following described lands in Wyoming from the first to the second, in connection with the Shoshone irrigation project: S Yi nw J4 section 19, T. 52 N., R. 102 W., 6th P. M. The Secretary of the Jnterior has withdrawn from public entry, under the first form of withdrawal, in con- nection with the Minidoka project, the following de- scribed lands in Idaho, excepting any tracts the title to which has passed out of the United States: Boise Prin- cipal Meridian — Townships 5 and 6 S., R. 31 E., all; Township 5 S., R. 32 E., all; Townships 3 and 4 S., R. 33 E., all. The following contracts have been awarded in con- nection with the Mabton lateral, Sunnyside irrigation project. Washington: H. W. Holden, Portland, Oregon, Schedule 1, in- volving the excavation of about 28,000 cubic yards of material; contract price, $4,382.50. Schedules 2 and 3 to .David S. Wilson, of Mabton, Washington, involving the excavation of about 31,500 cubic yards of material; contract price, $5,918.50. George C. Clark, of Richland, Washington, Schedule 4, consisting of 2,100 linear feet of timber flumes, requir- ing about 170,000 feet (B. M.) of lumber; contract price, $5,040.00. The Secretary of the Interior has approved the exe- cution of the contract entered into by the engineer in charge of the Payette-Boise irrigation project, Idaho, with Messrs. Conway and Wilhite of Nampa, Idaho, for fur- nishing certain grading equipment, labor, etc. The aggre- gate expenditure to be incurred under the contract is indeterminate, but it is estimated that the amount will approximate $300 per day. The contract may be termi- nated by the United States upon five days' written notice. The acting Secretary of the Interior has vacated the first form withdrawal of November 4, 1904. in connec- tion with the Dubois project, so far as it related to the nw % ne 54. s ^ ne ^ and e ^ nw }4 section 30, T. 14 N., R. 44 E., B. M., Idaho, and restored such tracts to the public domain, if not otherwise withdrawn, reserved or appropriated, waiving notice by publication limiting the time for settlement and entry, as the tracts are included in an indemnity school selection list filed by the State of Idaho. The Secretary of the Interior, on behalf of the United States, has entered into a contract with the Sunnyside Water Users' Association of Sunnyside, Washington, pro- viding for the construction of a number of ditches in con- nection with the Sunnyside unit of the Yakima project. The contract is in conformity with the recently adopted plan of the bureau to promote the active co-operation 48 THE IBBIGATION AGE. of land owners. Under this plan settlers under the project are permitted to take contracts for certain parts of the work and are thus enabled to pay for the government water right in labor instead of cash. The Secretary of the Interior has withdrawn from public entry, under the first form of withdrawal, the fol- lowing described areas in Idaho: Township 6 N., R. 44 E., all Sees. 11, 12, 21 and 28; township 6 N., R. 45 E., all Sec. 18. The above described areas are included with- in the Teton reservoir site, to be utilized for the further development of irrigation in the Snake River Valley. Truckee-Carson project, the following described lands in Nevada, except any tracts the title to which has passed out of the United States : Mount Diablo Meridian — Township 13 N., R. 18 E., all Sees. 1 to 23 and 28 to 36, inclusive; townships 14, 15 and 16 N., R. 18 E., all; town- ship 13 N., R. 19 E., all Sees. 6, 7, 18 and 31; township 14 N., R. 19 E., all Sees. 6, 7. 18. 19, 30 and 31; township 15 N., R. 19 E., all Sees. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 16 to 21 and 28 to 33 inclusive; township 16 N. R. 19 E., all. The Secretary of the Interior has withdrawn from all forms of disposition whatever, under the public land laws, about 165,000 acres of land for use in connection with the Minidoka irrigation project, Idaho. These lands In order that steps might be taken by owners of ex- cess lands under the Orland project to sell the same prior to the time when public notice is given in accordance with the terms of the Reclamation Act, the project en- gineer was authorized to furnish the water users' associa- tion with a map showing the lands which would without doubt be recommended to be included in the project. A Demoster 4 H P Vertical Four-Cycle Gasoline Engine, a No. 2 Centrifugal and a Pneumatic Pressure Tank System. The pump •levatins 20 inches of water or about 240 gallons per minute. The 4 H. P. engine runs the centrifugal pump and the pump for the pneu- ic tank at the same time. The well is 20 feet deep. This plant is on the farm of Mr. Frank Hunter, Brighton, Colo. is elev matic lie in Townships 7, 8 and 9 S., Rs. 18, 19 and 20 E., Boise Meridian. The Secretary of the Interior has withdrawn from all forms of public entry the following described lands, which are to be used in connection with the Minidoka project. Idaho: Townships 5 and 6 S., R. 31 E., all; township 5 S., R. 32 E., all; townships 3 and 4 S., R. 33 E., all. The Secretary of the Interior has accepted the bid of Michael O. Neill of Shoshone, Idaho, to deliver to Dod- son damsite, on Milk River project, Montana, from 1.000 to 2,000 cords of rock as needed by the Reclamation Service. The bid is at the rate of $4.45 per cord, and is the lowest of seven bidders. The map which has been prepared shows the limits to contain 15.104 acres of subscribed land. Of this amount it has been definitely determined that 14,000 acres will be irrigated by the Orland project. All subscribed lands lying outside of these limits may be released from the terms of their stock subscription. The Secretary of the Interior has withdrawn from public entry, under the first form, in connection with the Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation THE IRRIGATION AGE. GARDEN CITY KANSAS VICINITY BY R. H. FAXON. The assured approach of the time when cheap elec- trical power will be brought to this Arkansas Valley and distributed to farmers for irrigation and other 'purposes gives to this section of Kansas the greatest hope it has had for twenty-five years, and may mean its complete regeneration. Garden City and this portion of the Arkansas valley already has acquired, in recent years, many benefits and advantages peculiarly to be desired in a section lacking regular rainfall, but the completion of this new project will put into the hands of the small farmer, as well as into the towns and larger plants, the power with which at a low figure to develop land declared by experts, from those of the United States Department of Agriculture down, to be as fine as any that lies out of doors. The management of the Kansas-Colorado Electrical Transmission Company has agreed to erect at. this point one of its three large power plants, the other two being located at Florence and La Junta, Colo., having a capacity sufficient to give 200 persons sufficient horse-power to irrigate from sixty to eighty acres, depending on the na- ture of the soil and the lift — that is to say, the distance J;he water has to be brought to the surface. It must be understood, also, that this one plant at Garden City is to be built in the first place on the unit plan and that it will be added to as rapidly as the demand increases. The Kansas-Colorado Electrical Transmission Com- pany is chartered in both states. Work already has begun. The line proposes to run from Canon City, Colo., to Dodge City, Kan., with a branch from Garden City to Scott, a distance in all of 367 miles. The primary pur- pose is to establish electrical transmission for the purpose of furnishing cheap power, and cpincidentally to establish a line of electric railroad for freight and passenger pur- poses. The railroad already is building. The manage- ment has set the date of the completion of the Garden City power plant at not later than March 1, 1909. In the Arkansas valley is the underflow — a vast under- ground river — that was known to exist many years ago, but has come into use but recently, and more generally through the successful establishment and working of the United States reclamation project, known as the Garden City project, three years ago. This underflow appears to be inexhaustible, and it was on this theory, now borne out by experience, that the reclamation service established the Garden City project. In this underflow lies the hope to all development, present and future, of this section of Kansas. The Arkansas valley proper, in Hamilton, Kearny and Finney counties, Kansas, is three miles wide, on an aver- age—greater in some places, less at others — and com- prises at least 100,000 acres of land, unexcelled anywhere. Fifteen thousand acres of valley now is irrigated, one way and another, by several canals or irrigation ditches, as fol- lows: The Alamo, with head-gates at Syracuse; the Amazon, at Hartland; the Southside, at Hartland; the Great Eastern, at Hartland; the Garden City, near Deer- field; the "Farmers, or Government, at Deerfield. Also there are various private plants irrigating small acreages and making up this total of 15,000 acres irrigated. In addition to the 100,000 acres in the Arkansas valley proper are the uplands, under the ditches and irrigated or irrigable. The total irrigable acreage of these uplands is 75,000, and about 25,000 acres of this already is under irrigation, 10,000 acres being under the Garden City re- clamation project — the government project — perhaps 65 to 70 per cent of which now actually is irrigated; and from 15,000 to 20.000 acres more under the various other ditches, including the Great Eastern and Amazon. This leaves 50,000 acres of uplands not irrigated, but all under the ditches at present. The reason this acreage is not irrigated is because it depends on the water in the river, the ditches taking water direct from the Arkansas and not from the underflow, as it would with the cheap electrical power. There is a third subdivision of land adjacent to the valley and part of this section; what is known as the shallow-water area," lying north of Garden City, between here and Scott, Kan., and practically all of it in Finney County. Water is there from fifteen to thirty feet below the surface, and the character of the land is excellent. This area awaits cheap power to lift this water and place it on these lands. The "shallow-water area" is underlaid with an underground river, supposed to come from the Whitewoman, a stream in Wichita and Scott counties, and emptying, at last, into the Arkansas River below Garden City. It undoubtedly is the basin of an ancient river. Water for irrigation usually is measured by the "sec- ond foot," which equals 450 gallons of water per minute of time. In other words, a second foot of water means a cubic foot of water flowing past a given point every sec- ond, as generally known. A second foot of water flowing in a canal will cover two acres of land to a depth of one foot every twenty- four hours. Under the Kansas-Colorado electrical project it is esti- mated by the engineers that the cost to the farmer per acre foot will not be greater than $1.50, where the lift is not more than thirty-five feet. An acre foot is the amount of water necessary to cover one acre of ground one foot dee" Two acre feet is neces- sary for irrigation in an ordinary season. The first known effort to develoo irrigation in this locality was in the latter '70s, -'-"n Armentrout, Wilkin- son and Landis plowed a furrow from the Arkansas river into the old Santa Fe trail, in the south part of what is now Garden Citv. and threw the water from the river onto their lands. The first systematic effort along irrigation lines was when, November 8, 1879, the charter of the old Garden City ditch was filed. This ditch still is in existence. This was known as the Garden City irrigating canal. It was a mutual company. Then came the Farmers' ditch — the Kansas, then it was known; it is the government canal now — whose charter was filed March 1, 1880. The third was the Southside, the only one on the south side of the river in the three counties, known then as the Min- nehaha, whose charter was filed July 20, 1880, closely fol- lowed by the Great Eastern, filed October 8, 1880. The fifth ditch in these parts, the Amazon, was promoted by Charles J. (Buffalo) Jones, and its charter was filed No- vember 29, 1887. Some of these ditches were mutual concerns. All be- came, at one time or another, stock companies. Most of them went into the hands of receivers, and had a more or less precarious and useless existence at different periods. The Farmers' ditch now is the outlet from the Garden City reclamation project. The Southside and Great East- ern now are owned by the United States Sugar and Land Company, with headquarters here, this company owning the new sugar factory at this point. The Garden City ditch also was later acquired by this company. The first windmill pumping plant was erected by Henry Grace, east of Garden City, twenty or more years ago. There now is a windmill on every farm in the val- ley that does not have other power for irrigating purposes. There are, at this time, more than 200 private pump- ing plants in this part of the valley, irrigating from ten to forty acres, and pumping from 300 to 1,000 gallons per minute. The horsepower is from five to fifteen, in each case, depending on the lift. The largest private pumping plant in the valley is that on the big Holcomb ranch west of Garden City, which has been in operation for four years. Its horse power is seventy-five, and 500 acres are irrigated. The lift is twenty- five feet. Another large private plant now being installed is that of the Lombards of Kansas City, near Kendall. The Garden City reclamation project was constructed by the government in 1905-6. There are 10,000 acres in the project, and 60 per cent of this is irrigated. The other 50 THE IBBIQATION AGE. land can come in at any time it sees fit. There are twenty- three separate pumps in this project, ten on the north side of the Arkansas river and thirteen on the south side. The pumps, or stations, are 1,000 feet apart. The line of ten on the north side follows the river, while the line of thirteen on the south side runs off to the south at right angles with the river. There are from nine to fwelve wells at each pump. The Garden City project is located fourteen miles west of Garden City, near the little town of Deerfield, on the Finney-Kearny line. It has a capacity of 50,000 gallons per minute or 110 second feet. The average is about sixty-five second feet. The power is furnished by two turbine engines, each 30-horse power, direct connected to electric generators. The power is conveyed over a direct transmission line about four and one-half miles long, to the pumphouses along a concrete canal. As stated above, these pump- houses are 1,000 feet apart. The water is collected in a concrete flume, that from the thirteen pumps on the south side being conveyed by syphon under the bed of the river :o the main flume on the north side, and thence into the old Farmers' ditch just below its headgates. Under the provisions of the reclamation act of date of June 17, 1902, the farmers agree to return to the gov- ernment the cost of construction, plus maintenance, in ten annual payments. The estimated cost of the project is before the next year's season shall begin, holds 24,000 acre feet of water. The water is stored in the fall and winter and is let out into the Great Eastern Canal when required during the season. The operation of the Garden City reclamation project and of the sugar company's ditches, mainly through Lake McKinnie, has given rise to a very large acreage of sugar beets. Lake McKinnie irrigates probably 6,000 to 7,000 acres, though not this acreage of beets this year. The sugar company made contracts for an acreage of about 12,000 for -the present season, but as Lake McKinnie did not furflish the necessary amount of water, as the Garden City project was late in installing all its machinery, and as the season was especially dry, the harvest will be only about 6,000 to 7,000 acres for the present season. At this, the sugar contents of beets being exceptionally high, the crop will be about 60 per cent, which means money to both farmers and factory, though no great amount. The factory opened in October and will run until the supply is exhausted. The success of the Garden City reclamation project has been such that the sugar company now is erecting a pumping plant on the south side of the river at an esti- mated cost- of $250,000, to irrigate about 6,000 acres and On Farm of A. W. Longley, near Bishop, Cal. $350,000, or $35 per acre, or $3.50 per acre annually, plus the maintenance, which is about $2.75 per acre. After a majority of the payments have been made the project shall pass into the hands of the farmers, through their corporation, the Finney County Water Users' Association. Under the provisions of law, no landholder may own more than 160 acres under the project, and must reside within twenty miles of the land. He must be an actual occupant. No tenants are allowed. The construction of the Garden City reclamation proj- ect was the first great boon to the Arkansas Valley and to this particular section. The second was the arrival of the United States Sugar and Land Company in 1905. The great sugar factory here, just on the west edge of town, was built in 1906, and the first "campaign" was that year. The factory cost over one million dollars, and improve- ments have been made since. It has 1,000 tons capacity daily, and is an independent concern; that is, has no con- nection with either the Havemyer or Oxnard branch of the beet sugar business. The United States Sugar and Land Company owns 30,000 acres of land in Finney and Kearny counties, and. as told above, owns all the ditches, or irrigating canals, in these two counties, except the Farmers', or government, Alamo and Amazon ditches. Its great source of water sup- ply, however, comes from its gigantic reservoir in Kearny County, Lake McKinnie, named in honor of the president of the company. This reservoir, which will be enlarged supplement the work of the government plant and Lake McKinnie. This plan will be paterned closely after the reclamation plant, using about 500-horse power. The sugar company's pumping plant is a testimonial to the underflow, the success and merit of the government plant, and to the coming of the Kansas-Colorado electrical project. There will be seventeen pump stations in the sugar company's plant. The formation or arrangement will be similar to that of the government plant. About a dozen test wells are down, and satisfactory tests are being made daily. The plant will be ready for operation by next season. Another big thing that has come to this section is the Garden City national forest reserve. This stretches from Garden City to the Colorado line, on the south side of the Arkansas River, in what is known as the sand hills country. The original Garden City reserve, set aside by presi- dential proclamation in October, 1905, included 97,000 acres. Last spring it was further added to, the later document calling for 305,280 acres. There is not that acreage, how- ever, for there is considerable railroad land that will have to be segregated. The forest finally will comprise about 200,000 acres, or perhaps 225,000. The Garden City forest still is in embryo, but work is being pushed as rapidly as possible by the government. One section has been set out this year, or 135,000 young trees in all. Of this number 80,000 are pine, of the west- ern yellow variety, and 30,000 mulberry. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 51 The Garden City forest was established as a separate unit, with the result that it now has a superintendent and several assistants, with offices here. A nursery also was established, as the transportation of young trees from the Halsey, Neb., nursery was found inadvisable. At this nursery, just west of here, great progress fias been made this season. Locusts have attained a height of three feet since May 15. There are eight seed beds, where the young pine, from the seed, have grown four inches. They are very delicate, but will be ready for transplanting next spring. The sandhills country in the Garden City forest con- tain a few trees, either stray seedlings here and there, or the remnants of old tree claims. There is a good quality of bunch grass growing on the reserve, and about 6,500 head of cattle have been pastured there this season. This is productive of revenue to the government, of which the state gets 10 per cent for school purposes. The year is divided into two seasons for pasturing, and the price per head charged by the government in the summer season is thirty-five cents. THE NORTH PLATTE PROJECT. BY G. L. SHUMWAY. The North Platte Project, initiated by the Fed- eral government in 1903, has reached the stage of actu- ally supplying water to forty thousand acres of the finest soil in the United States, and in 1909 the works will probably supply forty thousand more acres. The prog- ress of the work since Secretary Garfield's recent visit to the valley seems stimulated; under the able manage- ment of Engineers I. W. McConnell and Andrew Weiss, we expect the best results. We confess that while Mr. John E. Field was project engineer, many details of management merited criticism, because Mr. Field was more of a politician than an engineer; but even during his regime, the un- impeachable character and sterling worth of Mr. Weiss radiated up out of the fog. Mr. McConnell's experi- ence, while not altogether dissimilar, possessed less of a handicap than that of Mr. Weiss. They have had a dif- ficult task, but are working manfully, and since the en- couragement of the visit of the Secretary of the In- terior, the work is being more vigorously prosecuted. While mentioning the personnel of the service here, it is quite proper that a special mention and commenda- tion be also given Mr. E. D. Newman, the courteous chief clerk at the government headquarters. Mr. New- man exemplifies the more modest type of officials now in charge. He and the engineers are far more anxious to do their duty well and merit approval than to figure in grand stand plays. This quality is as whole- some as it is rare, and we predict, if ever there is an investigation of the North Platte Project ordered, any important irregularities will antedate the time when the present officers came into control. We anticipate that the script plan, which has been adopted, will work wonders towards finishing uncom- pleted portions of. this and other uncompleted projects. This script probably found its original inception about simultaneously in several of the projects, and was born of conditions. It was first brought to our attention by the wish of one settler to work out his water right. The Scottsbluff Commercial Club discussed it, and sent three representatives to Denver to confer with Secretary Gar- field, in June of last year. Mr. Garfield instructed Mr. Newell to come up and see if he "could not work up something" along that line. Mr. George H. Holdredge, general manager of the Burlington, was then in Den- ver, and as it meant development of territory along Burlington lines, he volunteered a special train for the party. Into the late hours of that night, script plans were discussed, which discussion was participated in by Messrs. Newell and Davis of the service, Senator Thomas H. Carter, Congressman Frank Mondell, and others. Senator Carter, with his usual versatility, outlined prac- tically the plan which was subsequently adopted. This plan is to have the Federal engineers work out certain portions of the main canal or distributing sys- tems, and permit water users to do the construction work at prevailing pricer. For this they are to receive On Bishop Creek, near Bishop, Cal. time slips and certificates which, duly certified by the engineers and Water Users' Associations, are applicable in payment of water rights. The advantage of this sys- tem is that actual necessary work may be done a year, or even several years, before actual cash would be avail- able under the original plan. Script passes in the form of vouchers through the United States treasury as fast as paid in, but some of it may not be used for two, three, or four years after issuance. 52 THE IBBIOATION AQE. The North Platte Project ultimately contemplates to supply about half a million acres with water, and is divided into five divisions, all to be supplied by the North Platte River, supplemented by storage waters in the Pathfinder reservoir. This reservoir will hold over a million acre feet and is formed by a natural basin at the junction of the Sweetwater and North Platte rivers. A dam of steel, concrete and masonry 215 feet high and about 300 feet long fills a narrow gorge in the granite outlet from this basin, and the flow of the river below is to be regulated by steel gates set in tun- nels through which the water must pass. This dam is more wonderful in proportion and use- fulness than the famous Assouan dam, on the Nile, and will cost, when complete, about one and a quarter mil- lion dollars, which is charged against water users pro- tance of ninety-five miles, and the lateral systems are nearly complete. The main canal is builded most sub- stantially, with concrete headgates, flumes, waste-ways, and siphons, wherever required. The intricate net- work of lateral systems are supplied in like manner with concrete "drops," headgates, flumes, siphons and culverts, and convey the water to each land unit. Land units were fixed at eighty acres of irrigable land, that being, in the opinion of the service, the maximum amount needed for a family, or that one could competently care for. With intensive farming, such as must ultimately come, this acreage will be ample, for when in sugar beets, onions, cabbage, or fruit, ten to twenty acres will keep a person comfort- ably busy and profits will be abundantly large. With alfalfa, potatoes, and the like, eighty acres will leave King's River Canyon, California. portionately to the acreage supplied. The present height of this dam is about 130 feet. However, a broader view of the work which this dam performs in preventing floods and damage along the Platte, Missouri and Mississippi rivers, its aid to navigation in holding flood waters in check until low water periods, its preventing strain upon the levees and retarding sediment, renders a conclusion that this cost as well as the cost of other reservoirs, really belongs to river and harbor improvements, or inland waterways appropriations. Five canal systems are eventually to be supplied from this fountain head, namely, Casper, Douglas, Goshen Hole, Laramie and Inter State. The Inter State is the first, having been constructed for a dis- but little idle time for the prudent husbandman. Al- falfa now produces three cuttings, or five to seven tons per acre per annum, and finds ready market at six to eight dollars per ton. Potatoes yield 200 to 400 bushels per acre, and usually bring a cent a pound or better — now about one and one-half cents per pound. Sugar beets are four dollars and a "half per ton and yield twelve to thirty tons per acre. Oats yield sev- enty to one hundred and fifty bushels per acre. A single oat head in the writer's possession contains one hundred 'and ninety-nine well developed grains. The advantages which the North Platte project possesses over most other projects are its latitude, 41 to 42 degrees north; its altitude, 3,800 to 4,200 feet; its railway connections, and its nearness to the principal markets. THE IEEIQATION AQE. 53 WILLISTON IRRIGATION PROJECT. Irrigation is an experimental proposition for the North Dakota farmer and the construction of the Willis- ton project is an experiment from an engineering standpoint. There were so many new elements that entered into the construction and operation which had never been tried before that the engineers had to feel their way along and overcome the difficulties as they were met. The pumping of the water into the irriga- tion canal was a new method not tried in this section of the country. The Missouri river, from which the water is taken, presented difficulties to overcome that were entirely new; the fuel for producing the power was new and had not been tried on a commercial basis ; the soil and climatic conditions are peculiar to the locality and different from those at other places where equipments necessary to pump that water are established facts well known to the engineering science. There is no guesswork about these matters. The unknown quan- tities that enter into the Williston project is the mud in the Missouri river water, the unsafety of its bank and the kind of fuel used in producing the power. The amount of sediments in the Missouri river water is enough to fill the water canals if pumped directly into them from the river. Some means had to be provided to rid the water of a large per cent of these sediments before it is let into the canal system. The location of the main intake pumping station had to be settled some way, but it would not do to build a permanent one on the bank of the river, as it would be liable to go down, bank and all. The means of producing power had to be supplied with native coal, a fuel with power-produc- ing qualities not fully known and the cost of mining mmM w Tj**£fc£l§**x 'f-r" - - In Owens River Canyon, California. irrigation has been tested. All these combined are causes that make irrigation difficult at the Williston project and cause the constructing and operating en- gineers and the farmers many disappointments, until such time as the difficulties are overcome and the true method established. The amount of power required to lift a specified amount of water to different elevations is known ; the amount of water required to cover a given area with a certain number of inches of water is also easily computed ; the size, number and capacity of the pumps and the relative size of all power producing the same an unsettled problem. These, were matters that had to be estimated from datas secured from the best available sources. To the farmers in this section irrigation was a new problem and looked upon by many with suspicion. The rules prescribed and condi- tions imposed on the land owners was deemed by many, to be unreasonable and unjust. So far the construction and operation have been a continuous series of experiments. In the matter of pumping station for the main intake at the river it was decided to place the pumps on a floating barge and THE IRRIGATION AGE. fasten the pumps to the main intake pipes, each pipe being supplied with two ball and socket joints in order to permit the barges to adjust themselves to the rise and fall of the river, which is a difference of seventeen feet between high and low water marks. The barge is sixty by twenty-four feet and has three centrifugal pumps, with a capacity of pumping thirty cubic feet per second or a combined capacity of ninety cubic feet per second, or enough water to cover 160 acres with 12 inches of water in twenty-one hours. The pumps are run by electric motors supplied with power from the central power house. The barges have been found to be satisfactory during the pumping season, but are a source of expense in the fall and spring, as they have 1o be placed on the Jand during the winter to keep them from being damaged by the ice in the spring. There is a probability of a stationary station being built when draft. There are two electric generators or dynamos and two steam turbine pumps, with a number of aux- iliary equipments. From this station power will be transmitted to all the pumping stations in the Willis- ton and Buford-Trenton projects. The power house is now being enlarged by an addition of 44 feet and ad- ditional boilers and apparatuses sufficient to approxi- mately double the power-producing capacity of the plant. The mine is situated about one-quarter of a mile from the power house and has a vein of 9 feet. The coal is dug and placed on cars holding iy2 tons. These cars take the coal to the crusher on an inclined track, making any other power for hauling unnecessary. The crusher breaks the coal into lumps of even size and from there it is elevated and distributed into four bins directly in front of the boilers. During part of July South of Hillside Lake in Sierras, near Bishop, Cal. the bank of the river is riprapped and made safe. In order to dispose of some of the sediments in the water and prevent the canals from being filled, a settling basin was built with the intake about one hundred feet from the river. This basin is 400 feet long, 125 feet wide and 10 feet deep, and holds enough water to cover eight acres of land with twelve inches of water. The sediments that gather in the settling basin is sluiced back into the river. The problem which is not settled in that connection is how to loosen this silt in the bot- tom of the basin so as to get it back into the river. But that is a matter that will be worked out to a satis- factory sohition. The basin is constructed of dirt, banks on the inside being protected with brush staked down to keep them from being washed by water. The central power house is situated three miles north of the city. The building is constructed of cement concrete and is 92x76 feet. There are six water tube Sterling boilers, with 250-horsepower each. There are three smokestacks 54 inches in diameter and 135 feet high. These furnaces are also supplied with forced it required about 100 tons each twenty-four hours, and took 2,338 tons during the whole month. The head of the main canal is at the settling basin and extends north to the power house and is about four miles long. The water is let into the main canal through a concrete steel siphon under the Great North- ern tracks. The main canal has a capacity of 100 cubic feet per second or enough water to cover one acre of ground 12 inches deep in eight minutes. One mile down the main canal is located pumping station No. 2. It is supplied with two pumps, with a capacity of pumping 35 cubic feet of water per second. At this station the water is forced through pipes into the head of another canal, which is 24 feet higher than the main canal. About one mile west of station No. 2 is station No. 4. This is supplied with one pump, with a capacity of 20 cubic feet and lifts the water 27 feet into another canal. The canals in this unit, as a rule, carry the water north and are branched to suit the elevations of the land. Most of the excavating and building of the canals was done in the fall of 1907. THE IRRIGATION AGE. Final opening of the first unit was made by public notice March 27. The construction work on that unit as far as then extended was completed. The barge was launched May 6, the generating power' plant started May 8, and water pumped into the canal on May 11; 8,500 acres was then under irrigation. All pumping stations were in operation May 16. The first application made for water right was June 11 and the first request made for water June 12. The first water for irrigating purposes was delivered June 23. Only three requests had been made to that time. There was delivered water in June on request for irrigating, enough to cover 138 acres 12 inches deep. In June this was increased to 1,065 and in August it amount to 315 acres. This makes a total of 1,515 acre feet used in the season. There was a total of 1,515 acre feet used for irrigating purposes. It will be noticed that over two-thirds of all the water used for irrigation was used in July. The amount of coal used during the season was 360 tons in May, 754 tons in June, 2,338 in July and 1,770 in August. During August a large amount of coal was used for the purpose of testing the various equipments which were put in under contract. It will also be noticed that nearly 45 per cent of the coal used for the season was used in July. The result was that during this month the Reclamation Service was crowded to the limit and the water could not be supplied as fast as desired. The conditions under which irrigation was tried at this project this season and the results obtained are not such that any reliable estimate can be made as to the amount of crop that can be raised. But where com- parisons could be made the crop on the irrigated land was at least double that on adjoining land not irrigated. The crop was in many instances damaged before request was made for water. That and the inability of the Reclamation Service to supply water as fast as desired often resulted disastrously to the growing crop. Better results are expected next year. The Reclamation Serv- ice has gained experience, and with increased capacity of the power plant, it will be better able to meet the demands. The farmers are more favorably inclined and will give it a fair trial. The State Experimental Station is going into extensive experiments and the knowledge gained by them will be distributed to all in- terested free of charge. The Reclamation Service is very much interested in making this experiment a suc- cess, and the indications are that it will be. Irrigated farming will open a new area for North Dakota agri- culture. The tendency has always been to skim over too much ground, but success under irrigation requires concentration of tilling more than on the number of acres. THE PROGRESS OF SUB-DIVISION IN IDAHO UNDER THE CAREY ACT. Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation June, 1909, will witness the subdivision of thousands of acres more of irrigated lands in Idaho under the Carey Act, a brief description of which follows : The Idaho Irrigation Company, Limited, is incorporated in accordance with the laws of Idaho, to develop certain lands by irrigation under the Carey Act. It has secured the segregation of an extensive tract of public land adjacent to the town of Shoshone and surround- ing the town of Gooding in southern Idaho, with a site for storage reservoirs and rights of way for canals, and the neces- sary permits to appropriate and divert more than an ample supply of water. A contract has been entered into with the state for the construction of complete irrigation works and the sale of water rights. A dam for the diversion of water to one of the tracts and about fourteen miles of main canal leading to that tract have been completed. The following are the directors, whose names are so widely and favorably known in the business world that their association with the company assures the success of the un- dertaking without doubt or question : F. H. Buhl, capitalist, Sharon, Pa.; president of Twin Falls Land & Water Co., Twin Falls, Idaho. Loring N. Farnum, third vice-president and general man- ager of construction, J. G. White & Company, Inc., New York, N. Y. Fred W. Gooding, vice-president of First National Bank, Shoshone, Idaho. R. L. Hoguet, attorney, of the firm of Ivins, Mason, Wolff & Hoguet, New York, N. Y. T. A. Howell, of the firm of B. H. Howell, Son & Com- pany, New York, N. Y. C. B. Hurtt, president of Northwestern Investment Com- pany, Boise, Idaho. James H. Post, president of The National Sugar Refining Company, and director of Cuban-American Sugar Company. Frederick H. Reed, first vice-president of J. G. White & Company, Inc., New York, N. Y. L. C. Rose, vice-president of Colonial Trust & Savings Bank, Chicago, 111. J. G. White, president of J. G. White & Company, Inc., New York, N. Y., and chairman of board, J. G. White & Company, Ltd., London, England. The management of the Company is under the general direction of its board of directors, who will, in handling en- gineering and other details, have the assistance of the organi- zation of J. G. White & Company, Incorporated, with its large staff experienced in engineering, construction and man- agement. The contract with the state provides for the transfer of ownership and management of the irrigation system to the purchasers of the water rights on terms that fully secure the bondholders. It provides also for an ample assessment to pay for operating and maintaining the entire system. This will be expended under the direction of the Company until the control, including the repair and up-keep, of the irrigation sys- tem shall pass to the owners of water rights or shares in the reservoir and canal company. The estimates provide for the construction of a storage dam and the necessary diversion dams, canals and ditches for the wa(gring of 125,000 acres, which can be increased to pro- vide water for 150,000 acres at relatively small increase cost. On one of the tracts of the project, on which the new • town of Richfield is located, a complete diversion dam with head-gates and about fourteen miles of main canal have al- ready been constructed. It is planned to spend a moderate amount of money necessary to develop this town site, which is located on the Ketchum Branch of the Oregon Short Line, about twenty miles northeast of Shoshone. Richfield has a splendid temporary hotel, postoffice, up-to-date general mer- chandise store, two stores of lesser importance, several fine residences and a number of others in course of construction. The townsite contains approximately 1,900 lots, several of which have been sold for prices ranging from $280 to $1,000, respectively. A second town will be located on the new segre- gation on the main line of the Oregon Short Line east of Shoshone. 56 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The Company proposes to expend about $500,000 for con- struction on the project during 1908, and the balance required in 1909 and 1910. The work on the ground will be carried out under con- tract by J. G. White & Company, Incorporated, of New York, N. Y. Water will be taken from the Big Wood and Little Wood rivers, which are important tributaries of the Snake. The natural flow of the streams is more than sufficient to water all the lands during the first part of the irrigating season. During the latter part of the season the natural flow of the rivers will be supplemented by water supplied from an im- pounding reservoir to be built by the Company, with a capacity of 190,000 acre feet. The water rights and the amount of water available are ample for the complete irrigation of at least 150,000 acres of land, and have been so certified by the State Engineer of Idaho, who has control of the appropria- an additional tract. This application has been recommended by the State Land Board and forwarded to Washington for final approval of the Secretary of the Interior. Upon com- pletion of this new segregation, the State Land Board will be asked to authorize the sale of water for a total of 150,000 acres. All lands to be watered are favorably located on the main line of the Oregon Short Line, and partly along the Ketchum Branch of that line, near Shoshone. They are just north of, and of the same excellent character as, the Twin Falls tract opened in 1905, and which has been the most pronounced success in the history of American irrigation, and which as- sures the rapid sale of the land with the accompanying water rights of the Idaho Irrigation Company. The topography of the lands is well adapted to their irri- gation, and the soil is of the highest quality for agricultural purposes, consisting of deep, finely divided loam of a dark View of Pumping Plant on Ranch of Tarr & Sellers, Platteville, Colo. Pumping Machinery was Installed by the Dempster Mill Manufacturing Company of Beatrice, Neb. tion, diversion and apportionment of all streams and surface waters within the state. The engineers of the Company have laid out the irrigating system to the satisfaction of the State Engineer, who has, under the state law, not only approved the sufficiency of the water, but also the quality of the land and the adequacy of the proposed system. Inasmuch as with- out his official determination of the adequacy of the water supply available for irrigation purposes, etc., no company is allowed to take up lands or water; the fact of his approval is a guarantee of the merit of the project. Several engineers of J. G. White & Company, Inc., have independently exam- ined into the sufficiency of the water supply and engineering details and have endorsed and approved the whole project. The State Land Board of Idaho, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, has segregated about 110,000 acres of public lands to the project. There is sufficient additional land not segregated, but in private ownership, lying under and near the ditches of the Company, to make a total of 125,000 acres, for which acreage the present contract with the state allows the sale of water rights. The Company has recently applied for the segregation ot brown color. The water penetrates this rich soil and does not run off the surface as it would on heavy clay. As the soil is underlaid by rock at a considerable depth, it retains the mois- ture for a long time and gives it up to the crops as needed. The climatic conditions are practically ideal for plant growth when water is supplied, so that under irrigation the lands will produce abundant crops of wheat, barley, oats and other grains, alfalfa, sugar beets, potatoes, and the finest quality of apples, pears, plums and other fruits, and in fact anything that can be grown in the temperate zone. Yields per acre of 85.5 bushels of wheat, 84 bushels of barley, 119 bushels of oats, 524 bushels of potatoes, 22 tons of sugar beets and 9 tons of alfalfa in the second year have been obtained on land of the adjacent Twin Falls tract, on which the conditions, location, soil, etc., are the same as on this tract. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and The Primer of Irrigation THE IRRIGATION "Potato Experiments," by R. A. Emerson, a bulletin issued by the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Uni- versity of Nebraska, is a treatise of much value to agricul- turists. AGE. 57 The photographs which are being reproduced from time to time in the columns of THE IRRIGATION AGE have been produced by the Albaugh Dover Spe- cial Folding pocket camera. This camera has proved very efficient in its operation and those who are in need of something of that kind would do well to cor- respond with The Albaugh-Dover Company, Chicago, Illinois. Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price : Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.00 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 The Primer of Irrigation, cloth, 300 pages 2.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini . : 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. Irrigators', Engineers', Prospectors' and Miners' High Cut Boots Expressly adapted for irrigation work. Made of the highest qual- ity and stock. Strong, comfort- able and dependable. Many styles. Protect the feet and keep them dry. Can be secured through shoe dealers. If not obtainable, write to us. For a dress shoe, wear.' "HONORBILT" F.Mayer Boot & Shoe Go. Milwaukee, Wisconsin THE TWO GREAT Land Papers of America THE IRRIGATION AGE THE WESTERN WORLD (Twenty-Fourth Year) (Now in its Sixth Year) The regular subscription price of both journals is: IRRIGATION AGE $1.00 WESTERN WORLD - 1.00 Total $2.00 You can subscribe now and get both for the price of one— AT ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. THE IRRIGATION AGE is the only journal of its class in the world and has been published for 24 years in this interest. If you care to keep in touch with irrigation development read THE IRRIGA- TION AGE. THE WESTERN WORLD is publishing a series of articles on the surveyed unappropriated government lands of the United States still open for entry, with maps giving locations, from quarter sections to sec- tions. Its articles give details of the nature of the soil in all townships in which the're is homestead land open for entry. Start it now. -ADDRES.S- IRRIGATION AGE 112 Dearborn Street : Chicago, 111. •USE A- PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU To get AHEAD of your competitors and be FIRST to find out about and get NEW CUSTOMERS or about (CONTRACTS to be^let [and where MA- TERIAL is wanted. To'gather the very LATEST information onj any subject] of interest to you. TO WIN your Debate, or] enrich your Essay, or Club paper. OUR drag net is WORLD WIDE. You get RESULTS^quickly, cheaply. DO NOT WAIT A MINUTE but write' for information and free' booklet showing how you can MAKE MONEY and SAVE TIME by patronizing America's greatest newspaper read- ing ^organization. THE CONSOLIDATED PRESS CLIPPING CO. 1107 North American Building -CHICAGO, U.S. A.- When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 58 THE IRRIGATION A (IE. SEND $2.50 FOR THE \ IGATION AGE One Year, and the PRIMER OF IRRIGATION a 260-page finely illu- strated work for new b irrigation $60 GOES LIKE SIXTY SELLS LIKE SIXTY? SELLS FOR SIXTY GILSON GASOLENE ENGINE GILSON MFG. CO. nw, etc. KIM TEIAL Aslcfor catalog-all sizes tat WSBMl£tal, Wit U.S. W. FIELD and HOG FENCE Highest quality— superior lock — easily erected — strong — low priced. Write us, stating what 3'ou can use and we will name you J1IMAMF SPeC'a' delivered price- nUlYIANt We make the larsest j^^Bh^B line of poultry, lawn fencin* in the REVOLVING ? BARB WIRE M UNION FENCE CO., KSMr Missouri Li£ht Draft Plows Standard For Two Generation* TRADE. MARK. JOHN DEERE invented the steel plow. " His plows have been the world's stand- ard for seventy years. It takes the largest steel -plow factory in the world to build enough of these high- grade plows to supply the demand. A Plow for You No matter where you may live, or what crops you grow, there is a John Deere plow made specially for your kind of work. 1000 different styles and shapes. Buy a John Deere and get the highest quality put in a plow. By actual tests the lightest draft plows made. Finest finish, longest life. Write for Free Booklet No. 31 Beautifully illustrated. Shows photos of plowing scenes from all countries. Lots of valuable infor- mation. Give No. of booklet and mention this paper. DEERE & COMPANY, Moline, Illinois An Opportunity — A Prize Contest Earn a New $5OO.OO Piano Earn a $5O Marlin Rifle Earn a $12 Internat'I Dictionary Earn 1OO Peach Trees Earn 1OO Plum Trees NOTE— We offer these and other prizes besides our regular cash commission. Send us no money. Simply send us your name and address and we will send you our confidential terms to canvassers, stating how you may obtain valu- able prizes FREE for a little work introducing Green's Fruit Grower in your neighborhood. USE THIS COUPON — — — ^— — — Green's Fruit Grower Co., Rochester. N. Y. Gentlemen — send me Green's Free Agent's Outfit, consisting of S different issues of Green's Fruit Grower and your confidential terms to canvassers stating how I may obtain hundreds of dollars in prizes and cash pay for a little work introducing Green's Fruit Grower in my own neighborhood. CHAS. A. GREEN, Editor. Name Town ( Green's Fruit Grower, Rochester, N. Y.) • State. SEND $2.50 FOR THE IRRIGATION AGE ONE YEAR, AND THE f\ PRIMER OF IRRIGATION A 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 59 IJMMlMMl UNION MACHINES WITH PUG MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products Mil If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO QALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 60 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Centennial Auger Machine Mascot Auger Machine Clay Working 'BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Sort Mud Machine*. Hone •nd Steam Power Hone Power Plunger Machine Product* of our Auger Machine* When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 61 Vulcan Steam Shovels For Digging Irrigation Ditches, Canals, etc. 10 Standard Sizes Tie Vnlcan Steal Shovel Coipany 130 Vulcan Place TOLEDO. OHIO WASHINGTON today offers the best opportunities to the fruit grower. An orchard or farm of your own along the Picilic Coasl Line of the Chicago. Mil- waukee 4 SI. Paul Railway will yield sure profits. De- scriptive folder free. F. A. MILLER, G.I1. A. CHICAUO. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illus- trated work for new beginners in irrigation. : ROCKFORD ENGINE WORKS ; Q Address Depl. 4. Rocklord. 111. Q The engine that will please you. It Any style engine ^ 3 to 60 horse Q power. 0 Write for special j prices. AN I.H.C ENGINE CLAIM Have you ever thought of the possibilities of ten, twenty, or more, acres of dry land if you had an I. H. C. gasoline engine to pump water to irrigate it? The land without water is practically valueless. It can be had for a few dollars per acre. With the land under water you can raise bumper crops of grain, potatoes grass, fruits and vegetables. I. H. C. gasoline engines operate powerful pumping machinery. They enable you to reclaim waste land and to make it worth anywhere from $25 to ¥200 per acre. They require but little of a man's time to care for them. For the most part, the operator may go about his other irrigating or farm duties. The engines, when supplied with fuel and started, practically run themselves. Water can always be had somewhere. The problem is to get it upon the land. I. H. C. engines enable you to take water from low lying ponds, sloughs or running streams and raise it so that it is available for irrigating the higher lands. In many places farmers are irrigating from wells, or are using the under- flow. I. H. C. engines enable them to pump the water where it is wanted and to farm their lands at a good profit. Have you on your farm a piece of land that is unprofitable because you cannot get the water upon it r Or have you your eye on a tract you would like to homestead if you could irrigate it ? Investigate the I. H. C. gasoline engines and see how well they will solve these problems for you. International local agents will supply you with catalogs and all particulars. Or, if you prefer, write to the nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Colo.; Portland, Ore.: Salt Lake City. Utah; Helena. Montana; Spokane, Wash.; San Francisco. Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA ( Incorporated ) CHICAGO, v. s. A. Get This Rife Hydraulic Ram If there is a stream, spring or pond near by and have running water wherever you want it. PlimpS Water With Water, tentionCCNo"expenselor power. nothing to get out of order. Raises water 30 feet for each foot^of fall. For Home, Farm, Irrigation, and all purposes. Over 7,000 in use. Free Plans and Estimates furnished. Write Today. RIFE ENGINE CO.. 2166 TRINITY BLDG.. NEW YOF i Don't Buy Any Fence at Any Price until you get my "Leader Fence Book" and learn how to secure the cheap- est and best all-wire field and yard fence made. Pay no royalty to trusts or factory combinations. I challenge any and all fence makers to equal the "Leader Fence" in strength, durability and price. I make the Leader Fence in the most economically run fence factory in this country, of the very best galvanized steel wire, and sell it direct to yon at world-beating prices. Or, I will sell you the wire and all materials at wholesale prices and furnish you the Perfection Fence Machine,* with which you can build the fence right on the posts at home. I am the All -Round Leader Fence Man. Write today for my FREE fence book. H. L. FAHRNEY. MANAGER, LEADER FENCE CO., Dept. 38, ST. CHARLES, ILL. [ Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age | I 1 year, and the Primer of Irrigation ) >»••••••»•«•»•••••«*"»<»»*»+«**»»<»»»»»»»••»•< When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE PNEUMATIC PIPE DREDGE The Pneumatic Pipe Dredge is a new, inexpensive device for dredging sand, silt, muck and gravel, or an material or soil susceptible to rapid disintegration by the action of water under pressure Its pipe From one to four or even more pipes can be operated from the same scow; one pump and air compressor serving for all. other or head "jets"j itself deeply "into the material to be handled, breaks it up and forces it upwards through a discharge pipe by the use of water and com- pressed air mixed under] high pressure. It is not a suction or centrifugal dredge. It] is a hydro-pneumatic ram. _ j| -i The Bed Rock Pneumatic or Compressed Air-Pipe Dredge. This shows the pipe lifting the heavy black sand out of one of nature's bed rock riffles. The precious minerals like gold and plati- num have been trapped in these pockets or riffles for untold ages, but no method to recover these stored up treasures had been devised before the advent of the pipe dredge. This dredge will enter these pockets and recover the values they contain. ATTENTION ENGINEERS. It is not possible to describe this dredge nor tell of its superiority in a few words. However, IF YOU HAVE USE FOR A DREDGER, it will pay you and save you money to look into the merits of this device. It will also save time. Here is part of what Mr. M. A. Nurse, for 18 years Chief Engineer of the State of California, says about the Pneumatic Pipe Dredge. "Beyond question, the Pneumatic Dredge embraces the cheapest and best application and utilization of mechanical and natural agencies for excavation and transmission of sand, silt, or any material susceptible of rapid disintegration by the joint action of ah- and water under pressure, that I have ever known through an active experience of over thirty years in river improvement and reclamation. It is simple in principle, cheap hi construction, efficient hi operation and must on the score of economy and greater adaptability supersede other methods hi the broadest field of riverjand harbor improve- ment essential to our State and National development." HAVE .YOU DREDGING TO DO? If you require a dredge for reclamation work, for levee building, for recovering sanu or gravel, for"filling,for channel or harbor deepening, for mining or for lifting or moving any class of material excepting boulders, DON'T OVERLOOK THE PNEUMATIC PIPE DREDGE. CHEAPEST AND BEST DREDGER IN THE WORLD. The Pneumatic Pipe Dredge can be installed anywhere within a few weeks for a small fraction of the cost of other dredges and it requires only one-fifth the labor, one-fifth the power and one-twentieth the cost of maintenance of any other dredge with similar capacity. It handles from 40% to 60% solid matter all the time and dredges handling from 26 cubic yards per hour to 20,000 cubic yards per day can be built and installed for trom $3,000 to $25,000. There is nothing to get out of order, f Any- one with common sense can run it.;^Itiis "fool-proof." . Don't you think ITpSTWORTH? WHILEMNVESTIGATING. ^_ _JOne of these dredges is operating in the heart of the City of Sacramento, California, on a contract for the city. Twice in succession this dredge has been awarded city contracts on com- petitive bids. Other contractors could not come within a mile of the price bid for the work. Yet the dredge is making money. It is practical results like this that talk. For full particulars about thejdredge and its installation on a royalty basis, address Pneumatic Pipe Dredge, Operating by Electricity, with Four Ten-Inch Discharge Pipes. Capacity over 15,000 Cubic Yards per day. HERBERT A. PARKYN, 1511 Marquette Building, CHICAGO, ILL. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. G3 THE ECONOMY OF NORTHWESTERN IRON HEADGATES Now is the time to clean out your reservoirs and ditches and get your headquarters ready for next season's irrigating. Before repairing that old wooden gate it will pay you to investigate the advantages and economy of Northwestern Iron Headgates. Many times during the irrigating season you spend money and valuable time repairing and replacing wooden gates, and next year you will have still more expense and trouble. As this is a continual expense, a wooden gate cannot be considered economical. Wooden gates are certain to swell, warp, decay and break down. You know how hard and unhandy a wooden gate is to operate and regulate. The swelling and warping of the wood naturally makes the gate stick to the bottom and sides. Often in opening you pull or pry the gate out altogether, and lose time that may mean money to you, and water that is a direct money loss. You can avoid all this trouble by getting a Northwestern Iron Headgate. It can be easily and quickly operated and exactly regulated and cannot stick, because it is operated by a wheel and screw. A wooden gate is seldom water-tight. The swelling and warping of the wood soon cause leaks. These leaks fre- quently result in break-downs and wash-outs, which generally occur just when you need the water to save a burning crop. If it is a ditch gate that goes out, the run of water for you in the ditch may be past by the time you have stopped the break. Water lost means crops lost, and crops lost means money lost. You cannot afford to take chances on leaks or wash-outs or gates of doubtful quality when you can get an absolutely water-tight and perfectly reliable iron headgate. It is worth something to you to know that your water sup- ply is safe and that you can absolutely control and econom- ically regulate it. Northwestern headgates, being made of iron, cannot swell or warp, and as all bearings are carefully planed and ground, the gate cannnot leak. No matter how well a wooden gate is made, you know that in a few years parts of it, at least, will rot to pieces and need replacing,, if the entire gate does not need renew- ing. The money you have already spent on it, put with what is necessary now for repairs and what will be required next year, would amount to more than the cost of a Northwestern Iron Headgate, which would last a lifetime without any re- pairs whatever. Here is where the greatest economy of Northwestern Iron Headgates comes in, because one North- western Iron Headgate will outlast half a dozen wooden gates. When you buy an iron headgate, price is not the only thing to consider. Your first question should be not how much will it cost, but what will it do and how much will it save. The cheapest gate is the one that lasts the longest. The first cost of a Northwestern Iron Headgate is its only cost, while to the first cost of a wooden gate you must add the expense of repairs year after year. Remember that Northwestern Iron Headgates are made particularly for western irrigation reservoirs and ditches — made to answer all requirements of practical irrigators, and to overcome all the defects of wooden gates. Northwestern headgates, as made today, are the results of years of careful study, experience and development. Quality of materials, combined with careful workman- ship and the most approved design are what make North- western headgates the most economical and satisfactory. If you have any doubt about the advantages and saving of Northwestern Iron Headgates, it will pay you to get one, set it up and try it. The trial costs you nothing because if you are not convinced that the gate will really pay for itself in the time, trouble, water and repairs it will save you, sim- ply ship the gate back at my expense. I will stand the freight both ways and pay you what it cost you to set up the gate. If I did not have a gate which I knew positively would do all I claim, and more, could I afford to do business in this way? I don't feel that I take chances, because my gate has never failed to prove my claims of satisfaction, value and economy. Write today for catalogue showing many kinds of iron headgates, some one of which you will find is especially suited to your purpose. C. D. BUTCHART, Denver, Colorado 64 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Send $2*50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation Otto Suction Gas Producers And Otto Engines Are Reliable and Cm Be Operated 87 Men ol Ordinary Intelllfenct J. A.Witter, Engineer for the Beaver Crossing Electric Light & Power Co.. Beaver Crossing, Nebr., writes: "Please send me a book of instructions on handling and running your gas producer and engine. I ha ve been running this one on horse sense, but that might not work at all times. Plant works fine. This man without special instructions, but with the use of " horse sense " causes his plant to work fine. There is a volume of praise for "OTTO" machinery i n Mr. Witter's short letter. The Otto Gas Engine Works Philadelphia. Pa. II I II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mill I I I II I I I Illl I I I II IIIIIIIII SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfielfl, Ohio, U. S. A. Writs Department K-2 for Catalog. I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Oxford Hotel DENVER, COLORADO At the OXFORD HOTEL, Denver, Colorado, you will find all the leading men interested in irrigation and all of its branches. Denver is the logical irrigation center of the United States. You will find nearly everyone engaged in or interested in irrigation projects stopping at the Oxford Located half a block from the Union Depot: Fire Proof. Modern. European Plan and Popular Pricea THE HAMILTON-BROOKS CO. PROPRIETORS Our Savings Bank Clock Will teach you to save money, at least one coin a day, for you can not wind the clock until you In- sert a coin In the slot. It has an alarm attachment and runs 24 hours each time you wind It. The coin you put in the slot un- locks the patented device which holds the winding mechanism closed until such coin is inserted. This device locks again automat- ically within a few hours, but the clock runs the full 24 hours and then you must put in another coin to wind It again. The alarm attachment makes the clock useful and you will see by the illustration that it is very ornamental. You usually wind a clock when you set the alarm and with this clock you must put in a coin, nickel, dime or penny, before you can wind it. It reminds you to save, and the bank part is large enough to hold over $80 in dimes. You are not limited to one coin a day, but can put in as many as you wish, but you must put in at least one coin or you can't wind your clock. If you do not want to save for yourself, put aside something for your son, daughter, mother or father, Christmas or birthday presents, vacation, insurance premium, clothes, etc., or buy the clock for some one you want to teach to save. Surely you have some one like this. Price. 92.50 (U. S. postage stamps accepted). Raffle one off among your friends and make some money for yourself. For premium users, we will make the following low quantity rates: NO. 775058 10 clocks at $2. 00... 980.0O 25 clocks at 1.75... 43.75 100 clocks at $1.50... $150 500 and over at 1.40. . . 700 Flitcraft Savings Bank Clock Co. 1309 Marquette Building Chicago. 111. F"Thel 1C "The Piano with a Soul" KERL £ "SOLD — when You're SATISFIED" That's the way Eckerle Pianos find homes for themselves. OUR NEW 60-PAGE flRT COLOR CATALOG will be sent free and postpaid to yon if you ssk for it. Then in the quietof yourown home you can, by means of these beautiful photographs and complete descrip- tions, read and learn just how Well Eckerle Pianos are made, why they stay in tune so long; why they last a lifetime; why they always satisfy, and why it is called the "Piano with a Soul." This book take you on atrip through one of the largest and beat equipped ->iano fac- tories in America, and explains clearly why Eckerle Pia- nos are better than other moderate price ic strum en ts. There are thirty-four of these important reasons which you should know about, scattered along the journey from lumber yard to shipping room. Send for this Art Color Catalog today. It shows our new 1908 styles in colors, quotes lowest freight* paid prices, explains our 4 different plans of payment, and tells you in the words of other buyers just what they have found the Eckerle Piano to be. After you have read this book through and talked the matter over with your family, yon can take advantage of our fair and square "Sold when you're satisfied" offer, and we will deliver to your own home, freight and delivery charges paid, the style of Eckerle Piano you prefer, and let you give it a thorough 30 days' trial. Play it yourself; let your chil- dren try it; invite your musical friends to play on it, and when the 80 days are up, let us know whether the Eckerle— "The Piano with a Soul" —has found a home with you. You take no risk whatever in trying the Eckerle Piano i n your own home, and we take but very little risk in making you this offer if you are really seeking earn- estly for the best piano at a moderate "Factory to Home" price. Write a postal or a letter right now and ask us to send yon the Art Color Catalog of the Eckerle— the piano that is hot considered sold until you are fully satisfied that it is the piano you Want to place In your home. ALBAUGH-DOVER Co. 903- 33 8 Marshall Boulevard Capital $1,300,000 CHICAGO, ILL, ALDOCO STEEL WIND MILLS Only 137.40 and up for complete steel mill and steel tower. Aldoco Mills run smoothly, quietly, and easily, and re- quire but tbe slightest breeze to set them In motion. They have solid tool steel wrist pins, and a special Rocker Ann Device Our steel towers are strongly braced, well pro- portioned and fitted with ladders. Every mill fully guaranteed. Write us. No. 13 D I A-7701-11. Complete 8-foot wheel and 30-foot tower, total weight 940 pounds. Price $37.40 No. 13 D I A-7701-12. Complete 8-foot wheel with 40-foot tower, total weight 1130 pound*. Price $43.85 No. 13 D I A-7 702-20. Complete 10-foot wheel with 40-foot tower, total weight 1260 pounds. Price $51.05 No. 13 D I A-7702-21. Complete 10-foot wheel with 60-foot tower, total weight 1600 poundi. Price $60.05 ALL SHIPMENTS HAD! FROM FACTORY N1AB CHICAGO ALBAUGH-DOVER CO. 913-938 Marshall Blvd., Chicago. III. NEW ALBAUGH-DOVER MODEL 5D-12 SEWING MACHINE 90 Days Trial A $60.00 Machine From Factory to Home for $17.95 risk whatever. drop head sewing machine. Do not class this machine with the ordinary drop head sewing machines which you can buy anywhere at $25.00 to $35.00. At $35.00 this machine would stand alone as one of the greatest values ever presented, and now when wo cut the price In two and ask only $17.95 for this beautiful piano- polished quartered oak case, with carved front and round corners, and this high arm automatic head fitted with best ball bearings and equipped with stitch regulator, double feed, spring tension, cylinder shuttle and automatic bobbin winder, also include a full set of attachments and accessories, the offer becomes the sensation of the season in sewing machine values. You don't need to take our word for it, but trust to your own judgment after you have tried the machine In your own home for 90 days. Order this machine on 0 days trial; use It alongside of any $60 Agency Machine made, and if you don't prefer the new Albaugh-Dover model No. 5D-12 machine, regardless of cost, send it back and got every cent of your money. You take no We can make quick shipment. Order today on 90 days trial. PilCE $17.95.1 Albaugii-Dover Go,, 905-938 Marshall Blvd., Chicago, III, MORE MONEY From Your Cows and Less Work\ In Getting It. PI OUR PATENTED ALUMINUM COR- M you could see the Real "DIFFERENCE' between the NEW I k CREAM SEPARATOR"1 9 and any other made— -^p^ — ,, i I Difference in amount of^^ Cream Separator. ] ' the cream you fret; Differ- ence In the quality of cream; Difference in the way the machine runs. Difference in the number of times a minute you have to turn the crank; If you could see ho w to make easily $10 to $15 more a year on each and every cow you keep, and still for your wife and yourself, you'd say: "I'll get a other machine. Every drop of milk that I the bowl of the New Butterfly Cream Separator I is actually put through the Bkimmine process 8 time*. This guarantees complete separation, and you can't Jail to get ALL Trie CREAM. New fll Cream Separator, are Hold as they ought to be. Hot b agents, but direct from ourfactory to your farm Frdght paid and on 365 d«y«' trial. Send today for Ulusf d catalog. For average use, we recom- F> Rl C E \menH Ho. 4X, capacity 450 delivered at to 500 J6s. ofmilk per hour, your town- A; Difference in the and trouble it takes to clean the skimming device — . & fl f\ fifk V V ~ others are saying get the NEW ALBAUGH-DOVER CO. 925-938 Marshall Boulevard, CHICAGO. ILL?! A Complaint from one of the largest buggy manufacturers In America. In a private letter recently addressed to the Albaugh- Dover Company he makes this complaint, and appeals to us to raise our buggy prices. "Your prices are too low. TVe do not believe there Is any other catalogue in existence (and surely no retail dealer or agent) selling a buggy as well made as your 14D-116, for instance, for less than $60.00, while your price is $50.00." We call that E pretty convincing argument, and one that should mean more to you if you are going to buy a buggy .than all the extravagant claims madein the most beautiful colored catalog ever written. This letter proves that when it comes to buggies, we are acknowl- edged privately by other manufacturers themselves to be leaders In price and quality. Why shouldn't we tell you about It ! You ought to know it, too. We Make a Specialty of tbe Best Low -Priced Buggies in America as well as the higher grades. No matter what hind of i buggy you want to buy , if you haven't gotten our catalog and price list you haven't struck "rock-bottom" In buggy buying yet. Our rigs are stylish, up-to-date, strong, and built right from top to tire. Above all, the price in every Instance is as low as the quality of the job and our email profit will permit. Send today for our catalog and Bee for yourself why other manu- facturers are complaining about ourlow "Factory-to-User" prices. Runabouts $21.50 to $82.00. Top buggies $28.50 to $110. Surreys $5 8. SO to $110. We have 35 styles of Top Buggies priced from $40 to $60. Among these you are sure to find just the rig you want at a price much less than you have expected to pay. Every buggy Is covered by our "Iron-Clad Guarantee." Write for catalog. ALBAUGH-DOVER CO., 9^.3C^^HS^0^^^KO CHICAGO, ILL. 15he RELIABLE LINE "Dempster" That's The Name High Class Gasoline Engines 2 to 12 Horse Power For Gasoline Kerosene tmd Alcohol Four Cycle Economical Powerful Will Run Anything Anywhere Irrigating and Water Works Pumping Plants our Specialty OUR LINE: WIND MILLS ALL KINDS OF PUMPS WOOD AND STEEL TANKS WELL MACHINERY GASOLINE ENGINES CULTIVATORS FEED MILLS GRAIN DRILLS IRON PIPE AND CASING COCKS AND VALVES WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS FARM AND RANCH WATER. SUPPLIES BEST TO BUY BEST TO WORK Look Carefully at the Best Windmill Head Ever Made See that Extra Bearing on the Wheel Shaft and the Center Lift Crank Roller Rim Gears and other good things DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO. '.FACTORY: BEATRICE. NEBRASKA Branch Houses : Omaha, Neb. Kansas City. Mo. Sioux Falls. S. D. Mention Department "A" when you write T3n£BNTV-F=OURTH iRRIGMION AG PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION FARMERS, DEALERS IN ATvID MANUFACTURERS OF, IRRIGATION AND GENERAL, F-A.RM MACHINERY. VOL. xxiv. CHICAGO. JANUARY. 1909. No. 3 TITLE HEOISTEHED P. S. PATENT OFFICE A Ditch for Irrigation or Drainage is not merely an elongated pit filled with water — it is an open conduit. It is an engineering struc- ture! Just as truly as is a railway. Its purpose is toj[ transport water just'as it is the purpose of a railwayito transport merchandise. Like a railway, a*drainage[or[[an irrigation ditch must, to do its best[[work,'_be^permanent and capable of trans- porting"thej[maximumj amount at the minimum cost .'i^To*[meetJ this'" condition engineers have found thatj aj ditchjf must be' true to line and grade ,' have smooth sides'and bottom, and have its[sides[sk>ped*so'as to'prevent'caving. This is the|kind[of[ditch;that:the AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR digs] to templet and in one operation. It is a ditch-constructing machine, not)| merely a machine ^[that * willjjexca vate ' an elongatedf'pitJ[inI'-the|'ground.^[LikeJeach^of the otherjmachines Kstedjjbelow it is'ajspecia'l mach- ine for^a special task. ) jj The line comprises: The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Builder The Austin Power Scraper Excavator The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Sturniy Puller and Grubber The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE SEND FOR OUR NEW COMPLETE CATALOGUE "S" F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR COMPANY Railway Exchange, Chicago, III. Morris Machine Works BALDWINSVILLE, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating proposition. Send details or specifications of what it wanted and we will recommend a pumping outfit to supply the need New Tork Office, 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office. Cor. Wood C. Willow Sis., Texas Henion 4 Hnbbell. Agents, 61 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago. III. H arron, Bickard < NcComb. Agents, 21 Fremont Street, San Francisco, Cal. MAKE YOUR LAND FERTILE If you have a tract of non-producing ground, why not make it pay you. If you have a well of any description we can help you turn the useless soil into fertile land that will bring you in profitable returns, many times the sum expended for the installation of an outfit. The outfit in the illustration shows one of our serviceable triplex pumps connected to a horsepower outfit, by which medium many ranchmen, agri- culturists and fruit men are now securing large crops of grain, grass and other growths from the irrigated ground. All the irrigation outfits we manufacture are exceedingly easy in action and are for operation by horsepower, gas or gasoline engines, belt driven, direct connected to motor, or ANY available power. They have capacities of from 3 gallons per minute to 3,000 gallons per minute, and can be adjusted to suit any conditions. Our engineering department will give their most careful attention to state- ments of conditions under which the pumps would have to work, and will submit expert advice on the matter. Our Catalogue "G" is devoted exclusively to power pumps and irrigation outfits, and if interested, we will be pleased to mail a copy on request. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO H UNION & HUBBELL, 61-69 N. Jefferson Street, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents. CRANE CO., Portland, Ore., Spokane, Seattle, Tacoma, Wash., San Francisco, Los Angeles, Cal., Salt Lake City, Utah, Pacific Coast Agents. Head Gate Hoists in all sizes and types for use in connection with timber or cast iron Head Gates and Waste Gates also a complete line of Cast Iron Gates Catalog No. 25 is devoted exclusively to Gate Hoists. We also build the New American Turbine The Dayton Globe Iron Works Co. Dayton, - - - Ohio Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND., V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments May Be Added. THE IBRIGATION AGE. 65 The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economicaland Certain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators --The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Four Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follows: First — They are more economical in the uae of fuel On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III.. U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IEBIOATION AGE. 'ERIOR SUPEIIOI DRILLS mre Used and Appreciated by Good Fafmtrt the World Orer SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: De»n & Co., - - - Minneapolis. Minn. Kingman & Co., • rcoria, 111. Ktngman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Ktngman-Moore Imp. Co., - Kansas City, Ho. Kingman-Moore Imp. Co., - Kingman Implement Co., • Harlin & Orendorff Imp. Co.. Colorado Moline Plow Co., The T. C. Powers Co., - - . . Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co., Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Ca . The H. C. Shaw Co., - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMEtlCAN SEEDING MACHINE CO.. (lac.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS , . Oklahoma, Okla. Omaha, Neb. Portland, Ore. Denver, Colo. Helena. Mont. Books on Irrigation and Drainage » The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.00 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. MACHINERY -AT- 20 to 75% off Regular Prices CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO. Bird's Eye View of our Mammoth Institution One 28 in. x 60 in. L. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 18x42 L. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 18 in. x 42 in. R. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 14x42 L. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 18x42 Atlas Automatic engine. One 15x16 R. H. Buckeye Automatic engine. 2 14x22 Houston. Stanwood & Gamble Self Con- tained engines. 6 72x20 horizontal tubular boilers, quadruple riveted, 110 Ibs. pressure. 4 72x18 horizontal tubular boilers, 100 Ibs. pressure. 4 72x16 horizontal tubular boilers, 100 Ibs. pressure. 4 60x18 horizontal tubular boilers, 100 Ibs. pressure. One 90 H. P. Economic boiler. One 125 H. P. Continental, internally fired, Morrison corrugated furnace boiler. One 48x14 triple riveted, butt strapped boiler. One 54x14 triple riveted, butt strapped boiler. 3 24-in. centrifugal pumps, capacity 3,000,000 gallons. One Morris centrifugal pump, 15-in. suction, direct connected to Duplex engine. Write for our special machinery list. Send us your inquiries for power equipment. We can save you from 30% to 75%. We buy our goods , at various sheriffs', receivers' and manufacturers' sales and positively undersell all. Send for our free bargain machinery catalog. Ask for M 803. Write for our free Machinery Stock List of Power House Equipment. 36 PHONES— YARDS 1900. Chicago House Wrecking Co, 35th and Iron Streets CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IEEIGATION AGE. Sold direct or through our distributers. Large stocks carried at convenient points all over the country, ready for quick delivery in either short or long lengths, on reels or in coils. 72 Feet 34- in. Crucible Cast Steel Hoisting Rope 202 Feet ,>,-in. Monitor Dredge Rope, 6 x 19 78 Feet I -in. Plow Steel Hoisting American Dredge Rope IN the great work of reclamation of the submerged lands of the Mississippi Val- ley there is no more active mechanical factor than our dredge rope. We make this rope with full knowledge gained from years of experience in the hard usage to which it is subjected, than which perhaps no other ser- vice can show an equal. There is not the same risk of life that goes with the operation of an elevator or a mine hoist, but ,there is greater wear, necessitating a very close study of the requisite quality of material and also experience in manufacture, to produce a flex- ible, reliable and durable dredge rope. We offer our rope to dredgemen with assur- ance of the highest uniform quality and efficiency, as proven by the many years that it has now been successfully identified with this service. American Steel & Wire Co. Chlc'go Denver New When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. an FranC,ScoWorcester 68 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Desirable Irrigable Lands Open tor Entry. Relinquishments For Sale CAREY ACT DESERT ACT CHAS. T. MANNING GOODING IDAHO "Little Yankee" IRRIGATION LEVELERS and DITCHERS i . We build three styles of Graders for leveling land for irrigation, making and cleaning lateral ditches. Send for catalogue des- cribing our "OHIO," "LITTLE YANKEE" and "SHUART' Aoaress The Ohio Road Machinery Company Box F, Oberlin, Ohio Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Trovighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KINBALL, NEB. — OR— T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bid*., Denver, Colo. STEAM SHOVELS both Traction and Railroad Trucks, Ballast Un- loaders, Placer Mining Dredges RIVER, HARBOR and DITCHING DREDGERS THE MARION STEAM SHOVEL COMPANY MARION, - OHIO WRITE FOR CATALOGUE, INFORMATION, Etc. C. W. BARNHART Western MUnagjr 7I8MONADN1CK BLDC., - SAN FR/NCIStO GAL ROBERT McF. DOBLE = CIVIL AND IRRIGATION ENGINEER: Surveys, Plans, Estimates, Exam- inations, Reports and Supervision Majestic Building DENVER, COLORADO With 24 years' experience as an Irrigation farmer at Greeley, Colo. I offer my ser- vices for the year 1909 to some Company that is in need of an Irrigation Superintendent for develop- ment work and Canal Manager. Address Jno. G. Hall 8 W. 2d St. Colorado Springs, Colo. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and The Primer of Irrigation When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXIV CHICAGO, JANUARY, 1909. NO. 3 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered ai second-clan matter October 3, 18*7, mt the Poitoffice at Chicago. 111., under Act of Marck 3, 1878. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is SI. 50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid fl.OO To Canada and Mexico 1.50 All Other Foreign Countrie 1.00 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banlu. Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is th* only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and OM readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 24 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. Irrigation Congress, Spokane, Wash., August 9-14, 1909. We are in receipt of word from Mr. Ar- thur Hooker, secretary of the Board of Control of the Seventeenth National Ir- rigation Congress, which is to be held in Spokane, Washington, in which he calls our attention to the fact that August 9th to 14th has been set as the date for the National Irrigation Congress in that city. Mr. Hooker states that this date has been selected as most convenient for those desiring to visit the Yel- lowstone National Park and Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Ex- position at Seattle in connection with the Irrigation Congress. In view of the early date at which this congress is to be held, the special congress number of THE IRRIGA- TION AGE will probably be in April instead of May, as originally contemplated. We expect to publish a 120- page magazine on that date, for general distribution throughout the central and western states with a view to inducing manufacturers and others to visit Spokane and the Irrigation Congress on the date named. Owing to the fact that Spokane is so well supplied with first class hotels there will be no difficulty in en- tertaining any number who may decide to visit the city at that time^ It is safe to say that Spokane has a larger number of first-class hotels than any city of its size in the central or western States. Our readers should begin to make plans now for the western trip in August. This is a good season of the year to visit the irrigated sections, and it is also a very desirable time to visit such points as the Yellow- stone Park and Seattle, with its great exposition. Any information which may be desired concerning the congress or other attractions in the west during the month of August, will be gladly furnished by THE IRRIGATION AGE. Should Resign. We have recently received several com- munications concerning the matter of W. A. Beard, who is acting as chairman of the Board of Governors of the National Irrigation Congress, and who has recently been ap- pointed on the Farm Life Commission by the President. It seems to be the sentiment of those who have written us on the subject that Mr. Beard .should not retain his position as chairman of the Board of Governors of the National Irrigation Congress while holding a federal position. If this is the general sentiment, he should re- sign in favor of some outsider who would doubtless be equally as efficient. We are presenting in this issue the first Power of a series of articles on Power Irrigation Irrigation. by Mr. E. C. Reybold, Jr., of Denver, Colorado. Mr. Eeybold is a recognized authority on this subject and will contribute twelve ar- ticles to be run during the year 1909. THE IRRIGATION AGE is pleased to secure the services of a man so thor- oughly competent to handle this subject. 70 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Any questions which may arise in the minds of our readers on the subject of Power Irrigation may be forwarded to this office, and replies will be published regularly at the diction of Mr. Eeybold. The editorial suggested by a conversation Eastern with Mr. C. H. Eobertson, of Wyoming, Assistance which appeared in our issue of December, Needed. concerning the attitude of the west against Gifford Pinchot and the Forestry policy is indicative of a strong sentiment against him and shows that, politically, he may change by this policy, the entire conditions in the west. The people of the East cannot understand the feeling which exists in the West against this domineer- ing, arrogant policy of the Forestry Service. They only get one side of it and that is the side which is fur- nished through the Government Press Bureau conducted by the Forestry Division which furnishes information regularly to the daily newspapers of the country. It should be borne in mind that the people of the West heartily sympathize with Eastern people when it is brought to their knowledge that a wrong is attempted against them by Congress or government officials. It may be said safely that Western people are no more quick to resent conditions of an oppressive character than are the people of the East. Why, then, should not the Eastern people investigate and learn the cause of this universal protest which comes out of the West? All that the Western people request is that Easterners investigate carefully and be npt too precipitous in form- ing opinions based upon information furnished by the Forestry Bureau. The Eastern people have no direct means of study- ing the attitude of western people and the conditions under which they are trying to build homes and this is due to the fact that no organization has as yet been perfected to combat the misrepresentations boldly put forth in forestry bureau bulletins and through Pin- chot's Press Bureau. In his annual report for the last fiscal Would year, Commissioner Fred Dennett of the Withdraw General Land Office, recommends the From Entry, withdrawal from entry of all public lands which may be irrigated that are not now capable of being utilized for homes. On that point he says : "The proper step to take would be to classify the lands of the United States in order to ascertain what public lands, which in their present condition, are in- capable of affording a home, are susceptible of irriga- tion at a cost even much greater than that now enter- tained by the Eeclamation Service, and to withdraw these lands from entry, awaiting the time when they can, by irrigation, be made homes, either by the United States Government or under the Carey Act." To one who has studied the moves of the General Land Office during the past ten or fifteen years, a suggestion or recommendation concerning withdrawal from entry of any of the public domain, is scrutinized somewhat carefully, and the suggestion by Mr. Dennett that no one can be hurt by such a withdrawal owing to the fact that desert lands which cannot be reclaimed by the individual efforts of settlers can never become a home until water is brought to it by the government, state, or by the expenditure of vast sums by private enterprises, tends to mislead. In the first place Mr. Dennett must certainly know that no private corpora- tion would attempt to develop or expend money in the survey to demonstrate water quantities and the feasi- bility of reservoir sites on land which had been with- drawn by the General Land Office. It looks very much to us as if there were "A nigger in the fence" in this suggestion, and it would be well for those interested to investigate the matter carefully and learn the exact intention of the proposed with- drawal. This should be looked after by the various western representatives in Washington in the interest of the prospective colonists and corporations who contem- plate development under the Carey Act. In other words, the suggestion of Mr. Dennett should be thor- oughly gone over by competent men in Congress before definite action is taken. Irrigation Law. In a recent discussion of irrigation law problems, a prominent Western judge and lawyer expressed himself in terms that indicate that the water users must soon be afforded that protection which is guaranteed by some public authority in nearly every profession of business. While not recalling his exact words, the sentiment of his address was as follows: "Our government has been slow to accept funda- mental principles. It is unnecessary for me to enter into a detailed discussion, to prove this to be the case. It must be remembered that Congress has spent many days and years in the discussion of land laws and prin- ciples embodied by them. The wisest and best of men have given their entire time to this subject; yet we find that, although our land laws are of the best, in- justice and fraud have not been entirely avoided. No one can read our land laws and then say without quali- fication that those responsible for them have not shown great ability and foresight. "Lands originally belong to the Nation at large. States and individuals obtain patent to them by and through acts of Congress. Another important resource is water. Under the national constitution the general government is to retain the management of streams THE IRRIGATION AGE. 71 that are navigable. The Supreme Court has decided that the States are responsible for the control and dis- tribution of waters that are not navigable. It would be presumed that where irrigation is essential, where prosperity of the fanner depends upon an actual di- version and use of water, where the doctrine of riparian rights cannot prevail, except in theory, the State would be active in formulating and putting into effect such laws as would protect the water user as has the gov- ernment in the protection of the homesteader. "When we review legislation along this line, we find that the States have but partially realized and ac- cepted this responsibility. Unfortunately California was the first State to furnish an example of the need of local regulations. The public failed to recognize that water is naturally public property. Those who used water and needed protection in that use could only go to the court. It was natural that the courts should recognize principles which are applied in humid sections of the United States. This brought about the application of the doctrine of riparian rights in an irrigated country! Never before in the history of the world was an attempt made to apply a principle more unsuited to conditions and to the needs of those who were using the waters of the streams. "Colorado followed California, and the water users have expended more in litigation than in the construc- tion of irrigation works. They have overcome the ob- stacles placed in their way by Nature, only to be en- gulfed in more serious troubles for which man can alone be held responsible. "The newer States have done better. The law mak- ers there have realized that the questions which should rightly establish a right to use water and on which that right should be based are simple. The duty of the pub- lic is therefore to establish that kind of administrative machinery which will be able to ascertain the facts. When these are found and assembled the relative rights automatically fix themselves and it only takes a declara- tion by some public authority to place a proper deter- mination into practice. "Wyoming must be given the credit for bringing the first relief to the water user. Her example would have been initiated by many other States had events followed in natural sequence. After the passage of the Reclamation Act by Congress, the Reclamation Service took an active interest in State legislation relating to the use and distribution of water. The recommenda- tions of that branch of the government service were finally crystallized into a code which sets forth plainly the desire of this branch of the government service to control the States in this particular. Not only does this code provide for special favors to the Reclamation Service, but it places the appointment of the Stats Engineer in the hands of the director of the Geological Survey. The code was prepared by an officer who never had charge of an irrigation administration and whose sole purpose seems to have been to prevent the States adopting laws which might reflect credit on men who have been recognized for many years as experts in this kind of work. "The Reclamation Service code is judged to be a failure. Those who have tried it in practice not only admit this, but they are willing to go out of their way to demonstrate it. This code lays a foundation for ob- taining the necessary facts for a determination of rights, but it does not bring a prompt settlement of disputes relating to the use of water, neither does it prescribe the proper machinery for carrying any determination into effect. "The settlement of water right controversies should not in the first instance go to the court. Our courts are already over-burdened with work. Irrigation and the problems it involves are of a scientific nature. Some kind of a competent authority should have charge of an administration which would devote its entire time and ability to the many details of this important work. If a question of law arises in connection with this ad- ministrative work, an appeal always lies and the courts can then accept the duty that comes to them with facts and evidence complete. "It is to be hoped that reform in this direction will not be delayed another period of five or ten years by an opposition that is based on bureaucratic politics or through prejudice against those whose advice must fin- ally be accepted." A western publication recently devoted a Oppressive page and a half to an article written by Use of Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the Forestry Power. Bureau, which might easily deceive its readers into the belief that there was no valid base for the opposition which has been raised by the needless and unjust regulations which have been established under his direction. That these objections to the rules of the Forest Service are not groundless THE IRRIGATION AGE has reason to know, having on hand several sworn state- ments by miners and others, showing where they have been deliberately misused by officers of the Forest Serv- ice, usually rangers. The methods employed to repress and thwart the development of the Owens River Valley is well illus- trated by a statement from a gentleman in that valley who says: "A number of gentlemen lately came from the Northern part of California to secure land for homes in the vicinity of Independence. They had traveled a long distance at considerable expense, and had left their business interests until they could secure a new loca- THE IRRIGATION AGE. tion, when they expected to make application for land and return to adjust their affairs preparatory to mak- ing that country their home. On reaching Independ- ence they sought for land which officers did all in their power to secure for them. They found first that a great body of desirable agricultural land had been with- drawn under specific instructions for the city of Los Angeles, something like 20,000 acres, in a territory tributary to Independence and upwards of 50,000 acres within a range of fifty miles had been so withdrawn that it could not be entered under the homestead act which permits homesteads within the National Forests. After several days of careful investigation they found some good land and made their selections. When they came to file they found,, to their amazement that the local office could not accept their entries but that the regulations or rules of the Forestry Bureau (not laws passed by Congress), required that they submit their application direct to the Forester at Washington; that neither the land office in Independence nor the forest office at Bishop kept any record of these appli- cations and that it would be necessary to make appli- cation to the Forester, and that if approved by him they were then referred back to the local officials of that department for a report, and if finally approved were then turned over to the Interior Department, and after another wait of 90 days for advertising the list, the land would be open to entry. In view of the fact that it takes from three to six months to get an entry approved and of record in any of the reserves, the methods employed in that par- ticular locality made the Homestead Act practically nugatory. These men could not wait, as they were not per- mitted to go on the land, and not being sure that their applications would be approved, and as there was no means of ascertaining whether one or a dozen appli- cations for this same tract had already been filed prior to their?, they became discouraged, and left the country. We are informed that it is almost impossible to get any definite knowledge without this long wait, and in any event the prospective settler would find it neces- sary to make a second trip. Thus are homeseekers hedged about by rules laid down by the Forestry Bureau, which have not been sanc- tioned by Congress. To an uninterested spectator the impression arrived at is that there is something wrong in a law which pre- vents men from building homes in desert areas where water could be secured to reclaim them. If Mr. Pinchot is at fault his work should be closely investigated. As another illustration of how men who are work- ing to develop the western country are handicapped by the rules and regulations of this department we are producing herewith a copy of an affidavit signed by S. F. Stoughton of Colorado. This tells a story in itself and needs no comments by us. DENVER, COLO., September 26, 1908. In June, 1907, I bought a half interest in a saw mill proposition, on Snake River, Summit county, Colorado. Our firm employed from 10 to 15 men and were unable to get the range rider, Mr. Bunker, to scale the logs which we had cut from the timber purchase, when we called on him to do it, he claiming that he did not have the time to at- tend to it. After waiting about two weeks for him to scale these logs, we began to look into the matter of his being so busy, and discovered that in the meantime Bunker had made several trips to Montezuma, which took him right by our mill, on personal matters, which did not require his presence there in the capacity of range rider; in fact, we dis- covered that his principal business in Montezuma was to advise our customers to whom we had sold and delivered considerable lumber, that they had better not pay us for the lumber, as the saw mill did not belong to us, and if they paid us for the lumber that they would have to pay for it again to the Lenawee Tunnel Transportation WEB work on lame pinloni KO- eoleHM — erthanflrefc A CovernorTftal Covert: In all winds. Denlopi 1" fen 20 mile wind. An h. p. In . powev needed for tern, shop, irricatlnsr. •' '. .'' '- about out wheel . Huslter. A. rbook 6 DOUBLE P V.VER MILL CO. U.S.A. IJLC Almost every farmer has a few acres of land that lie too high to be irri- gated from his laterals. To flume or siphon the water to these few acres is not practicable on account of the expense. And yet to let this land lie idle means a big hole in the profits of the farm each seasorl. The most economical and satisfactory way to bring such waste lands under cultivation is to use the powerful I. H. C. gasoline engine to pump water upon them. These engines pump water in large quantities. They are opeiated at small expense. They require but little attention. The cost of running an I. H. C. engine during an irrigating season, in- cluding fuel and attendance, is a very small item compared with the value of the crop that will be produced. Remember, the engine will be operated only a short time during the season. During the remainder of the year the engine is available for other farm work, such as running the cream separator or churn, sawing, grinding, cutting feed. etc. And even while the engine is being run to irrigate the lands, the operator does not give it his whole time. He returns to it occasionally. He can devote practically all his time to looking after the head of water which the engine pumps. The cost of the engine is only a fraction of the value of the reclaimed land. Its cost of operation for the season is only a fraction of the value of that season s crops. When you buy an I. H. C. engine you have a power for pumping that is good for many years' service. If you have land lying above the ditch, why will not an I H. C engine for pumping water be a wise investment for you? Call and see the International local agent about it. He will supply you with catalogs and give you all information desired. Or, if you prefer, write direct to the nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Colo.; Portland. Ore.; Salt Lake City, Utah: Helena, Montana; Spokane. Wash.; San Francisco, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA ( Incorporated ) CHICAGO. V. S. A. DURABLE. The only abso- I lutely successful single strand barb wire ever made. M. M. S. Poultry Fence Saves 50% We make the most complete line of Field, HOST, Poultry and Lawn Fencing In the country. Write for our new catalogue. DCKALB FENCE co., - DCKALB, ILL. Southwestern Office and Warehouse. Kansas City. Jfo Economical, Reliable Running Water Service A constant supply wherever you want it. Automatic in action— no expense for power or repairs. It's easy with a RIFE HYDRAULIC RAM Large and small rams for Country Places, Irrigation, Supply Tanks, Town Plants, etc. For every foot water drops to ram it is raised 30 feet. 7.000 in use. WRITE FOR FREE PLANS AND ESTIMATES -" LFE.EMCIJLE, CQ._, g 1 66 TBJH ITYJILDG ., HEW YORK *%*SSWN*N^WN*%^*S*S*N^AM«%^^WNXS^*%s%SW%S^S%SS*^s%*W%S%S%SWW Send $3.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely Illus- trates work fox new beginners In Irrigation. ROCKFORD ENGINES ALL STYLES From 3 to 30 H. P. Before you Rocklord Girl is the contract or tngine lhal willpleise I buy, get the Rockford proposition. Address Dept. 4, Rockford Engine Wks. - Rockfor 111. Best— Nibky— H.nJy Don't Buy Any Fence at Any Price until you get my "Leader Fence Book" and learn how to secure the cheap- est and best all-wire field and yard fence made. Pay no royalty to trusts or factory combinations. I challenge any and all fence makers to equal the "Leader Fence" in strength, durability and price. I make the Leader Fence in the most economically run fence factory In this country, of the very best galvanized steel wire, and sell it direct to you at world-beating prices. Or, I will sell you the wire and all materials at wholesale prices and furnish you the Perfection pence Machine, with which you can build the fence right on the posts at home. I am the All -Round Leader Fence Man. Write today for my FREE fence book. H. L. FAHRNEY. MANAGER. LEADER FENCE CO., Dept. 36, ST. CHARLES, ILL. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, a.nd the Primer of Irrigation When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRBIQATION AGE. Centennial Auger Machin Mascot Auger Machine Clay Working •BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Soft Mud Machines, Hone and Steam Power Hone Power Plunger Machine Products of our Auger Machine! When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IBEIOATION AGE. UNION MACHINES WITH PUG MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO QALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 96 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation Otto Suction Gas Producers And Otto Engine- Are Reliable and Can Be Operated By Men ol Ordinary Intelligence J. A. Witter, Engineer for the Beaver Crossing Electric Light & Power Co.. Beaver Crossing, Nebr., writes: " Please send me a book of instructions on handling and running your gas producer and engine. I have been running this one on horse sense, but that might not work at all times. Plant works fine. This man without special instructions, but with the use of " horse sense " causes his plant to work fine. There is a volume of praise for "OTTO" machinery in Mr. Witter's short letter. The Otto Gas Engine Works Philadelphia, Pa. SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. Write Department K-2 for Catalog. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Oxford Hotel DENVER, COLORADO At the OXFORD HOTEL, Denver, Colorado, you will find all the leading men interested in irrigation and all of its branches. Denver is the logical irrigation center of the United States. You will find nearly everyone engaged .in or interested in irrigation projects stopping at the Oxford Located half a block from the Union Depot: Fire Proof, Modern, European Plan and Popular Prices THE HAMILTON-BROOKS CO. PROPRIETORS Our Savings Bank Clock Will teach you to save money, at least one coin a day, for you can not wind the clock until you in- sert a coin in the slot. It has an alarm attachment and runs 24 hours each time you wind it. The coin you put in the slot un- locks the patented device which holds the winding mechanism closed until such coin is inserted. This device locks again automat- ically within a few hours, but the clock runs the full 24 hours and then you must put in another coin to wind It again. The alarm attachment makes the clock useful and you will see by the illustration that it is very ornamental. You usually wind a clock when you set the alarm and with this clock you must put in a coin, nickel, dime or penny, before you can wind it. It reminds you to save, and the bank part is large enough to hold over $80 in dimes. You are not limited to one coin a day, but can put in as many as you wish, but you must put in at least one coin or you can't wind your clock. If you do not want to save for yourself, put aside something for your son, daughter, mother or father, Christmas or birthday presents, vacation, insurance premium, clothes, etc., or buy the clock for some one you want to teach to save. Surely you have some one like this. Price. S2.5O (U. S. postage stamps accepted*. Raffle one off among your friends and make some money for yourself. For premium users, we will make the following low quantity rates: PAT. No. 775068 10 clocks at $2. 00... 330.0O 25 clocks at 1.75... 43.75 100 clocks at $1.50... $150 500 and over at 1.40. . . 700 Flitcraft Savings Bank Clock Co. 1309 Marquette Building Chicago. III. "The Piano with a Soul" ^•The E.C KERL £ "SOLD — when You're SATISFIED" That's the way Eckerle Pianos find homes for themselves. OUR NEW 60-PflGEflRT COLOR CATALOG will be gent free and postpaid to you if you ask for it. Then in the quietof your own home you can, by means of these beautiful photographs and complete descrip- tions, read and learn just how Well Eckerle Pianos are made, why they stay in tune to long ; why they lasts lifetime; why they always satisfy, and why it is called the "Piano with a Soul." This book taker vouon atrip through one of the largest and best equipped niano f ac* toriesin America, and explains clearly why Eckerle Pia- nos are better than other moderate price instruments. There are thirty-four of these important reasons which you should know about, scattered along the journey from lumber yard to shipping room. Send for this Art Color Catalog today. It shows our new 1908 styles in colors, quote* lowest freight-paid prices, explains our 4 different plans of payment, and tells you in the words of other buyers just what they have found the Eckerle Piano to be. After you have read this book through and talked the matter over with your family, you can take advantage of our fair and square "Sold when you're satisfied" offer, and we will deliver to your own home, freight and delivery charges paid, the style of Eckerle Piano yon prefer, and let you give it a thorough 30 days' trial. Play it yourself; let your chil- dren try it; invite your musical friends to play on it, and when the 30 days are up, lei us know whether the Eckerle — "The Piano with a Soul"— has found a home with you. You take no risk whatever in trying the Eckerle Piano i n your own home, and we take but very little risk in making you this offer if you are really seeking earn- estly for the best piano at a moderate ' 'Factory to Home' ' price. Write a postal or a letter right now and ask us to send you the Art Color Catalog of the Eckerle — the piano that is not considered sold until you are fully satisfied that it is the piano you want to place In your home. ALBAUGH-DOVER Co. 903- 93 8 Marshall Boulevard Capital $1,50O,OOO CHICAGO, ILL. NEW ALBAUGH-DOVER MODEL 5D-12 SEWING MACHINE ALDOCO STEEL WIND MILLS Only $37.40 and up for complete steel mill and steel tower. Aldoco Mills run smoothly, quietly, and easily, and re- quire but the slightest breeie to set them in motion. They bare solid tool steel wrist pins, and a special Rocker Arm Device. Our steel towers are strongly braced, well pro- portioned and fitted with ladders. Every mill fully guaranteed. Write us. No. 13 D I A-7701-11. Complete 8-foot wheel and 30-foot tower, total weight 940poonds. Price S37.40 No. 13 D I A- 7 701 -12. Complete 8-foot wheel with 40-foot tower, total weight 1130 poundi. Price $43.85 No. 13 D I A-7702-20. Complete 10-foot wheel with 40-foot tower, total weight 1260 pounda. Price $51.05 No. 13 D I A-7702-21. Complete 10-foot wheel with 50-foot tower, total weight 1600 pounds. Price 160. OB ALL SHIPMENTS HAD! FBOM FACTORY NBAB CHICAGO ALBAUGH-DOVER CO. 913-938 M.rshall Blvd., Chici^o, 111. A $60.00 Machine From Factory to Home for The most winderful offer we or any other home has ever made on a strictly highest grade ball bearing drop head sewing machine. Do not class this machine with the ordinary drop head sewing machines which yon can boy anywhere at $25.00 to $35.00. At $35.00 this machine would stand alone as one of the greatest values ever presented, and now when wo cut the price in two and ask only $17.05 for this beautiful piano- polished quartered oak case, with carved front and round comers, and this high arm automatic head fitted with best ball bearings and equipped with stitch regulator, double feed, spring tension, cylinder shuttle and automatic bobbin winder, also include a full set of attachments and accessories, the offer becomes the sensation of the season In sewing machine values. You don't need to take our word for it, but trust to your own judgment after you hare tried the machine In your own home for 90 days. Order this machine on 0 days trial; use It alongside of any $60 Agency Machine made, and If you don t prefer the new Albaugh-Dover model No. 5D-12 machine, regardless of cost, send It back and get every cent of your money. You take no $17.95 ri»k whatever. We can make quick shipment. Order today on~90 days WaI.""pilCE~$i7T5.T Albaugh-Dover Go,, 905-938 Marshall Blvd., Chicago, III, MORE MONEY From Your Cows and Much Less Work\ In Getting It. If . yon could see the Real 1" DIFFERENCE" between the NEW BUTTERFLY CREAM SEPARATOR T made- amount -uoltfc- the cream you (ret; Differ- ence in the quality of cream; . Difference in the way the machine runs. OUR ^^^ Difference in the number of times a PATENTED ALUMINUM COfN^«V minute you have to turn the crank; RUGATED SKIMMING DEVICE^SV Difference in the way the milk is fc,. If you could see how to make easily $10 to $15 more a year on each and every cow you keep, and still do it with less work for your wife and yourself. i , In tl me anO. WOUDie IS bCS tO Clean the skimming device— wnu]d cav 3.3 rnds of make, th. New Butterfly Cream Separator dllf.rent and 8 time, .s e!fici«ntMany other machine. Every drop o« milk thatenten I the bowl of the New Butterfly Cream Separator I is actually pat through the skimming proceM 8 timcc. This guarantees complete separation, and yoa can't fail to f et ALL T«E CREAM. N fly Cream Separator, are sold as they oufht to be. Not j agents, bat direct from oarfactory to your farm Fr.lght^BV 0 1 Hers are paid and an 365 days' trial. Send today f or illusf d catalog.^S a y i n S For average MM, we ncom- r*K I C mena Ho. 4V,. capacity 450 delivered to 500 168. of milk per hour, jourtovra— I ALBAUGH-DOVER CO. c.pit.i$i.ooox)o 925-938 Marshall Boulevard, CHICAGO. . E ftt f\ f\ fiA at JS XM 8W — t|7 V V ~ l get the NEW BUTTERTLY , A Complaint from one of the largest buggy manufacturers In America. In a private letter recently addressed to the Albaugh- Dover Company he makes tills complaint, and appeals to us to raise our buggy prices. "Your prices are too low. We do not believe there Is any other catalogue in existence (and Barely no retail dealer or agent) selling a buggy as well made as your 14D-116, for instance, for less than $00.00, while your price is $50.00." We call that c pretty Convincing argument, and one that should mean more to you if you are going: to buy a buggy, than alltheextravagant claims made In the most beautiful colored catalog ever written. This letter proves that when It comes to buprgieB, we are acknowl- edged privately by other manufacturers themselves to be leaders in price and quality. Why shouldn't we tell you about.lt I You ought to know it, too. We Make a Specialty of the Best Low -Priced Buggies in America as well as the higher grades. No matter what kind of a buggy you want to buy, if you haven't gotten our catalog 1 and price list you haven't struck "rock-bottom" in buggy buying yet. Our rigs are stylish, up-to-date, strong, and built _ right from top to tire. Above all, the price in every instance IB as low as the quality of the Job and our small profit will permit. Send today for our catalog and Bee for yourself why other manu- facturers are complaining about our low "Factory-to-User'T prices. Runabouts $21.50 to 982.00 Top buggies $28. SO to $110. Surreys $58. SO to $110. We have 35 styles of Top Buggies priced from $40 to $60. A mmij- these you are sure to find just the rig you want at a price much less. than you have expected to pay. Every ouggy Is covered by our "Iron-Clad Guarantee." Write for catalog. ALBAUGH-DOVER CO., CHICAGO, ILL. RELIABLE LINE "Dempster" That's The Name High Class Gasoline Engines 2 to 12 Horse Power For Gasoline Kerosene «vnd Alcohol Four Cycle Economical Powerful Will Run Anything Anywhere Irrigating and Water Works Pumping Plants our Specialty OUR LINE: WIND MILLS ALL KINDS OF PUMPS WOOD AND STEEL TANKS WELL MACHINERY GASOLINE ENGINES CULTIVATORS FEED MILLS GRAIN DRILLS IRON PIPE AND CASING COCKS AND VALVES WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS FARM AND RANCH WATER. SUPPLIES BEST TO BUY BEST TO WORK Look Carefully at the Best Windmill Head Ever Made See that Extra Bearing on the Wheel Shaft and the Center Lift Crank Roller Rim 'Gears and other good things DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO. FACTORY: BEATRICE. NEBRASKA Branch Houses : Omaha. Neb. Kansas City. Mo. Sioux Falls. S. D. Mention Department "A" whan you writ* TWENTY-FOURTH YB7CR IRRIGATION A< PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION FARMERS DEALERS IN AMD MANUFACTURERS OF, IRRIGATION AND GENERAL, FTARM M A.CH1NERY. VOL. xxiv. CHICAGO. FEBRUARY. 1909. No. 4 TITLE REGISTERED U. S. PATENT OFFICE IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE EARTHWORK MACHINES • . The' list 'of ditching and levee building ma- chines given below contains a machine for every class of drainage and irrigation earthwork. Each machine is designed to do one particular thing and .to do it better and cheaper than any other machine can do it. The Austin Drainage Excavator is the only compact, portable, practicable machine in the world for digging complete in one operation a ditch to templet with sloping sides .and true line and grade. Irrigation ditches along a side hill are a com- bination of up-hill cutting and down-hill embank- ment. The Austin Side Hill Ditcher is the only machine that constructs such ditches, cutting and embankment complete in one operation, to any desired cross section. The Austin Levee Builder is a machine for building perfect levees. It excavates the soil and deposits it on a perfectly shaped embankment and in pulverized form so that it can be solidly compacted. The other machines in the Austin series are equally distinctive and unique, each for its. own particular work. The full line comprises : The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Builder The Austin Power Scraper Excavator The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Tile Ditcher. SEND FOR OUR NEW CATALOGUE "S" F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR COMPANY Railway Exchange, Chicago, III. Morris Machine Works BALDWINSVILLE, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating proposition. Send details or specifications of what it wanted and we will recommend a pumping outfit to supply tbe need New York Office, 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office, Cor. Wood « Willow Sts., Texas Henion £ Hubbell, Agents. 61 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago, III. Huron, Bickird £ McComb, Agents, 21 Fremont Street, Sin Francisco, Cal. IRRIGATE! Get More Out of Your Land USE THE "WORLD'S BEST" PUMPS You know what amazing results follow irrigating — what the soil will do if you give it a chance. The first cost for machinery is light in comparison with the permanent re- turns. For instance, consider the Hydraeram — a modern Hydraulic Ram. It needs no fuel — nothing* but a slight fall from the water source to the Ram. It works all the time and costs according to size demanded by con- ditions, from $20.00 to $60.00 each. They can be installed in batteries of two or more, discharging into a common discharge pipe. Deming Irrigating outfits have capacities ranging from three gallons to 3,000 gallons per minute. They can be operated by horse- power, gas or gasoline engine, electric motor, belt driven or geared, or they will operate themselves as in the case of the Hydraeram — operated by any available power — any size — for any purpose. Ask for our Catalogue "C." It gives complete details of our Power Pumps for irri- gating and other purposes. The Deming Company, Salem, Ohio. General Agencies in All Principal Cities Hand, Windmill and Spray Pumps for all uses, in addition to large and small power pumping outfits. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 97 The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economicaland Certain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators --The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Four Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follows: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel. On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III., U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. P 'ERIOR SUPERIO* DRILLS are Used and Appreciated by Out Farmers Ihe WorU Orer SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., • • • Minneapolis, Minn. Kingman & Co., - Peoria, III. Kingman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Kinsman-Moore Imp. Co., • Kansas City, Mo. Kingman-Moore Imp. Co., - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingmin Implement Co., - - Omaha, Neb. Parlin & Orendorff Imp. Co., Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., - Denver, Cnlo. The T. C. Powers Co., - - Helena, Mont. Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co , Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co., - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufactureri AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS New American Turbines will improve your water power because they are EFFICIENT, POWERFUL and DURABLE. Our line of HEAD GATES and HOISTS is the most complete on the market, and we have patterns for all sizes and types. Don't forget that a reliable Head Gate is one of the important parts of any power plant. Send for Catalogue 25. The Dayton Globe Iron Works Go, Dayton Ohio MACHINERY -AT- 20 to 75% off Regular Prices CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING^CO. Bird's Eye View of our Mammoth Institution One 28 in. x 60 in. L. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 18x42 L. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 18 in. x 42 in. R. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 14x42 L. H. Hamilton Corliss engine. One 18x42 Atlas Automatic engine. One 15x16 R. H. Buckeye Automatic engine. 2 14x22 Houston, Stanwood & Gamble Self Con- tained engines. 6 72x20 horizontal tubular boilers, quadruple riveted, 110 Ibs. pressure. 4 72x18 horizontal tubular boilers, 100 Ibs. pressure. 4 72x16 horizontal tubular boilers, 100 Ibs. pressure. 4 60x18 horizontal tubular boilers, 100 Ibs. pressure. One 90 H. P. Economic boiler. One 125 H. P. Continental, internally fired, Morrison .corrugated furnace boiler. One 48x14 triple riveted, butt strapped boiler. One 54x14 triple riveted, butt strapped boiler. 3 24-in. centrifugal pumps, capacity 3,000,000 gallons. One Morris centrifugal pump, 15-in. suction, direct connected to Duplex engine. Write for our special machinery list. Send us your inquiries for power equipment. We can save you from 30% to 75%. We buy our goods at various sheriffs', receivers' and manufacturers' sales and positively undersell all. Send for our free bargain machinery catalog. Ask for M 803. Write for our free Machinery Stock List of Power House Equipment. 36 PHONES— YARDS 1900. Chicago House Wrecking Co, 35th and Iron Streets CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IEEIGATION AGE. Sold direct or through our distributers. Larde stocks carried at convenient points all over the country, ready for quick delivery in either short or long lengths, on reels or in coils. 72 Feet 34- in. Crucible Cast Steel Hoisting Rope 202 Feet 34-in. Monitor Dredge Rope, 6 x 19 78 Feet 1-in. Plow Steel Hoisting American Dredge Rope IN the great work of reclamation of the submerged lands of the Mississippi Val- ley there is no more active mechanical factor than our dredge rope. We make this rope with full knowledge gained from years of experience in the hard usage to which it is subjected, than which perhaps no other ser- vice can show an equal. There is not the same risk of life that goes with the operation of an elevator or a mine hoist, but there is greater wear, necessitating a very close study of the requisite quality of material and also experience in manufacture, to produce a flex- ible, reliable and durable dredge rope. We offer our rope to dredgemen with assur- ance of the highest uniform quality and efficiency, as proven by the many years that it has now been successfully identified with this service. New York American Steel & Wire Co. Denver s«. Francisco When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Worcester 100 THE IERIGATION AGE. Desirable Irrigable Lands Open tor Entry. Relinquishments For Sale CAREY ACT DESERT ACT CHAS. T. MANNING QOODINQ IDAHO "Little Yankee" IRRIGATION LEVELERS and DITCHERS We build three styles of Graders for leveling land for irrigation, making and cleaning lateral ditches. Send for catalogue des- cribing our "OHIO," "LITTLE YANKEE" and "SHUART" ••MM The Ohio Road Machinery Company Box F, Oberlin Ohio Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Troxighs 4jftAtag!SSS*!3S, r. * For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. OR T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bldf., Denver. Colo. STEAM SHOVELS both Traction and Railroad Trucks, Ballast I n- loaders, Placer Mining Dredges RIVER, HARBOR and DITCHING DREDGERS THE MARION STEAM SHOVEL COMPANY MARION, OHIO WRITE FOR CATALOGUE, INFORMATION, Etc. C. W. BARNHART Western Manager 71 MONADN1CK BLOC., - SAN FR4NCI350, GAL. Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND., V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments Nay Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXIV CHICAGO, FEBRUARY, 1909. NO. 4 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WBST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered u Kcond-cUn Better October 3, 1897, »t the Chicago, III., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, J2-00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid fl.OO To Canada and Mexico . l.M All Other Foreign Countries 1.H In forwarding: remittances please do not send checks on local banki. Send either .postoflke or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age it th« only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It a read regularly by all interested in this subject and n*i readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 24 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. Looking forward along the lines of the Irrigation country's commercial activity for the year Securities. 1909, there is no industry that promises so much achievement, so great an advance- ment and increase in values and so large a return on the capital invested from the banker's and investor's point of view, as well as that of the actual farmer, as securities in irrigated land. This is by no means a new industry, yet compara- tively little attention has been given it as a field for investment for the banker and investor, and as great an opportunity for the manufacturer to develop new business. All of the people are awakening to the mar- velous possibilities of irrigation in the Eocky Mountain states and the immense amount of actual wealth that will be added to the world's store by the cultivation of this now arid and idle land. Hundreds of irrigation projects all over the far west are being exploited, and millions of capital are being invested in arid lands and water rights. Stocks and bonds on these properties that formerly could scarcely be sold at all are finding an excellent market in the central west. We have long looked upon the Eocky "Mountain states as mining territory, vast stretches of semi-arid tableland with some fertile valleys where stock could be grazed, territories which would always depend on the agricultural states for foodstuffs, implements and clothing. Today, we know that when the land that can be irrigated has been brought under the ditch and the plow, we shall have an empire that acre for acre will be far more valuable and productive than the fertile fields of Iowa and Illinois. Irrigation is as old as civilization. As it is being carried on in the west today, it has all the indications and effects of a new industry. The work of reclaiming the desert on so large and extensive a scale is costly. It means the changing of the topography of parts of the country. Immense masonry dams storing millions of acre feet of water, canals that carry a river's flood and the damming of rivers themselves, all require a combination of vast energy, expensive machinery and engineering ability of the highest type. The greatest part of the work is being done by the government and by large corporations. Many of these corporations are expending millions of dollars to develop their projects, while there are any number of private projects that swell the total expenditure far into the millions, annu- ally. The financing of the many irrigation projects now under way has been carried on very quietly. It is unusual that such enterprises as are now under con- struction should have been promoted with so little dis- play and such scant notice in the financial world. It only serves to show how solid and safe these projects are. Yet, what security equals that of land? The failure of irrigation projects have been so few as to be a negligible factor in the history of the industry as a whole. It is not impossible to believe that there 102 THE IRRIGATION AGE. will be questionable projects as there are wild cat mining companies, but it will prove far more difficult to promote a gold brick irrigation scheme than other swindles, as the nature and character of the project makes it easy to determine the actual value of the security. The future of the irrigation industry from a purely investment point of view opens up truly wonderful possi- bilities. As has been stated, the great money centers of the east have not yet taken advantage of these opportunities along investment lines. Eecently the writer in conversation with one of the officials of the largest engineering concern in the country, remarked this tendency among the financiers of the east. This gentleman replied that it was a fact that the New York bankers do not, just now, look with favor upon all irrigation securities. "But," he said, "it is only a question of a little time until they will be reaching out for this class of investments and stocks and bonds of irrigation companies will find a ready market in the east." What form of investment can be as safe as that secured by productive land or the water right to irrigate such land? Are the bonds of railroads, municipalities, city lighting and water companies any better? It would hardly seem so and it is only a question of time until this will be a proven fact. There is no other industry the development of which will increase the wealth of the country in so great a degree as that of irrigation. Its development directly affects practically every manufacturer. As there is no other industry growing so rapidly with an equal amount of money involved, this great field merits care- ful consideration by the banker, the investor and the manufacturer. It is surprising to note the growing interest in irrigation which has been aroused among the people of the cities, who are just learning of its possibilities as a field for investment. As yet the opportunity to buy irrigated farms has been generally confined to the farmers of the central western states and no attempt has been made to reach the residents of cities. During the last year, however, hundreds of men in Chicago have gone to the west and southwest and secured tracts of land. These lands are sold on the easy payment plan so that men of moderate means may easily secure a valuable farm by a small cash payment. A feature of these investments, too, is that they are not of a specu- lative character. They are being made as an investment with the desire of either a home or fair and safe return on the capital. Most of these investors buy this land with the intention of becoming citizens of the new coun- try. It may be safely asserted that the irrigated lands now being opened for settlement are drawing more men from the city than the unirrigated land, and irrigation is helping more than anything else to solve the great problem, "How Shall We Get the Landless Men to the Menless Lands?" Irrigation farming is the most profitable because it is the most intensified method of agriculture. Millions of acres now arid and practically valueless will, in a few years, be watered and produce untold wealth. Irri- gation on an extensive scale is just getting well started and with its development will come the opening of mines of all kinds in which the Rocky Mountains are so rich and as yet undeveloped for lack of capital, of railroads and cheap material. Irrigation will bring the railroads sooner than anything else. Much has been said of the "Last West," meaning the last of the government homestead lands that were practically a gift to the hardy pioneer who braved the wilderness and waited ten, twenty, or thirty years for civilization to come to him. True, these lands are gone and in their place is irrigation, and instead of it requiring a score of years to develop a new country, where water is turned onto the arid lands, modern cities and farming communities are developed in a single season. Irrigation, is the latest chapter in the agricultural development of the country. To those who follow it, who read the signs of promise and consider the wonders it has already accomplished, it marks an epoch — an era of growth and wealth making that is almost beyond belief and is more like a dream than a reality. As yet the wonders and possibilities of irrigation are more potential than actual, just as all of the water flowing into the sea would furnish light, power and heat for the world, with this difference, that all of the power cannot be utilized while practically all of the land can. Here then is the great open door for development not alone for the farmer. It is the opportunity for the banker to get the safest and best return on his idle capital; it is the opportunity for the manufacturer to develop a new field for his product and it is a splendid opportunity for the salaried man and man of small means to get for himself at a reasonable cost property that in a few years will provide not only a home but a competency. This year will see greater development in this field than any previous one and those who grasp the opportunity now will profit more than those who come later. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 103 The Seventeenth National Irrigation Con- Seventeenth gress is to be held at Spokane, Washing- Irrigation ton, August 9th to 14th, 1909. Congress. This gathering will be attended by from four to five thousand accredited delegates, and it is certain that with the publicity given, twenty- five thousand people will be entertained in that de- lightful city during the week of the meeting. Special efforts will be made to induce people from the central and eastern states to stop off at Spokane for a few days en route to the Alaska- Yukon Exposition which will be held in Seattle. THE IRRIGATION AGE will make its April edition a special Irrigation Congress number of 120 pages of finely illustrated matter concerning the northwest. All of the larger irrigation enterprises will be written about and illustrated, and taken all in all, this will be the most elaborate publication ever gotten out. along irrigation lines. It is our impression that the various interests along the lines leading to Spokane should carry an advertise- ment in this number, which will contain an invitation to visitors and delegates to the Congress to stop off and investigate the possibilities of their respective localities, both from an agricultural and commercial point of view. The citizens of Inyo county, California, WhyWasthe , , , ,,. ,. have asked this very pertinent question Owens River , ,, ,, , , . „ , and the Reclamation Service people mav Project ,. , ., , . , nnd it necessary to furnish a detailed Abandoned? , , , , . reply at some early date. The records show that the abandonment was made by the acting Secretary of the Interior during the absence of the Secretary on a tour of inspection of the varied projects. About the middle of July, 1907, a few days before he started on this trip, the citizens of Owens Valley forwarded to him a petition setting forth their rights and praying for a hearing. In this petition they conceded the justice of granting municipal water to the city of Los Angeles under the act of April 16, 1906, which was an act to make provision for all municipalities under the Keclamation Service. In the petition the citizens set forth their claims to certain storage rights and water appropriations which had been turned over to the JReclamation Service officials on the ground, at their urgent solicitation, including a reserroir with a capacity of 200,000 acre feet; this tender was made direct to the Reclamation Service in Washington through the Hon. Francis G. Newlands of Nevada, and this petition, along with several others relative to the rights of these people have never been acknowledged and no opportunity whatever has been given the people of that valley to clearly set forth their rights. During Secretary Garfield's trip, both at Reno and Los Angeles, he was within a day's ride of the Owens River Valley and two day's time would have sufficed, so the citizens state, to have made a careful inspection of this project and have given the citizens an opportunity to be heard upon their petition. Evidence in the possession of the Owens River Val- ley people shows that a pack train of the Geological Survey at work in the Valley was sent to Independence and remained there several days awaiting the arrival of the party to carry them over the Kearsarge trail into the Kings River country. About this time a rumor from Los Angeles indi- cated that the project had been abandoned, but the citizens refused to believe that such action would be taken without granting them a hearing to which they were entitled under the law and rules of the Depart- ment. They made repeated efforts to get in touch with the Secretary to arrange for a meeting. After the ex- piration of eighteen days, and after the Secretary had left for the East, official notice was received abandon- ing the project. The letter shows that this • action was taken on July 12th; the letter of announcement was written on July 22d and received in Owens Val- ley July 27th. Subsequent to this action it has de- veloped that the Acting Secretary is the same individual who had been instrumental in preparing the Act of June 30, 1906, in favor of the city of Los Angeles, and that said Act as at first submitted to Congress was prepared in his office. The citizens of Inyo County still refused to be- lieve that Secretary Garfield was an intentional party to such action. In order to fully comprehend what was thus care- lessly thrown aside by the Reclamation Service, a gen- eral glance over the situation will be necessary. The evidence shows that the investigation of the Service covered only one-half of the water available for reclamation, and even upon this basis the project was declared feasible, and one of the largest and cheapest in the west, and that upwards of 100,000 acres of gov- ernment land would be made available to settlement in addition to supplying the full needs of the patented lands. The great basin of the Mono Lake watershed, which lies adjoining the upper waters of Owens River, was, it is stated, intentionally left out of the calculations of all the engineers. Mono Lake is about two-thirds the size of Owens Lake, but the rising of its levels for the past twenty years proves that it receives nearly as much water as the latter. The lake surface of the two basins is approximately 140,000 acres. The known evaporation and fluctuations of levels shows an annual precipitation equivalent to from 750,000 to 1,000,000 acre feet. It is safe to say that the amount available 104 THE IRRIGATION AGE. for irrigation would be considerably in excess of this amount. The Sierra Nevada forms a range nearly 350 miles along the western border of these two basins. The altitude of this range is from 11,000 to 14,- 500 feet, making an area of nearly 1,500 square miles which lies within the belt of heavy snow fall, and subject to more or less rainfall in the summer seasons. The Mono Lake basin and Long Valley at the headwaters of Owens River also lie within the snow belt. These, together with the White Moun- tains, and other ranges lying to the east of these valleys gives another 1,500 square miles lying within the range of moderate annual rainfall. All of these upper lands are water bearing. The total area of the two great basins aggregate upward of 2,500,000 acres. From this source of water supply, it was possible for the government to have reclaimed upwards of 350,- 000 acres of as fine a body of land as is to be found anywhere throughout the great interior basin, nearly all of it lying below the 4,500 foot level, and capable of producing any crop outside of citrus fruits. By an extension of the system there could have been included 200,000 acres more land on the eastern slope of the Sierras. The Reclamation Service also had within its con- trol a large part of the main channel of the Owens River, and several of the smaller streams. The fall between Long Valley and the Owens Valley is over 2,000 feet. The power available and which could have been applied to the pumping of water upon the lands to the south and east would have been sufficient in itself to have reclaimed 100,000 acres. These lands lie in the midst of the greatest mining regions of the west. The streams furnish sufficient power to make this rich and populous as the coal regions in the east. The citizens of Owens Valley had developed by their own unaided efforts a very great canal system, aggregating nearly 200 miles in length of main canals, with a carrying capacity of upwards of 40,000 inches, and had in process of reclamation a large and fertile body of land. They found during the dry years, eight or ten years ago, that the natural flow of the main river, both spring and fall, was inadequate to supply the large volume of water required. They joined forces and made application for a number of reservoir sites, and had already begun construction on some of these and only awaited the action of the department granting them a right of way, to begin on the others. Their irrigation system was almost free from indebtedness and was wholly owned and controlled by the resident landowners. The annual water rates were not as great per year as is charged by the month or even by the day in many parts of California. At this juncture the Reclamation Service came into the field, and after doing a little investigating, laid before these people a plan whereby the government would take over their reservoirs, impound all the flood waters and winter flow; give to each appropriator and canal such volume as their measurements would show they were entitled to, and provide all additional water required at the regular government rates. This propo- sition was submitted to the citizens in the form of a petition and signed by nearly ninety percent of them. They turned over to the Service all of their reservoirs without compensation on the promise of the officials to restore them in case they were not needed. It is stated that the officials also agreed to allow the applicants the use of the field notes and maps for all reservoirs not required in the government project. Among the reservoirs thus turned over to the Ser- vice was one having a capacity of 100,000 acre feet which could be filled twice each season, making avail- able 200,000 acre feet of water. At the request of the citizens, and the applicants who filed in their behalf, this site was tendered to the service directly in Wash- ington by Mr. Newlands. At the request of the citi- zens Mr. Leon H. Taylor, engineer in charge of the Truckee-Carson project, was sent to investigate this proposed reservoir. His report showed that it was feas- ible; that it would not cost to exceed $300,000; that a large volume of water would have been available in six months, and that construction could proceed without affecting its use continually; and that with the use of the river at flood stage it would be possible to reclaim nearly half the body of lands included within the proj- ect previously investigated by the service, and that the cost would not exceed $6.50 per acre for both reser- voir and the ditches necessary to put it upon the land. The Act of April 16, 1906 (Publit No. 103), amendatory of the Reclamation Act (Sec. 4), reads as follows: "That the Secretary of the Interior* shall, in ac- cordance with the provisions of the Reclamation Act, . provide for water rights in amounts he may deem neces- sary, for the towns established as herein provided . . . and other towns or cities on or in the immediate vicinity of irrigation projects, which shall have a water right from the same source as that of said project for the delivery of such water to some convenient point, and for the payment into the Reclamation fund of charges of the same to be paid by such towns or cities . . . ." Section 5 of said Act provides for the re- taining of sites for power plants on any reclamation project, and authorizes the service to construct such plants for use in the development of water by pumping, etc. The citizens, by petition filed in June, 1907, just prior to Secretary Garfield's trip to the west, acceded THE IRRIGATION AGE. 105 to the needs of the city, supposing that the department would be enabled by the terms of this Act to make such provision as was deemed equitable and necessary. Such an appropriation of water under the Eeclamation Project, and under this Act, would have given the city all of the water which the Secretary deemed necessary for domestic and municipal purposes, and would have been a complete bar to all future encroachments — leaving the Owens River Valley people absolutely pro- tected and free to proceed with their. own development. The Act of June 30, 1906, in favor of Los Angeles, makes specific provision in Section 3 that all legitimate rights both in land and in ditches, reser- voirs and water appropriations shall be protected. The Reclamation Act of June 17, 1902, makes specific provision that the government stands upon the same basis as an individual in the appropriation of water, and must take it subject to the state law. The Forest Act passed by Congress makes provision that the citizens of the state shall have the right to enter upon said reservations for the appropriation of water under the state laws. Notwithstanding these and numerous decisions of the courts, and the rules and regulations of the depart- ments regarding the use of rights of way for ditches and reservoirs, not a single reply or even an acknowl- edgement has been received by these people to their various petitions praying for a hearing to determine their rights. The individuals who filed on the reservoir sites, the associated ditches, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Board of Supervisors of Inyo County, have addressed numerous petitions both to the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Agriculture, to none of which has there been a reply; no relief granted for which the petitions prayed, no hearing granted, the citizens being left in utter ignorance of how to protect their rights. Who is to blame for this condition? Will some government official explain. Reclamation Service. Certain citizens of Colorado have an- nounced their purpose to test in the Fed- eral courts the power of the Secretary of the Interior to refuse the g^^ of rignts Qf way Qver public lands for irrigation canals, on the ground that to do so "will interfere with the plans of the Reclamation Service." The particular contention is based upon the fol- lowing facts alleged. Surveys and maps were made and filed with an application as required by the statutes of Colorado, for a canal to divert water from the Grand River in the western part of that state. A small por- tion of the right of way needed crossed sundry vacant government lands in the canyon, necessitating the ap- proval of the Secretary of the Interior as prescribed by the rules of the department. After a delay of nearly a year this application was rejected on the grounds, solely, that the plans of the Reclamation Service might be interfered with. No opportunity was given the applicant to be heard, al- though it is claimed that in no particular, as a matter of fact, does the private project affect the other. It is from this arbitrary decision that steps are taking to appeal to the courts for redress. Five or six years previously the Reclamation Ser- vice ran several preliminary lines with a view to ulti- mately constructing a canal to cover certain lands in that section, one-half still vacant and the balance pat- ented, which were at the outset withdrawn from entry. For several years thereafter the government took no further steps or apparent interest in the project. Then an Irrigation District was organized, surveys made, and bonds voted for the purpose of supplying practically the same territory, but the government re- fused to restore the public lands and finally openly dis- played its opposition to all local initiative. Whenever the efforts of private endeavor were renewed agents of the Reclamation Service would reappear and by one means or another -harry and defeat local progress. When the right of way intended for the use of the District territory was rejected as aforesaid, not a yard of earth had been moved, no application to the state authorities for right to divert water had been filed, nor the final location of the canal line been determined upon by the Reclamation Service. This condition of affairs continues to this day, although tens of thous- ands of dollars of the reclamation fund have been exhausted in "preliminary" investigations. But because it is proposed when funds are availa- ble, admittedly some years hence, such a canal may be constructed, the effort of private capital meantime to develop that section is defeated by this ruling of the Secretary of the Interior, made repeatedly in other in- stances, that such an effort would "interfere with the plans of the Reclamation Service !" Invariably this ruling has effectually blocked local operations because capital cannot be enlisted for con- struction -where it must face a test with the general government over rights of way. In addition to the question whether the state con- trol of .the waters of its public streams can be defeated in this way and the right of its citizens guaranteed by the constitution of Colorado to divert4 such waters be denied, it is probable also that the very constitu- tionality of the Reclamation Act itself will be attacked in this suit. Another phase of the autocratic methods employed by the Secretary of the Interior in conjunction with 106 THE IRRIGATION AGE. the Reclamation Service is illustrated by the following performance : Just across the southern border of Colorado, in New Mexico, is the Red River, a tributary of the Rio Grande. The stream flows from a canyon and is cut deep below the adjacent tablelands, consequently prac- tically no diversion of its waters for irrigating, on ac- count of the great expense involved, has ever been made. One of the adjacent mesas covering about 40,000 acres was selected by the territory in its allotment of public lands granted by Congress for internal improve- ments, etc. A couple of years ago a syndicate of Den- ver capitalists secured an option for this tract from the New Mexico authorities on terms favorable to all concerned, subject to the report of their engineers. After an outlay of several thousand dollars a canal line was finally located and maps of the survey and an appli- cation were filed with the territorial engineer, as required by the statute. The line adopted in the canyon ran across a few miles of public lands, worthless for any other purpose. Application was made to the Secretary of the Interior for the right of way. After some months' delay this was rejected on the ground that "it would interfere with the plans of the Reclamation Service," which has announced its intention to build a dam across the Rio Grande River, not far from El Paso, several hundred miles below, to impound flood waters for the use of private lands in Old Mexico and Texas. After a loss pf several months' more time, and at a considerable additional expense for agents and attorneys employed to solicit the authorities at Washington, nothing was accomplished. The Governor of New Mexico became enlisted and finally, through his personal efforts, the right of way was secured, the territory threatening to give back the tract to the government as worthless if so prevented by the Secretary of the Interior from getting water for it. This transaction began and terminated long since other private capital on the head waters of the same Rio Grande river, in the San Luis Valley of the Colorado, has for years tried to obtain other similar rights of way for supplemental irri- gation, only to have their applications refused, because if granted they also "would interfere with the plans of the Reclamation Service, proposing to carry out the El Paso project." It remains to be seen if the people of Colorado will submit to this plain outrage upon their rights. EDITORIAL NOTES. BY Q. L. SHUMWAT. Executive Chairma* American Irrigation Federation. $2 ^••^H — «v«^ •50 i^^^^^m Will pay for the one year and IRRIGATION. IRRIGATION AGE the PRIMER OF One of the difficulties agitating water users under Federal irrigation projects is: "Shall the government charge for 'betterments' and 'maintenance,' after having announced the estimated cost of the project, and per- mitted settlement?" The Executive Committee of the American Irriga- tion Federation is of negative opinion. It would seem that the published estimate, and the law which says, "The estimated cost shall be the cost," was meant to settle that question. At any rate there is an implied contract, as well as verbal one from the field engineers, which should not be violated, especially from the paternal side. It seems inconceivable and unrighteous that a gov- ernment should compel its home builders to pay for the errors of its bureaus and engineers. It is probable that no censure should rest upon any one for these errors, for the sudden growth of the reclamation service called into it a great number of inexperienced individ- uals. That, however, should not inspire the government to put the burden upon the shoulders of the home builders. This attitude on the part of the reclamation offi- cials, in refusing to acknowledge their human propensity to err, will only engender a bitterness and an antipathy between the home makers, and the government that can do no one any good. It would be a mistaken policy on the part of the government to try to drive these present occupants off the land, and it would have that effect, if these unreasonable charges are insisted upon. To be sure, there is in most water users' districts a sort of a contract with the Secretar yof the Interior, that says the association members agree to pay main- tenance, etc., but this contract was, I am sure, endorsed at the solicitation and, I may say, determination, of the Federal officials, and was hardly understood by those who voted affirmatively thereon. I mentioned the fact at the time through these columns, and spoke of the "love-feast," where those who did not understand had not participated. One of the ridiculous provisions of this contract is that the Secretary of the Interior has absolute authority to alter and amend his part of the contract at will. On the other hand, the water users are solemnly bound. Even the inferior lawyers in the service should know that such a contract is void, but I would not expect THE IEEIGATION AGE. 107 Morris Bein to make that acknowledgment. I have been sorely disappointed in Mr. Bein. His loooks sug- gest greater knowledge than his actions indicate'. At any rate the time is here when the crisis in the lives of many who have been lured by the hope that the government wanted its lands occupied by homes, and it's up to the administration of the affairs of the service to do or not to do. If they decide on the latter it involves appeals to congress and legal troubles galore. The Stockgrowers' convention recently held at Den- ver has again denounced the Pinchot policy. -The. east should take notice that the west does not want this bar to its progress. The new- Governor of Colorado, Honest John Shafroth, the new United States Senator from Colorado, Hon. Chas. Hughes, are each the result of the western spirit which is against the Pinchot pol- icies. And just as we had begun to think that Secretary Garfield had some ideas independent of the king of the Tennis Cabinet, he comes out with a silly request for an enormous sum to prosecute land thieves. The sum he asks for would buy today practically all of the land that has been obtained through the administration of those laws, where any question might be raised. The great land steals of the country are untouched by the administration. Eeally and truly, in summing up the whole line of prosecution instituted by the Federal government for violations of Federal laws, we find in the jails and penitentiaries only a few so-called land thieves who were too poor to battle with the might of the whole United States. Perhaps the few convictions made and the fact that they were the only ones of consequence, is the reason behind this proposal to carry on the farce. One of the peculiarities of the persecution has been that those who to all appearances are the guiltiest in the way of these so-called frauds have a way of obtain- ing immunity. One of the most popular of western senators with the administration at Washington — one who is counselling with the President oftener than any other — has never been touched. Yet it is claimed that cowboys, carmen and women acquired through home- stead and desert land acts some 50,000 acres of land that was turned over immediately to a large cattle company in which he was interested. We are curious to know how he has escaped the Federal sleuths. SEVENTEENTH NATIONAL CONGRESS To Be Held it Spokane, Washington. Aug. 9. 1 4, 1909, BY AUfiUST WOLF Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age r, and The Primer of Irrigation Advantages of community life in localities where the soil is cultivated in the most intelligent manner possible and where orchards and fields are watered by scientific means will be brought prominently to the fore at the sessions of the 17th National Irrigation Con- gress in Spokane, August 9 to 14, under the presi- dency of George E. Barstow of Barstow, Texas. It is expected there will be between 4,000 and 5,000 accred- ited delegates. Arthur Hooker, secretary of the local board of control, of which E. Insinger is chairman, has advices that large delegations will come from Texas, Colorado, California, Idaho, Montana, Washington, Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, Arizona, Oklahoma, New Mexico, also that Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, the Dakotas, Minnesota, Wis- consin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania and states in the south and New Eng- land will have representatives. Massachusetts, Ver- mont, New Hampshire, Ehode Island, Maine and Mary- land will have special delegates. Possibilities under intensive cultivation will be demonstrated and among the other prominent subjects for discussion will be the reclamation of swamp and arid lands, conservation of water, preservation and re- habilitation of timber areas, deep waterways, good roads, drainage and home-building. These matters will be discussed by federal officers, scientists, railway officials and foreign representatives. The delegates to the National Irrigation Congress will have the privilege of participating at the formal opening of the Spokane Coliseum, to be erected by the National Apple Show, Inc., of which Louis W. Hill of St. Paul, president of the Great Northern Eailway Company, is the head. The hall will be the largest west of the Eocky Mountains and will accommodate from 15,000 to 20,000 persons. The structure will be of steel and reinforced concrete, and is to be ready in time for the congress. Preliminary plans already made provide for a re- ception by the people of Spokane and the Inland Em- pire in honor of the delegates and visitors. This will be during the opening day. Another feature will be an industrial parade, with floats representing the busi- ness houses, affording also opportunities for the vari- ous districts in the irrigated areas of the west to dis- play their products and other means of showing the progress made in the communities. It is also planned to have a military parade, in which companies of United States soldiers and state militia will participate, and another pageant will be a march in review bv civic and fraternal organizations. In this it is purposed to have several hundred repre- sentatives of Indian tribes, mounted and garbed in festalday raiment, also squaws and pappooses. The crowning feature of the street demonstrations, however, will be the parade of the Irrigation Army, to be marshaled from the irrigated belts of the Pacific and western and southwestern states. The marchers will wear distinctive uniforms, with caps and banners 108 THE IRRIGATION AGE. bearing the names of the districts represented. There will be a trophy cup for the company making the besl: showing. It is expected to organize marching clubs in at least 150 communities in these states, so that from 10,000 to 12,000 men will be in line. Most of the clubs will be accompanied by bands, which will be massed at the close of the parade. A chorus of 1,000 voices will be organized early next spring to sing the Irrigation Ode at the opening of the Congress. The singers will be drilled once a week in the state armory. Other features are also being considered by the executive committee. The board of governors, of which W. A. Beard of Sacra- mento, Cal., is chairman, will have charge of the final arrangements of the program. These have not yet been worked out, but it may be said at this time that in addition to the addresses and speeches there will be banquets, theater parties and side trips to the lake and river resorts and fruit belts in various parts of the Inland Empire. The practical side of the congress will include demonstrations of the methods by which moisture is scientifically applied to lands in the Inland Empire. This will be shown in the Spokane valley, where pump- ing and gravity systems are employed. The demon- strators will be from the agricultural department at Washington, D. C., and state colleges and experimental stations. There will be excursions to the fruit belts in the Yakima, Wenatches, Okanogan and Colville val- leys so that one or more of the sessions can take place in the vicinity of the big irrigation plants operated by the federal government and private companies. Another excursion is to he to the Coeur d'Alene reservation, east of Spokane, which contains the largest stand of white pine timber left intact on this conti- nent. Practical reforestry and means of fighting forest fires will be demonstrated there, while in the northern part of the district opportunity will be afforded to study the reclamation of swamp lands. Aided bv fed- eral and state appropriations the local board of con- trol will have ample funds to provide for what gives every promise of being the most successful congress in the history of the organization. BLUEWATER WXEY x— x NEW MEXICO »— « Alfalfa in the Bluewater Valley, New Mexico. BY OLANDER. Plowing and ditching is still going on — the weather has been open and everyone is getting- ready for the spring seeding. The Bluewater Development Company is setting out the first orchard planted in the valley. The varieties of apples are Winesap, Spitzbergen, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Winter Banana, Delicious and Ben Davis. They are also planting the Oxheart and Lambert cherries, currants, raspberries and gooseberries, plums and pears. The fruits which will be raised here will undoubtedly have a beauti- ful color on account of the presence of such a large quan- tity of oxide of iron in the soil. It gives the settler such a comfortable feeling to know that he can go to work at once on his land here, making partial payments on the purchase price and not have exces- sive interest accruing on the back payments. Most of us will have our land paid for before the contracts commence to bear interest at all. We have no interest, no mainte- nance charge for water, and no taxes to pay for three years after purchasing. If the contract runs more than three years, the interest rate is only six per cent. The Bluewater Company, we are informed, is also agreeing in its contracts to refund to the estate of any purchaser who may die before making final payment on his land all the money which the purchaser has paid upon his contract, if his heirs so desire. This provision assures the purchaser that he can not lose the money he pays on his land — if he lives his efforts on the land will greatly in- crease its value and if he should die his family can have the money back if they so desire. Mr. Walker will plant a large acreage of celery. Judg- ing from the numbers of settlers who are going to plant celery, "Bluewater Celery" should become well known on the market. It will be the aim of all those who plant cel- ery to produce a superior quality. As a stock feeding community, Bluewater valley, probably excels any other. The advantage of a main line railroad, high priced market to which to ship, at Los Angeles, irrigated lands in the valley on which to raise winter feed and above all the immense area of grazing lands surrounding the valley, which can never be farmed on account of their configuration, and also the smaller loss because of a mild climate make the Bluewater Val- ley a splendid location for stock raisers and feeders. A large proportion of the Colorado feeding lambs are purchased at Grant's, in the lower Bluewater Valley, shipped' to Colo- rado, unloaded, fed and reshipped to distant mar- kets at a profit. If this feeding were done at Blue- water, think of the saving in freight, the smaller loss in shipping, the smaller climate loss, etc. Then, too, Los Angeles is a much higher priced mar- ket than Denver, Omaha, Kansas City or Chicago. Wild grasses four feet in length have been cut on the grazing area at Bluewater, and with such conditions it will be but a short time until the valley is settled with a communi- ty of small stock farmers. THE IKEIGATION AGE. 109 WATER RIGHTS IN THE BUHL COUNTRY. BY TAYLOR. The most important legal right in an irrigated coun- try is a perfect water right for irrigation purposes, and the most valuable property that can be owned in such a country is a perfect, perpetual, inalienable water right. When it is remembered that irrigated lands produce more abundantly, and a far better quality of crops than any other kind of lands and that, ordinarily, there can be no such thing as a crop failure, it is readily seen how dif- ficult it is to estimate the real value of a good water right. The water rights in the Buhl country, embracing 150,- 000. acres of the finest land on the globe, in the center of which is located the progressive and rapidly growing town of Buhl, are the best water rights that can be acquired under any law yet made. Every step required by the laws of the United States and the state as well, in order to ac- quire and establish a perfect, perpetual and inalienable water right for the irrigation of the lands of the Buhl country, has been taken, from the posting of the notice of appropriation at the point of diversion to the full completion of the works and canal systems by which the water is conducted on and applied to the land, and the application of the water to the land. The water right in the Buhl country attaches to and becomes appurtenant to the land the moment the title passes from the United States government to the state of Idaho, or to an individual under the Gary act, and remains The Milner Dam Across Snake River Source of Water Supply for the Country Around Buhl, Idaho. thereafter and forever an inalienable appurtenant to the land. The next thing "in importance to the water right itself is the priority right to use of the water. In this respect the Buhl country occupies an enviable position, for it has a priority water right .over all the other great irriga- tion projects in the state of Idaho, taking their water from the Snake river. It has priority No. 1. The value of this priority right is inestimable and cannot be fully appreciated by any but those who live in irrigated coun- tries. No one familiar with the conditions existing in the Buhl country and the immense volume of water carried by the Snake river, together with the numerous reservoirs in course of construction and in contemplation for the conservation of the waters of the river until needed en- tertains the slightest fear of a scarcity of water ever oc- curring in the Snake river valley, but if, possibly, the Buhl country would not suffer the loss of a single drop to which it is entitled, for, as said above, it has priority No. 1, and therefore must receive all its water before any of the other projects could get any at all. This fact should be borne in mind by persons intending to invest in land or town property on any of the various Gary act projects now under way in the state of Idaho. Anyone wishing further information, write to the fol- lowing firms: Buhl Investment Company, Shank & Wil- kinson, Idaho Realty Company, Monahan & Kerley, Buhl Land Company. The Art of Irrigation CHAPTER NINE By T. S. VAN DYKE When you look at your fine streams a few hours after starting them you may find half or more of them stopped with the rest carrying all the water. You may have discovered before that you can not carry all your knowledge on your finger's ends. That you could not think of it all at once is no fault of the system. You very naturally tried to take a lot of small streams out of the side of a ditch. Had it been a larger ditch it would have cut out some of the openings and flooded the whole place. But even with a small one you can- not safely take out water if it is running on a slope sufficient to give it a reasonable velocity. You may fix it so as to prevent cutting but it will not feed the fur- rows with uniformity. You must take out the head into a smaller ditch alongside of it so as to keep the surface level. This ditch must have no more flow than is needed to feed the furrows. It must not be too long or the level necessary to give uniformity will be lost. It must generally be a series of levels if streams are to be taken out by running furrows into it. You do all this and soon come to grief again. Some of the streams soon become too small to run through the tract. Same old story — you did not stop to think about it. On almost any light, loose soil the smallest streams are liable to cut in one place and fill in another. If the main stream carries silt the build- ing bars at the mouth of some of the furrows is cer- tain, either stopping, or reducing, the flow; while oth- ers cut out more at the head under the increased pres- sure brought on the second ditch by the stoppage of the others. This second ditch is sometimes called the "head ditch" to distinguish it from the main ditch or canal, but for many furrows you must have something harder than earth to regulate the flow into them. Coarse, gravelly ground and tough clays of some kinds permit quite a number of streams sometimes but it is not well to rely on them or you may pay for it later on. I have run as high as forty at once on very gravelly ground without any regulators and I have good soil where I can not trust even four. So it is best to put in something at the start unless you have ground \m- usually tough, when, for small garden work, you can- not lose much time chasing after them. It is common to regulate the flow with straw, weeds, rags, brickbats and all sorts of things. This is recognizing the difficultv and resorting to the stupidest way of avoiding it. The failure to do this properly and using all sorts of makeshifts to save a few dollars has been a prolific source of failure to realize the best results and has cost in the end many times what has been saved. Bags half filled with earth are the best makeshift, because there is slight danger of the water getting behind them if not too full and if properly tamped down. But they are far inferior to wood, iron or concrete properly fixed. In many cases four laths nailed together make a square conduit which is cheap and quite effective. These are often placed in the bank of a main ditch if not too large without the intervention of a second ditch or "head ditch." But 110 THE IRRIGATION AGE. then they must generally be closed when not used, whereas if put in a second ditch they can be left open until the next time. They can be put on a level and the level of the water raised by a gate below, but this costs some cleaning if the water carries much rubbish. All kinds of small gates are in use at the heads of the rows, but Eiverside, Cal., was the first to dis- cover years ago that by far the cheapest in the end was to lay a flume all the way along the upper side of the orchard. This was first made of redwood with an opening of about an inch every three feet or so. This was closed with a button of wood and later with a slide of zinc set in a strip of sheet zinc. These open- ings once set for the right quantity of water were left so for the next irrigation when the necessary head was turned in and little remained but to turn in the proper head of water. If the flume had cracked from drying a few shovels full of earth soon made it tight enough. These flumes were set in the ground, or on the ground, into with a few strokes of the hoe at the upper end. Possibly an upturned stone or root might stop one of them, and if it did the grading was so perfect that the trouble could be readily seen from the upper side. The irrigator looked at it perhaps once a day for two or three days, possibly four altogether, depending on the texture of the soil. At the end of that time the ground was in the same condition as if it had had from three to five inches of rain falling softly for three or four days — the amount thus put in depending largely on the age of the trees, the size of the crop, the character of the soil and somewhat on the whim of the irrigator or on his desire to experiment, which nearly every one was doing. It was the constant experiment- ing by people of means who came to Southern Cali- fornia to enjoy its climate that brought irrigation to the highest perfection reached on earth. I do not say this because I live here, but I live here because that is true. It was the dryness of the climate and the Scene in the Pecos Valley, New Mexico. as most convenient and sometimes were on blocks. The irrigation became such easy work that mere boys could do it and many a retired business man from the east, crippled with age or infirmity, took care of ten acres of oranges and raised a large crop of fine fruit alone, though having abundant means. For it became a good way to pass idle time, became something of a fashion, and equalled banking in commanding the re- spect of those accustomed to sneer at any business out- side of a large city. The furrows were made at first with a small corn plow. But this made them most too large in spite of a wheel in front. The cultivator with a furrowing blade came next, then the riding cultivator and, as perfection of grading was reached, a riding cultivator with three furrowers was used, so that three furrows were made at once, all of them ready to turn the water scarcity of rainfall that caused all this experimenting. There were so many well to do people coming every •rear, determined to stay whether they could raise any- thing or not. Most of them wanted to live out of town and have a nice place. Had water been as abun- dant as it was in the north they would probably have made the same muss with it that so many did in the great San Joaquin Valley. But water was scarce, wo- fully scarce, and the cheapest way to get it was to save it. There was a sharp limit on the wildest efforts of the millionaire to turn his money into water, and noth- ing to do but eke out the last drop like shipwrecked mariners. It was the anxiety to save water that led to put- ting in flumes. Even the slight leakage from these was too great and they were coated with asphaltum. Even this cracked too much at times and cement con- THE IEEIGATION AGE. Ill duits of about the same size and form began to take their place. A machine laid these in a continuous strip, little gates of galvanized iron at about every three feet were imbedded in them; it cost ten to fifteen dol- lars an acre, but it was well worth it. Evaporation from the surface of water is of vejy little consequence on any aqueduct, but many thought that it would pay to save even this. So concrete pipes laid under ground with small pipes rising above the surface to feed the furrows came into use. Some iron piiies were fed from stop cocks under pressure and were all right but for the possibility of the head fluctuating from supplying other consumers at the same time. A head measured into a Mr. H. L. Hollister, One of the Active Forces in the Twin Falls, Idaho, Development. pipe flowing by local gravity only, without pressure from any other source, will not fluctuate much. The number of furrows varied from five to seven between two rows of trees, but six about a yard apart made with two trips of a cultivator are about right. If you can't make three at once with such a cultivator comb the ground down until you can instead of re- jecting the cultivator. From the effects of early flood- ing it was plain that trees were injured by water touching the trunks, or rather standing there a few hours. It was noticed first with oranges, but other trees showed something of the same effect. The trial of the small furrow system soon showed that the early view was correct. Nowadays the water is not allowed to come nearer than two feet and generally three or over. One furrow was run beside a tree one year old, two for the next and so on, coaxing the roots out into the warm, rich top soil, but many put in all the fur- rows for the young trees so as to get the roots out as far as possible at the earliest moment. The regulation of the feed from these flumes is primarily by the gates, which are always left in position for the next irrigation. But when water begins to run low in them the water is raised by brickbats or cleats or something of the sort. The small discharge holes are apt to clog with leaves and rubbish at first and the best way to avoid that is a bit of curved pipe four or five inches long inserted in the bottom of the side and well below the water level, which should be kept high purposely. When this pipe is turned so that the lower end is toward the ground the discharge is free and almost any rubbish is carried through by the pressure. When it is turned half around so that the outer end is upward it is above the water level in- side and there is no discharge or inducement for float- ing leaves, etc., to enter. When the ground is dry enough cultivation is at once begun and continued in the best orchards without intermission until the trees need water again. As soon as the cultivator has finished going one way it is started the other way, so that the top soil is kept like meal all summer and is in perfect shape to furrow when the time comes for the .next irrigation. Some have tried run- ning a subsoil plow beneath these furrows so that very little of the water shows above ground and less wets the extreme top from which it is lost by direct evaporation without reaching the roots. This works well on some soils, though on others its utility is not obvious. It is more a question of how much the roots may be cut without injuring the tree too much. Some never plow the orchard at all after the trees reach fair size, others plow very shallow, most others depend entirely on the cultivator, which is rarely run over five inches deep. Where you find differences of opinion on these points it is more a difference of soils or age of trees than any- thing else. One would suppose that the upper side of an orchard would show better results than the lower, be- cause it gets water so much longer. But such results are not apparent in a run of two or three days, though the upper side must get more than the lower. To in- sure thorough wetting of the lower ends of the fur- rows a little is allowed to run over. But in many orchards the work is so fine that this waste is practi- cally nothing. In other cases a small patch of alfalfa or something that needs little care is planted to take up the waste. This system has been studied by experts from dif- ferent parts of the west and is being adopted every- where for fine fruit culture. What modifications there are are only in the line of economy and do not affect the principles which are simply: First — That a small stream running a long time does better work than anything that presses down the soil or makes it muddy. 112 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Second — That such streams need not be nearer than three feet apart on soils that are really suitable for fruit. Third — That such streams cannot be run in any number without artificial regulators at the heads and that in the end the very best regulators are the cheap- est in time and labor. Fourth^That cultivation is almost as important as the water and should be incessant without regard to the amount of moisture in the soil or the entire absence of seeds or grass. Aeration of the ground is now proved one of the advantages and such a great one that for that alone cultivation should be continuous. This method can be used for anything, but alfalfa, grain and some other things so choke the furrows after getting a good growth that the water breaks out of them and a larger head must be forced on so as to get through quickly enough. This is practically flooding, but has the advantage of starting crops without flood- ing and keeping them going to the point where they are strong enough to endure it. Where the formation of the air spaces in dry air and hot sun. or heavy winds does not require the sealing of the surface, as before explained, or where it is not a question of immediate economy, almost everything is better started this way. Especially is this true of all orchard and garden work. But where vegetation clogs the furrows the ground should be laid out in narrow lands, say ten feet wide. In these two, three or four furrows, according to the crop, should be run and the seed planted in the dry ground several inches from the furrow. The water should then be run long enough to wet them until they sprout, when there is little more trouble. In this way crops can be started on a slope so steep that the ground would cut if a sheet of water were run down the land while it was bare of vegetation. Cultivation with the wheel hoe, cultivator, or corn plow, can be carried on without difficulty for most crops. But for stuff like melons that will cover the ground and clog the fur- rows with the fruit a larger head must be forced through and if not held in place by levees on the sides the water may split and part go where it already has enough and another part go where it is not needed: With a little care stuff like corn, potatoes, etc., can be irrigated to maturity by the furrows and well culti- vated all the time. This small furrow system has now been tried so long that it is entirely too late to question it and it is doubtful if it can be improved any further. It is prac- tically gentle rain on tap. This combined with sun- shine on top, as in the arid lands, makes the finest cul- tivation on earth. Any one intending to go into irri- gation on any considerable scale should come first of all to Southern California and see what poverty in water has compelled wealth to discover. IRRIGATION IN WASHINGTON. AUGUST WOLF. Crop returns ranging from $1,000 to $3,000 an acre in a number of instances in the Sunnyside irrigated district are reported by Frederick H. Newell, director of the United States reclamation service, in his report dealing with the development of the various government projects in the State of Wash- ington. The main canal and diversion dam of the Sunnyside proj- ect, southwest of Spokane, were completed early in 1907, and satisfactory progress has been made with the less important work. In addition to providing for the adequate irrigation of this land steps have been taken to install a drainage system to counteract the effects of over-irrigation in the low lands. In January surveys were made of the Mabton division of this project, which contemplates irrigating 9,000 acres of land on the south side of Yakima river, and this work is now being pushed by the government under force account. Regarding the development under the Sunnyside canal, Mr. Newell writes as follows : "The major portion of the settlement and development of the Sunnyside project has occurred within the past eight years, and more particularly since the property was purchased by the United States. There are on the project now over 17,000 people, five prosperous towns, four flourishing banking institu- tions, many substantial business houses and numerous schools and churches. During the past year there has been an increase of about 3,000 in the population. The size of the average farm is about 30 acres, with a tendency toward a smaller unit. The project produces livestock and dairy products and a large range of crops, such as fruits, alfalfa, timothy, clover, potatoes and other vegetables. Canning factories were built at Granger and Sunnyside during the past year, and others are projected at Zillah, Parker, Grandview, the soil being well adapted to the production of asparagus, tomatoes, sweet corn and other vegetables suitable for canning. "The Sunnyside canal and the lateral system have been successfully operated during the irrigation seasons of the fiscal year, without breaks or serious mishaps of any kind and with satisfactory delivery of water to the water users. The area of land receiving water during 1907 was approximately 40,000 acres, and the irrigated area on June 30, 1908, was approxi- mately 43,000 acres. "When the Sunnyside property was taken over by the United States it was found to be in a very poor state of repair, nothing having been done along betterment lines by the irrigation company for several years previously. The property is now in a good state of repair and in a serviceable operating condition. "Some of the crop returns of the Sunnyside district were phenomenal during 1907, ranging from $1,000 to $3,000 an acre in a number of instances. It should be stated, however, that these returns are exceptional. The total irrigated area, aggregating 40,000 acres, produced crops of a value of more than $2,000,000, an average of over $50 an acre. It might be said in explanation that the average return yield per acre of the land was considerably more than the figure named, as a large portion of the irrigated area was planted in new orchards and grasses, such as alfalfa, timothy and clover." The Tieton project was 34 per cent completed on June 30. As on the Sunnyside, the government was compelled to do much of the work by day labor because of the inability to secure satisfactory bids. Three tunnels are being built in connection with this project, with a total length of 9,662 feet; and these tunnels form one of the most expensive features of the system, as they are being lined with concrete to prevent erosion. The delays that have occurred because of the failure to make satisfactory contracts will probably make it necessary to postpone the delivery of water under the Tieton project until 1910. To further the irrigation of lands in Yakima valley the reclamation service has built temporary dams at the outlets of Lake Cle Elum, Keechelus and Kachess. -Permanent dams are to be built in the future, but the temporary dams will per- mit of the emptying of sufficient water to keep up a continuous supply sufficient to meet present demands. The Okanogan project was 35 per cent completed on Joly 1, 1908. The report adds: "The delivery of flood water during the season of 1908 has gone far toward showing that the project will be a success. Flood waters were delivered during June and a few days in July. A great number of young orchards have been planted and are doing splendidly on the flood waters. The lands under this project are first-class fruit lands and will undoubt- edly pay a handsome profit after paying the cost of the irri- gation works. "Plans have been considered by the Office of Indian Af- fairs for the incorporation of the present irrigation system on the Yakima Indian reservation, on the Yakima river, near North Yakima, Washington, into the Wapato project of the present system in use by the Indians, authorized by the act of Congress, approved March 6, 1906, providing for repayment from Indian funds of proportionate reclamation service. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 113 POWER IRRIGATION BY E. C. REYBOLD, JR. There are probably more gasoline engines used for pumping water for irrigating purposes than any other style of motive power. This is because of the cheapness and facility with which small plants may be installed, their relatively small cost of operation, the trifling amount of attention required, and the small weight of fuel to be transported. When anyone needs a small amount of power intermittently nothing save electric power can excel a gasoline engine, for if it is kept in good condition it can be started within a min- ute, making a gain of about an hour over the use of a steam engine and boiler. Of course, electric power is even better than a gasoline engine, as when the switch is closed the motor starts, but as comparatively few chased for several hundred dollars, and worked hard all summer. It requires so little attention during the first year that it gets less than it ought to have. Fall comes and there is only occasional need for the engine, but it is kept ready for work at all times, with the circulating tank full of water. Along comes a night a little colder than usual, and the water in the jacket freezes, resulting in a cracked jacket. In a very large percentage of gasoline engines the jackets are •cracked before the first winter is over. The damage is not as a usual thing serious, but it costs something to have them banded and made water tight, and when the en- gine returns from the hospital with a bandage around its cylinder it has already been given a good start to- ward the junk pile. Now this is utterly uncalled for. We know that "it was not cold enough to freeze any- thing" (it never is when a jacket is cracked), but such excuses don't go, and you simply want to take the hint and let all of the water out of your cylinder every Typical Ranch Home in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. farmers have electric power the gasoline engine finds great favor. Although such an engine is the best friend the farmer can have, it is lamentable to consider the trou- bles and difficulties that many have with them. When properly selected and cared for they will give but little trouble, as is evident from the large number of plants that have been in operation for many years with but little expense for repairs. We know of some engines that have been doing hard work for twenty years, and others for ten and fifteen. We do not like to find fault with our friends, the farmers, but we want to simply suggest that if they would onlv give more at- tention to their engines, treating them as they would horses that cost as much money (if such were possible), most of these difficulties would disappear. If horses were treated as badly the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals would intervene, but there is no such society to protect engines. A new engine is pur- night when fall approaches. Such neglect makes work for the repair men, and expense for the fanner, inci- dentally giving a hard knock to gasoline engines in general, and there is no excuse for it. When about to purchase an engine remember that you are to buy a piece of machinery that will cost more than a good horse, and that there are good engines and poor engines, just as there are good horses and poor horses. Don't buy the cheapest engine that you can, any more than you would buy the cheapest horse, as the cost price is not everything by any means. It will usually be found that the cheapest engines run at very high speeds, and although the engines used in automobiles are of this nature, it is not probable that you will be able to run your engine into a garage every night to be looked over, cleaned and adjusted by me- chanics before you will start it next morning. The higher the speed of machinery the less the cost, as there is less material required in the construction, but 114 THE IRKIGATION AGE. it will usually be found that the cost of repairs ia about in proportion to the speed. Nearly all engines on the market are four-cycle, but there are a few two-cycle, meaning four strokes or two strokes respectively, per cycle of operation. A cycle means the interval of time between explosions, and you will notice that four strokes, or two revolu- tions, are required for each explosion in most engines, while in some there is an explosion every revolution. In a four-cycle engine the first stroke draws in the gasoline, the next (back) compresses the mixture of gasoline and air ready for ignition at the back end; the third stroke is just after the explosion, and the fourth (back) serves to expel the gases of the explo- sion. In two-cycle engines the forward stroke follow- ing the explosion is the first, a combination of ports being so arranged that the exploded gases pass out at the end of the stroke, the new mixture of gasoline and air being quickly forced into the cylinder, com- pressed on the back stroke and ignited. Some two- cvcle engines give very good, results, although it can scarcely be claimed that they will operate with as little fuel as a four-cycle engine, since it is evident that decreased atmospheric pressure, which prevents the engine from getting as much active air in its cylinder at a high altitude as it does at sea level. It gets a cylinder full, but there is less oxygen in it, and it is the oxygen that combines with the gasoline to make the explosion. FUEL CONSUMPTION. An engine of 10 H. P. or more will give one horse- power for ten hours with one gallon of gasoline, while with the sizes below 10 H. P. between 1 and l-*4 gal- lons will be required. Distillate or alcohol can be used in most engines, without any change, the quantity re- quired being about the same as for gasoline. If fuel must be hauled very far the advantages of a gasoline engine are plainly shown when compared with steam. One pound of gasoline will give one horsepower for an hour, but with a steam engine from five to eight pounds of fuel- are required. It must also be remem- bered that when a boiler and engine are used, fuel is consumed in getting up steam for about an hour before work can be commenced, and that after the engine is shut down there is always a great deal of coal left in the fire box that is wasted. There is no such loss with Haying Scene in the North Platte Valley, Nebraska. some portions of the exploded gases will remain in the cylinder after the new mixture enters, even though the incoming mixture forces out some remnants of the exploded gases left in the cylinder. Two-cycle engines give an explosion at every revolution, and thus more power is secured from a cylinder of certain size than from a four-cycle engine. It is, therefore, evident that a two-cycle engine can be bought for less money than a four-cycle, as less metal is required to build it, but the cost of operation and the amount of fuel used will be more. Probably ninety-five percent of all gasoline engines on the market are four-cycle. It is seldom that a good gasoline engine of size below 25 H. P. can be bought for less than $35 or $40 per horsepower. EFFECT OF ALTITUDE. Since a gasoline engine cannot give its full quota of power at an altitude greater than that at which it was made and tested, it is necessary to make proper allowances for this loss of power, which is equal to about three percent for each one thousand feet of alti- tude. At five thousand feet altitude, a 10 H. P. engine will give about 8y2 H. P., while at ten thousand feet it will give but 7 H. P. This loss is occasioned by the gasoline, as no fuel is consumed when the engine is not running. ATTENTION REQUIRED. With a properly installed plant it is unnecessary to remain close to the engine, a visit in a couple of hours or so being sufficient. If the lubricators are of ample capacity, and the circulating water properly ar- ranged, the engine will run until the gasoline supply is exhausted. ENGINES FOR PUMPING. When buying an engine to run a pump, be sure that it is of ample capacity. Take the power recom- mended by the pump manufacturer, and add 15 percent or 20 percent. Then select an engine that will give this amount of power when the proper allowance has been made for altitude. If a pump requires 3y2 H. P. theoretically, the pump manufacturers will usu- ally recommended double thus, or 7. H. P. A gasoline engine to run this pump should give at least 8 H. P., and if the altitude is 5,000 feet a 10 H. P. engine should be selected, giving 8y2 actual H. P. It will then be found that the engine will run the pump read- ily, taking an explosion not more often than two times THE IREIGATION AGE. 115 out of three, or three times out of four. If an engine takes an explosion every time it is liable to run very hot, and will most assuredly require much more gaso- line than should be needed for the work. Many mis- takes are made in buying engines that are too small. COST OF IRRIGATING. A rough idea as to the quantity of gasoline required for irrigating may be gained by the following rules: For small plants about 4-10 gallon will be used per acre per season for each foot that the water is lifted, while for large plants (10 H. P. or more) the quantity may fall to y^ gallon per acre per foot of lift for the season. The quantity of water pumped will be five gallons per minute per acre of land, the plant to run for 10 hours per day for 120 days. This will give an acre-foot of water, or twelve inches depth over all, a quantity considerably greater than is used for sugar beets and potatoes in the northern district of Colorado. It will thus be seen that the costs of pumping when water need not be lifted more than say 20 feet are not very great (4-10 gallon times 20 feet equals 8 gallons, which at 15 cents per gallon makes $1.20 per acre for the season if one acre-foot is sufficient), and as ample water may be obtained from wells in practically every irrigated country, it is a wise farmer who installs a gasoline plant that he can operate when the water does not run in the ditch, and thus saves his crops. Many such auxiliary plants are in successful operation, and the number installed each year is rapidly increas- ing. Many plants are also depended upon for the total quantity of water needed, pumping from lakes, ditches or wells. Seepage water that comes to the sur- face and ruins low land may be collected in a well and pumped upon other land, the water that was injuring one tract thus serving to reclaim another. Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases WAIVER OF RIPARIAN RIGHTS BY APPROPRIATION. — Settlers on public land, by asserting their right to water for irrigation by reason of their priority of appropriation, thereby waived their riparian rights to the water. — Davis v. Chamberlain. Supreme Court of Oregon. 98 Pacific 154. INJURY TO LAND BY LEAKAGE FROM DITCH. — In an action for injury to land by leakage from defend- ant's irrigation ditch, whether the land was injured by the seepage of water from defendant's ditch held for the jury, and a directed verdict for defendant was improper. — Paolini v. Fresno Canal & Irrigation Co. California Court of Appeal. 97 Pacific 1130. CHANGE OF DITCH. — Where equitable owners of a water right petitioned for a change from one point of diversion to another, the legal owners were entitled to appear and consent or object to the proposed change. — Bates v. Hall. Supreme Court of Colorado. 98 Pacific 3. APPROPRIATORS' RIGHTS. — Decedent having posted notices of appropriation of water for an irrigation project, he and his associates could proceed under such notices to perfect their rights so as to make them valid against all others, excepting those with prior and superior rights to the water.— Beckwith v. Sheldon. Supreme Court of California. 97 Pacific 867. VESTED RIGHTS ACQUIRED ON COMPLETION OF CANALS. — Vested rights in public lands to right of way for ditches, canals, or reservoirs for water purposes, under Rev St Sec- tions 2339, 8340 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1437), are not ac- quired until the actual completion of the work, so that the water can be applied to beneficial use.— United States v. Rickey Land & Cattle Co. Circuit Court, California. 164 Federal 496. PROPERTY OF IRRIGATION DISTRICT CANNOT BE SOLD WITHOUT VIOLATING TRUST. — The rule that an exemption from execution of the prop- erty of a quasi public corporation only receives from process such property as is necessary to the exercise of the quasi public functions which the corporation has assumed is not applicable to lands of an irrigation district held under an' ex- press trust created by Act March 7, 1887, as amended by St. 1897, p. 263, c. 189, where neither a sale of the land by the district nor any execution sale can be made without violating the terms of the trust.— Tulare Irrigation District v. Collins, Sheriff. Supreme Court of California. 97 Pacific 1124. DOUBLE FILLING OF RESERVOIR. — A senior reservoir is entitled to but one filling during the same season on the same priority before junior reservoirs are filled once, under Mills' Ann. St. Section 2403, 2408, providing that a decree must award priorities to the several reservoire in the water district according to the time of construction and to the extent of its capacity for storage, and that such reser- voirs must be separately numbered consecutively according to the priority of appropriation of water made thereby. — Windsor Reservoir & Canal Co. v. Lake Supply Ditch Co. Supreme Court of Colorado. 98 Pacific 729. PARTIES TO ACTION TO PROTECT WATER RIGHTS. — In an action to enjoin irrigation officers from enforcing an order closing plaintiffs' headgates and diverting the water to other consumers, the other consumers were indispensable parties to the action, since the judgment would determine their rights to the water as against plaintiffs, and they should have been brought in under Mills' Ann. Code, Section 16, requiring the court to order other parties brought in where a complete determination cannot be had without their presence. — McLean, Water Com'r v. Farmers Highline Canal & Reser- voir Co. Supreme Court of Colorado. 98 Pacific 16. To "FURNISH" is TO DELIVER WATER. — . A lease provided that "party of the first part agrees to furnish water sufficient to irrigate land above described; said water to come from an artesian well located on land." Held, that the word "furnish" was used in the sense of "deliver" — that is, to provide with the right of possession and use — and the covenant was not complied with where the lessor had a well dug and the contractor locked it so that the lessee could not get water therefrom without breaking the lock, and thereby incurring danger of litigation, or by bringing legal proceedings. — Smith v. Hicks. Supreme Court of New Mex- ico. 98 Pacific 138. DUTY TO DELIVER WATER ON LAND. — Under the contract of plaintiff, an irrigation company with defendants, lessees of land from L., to use its best en- deavors to furnish enough water through its canals and laterals to properly irrigate the land, in the absence of any understanding or agreement that it was defendants' duty to furnish laterals to connect the land with the canal, or to keep the lateral of L. in repair, it was the duty of plaintiff to fur- nish facilities for delivering the water on the land; and it was not enough to turn in into the lateral of L., insufficient from defects and want of repair to take it to the land — Sisk v. Gravity Canal Co. Court of Civil Appeals of Texas. 133 Southwestern 195. RIGHT OF WAY FOR DITCHES. — The fact that a party has located a water right and filed his notice thereof in accordance with law does not give him any right to build ditches and canals across the lands of others until he has acquired the easement and right of way therefore either by purchase or condemnation. The ownership of a water right does not necessarily imply that the owner- ship of the ditch. through which the water flows is vested in the same person. The ownership of the ditch and the owner- ship of a water right for water to flow through such ditch may exist in different parties. — Swank v. Sweetwater Irriga- tion 6- Power Co. Supreme Court of Idaho. 98 Pacific 297. 116 THE IRRIGATION AGE. PERCOLATING WATERS — STATE POLICY. — • An appropriation of water from a common water-bearing strata for use on distant lands not situated over the strata is subject to reasonable use by the owner of other overlying land upon which he has never used water, especially where such owner bought his tracts because of their situation re- specting the water, relying upon the supply, and since without the water the land is of little use. It is not the law's policy to permit any of the available waters of the county to remain unused, or to allow one having the natural advantage of a situation, which gives him a legal right to use water, to pre- vent another from using it while he himself does not desire to do so. — Burr v. Maclay Rancho Water Co. Supreme Court of California. 98 Pacific 260. WATER SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATION. — It can make no difference that the waters collecting and forming what is known as a spring are seepage and percolat- ing waters, rather than from a well-defined subterranean stream, so long as such waters gravitate to and collect at a certain and definite point and there constitute a volume of water known and designated as a spring. In either case such waters found upon the public domain are subject to location and appropriation for any useful or beneficial purposes under ftie statutes of this state, and are therefore protected and re- served from future disposition under the act of Congress, Section 2339 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1437.)— Le Quime v. Chambers. Supreme Court of Idaho. 98 Pacific 415. TAXATION OF IRRIGATING CANALS. — Under the provisions of Section 1402, Rev. St. 1887, as adopted by act of February 10, 1899 (Sess. Laws 1899, p. 221), all irrigating canals and ditches and water rights ap- purtenant thereto are exempt from taxation when the owner or owners of the canals and ditches use the water thereof exclusively upon land owned by the owner of the ditches ana water right, but, where any water is sold or rented from such canal or ditch, the same is taxable to the extent of the sale or rental. Under the provisions of this statute, it becomes a question of fact in each case as to whether or not a canal or ditch or water right is taxable in whole or in part, or is entirely exempt from taxation. — Swank v. Sweetwater Irriga- tion N Power Co. Supreme Court of Idaho. 98 Pacific 297. GARDEN CITY KANSAS VICINITY PAYETTE, IDAHO, January 15, 1909. IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.: Once more the name of Canyon County, Idaho, stands in the limelight of public attention as the producer of the finest apples grown in the United States. This acknowledg- ment of its superior apples was made a't the National Con- gress, held recently at Council Bluffs, Iowa. At that national show the apple exhibit from Canyon County was awarded first prize in the contest in which every apple-growing district of any consequence in the United States took part. This is an- other victory for irrigation. In Canyon County the principal horticultural district, the place where the wonderful Jonathans are grown, is the Payette Valley. It was from that valley that the larger por- tion of the Canyon County exhibit came. For several years the apples from the Payette Valley have taken the principal prizes wherever they have entered into competition with other fruit-growing districts. While fruit growing has been one of the leading industries of that valley for a good many years, it is only within the last few years that the horticulturists have really awakened to the possibilities of their orchards and have gone into the business on a business basis with the idea of making their fruits equal or superior to fruits from any other place. Hundreds rof acres of new orchards are being set out in the Payette Valley every year, and within a comparatively short time that valley will be one of the greatest fruit- producing sections in the West. It is noticeable that orchard- ists from other fruit sections are flocking there by the score and buying the best lands and setting out commercial orchards. They buy good orchard land at prices ranging from $200 to $400 an acre and as soon as their orchards are planted the land is worth from $100 to $200 more than the purchase price, and when the orchard reaches bearing age the land 'cannot be purchased for less- than $500 to $1,000 an acre. In that valley from 50 to 60 trees are set to the acre. The Jonathans are the leading variety. BY R. H. FAXON. The greatest factor in the development of this sec- tion of Kansas, Garden City and surrounding country in particular, and what is known as the "valley" in general, has been due to the Garden City reclamation project of the government. This, one of the finest projects in the country, and the only one that has successfully demonstrated the utiliza- tion of the "underflow" and the science of waters electric- ally pumped, was early decided upon after the passage of the reclamation art, approved June 17, 1902. It had a pre- carious existence in embryo for some months and even years, but the friends of the "underflow" finally triumphed, the investigation of Charles S. Slichter was satisfactory, the fund for the state of Kansas soon warranted the construc- tion of the project, and last year's operation of the plant was all its friends could desire. Other things have come to Garden City and vicinity: The mammoth sugar plant described in these columns in the January issue of IRRIGATION AGE, the finest and most complete in the country, is a source of pride and a cause for development; and other undertakings that have since come to this section have contributed their full share; but the Garden City reclamation project antedated them all. In the publication entitled, "Proceedings of the First Conference of Engineers of the Reclamation Service," published in 1904, two years following the passage of the reclamation act, the faithful Garden City men who were pushing for the government project did not meet with much encouragement. The government was not only skeptical; it was feeling its way in the beginning of this gigantic movement into which it had launched; and it was going to take no chances. Positive proof had to exist before a wheel could be turned. Thus it is we find this little paragraph as about the only direct reference in that first reclamation report concerning what is now the great Garden City project: "In Kansas a number of small projects have been examined, but none of these appears to fall within the scope of the reclamation law. A very thorough study has been made of western Kansas and of the Great Plains in general, in order to ascertain the opportunities for obtain- ing deep or artesian water. A map showing the depth to the waterbearing strata and the probability that the water will rise to the surface has been prepared and is in process of publication." Thus was the subject dismissed so far as Kansas was concerned. In the third annual report of the Reclamation Serv- ice, printed in 1905, we have more space devoted to Kan- sas and to a Kansas project. Little by little the state and the Garden City region were being recognized, and the principle of the "underflow" of the Arkansas river was being demonstrated to the government engineers. Another encouraging feature was the fact that the portion of the reclamation fund allotted to Kansas was constantly growing. In the year 1901 it had amounted to only $20,000; in 1902 it was $29,000; in 1903 it fell off slightly from the preceding year and was a little short of $28,000, while in 1904 it was $32,000, or a total by then of $109,000. This began to be a sufficient amount to justify action if the conditions should warrant. And, slowly but surely, the conditions were forcing themselves upon the engineers. Meanwhile, and in 1904, Charles S. Slichter of the University of Wisconsin had been making an examination of the underflow of the Arkansas river. The water-plane or ground-water level was accurately mapped out for a distance of from 6 to 12 miles from the river channel, and the electrical method enabled the observance of the un- derflow's movement. The slope of the water-plane was found to be between 7 and 8 feet per mile in a general easterly direction, and from 2 to 3 feet per mile toward THE IRRIGATION AGE. 117 the river channel from the country immediately to the north and immediately to the south of the river. De- terminations showed a rate of movement of the ground waters much greater than had been expected, according to Mr. Slichter's published report of 1904. The velocities of the ground water at the stations established were found to be remarkably uniform. The gravel was exceedingly uniform in size and character of grain. Mr. Slichter said of the formation of the underflow, and in disagreement with the popular theory that it is formed as a vast underground river coming down from the mountains: "The summer's investigation indicates that the water of the Arkansas underflow has its origin in the rainfall upon the sandhills to the south of the river, upon the bot- tom lands of the valley, and upon the plains north of the river. The average rainfall in the vicinity of Garden City is about 20 inches per year. A very large portion of this must pass into the open and porous soil, so that the actual contribution to the underflow must be consider- able. If the gravels beneath the plains were not so open, so deep, and so wide, the seepage waters would be obliged to seek relief in surface streams, but the underground conditions are such that ample drainage is offered by porous beds of gravel several hundred feet in depth. In short, the underground drainage in this region is so enor- mous and the water passes through the gravel so freely that there is no surplus left to form surface streams or a perennial supply for Arkansas river." Mr. Slichter reviewed the purpose and result of his investigation, referring to the irrigation practiced at that time and for many years, by means of canals in the valley and small windmill or gasoline engine in the upper coun- try. He declared the great problem was that of fuel, and suggested that as petroleum had been found in enormous quantities in eastern Kansas this might solve the ques- tion. It has done so, just as Mr. Slichter pointed out, both the Garden City reclamation project and the great sugar factory now using crude oil. He also said as to the recovery of the underflow: "Careful consideration has been given to the matter of the recovery of ground water in Arkansas river valley by means of gravity. The investigations have* shown that the recovery of ground water by means of infiltration gal- leries or any other form of gravity works is entirely im- practicable." He gave the reasons, largely this: The slight slope of ground, and the fact that infiltration galleries in actual use for irrigation had not proved successful. He then stated a project was feasible, and the first long step toward the success of Garden City and vicinity of today was taken. Preliminary plans and estimates for the Garden City project were submitted to the project board at Denver, March 24, 1905. The board recommended the continuance of the investigations and estimates made for future con- sideration. At Garden City, in September, 1905, the board again met and recommended the construction of the project as soon as the water users' association could be formed and the area appropriated. One month later the project was approved. The underflow of the Arkansas river at Deerfield, just west of Garden City, was appropriated to the extent of 200 second-feet for the United States Reclamation Service and notice duly filed according to the laws of the state of Kansas. The water users' association was formed and received applications from the owners of about 12,000 acres. Contracts were approved for an acreage of 9,625, but the area was restricted to 8.600 acres. It is possible that 15,000 acres can and will be utilized later. It is important to recognize the fact that all the land under the Garden City project was private at the time of the inception of the project and at the time it was finally started. The Garden City project is situated along the Arkan- sas river west of Garden City and just east of Deerfield station, on the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad. The irrigable areas are in the bottom lands of the river and include portions of Kearny and Finney counties. The land has an elevation of practically 3,000 feet. The soil is a, rich prairie loam, characteristic of the rich plains of western Kansas. The annual range of tem- perature is from a minimum of 20 degrees below zero to 105 above. The average annual rainfall is about 20 inches. The size of farm units at present is 160 acres, but more and more is growing the feeling that the unit should be reduced at least to 80 acres if not to 40 acres, which will be the inevitable result. Land which formerly was worth $35 to $50 per acre now sells anywhere from $75 to $125 per acre, and the latter figure is nearer the average. The principal products are sugar beets, alfalfa, wheat, melons and sweet potatoes, while small fruit growing is being practiced more and more. The power station develops 600 horsepower in two units with water-tube boilers and De Laval steam tur- bines. The power is transmitted electrically by 6,600-volt, 3-phase alternating current to 23 pumping stations, 13 on the south side of the river, at right angles with the river, and 10 on the north side, parallel with the river. These are lined up alongside a concrete-lined conduit 20,000 feet in length. The ten stations north of the river and the first three south of the river each have twelve 15-inch shallow wells, 35 to 60 feet deep. The remaining ten wells south of the river have twelve 15-inch shallow wells. The power-transmission line has length of 25,000 feet. The river is crossed by a siphon made of 42-inch internal diameter wooden stave pipe. Each pumping unit consists of a vertical shaft 9-inch centrifugal pump, direct-con- nected to a 25-horsepower motor. It is estimated by the statistician of the Reclamation Service that each group_ of ten wells at each of the 23 pumping stations will yield 6,580 gallons per minute under a 15-foot head. During the irrigation season this leviathan pumping system will lift 30,000 acre feet, or 10J4 billion gallons. The work of the government has already given a de- cided impetus to private enterprise in the Garden City section and will greatly stimulate the, development of similar projects in other valleys of the Great Plains where there are similar conditions to those existing in the Ar- kansas valley. Two things have resulted from the construction and successful operation of the project that are well worthy of note in addition to the fact that the project has, brought the sugar factory and other institutions to Garden City and vicinity. These are: Winter irrigaton and a decrease of the unit of farms, heretofore referred to. The doctrine of winter irrigation is comparatively a new one to be preached in western Kansas, though some pioneers have tried it successfully for some time. The use of water on certain occasions the present winter from the reclamation project, and the direct encouragement the sugar company has given to this system, have resulted in the essay at winter irrigation in the Garden City vicin- ity this year for practically the first time in any united and not purely spasmodic manner. The direct results are confidently awaited when the approaching season shall have demonstrated the wisdom of the pioneers. The reduction of the unit of farm to 80 acres and, in the end, to 40 acres, is being impressed as a necessity and the part of wisdom, more and more. The fact that 40 acres of land, under the ditch, with the successful opera- tion and guardianship of the Garden City reclamation project, whether that land be put in to alfalfa, sugar beets, or fruits and truck, plus the use of water in the winter time, is enough for any intelligent and practical man to use, is rapidly being forced upon the minds of the owners. It will not be long until both winter irriga- tion and the 40-acre unit will be well observed in the Garden City vicinity. , There has just been issued from the press of The Caxton Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a 7,000 edition, 80- page catalogue for the Dayton Globe Iron Works Com- pany, of Dayton, Ohio, describing and illustrating the New American Turbine. It is printed on _100 high-grade coated paper, which brings out every detail of the many half-tone illustrations. The cover is of dark gray stock with a light gray fly leaf, and is highly embossed with the company's name and the name of the product. A very pleasing effect is obtained by the use of a tint block, in a delicate shade, which overcomes the high gloss of the paper stock and makes the illustrations more attractive by having the high lights cut away and bringing them out in white. 118 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Reclamation Service News At the request of Chairman Reeder of the House Committee on Irrigation, Director F. H. Newell, Supervis- ing Engineer H. N. Savage of the northern division, E. G. Hopson of the Pacific coast division, Project Engineer Christian Andersen, Washington, and C. J. Blanchard, statistician of the Reclamation Service, appeared before the committee recently. The hearing was of unusual interest, and was unique in that it was illustrated with beautifully colored stereopticon views showing the progress of the work of the Reclamation Service. It is proposed to con- tinue these hearings 'in order to permit other supervising engineers now en route to Washington to present to the committee the more important features of the reclama- tion work. The northern division consists of Montana, North Dakota and northern Wyoming. Of the fourteen projects in this territory five have already been placed in operation in part, water being available for a total of about 83,000 acres. Sixty thousand acres additional will be opened this spring. Some novel engineering features are involved in the construction of these projects, including the building of a dam in the canyon of the Shoshone river in northern Wyoming, which will be the highest structure of its kind in the world. It will be 328.4 feet in height from bed rock to top of parapet walls. Placed side by side with the national capital it would extend 21 feet above the top of the Statue of Liberty. It will hold back waters to irrigate about 150,000 acres of fine land in the heart of Buffalo Bill's old stamping ground. In western North Dakota where the low grade of the Missouri river makes it impracticable to build gravity canals, and where on account of the shifting banks of the stream it is difficult to build permanent headworks, pumps have been placed on barges and connected with the shore by pipes with flexible joints. The water is pumped into settling basins, from whence it is taken by distributing canals. Power for pumping is generated by utilizing the lignite coal, vast deposits of which are found in the vicinity. This power is transmitted electrically to the various pumping stations, some of which are 25 miles distant. The state of Montana comprises the larger part of the division. In area this state is more than twice as large as all New England with the state of Maryland thrown in. Within its boundaries three projects are already open and are being extended. Work is being com- menced on several Indian reservations and the Milk River project is well under way. This_ latter system is attract- ing considerable attention at this time by reason of the international treaty between the United States and Canada which is now being considered by the Senate. The second of the illustrated hearings before the House committee on irrigation was given recently at Washington to permit Supervising Engineer E. G. Hop- son, in charge of the Pacific coast division, and Christian Anderson, project engineer in charge of the Qkanogan project, Washington, to explain to the committee the progress of the engineering work in those parts of the West. Mr. Hopson took up in detail the construction work on the several Yakima Valley projects in Washington, and devoted some little time to an exposition of the won- derful development which has taken place in that sec- tion since the government initiated its work. The stere- opticon views of crop scenes, especially the apple orchards, were beautifully colored and interesting. Considerable at- tention was given to other projects in his division, notably the Umatilla in northern Oregon, the Klamath, California- Oregon, and the Orland in California. Mr. Andersen's discussion related chiefly to the con- struction of a dam by a unique process known as the hydraulic fill. The dam will be 1,000 feet long, 300 feet •wide on the bottom, and 60 feet high. The water for hydraulicking is brought in a wooden flume along steep and rocky slopes a distance of five miles to the dam site, where it is used in hydraulic giants to tear the material loose. The water, earth and gravel are then carried by gravity through other flumes directly over the dam site, separated by a clever device, and dropped in place, the finer material in the center and the coarse rocks on the outside A report recently received in Washington on the re- sults of flood water irrigation under the Okanogan project, Washington, is most interesting in view of the recent opening of the first unit of this project. No stored water was available in 1908, but the distribution system was com- pleted to a point where it was practical to deliver water during flood or high water stage of the river. A price of $1.50 per acre was fixed and forty-three ranchmen availed themselves of the privilege. Irrigation was carried on from May 15 to July 6. Very little of the lands to which water was applied had been previously cultivated, but it was broken up and planted to fruit, vegetables, wheat, corn, and other cereals. Fruit predominated, with 600 acres, or 60 percent of the lands thus irrigated being plant- ed to fruit. All the lands except those planted to wheat and oats were watered by furrows, and received from one to three irrigations. The results obtained were remark- able when it is considered that no water was used after July 6, or during July and August, the hottest and dryest months of the summer when water is considered most es- sential. Fruit trees of all kinds made vigorous and hardy growths. While some losses occurred, it is believed that they were from other causes than drought. The results demonstrate that the lands under the project are especially adapted to fruit culture and that it is possible to grow young orchards successfully without irrigation during July and August. Wheat, oats and corn did fairly well, about half a crop being harvested. Vegetables and garden truck were almost a complete failure. The plants grew strong and vigorous as long as water was available, but perished later from drought, demonstrating that the lands will grow vegetables in abundance, but that these plants must have water during July and August to mature them. The Orland Unit Water Users' Association of Orjand, Cal., have petitioned the government to construct a distri- bution system on the south side of Stony Creek in time for use during the irrigation season of 1909. The petition states that the land owners have only a short time in which to dispose of their excess holdings prior to the delivery of water by the government system and that the construction of the distribution system, as requested, would facilitate the sales of land in the district. The petition will be laid before the Secretary of the Interior for consideration. Mr. D. C. Henny, supervising engineer in the Recla- mation Service, has resigned his position to take up private work. He will act, however, from time to time in the capacity of consulting engineer in the service. The northwestern district, consisting of the states ok Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and practically all of Cali- fornia, has been in the joint charge of Supervising En- gineers Henny and E. G. Hopson, with headquarters at Portland, Ore. This district has been divided and after February 1, Mr. C. H. Swigart, now in charge of the Tieton project, Washington, will have supervision of the entire state, Mr. Hopson retaining supervision of Oregon, Nevada and California. Mr. Swigart was educated in Heidelberg College, Tiffin, Ohio, and has been engaged in engineering work since 1887, having been engaged principally in railroad construction, dredging, bridge and dock building. He is most enthusiastic over the future of -the Yakima Valley, and stated that although he had resided in many parts of the United States, in his opinion the Yakima Valley offered the most ideal conditions for a home of any section of the country. He related a little incident which goes to prove that he is not alone in his estimate of the valley. Under the Sunnyside project a small tract of land was opened to settlement a short time, ago, consisting of about 14,000 acres, of which 3,000 acres were government THE IRRIGATION AGE. 119 land subject to entry. Every acre was taken inside of two weeks in spite of the fact that it was not generally known that there was any land open to entry. When it was found out there was a mad rush of settlers to the lands. The trains were taxed to the utmost and wagons and automo- biles were pressed into service. Mr. Swigart states that between 45,000 and 50,000 acres under the Sunnyside project will receive water this year, including the land which was previously irrigated under the old Sunnyside system. No land will be irrigated under the Tieton project this year, but about one-third of the total acreagt can be served in 1910. The work at present on this project consists of excavation on the tunnels and main canal, and lining the tunnels with concrete, the force being on a winter basis. On the Sunnyside, however, advantage is being taken of the winter season and the lower end of the main canal is being enlarged and completed to the Mabton siphon. Work is also being rushed on the distribution system and the Sunnyside wasteway. During the past year the farmers were extremely prosperous, although fruit did not bring the extremely high prices of the previous year. Alfalfa is a good crop, the price last November being about $13 baled at the ranches. Timothy brought from $20 to $25 per ton. Alfalfa averaged about six tons to the acre, and timothy three tons. Potatoes brought $14 a ton and yields of from 200 to 600 tons per acre are reported, although the latter figures are abnormal. The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the exe- cution of contracts for the sale of timber on lands sur- rounding lakes under the Yakima irrigation project, Wash- ington, as follows: To Joseph F. Walsh, of Clealum, Wash., Lake Clea- lum, timber, amounting to $40,434.78. To F. C. Wescott, Ellensburg, Wash., Lake Kachess, timber, $15,309.91. To the Flanagan Mining Company. Akron, Ohio, Lake Keechelus, timber, $82,159.34. At the request of the governor of Idaho a tract of land approximating about 14,000 acres, which was with- drawn in connection with the Dubo"is irrigation project, Idaho, has been restored to the public domain. These lands which lie in township 6 north, ranges 34 and 35 east, are included within a segregation under the Carey act for which the state of Idaho recently filed application. In view of the fact that the reclamation of these lands by private enterprise seems assured in the near future, the department has made the restoration, which becomes effective upon allowance of the state segregation. The Secretary of the Interior has fixed the maximum limit of the irrigated area for which water right applica- tions may be accepted for lands in private ownership under the Sunnyside irrigation project, Washington, at 160 acres. The Reclamation Service has been authorized to ex- ecute contract with the Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works of Des Moines, Iowa, for furnishing structural steel for use in connection with the power house now in course of construction on the Minidoka irrigation project, Idaho. The contract price is $2,687.80. The power canal on the Strawberry Valley project, Utah, has been completed and water turned into the pressure pipe at the powerhouse. Some difficulty is be- ing encountered in operating the power canal on account of the extreme cold weather. Heavy winds at the mouth of the canyon blow snow into the canal, causing anchor ice, but the canal is patrolled night and day and every precaution taken to prevent damage to the works. In anticipation of the new power being turned on, work was commenced on the tunnel in December, and an advance of 46 feet was made. The work at present is in medium lime rock. The ground stands well and no timbering is being done. An extension of three months has been granted to Cole Brothers, of Orman, S. D., in which to complete their contract for constructing a portion of the lateral system under the Belle Fourche irrigation project, South Dakota. The contractors were unavoidably delayed in their work by unfavorable weather conditions. Contract has been awarded to the Fulton Engine Works of Los Angeles, Cal., for furnishing two 42-inch balance valves for use in regulating the discharge from the penstock communicating with the Roosevelt reservoir, Salt River irrigation project, Arizona. The contract price is $7,500 for material, $10 per day to be charged for the service of an erecting engineer furnished by the con- tractor, and foundation bolts with anchors at the rate of 4J4 cents per pound. The Secretary of the Interior has approved the con- tract between Mr. Louis C. Hill, acting on behalf of the United States, and the Consolidated Canal Company, an Arizona corporation, whereby the government agrees to purchase from the aforesaid company canals having a total length of about 30 miles and water rights and other features incident thereto. The price to be paid for the property is $187,000, pay- able $50,000 upon conveyance of title in fee simple to the United States, $50,000 on January 1, 1910, and $87,000 on January 1, 1911. The United States will assume the obli- gations under existing agreements of the company to fur- nish water to those under contract with the company, and also agrees to furnish sufficient water for power at the power plant now operated by the company for the gen- eration of electric power to the extent of 300 kilowatts, or, to furnish an equivalent amount of power for which payment will be made to the United States at the rate of one-half cent per kilowatt hour. The properties of the Consolidated Canal Company constitute the key to that entire portion of the Salt River project lying south of the Salt river. The canal was con- structed some years before the inception of the Salt River project, and the company has irrigated from the system a total of approximately 4,000 acres. Valuable possibilities are open to the government by this purchase for the development of power. An extension of ninety days has been granted to Messrs. Campbell and Huffman of Klamath Falls, Ore., for the completion of their contract to construct wooden flumes in connection with the Klamath project, Oregon. This advances the date of completion to February 27, 1909. Contract has been awarded to the Niles Bement Pond Company of New York for installing three ten-ton and one twenty-ton hand cranes for use in connection with the power plants under the Minidoka irrigation project, Idaho. The bid of the contracting company was $3,643. Subject to the terms and provisions of the public no- tice dated November 18, 1908, opening to irrigation in the season of 1909 certain lands under the Klamath project, Oregon-California, the Secretary of the Interior has given notice that water will also be furnished under the Kla- math project in the irrigation season of 1909 to certain lands in T. 39 S., R. 9 E., Williamette meridian. The farm unit plat showing these lands is on file in the local land office at Lake View, Ore. The Secretary of the Interior has withdrawn from any form of disposition whatever under the public land laws about 25,000 acres of land in connection with the Wapato irrigation project, Washington. These lands lie in townships 11 and 12 N., ranges 16 to 19 east, William- ette meridian. The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the ap- proval of a contract entered into by Louis C. Hill on be- half of the United States, and Shattuck & Nimmo Ware- house Company, of Los Angeles, Cal., whereby the latter agrees to transfer from Mesa, Ariz., to the government oil tanks at Roosevelt, Ariz., 33,000 barrels, more or less, of crude fuel oil for use in connection with the Salt River irrigation project. The rate agreed upon for hauling this oil, $3.15 per barrel, will entail an aggregate expenditure of $109,950. The engineer in charge of the Strawberry Valley irri- gation project reports that good progress is being made, although the work is occasionally delayed by heavy snow- fall. One thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight cubic yards of concrete were placed in the canal aqueduct and wasteway, practically completing the concrete work. The diversion dam has been completed, and the bank for the protection of the Denver & Rio Grande railroad embank- ment and track was also finished. This bank is 750 feet (Continued on page 123.) 120 THE IKRIGATION AGE. SHOSHONE, IDAHO. A Coming Western City. BY H. A. THOMAS. It is indeed gratifying to the inhabitants of Shoshone to note the past and present growth and industrial progress, and to anticipate the great things that the future holds in store and must inevitably yield. Founding an opinion upon the natural and necessary consequences of the peopling and de- veloping of the vast reclaimed area with which we are sur- rounded, and which is directly tributary, it may with safety and conservatism be predicted that Shoshone is approaching a very prosperous epoch. While the construction of spacious reservoirs, the build- ing of great canals, the harnessing of mighty torrents for power, the extension of railroads, the building of homes, the improvement of lands and the birth of cities is in evidence on every hand, we can but realize that there are yet latent re- sources which, when discovered and diverted to man's con- venience, will place Southern Idaho in the foremost rank of the land of opportunity in the Northwest. Shoshone has reason to be grateful that her founders established her in the exact geographical and commercial center of the most promising section of this great reclaimed empire. There are directly tributary to Shoshone, 150,000 acres of irrigated lands, of which 50,000 will be open to settlement under the Carey Act, within one mile of the eastern limits of this city, during the next few months. When the projects now under construction are completed, Lincoln county, of which Shoshone is the oldest and the largest city, and also the capital, will have an area of not less than 700,000 acres of reclaimed soil, which is not surpassed in richness by the literal compost heap. Shoshone is also within easy access of the many great waterfalls of the Snake, the Big and Little Wood Rivers, from which electricity representing many hun- dred thousand horsepower will be generated. There is also a prospect of this city becoming a railroad center of no little importance. It has already the distinction of being the junc- tion city of the main line of the Oregon Short Line Railway, and the Ketchum-Hailey branch, and hence the entrepot for the smaller towns of this county and for the rich agricul- tural and mining districts of Elaine and Custer counties, and surveys have been completed and the construction assured of an extension of the Twin Falls & Wells, Nevada line from the former point to this place, and from here on to the well known cereal producing acres of the prodigious Camas Prairie country. It is believed that the contemplated terminus of this railway will be at the city of Boise. There are at present six daily passenger trains into and through Shoshone, four of which are trans-continental. A freight division has recently been established here and the company is now preparing to reinstate the machine shops, for which there are an excellent set of buildings, including a twenty-four stall lava rock round house, already in waiting. The name of Shoshone is familiar to all of the stock yard men, and the wool buyers of the East, owing to its having been the center for many years of one of the grestest , grazing regions of the North- west. There are more sheep raised and wool shipped from this point than any one point on the main line, and with the reclaiming "of the vast amount of land near Shoshone, unex- celled facilities will be afforded for winter feeding of all kinds of livestock. The exceedingly mild climate of this sec- tion, together with other numerous advantages, has been re- sponsible for the millions of dollars that have been realized from the sheep industry in the vicinity of Shoshone. The adaptability of the soil and climate to the culture and growth of clover, alfalfa and other forage plants, will afford unexcelled opportunities for the poultry man and the dairy industry, as statistics show that over ninety percent of the eggs and butter consumed in the state are imported from states east of the Rockies. The recent severe storm which has been such a menace to states east and north, has proven beyond doubt the ad- vantages of Southern Idaho, for while, during the past week not less than fifteen inches of snow has fallen, the sheep men have not even attempted to get their herds to winter quarters, but are unconcernedly staying within their winter range, hav- ing been taught by past experience that the warm rains which are now falling will soon reduce the snow and start the nutri- tious bunch grass for spring grazing. The newcomers are also elated at the prospects of the condition of the soil and of good crops as a result of the amount of precipitation. Up to the present time the mercury has not reached a point below zero. No unoccupied buildings, whether for business or resi- dence purposes, although a number are being planned now, are to be found in Shoshone. A demand exists for more cottages and other buildings, and store rooms and offices are at a premium. The rapid increase in population is responsi- ble for these conditions, as almost daily persons are forced to leave because of their inability to secure suitable quarters in which to engage in business. Much real estate remains to be had in desirable localities, and at reasonable figures. The citizens of Shoshone are progressive and industrious and may well take pride in the fact that the business transacted by their city is equal to that of many places several times its size. WEISER AND THE WEISER VALLEY, IDAHO. The Home of the Big Red Apple — The Great Orchard Section of the Gem State. Out in Idaho, the Gem State of the Union, on the banks of the great Snake river, the fifth largest stream in the United States, where the Weiser discharges its waters into the Snake, from whence they are discharged into the great Columbia and thence into the calm Pacific, nestling in one of the most productive and fertile valleys of the entire western country, is Weiser, the bustling lit- tle city of beautiful homes, splendid^ schools, fine churches of every denomination, "surrounded by thousands of acres of the most fertile \a.nd to be found anywhere, a land to which nature has been most generous, providing produc- tive soil, and unlimited water supply and a climate unex- celled. The thermometer seldom goes down to the zero mark in this favored land. While other sections have been wrestling with storms and zero weather, the Weiser valley has been basking in sunshine. The thermometer this winter has not gone below ten above zero. Weiser valley is the home of the big red apple. No other section is so favored as this for the raising of ap- ples. Other fruits, such as peaches, pears, prunes, grapes, strawberries and small fruits of all kinds, do well, but it seems peculiarly adapted to apple raising. During last season more than 125 cars of apples alone was shipped from the Weiser railroad station to eastern markets, and double that number will be shipped this year. From 1,000 to 1,200 acres of apple orchards will be set out this year. The varieties which seem best suited to this section are Rome Beauties, Winesaps and Jonathans, although other varieties do well. For the man looking for a home in the west where he can engage in the raising of fruit, no section can offer better inducements. Plenty of water for irrigation, land that is cheap at the price, finest climate in the country, all combine to make the Weiser Valley an ideal place for home. Weiser is on the main line of the Oregon Short Line railroad, a little city of 4,000 inhabitants, with all the modern conveniences of an eastern city of 20,000. If you desire any information concerning Weiser or the Weiser valley, address the Secretary of the Weiser Commiercial Club, Weiser, Idaho, who will gladly give all the infor- mation desired. SHOSHONE LAND7COMPANY SHOSHONE. IDAHO ~ Improved IrrigatedTarms. Homesteads with Government Water Right. CAREY ACT rRELINQUISHMENTS 'WRITE FOR. T PARTICULARS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 121 CLIP YOUR HORSES. Before you put your horses at hard spring work; clip them. It will do them good to have the long, thick win- ter coat taken off, just as you throw aside your winter overcoat. They would not need clipping if they ran wild in their natural state, but under the artificial conditions which they live, clipping is a good thing for them. You can get a very substantial horse clipping machine at little money and one of these machines will last you a good many years with very little attention. The Chicago Flexible Shaft Company, whose adver- tisement appears in this issue, are the largest manufac- turers of clipping machines in the world and they offer what is considered to be by all odds the best machine on the market at a very low price. Write them about one of these machines. "TREE TANGLEFOOT." This sticky preparation applied directly to the bark of trees is a complete protection against all worms, moths and other pests. It was used last year with remarkable success throughout New England in protecting fruit and shade trees. Easily applied and long lasting. Its low cost leaves no room for excuse in not using it. Everyone having either shade trees or fruit trees is interested in their protection and all are earnestly urged to write the O. & W. Thum Company, Grand Rapids, Mich., who will send them entirely free by mail a book containing much instructive, interesting and valuable information. We are presenting herewith copy of testimonial letter received by the Chicago House Wrecking Company, which speaks well for that concern : "Benton Harbor, Mich., Dec. 8, 1908. "Chicago House Wrecking Company, Chicago, 111. : "Gentlemen — I received my carload of lumber all O. K. Was well pleased with quality and prices. (Signed) "A. E. PHILLIPS." Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price : Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead , $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.00 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. GOVERNMENT LANDJ_ Open to Settlement Some of the richest and most productive farm land in the world lies in the "Big Horn Basin" of Wyoming. The United States Government is spending seven million dollars in building great ^concrete dams and ditches in order to lead an inexhaustible supply of water to irrigate some of the best of these lands and make them indepen- dent of rainfall. A great portion of this work is completed and The Government Now Offers the Land to You Under certain conditions you have the oppor- tunity to get from the Government a wonderfully productive farm, with water whenever you want it, regardless of rainfall; in a country where a single crop can be made to pay for the land; where 50 bushels of wheat or barley, and 75 bushels of oats are commonly grown to the acre; where fruits grow luxuriously and where the glorious air and sunshine, summer and winter, makes life a joyous thing. This wonderful country is developing fast. Churches and schools abound. The population is intelligent, God-fearing and law-abiding, and any man out there who is half a man has the oppor- tunity to quickly make himself ^independent. Land in this great country is going fast. If you have any thought for the welfare of your- self or children find out all about this offer from the United States Government. Reduced railroad rates "on the first and third Tuesdays of each month. On these dates I will personally conduct Landseekers* Excursions to the Big Horn Basin, to show these lands. Come with me on the next excursion and see for your- self— my services are free. Send for our new folder, with large map, and also folder issued by the Reclamation Service of the United States Government, giving all infor- mation about these lands, terms, etc. Free for the asking. Address Burlington 0. CLEM DEAVER, General Agent, E Landseekers' Information £t Bureau 69 Q Building,X>MAHA,NEB. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 122 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Irrigators', Engineers'. Prospectors' and Miners' High Cut Boots Expressly adapted for irrigation work. Made of the highest qual- ity and stock. Strong, comfort- able and dependable. Many styles. Protect the feet and keep them dry. Can be secured through shoe dealers. If not obtainable, write to us. For a dress shoe, wear "HONORBILT" F.Mayer Boot & Shoe Co. Milwaukee, Wisconsin Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation % SAVED OF THt EXPENSE OF IRRIGATION Send for our booklet, "COST OF IRRIGATION." It will save you money in irrigating. We guarantee 25)f more water with the same power, or the samt nmoumt of water with 25£ less power than other make of pumping machinery. We have proved this greater efficiency by hundreds of testi and we are ready to prove it again. Bulletin No. 104 illustrates and describes irrigation machinery THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS AURORA. ILLINOIS. I . S. A. Chicago Office, First National Bank Building. Morst Bros. Machinery & Supply Co., Denver, Colo. Zimmerman- Wells Brown Company, Portland, Ore. Cal. Hydraulic, Engineering & Supply Co., San Francisco, Calif. POTATOES PAY TR Make them pay by using the machines that really do the work — CUT, PLANT, SPRAY, DIG and SORT There's nothing in potato machinery ASPIN WALL EQUIPMENT Write for copy of our free book telling how to make money, growing potatoes. ASPINWALL MFG. CO. IIO Sabln St., Jackson, Mich. .U.S.A. Pioneer Maker* of Potsto Machinery TANGLEFOOT $60 GOe« LIKE SIXTY SELLS LIKE SIXTY? > SELLS FOR SIXTY GILSON GASOLENE tNGINE For Pumping, Cream _ GILSON MFG. CO. 74 Send $2.50 for The Irriga- tion Age 1 year, and the Primer of Irrigation A Sticky Preparation Applied Directly to the Bark of Trees Will not injure trees. Remains sticky three months fully exposed to weather. Easily applied with a small paddle. A pound makes a band 7 to 8 feet long. Once applied needs only occasional inspection to remove leaves, etc. Unequalled to protect trees from Spring and Fall Canker Worm, Tussock, Gypsy, and Brown Tail Moths, Fall Web Worm, Bag Worm, Climbing Cut Worm, or any climbing or creeping pests. Should be used before the insects begin to ascend the trees. Put up in 1, 3, 10 and 20-pound cans Price 24c to 30c per pound. Of Mend for Booklet. THE O. & W. THUM COM PA NY, Grand Rapids, Mich. Settles It When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 123 RECLAMATION SERVICE NEWS. (Continued from Page 119.) long, 25 feet wide, and from 2 to 20 feet high. In con- nection with this work a new channel was excavated for the Spanish Fork river and the water diverted from the old channel. The erection of the embankment necessi- tated the moving of 9,100 cubic yards of earth. The in- stallation of machinery and wiring at the power station is practically completed. The erection of the penstock was finished and considerable topographic work done. In the instructions heretofore issued in connection with the Truckee-Carson irrigation project, Nevada, the limit of distance to be regarded as residence in the neigh- borhood to permit sales of water right for land in private ownership was fixed at 20 miles. Within a distance of 50 miles from the project there are a number of large and promising mining camps, also the towns of Reno, Sparks, and others, and many inquiries have been made as to whether residence in these places would be regarded as sufficient in order to secure the benefits of the Reclamation Act. Believing that the present limitation is a hindrance to the rapid development of the country, and that per- sons residing within a limit of 50 miles should be permitted to obtain water from the project and that they may, with- in the intent of the law be regarded as residing within the neighborhood, the Secretary of the Interior has issued an order extending the limit of distance to 50 miles. The Lower Yellowstone National irrigation project, Montana-North Dakota, has been completed and water will be available for irrigating 45,000 acres during the sea- son of 1909. This is the second national project constructed on the Yellowstone, and inaugurates entirely new methods of farming in the lower valley of this river. Heretofore agricultural development has been slow and not wholly profitable, owing to the uncertain and deficient rainfall. With the assurance of an abundant supply of water from the Government's canals, intensive agriculture will be practiced and crop yields greatly increased. Nearly all of the public lands under the project have been filed upon, but there are numerous opportunities to secure private and railroad lands, and relinquishments of excess lands now held by settlers. Farmers accustomed, to the agricultural practice of Minnesota and North Dakota will find this an excellent field. The irrigable lands are in Ts. 18 and 19 N., R. 57 E. ; 19, 20, 21 and 22 N., R. 58 E.; 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 N., R. 59 E., and 24 N., R. 60 E., Montana principal meridian, and in Ts. 150 and 151 N., R. 104 ^W., fifth principal meridian. Plats showing the location and area of the various farms which may be entered upon the provisions of the homestead laws and irrigable lands in private ownership are on file in the local land offices at Miles City, Montana, and Williston, North Dakota. The water right charges are divided into two parts, namely, for building the work and an annual charge covering the cost of operation and maintenance. The part for building the works has been fixed at $42.50 per acre of irrigable land, and this may be paid in annual installments of $4.25 per acre, or some multiple thereof, without interest. The part fixed for operation and maintenance until further notice is $1 per acre of irrigable land per annum. For new entries one full installment of the charges for building, operation and maintenance, $5.25 per acre of irrigable land, must be paid at the time of making entry and water right application at the United States land office at Miles City, Montana, or Williston, North Dakota. The second installment will be due and payable on December 1 of the fol- lowing year and subsequent installments on December 1 of each year. For private lands and land heretofore entered within the irrigable area the first installment will be due and payable December 1, -1909.. All water right applicants are required to join the Lower Yellowstone Water Users' Association, which has contracted with the United States guaranteeing the pay- ment of water-right charges by its members, who give the association a lien on their lands. The BUCKEYE FOUR-CYCLE GAS ENGINE SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICAL IN OPERATION - RELIABLE CATALOG ON APPLICATION BUCKEYE ENGINE COMPANY, Salem, Ohio When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 124 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Pecos Valley ,Texas, Excels Four Indisputable Reasons Why Best Irrigation Project in America : : Facts All Prove It 1. CLIMATE — Ideal, with 345 days of sunshine every year. Summer temperature 67, winter 51, humidity 33, alti- tude 2,200 feet, no hot winds, no blizzards, U. S. Signal Service says climate is better than California, North Carolina or Florida. 2. SOIL — A rich, deep, sandy loam, ranging from dark chocolate to reddish in color, eighteen to thirty feet deep, no alkali. Pronounced by experts who have seen it "to be the finest body of land in America for irrigation." 3. AMPLE WATER SUPPLY— Our reservoir — two miles square, seventeen feet deep— holds 20,000 acre feet of water. Forty miles of canals serve water for irrigation. Wm. L. Rockwell, Government Irrigation Manager, says the duty of water in Pecos Valley should be one cubic foot for every 150 acres, while we guarantee one cubic foot for 80 acres, or approximately TWICE THE AMOUNT of water needed for irrigation. The rainfall is EIGHTEEN INCHES. It is believed artesian water underlies this lower Pecos Valley; in fact, on these lands, at 130 feet, ninety feet of good water has been found. 4. MARKETS — When the Orient Railroad reaches the lower Pecos Valley, which should be in twelve months, direct communication with the markets of the world, North, East, West and South, can be obtained. Meanwhile, there is a big demand for everything that can be raised. Alfalfa, which cuts seven tons per acre, NOW sells for $16 a ton at Grand Falls, just across the Pecos River from our land. The cattlemen who pasture hundreds of thousands of steers on the plains adjacent must have feed through the winter. NO OTHER IRRIGATION DISTRICT IN THE UNITED STATES IS SO WELL AND FAVORABLY LOCATED. With ideal climate, making your future home both healthful and delightful, a rich and fertile soil, plenty of water to guarantee bountiful crops, and a splendid market for all you raise, why do you hesitate to make the lower Pecos Val- ley your future home? YOU MUST KNOW WHAT THESE LANDS WILL PRODUCE Every crop known to irrigation can be successfully grown on this land, and we give below the valuation of crops raised per acre in this vicinity: Alfalfa 4 to 8 tone per acre Tomatoes $200 to $400 per acre Broom Corn 1 to a " " " Sweet Potatoes 15,000 to 20,000 Ibs. Cane 4 to 8 " " Cantaloupes $300 to $500 Wheat 20 to 50 trash. " Pumpkins and Kersliaws $10O to $800 Oats 50 to 100 " " Irish Potatoes $75 to $150 Corn 30 to 60 " " Fears $800 to $1200 Maize 50 to 75 Kaffir Corn 50 to 75 Fodder 4 to 6 tons Onions 5 to 7 " Cotton '. H to 1V6 bales Sugar Beets $100 Celery $500 Asparagus $500 lettuce $250 Apples and Peaches S300 to S6OO Soft Shell Almonds $250 to S500 Figs $300 to $600 Grapes, all varieties $150 to $400 Radishes $150 to $400 Cabbage $300 to $5OO Strawberries, Gooseberries, Baspberries, and all kinds of berries $250 to S500 READ WHAT OTHERS ARE DOING ON IRRIGATED LANDS A FEW MILES FROM OURS: "My ten-year-old orchard, in 1907, netted me $1,000 P.ER ACRE." C. W. Griffin. This is the orchard that took first premium at the St. Louis World's Fair. "The average yield of alfalfa at TWO YEARS old is SIX TONS per acre, at $12.50 per ton, $75 PER ACRE."— E. D. Balcom. "I have just satisfied myself that from 40 acres of alfalfa a net profit of $2,232 can be made in a year." — J. A. Barge. "I have sold from THREE-FOURTHS OF AN ACRE of sweet potatoes, $140 worth, and have one-half my crop left. Some weighed as much as 14 pounds." — W. Peninger. TKe Highest Authorities In America! Could we give you better testimonials? Better evidence that this is the greatest land proposition in the United States? W. L. ROCKWELL, IRRIGATION MANAGER U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHING- TON, D. C., Writes F. A. Hornbeck, Land Commissioner: "Dear Sir: I have lately visited the location of your contemplated irrigation system in Pecos Valley. I feel that you should congratulate yourselves and your engineer for finding such a NATURAL RESERVOIR so closely located to this EXCEPTIONALLY FINE BODY OF LAND. If you were to hunt the length and breadth of the arid West I DOUBT if you COULD FIND so large a tract of land LYING SO NEARLY IDEAL FOR IRRIGATION." : 58 F. D. COBURN, SECRETARY OF KANSAS STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, SAYS: "The country I looked at especially was the lower Pecos Valley, in Pecos County, now about to be opened up to settlement. It will be made directly tributary to Kansas City by the Orient Railway. The best of the lands here are certainly FAVORABLY SITUATED FOR IRRIGATION. They are being disposed of at prices and on terms attracting purchasers from all parts of the Union. Landseekers are met on every train." Don't Forget! This is Opportunity's Knock. The price of this rich, irrigable land, with a perpetual water right and a proportionate interest in a'reservoir two miles square, 17 feet'deepl and 40 miles of canals, now is only $40 a.n acre. EBESTiAND.CHEAPEST IRRIGATED LAND IN THEJUNITED STATES F, A. HORNBECK, XZSSSZSSi, .Kansas City, Mo. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. B THE Union LocK Poultry Fence BARB1WIRE Square close mesh. Highest quality, su- perior lock, easily erected, strong, low priced. Write for new catalog describing the Union Line of Field. Hoc. Poul- try and Lawn Fences. Union Fence Co. DC K.Ttb, III. Kansas City, Mo. A constant supply for as many purposes on your place as you desire. No trouble, no expense when you have Installed a RIFE HYDRAULIC RAM Pumps water from spring, stream or pond automatically. Inexpensive, simple, reliable. Satisfaction Guaranteed. Raises water 30 feet for every foot of fall. 7,000 in use. Write For Fre* Plans and book of valuable suggestions. RIFE ENGINE CO. .2160 Trinity llldg. haw S«w fork TDOUBLlT I {1,000 Reward | for Its ecnutb Wind power doubled, TwoM it wheel* work on lame plnloniKo- end wheel giT«« mow pow ertliaaflrat A GoYeroorTbd Govern: Inall winds. Derelopj 10 fall | b. p. In 20 mile .wind.. All I power needed tot turn, thop. irrigating,?:?. A''; about our selfoillne.c: •.'£./•;- nM,»lngle wheel piiiillier •tlu AfBBWT'r Husker. At': , rbook t> i DOUBLE PGlVnt MILL CO. »ppleton.WI«,U.S.». Larimer Ditching Plow with subsoil attachment. If you have ditching to do, this plow will save you more money than any implement you have on your farm. Reduces cost of digging ditch from one-half to two- thirds. Send for descriptive circular. LARIMER MFG. CO., EOI.A, (near Chicago,) ILL. ROCKFORD ENGINES— ALL STYLES From 3 to 30 H. P. Before you Rocklord Girl it the contract or togine lhat will olease I buy, get the R o ckf or d proposition. Address Dept. 4. Rockford Engine Wks. Rockfor 111. Neit-H.kby-H«ndy IRRIGATE FROM YOUR OWN RESERVOIR A reservoir on your own land makes you independent on the water Question. You will have no trouble in filling the reservoir during the spring rains, when all the streams, little and big are flooded. Then you will not be at the mercy of ditch owners and other water users when the dry season comes. The few acres you will require for the reservoir will not be wasted. They will serve to make all your other lands vastly more valuable. Raise the Water With An I. H. C. Gasoline Engine Of course you cannot have your reservoir on your high ground. Locate it on the bottomland where it is easiest made and certain to be filled with drainage waters. Then pump the water wherever you need it with an I. H. C. gasoline engine. These engines, always powerful and reliable, have been found to be excel- lently adapted to irrigation pumping. They are operated with little expense. They require but little attention. I hey enable you to utilize the waste waters such as deep streams, sloughs and ponds upon your own land. The farmer who has a water supply of his own, so that he may irrigate a few hours now and again, without regard to whether the water is flowing in the company ditch, is the independent farmer. A reservoir on your own land and an I. H. C. gasoline engine to give you the water when you want it, where you want it, is the solution of the problem. the following: Stationary engines, from 1 to 25 horse-power ; Portable engines, from 2 to 20 horse-power; Skidded engines, from 2 to 8-horse-power; Tractors, 12, 15 and 20- horse-power, and Sawing and Spraying outfits. Call on the International locaf agent for catalogs and all particulars in regard to these engines, or write nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Cola.; Portland Ore.; Salt Lake City, Utah; Helena; Montana; Spokane, Wash.; San Francisco, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA (Incorporated) CHICAGO, u. s. A. PUMP WATER nty of water in a GASOLINE Reason Says "Cjlji Horses^ Ffj /-/jo ^f>j*f n rf l>!" U fookf feel and work better, clean *** C/ 1C kjjJt Clfg£ ~~" easier, and if for sale bring more. The Stewart No. 1 Ball Bearing Clipping Machine Is the best on earth at any price. Ball bearings, file hard cut steel gears. Runs easy, clips fast, lasts long. Guaranteed for 25 Years. Only (7. SO at dealers, or send $2,00 and ' " will ship, balance C.O.D. Write today for free big new catalogue. Chicatfo Flexible Shaft Co.. 86 LaSalle Aye.. Chicago J; When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 126 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Clay Working •BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Klin Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for Infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay . Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Soft Mud Machines, Hone and Steam Power Hone Power Plunger Machine Product* of our Auger Machine! When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 127 UNION MACHINES WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO. QALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 128 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation Otto Suction Gas Producers And Otto Engines Are Reliable and Can Be Operated By Mem ol Ordinary Inletlifeoce J. A. Witter, Engineer for the Beaver Crossing Electric Light & Power Co.. Beaver Crossing, Nebr., writes: " Please send me a book of instructions on handling and running your gas producer and engine. I have been running this one on horse sense, but that might not work at al. times. Plant works fine. This man without special instructions, but with the use of " horse sense " causes his plant to work fine. There is a volume of praise for "OTTO" machinery in Mr. Witter's short letter. The Otto Gas Engine Works Philadelphia, Pa. It's Easier Quicker Cheaper To Level Fields, Make Ditches Gut and Glean Laterals, Make Borders with our 20TH CENTURY GRADER. Cuts "V" shaped ditches 30 in. wide, 15 to 18 in. deep, once up the field, once back; if ground is mellow— no plowing. It is light but very compact and strong. Weighs 600 Ibs. Can set reversible blade at any angle up to 50 degrees. Can raise and lower it, little or much, from seat, in a second. Blade 6 ft. long. Machine all steel except tongue. The 20th Century Grader levels seed-beds, cuts sage-brush with special'attach- ment, shaves down hummocks, digs shallow or deep ditches, grades roads, etc. Write nowfor newly written, handsome catalog with brand-new photos. It will answer your quest ons and make you want a 2OTH -riir CENTURY GRADED. Address today. |Ut BAKER MANUFACTURING COMPAN Y 277 Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL. Oxford Hotel DENVER. COLORADO At the OXFORD HOTEL, Denver, Colorado, you will find all the leading men interested in irrigation 'and all of its branches. Denver is the logical irrigation center of the United States. You will find nearly everyone engaged in or interested in irrigation projects stopping at the Oxford Located half a block from the Union Depot: Fir* Proof, Modern, European Plan and Popular Prices THE HAMILTON-BROOKS CO. PROPRIETORS SAMSON TURBINE! When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gean, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. Write Department K-2 for Catalog. "The Piano with a Soul" »"Thel 1C KERL E "SOLD— when You're SATISFIED" That'* the way Eckerle Pianos find homes for themselves. OUR NEW 60-PAGE flRT COLOR CflTflLOG will be tent free and postpaid to you if yon ask for it. Then in the quiet of your own home you can, by means of these beautiful photographs and complete descrip- tions, read and learn just how Well Eckerle Pianos are made, why they stay in tuue BO long; why they last a lifetime; why they always satisfy, and why it is called the "Piano with a Soul." This book take: von on atrip through one of the largest and best equipped niano fac- tories in America, and explains clearly why Eckerle Pia- noaare better than other mode.-ate price instruments. There are thirty-four of these important reasons which you should know about, scattered along the journey from lumber yard to shipping room. Send for this Art Color Catalog: today. It shows our new 1908 styles in colors, quotes lowest freight-paid prices, explains our 4 different plans of payment, and tellt you in the words of other buyers j ust what they have found the Eckerle Piano to be. Alter you have read this book through and talked the matter over with your family, you can take advantage of our fair and square "Sold When you're satisfied" offer, and we will deliver to your own homo, freight and delivery charges paid, the style of Eckerle Piano you prefer, and let you give it a thorough 30 days' trial. Play it yourself; let your chil- dren try it; invite your musical friends to play on it, and when the 30 days are up, let us know whether the Eckerle — "The Piano with a Soul" — has found a home with you. Ton take no risk whatever in trying the Eckerle Piano i n your own home, and we take but very little risk in making you this offer if you are really seeking earn- estly for the best piano at a moderate ' 'Factory to Home' ' price. Write a postal or a letter right now and ask us to send you the Art Color Catalog of the Eckerle— the piano that is not considered sold until yon are fully satisfied that it is the piano you want to place in your home. ALBAUGH-DOVER Co. 903- 93 8 Marshall Boulevard Capital $1,500,000 CHICAGO, ILL. NEW ALBAUGH-DOVER MODEL 5D-12 SEWING MACHINE 90 Days Trial A $60.00 Machine From Factory to Home for The most winderful offer we or any other houie has ever made on a strictly highest grade ball bearing drop head sewing machine. Do not class this machine with the ordinary drop head sewing machines which you can boy anywhere at $25.00 to S35.00. At 135.00 this machine would stand alone as one of the greatest values ever presented, and now when wo cut the price In two and aik only 117.95 for this beautiful piano- polished quartered oak case, with carved front and round comers, and this high arm automatic head fitted with best ball bearings and equipped with stitch regulator, double feed, spring tension, cylinder shuttle and automatic bobbin winder, also Include a full set of attachments and accessories, the offer becomes the sensation of the season In sewing machine values. Yon don't need to take our word for It, but trust to your own judgment after you have tried the machine In your own home for 90 days. Order this machine on 0 days trial; use It alongside of any $60 Agency Machine made, and If you don t prefer the new Albaugh-Dover mode! No. 5D-12 machine, regardless of cost, send It back and get every cent of your money. You take no Order today on 90 days trial. PUCE $17.95. $17.95 risk whatever. We can make quick shipment Albaugh-Dover Go,, 905-938 Marshall Blvd., Chicago, III, ALDOCO STEEL WIND MILLS Only $37.40 and up for complete steel mill and steel tower. Aldoeo Mills run nmoothly, quietly, and easily, and re- quire but the slightest breeae to set them In motion. They have solid tool steel wrist pins, and a special Rocker Arm Device. Our steel towers are strongly braced, well pro- portioned and fitted with ladders. Every mill fully guaranteed. Write us. No. 13 D I A-7701-11. Complete 8-foot wheel and 30-foot tower, total weight 940 pounds. Price $37.40 No. 13 D I A-7701-12. Complete 8-foot wheel with 40-foot iowct, total weight 1130 pound* Price $43.85 No. 13 D I A-7 702-20. Complete 10-foot wheel with 40-foot lower, total weight 1260 pounds. Price $51.05 No. 13 D I A-7702-21. Complete 10-foot wheel with oO-foot tower, total weight 1600 pound). Price $60 OS ALL SHIPMENTS MIDI rBOH riCTOBT NUB CmCioo ALBAUGH-DOVER CO. 913-938 M.rshall Bird.. Chicago, 111. MORE MONEY From Your Cows and 'Much Less Work] In Getting It. If you could see how to make easily ' D1PFE RENCB "^Q^^ $10 to $15 more a year on each and veen the ^^»w every cow you keep, and still NEW BUTTERFLY^iWao it with less work for CREAM SEPAR ATOR^^^*^ your wife and yourself, T and any other made- Difference in amount the cream you tret; Dlffer- -nce in the quality of cream; .Difference in the way the machine runs. ^Difference in the number of times a I PATENTED ALUMINUM COR-^^minute you have to turn the crank; RUGATED SKIMMING DEVICE^isV Difference 1 n,...., the New B,tterfl , Crean, S dPII.r.nt and a tlmeiai ef!lci.nt»sany other machine. Every drop of milk thatenters the bowl of the New Butterfly Cream Separator 111 actually put through the skimming process I A time*. This guarantees complete separation, and ,on can't fall to ret ALL T«E CREAM. Kew Bu« fly Cream Separators are sold as they oueht to be. Hot I agents, but direct from ourfactory to your farm Freight paid and on 365 d»y§' trial. Send today forillust'dcatalog. Far average use, we recom- PRICE Intend Ma. 4%, capacity 45O delivered at \toWOlbs.oJmUkptrhmir. your to , time and trouble It takes tO Clean the would Sav.aS ° , of -° 8 a y 1 n Ot A f\ *K < U t(? V V get th« NEW ALBAUGH-DOVER CO. 925-938 Marshall Boulevard, CHICAGO. A Complaint from one of the largest buggy manufacturers In America. In a private letter recently addressed to tbe Albaugh Dover Company be makes tills complaint, and appeals to us to raise our buggy prices. "Your prices are too low. We do not believe there la any other cataloguein existence (and surely no retail dealer or spent) selling a buggy as well made as your 14D-116, for instance, for less than 960.00, while your price is $50.00." We call that a pretty convincing argument, and one that should mean more to you If you are going to buy a buggy .than a 11 the extravagant claims made In the most beautiful colored catalog ever written. This letter proves that when It comes to buggies, we are acknowl- edged privately by other manufacturers themselves to be leader* In price and quality. Wby shouldn't we tell you about It I You ought to know It, too. We Make a Specialty of tbe Best Low -Priced Buggies in America as well as the higher grades. No matter what kind of a buggy you want to buy , if you haven't gotten our catalor and price list yon haven't struck "rock-bottom" In bugg. buying yet. Ourrigs arestylish, up-to-date, strong, and built right from top to tire. Above all. the price in every Instance our email profit will permit. Send today for our catalog and see for yourself why other i factmera are complaining about our low "Factory -to- User'* prices. Runabouts $21.00 to $02.00. Top bufsT&rles $28.50 to $1 10. Surreys $88. SO to $| 10. We have 38 styles of Top Buggies priced from $40 to $60. Amon^ these you are sure to find Just the rig you want at a price much less than you have expected to pay. Every buggy is covered by our"Iron-Clad Guarantee." Write for catalog. ALBAUGH-DOVER CO., 915.9 CAPITAL $1.000.000 MARSHALL BOULEVARD CHICAGO, ILL. 15he RELIABLE LINE "Dempster" That's The Name High Class Gasoline Engines 2 to 12 Horse Power For Gasoline Kerosene and Alcohol Four Cycle Economical Powerful Will Run Anything Anywhere Irrigating and Water Works Pumping Plants our Specialty OUR LINE: WIND MILLS ALL KINDS OF PUMPS WOOD AND STEEL TANKS WELL MACHINERY GASOLINE ENGINES CULTIVATORS FEED MILLS GRAIN DRILLS IRON PIPE AND CASING COCKS AND VALVES WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS FARM AND RANCH WATER. SUPPLIES BEST TO BUY BEST TO WORK Look Carefully at the Best Windmill Head Ever Made See that Extra Bearing , on the Wheel Shaft and the Center Lift Crank Roller Rim Gears and other good things DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO. FACTORY: BEATRICE. NEBRASKA Branch Houses : Omaha. Neb. Kansas City. Mo. Sioux Falls. S. D. Mention Department "A" when you write TWBNTY-F=OURTH YEHR JRRKMIQN AGE] PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION FARMERS, DEALERS IN AND MANUFACTURERS OF, IRRIGATION AND GENERAL, VOL. xxiv. CHICAGO. MARCH. 1909. No. 5 TITLE REGISTERED IT. S. PATENT OFFICE SHAPING AND TRUING AN OLD DITCH CAN BE DONE WITH AN AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR This machine excavates to templet so that no matter how little or how much the old ditch may be out of shape it is per- fectly true and uniform after the Exca- vator has passed over the work. Old irrigation ditches are quickly shaped up in the same way for lining. The Austin Drainage Excavator is self-propel- ling and will move along the work as fast as the excavation can proceed. WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Builder The Austin Drag Line Excavator The Austin Side Hill Ditcher OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber SEND FOR CATALOGUE "S" F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR COMPANY Railway Exchange, Chicago, III. Morris Machine Works BALDWINSVILLE.riN. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating; proposition. Send details or specifications of what it wanted and we will recommend a pumping outfit to supply the need New York Office, 39-41 Cortlandl Street Houston Office. Cor. Wood fi Willow Sts., Texas Henion < Bobbell, Agents, 61 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago. 111. Harron, lickard 6 McComb, Agents, 21 Fremont Street. San Francisco, Cs.1. IRRIGATE! Get More Out of Your Land USE THE "WORLD'S BEST" PUMPS Do you know what amazing results fol- low irrigating — what the soil will do if you give it a chance, and how light is the first cost of machinery when compared with the permanent returns? For instance, consider the Hydraeram — a modern Hydraulic Ram. It needs no fuel — nothing but a slight fall from the water source to the Ram. It works all the time and costs according to size demanded by con- ditions, from $20.00 to $60.00 each. They can be installed in batteries of two or more, discharging into a common discharge pipe. "iThe money return in excellent cropsjmakes up'for this outlay over and over again. Deming Irrigating outfits have capacities ranging from three gallons to 3,000 gallons per minute. They can be operated by horse- power, gas or gasoline engine, electric motor, belt driven or geared, or they will operate automatically as in the case of the Hydraeram — operated by any available power — any size — for any purpose. Ask for our Catalogue "G." It gives complete details of our Power Pumps for irri- gating and other purposes. The Deming Company, Salem, Ohio. General Agencies in All Principal Cities Hand, Windmill and Spray Pumps for all uses, inaddition to large and small power pumping outfits. THE IEEIGATION AGE. 129 The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economical and Certain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators —The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Four Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follows: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel. On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III.. U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 130 THE IKRIGATION AGE. SUPERIOI DULLS are Died tnd Appreciated by Good Farroert the World Orer SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., • Minneapolis, Minn. Kinsman & Co., .... Peoria, 111. Kingman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Kiairman-Moore Imp. Co., - Kansas City, Mo. Kingmao-Moore Imp. Co., • Kingmin Implement Co., - Parlln & Orendorff Imp. Co.. Colorado Moline Plow Co., TheT. C. Powers Co., . - - , . Consolidated Waff. & Mach. Co , Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co.. - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co., - - Stockton, Cal. Eistern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS , Oklahoma, Okla. • Omaha, Neb. Portland, Ore. • Denver, Colo. Helena, Mont. Head Gate Hoists in all sizes and types for use in connection with timber or cast iron Head Gales and Waste Gates also a complete line of Cast Iron Gates Catalog No. 25 is devoted exclusively to Gate Hoists. We also build the New American Turbine The Dayton Globe Iron Works Co. Dayton, • • • Ohio "Little Yankee" IRRIGATION LEVELERS and DITCHERS We build three styles of Graders for leveling land for irrigation, making and cleaning lateral ditches. Send for catalogue des- cribing our "OHIO," "LITTLE YANKEE" and "SHUART Aoaress The Ohio Road Machinery Company Box F, Oberlin Ohio Engines! Boilers! Etc. at Bargain Prices! GENERATING SET. 1 13x30x14 Tandem Ideal Compound Engine, direct conjiected to ICO K. W. General Electric 125-volt, direct-current generator. Thoroughly overhauled. Practically new. CORLISS ENGINES. 1 28x60 left-hand HAMILTON Corliss Engine. 1 24x48 SIOUX CITY right-hand Corliss Engine. 1 22x42 BATES right-hand Corliss Engine, with rope drive. 3 pairs 24x48 WHEELOCK Engines for rope drive. 3 pairs 36x60 WHEELOCK Engines for rope drive. 1 16x.')6 ALLIS Corliss Engine. AUTOMATIC AND SLIDE VALVE ENGINES. 1 18x24 heavy duty ATLAS Automatic Engine. 1 18x30 throttling BROWNELL Engine. 1 16x16 center crank ERIE BALL balanced valve Automatic Engine. 1 15x15 side crank BUCKEYE Automatic Engine. 1 13x12 ERIE BALL center crank balanced valve Automatic Engine. I K!xl2 side crank NEW YORK safety Automatic Engine. BOILERS. 7 500 horse-power Babcock & Wilcox water tube boilers with B. & W. chain grates, about 5 years old. 160 Ibs. pressure. Also complete coal and ash handling apparatus, capable of taking care of these boilers. 4 250 horse-power HEIBE water tube boilers with Oliver patent grates. 100 Ibs. pressure. 1 125 horse-power MORRISON corrugated furnace, internally fired boiler. 125 Ibs. pressure. 1 48x21 locomotive fire-box boiler. 00 horse-power, 100 Ibs. pressure. 24 78x20 horizontal tubular boilers, triple riveted, •/2-inch shell, ->£ heads. With Murphy furnace and stokers on all boilers. Also coal and ash han- dling apparatus for these boilers. fi 72x20 horizontal tubular boilers, quadruple riv- eted. 50 4^-inch tubes. 110 Ibs. pressure. 4 72x18 horizontal tubular boilers. 100 Ibs. pressure. 4 72x16 horizontal tubular boilers. 95 Ibs. pressure. 2 66x16 horizontal tubular boilers, triple riveted, butt strapped. 140 Ibs. pressure. 8 60x16 horizontal tubular boilers. 100 Ibs. pressure. 2 54x16 horizontal tubular boilers, triple riveted, butt strapped. 125 Ibs. pressure. 2 48x14 horizontal return tubular boilers, butt ^trapped. 125 Ibs. pressure. WRITE FOR FREE CATALOGUE No. 803 Illustrates and 'describes thousands of wonderfuljbar- gains in merchandise of every kind. Mailed free for the asking. New Machinery Bulletin now ready. Ask for a copy. £36 TELEPHONES— ALL YARDS 1900 Chicago House Wrecking Co. 35th and Iron Sts., Chicago When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 131 American Steel 4 Wire Co.'s AMERICAN DREDGE ROPE A TESTIMONIAL MOREHOUSE, Mo., February 20, 1909. AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE Co., Chicago, Ills. Gentlemen: — I formerly used a rope much advertised and of considerable merit. I thought it to be the best rope on the market, but after your representative induced me to try an American rope I found that I had been losing money right along by not trying the American rope before. Your rope costs me a little more than any on the market, but it wears longer and, therefore, in the end it costs me less and is what I have been looking for for a long time, i. e., a rope which is absolutely dependable and will not fail me at any time. I could see but very little difference between the ropes which you made for me at your Worcester, Mass., mill and the ropes which you sent me from stock. They are all good. As long as you keep giving me the quality which you have done during the past two years I do not want to bother experimenting with other makes. I have tried them all. If you wish, use this testimonial freely. It is not my purpose to disparage other makes of ropes as I have had several very good makes from other manufacturers of wire rope. I have found your rope to be the best and I think you are entitled to a letter from me stating this. Yours very truly, (Signed) WM. CRUMPECKER, Dredge Contractor. ^^M^^^^^^^M^MMVBMBB^^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^.^B.MHHIn«—a«M«MMW~M^»'*^^^«l^»«^—^^«>l^^^^—'-^—^-^— »«••••«•- When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 132 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation -and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox. . .' 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.00 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Tro\ighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. — OR — T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bldf., Denver, Colo. Ditching Dredges, Placer Mining and Traction Dredges SUITABLE FOR^ALL CLASSES OF WORK Steam Shovels— AII sizes Ballast Unloaders Write us for information, giving particulars of requirements The Marion Steam Shovel Co., MARION. OHIO G. W. BARNHART, Western Manager 718 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, Cal. F. H. HOPKINS & CO., Montreal, Quebec HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND.. V. S. A. Supplied in ill Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments May Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXIV CHICAGO, MARCH, 1909. NO. 5 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, - - CHICAGO Entered n Kcond-cUu matter October t, 1897, mt the Po«to«ce It Chicago, 111., under Act of March 8, 1878. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $ J.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid 11.00 To Canada and Mexico . l.M All Other Foreign Countries 1.60 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age it th* only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 24 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. Northern Idaho Forestry Association, Idaho composed of lumbermen of Washington, Forestry Idaho, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Association. Nebraska, owning hundreds of thousands of acres of virgin forest lands in the pan- handle of Idaho, will urge the forestry department, headed by Gifford Pinchot, to co-operate with it in the protection of the standing timber, including several hundred thousand acres in the national forest reserve, declared to be the largest stand of white pine left in- tact on the continent. The association expended more than $100,000 this year in building trails, maintaining stations and patrols, and fighting forest fires. It is purposed to build a series of twenty dams at the headwaters of the Coeur d'Alene, St. Maries and St. Joe rivers and their tributaries to create enormous reser- voirs to store the snow water from the mountains for release during the dry season. This will provide a means to fight fires, insuring also a steady flow in the streams for logging, irrigating and mining purposes and checking the floods during the spring freshets, thus eliminating the danger of the destruction of millions of dollars' worth of property by the ravages of swollen mountain streams. A. L. Flewelling of Spokane, chairman of the committee on conservation, will leave for Washington, D. C., early next year to discuss the matter with Mr. Pinchot and endeavor to enlist federal aid. The American Irrigation Federation, American which has vice-presidents and members in Irrigation every state and territory where water is Federation. applied to lands by scientific means, will meet in annual convention in Spokane on August 8, the day before the seventeenth National Irri- gation Congress is formally organized. G. L. Shumway, of Scottsbluff, Neb., chairman of the executive committee of the federation, conveys the foregoing information in a letter to B. Insinger, chair- man of the local board of control of the congress, at Spokane. Mr. Shumway adds it is likely that the governor of Nebraska and a representative delegation of men interested in reclamation and forestry in his state will attend the congress. He urges that advocates of pri- vate irrigation enterprises, the Carey act and other mat- ters of similar character and scope be given a hearing, saying that the good points of all are certain to be brought out in spirited debates. The officers of the federation are: President, I(. Bradford Prince, Santa Fe, N. M. ; secretary, D. H. Anderson, editor IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago; vice-presi- dents, Presley E. Horn, Hailey, Idaho; Prof. J. D. Tinsley, Mesilla Park, N. M. ; Tom Eichardson, Port- land, Ore. ; Judge Cyrus Happy, Spokane ; C. T. John- son, C. E., Cheyenne, Wyo. ; Prof. 0. V. P. Stout, Lincoln, Neb. ; Prof. F. D. Coburn, Topeka, Kas. ; 134 THE IE RIG AT I ON AGE. William Hale Thompson, Chicago; John Hall, Lam- passas Springs, Texas: A. J. Cobban, Rhinelander, Wi*. ; executive committee. Lute M. Wilcox, editor Field and Farm, Denver; Zera Snow, Portland; J. Turley. Tin-ley, N. M.; C. E. Brainard, Payette, Idaho, and Jolm Me Alpine, Duluth, Minn. In a recent news item we notice that thnre Attempt is a sentiment among engineers connected to Change with the Reclamation Service to boost the Name. Water Resource Branch of the United States Geological Survey. We note that one engineer, Mr. J. C. Stevens, of Portland, Ore., is either working in conjunction with Mr. Pinchot of the Forestry or Conservation movement or some others in his own department who are anxious to put over the conserva- tion matter, but it is doubtful if a man in Mr. Stevens' position would attempt to suggest as important a change as that which is described hereafter. In his recent letter to one of the officials of the Irrigation Congress, Mr. Stevens says that the Congress can render the greatest service if it will make a specialty of favoring the con- servation movement, which is today so much alive in the public mind. In fact, he favors changing the name from the National Irrigation Congress to the National Conservation Congress, because, as he says, this organi- zation in the past has taken up the questions which have led to the necessity for that broad view of the subject which would be embraced in a conservation con- gress, and he furthermore says that he believes the or- ganization is now a conservation congress in everything except the name. Mr. Stevens would better apply his efforts directly along lines which would be beneficial to his part of the work rather than the exploitation of suggestions handed to him by his superiors or officials of the Forestry Bu- reau. An attempt was made at Colorado Springs by Geo. H. Maxwell and some of his friends to merge the Irriga- tion Congress with the Trans-Mississippi Congress and it is very evident from the suggestion which comes to us through Mr. Stevens that some move of this kind will be attempted at Spokane. These gentlemen, who by the way are nothing more than the servants of the people whom they are trying to lead, may as well understand, first as last, that the Irrigation Congress was not organized for their benefit and that its object today is to give an oppor- tunity for the exploitation of such grievances as may arise in connection with the reclamation of our arid lands, in addition to the discussion of matters pertain- ing to irrigation generally. The Forestry matter has grown sufficiently to hold the attention of any one government bureau without there being necessity for branching out into the subject of water conservation. One is inclined to think at times that Mr. Pinchot has "gone wild" on this subject. He may as well un- derstand, at this time, that the west will not continue to- tolerate his arrogance and dictatorial policies. What effect the new administration will have on this policy it is a question. It may as well be stated ta these people, however, that they will change the political complexion of the entire mountain section, as sug- gested by Mr. Robertson of Wyoming, unless their poli- cies are modified to meet the conditions arising from agricultural development alongside of forested areas. The public, generally, do not apparently compre- hend this question or they would rise en masse and de- stroy the power of the forestry bureau. One of the most alarming features in connection with this whole work is the fact that such estimable men as Secretary Wilson sit idly by and permit encroachment on the rights of settlers, farmers and stockmen throughout the west. And what is this man Pinchot, who is allowed such power and control? One would judge from his ac- tions that he has the whole federal machinery at his command. Perhaps on some of his rare trips away from the lines of railway he has gathered some of the far-famed loco and fed it to some of those in Washing- ton who are now his dupes and supporters. "Locoed" would be a fairly good explanation of the condition of those who are apparently following the suggestions made by the man Pinchot. Wre wish at this time to reiterate Mr. Robertson's prediction that the whole political com- plexion of the mountain states will be absolutely changed unless radical moves are made along conservation and forestry bureau lines in the way of improvement and assistance to the home-maker. The meeting of the seventeenth National National Irrigation Congress in Spokane, August 9 Irrigation to 14, 1909, comes at an opportune time, Congress. and in all probability the matter of reser- voirs and dams in the mountains will be taken up with the irrigation men, who will also be di- rectly benefited by the hoarding of the water supply. It is understood that President Taft and several members of his cabinet will attend the sessions, going afterward to Seattle to visit the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific exposition. . It is also expected there will be from 3,500 to 5,000 delegates and visitors, including prominent irrigation- ists, orchardists, forestry experts and others interested in the subject of irrigation. •~~~~-~— Will pay for the $2.50 one year and _____ IRRIGATION. IRRIGATION AGE the PRIMER OF THE IKRIGATION AGE. 135 EDITORIAL NOTES. BY G. L. SHUMWAT. The Farm Life Uplift Commission has reported, and, as predicted, the amount of information collected which is of practical use is not emphasized by the amount given out. As stated, the indorsements are for those things for which the commission was created. The purpose of its creation was political and it has fulfilled its mission. The indorsement of postal savings banks was an- ticipated in these columns and elsewhere. But let me say here that I' do not strenuously object to postal sav- ings banks if they come into being through the enact- ment of a bill embodying Senator Carter's ideas, but if along the lines of Mr. Meyers' opinions, it will place monetary matters in the hands of fewer people. The main objection to Senator Carter's plan lies not in the plan itself, but in its practical operation when coupled with the asset currency law. Under that law all bonds that are a basis for currency must pass in- spection and obtain the official 0. K. of a monetary commission. To become a federal depositary a bank must first find satisfactory bonds to deposit in the United States treasury. Those bonds must be acquired either from the people or from bondholders in the money centers. The commission can discriminate. In fact, it must discriminate, and quite likely the kind of bonds — industrials and transportation bonds — with which its members are familiar, will be favored. While irriga- tion bonds; which are probably the best and safest kind of bonds in existence, are as likely to be rejected, be- cause the commission lacks information along irriga- tion lines. Every seed sown, every improvement made, every furrow plowed, every mortgage filed, in a com- munity embraced in an irrigation district, adds to the strength of that district's bonds, yet they are likely to be the first in the list to be blue-penciled.' So if the outer circles must send to the industrial centers for their bonds it will drain local communities of just the amount of its available life blood. But this is a digression. I started in to scold, and I fear that the continued irritations will cause me to degenerate into a chronic scold. From the hundred- and-some-odd-thousand letters received one is given conspicuous notice. It is an unfortunate faculty of Mr. Roosevelt to seize an exception and hold it up as the rule. In this letter, one man asserts that he counted seven snakes in the wall of a neighbor's well, and ap- parently this illustrates the carelessness of country peo- ple as to sanitary matters. This "snake story" evidently impressed the com- mission also. If its members were "Beard"-less, as boys, or were of that class of women whose sympathetic souls melt with pity when they go slumming, one would not be surprised. These supposedly sensible men were evi- dently shimming also, and because of such an isolated case (if indeed it existed) their scintillating imagina- tions painted serpents galore invading the Edens of our farming communities. It would be singular (if it were not plural) this tendency of the closing administration for wildly extravagant illustrations. My earliest childhood was upon a farm where the pink petals of peach and apple blossoms fell into my cradle. The stretching fields of corn, grains and meadow of sweet scented hay were my associates of youth and early manhood. I exchanged work with neighbors for miles around, and took my turn with the downrow and the tail of the straw carrier. The labor was hard and the hours were long, but the food •was good and clean. Once in a while an old toad would drop into our open wells, but was immediately discov- ered and the well drawn dry and cleaned, but I never yet saw or heard of a snake in a well until unearthed bv this slumming commission. I have wandered all over the great west. I have lived in dugouts and cabins, but everywhere in the rural world has cleanliness been one of the dominating features. When the high winds roared the wise old country women found comfort in the thought that it made the country healthier. Seldom would a woman of the farms think for one moment of mingling the garments of her flock indiscriminately with others as is now done in many laundries. No, her proud mo- ments are when, white and clean, washed by her own hands, a laden line hangs under the light of the sun, the snow white flag of cleanliness, and a refutation of this seemingly wanton insult by inference at least. To continue this joke of a report the commission solemnly warns the farmers of the great agricultural states, where waterfalls are not of frequent occurrence, that the monopolization of water power will overwhelm them with some dire calamity. Power from most of the streams in the greater part of the agricultural states is impossible to any great extent, but the few old mills that are so operated appear to me to have converted a waste energy into useful channels, and the perpetrators of the deed are entitled to medals, or some such recog- nition. Farm life commissions and conservation commis- sions are all right in a way if they would get down to business and not draw so heavily upon their vivid imaginations. The rural population needs actual, prac- 136 THE 1ERIGATION AGE. tical, agricultural instruction in our public schools. The country needs not be told that it shall not use the nat- ural advantages and resources that it possesses, but how to create new resources. As an illustration, there lives in Nebraska a man who today is building himself a barn — of lumber made from trees planted by himself. That is utilizing the elements to make the things which we need. THE CONSERVATION PROBLEM. BY CLARENCE T. JOHNSTON, State Engineer of Wyoming. The new idea seems to be that if a man takes a tract of virgin soil, and by the aid of sunlight and rain- fall, or irrigation, his industry and ingenuity create a home, he is justly a victim of tribute. That men who for years have watched the waters of a river flow past their doors, have a right to absorb a portion of the profit resulting from the industry and genius of a man who converts that waste into useful purposes. Perhaps this is right and that indolence has a just privilege to fasten itself to meritorious enterprise, and be supported bv the energy of others. Conservation Problem. We are presenting in this issue an article on the Conservation Problem by Mr. Clarence T. Johnston, State Engineer, of Wyoming, which will be found very in- teresting to those who are devoting time to the study of this subject. Mr. Johnston is one of the best known engineers in the entire western country, is a man of great ability and good standing in his home state, and his views on this subject may be accepted as authority. LIGHTEN TAX FOR IRRIGATION. The fact that irrigation works have generally proved to be more expensive than estimated, with the attendant in- crease in burden of annual payment required of the entry- men under the act of July 17, 1902, has caused Senator Mc- Cumber of North Dakota to introduce a bill providing that such payments shall be made in twenty installments. In North Dakota the installments required under the present law are as high as $4.60 per acre, so that an entry- man with forty acres is obliged to pay as much as $200, while as a rule he doesn't obtain irrigation for more than half of his land. When the irrigation works were projected it was not supposed the charge would be so great, and it was expected the result would be to give ample water for all the land in- volved in the project. North and South Dakota, Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho, Colorado, Montana and Utah are all affected by the proposed legislation, which is now before the senate committee on irrigation and reclamation. Send $2*50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation *Read before the Wyoming Wool Growers Association at Rawlins, Wyo., Ian. 11, 1909. A state is created when the people locally con- cerned are able to convince Congress that, by reason of population, education and natural wealth, a particular territory is entitled to this more advanced and inde- pendent form of government. Congress, in which all states are represented, would not assume to diminish the area of any state without the consent of the people of that state. Yet this has been done regardless of the will of Congress, or the interests and necessities of the people concerned. Western states were formed under the theory that development would take place within their borders as it has in Iowa and Minnesota. The same laws, with but little change, are now in effect. Without consulting Congress, or the representatives from the West, im- mense areas have been withdrawn from the operation of the land, mineral and timber statutes. On the rec- ommendation of one great conserver all the timber lands are removed from the sovereignty of the states and he is made absolute lord and master of them. An- other advises that the coal lands be withdrawn from all other forms of entry. This advice seems good, and the coal lands are partially taken away from the general land office, which is supposed to have charge of them under acts of Congress, and given to another depart- ment which is strong on conservation. Some clerk drifting about here in the West found that there is a large area underlaid with phosphate. To insure his name being inscribed urton a tablet among famous men, lie recommends that these lands be set aside and re- lieved from the operation of the laws enacted by Con- gress. Some true lover of game and birds discovers a place that would make an ideal breeding ground for some of these animals. He places himself among the great and good by having such lands reserved. Among all of these withdrawals, not a single acre except a small area that will actually be irrigated under govern- ment projects has been set aside for the benefit of the people. We do not know why coal lands are withdrawn, as such, when no study has been made to determine whether or not the coal below can ever be of one-half the value of the sage brush which flourishes on the sur- face. It would not surprise one to find, in a few years, that some distinguished scientist has discovered that sage brush has great value. As soon as it is clear that this great resource of Wyoming is likely to be needed bv posterity, sage brush reserves will be created. When that time arrives our state will cease to be a common- wealth among those of the I'nion. Already one-third to one-half of the area of the state has reverted to the national government bv proclamation of the President. What is left of the nublic domain mav at anv time be withdrawn, so that the state will onlv he sovereign over the small area of land that has gone into the hands of tho people. Our present situation is not a pleasing one. We are told that these sreat withdrawals are made to pro- tect the interest? of the people. We had supnosed that Congress represented the people and that laws were made governing the disposition of all public lands. This being true, it would seem natural that Congress should THE IRRIGATION AGE. 13? enact laws providing for a proper administration of all other resources. With every department grasping for power and seeking jurisdiction over resources of va- rious kinds, and land withdrawals taking place every few months, we can well take time to pause and ask ourselves whither we are drifting. We have failed to grasp some opportunities in the past which might have placed the states in position at this time where interference by the bureaus at Wash- ington would not be possible. Because we were then, as now, grazing our flocks and herds without charge, our selfish instinct opposed state control of the public domain. We were afraid that the state might deem it wise to divide the range and protect the stock business, and that the expense of this administration might have to be borne by the live stock interests. We lost a great opportunity and now face a danger which did not threaten fifteen years ago. We must now deal with bureaus hundreds of miles away, which cannot be reached by reason and whose policies cannot be modified to suit local conditions. We live in the age of the advertiser. Those who have wares to sell or who for any other reason. have cause to bring matters to the attention of the public, have learned the value of the art of advertising, and have found that the catchy phrase is one of the best means for reaching the desired result. Advertising is excusable on the part of merchants or professional men. because these must compete with others who are in the same line of business. To carry methods which are necessary among the commercial re- lations of men to places of trust and responsibility where there is no competition and where scientific work only is to be performed, is a dangerous policy in a govern- ment of the people. The Forest Service of the United States is a creature of advertising. The millions appropriated by Congress each year are partially dissipated in carrying on a very complete publicity department. We presume that the people of the East, who read most of this advertising, believe that the Forest Service is planting trees, and doing everything on the great reserves in the West to protect the present growth of timber and to in- sure an ample timber supply in the future. We who understand forest reserves also understand that they are conducted primarily for the purpose of revenue. This revenue was formerly used directly by the Forest Service. Now it is deposited in the United States Treasury and one-fourth of it is supposed to return to the state in which the reserves are located. The larger ' this revenue becomes, the stronger becomes the argu- ments of the Forest Service for larger appropriations from Congress. With each increase in the appropriation the advertising resources of the Forest Service can be extended. The writer has obtained the printed adver- tising of the Forest Service for a considerable period and as yet has not found a single instance where any- thing new in the science of forest work has been de- scribed therein. The advertising deals with persons and policies. The familiar and gloomy picture so often presented by the Forest Service that our forests will disappear within twenty years if the present use contiuues, is an example of some of the stock advertising indulged in by this Department. It is intended to bring converts to the policies of the Forest Service by leading the public to believe that the timber supply is likely to be in- sufficient within the next few years. With trees grow- ing throughout the country; with a timbered country extending from the Canadian borders to Alaska and from Mexico through South America, there is no cause for any great worry in this direction. Lumber from South America and British Columbia can be laid down at our principal seaports at a price that will compete with any of our domestic timber. Forestry, like any other kind of agriculture, will always be maintained in, accordance with its value to the people concerned. No one should endeavor to mini- mize the value of trees and forests. No department of the Government should take advantage of the natural disposition of the people to embrace policies which will guarantee the success of any agricultural pursuit, for personal or political purposes. A year ago Congress passed an Act, in connection with the appropriation for the Forest Service, which reads as follows: "That no part of this appropriation shall be paid or used for the purpose of paying for, in whole or in part, the preparation or publication of any newspaper or magazine article, but this shall not pre- vent the giving out to all persons without discrimina- tion, including newspapers and magazine writers and publishers, of any facts or official information of value to the public." This seeming restriction of the adver- tising work of this Department has seemed to encour- age rather than discourage the officers of the Forest Service. A weed pulled up by the roots cannot survive. If cut off, leaving the roots in good condition, it may thrive more luxuriantly than though it were left in its original state. It would seem that this Act of Congress, in an attempt to curtail vicious advertising by a scien- tific department of the Government, which should stand on the merit of its own work, has given such treatment to that department as does the farmer who removes the top of a sunflower without injury to the stalk of the plant. After such treatment the sunflower branches out and flourishes like a green bay tree. Since the Act of Congress a year ago, the Forest Service has not only continued its own campaign, but it has branched out and is responsible for the Conservation Commission, and the Commission to study conditions of country life. The advertising issued in. behalf of the various com- missions has attached to it a colored slip of paper one- half of which contains the law restricting the use of the appropriation for advertising purposes, and the other half is a frank addressed to the Forest Service at Washington. The law is quoted to deceive the public, because it would not be presumed that any department would quote a law while in the act of violating it. The frank is for the purpose of returning to the forester any papers which may publish advertising matter free of cost. The Conservation Commission is therefore an off- shoot of the Forest Service. We do not know as yet what this new branch of the Forest Service is to bring about. We do know that it is flourishing under that successful system of advertising inaugurated by the chief of that service. We do not know as yet how we are to actually conserve our resources except by failing to make any use of them. When the pilgrim fathers landed on the bleak coast of New England they were not restricted in the use of any resources at their disposal. They grazed their herds and flocks on the lands that were held in common and their prosperity and progress was largely due to the 138 THE IRRIGATION AGE. freedom they enjoyed in this direction. As settlement has continued westward, the pioneer lias always been favored with the free use of all resources which could not be ultilized to better advantage under some kind of community control. This happy condition continued throughout the time occupied in the settlement of an area comprising two-thirds of the public domain. A time finally arrived when large interests that are pro- tected by some of the bureaus at Washington found it to their advantage to restrict settlement and by a policy of preservation and conservation increase the value of their own holdings. Some of the bureaus at Washing- ton have co-operated with these large interests and are still, we believe, carrying on campaigns in conjunction with the publicity departments of some of the most powerful interests of the country. The people of the West appreciate fully the neces- sity of making a proper use of natural resources. They understand fully the problems which are presented and which must be solved before development can take place and before the best use of resqurces is realized. When the pioneer of the West endeavors to prevent some waste by running livestock on an area embraced within the forest reserve, thereby consuming some of the grasses which grown each year, the officers of the Forest Service hold that he should pay the general Government in the proportion to your grazing privilege. The grass which grows this year and dies in the fall is as much lost to the public as the water which has passed down our rivers to the larger streams of the Atlantic and Pacific. While public rights should always be preserved, yet those who develop and those who are the pioneers in any industry should not be taxed until the time ar- rives when a higher and better use can be made of any resource and when such use is necessary in behali of local public interests. The tax on the use of a natuial resource should, therefore, be applied when competition demands such a regulation. It can be said without fear of contradiction that the present attitude of the Forest Service would have been impossible had it not been for the widely circu- lated claim of beneficial effects of forests which have no basis in scientific truth. For years the Forest Serv- ice has been advertising that forests conserve the water and regulate the flow of streams. During the past year several prominent engineers of the West ha-ve taken up the question of forests and their influence on stream flow. These men agree that forests do not have a fa- vorable effect on the run-off of streams. Colonel H. M. Chittenden, of the U. S. Corps of Engineers, takes a leading part in this discussion. His observation and investigations have covered a long period and his work has been of the most careful and painstaking character. He has spent much time in the forest areas of the West and can speak from a knowledge based on actual ex- perience. His paper was subject to severe criticism by those who had accepted the theories of the Forest Serv- ice blindly, but Colonel Chittenden's arguments were not thereby weakened in a single instance. A promi- nent California engineer was among those who followed Colonel Chitenden and he shows by actual measurement of streams that those with the forest covered water shed, other conditions being equal, furnish less water per annum than streams which have their source in localities growing no timber. Not only is the volume of water greater from streams belonging to the latter named class, but the season of high water is more timely and the floods are less violent. This engineer considers from six to ten streams, of varying character in so far as the timber growth is concerned, so that the results of his investigations are conclusive. If this condition is found to exist in California there should be no doubt as to the effect of forests on stream flow in Wyoming, where every acre-foot of water has a value and where the anuual precipitation is less. Forests do delay the melting of snow for a week or two in the spring. They shade the ground as the melting begins, and the water is at first absorbed by the blanket of snow beneath the branches of the trees. The snow finally becomes satu- rated with water and in this condition it all melts and runs away in a very short period. Regardless of the initial delay in the melting of the snow on the forested area, the total volume of water contained therein reaches the larger streams at a time equally as early as does the water from snows on the exposed areas. The delay which occurs is of a cumulative kind. The floods occur long before water is needed for irrigation and the theory that forests store water is as valueless to the irrigator as is the attraction of the sun and moon. The conservation idea has been very contagious. If the national Government, after this spasm of en- thusiasm and bureaucratic advertising, is able to point out how we are to use our coal and lumber and still have it, we will be under obligations. If we can be told how a tax on our most important industries will ever help development, we will be thankful. If we can be shown where, in a single instance, the national Govern- ment has ever even encouraged a careful use of natural resources we will appreciate it. The earth has supported man for a number of years in the past. Those regions where our primitive ancestors first lived are still productive. Eygpt contains more wealth today than it did four or six thousand years ago. It has never enjoyed the benefits of a forest service; it has never felt the necessity for conserving everything. Our country presents a greater variety of natural resources than any equal area on the face of the globe. The people of the West have tried to make use of these. They have already obtained title to some of the area embracing these resources and, as far as we know, they have benefited themselves and humanity by so doing. They have not until recently paid any direct tax to great bureaus at Washington — but this is neither an indication of any weakness of the Govern- ment, nor is it a criterion by which we may judge as to the effect of the original policy of the Government on succeeding generations. In discussing this great question of conservation ; this new idea that the Chief of the Forest Service has brought out, we must not forget that he is responsible for many of the rules and regulations that retard and discourage development. He, more than any other man, has had opportunity to study -methods whereby he might obtain control of large areas here in the West, which are conserved and preserved for the benefit of himself, his friends and posterity — posterity, that elusive thing of the future which has, like tomorrow, never been at- tained and which, if ever reached, will be found taking care of itself. This Chief has no family, hence has had no experience in home building and has no personal in- terest in posterity. His activity in everything that tends to make life a long and pleasant dream for our descendants is, therefore, not promoted by any selfish motive. He if a public spirited man. He has some THE IRRIGATION AGE. 139 ambition. His Forest Service was organized when the advertising department was created. He has had con- siderable time to study other duties which might be performed in the interest of posterity. In all of this, however, he has not forgotten the party of the first part and his present aims and purposes. He would rather deal with problems of the present which relate to his •own aggrandizement, than to determine by observation or experience whether it is best to cut southern pine with a butter knife or a hack saw. He is a deep student. When not engaged in writing articles dealing with the prospects of a meeting of the conservation commission, or describing in plain but elegant English the political support that he is obtaining, he is in a brown study Revising some relief for posterity. The results of his jnental labors are becoming apparent. It would seem that any policy or regulation which will make life a burden to the people of the West, he gladly accepts as a, boon to future humanity. The difficulties which con- iront the homemaker without means seem to be of but little consequence to him. It is the descendants of these settlers that must be protected. If necessary, starve the new comer, who must face all of the obstacles that a rugged nature presents, if, by so doing, those who -are to build a wood shed five hundred years hence may get timber at their door rather than to convey it for a mile or two. Anything that can be preserved and kept in its wild and natural state immediately rouses his interest. If the entire West could be fenced and placed* •under his control, ideal conditions, according to his judgment, would be attained. Never in the history of the world has one man held sway over an area compar- ing with the expanse of the present forest reserves. Such things were, doubtless, among the dreams of Alexander the Great and Ca?sar, but neither dared to whisper any policy which would realize them in practice. Fate has •decreed, seemingly to spite what should be regarded as a natural sequence of events, that such a condition •should first present itself in a republic — the first and greatest nation, where laws are made by and for the people. History can cite no greater misuse of executive au- thority than when portions of states were moved from *the sovereignty of those states and placed under the con- trol of a national and absent landlord. History evi- dences no greater tribute to advertising than is wit- nessed in the creation and growth of the Forest Service. 'This advertising has been so successful that he who raises his voice in protest must do so with some feeling of misgiving. Our ideas and the principles we support are discredited because we have been advertised in the East as land-grabbers and thieves. Those who may have already profited by fraudulent practice in securing lands in the West are now profiting further by the re- " Hut; placed on all land laws. The people of the public land and states are now cursed with such a repu- iation as these few law breakers alone should merit. "This is one of the results of bureaucratic advertising. We have discussed our troubles and endeavored to point out some of the causes. If there is a remedy, we •should seek it and take immediate steps to put it into practice. We must agree on one point. No depart- ment of the Government or the state should go into the business of advertising. This is true, because it is not necessary to advertise good government or good govern- mental policies. The bad ones cannot endure, but they can bo maintained for a time by cunning advertising. The publicity department of the Forest Service may be likened unto the hair of Samson. We should unite in an effort to make plain to the East, as it is to the West, the iniquity of the advertising system of this Depart- ment. We should then take an inventory of our ability as a people of a commonwealth that fifteen years ago had a future. We should satisfy ourselves that we have a great responsibility in this conservation movement. We should realize that we can trust ourselves rather than be compelled to comply with the whims and child- ish theories of some pleasant gentlemen who seem to think that they are endowed with a divine right to rule, and to restrict settlement, for the benefit of wild ani- mals and trees. The people of the West have the ca- pacity, the honesty and the ability to administer those resources which were, we had presumed, been dedicated to our use by Congress. Our progress as a state must depend upon our uniting every element in a demonstra- tion which will convince the nation at large that we are able to deal with all problems relating to the control and development of natural resources and to show that proper use rather than conservation is essential. :•:—:•: NEW MEXICO :•:— :•: BY OI.ANIJER. The probability of the Territory of New Mexico be- coming a state has already had its effect. All over the territory people are looking for an immediate increase in business and increased values. Those who have gotten in feel that they are very fortunate. The Bluewater Development Company contemplates raising its dam to a height which will enable it to pro- vide water for considerable additional acreage, which should cause a decided movement in the valley. It is rapidly approaching its limit on the present construction and there is little doubt that this season will see the lands pretty well taken up. The results in crops and prices obtained therefor last season have stimulated those who are here to increase their acreage. The location of the lands right on the railroad, the high prices obtained for all products of the soil, 90 cents per bushel for oats and $16 per ton for alfalfa, the free range surrounding the valley, the fact that New Mexico imports 85 per cent of what it eats, all assure great success for the settler. Perhaps one writing from here gets or appears to get, overenthusiastic, but he at least feels that he has a good deal of justification in the fact that no one who has seen the valley has failed to fall in love with it, with the possi- ble exception of one man, and he had walked several hundred miles. Work is progressing rapidly and it looks as though any one who wants to get some of the land close to town, and which has already been under cultivation, had better get it quickly. (Alt inquiries may he addressed to the editor of this paper.) Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and 1 ', the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. 140 THE IKRI-GATION AGE. The Art of Irrigation CHAPTER TEN By T. S. VAN DYKB Before these small streams were used, large streams in deeper furrows were in use and are probably as old as irrigation. But they were not intended to wet the whole ground except in a very few cases. There are some soils in. which water can be made to rise by a long run of water in ditches so that roots from the surface can reach it. Sometimes it can be brought so near the surface that a great variety of garden stuff can be raised by it with no water ever applied to the top. A common sight in river bottoms in California is im- mense corn growing on rich alluvium with the water table several feet below the surface and held there by the water flowing above ground all summer, or by the flow beneath the sand, which is common to all the rivers that run dry. Potatoes, pumpkins, melons, celery, beans, peas and many things besides corn often grow with the water only two feet below the surface. Many trees, like the orange and lemon, will not endure this, but others, like the pear, do well enough provided the water is moving and is not stagnant. I have seen luscious grapes grow on the same ground but they would not do to ship, or for wine, and probably would make a poor raisin if they did not sour in drying. Alfalfa will often grow on such ground, but not well and will not make the huge crops it will on well drained upland where its roots cannot touch water but plenty is ap- plied on the surface. On such ground nothing is necessary but to start the seed and if it is not too hot or the air not too dry, quick seeds can most always be started by the moisture which cultivation will draw up from below, though there are some soils of such even texture that no amount of cultivation will do this. The seed, once started, no water is needed on the surface. But where lands are moist from supply from a natural stream the water is generally moving. If you attempt to imitate" this with a ditch on upland, where there may be no sand or gravel beds to carry off water enough to prevent stagnation, the result may be quite different. Especially if there is much iron or alkali in the soil. Iron in stagnant water is apt to injure any- thing whose roots get into it. Many trees endure it and look well enough but the quality of the fruit is low and often under market size. In other things like black- berries the size of the plant may be the only thing affected, while the fruit is still fairly abundant and good enough for home use. In trying to moisten land by raising this water sheet below, you never can tell what the outlet is for surplus water and, consequently, when this stagnation will happen. In lands along a natural stream this point is well established and if you find no stagnant water there at the outset you are likely to have none in the future. Hence you had better not at- tempt this kind of subirrigation even on a small scale. I have seen it tried several times where the land lay on a heavy slope upon rock of the same slope, from which the top soil was formed. Parties had small streams insufficient for surface irrigation, with no places to make natural reservoirs and where artificial ones would be too expensive. They attempt to slide water down the rock face below the soil by a ditch running all the time along the upper edge. The sliding part was successful enough and the land well moistened, but with the exception of a few vegetables it was not a success, although the soil was two feet and a half deep and rich and loose, with vegetable mould, the whole having been covered for ages with a dense growth of heavy brush. No water could be found running out of the lever edge of the slope and it seemed a plain case of stagnation. Trees were runty with sour fruit, alfalfa yielding about one-fourth of a crop, etc. While the principle is bad for most things, there still may be many things that could be raised to advantage on such soil where one can do no better, though you had better confine your efforts to stuff for home use. The use of large furrows or very small ditches has nearly always been to wet the soil in the immediate vicinity of the trees or plant without any regard to its condition a few feet away. This is common today in heavy market gardening by the Chinese, Italians and others. Corn, potatoes cabbage and many other vege- tables are grown on the ridge between two furows made with a small plow or a shovel plow, throwing earth both ways. Down these a stream of about a quarter of a second foot is run. This generally runs fast and muddy but the volume is so great that it soon wets the ridge well to the top. The waste is collected in a ditch below and passed on to another tract. As soon as it is dried down to the right point the plow, generally a shovel plow, is run again in the furrow, breaking up the baking earth and throwing some fine material to the top of the ridge. It is then left in that condition until the next irrigation. This method works quite well, the main objection being that on ground thoroughly graded, pulverized furrows one-quarter of the depth and carrying one- twentieth of the water long enough to wet the whole ground, as in fine orchard work, will, in most cases, produce better stuff a-nd more of it without irrigating one-half as often. Mud puddles and baked ground will not be seen and the cultivation will be much deeper and finer with its effects more lasting. But unless one owns the land, the grading and the regulators at the head of the streams may cost too much. These large streams can generally be handled without regulators because the irrigator is on hand during the whole run and if some do carry too much it is of little moment because there is still enough left to go through. Much rougher ground can be handled in this way because the furrows are so deep that the water cannot escape sideways, as it easily can from small furrows, and where one can get only a short lease on land, like most of the Chinese it may be the best thing to do, though a poor model for anything but economy. Another use of large furows, generally by the owner of the land himself, is much less excusable. Planting trees, vines and vegetables along the flat shores of a little brook or on the low banks above is a trick almost as old as the human race. The modern man improves on this in many places by making an artificial brook more or less straight. In this he sometimes keeps water run- ning all the time. A little corn, potatoes, beans and other stuff may be raised in this way if the water is not too cold. But fruit is quite sure to be insipid or sour, with no keeping qualities. To avoid this he ran water in it only once in a while, keeping it dry most of THE IRRIGATION AGE. 141 the time, but always using the same old channel without breaking it up each time by cultivation. This was an improvement in some ways and fair fruit was grown on some soils, but on many others the tree made slow growth, while the fruit was mostly small and tough, though better, on the whole, than where the water was running all the time. This is often from lack of drain- ago, though there is something more the matter. Good drainage alone will not always offset the bad effects of the reliance on sufficient water which afflicts most nov- ices in irrigation in the dry countries. I have had old settlers on the desert tell me that the only way to raise anything was to sit up nights and pour water on it. They were very much astonished to see me raise im- mense crops of the finest melons with watering only an hour or two once in two weeks, right under a blazing and incessant sun, with air dry enough to dry clothes in two hours at any time of night. Every one thinks the only thing is to get on, water enough and keep it there a long time. The worst fruit I ever saw was on a gravelly bar so well drained that two second feet run- ning for days at a time on five acres left no standing water. This was about equal to ten rain inches a day. The owner turned it out on the orchard when done irri- gating alfalfa and left it running until ready to use it again elsewhere. He had been doing so for many years, yet seemed to think it was all right because water did not stand in ponds in the orchard and the weather was so hot it must need it all. The five acres were planted with all kinds of trees and the fruit was in every re- spect the sourest, flattest stuff I ever saw, in spite of the drainage being so perfect. When cultivation came in vogue the owner of this large furrow, finding that leaving it dry for days at a time did not fully remedy the trouble, began to break up and cultivate the dry ground beyond. This helped some by retaining moisture and making it more even about the trees, because it was not so readily sapped from the dry ground as when the surface was unculti- vated. One who has never tried it by digging down to examine has no conception of the rapidity with which a piece of dry ground will sap the moisture from a piece of wet ground beside it. It is still worse when the dry ground is uncultivated and even more so when it is filled with those weeds of a dry country that will live almost dormant when the ground becomes perfectly dry, yet revive and absorb water at a furious rate when the ground becomes a little moist. Perhaps you can do nothing more valuable at the beginning of your experi- ence than to try this very thing so as to get a practical idea of the importance of wetting the whole ground and retaining the moisture by cultivation until the roots of your crop take it out. In no other way can it' be kept even in the soil and if not uniform, but subject to change of quantity or location, there will be more or less fluctuation in the growth of the plants. And all such fluctuation means some loss, for everything should be kept growing at its best. But in spite of this cultivation, the results were not yet what they should be, as the irrigator soon learned by visiting some of the districts where the small furrow system was worked to its highest capacity. He learned that if he did not break up the ditch each time by cultivation, that it gradually became cemented or pud- dled more and more at each irrigation. For the large streams running fast carried mud and silt instead of running clear as in case of the small furrows. Thus they began at once to puddle the sides and bottom of the furrow and reduce the soaking capacity of the soil. When dry they were a channel of fine, dry mud filled with many cracks. The muddy water run in the next time filled these cracks and made the whole still tighter. The consequence often was a tree standing close to plenty of water, showing no suffering, perhaps, to a common eye, yet doing far from its best work, be- cause there was not enough of the ground wet with the proper uniformity to give it the utmost feeding ground that a tree of its age should use. This method has now been generally abandoned by all irrigators who take the slightest pains to learn what other people have dis- covered. But the man who goes through the world with his nose in his own plow furrow is apt to fall into the old error. There are places where, owing to the lay of the ground and the impossibility of getting a suf- ficient irrigating head, one can do nothing better. But if so, he should not attempt to raise fruit for market except in some special locality like a mining region where any kind of stuff commands a good price. This large furrow system must not be confounded with the small furrow system, as often exhibited in pictures of irrigation. In most all of these it is simply small furows with too much water cutting and tearing and overflowing in places, making one think the whole ranch would be' carried to the sea in a few years. Some- times this is done because the soil is so porous that small streams would not get through. But it is better to cut the tract in two and feed over again from an- other ditch or lay out the whole tract in more places, each with its own distribution. The distinction is that in the small furrow system the whole ground is wet, whether properly or economically makes no difference. In the large furrow system only a part of it, often less than one-fifth of it, is wet. Where it wets from soaking upward from raising of a water sheet below is quite another system. Each one is bad and should never be used where conditions do not compel it. MAKES FARMING EASY. We are showing in this issue one of the engines manufactured by the Hart-Parr Company of CharLes City, Iowa, which is used by Mr. W. L. Faulkner, of Bozeman, Mont. This outfit does discing and seeding at the rate of 40 acres per day. There is an interesting story told us by one of the firm in connection with this outfit. Early in the spring of 1907, Mr. Faulkner had the misfortune to have his horses badly infected with glanders, and the state veterinarian killed ten of them, leaving him only two, they being the poorest in the lot. He was afraid to buy any more horses for fear they might become infected also. He was farming two sections of land and had 700 acres of summer fallowing to do. He had been considering the purchase of an engine of this char- acter and his misfortune with the horses necessitated buying an outfit at once as he had to do something quickly in order to get his summer fallowing completed so that he would have crops the following year. Soon after the purchase of this engine, early in May, 1907, he went over his 700 acres with it and in September he put four of the largest sized disc harrows behind it and disced his ground. In October he attached two double discs and three drills to the engine, double discing and seeding- a strip 20 feet wide at one operation, covering 142 THE IRRIGATION AGE. from 35 to 40 acres per day. He had a small separator of his own. and did his own threshing, and with his Hart-Parr tractor hauled his entire crop to the elevator, :i distance of .six miles, hauling as high as GOO bushels, of wheat in one load. The success of this tractor was FO great that Mr. Faulkner has carried on his two sec- tion farm ever since with the aid of this outfit and the remaining two horses. He says he makes more money and has less worry than ever before in his life, and that his ground is worked much more satisfactorily. Those who are similarly situated would do well to correspond with the Hart-Parr company with a view to getting additional information as to the possibilities of work with this outfit. that several hundred farmers will be secured who want lands in the dry belt of New Mexico, and the company will assist them in placing the Wi^oins system in oper- ation. The home&eeker will have several years in which to "ay for the irrigation plant. Professor Wiggins, the inventor, stated today that an effort would be made at once to install several sub-irrigation stations in New Mexico, and that during the coming year his new sys- tem would be in general use in the fertile valleys and rich mesa lands in the west. He said the Carey act made it r>ossible for thousands of actual settlers to take up homes in the southwest, and by his invention tiling could be made and laid at nominal cost per acre. Here- tofore it has cost from five to seven cents per foot to <>\vnc two hundred and fifty farms will be thrown open to settlers on very liberal terms. These farms will be obtainable under the home- stead law, subject to the charges of actual cost of water upon the number of acres actually supplied with water from the system. This charge has been fixed at $30 per acre, divided into not less than five nor more than ten annual payments. The sum of $3.50 will be due and payable at the time of making entry. The second instalment will be payable March 1, 1910, thus allowing early settlers nearly two years before second payment is due. An interesting and unique feature in connection with the project is the proposed establishment of model rural villages every six miles. In all, there will be twenty of these, so that no farm will be more than three miles from a postoffice and school. All the crops which can be grown in northern countries can be raised here. It is probable that the principal crops raised will be alfalfa, sugar beets and potatoes. Usually three cuttings of alfalfa are made annually. Some have cut only two crops and others have cut four, but the average is three, and the average yield about five tons per acre. The present price varies from $5 to $15 per ton in the stack, according to loca- tion and demand. It is not probable that the average price will drop below $5 for many years. The cost of putting the hay into the stack is about $1.25 per ton. The average yield per acre are: Potatoes, 228 bushels; wheat, 28 bushels; ots, 69 bushels; sugar beets, 20 tons. All garden truck is easy to raise, except tomatoes and some kinds easily affected by frosts, though these with care may be grown sufficiently for family use. An ordinary ranch garden about two miles from Simms, in 1905, produced a net profit of $225 per acre from the following kinds of vegetables, viz: Cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, squash, onions, pumpkins, carrots, turnips, beets and parsnips. The sugar beets grown in the vicinity have an- alyzed over 23 per cent sugar. The beet industry promises great things and a sugar factory is assured ,npon the completion of the works necessary to irrigate an area large enough to guarantee five-year contracts on 5,000 acres of beets. Past experiments prove that the farmer should average a net profit of $40 per acre on sugar beets. It is probable that the Sun River Valley will prove an excellent dairy country. A creamery was com- Dleted in Augusta, in January. 1907, and the three or four others already in operation in neighboring towns show that the industry is profitable and will be per- manent and growing. Full details relating to terms, size of farm units and other information regarding the method of secur- ing lands will be furnished on application to S. B. Bobbins, Engineer, IT. S. Reclamation Service, Fort Shaw, Montana. Reclamation Service News Mr. Louis C. Hill, supervising engineer in charge of the work of the Reclamation Service in the Southwest, has been in Washington recently in consultation with the di- rector and chief engineer, arranging plans for the work in his division during the ensuing year. He was asked con- cerning the contract which the Reclamation Service has made for developing the power to be utilized in the city of Phoenix. This is the contract which has been made the subject of a memorial from the territorial legislature pro- testing against giving the exclusive right to the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Mr. Hill said : "The Pacific Gas and Electric Company, by its contract with the Arizona Water Company, had exclusive right and privilege for development of all water power obtainable from or by means of canals and water owned or controlled by the water company. This contract ran until March 1, 1926. Under it two plants having- an aggregate capacity of about 1,000 horse power had been built and operated. The larger plant, which used part and could use all1 the water belonging to lands on the south side of the river, was lo- cated some two miles below the Granite Reef dam, and if the old contract continued in force would have made it im- possible for this dam to have served the south side of the river, and consequently it probably would not have been built. The operation of the old contract would have pre- vented building the new cross-cut with its power plant near- ly opposite Tempe, where from 3,000 to 5,000 horse power, depending on the season, will be developed. "Articles brought to my attention published recently in a Phoenix paper have conveyed a false impression to in- tending purchasers of power, both as to the terms of the contract and its limitations. "The statement that the Pacific Gas and Electric Com- pany can in any way under the terms of its contract with the United States control the sale of power to any company operating outside of the city limits of Phoenix is entirely erroneous and contrary to the express terms of the con- tract. "Leaving out of account the new power plants which could be built, and considering only the two now in exist- ence, Power Plant No. 1 and Power Plant No. 2, belonging to the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, we find that the building of the Roosevelt dam and the Granite Reef dam, or even the former alone, would have added enough to the water supply to have enabled the Electric Company to de- velop nearly 1,500 kilowatts continuously, for which they would have to pay the United States less than half a cent per kilowatt hour. This power was theirs exclusively, and could not be taken from them until 1926. "The new contract gives them the exclusive right for retailing purposes only within the city of Phoenix of a peak load of 1,500 k. w., or the equivalent of a continuous load of about 900 kilowatts. For this power the Electric Company pays 1^4 cents per k. w. hour, or three times as much as under the old contract. This contract runs but ten years from the time the United States is ready to furnish power, or until 1919, or it terminates seven years earlier than the old contract. The terms of the new contract ex- plicitly provide for the needs of the city of Phoenix, by re- serving to the United States the right to sell power to any- one in blocks of 100 k. w. and upwards, to be used for manufacturing purposes, waterworks, or pumping purposes. Two shifts of men are now working on the Strawberry tunnel, Strawberry Valley irrigation project, Utah, and 178 feet were excavated during January. The material is me- dium lime rock with an occasional streak of mud. Small amounts of water also also being encountered from time to time. A total of 1,791 feet have been excavated to date, leaving 16,709 feet still to be excavated. Ninety-one inches of snow fell in the neighborhood during the month, and the freight road from Diamond Switch to the tunnel was blockaded with snow on January 20. In spite of the heavy snows and sleet, however, the power transmission line has given no trouble, and the power plant is being operated continuously. A small gang of men is being kept on the power canal to complete installing the water system and do such maintenance work as is necessary. 150 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Approximately, 115,000 acres of land which were with- drawn from entry in connection with the Salt River Irriga- tion project, Arizona, have been restored to the public do- main and will become subject to settlement and entry on such dates and after such notice by publication as the Sec- retary of the Interior may prescribe. These lands lie in townships 4 to 7 N., R. 1, 2, and 3 E., and 1 and 2 W., Gila and Salt River meridian. Indications are that there will be an abundance of water lor irrigation under the Truckee-Carson project, Nevada, during 1909. The amount of snow falling during January in the Sierra Nevadas was greater than any year on record. On the 15th of the month there was approximately 110 inches of snow at Summit Station, and at the end of the month 170 inches. The maximum amount recorded on the first of February in any previous year for which there is any record was in 1907, at which time 140 inches were re- corded. There is a possibility also of heavy floods in the spring, but from recent experience with high waters it is believed the works will stand the strain. Negotiations for the purchase of Lake Tahoe controll- ing January. Unfavorable weather and the depleted condi- tion of the first unit minimized the number of filings, al- though the number of mail and personal inquiries did not perceptibly fall off. The government buildings are being used as far as possible for the temporary shelter of in- coming settlers. The Secretary of the Interior has just decided a ques- tion of some importance to the water users on the projects under the Reclamation Act. It deals with the situation arising during the pendency of proceedings for the cancel- lation of an entry and a water right application on account of failure to make two payments when due. As it may not always be possible to conclude these pro- ceedings in the two or three months prior to the opening of the irrigation season, the question has arisen whether water could be furnished for land while the matter of cancellation of the entry and water right application was under consid- eration. The Secretary has just held that if the water user pays the charges for operation and maintenance due at the be- ginning of the irrigation season, water might be furnished Ranch Home in the Salt River Valley, Arizona. ing works are still in progress. On February 1 the eleva- tion of water surface of the lake was 6288, showing a rise of 1.88 feet during January. This is an extraordinary rise for the month of January. In the nine years for which there are records of the elevations of the lake the water lias fallen during five and risen during four. At present the water is about 18 inches below the spillway level, and the amount of snow in the mountains is, more than suffi- cient to fill the lake. For this reason the owners of the outlet have been ad- vised to let out all water possible now to avoid damage to the marginal lands when the summer rise comes. The Secretary of the Interior has announced that the charge for operation and maintenance on the Minidoka irrigation project, Idaho, shall be 60 cents per acre for 1909. and that this rule shall remain in effect for subsequent years until further notice, the charges becoming due to December 1 each year. Twelve new water right applications for water under the Shoshone irrigation project, Wyoming, were filed dur- to him, upon the distinct understanding, however, that if his entry and water right application should be canceled before the end of the season his right to the use of water would immediately cease, and he would also forfeit to the United States the amount which had been paid for operation and maintenance. This will enable the water user to cultivate his land and perhaps raise crops while the question of can- cellation is pending. The same rule would, of course, be applied so far as the circumstances permit to the case of lands in private owner- ship. Contracts have been awarded for furnishing 104,600 bar- rels of Portland cement for various projects of the Recla- mation Service, exclusive of the Pacific Division, for which contract of 25,000 barrels was recently awarded to the Pa- cific Portland Cement Company of Portland, Ore. The new contracts are as follows : To the Colorado Portland Cement Company, Denver, 10,000 barrels for the Uncompahgre project, Colorado, at $1.18 per barrel, and 16,600 barrels for the two projects in THE IRKIGATION AGE. 151 Idaho at 94 cents per barrel, both f. o. b. c;.-s at Portland, Colo. To the Western Portland Cement Company, Yankton, S. D., 12,000 barrels f. o. b. cars at Belle Fourche, at $2.18. To the Universal Portland Cement Company, Chicago, 3,000 barrels for Montana and North Dakota projects, at 95 cents f. o. b. cars at South Chicago. To the lola Portland Cement Company, lola, Kas., 63,- 000 barrels at SO cents per barrel f. o. b. cars, lola; 30,000 barrels being for the Shoshone project, Wyoming, and 33,000 barrels for the projects in the Southern Division, embracing Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and southern Califor- nia. The Secretary of the Interior has approved an increase in the price asked for lands of the Northwestern Improve- ment Company under the Lower Yellowstone irrigation project, Montana-North Dakota, to $3 per acre. On April 5, 1905, this company, which owns certain lands under the Lower Yellowstone project, said lands hav- ing been previously granted by the United States to the Northern Pacific Railway Company, declared in a letter to the Secretary of the Interior that it would freely co'oper- ate with the secretary in carrying out the plans of the Rec- lamation Service so far as the disposition of lands owned by it was concerned and in other matters over which it had control, and that it would offer said lands for sale at $2.50 per acre. Since that time the company has transferred to the United States certain canal rights of way which considerably decreased its acreage, and in order to coyer this loss, taxes, losses by erosion, etc., the company will be permitted to make a charge of $3 per acre. Railroad lands which lie outside the project and which are not irrigable are selling today for $12 an acre. After several conferences with Mr. Richard Shore Smith, attorney representing the Klamath Water Users' Association, Secretary Garfield has decided that he can authorize no change in the method of repayment of the construction charges for building to works. As the matter now stands, the portion of the instalment which cover's the charge for operation and maintenance for 1909, namely, 75 cents per acre, must be paid on or before May 1, 1909, and no water will be furnished until this por- tion of the charge is paid. That portion, however, which is to be credited to building, namely, $3 per acre, while it is due and payable on or before May 1, 1909, may re- main as a charge against the land without penalty for de- fault until May 1, 1910. Thus the water users who make application for water rights at $30 per acre before June 15, 1909, may have water supplied on payment of 75 cents per acre, and no further payment need be made until May 1, 1910. The water users may then discharge the portion of the installment due on account of the building charge from the proceeds of the season's irrigation. (Continued en page 153.) CAREY ACT LANDS SURROUND SHOSHONE, IDAHO. BY H. A. THOMAS. To the masses the term "Carey Act" signifies but little. To the vast industrial army, however, who have availed themselves of its benefits in that spacious re- claimed empire of sunny southern Idaho, where "irri- gation is king," it represents a home and independence for themselves and a heritage for posterity. The "Carey Act'' had its origin in a resolution drafted by Judge Carey of Wyoming. This bill was enacted into a law by Congress August 18, 1894. The legislature of the state of Idaho, at its third session in 1899, supplemented this act by a statute that provided for the acceptance from the United States government of the grants of arid lands and for their reclamation, disposal and occupation. Idaho is the first state to have availed herself of the opportunity of reclaiming the entire original grant consisting of T,000,000 acres, and as a result of the enterprise exhibited by her peo- ple, an additional 2,000,000 acres was readily granted bv Congress in 1908 to be reclaimed under the pro- visions of this beneficent act. The real object of the law is to enable persons of moderate means to secure a farm and a home on easy, annual installments, which may cover a period of ten years. Throughout the process of construction of the irrigation works, and during all sales of Carey Act lands, and in fact until such time as the irrigation works have been turned over to the settlers, the State Land Board supervises and regulates all matters of interest to the settler. The act provides that any citi- zen of the United States over the age of twenty-one (excepting married women) may file on land to the extent of 160 acres, or any legal subdivision, regardless of homestead, desert, timber or other government rights already exhausted. A portion of your Carey right may be used on one segregation in the state and another portion under a different project. Filing on less than 160 acres does not exhaust your right. When an entry is made, the entryman may, if he so desires, begin im- proving his land, and if he has one-eighth of his entry under cultivation; that is, seeded and ready for irriga- tion when the water is ready for delivery, and has ac- tually irrigated one-eighth of the whole tract, he may at once publish his notice to make final proof, which is done by publishing in some newspaper published in the county where the land is situated during the four weeks preceding1 the date set for making final proof, and dur- ing all of this time he must reside on the land, and, if married, he must establish his home with his family. In this way title can be secured with only about thirty days' residence. After final proof, residence on the land is no longer required to hold title, because upon com- pletion of final proof the state issues to the entryman a patent to the land. However, residence must be es- tablished within six months after water is available, and such residence maintained until final proof is com- pleted, which can be done in thirty days or take the full limit of three years. This act also permits one person to file upon land for another by proxy, so that by giving a power of at- torney you may secure land through an agent or friend, and your actual presence on the land will not be re- quired until water is ready for delivery, or within six months thereafter. As the land can be prepared and sown to crop by an employe, a person living in the east can come west at irrigating season and obtain title in a month or six weeks' time. Practically all the Carey Act land of this state is situated in the southern portion. The first opening of importance, comprising 240,000 acres in the Twin Falls segregation, occurred in 1905. The first disposal of land under this act in Lincoln county consisted of 30,000 acres and was in 1907 at Milner. In November of the same vear the North Side segregation of 150,000 acres was put on the market, and is now entirely occu- pied; subsequent to this opening 80,000 acres, includ- ing part of the Bier Wood river and Clover Creek proj- ects, have been sold. Forty thousand acres just north and west of Shoshone is at present on the market, and on June 8. 1909, 50,000 acres of choice land bordering on the eastern limits of Shoshone will be disposed of by drawing. The various Carev Act segregations, the Minidoka Government project of 80.000 acres, together with the lands under private ownership, give Lincoln county, of 152 THE IBB TO AT I ON AGE. which Shoshone is the capital and commercial center, an area of over 600,000 acres of highly productive, irri- gated soil. Within the past few weeks the United States Government has withdrawn from entry in • this county an additional 300,000 acres of arid land. This immense body of land extends from within a very few miles of Shoshone eastward and adjoins the Minidoka project. This will be reclaimed by pumping stations, the power to be generated at the big Government dam on the Snake river east of Rupert. When the water is delivered on this tract, and when the projects now in course of construction are completed, Lincoln county will have the enormous sum of 1,000,000 acres of un- equaled crop-producing soil — an area equal to the en- tire amount first appropriated to each of the semi-arid •\vestern states — a veritable empire. A farmer in this irrigated section does not depend on the weather for a successful crop. He regulates the rainfall and is the manufacturer of farm prod- iicts. He makes his plans knowing that he can count on abundant sunshine and can regulate the moisture to the requirements of each crop. Professor Holden. the great corn expert of the Towa Agricultural College, visited this section last Oc- tober, and upon his return home said: "To the eastern farmer living on high-priced land, having two or three sons, knowing they cannot all farm the home place, and wondering what is to be done, I most certainly recommend southern Idaho. To the renter or the man with little money who cannot afford to buy $100 to $125 land in Iowa, Illinois and other eastern states, I give the same advice — get some southern Idaho irrigated land while it can be had as cheap as it is today. It is sin-prising the class of men you find out there. I found college graduates living on these ranches and they all said they were there because there was more money and independence in it than in the practice of their professions." With the peopling and development of this vast area it is not difficult to anticipate the effect; on our growing city. The dreams of the most optimistic will be more than realized. Our present limits will be ex- tended, new additions made, residences will give way to business structures, commission merchants will, with their consignments of nutritious products, make glad tho appetites of inhabitants in the great cities, and the masses will hnil with enthusiasm that worthy monarch of the industrial and agricultural realm. — Irrigation. "ONE GOOD INVESTMENT IS WORTH A LIFETIME OF LABOR." We carefully "cruise" every forty acres in each segregation opened for entry under the Carey Act, locate settlers on choice land only, in person or by power of attorney, buy and sell Carey Act relinquishments and cheerfully reply to all inquiries. SHOSHONE LAND COMPANY. Shoshone. Idaho Standard References with a HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR •AND SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it. always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLATE, or ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., 242 Lawler Street, Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 153 (Continued from page 151.) Mr. Smith also submitted that the maintenance charge should be paid out of the reclamation fund, that the Recla- mation Act has always been construed to mean that all ex- penditures on a project for construction, operation and maintenance must be returned to the fund. In view of the numerous instances where Congress has thus construed this feature of the Reclamation Act there is no doubt of the au- thority of the Secretary of the Interior to collect such charges as he may deem proper on account of operation and maintenance of the irrigation works. A protest was also made against the charge during 1907 and 1908 of $1.50 per acre, in view of the fact that the maintenance and operation charge in the public notice re- cently issued was placed at 75 cents per acre. It is mani- fest that the expense of operation and maintenance for the delivery of water to a few thousand acres is much greater per acre than for thirty to forty thousand acres. Contract has been awarded to the Fulton Engine Works, Los Angeles, Cal., to supply pump, pit gates and controlling mechanism for the Minidoka Irrigation Project, Idaho. The contract amounts to $10,994. CORRESPONDENCE We are presenting herewith a letter received recently from a subscriber at Jerome, Idaho, and will request our read- ers who have had experience along this line to send us such information as may assist him. We have informed our cor- respondent that his letter will be published, and such replies as are received will be submitted to him. We have explained to him that the matter is treated fully in our Primer of Irri- gation.— (Ed.) "Jerome, Idaho, Jan. 22, 1908. "Mr. D. H. Anderson, Editor of the Irrigation Age: Dear Sir — I have just been reading your book entitled "Primer of Irrigation," and am especially interested in your treatment of sub-irrigation or infiltration. Am an owner of land on the north side of Snake river, water to be turned on the 1st of April next. On my land are a number of heavy slopes, soil quite sandy and probably two feet deep, underlaid by a compact subsoil, through which water would penetrate very slowly. At varying depths over the tract we find lava rock, porous and generally shattered. Therefore there is no ground water table. Now, I had planned to lay four-inch tile about two feet deep probably fifty feet apart, tile to be laid on the level with boxes at the end, so as to give water press- ure at least one foot above the tile. Now, as the slope is about two feet in fifty, the pressure, gravity and capillarity would all tend to bring the water to the surface. Gates could be so arranged as to change the tile to a drainage system. This is practically, as I understand, your article applied to the conditions of my land. I see Professor King of the Wisconsin University discourages such a plan, claiming it will be im- practical. Now, I have not been a reader of IRRIGATION AGE for over a year, so you may have treated fully in regard to this mat- ter. This reference to your journal reminds me that, as sec- retary of the Jerome North Side Farmers' Association I would be pleased to act as your agent for IRRIGATION AGE and other publications. If you send me copies I will distribute them at our next meeting, the first Wednesday in January. Would be glad to hear from you either directly or through paper. "Rockford, 111., Oct. 6, 1908. "Chicago House Wrecking Company, Chicago, 111. : "Gentlemen — I received my car and have it unloaded and find it all right. (Signed) "E. R. CRF.TSLEY." Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation IRRIGATED LAND Open to Settlement Some of the richest and most productive farm land in the world lies along the Shoshone and the Big Horn Rivers in the "Big Horn Basin" of Wyoming. Over ten million dollars is being spent by the United States Government and by private enterprise in building great concrete dams and ditches in order to lead an inexhaustible supply of water to irrigate some of the best of these lands and make them independent of rainfall. A great portion of this work is completed, and these lands, with a perpetual supply of water for irrigating them, are now offered you on reasonable terms. This is an Unusual Opportunity to get a wonderfully productive farm, with water whenever you want it, regardless of rainfall ; in a country where a single crop can be made to pay for the land ; where 50 bushels of wheat or barley, and 75 bushels of oats are commonly grown to the acre; where fruits grow luxuriously and where the glorious air and sunshine, summer and winter, make life a joyovts thing. This wonderful country is developing fast. Churches and schools abound. The population is intelligent, Godfearing and law-abiding, and any man out there who is half a man has the opportunity to make himself independent. Land in this great country is going fast. If you have any thought for the welfare of yourself or children, find out all about this opportunity to -day. Send for our new folder with large map, and also folders issued by the private irrigation companies and by the United States Government Reclamation Service giving all information about these lands, terms, etc. Free for the asking. Study these folders and then come with me on my next excursion to the Big Horn Basin and see for yourself. My excursions, which I personally conduct, leavS Omaha on the 1st and 3d Tuesday each month, on which days reduced railroad rates are in effect. My services are free to you. Burlington D. CLEM DEAVER, General Agent Landseekers' Information Bureau, 69 Q Building, OMAHA, NEB. N. B.- — -The winter weather in the Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter, 154 THE IRKIGATION AGE. DIDN'T WANT THE JOB. During a recent examination of ap- plicants for the position of mail car- rier, a colored boy appeared before the civil service commission. "How far is it from this earth to the moon?" was the first question asked him. "How fah am it from de earf to de moon?" he repeated, as he began to reach for his hat. "Say, boss, if you's gwine to put me on dat route. I doesn't want de job," and with that he left as though he were escap- ing from some calamity. — The De- cember Circle Magazine. There is considerable feeling in con- gress and especially among western men that the forest service is branching out too rapidly and is fast becoming one of the most expensive bureaus of the gov- ernment. A number of western sena- tors and congressmen are not in sympa- thy with the forestry policy and they are out in the open setting traps for Baron Pinchot and his merry men. The elements are combining to hold down the appropriation for the forest service at this session and it will prob- ably be no more than a year ago be- fore the statesmen had gotten onto some of Pinchot's curved pitching. If we had our say about the thing the congressional graft would be cut off al- together and the whole hungry horde would be turned out to browse in the sand hills among the other goats.— Den- ver Field and Farm. PACKAGES FLOWER SEEDS 16 kin.K A-.1.T, 10 J'iinsj, _ > Phlox, s»,-,.| PeaB,28alvia, 12 Halsam, 1O Pink*, IS Poppy, 10 Candytuft, '2 Sunflower, 12 Zinnia, G Larkspur, 1U Verbena, Forget-me-not, 2O Port li- lac a, 18 Marleold, Pour OVlork, 1!) Petnniu, Sweet \U--nm. lOKasturtlunt, Sweet Mignonette, N CalllopsU. All or tt. : above sent to any address, postpaid, for HJr. silver or 6 two-cent stamps. RIVERSIDE NURSERY, WINTER KILL. MASS. 50 BULBS""1"0"1""1"10"" OC £U ) or out of doors. Hi, rinili-.. Tulip*, Crocus, ! (iladloluk, Tubermes Itnll-i,!-, lie:; .1 11 i .1 . Jonquil*, l);ilf..tlil-. Chinese Llli, Dewej Lily, Gloxinia, Lilies of the Vallej. All postpaid. 25 ri-., in ttainp* or coin. As n premium with Hi—,- Bulbs we will send rnrr a hi- <-.,i;,.,-iu.u of Flower Seed>. rntL QverSOOklnilo, and aflnerolleetlon of Bonvenlr Po«t«l (nrds, with CnUlogue. AMERICAN NURSERY, SOMERV1LLE, MASS. RANGER* V A/I The only abso- lutely successful single strand baib wire ever made. M. M. S. Poultry Fence Saves 50% We make the most complete line of Field, HOJT, Poultry and Lawn Fencing In the country. Write for our new catalogue. DCKALH rCNCf CO., - DoKALB, ILL. Southwestern Office and Warehouse. Kansas City, Mo Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 360-page finely illus- trated work for new beginners 1m Irrigation. THE, GAR FOR BUSINESS OR PLEASURE The International Auto Buggy has come to take the place of the farmer's carriage or runabout and the driving team. It is carriage and team all in one. And anybody who can be trusted with a team of horses can operate it with perfect safety. The Auto Buggy is emphatically the vehicle for country road travel. It has every advantage that the family carriage or runabout has and many advantages which these vehicles do not have. It is always ready to go any where. Rough, muddy or hilly roads do not impair its usefulness. When there is a trip to town to make, or other errand to do, it is not necessary to take the team from the plow or to stop the farm work. It does not require to be watered or fed. It does not get "fagged out" as the horses do on a long journey. You can go at a faster clip than you can with your driving team and you can keep it up all day long. Perhaps the greatest feature about the International Auto Buggy is its sim- plicity and easy control. There is nothing complicated about it and any member of the family over ten years old can learn to run it in a very short time. The Auto Buggy has solid rubber tires. There are no tire troubles. It is operated by a thoroughly reliable air-cooled gasoline engine. It is propelled by applying power to both rear wheels. It is chain driven. There are no cog wheels to break and put it out of action. The Auto Buggy is a rare combination of both a pleasure and a business vehicle. The springs and comfortable seats make it easy riding. Passengers are protected from flying mud and water, no matter how fast the Auto Buggy is speeding. The rear seat and top maybe removed, and the Buggy turned into a handy, light-running and capacious carrying vehicle. A ten-feed mechanical oiler makes oiling an easy matter. The tread is the same as that of a standard wagon. The seven gallons of gasoline which it carries is sufficient for a journey of 75 to 100 miles, making surprisingly cheap as well as pleasant transportation for its load of passengers. The following letter is one of many we are receiving from all over the country, setting forth thecomplete satisfaction that the International Auto Buggj- is giving : New Brunswick. N. J., November 30. 1908. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA, Philadelphia, Pa. Dear Sirs : You will undoubtedly remember that I placed an order with yon the past season for two Autos, one ot which 1 have been using for the past six months, and 1 have certainly given it some of the most severe tests thata motor car could be put to, and ithas overcome all obstacles and meets my approval in every respect. I have driven the car up and down steep hills, through mud and sand, and the power of the engine and the excellent control one has of the car make it reliable and dependable at all times. I also like your highjwheels. solid tire, and for my *n use the in real estate business and for a selling agent, am convinced that your cars are the best of their kind on the market today. Yours truly. . ALBERT SERV1SS. Take the matter up with the International local apent and fret a catalog and further Information. Or write the nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Colo.; Helena. Montana: Portland. Ore. Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal. international Harvester Company of America, Chicago, U. S. A. (Incorporated) SLUICE GATES HEAD GATES and LJ (") I QTQ FOR IRRIGATION SYSTEMS HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANTS COLDWELL-WlLCOX CO. FACTORY, NEW WINDSOR, N. Y Economical, Reliable Running Water Service A constant supply wherever you want it. Automatic in action — no expense for power or repairs. It's easy with a RIFE HYDRAULIC RAM Large and small rams forCountry Places, Irrigation. Supply Tanks, Town Plants, etc. For every foot water drops to ram it is raised 30 feet. 7 000 in use WRITE FOR FREE PLANS AND ESTIMATES When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE I HU Hi ATI OX AGE. 155 The BUCKEYE FOUR-CYCLE GAS ENGINE SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICAL IN OPERATION CATALOG ON APPLICATION - RELIABLE BUCKEYE ENGINE COMPANY, Salem, Ohio ARE YOUR RESERVOIRS AND DITCHES READY For This Season's Irrigating? Now, while you have the time and before irrigating Degins, you should examine the headgates in your reser- i-oir and on your ditches, and get them in shape for the year. Don't wait until your are busy getting in your 'rops, and the water has been turned into the ditches, tf your gates need repairing or replacing, it would pay vou to investigate NORTHWESTERN IRON HEAD- GATES before putting in any more wooden gates. What you have already spent for repairs on your ivoodeh gate and what you will have to spend this year, would more than pay for my iron gate. The headgate is really the key to your water supply. make money, growing potatoes. ASPIN WALL MFG. CO. HO Sabln St., Jackson, Mich. .U.S.A. Moneer Maker* of Potato Machinery $60 GOES LIKE SIXTY • ILLS UK t SIXTY J I SELLS FOR SIXTY GILSON I GASOLENE 'ENGINE For Pumping, Cream •ILSON MFG. CO. or catalog-all PWt WMhlagtCB, Wl» Send $2.50 for The Irriga- tion Age 1 year, and the Primer of Irrigation A Sticky Preparation Applied Directly to the Bark of Trees Will not injure trees. Remains sticky three months fully exposed to weather. Easily applied with a small paddle. A pound makes a band 7 to 8 feet long. Once applied needs only occasional inspection to remove leaves, etc. Unequalled to protect trees from Spring and Fall Canker Worm, Tussock, Gypsy, and Brown Tail Moths, Fall Web Worm, Bag Worm, Climbing Cut Worm, or any climbing or creeping pests. Should be used before the insects begin to ascend the trees. Put up in 1, 3, 10 and 20-pound cans. )*rice 1-lb cans 30c, 3-lb cans 85c, 10-lb cans $2.65, 20-lb cans $4.80. £W *»eM^.d fox* Booklet:* THE O. & W.THUM COMPANY, Grand Rapids, Mich. 'ri»«t It When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 157 BE SURE TO GET THIS Every reader of The Irrigation Age who is interested in farm power of any kind should send to-day for our catalog of the WHITE LILY GASOLINE ENGINE. It is the best, simplest and cheapest 3-H. P. gasoline motor in the world. Four cycle — air cooled — automatically governed. FULLY GUARANTEED IT'S THE ENGINE YOU NEED Will do more work with less trouble than any other 3-H. P. engine. Runs smoothly without jar or vibration. Absolutely dependable. ' Get our prices and special proposition. Write today. WHITE LILY MFG. CO., 1518 Buckingham Road. Davenport, Iowa. ^DOUBLE* [$1,000 Reward for Its canak Wind power doubled. TwOU it. whwl* work ontamB pinion,) •eo | end wheel eirm mot* po» ertlmnflrM. A Governor Tbal Gov:rc: In all winds. Derejopt 10 Ml b. r- in 20 mile wind. AD power needed for flm, shop. IrriEatingr.c:-. A''- Htmst out self riling,;:: •.'s^-~- p«T>r Husker. At':fofbOC* oj DOUBLE POWM MILL CO. « pplston, Wte- O. *. ». 34 YEARS GROWING EVERGREENS and Forest trees. Over 38 tented hardy varieties. All Nursery grown. We have over 60 million!* and ship safely to all parts of the country. Our trees live and grow, because they lave good roots. Large as . /ell us small trees supplied. 94.00 and up per thousand. Our new catalog IB a mine of Information. Ton can have a beautiful Windbreak, Hedge, Sbelterbelt or Screen with the hardiest of Evergreens at a very low cost. Our Bargain sheet describes 50 bargain lots from 11.00 per 100 and up. Millions of Nursery grown Forest trees. Shade and Ornamentals. Shrubs. Roses and Vines. Send today for free Catalog and Bargain sheet. Dl_ITf 1 Eve-<*reen Specialist • .Till •• * Box 601, Dundee. Illinois ROCKFORD ENGINES— ALL STYLES From 3 «o 30 H. P. Before you Rocklord Girl ii the contract or t ngine that will oletse buy, get the Rockford proposition. Address Dept. 4, Rockford Engine Wks. Rockfor 111. Neil— Ntbbr— HtnJy A RELIABLE WATER SUPPLY FOR IRRIGATION A FTER preparing the ground, sowing the seed and getting the crop /~\ well started, your greatest concern is for a reliable water supply. You must have water to irrigate in season. Your .crop may be ruined in a single day for the want of it. You have a dependable supply of water in the form of low lying lakes, ponds and reservoirs. The problem is to raise this water so you can apply it to the land. Do you know that you can raise such water and make it available for irrigating all your lands by means of the powerful I.H.C. gasoline engines? They will not only pump water for you in large quantities, but they do it economically. It costs practically nothing to keep an I. H C. engine in repairs, and the expense of operating it is a very small item compared to the value of the crops you can raise. An I. H. G engine as the basis of your irrigating plant makes you master of the situation. You are independent of the ditch and ditch officers You have a water supply that is all your own. You can start your engine any time and apply water to your land whenever the crops require it. Keep an I. H C. engine supplied with gasoline and it runs dependably, hour after hour, requiring but very little attention. You need return to the engine only occasionally, so you are free to spend practically all your time handling the water in the field. One of the advantages in purchasing an I. H. C. engine is that the engine can be used for many other purposes besides pumping. It is a general all-round farm engine — an absolutely reliable source of cheap power for operating the grindstone, churn, fanning mill, feed grinder, separator, bone cutter, washing machine, etc. I. H. C. engines are made in many styles and sizes, so that you will be able to rind just the engine you want. There are I. H. C. Vertical Engines — made in 2, 3 and 25-horse-power. Horizontal (partible «nd lUtionur)— in 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 20-horse-power. Gasoline Tractor* — in 12, 15 and 20-horse-power. Famous Alr-Cooltd Engines — in 1 and 2-horse-power. Sonying and Sawing Outfits in various styles and sizes. Call on the International local agent handling I. H. C. engines. He will supply you with catalogs and full particulars. Or, if you prefer, write to nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver. Colo.: Helena. Montana: Portland. On-.; Spokane. Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah: San Francisco. Cal. International Harvester Company of America, Chicago, U. S. A. (Incorporated) GASOLINE OR KEROSENE ENGINE It makes you independent an ants sold under ND GUARANTEE e in new localities. State siz ; wanted or quantity and lift < WITTE IRON WORKS C( Reason Says Clip Horses ' easier, and if for sale bring more. The Stewart No. 1 Ball Bearing Clipping Machine Is the best on earth at any price. Ball bearings, file hard cut steel gears. Runs easy, clips fast, lasts lontf. Guaranteed for 28 Years. Only 97. BO at dealers, or send $2.00 and . vill ship, balan. e C.O.D. Write today for free hi* ne« catalogue. Chicago Flexible Shaft Co.. 86 LaSalle Ave.. Chicago ^ When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 158 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Centennial Auger Machine Vlajcot Aueer Machine Soft Mud Machines, Horse and Steam Power Clay Working •BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Hand Power Screw Pre» Dlalntevratori Morse Power Planter Machine Products of our Auger Machines When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 159 !•*•« !••••••••••*•••• UNION MACHINES WITH PUG MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES . Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO Q ALIGN, OHIO Mil When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 100 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age I year, and The Primer of Irrigation The Ghas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Good ing Town site Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS. , Improved — Irrigated Lands- -Unimproved. GOODING, IDAHO. It's Easier Cheaper To Level Fields, Make Ditches Cut and Clean Laterals with our 20TH CENTURY GRADER. Cuts "V" shaped ditches 30 in. wide, 15 to 18 in. deep, once up the field, once back; if ground is mellow— no plowing. It is light but very compact and strong. Weighs 600 Ibs. Can set reversible blade at any angle up to 50 degrees. Can raise and lower it, little or much, from seat, in a second. Blade 6 ft. long. Machine all steel except tongue." The. 20th Century Grader levels seed-beds, cuts sage-brush with special attach- ment, shaves down hummocks, digs shallow or deep ditches, grades roads, etc. Write now for newly written , handsome catalog with brand-new photos. It will answer your quest ons and make you want a 2OTH CENTURY GRADEH. Address today. THE BAKER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 277 Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL. Otto Suction Gas Producers And Otlo Engines Are Reliable and Can Be Operated By Hen of Ordinary Intelligence J. A. Witter, Engineer for the Beaver Crossing Electric Light & Power Co.. Beaver Crossing, Nebr., writes: " Please send me a book of instructions on handling and running your gas producer and engine. I have been running this one on horse sense, but that might not work at al. times. Plant works fine. This man without special instructions, but with the use of " horse sense " causes his plant to work fine. There is a volume of praise for "OTTO" machinery in Mr. Witter's short letter. The Otto Gas Engine Works Philadelphia, Pa. Oxford Hotel DENVER, COLORADO At the OXFORD HOTEL, Denver, Colorado, you will find all the leading men interested in irrigation and all of its branches. Denver is the logical irrigation center of the United States. You will find nearly everyone engaged in or interested in irrigation projects stopping at the Oxford Located half a block from the Union Depot: Fire Proof, Modern, European Plan and Popular Prices THE HAMILTON-BROOKS CO. PROPRIETORS iiiiii MM i mi in ii 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 ii i in MI inn 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 in 1 1 1 1 in 1 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiniii SAMSON TURBINE! When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. Write Department K-2 for Catalog. p»"Thel 1C "The Piano with a Soul" KERL E "SOLD— when You're SATISFIED" That's the way Eckerle Pianos find homes for themselves. OUR NEW 60-PflGE ART COLOR CflTflLOG will be Bent free and postpaid to you if you ask for it. Then in the quiet of your own home you can, by means of these beautiful photographs and complete descrip- tions, read and learn just hnw Well Eckerle Pianos ere made, why they stay in tune so long; why they last a lifetime; why they always satisfy, and why it is called the "Piano with a Soul." This book take vou on atrip through one of the largest and best equipped niano fac- tories in America, and explains clearly why Eckerle Pia- nos are better than other muderate price instruments. There are thirty-four of these important reasons which yon should know about, scattered along the journey from lumber yard to shipping room. Send for this Art Color Catalog today. It shows our new 1908 styles in colors, quotes lowest freight-paid prices, explains our 4 different plans of payment, and tells you in the words of other buyers just what they have found the Eckerle Piano to be. Alter you have read this book through and talked the matter over with your family, you can take advantage of our fair and square "Sold When you're satisfied" ofiVr. and we will deliver to your own home, freight and delivery charges paid, the style of Eckerle Piano you prefer, and let you give it a thorough 30 days' trial. Play it yourself; let your chil- dren try it; invite your musical friends to play on it, and when the 30 days are up, lei DS know whether the Eckerle — "The Piano with a Soul" — has found a home with you. Ton take no risk whatever in trying the Eckerle Piano in your own home, and we take but very little risk ID making you this offer it yon are really seeking earn- estly for the best piano at a moderate ' factory to Home" price. Write a postal or a letter right now and ask us to send you the Art Color Catalog of the Eckerle — the piano that is not considered sold until you are fully satisfied that it is the piano you want to place In your home. ALBAUGH-DOVER Co. 903-938 Marshall Boulevard Capital $1,500,000 CHICAGO. ILL. NEW ALBAUGH.DOVER 90 Days Trial Machine From Factory to Home for $17.95 rillt whatever We can make quick shipment MODEL 5D-12 SEWING MACHINE The most wtnderful offer we or any other bouae has ever made on a strictly highest grade ball bearing drop head sewing machine. Do not class this machine with the ordinary drop head sewing machines which yon can buy anywhere at J25.00 to $35.00. At $35.00 this machine would stand alone as one of the greatest values ever presented, and now when wo cut the price In two and ask only $17.95 for this beautiful piano- polished quartered oak case, with carved front and round comers, and this high arm automatic head fitted with best ball bearings and equipped with stitch regulator, double feed, spring tension, cylinder shuttle and automatic bobbin winder, also Include a full set of attachments and accessories, the offer becomes the sensation of the season In sewing machine values. You don't need to take our word for it, but trust to your own judgment after you have tried the machine In your own home for 90 days. Order this machine on 0 days trial; use It alongside of any $60 Agency Machine made, and If you don t prefer the new Albaugh-Dover model No. 5D-12 machine, regardless of cost, send It baek and get every cent of your money. You take no Order today on 90 days trial. PUCE $17 95. Albaugh-Dover Co,, 905-938 Marshall Blvd., Chicago, III, ALDOCO STEEL WIND MILLS Only $37.40 and up for complete steel mill and steel tower. Aldoco Mills run smoothly, quietly, and easily, and re- quire but the slightest breese to set them In motion. They have solid tool steel wrist pins, and a special Rocker Arm Device. Our steel towers are strongly braced, well pro- portioned and fitted with ladders. Every mill fully guaranteed. Write us. No. 13 D I A-7701-11. Complete 8-foot wheel and 30-foot tower, total weight 940ponnds. Price $37. « No. 13 D I A-7701-12. Complete 8-foot wheel with 40-foot v,ower, total weight USOpounds. Price $43.85 No. 13 D I A- 7 7 02 -20. Complete 10-foot wheel with 40-foot iower, total weight 1260 pounds. Price $51.05 No. 13 D I A-7702-21. Complete 10-foot wheel with 50-foot tower, total weight 1600 pound*. Fries $60.06 ALL sniraiN-ra uiDi FBOM FACTORY NUB CHICAGO ALBAUGH.DOVER CO. 913-938 Marshall Blvd.. Chicago. III. 11 ,., you could see the Real 1 DIFFERENCE between the NEW t CREAM MORE MONEY From Your Cows and Much Less Work\ In Getting It. If you could see bow to make easily $10to$15more a year on each and every cow you keep, and Btill "> with less work lor "lfe an( °urslr' the cream you get; Differ- ence In the quality of cream; _ Difference in the way the machine runs. OUR ^^^ Difference ID the number of times a I PATENTED ALUMINUM COR-^BK minute you have to turn the crank; RUGATED SKIMMING DEVI ..... th. New Bntterfl, Cre.m S^ralor dilf.rent and 8 time... efficient as .ny^fcVSeparated; Dlffei other machine. Every dr..p of n.ilk that cnters^BVtime and tTOUDlO 1C the bowl of the New Butterfly Cream Separator ^BW takes tO Clean the ia actually put through the skimming process ^^^^ skimming device — I 8 tlm«.. This guarantees complete separation, and ^B^^ vnn wnnld , lateral making and cleaning, seed-bed and field leveling, borders, levees, road grading, etc. It This IS Described in full, Cata- logue page 22 Attach it to tongue of grader Our Sage Brush Cutter Address BAKER MFG. CO. 726 Fisher Building Chicago, III. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Trovighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory. KIM BALL, NEB. -OR- T. C. EOLESTON, 714 Ideal Bldf.. Denver. Colo. Ditching Dredges, Placer Mining and Traction Dredges SUITABLE FOR" ALL CLASSES OF WORK Steam Shovels— AII sizes Ballast Unloaders Write us for information, giving particulars of requirements The Marion Steam Shovel Co., MARION, OHIO G. W. BARNHART, Western Manager 718 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, Cal. F. H. HOPKINS & CO., Montreal, Quebec HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND. IND., V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments May Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXIV CHICAGO, APRIL, 1909. NO. 6 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, - CHICAGO Entered u Kcond-cIaM matter October t, 1897, at the Chicago, III., under Act of March ». 1870. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $ J .50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid ll.OU To Canada and Mexico . l.H All Other Foreign Countries 1.60 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age it the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 24 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. THE IRRIGATION AGE is preparing to Legal start, in an early issue, a Legal Depart- Department. ment upon the subject of Irrigation. This department will be edited by a well-known attorney who has made a life study of the subject, and will consist, First : Of a digest under the appropriate heads all the current cases upon Irrigation from Aban- donment to Water Rights, dating from January 1st, 1908. Second: These cases will be so digested as to yearly amount to a complete digest of the Irrigation Law of the United States for the year, and at the ex- piration of each year it is our intention to publish same separately and in book form. So far as we know there are no irrigation reports, and from conversation with various attorneys who have studied the subject, they are greatly needed by the western farmer, and should be in good demand among lawyers throughout 'irri- gated areas of the world. Our monthly article will not only be a digest, but a comment or brief on the cases referred to, and where a leading case is decided it is our intention to publish it in extenso. These cases would all be taken from the report of the Supreme Court of all the western and irrigation states and from the United States Court for the west- ern circuit. It is hardly necessary for us to say that such a feature added to the matter contained in THE IRRIGA- TION AGE. brought out in a full and comprehensive manner, will be of inestimable value to our readers, whether irrigation farmers, promoters of irrigation projects or attorneys. We hope to have this matter so well along as to present the first article in our May number. It may possibly, however, not appear until a month later. The visitors and delegates at the National Alaska-Yukon Irrigation Congress to be held at Spo- Exposition. kane, Washington, August 9th to 14th of this year should arrange to visit the Alaska- Yukon Exposition, which will be in full swing during that month. The editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE visited the grounds in Seattle in March, and can as- sure its readers that they will find a well-equipped show housed in buildings equal in beauty to those of any former show of a similar character — in fact, the grounds are much superior to those of any exposition in past years, and the buildings are equal to those at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago. Additional attractions are offered at Seattle, among them being the far-famed Alaska trip by boat. Visitors from the central and eastern states will also have an opportunity of viewing mountain ranges and peaks rivaling the world's grandest scenery. Our readers should remember that the cost of transportation is no more to Seattle than Spokane, and it would be well to purchase tickets from eastern points to Seattle over a northern line with stopover clause, thereby securing the privilege of a layover at various 166 THE IRRIGATION AGE. points, including Spokane. The return ticket should read over some other than the line covered by the out- going trip, which will enable the tourist to view a wider and more diversified stretch of country. It would be well for prospective visitors at Spo- kane and Seattle to look up the matter of transporta- tion, sleepers, etc., now, rather than to wait until the rush is on. There is no finer mountain scenery than may be found on a trip through Colorado, Idaho, Montana. Washington, Oregon and California; all of these state* may be included in the itinerary of a trip such as sug- gested above. The Seventeenth National Irrigation Con- National gress, which is to be held in Spokane, Irrigation Washington, August 9th to 14th, prom- Congress, ises to be the largest affair of the kind that has ever taken place. The enter- prising citizens of Spokane have secured sufficient funds, something in the neighborhood of $100,000, to properly exploit and entertain as many delegates as may attend the Congress. It is the impression of those well in- formed that there will be four and possibly five thou- sand accredited delegates at Spokane during the term of the Congress, and that the widespread interest in the subject of irrigation will attract from twenty-five to forty thousands additional visitors. Attendance of central and eastern states people will mean much to Washington and the northwest generally. THE IRRIGATION AGE is preparing an elaborate edi- tion, which will appear as our May issue, fully describ- ing the objects of the Congress, with one hundred or more illustrations of Washington and the northwest, particularly that territory tributary to Spokane. This issue will contain the official call of the Congress, with portraits of all of the officers, and in this issue will appear articles describing the various important proj- ects throughout the west and northwest. Eighty pages of space will be devoted to illustrated and descriptive matter, and it is the intention of the publishers to make this the most elaborate work ever gotten out in connection with an Irrigation Congress. The railways have agreed to make an especially low rate to Spokane at the time of the Congress, and the same rate will carry visitors to the Congress on to Seattle, where they may visit the Alaska- Yukon Expo- sition. The editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE visited the exposition grounds at Seattle recently and was much surprised to learn that the work is nearing completion and that the show will open in full force on the date set. It is the impression of the Spokane people that this additional attraction at Seattle will add greatly to the attendance at the Irrigation Congress, as many eastern and central states people who are studying the subject of irrigation will be glad to take advantage of an op- portunity to stop off at Spokane and study the matter, listen to addresses on irrigation and colonization, and then go on leisurely to Seattle, stopping here and there on the way, going and coming, to visit specific irriga- tion projects with a view to investment. Our readers are especially requested to give the matter of this Congress consideration, and, if possible, plan to visit Spokane and Seattle during the month of August, when all crops are at their best, and where the results of irrigation may be fully explained and illus- trated. Any information concerning accommodations, which will be ample, and full data concerning the pro- gram and plan of entertainment, may be obtained by addressing the Board of Control, Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress, Spokane, Washington. Statistics compiled by the Spokane Northwestern chamber of commerce show that 75 per Development, cent of the newcomers into the northwest during the fiscal year ended February 28, 1909, turned to farming, stock raising and dairying, while of the others more than 50 per cent took up or- charding and chicken growing in districts tributary to the settled communities. Of the thousands of visitors to the rooms of the chamber of commerce since January 1, 1908, the ma- jority, including men and women from all walks of city life, came to the northwest to seek homes in the rural districts; not to become general farmers, but to take up some special phase of the work, and in the greater number of instances it is fruit growing. The practice of intensive farming, more especially apple culture, has, in a measure, solved the problem of the American trait of the farmer seeking city life and the city man dreaming of rural happiness, and the nearness of the irrigated districts to the towns and cit- ies in the northwest has served to satisfy both. Small tracts, electric railways, telephones, rural mail routes, make a combination of the best of city and country, and thousands are passing useful and busy lives in these districts. There has been a tremendous movement to the northwest in the last fourteen months, when, according ' to the best information available, approximately 106,000 persons settled in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Mon- tana, and of these about 63,500 located in eastern Washington, northern Idaho, northeastern Oregon, western Montana and southeastern British Columbia. Thirty-five thousand settled in the Yakima, Wenatchee, Spokane, Walla Walla, Okanogan and Colville Valleys, the Palouse and Big Bend districts and in settlements opened by the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound and the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railroads. Illinois, Iowa and Missouri furnished the majority THE IRRIGATION AGE. 167 of these- settlers, the rest coining from Nebraska, In- diana, Minnesota, Kansas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michi- gan, New York, West Virginia, Kentucky, Massachu- setts, Vermont, Nevada and Maryland, with a sprin- kling from southwestern states. There was also a large influx of aliens into the northwest in 1908, when, with the exception of Min- nesota, Missouri and California, Washington added more foreign population than any other state west of the Mississippi River. There were approximately 10,- 000 aliens, and of these Scandinavians were in the lead, with south Italians second, English third, Ger- mans fourth and Finnish fifth. The most important thing about immigration into Washington last year is that the greatest increase in numbers was of those who engage either in profesional or skilled occupations. Relatively to the great mass of immigrants, the number of foreigners of good class who declared Washington as their destination was larger than in any other state. The number of laborers, so classed, who entered the state from foreign countries last year was 5,500 in round numbers. The number of farmers is exception- ally high, and shows, of course, the settlement of the rural districts by a thrifty class of people. In recent information received from the Grant Reclamation Service we note that the Easier Secretary of the Interior has issued in- Conditions. structions to the General Land Office which removes a difficulty which has been encountered in .connection with entries under the Rec- lamation Law. In information issued by the General Land Office in January, 1908, provision is made that after the requirements of the Homestead Law as to residence and cultivation have been complied with, the entryman or his heirs may make final proof of com- pliance with these requirements, when he will be re- lieved of the necessity of residing upon the land. It is our impression that there is perhaps some mistake in the date, as if this ruling were made it would have been published prior to this time. We be- lieve that in making copy for the press an error was made and it should have read January, 1909. This, however, is immaterial, in view of the fact that such a ruling has been made by the department, which leads us to believe that the Reclamation Service and the In- terior Department are making an effort to make it more easy for the settler who takes up land under the Reclamation Law than was contemplated in the law it- self. It is a well-known fact that all of the larger pri- vate irrigation projects which have been rapidly settled have realized that the government is sadly handicapped by some of the rules and regulations concerning the colonization of land under that law. In the first place, the settler has no available asset upon which to borrow under the Reclamation Law until he has proved up, no matter what his improvements or expenditure may have been upon the land. To make it clear, we will say that heretofore a man who has taken up land under the Reclamation Law has had to pay the usual 10 per cent annually, but has had no opportunity, no matter who improvements he may have put on his land, to use them as a borrowing asset, hence, the man who se- cured land under this system and had no ready money for improvements in the way of buildings, would find it necessary to go slowly and perhaps not get very far ahead before he had proved up. While, on the contrary, under private irrigation projects as soon as a man proves up under 30 days' residence, he has some standing with the banks and money lenders, and can borrow sufficient money to house his family and stock properly, and if he is the right sort of a man he can secure money to purchase implements and additional live stock, thereby placing himself in a position of in- dependence within twelve or fifteen months. We are glad to note the improvement in the plan of Federal development, but believe it will be necessary to go much further along this line before settlers will be willing or anxious to take up land under Govern- ment projects as against the inducements offered under private systems. It seems that this ever salient feature of development under Federal Control has been over- looked by the Interior Department and Reclamation Officials. They cannot expect to compete 'with live Carey Act institutions until they can offer equally as strong inducements. The claim is made, to be sure, that the Government project is superior to private work so far as stability and finish is concerned, but that has very little weight with the average settler, who is look- ing to make quick money returns from his labor and investment. It is gratifying, however, to know that the Interior Department is willing to make concessions, and it is sincerely to be hoped that they may make further cor- rections and ask for some change in the law which will permit them to advertise their projects as extensively as is being done by private corporations. In reply to an inquiry from St. Louis re- Irrigation specting the opportunities in China for in China. electrical pumps for domestic water sup- ply, Vice-Consul C. L. L. Williams fur- nished the information that China presents a large field for irrigation, which is absolutely necessary, and which is now being done by hand over large areas in that country. The fact should be recognized that the supe- riority of pump over hand power must first be prac- tically demonstrated to the Chinese, who from time immemorial have not altered this method, and do not readily take to foreign innovations of any character. As soon as these people are properly educated to the 168 THE IRRIGATION AGE. use of pumps, manufacturers can decide as to the adapt- ability of their particular pumps where crops depend upon an artificial water supply, and it is our impression that a good market for pumps of all kinds is soon to be opened up in that country. The suggestion from Mr. Gilbert, who prepared the information for Vice-Consul Williams, involves the installation of a sample plant, say on the Yellow River, in the northwestern part of Shantung Province, where they are now having a famine on account of drought. This simple plant should be put in at the manufac- turer's expense and a nominal water tax could be charged, which, at the very least, would pay the run- ning expense. It is possible, as suggested by Mr. Gil- bert, that the Government could be induced to properly irrigate at a maximum cost, at so much per acre, with the understanding that proper reimbursement would be made upon fulfillment of certain conditions. The ques- tion of getting permission from the authorities to put in a plant, the manner of collecting the tax, and all other details could be solved by the local or traveling agent. The report sent in by Vice-Consul Williams con- tains a letter from the physician at the Methodist Episcopal Hospital at Peking, which deals with this pump question. The names of persons who might act as agents in this connection in China are on file in the Bureau of Manufactures at Washington. The physician at the M. E. Hospital writes as follows : "The well was bored in 1902; finished about De- cember 1. It is 210 feet deep. There is no definite way of telling how much water is used. The capacity of the engine pump is 3,500 gallons per hour, when running at its capacity. We run the pump on an av- erage of eight hours a day. We discarded a windmill simply because it could not do the work. There is no mill that could possibly keep us supplied. It would take an immense reservoir for reserve water, as the winds are too eccentric. A hot-air engine is in use. It is a fine machine. The sale of water pays all current expenses. Our well is in rather too secluded a place for the sale of much water, and then there are so many wells now that competition is rather large. By running pipes to another part of our compound we could sell much more water, I am sure. The sale of water, with the tax paid by our own people (missionaries), would pay for the plant in time. We have duplicated our engine this year and expect to pay for it from the sale of water. How long it will take to pay for the engine out of the water sales will depend entirely upon how well the water sells." We would suggest that manufacturers who are con- templating the development of trade in China would do well to correspond not only with this physician at Peking, but with the proper authorities at Washington as well. EDITORIAL NOTES. BY Q. L. SHUMWAT. It remained for Congressman Tawney, chairman of the appropriations committee, to plow through the 381 pages of the "Homes Commission" report submitted by President Roosevelt to Congress as he surrendered his position, and to find the choicest bits of information that have ever been communicated to the august body of legislators, or benefited a farmer. Here are a few of the important items : ''Skimmed milk is the residue after the cream has been removed." "Butter is formed by churning the cream of milk." "Boots and shoes are intended to protect the feet from the uneven and rough surfaces of the ground, from cold, wet and heat — "It is a good plan to uee night shirts and pajama* "Practical experience also teaches us that dream- less sleep is in every way recuperative, while a dream- ful night produces a tired feeling 'in the morning; hence dreams should be avoided if possible." The nerve-racking task of compiling such a val- uable lot of information must have produced brain fag, or collapse, and I am sure that a year's recupera- tion in Africa, or some other seaport, would do them good. If they should happen to drown while there what a loss it would be to the scientific world. We can't imagine a more curious specimen for one engaged in psychological research than the brain of a man that will dish up such rot, and label it information. When the last Congress appropriated $1,000,000 to ferret out land frauds it no doubt expected that the money would be spent in trying to return to the fed- eral government a large acreage of land, but it seems that the first result was to put more immature Sher- locks upon the trail of home-makers. Let us hope that Mr. Ballinger will remedy this. There seems to be a portion of the affidavit of a homesteader to the effect that he does not possess 320 acres of land at the time of making entry. Now the juvenile sleuths are visit- ing the homesteaders who have not yet made proof, and if he finds one who has since acquired an acreage that exceeds 320 acres he is informed that his proof will be rejected. Why are these millions wasted in such work? Why is it not used for the purposes for which it was appropriated? There are no doubt thousands of acres that have been illegally acquired from the government, but why do they not go after the large malefactors, and not send these pie-faced brats around bothering THE IRRIGATION AGE. 1G9 people who are law-abiding, and want to put in their time improving their homes, and not "cussing" the gov- ernment. No one realizes more fully that there is little to be gained by scolding than the writer, but this condition needs correction, and I am of the opinion that if one could ever get beyond that barrier of bureaucrats there might be a chance of reformation. As heretofore, it is my purpose not only to point out the errors of admin- istration, but to offer remedies. In this respect, I am of the opinion that very few, if any, of the recent en- tries of public lands contain fraud, but if you will go back ten, twenty or more years you may find more ample grounds for detective work. And do not pass up some of the biggest ones because they are personal or political friends. POWER IRRIGATION BY E. C. REYBOLD, JR. Another suggestion to President Taft is that he select an envoy of unquestioned integrity to investigate and report direct the acreage of agricultural lands now held in forest reserves, which it is not intended to re- forest, and that is suitable for home-making, and take measures which will restore this area to entry. I say this for the reason that there are, to my knowledge, several tracts which are suitable for irrigation, and the water supply is available, and people are ready to take hold if the government will let them. It is not fair to settlement and development that the Reclamation Service and the Forest Service should have these projects withheld to force homeseekers to take up the projects developed by federal irrigation, for there are some things in the way of management of such projects that are, in our opinion, entitled to criti- cism. We are presenting in this issue the first of a series of articles on Spraying, by Mr. E. H. Stiver. It is our intention to publish an article on Spraying in each of the forthcoming issues of THE IRRIGATION AGE for the year, which should prove both interesting and instruc- tive to our reader?. Send $2*50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation The Steam Pumping Plant of the Elgin Power and Water Company. This plant was installed in the spring of 1907, and was designed to ultimately irrigate 1,000 acres of fruit land lying on the east side of the Green Eiver in Utah, just to the north of the tracks of the Denver & Eio Grande Railroad (Rio Grande Western), about one hun- dred miles west of Grand Junction. The town of Elgin is situated at the intersection of the river with the rail- road, and the town of Green River lies to the west one mile. None of this land had been irrigated before, but for many years previous there were some 500 acres of land of similar character planted to fruit trees just across the river, and splendid crops secured. It was therefore known that this sandy loam would produce first-class orchards if water were brought upon it, and the owners personally advanced the money for the in- stallation of the plant and ditches. That they were right in their assumption is shown by the good stand of trees now growing upon the 350 acres that have been planted. After the plant was completed and everything in good running order an issue of bonds was made amounting to $16,000 and bearing 6 per cent. The proceeds of the sale of these bonds were used to re- imburse the owners of the land for their original ad- vances. These bonds are redeemable in eight equal in- stallments, beginning in 1917, and are secured by not only the pumping plant, but also by the land that is irrigated. The altitude of Elgin is the lowest upon the Rio Grande Railroad, being about 4,080 feet, and frosts are not frequent visitors. In the spring of 1907, when there was was very little fruit in either Colorado or Utah, this section suffered to some extent, ,but the frosts of 1908, which did great damage to manv sec- tions, scarcely touched the Elgin-Green River Valley. A number of the owners of this land had been raising fruits near Palisade, Colorado, for many years, and were perfectly familiar with the methods of planting practiced there. Knowing, also, that it would be poor economy to install a piimping plant that might not be perfectly reliable, they specified that everything must be first clasp. Coal was to be used for fuel, and as it was to cost as much as $4 per ton, it was essential that the efficiency of the whole plant be good. The original data upon which the plant was designed is as follows : Fuel, coal, costing $2 to $4 per ton. Land to be irrigated, 1,000 acres of sandy loam. Quantity of water required, 10 cubic feet per sec- ond, or 4,500 gallons per minute. Kind of water, frequently muddy during flood sea- son. Height of lift, 51 feet at low water (falling to 45 feet at high water). Length of discharge pipe, 588 feet. Length of suction pipe, 70 feet. Feedwater for boilers, same as used for irrigating, frequently muddy, and often containing much mineral matter. The equipment installed is as follows : 170 THE IRKIGATION AGE. DISCHARGE PIPE AND SUCTION PIPE. The discharge pipe is 588 feet in length, 12-gauge double ri vetted steel, with slip joints being used, with an average diameter of 24 inches. In order that the cost of freight be lessened, the pipe was made of prac- tically equal lengths of 22, 24 and 26 inches diameter, the two smaller sizes being nested for shipment inside of the largest. By Cox's formula the friction head in this pipe is found to be about 2 feet. For the suction pipe, 70 feet of 14-inch, 12-gauge double rivetted steel is used, in which the friction head is about 1 foot. The total friction head is therefore 3 feet, and the maximum head against which the pump must operate 54 feet. A long suction pipe was occa- sioned by the necessity of reaching far out into the minute, at which the capacity is 10 second-feet at 54- feet head. The discharge is horizontal and under, and size of pulley is 25x13. A 12-inch gate valve is placed on the discharge side of the pump. The pump can be primed by means of the boiler feed pump, or a steam ejector, the suction of which is attached to the air vent on top of the centrifu- gal pump, and the gate valve closed. After the pump is full of water the engine is started, and after speed is attained the gate valve is opened. This method of priming is used only at the beginning of the season, or when the tanks are empty, as after the pump is running the water tanks may be filled by means of a valve and pipe system connecting with the main discharge pipe just beyond the gate valve, the same system serving to Vertical Section Through Engine Room of Elgin Plant. river when the water is low. A 15-inch foot valve is attached to the end of the suction pipe. PUMP. A Byron Jackson horizontal centrifugal pump is used, with an enclosed automatically balanced runner, the diameter of suction and discharge being 12 inches. In order that the silt and sand carried by the water might not be injurious, three outboard double ring- oiling bearings are used. It will be noted by the illus- tration of the pump that there is a bearing upon each side of the shell, the third being outside of the belt pulley. The two stuffing boxes are entirely separate from the bearings. The diameter of the runner is 24 inches, and the speed was fixed at 624 revolutions per supply priming water when required. A third means of priming, and the one generally used, is by means of a 3-inch by-pass. Water from the discharge pipe, which is kept full when the pump is shut down over night by closing the large gate valve, is by-passed around the gate valve. This by-pass was installed in order to ob- viate the danger of bursting the pump by the heavy water hammer that might arise if it were primed by opening the 'main gate valve. Strict orders are -given that the main valve must not be opened until the pump is full of water. ENGINE. The engine is a Chuse four-ported, self-oiling, high speed automatic, size ISi/oxlS, with side crank. This THE IRRIGATION AGE. 171 type of engine was selected on account of the small amount of floor space required; the low steam consump- tion, and the possibility of continuous operation with the minimum amount of attention. It is equipped with a belt pulley 60x12% inches, the speed being 260 revo- lutions per minute. At this speed it will give 105 H. P. with 90 pounds steam pressure, and 117 H. P. with 100 pounds steam pressure. As the pump requires only 90 H. P., it is evident that the engine will operate well within its power with 90 pounds of steam. A 12-inch double leather belt is used to transmit the power to the pump. successful that no boiler troubles have been experienced in two years of pumping. STEAM AND EXHAUST PIPES. By carefully noting the vertical section and plan the methods used to compensate these pipes against ex- pansion and contraction will be seen, and the general design of the plant comprehended. COSTS OF PUMPING. During 1908 the acreage irrigated was about 500 acres, 350 acres being planted to trees. 75 acres to Crots 5ecfi'on of Engine 4 Pumpinfl RoomJ. Plan of Elgin, Utah, Plant. BOILERS. Two standard horizontal tubular boilers are used, each being 66 inches diameter and 16 feet in length, and rated at 100 H. P. A separate stack is used for each. Since bricks were scarce and high in price, the boilers were set in reinforced concrete, compensation for expansion being made in the design. This setting shows no signs of deterioration after two years' use. The boilers were designed for burning coal, but during 1908 wood was used very successfully, and no difficulty was experienced in operating the plant with one boiler. AUXILIARIES. Feed water is supplied to the boilers by a duplex boiler feed pump, piston packed, size 5^x31/^x5, ca- pacity 40 gallons per minute. In order that all mud might be settled out of the feed water before it is used, two wood tanks are used, 12 feet in diameter and 12 feet high, each being of ample capacity to contain sufficient water for feeding the boilers for 24 hours. The water, therefore, has 24 hours in which to settle before passing to the feed water heater and filter. Each tank is equipped with a system of flushing valves, by means of which all mud that accumulates may be flushed out before the tank is refilled by the centrifugal pump. For heating the feed water before it passes to the feed pump, a Stilwell combined heater and filter of the open type is used. This filters the water first, and then permits it to pass in thin sheets over a series of pans, the exhaust steam from the engine being here brought into contact with it. Any mineral matter that is suspended in the water is here precipitated and col- lected, the pans being readily removed and cleaned. This combined system of purifying the water has proven so cantaloupe, and about 75 acres to other crops. The pump was started on April llth and ran until Sept. 16th, operating from 10 to 12 hours per day for 6 days per week. It ran for 140 days, or about 1,540 hours. The speed of the pump was kept down until it discharged about 7 second-feet, and the quantity of water pumped during this time was about 850 acre- feet, giving about 1.7 acre-feet per acre of land under cultivation. The secretary of the company writes that the plant, although designed for 1,000 acres, could sup- Pumping Plant of Elgin Power and Water Co., Elgin, Utah. 172 THE IRRIGATION AGE. ply water to 1,600 acres easily if operated 24 hours per day at full capacity. The fuel used during 1908 con- sisted of 200 cords of wood and 200 tons of coal, total cost being $1,000. For labor they employed one man for 5% months, and another for six weeks, the total wages paid being $500. There were no interruptions on account of difficulties of any kind or repairs, and the boilers gave no trouble from bad water. The cost of supplies aggregated $100, and the total costs of op- erating for the year $1,600. Although only 500 acres of the total were irrigated, the costs of pumping are apportioned among the whole, making the cost $1.60 per acre. When the whole acreage is under water the fuel bill will probably aggregate $1,750, making the cost per acre for all expenses about $2.35. To this must be added the interest charge of 96 cents per acre, making a total cost of $3.31 per acre, or a sum con- siderably smaller 'than the interest and maintenance charge under many reservoir and ditch irrigation prop- CIVIL AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING. Carpenters' Work in Colorado. The annual returns from the irrigated lands of Colo- rado are double those from her mines. This development of what was a desert until irrigated, has been fostered in every step by the Civil and Irrigation Engineering Depart- ment of the Colorado Agricultural College, of which for over twenty years, Prof. L. G. Carpenter has been the head. In this department there are at present four assistants and the force is carrying on work both for the state and for the students. Professor Carpenter's first important work was the measurement of the water supplied by the streams and the artesian wells of the state, particularly the Cache la Poudre, the Arkansas and the Rio Grande. The data obtained have been in constant use by state engineers and by the courts in adjusting filings and claims for water. The first careful and exhaustive investigation of the duty of water was made by Professor Carpenter and his Pump Used by Elgin Company. ositions. It will be noted that the system complete cost but $16 per acre. The designs and plans of this plant were made by the Irrigation Engineering Department of The Hendrie & Bolthoff Manufacturing & Supply Company of Den- ver. The complete equipment was furnished by the same firm, and the erection carried on under the super- vision of their representative. NOTES ON POWER IRRIGATION. The Antlers Orchard Development Company of Colorado Springs, Colorado, is getting bids for a 900 H. P. water power pumping plant for Silt, Colorado. Water is to be pumped over 300 feet high. The Northern Colorado Power Company reports that it has made a number of contracts for electric pumping plants. A steam pumping plant is to be installed upon the Orchard Home property at Green River, Utah, contract having been let for the equipment. The Palisade Irrigation District has overhauled their plant and is ready for work. A new 20-inch pump and water wheel have been installed. force, and was a strong factor in largely increasing the acreage irrigated by the available water supply. Professor Carpenter was one of the first to urge the storage of Colorado flood waters in reservoirs. Eight bil- lion cubic feet of water are annually stored in reservoirs in northern Colorado, and twice the area of land is irrigated that would be possible if irrigation were made directly from the streams only. The flow of water from the artesian wells of the state was studied for two years and the data published by the United States Department of Agriculture, The volume of seepage water and its value for irriga- tion were brought out through careful investigations by this department and today tens of thousands of acres are irrigated in Colorado with this water and the area is con- stantly increasing. An exhaustive investigation was made of the under- flow waters of the state. Satisfactory methods for the exchange of water be- tween irrigation systems were worked out by this depart- ment and are in general use. The trapezoidal weirs used in Colorado were intro- duced upon the recommendation of Professor Carpenter. Improvements in canal, ditch and reservoir construc- tion and management have been introduced throughout the state through the investigations of this department. Many capitalists will not invest in irrigation projects unless Professor Carpenter has inspected the territory and approved the plans. His endorsement has brought mil- lions of dollars to Colorado to be used for irrigation con- struction. For one project $3,000.000 was furnished on THE IRRIGATION AGE. 173 condition that he endorse the plan; there are several irri- gation systems where for each a million dollars or more has been expended because the plans were approved by Professor Carpenter; and many others constructed on his approval where the cost was $500,000 and upward. Kansas brought suit against Colorado to stop the use in the latter state of the waters of the Arkansas river, demanding the uninterrupted flow of these waters into and through Kansas. .Ten thousand pages of evidence were submitted to the United States supreme court, and Colorado won after an intense contest. The attorneys on both sides conceded that the case was won solely through the mass of facts on irrigation presented by Professor Carpenter and that with- out his evidence Colorado would have lost. Had Colorado lost this suit, irrigation would have ceased in the State along the Arkansas and an area of highly productive land, equal in extent to all the improved land of New England, would again have become a desert. If Kansas had won, other states were planning to stop the use in Colorado for irrigation of the waters of the Platte, Rio Grande and Grand rivers. The government of British Columbia asked Professor SPRAYING IN GENERAL. BY H. E. STIVER. The subject of spraying has not heretofore suffi- ciently engaged the attention of the fruit men of the west, but, we are glad to say, they are commencing to realize the great value of it, and a goodly number of our prominent growers are using the pump and mix- tures as a stepping stone to greater crops — better crops — and bigger profits. This initial article is not intended as a treatise on the technical side of spraying, but rather to show the great possibilities which spraying presents, and to get sufficient interest awakened to see if future articles are desired by our readers. Stating it in the popular term of the day, "Spray- ing is no cinch," as it requires careful planning and plenty of elbow grease in case anything smaller than a Irrigating an Orchard in the Pecos Valley, New Mexico. Carpenter to prepare a code of laws for that country to govern all matters relating to irrigation and the appropria- tion of water, and this code became the law of that coun- try. The French government decorated him for work in irrigation and irrigation engineering. The equipment of the Department is valued at $14.414. and it cost $18.995 to operate the department for the two years ending November 30, 1908. The enrollment in all classes for the year ending March 1, 1909, was 614. The Colorado Agricultural College started the first school in America in Irrigation Engineering and has been sending out graduates from this department since 1892. These graduates have been leaders in the engineering world and many of them have done important work on the irrigation systems of the state and have been and are today one of the strongest factors in developing Colorado agriculture. Several civil and irrigation engineers who have grad- uated from this school have each had charge of construct- ing irrigation systems that have brought more capital to the state than the entire cost of the College from its be- ginning to date. -- Will pay for the IRRIGATION AGE $2.50 one year and the PRIMER OF IRRIGATION, power outfit is used, but the writer of this has yet to find an occupation where the same proportion of re- munerative results is gained, without a plentiful supply of work. The fundamental object of spraying is to both rid and prevent the invasion of orchards, etc., by fungus or vegetable parasitic growths, and by insect invasion, these two main divisions of fruit enemies being classi- fied as fungus and insect, and their respective pre- ventatives and cures are known as fungicides and in- secticides. Xearly everyone is familiar with the action of the common tapeworm, which takes the strength giving parts of one's food— the part that should be used in building up a strong body — and appropriates this for its own use. Constantly repeated, this operation in- variably results in the loss of flesh and vitality, with a consequent weakness. As the worm grows larger it de- mands more food. At the same time the body tissues are crying for their nourishment, which is being used up by the parasite, and the intellectual and physical strength of the man is in grave danger, as the sound- est mind must necessarily require first a sound body to draw from. 174 THE IBRIGATION AGE. It is in this same way that the insects and fungi have their effect upon the tree or plant. They cut, bore, split and suck in their endeavor to obtain a liv- ing, but to the great detriment of the trees and plants. Consequently the fruit from such a tree is bound to be stunted, tasteless and nearly worthless. Again, we have a class of destroyers, in which are included the codlin moth, curculio, and the like, which prey directly upon the flower and fruit of the tree and pay comparatively little attention to the bark of the tree itself. Here we have the mutilated and wormy apples, which either rot on the trees or drop to the ground and decay. A very close inspection of a tree is necessary to discover the first arrivals, also a careful discrimination is necessary to accurately recognize the character of the plague. But if you disco'ver the kind of pest, that is entrenched in one tree in your orchard, generally the same destroyers are inhabiting the trees of the entire orchard. In fighting this invasion, remember that you are not doing it alone. Your State Experiment Sta- tion wants to send you Bulletins — they want to give than ever. Still some of our growers refuse to spray because an outfit "costs too much." As a rather pe- culiar coincidence, there appears in other pages of this magazine a large ad from a prominent spray pump concern which goes very fully into the subject of cost and result, and we refer you to this ad, without any degree of partiality on our part, simply to allow you to read something which we do not wish to repeat right here. Heretofore fruit growing has been rather easy for us of the great southwest, but the immense shipments of new nursey stock and other reasons have caused our virgin trees to become infested with these pests, which, the sooner we start to destroy, the sooner we will rid ourselves of them. We must do this before they make such a determined stand that we cannot eliminate them, and have to stand by and see our great fruit dis- tricts wiped from the map simply because we failed to spray in time. Future fruit growing will not simply be a process of planting the tree and picking the fruit, without any other attention whatever. The fruit grower of the verv near future will have to follow scientific Sprayed and Unsprayed Fruit. you practical instructions, the result of their exhaustive experiments. These Stations are doing grand work in the suppression of the fruit killers, and if you will co- operate with them they can save' you a lot of experi- menting for yourself. All the exhibits of apples at the National Apple Show at Spokane, Wash., last December were sprayed apples. Some of them were non-irrigated, but all were sprayed. This fruit was the occasion for many ex- clamations of delight from enthusiastic fruit men on account of its symmetry, beauty and taste, and many a skeptic who did not believe in spraying was speedily converted into a spraying crank after a visit to the Spokane show. Commission men, who buy in great quantities, gen- erally ask if the fruit has been sprayed, and some of them will not even look at unsprayed fruit. Perhaps you have had an experience of your own on this sub- ject. But it is not simply because they want the sprayed fruit. There is more behind the subject than that. There is the great general public which wants good fruit, demands good fruit and will have nothing but good fruit, even if it has to pay more for it. And here is where the profits of the fruit grower commence. He has a steady market, demanding more than he can hope to produce, with every year seeing a new demand bigger methods if he expects to get marketable fruit, and chief among these methods will be the problem of spraying, which, when carefully looked into, becomes a surpris- ingly easy problem if a careful system is followed. But it will be a case of competition between the insects and the growers, and the sooner the magic line is drawn so the insects cannot enter, the sooner you will find that less work is necessary to keep them out, and then — and perhaps then only — will the great value of spraying be brought home to you in a most forcible manner — be- cause it applied to yourself. WEISER— IDAHO. Winter has gone and the Weiser country has had its usual mild and pleasant winter ; the coldest weather has been 5 degrees above zero, and there have been no severe storms or blizzards, as these are unknown. And now it is pleasing for the people of Weiser to note the progress of industry and the many things that promise much for the development of our many re- sources and to add greatly to our wealth and popula- tion. Without a doubt this will be the most prosperous year ever known in this section. The Idaho-Oregon Light and Power Company has THE IRRIGATION AGE. 175 completed its lines to Weiser and we are now to have one of the best and cheapest light and water systems of any town in the West. The coming of this electric power means much in the way of industries, as there is an abundance of power that will be used by manufac- turing plants, and also for the pumping of water for irrigation to the lands that are higher than the gravity ditches. Another matter of great importance to this section is the Malheur Government Irrigation Project. Work will soon begin upon a great irrigation system which will irrigate 200,000 acres of the finest land. Lands that are suitable for general farming and fruit and will support a population of many thousands of people. For any additional information concerning the Weiser country address the Secretary of the Weiser Commercial Club, Weiser, Ida. TROUBLESOME SAGEBRUSH. Destroying sagebrush is a tough problem for the newcomer into irrigation districts. Much interest has been aroused in the various parts of the west about the appearance of a new at- tachment which can be used for cutting off the sage- brush about four inches below the surface. The cut we are showing will be readily understood with a little explanation. It consists of three parts. Two steel blades and an upright. The latter is tough spring steel, one-half inch thick, five inches wide and thirty inches high. The front edge is sharp. Two keen-edged blades or knives are bolted to the bottom. These extend right and left like wings at a sharp angle, and are thirty inches long. This attachment is tied to the pole of the 20th Century Grader, a machine which is now very popular in the irrigation districts for cutting and cleaning lat- erals, and making shallow ditches. Also for land level- ing, border making, road grading, seed bed making, etc. People who have seen this attachment say it is just the thing. "Now we can grade, level, ditch and cut sagebrush with this one machine."1 The Baker Mfg. Company, 726 Fisher Building. Chicago, 111., are sending out a brand new catalog full of pictures, showing ditching scenes, giving articles on farm drainage and irrigation work, and excellent arti- cles on road grading, etc. This catalog is free, and will be sent promptly to any inquirer. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. b±£"££"t Sim GARDEN CITY KANSAS VICINITY fcg BY K. H. FAXON. Springcoming in Western Kansas always means a good deal, but it is probable that it never meant quite so much as it does this year. In all the time that this great Western Kansas country has been developing and regenerating and growing in an orderly, systematic, in- telligent and scientific way, once again, after the years of crudeness and carelessness of nearly a generation ago, there has never been quite the degree of hope and cer- tainty ahead of it as now. The new order of things applies peculiarly to the section of which Garden City is the capital. The word capital is used advisedly. There is, as this writer has heretofore pointed out in these columns, a scope of Western Kansas territory that is abundantly resource- ful, that is growing with a steady and certain speed, that has a future which may be counted upon, and that will witness the real expansion in the lower Arkansas Valley in the next few years — and of that domain is Garden City the real capital. It is a little kingdom of its own, this lower valley country, and the alfalfa and the sugar beet, with the kindred and allied products, to say nothing of ordinary agricultural crops, make the country indeed wonderful, which enhances the town and the very contiguous territory that are the subject of these remarks. There has been much water in the Arkansas River during the winter season. For the first time in the his- tory of the Garden City region there was systematic attempt made looking to winter irrigation. Concerted action was taken. It was due, perhaps, to three factors worth mentioning: The activity of the sugar factory people, especially the general manager and the manager of the land department; the persistent and untiring ef- forts of a representative of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, who held meetings all over this western country, and whose headquarters was Garden City; and the fact that the leading newspaper of this Western Kansas region of which Garden City is the capital has conducted a campaign equally persistent and unremitting. The abundance of water, the fact that the season permitted such work, and the presence of so many canals in the Garden City territory, made the first real trial of winter irrigation a success. Thus the 25,000 acres and more of land adjoining Garden City and available under the different projects for irrigation go into use this spring well soaked and in a fair way to produce enhanced crops and with the necessity for less water during the drier season, when there may not be so much water. It is probable that never again will the Garden City country do without the fullest winter ir- rigation. Thus, as a start, is the ground well prepared for the season's work. Not only that, hut the acreage of irrigable land is increased. Under the Garden City reclamation project of the government there is approxi- mately 10,000 acres available. Under the new pumping plant of the United States Sugar and Land Company, owning and operating the sugar factory, is an acreage of something more than 5,000. Under Lake McKinnie THE IRRIGATION AGE. and its canals — this lake is the large reservoir conserv- ing the winter's supply of river water and utilizing it in the summer season — is as large a territory as that under the reclamation project. Lake McKinnie is owned by the sugar company. Hence there is a large acreage under water con- ditions that are certain. Besides this, there are the many private plants, and the great utilization by small owners of the underflow and shallow water by means of raise with small gasoline engines. Never before was there such an outlook before the Garden City country as the spring season opens up. The land well soaked, the acreage increased, mean better crops and more crops. The sugar company is about to complete its pump- ing plant adjacent to Garden City. This is nearly a replica of the government project. The groups of sta- tions, the number of wells, the general arrangements, with the central plant and transmission line, is very similar to the government project. Work was com- menced last summer, and the one thought was to make it perfect, but to insure its readiness for work when this spring's season began. The sugar company ex- pects great results in the remarkably fertile country to be watered by this plant. Not only this, but the sugar company has made extensive alterations and strengthen- ing of its reservoir, Lake McKinnie. Allied closely in this Garden City section with ir- rigation is dry farming. Experiments along this line have been conducted successfully here for some years. The government and the state own and operate jointly at Garden City an experimental station that is doing good work. The state has not been as careful and as lavish in its aid as the government, but the indication is this defect will be cured this season. The farm is well equipped, and the demonstration work that has been done has resulted in much enlightenment to farm- ers. Nor only this, but farmers who have seen have gone forth and put into successful operation the ideas they have gathered at the station. The result is that where farmers were unable, for one reason or another, to irrigate, they have tilled the soil so as best to conserve the natural moisture, and some of the crop reports by such intelligent farmers have been wonderful to relate. As one direct result of such application, the increase in potato raising has been marked. This section is not nearly so dependent irpon Colorado as formerly for this much-demanded product. Two subjects have been much agitated in Kansas, particularly in Western Kansas, for the past year: Forestry and good roads. Both have been the subjects of discussion and campaigns in politics, one party, the dominant one, having included them in its platform in the state last year, and its candidate for governor hav- ing called on the legislature for help in his biennial message. The newspapers, especially a small group, and one or two strong ones in Western Kansas, are entitled to credit for starting this campaign. The result is not wholly what is demanded, but is by way of encourage- ment to those who have conducted the campaign. Ex- cellent good roads laws were passed by the legislature just adjourned, permitting, for the drier Western Kan- sas, systematic road work on dirt roads, and country and township campaigns under road officers. The for- estry law was not a comprehensive one, but directed more serious and intelligent attention to the subject than ever before. It was only natural that Garden City and vicinity should be leaders in both forestry and good roads move- ments. The headquarters of the Kansas national for- est are at Garden City, and the town is alive to the work of afforestation the government is doing in Western Kansas. This has been so marked and the success has been so great that it gives abundant in- centive to private enterprise. The result is that there has been more private planting of forest, shade and use trees in Western Kansas than perhaps elsewhere in the country. No small home is now complete without its trees. Garden City is a veritable forest, and this has led smaller adjacent towns to emulate its example. Commercial tree planting has also become a factor in Western Kansas. As to good roads, one of the first endeavors along this line in Western Kansas was at Garden City, where seven miles of good road through the sandhills country to the south will be completed this spring. The forma- tion is of gypsum-clay, making a splendid road, and only needing the application of crude oil within a year or so to make them permanent. This opens up to Gar- den City a trade territory naturally its own, but rapidly decreasing on account of impassable and imposible roads when the campaign was begun. There is one marked factor in connection with these two movements and the use of water by private persons in a small way that is worthy of note and is the fore- runner of what must necessarily occur in the country at large sooner or later: The fact of self-dependence. The conservation movement, now well grounded in the country, cannot and should not depend entirely upon governmental or state aid. If it does, it cannot succeed, for, powerful as the government is, it cannot support the burdens of all the states, however worthy. This fact is nowhere better recognized than in Western Kan- sas and at Garden City. It is, in its small and humble way, endeavoring to set an example to the country in self-dependence, and mark an about-face on the part of the people in their abandonment of what they and their state can themselves do by seeking more aid from the general government than is proper or than the govern- ment can justly sive. Further than that, the Garden Citv spirit is typifying the necessarv change in the great political policy that, while a great centralized govern- ment is a great thing, it may become, through inactivity of state and citizen, so top-heavy, so unwieldy, that it may be crushed of sheer weight of burdens assumed. In the opinion of this writer the spirit of Garden City in respect of its humble and little labor, is, after all, the greatest achievement a people or a community can do at this stage of the times. So the outlook for the vear 1909 in the Garden City vicinity is not onlv hopeful, but, more than that, is cheerfiil in the extreme. The wonderful country that nature gave it; the aid it has received from the general government; the enterprise of its good citizens and of outside capital : the cohesiveness of spirit and of pro- prcssion shown, and its work along the line of self- dependence and self-reliance are such that there is no question about the position it has attained in the pro- cession. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and the Primer of Irrigation THE IERIGATION AGE. 177 £ CORRESPONDENCE A Fairview, Morit., March 20th, 1909. Editor Irrigation Age, Chicago, 111. : Dear Sir — I am a water user under the Lower Yellow- stone Irrigation Project, and desire some information and advice relative to the construction and interpretation of the "Reclamation Act." I thought you might be able to quote me some authority on the interpretation of certain provisions of the law and give me some advice as to the best way for the water users to proceed to get justice. I believe the "Reclamation Act" has been violated in many of its most important provisions. The provisions in section 4 of the act relative to the time when public notice shall be given as to the "area per entry" and "the number of installments in which said charges shall be paid" and the cost of construction we believe have been violated. Under this project it was about four years after the Secretary of the Interior decided that the project was practicable and con- tracts let for construction that public notice Vas given as required by section 4. This association was organized on the basis of $30 per acre, it being understood that that was the estimated cost, and a limit beyond which the government could not go in the cost of construction, yet the public notice issued by the secretary fixes the charges at $42.50 per acre, to be paid in ten annual installments, and a maintenance fee of $1 per acre for the first year. We cannot understand how we can be mistaken or wrong in our conclusions on these most important points. The lan- guage of the act is precise as to what the cost shall be. It says estimated cost, and in no place mentions actual cost. The law also provides in section 3 that the maps, plans and estimates of cost shall be complete, and in section 2 that these facts and estimates of cost shall be filed with Congress at the beginning of every regular session. In the Third An- nual Report of the Reclamation Service, page 31, F. H. New- ell, director of the Reclamation Service, refers to this pro- vision as follows : "One of the most important provisions of the law is contained in this section (section 4), namely, that requiring these payments of the estimated cost of con- struction. This is an effective safeguard against undertaking visionary and unprofitable operations, and puts the operation under the law on a sound basis." We believed at the time of the organization of this association that that was the meaning and true interpretation of the law, and with that understanding authorized our president and secretary of the water users' association to sign the contract for the con- struction of the canal with the Secretary of the Interior. This association was also organized as a 160-acre farm unit project, and the entrymen after working for four years, on the advice of the Reclamation Service, to prepare their lands for irrigation are notified by the decision of the secre- tary that 80 acres of their land, and, in many cases, much of their labor for four years will be taken away from them. Are we right or wrong on these questions? We want to live up to our contract with the government, even though it imposes on us greater obligations than we were at first led to believe by those whom we thought were our bene- factors. If we are right we propose to stand for the prin- ciple that right is right. In our own minds we have reached the firm conclusion that we are right, but we are open for conversion. However, we want more substantial arguments than. "I can't read it that way." The following are the questions on which this water users' association and the Reclamation service do not agree, to wit : 1st. Shall the secretary report to Congress the estimated cost of contemplated, work before contracts for construction work are let? 2nd. Shall the plans, maps and estimated costs of contem- plated work be complete before he determines whether the project is oracticable? 3rd. Shall the secretary give public notice as soon as con- tracts are let for construction, and thereby determine the area per entry and charges per acre? 4th. Is the estimated cost the sum to be returned to the reclamation fund? 5th. Does the estimated cost include maintenance and op- eration charges for ten years? 6th. Have other projects had any trouble on these ques- tions ? I have given a brief discussion of some of these questions from the viewpoint of the water user, to give you some idea of the grounds on which we take issue with the government, but we would like to know how people who are not financially interested interpret these points of law, and the justice or injustice of straining or violating the law or all concerned. Why did the secretary wait for four years before giving public notice? Is there something about the estimated cost and the actual cost that the secretary did not want made public ? I have asked you too many question now, but these ques- tions are of so much importance to the water users of this valley that I could not restrain myself from asking them, and trust that you will answer those that you think of enough importance to answer. There are other questions that I should like to ask later on, but we want to get straight on these questions first. Thanking you in advance for such information as you may give me in these matters, I am Yours truly, MONTANA. [This letter, signed by a prominent citizen of Montana is printed in full, so that others of our readers who have en- countered similar conditions may send a statement of their experience to us, to be forwarded to our Montana corre- spondent. Such conditions may only be corrected by strong protest from the many. — EDITOR.] The Secretary of the Interior has restored to the pub- lic domain the following described lands, which were with- drawn in connection with the Rio Grande irrigation pro- ject, Texas-New Mexico: New Mexico. New Mexico Principal Meridian. (International Reservoir Site) — Town- ship 26 S., R. 2 E., all Sees. 3, 4, 9, 10, 13 to 16 inclusive; 21 to 28 inclusive, and 33 to 36 inclusive; township 27 S., R. 2 E., all Sees. 1 to 4 inclusive, 9 to 16 inclusive, 21 to 28 inclu- sive, and 33 to 36 inclusive; township 28 S., R. 2 E., all Sees. 1 to 4 inclusive, 9 to 16 inclusive, 21 to 28 inclusive, and 33 to 36 inclusive; township 29, S., R. 2 and 3 E., all Sees. 1 to 4 inclusive, 9 to 16 inclusive, 3 to 11 inclusive, and 13 to 18 inclusive. •USE A- PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU To get AHEAD of your competitors and be FIRST to find out about and get NEW CUSTOMERS or about CONTRACTS to be let and where MA- TERIAL is wanted. To gather the very LATEST information on any subject of interest to you. TO WIN your Debate, or enrich your Essay, or Club paper. OUR drag net is WORLD WIDE. You get RESULTS quickly, cheaply: DO NOT WAIT A MINUTE but write for information and free booklet showing how you can MAKE MONEY and SAVE TIME by patronizing America's greatest newspaper read- ing organization. THE CONSOLIDATED PRESS CLIPPING CO. 1107 North American Building •CHICAGO, U.S. A.- irs THE IREIGATION AGE. Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases TEMPORARY STORAGE OF WATER. — Priority of water for storage purposes cannot be secured by a temporary storing of water for immediate irrigation in temporary receptacles, forming part of a continuous conduit for carrying water from the stream directly to irrigate lands. — Windsor Reservoir & Canal Co. v. Lake Supply Ditch Co. Supreme Court of Colorado. 98 Pacific 729. REVOCATION OF PAROL LICENSE. — Where defendant granted plaintiff's assignors a parol license to construct an irrigation canal over defendant's land, and plaintiff's assignors entered and expended a large sum of money in the construction of the canal, a license to main- tain it was irrevocable. — Miller &• Lux v. Kern County Land Co. Supreme Court of California. 99 Pacific 179. SOURCE OF WATER.— With the limitation that the use of water for irrigation, so far as it affects the rights of others similarly situated, must be reasonable, the riparian right to use water on adjoining land for irrigation applies as well to the water of a lake, pond or slough as to a flowing stream. — Turner v. James Canal Co. Supreme Court of California. 99 Pacific 520. VENDOR'S LIABILITY FOR DIVERSION. — The original owner of land for which water was appro- priated is hot liable to a purchaser of one of the tracts into which the land was divided for subsequent acts of third per- sons in diverting water from the ditch, nor for wrongful diversion of water by his lessee while such owners was not in possession. — Booth v. Trager. Supreme Court of Colorado. 99 Pacific 60. REVOCATION OF LICENSE. — Where plaintiff attempted to appropriate water on the land of another without grant, condemnation proceedings or prescription, the right acquired amounted to a license with- out consideration or coupled with an interest, which was revocable at the pleasure of the licensor or his successor, and was revoked by the latter's obstruction of the flow. — Prentice v. McKay. Supreme Court of Montana. 98 Pacific 1081. ESTABLISHED RATES FOR IRRIGATION. — Under the provision of act March 12, 1885 (St. 1885, p. 95, c. 115), that the use of all water appropriated for sale, rental or distribution in the state shall be a public use, a company furnishing appropriated water for irrigation pur- poses has only the constitutional right that its property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation, viz., a fair return on the reasonable value of the property at the time it is being use for the public benefit. — San Joaquin & Kings River Canal & Irrigation Co. y. Stanislaus County. — Supreme Court of California. 99 Pacific 365. SUBDIVISION OF LAND. — Where land for which a specified amount of water had been appropriated was divided into small tracts, in the ab- sence of a contrary showing, and where the original owner and a purchaser of a tract recognized that each owner owned his proportionate share of the water, for the purpose of an action by such purchaser against the original owner for diverting water, it will be assumed that such purchaser owns the proportion of the water awarded to the entire tract that his tract bears to the entire tract. — Booth v. Trager. Su- preme Court of Colorado. 99 Pacific 60. DELAY IN DELIVERY OF ENGINE FOR IRRIGATION. — Where a seller, contracting to construct and deliver an engine for irrigating work, delayed the delivery thereof but it appeared that the engine, which was delivered before a pump subsequently contracted for was delivered was useless without the pump and the seller built the pump according to a model furnished by the buyer, the delay in the delivery of the engine, on which alone plaintiff relied, did not cause any damage to the buyer, especially when the pump furnished was incapable of doing the work for which it was designed. — Hendry v. Irvine. Court of Appeal, First District, California. 99 Pacific 408. ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS. — After high water channels are artificially opened, and after they, together with the cuts dug connecting them with the main stream, have been used by the parties opening them and by their successors in interest, and such use is acquiesced in and recognized as branches of the main creek by others on the main stream and its tributaries and branches, for the period prescribed by the statute of limitations, they become natural channels, and owners of lands adjacent thereto are in law entitled to the same consideration and to the same rights as are those of the main and unquestioned channel. — Hough v. Porter. Supreme Court of Oregon. 98 Pacific 1083. RIPARIAN RIGHTS. — During the winter and spring months, on account of rainfalls and the melting snows in the watershed of a stream, it carried a large volume of water, which at all stages flowed in a continuous body, though the channel of the stream and its branches were overflowed so that the water spread over adjacent land. The overflow might be anticipated in every season of ordinary rainfall, and failed to occur only in sea- sons of drouth. Held, that the waters constituted but a single water course, and riparian rights pertained to the whole therof. — Miller & Lux v. Madera Canal &• Irrigation Co. Supreme Court of California. 99 Pacific 502. PAROL DITCH LICENSE. — Where a complaint for violation of plaintiff's right to maintain an irrigation ditch on defendant's land, after plead- ing a written agreement conferring on plaintiff's predecessors such right of way, alleged that defendant's agents co-operated in laying out the lines and locating a canal to conduct the water over defendant's land, and' that plaintiff's ditch was constructed openly, with defendant's knowledge, and that defendant's officers encouraged the construction, such facts warranted an inference that plaintiff relied on a parol license to maintain the canal, and did not intend to limit its rights to those acquired under the written contract. — Miller & Lux v. Kern County Land Co. Supreme Court of California. 99 Pacific 179. DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT TO DELIVER WATER. — In an action for damages alleged to have been caused by reason of defendant failing to comply with his contract to sell and deliver upon plaintiff's land a water right and a certain number of inches of water, it is error to admit evi- dence as to the value of buildings and improvements made by the plaintiff upon the lands in order to show the amount of damages sustained by him, unless it appears that no like water right could have been purchased at the time of the breach of the contract or at any time thereafter prior to the trial. In such case the measure of damages sustained is the difference between the contract price for the sale and de- livery of the water, and the price for which such water and water right can be aquired at the time of the breach of the contract, together with whatever sum the purchaser had paid on the purchase price for such water and water right. — Gagnon v. Molden. Supreme Court of Idaho. 99 Pacific 965. SHOSHONE. Idaho. Shoshone is one of the good towns, located in the best portion of the wonderful Snake River Valley of Southern Idaho. It has a population of about 1,500 people, is the county seat of Lincoln county, and is located on the main line of the Oregon Short Line Railroad and also on the branch railroad running from Shosh6ne to Ketchum and on the proposed electric road which is to connect all of the towns in this section of the country. Shoshone has made wonderful progress during the last twelve months, and even the more conservative busi- ness men confidentially expect to see the town double its present population within the next two years. At the present time it is impossible to build houses fast enough to supply the demand. People are living in tents and old shacks of every description until new residences can be constructed for them. A large number of buildings are THE IRKIGATION AGE. 179 being constructed at the present time and contracts have been let for a great many more. Business in all lines is thriving and the people are prosperous. There are splendid openings here for any line of business. The town is especially in need of an up-to- date steam laundry and the citizens are ready and willing at any time to pledge a sufficient amount of business to justify the investment of necessary capital. The reason for this remarkable growth on the part of Shoshone is very easily explained. Large tracts of land in the Snake River Valley are being settled up and put in cul- tivation under the immense irrigation systems. Land which has heretofore been considered worthless desert is now being irrigated and is recognized as one of the finest agricultural sections in the west. Lincoln county alone has about 750,000 acres which will shortly be watered by these immense irrigation systems. Professor Holden, the great corn expert of the Iowa Agricultural College, visited this section in October, 1908, and gave out the follow- ing interview: "You may say for me that southern Idaho is the ideal place for the young man who is looking to make a start in life. Every acre of irrigable land in this section is worth, in yield or income, three times as much as the best land in Illinos or Iowa." Your correspondent talked with men who went there three years ago with little or nothing and are now worth $10.000 to $30,000. To th.e eastern farmer, living on high-priced land, hav- ing two or three sons, knowing they cannot all farm the home place, and wondering what is to be done, southern Idaho is recommended. The renter or the. man with little money who cannot buy $100 to $125 land in Iowa, Illi- nois and other eastern states, is advised to purchase southern Idaho irrigated land while it can be had at pres- ent prices. A large amount of this irrigated land is directly trib- utary to Shoshone. Some of these tracts have already been opened for settlement either under the Carey Act or the United States Government Reclamation Act. Part of the land will be thrown open for settlement in the spring of 1909. Shoshone is better located than any other town as a point from which to look over these irrigated lands, and for that reason an exceedingly large amount of trans- fer business is transacted there and this will continue for the next two or three years. Shoshone has a wide-awake commercial club com- posed of the leading business men in the community. They will be glad to furnish all parties with information concerning Shoshone and the surrounding country. Write to them for information about this matter, or, better still, go out and look over the field for yourself and have a talk with the business men regarding the advantages of locating at Shoshone. Reclamation Service News The Secretary of the Interior has just issued instruc- tions to the General Land Office which removes a diffi- culty that has been met in connection with entries under the Reclamation Act. In a circular of the General Land Office issued January 18, 1908, provision is made that after the requirements of the homestead law as to resi- dence and cultivation have been complied with, the entry- man or his heirs may make final proof of compliance with these requirements, after which he will be relieved of the necessity of residing upon the land. The question arose whether after having made such proof the entryman could assign his interest in the land without forfeiting his right to a patent. It has now been decided that patent will issue in the name of the original entryman in the usual manner, after such final proof has been made, and upon proof that at least one-half of the irrigable area of the entry is finally adjusted has been reclaimed, and upon payment to the proper officials of the government of the charges, fees and commissions which are due. This communication contains the direct statement that so far as the department is concerned no legal objection will be raised to the assignment of the right of an entry- man who has just made five year final proof, and that such assignment would seem to convey all the entryman's in- terest in the land, including the right of the assignee to a complete title by carrying out the additional requirements imposed by the Reclamation Law. This order of the Secretary puts the reclamation homestead entries upon the same basis as original home- stead entries in regard to assignments after final proof, and will thus remove one great difficulty that has been felt in some of the projects. The Secretary of the Interior has received from the Burns Commercial club of Oregon a request that the Rec- lamation Service immediately take steps to demonstrate the existence of an artesian flow in Harney county, by sinking wells at central points in the several valleys, so that individual home-makers may have reasonably sure knowledge of the depth necessary to go for such water and of the amount to be found when reached. The resolu- tion called attention to the fact that the state of Oregon has been a very heavy contributor to the Reclamation Fund and that circumstances have prevented the state from receiving its proportionate share in reclamation work. It is further stated that the artesian supply is the only visible source of water for reclamation purposes upon which settlers in Harney county can base a hope of per- manent success. Similar petitions have been transmitted to the depart- ment by Governor Chamberlain, together with a number of requests of like character from all parts of the arid West, which in the aggregate are so extensive that the entire Reclamation Fund would be necessary if these pe- titions were acceded to. In reply to the petition of the Burns Commercial club, Secretary Garfield recalled the fact that on March 3, 1903, it was decided that the reclamation fund could not be used for the purpose of drilling artesian wells for ex- ploration. Such wells may be paid for from the Reclama- tion Fund, only in cases where there is sufficient knowl- edge in advance to make it probable that the water will be obtained therefrom in such quantities as could be used for the irrigation of lands, with the probability that the cost of the work will be returned to the Reclamation Fund. One of the most attractive units of the general Ya- kima project is that which it is proposed to develop in the former Yakima Indian reservation, a part of which congress, by the Act of December 24, 1904, ordered to be opened to settlement after proper allotment, classification and appraisement of the lands. By a subsequent act of March 6, 1906, congress made specific provisions for the working out of a reclamation project upon the reservation. Among other things this act provides that the Secretary of the Interior may, with the consent of the Indian allottees, sell the part of their allotments in excess of twenty acres. Subsequent general litigation has authorized the sale of the entire allotment if the Indian allottee so desires. The proceeds of these sales are to be used for the benefit of the Indian first, in paying the charge under the reclamation Act for the irri- gation of the area retained, and, second, for the individual benefit of the Indian in case there is any surplus. After a long discussion in order to meet the many complications arising from the situation, the Indian Office and the Reclamation Service have reached a complete un- derstanding as to the handling of this matter, as a result of which the Secretary of the Interior has just approved several forms of petition by the Indian allottees, the ob- ject of which is to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to dispose of their allotments in accordance with the terms of the law. It is understood that the Indian Office is now actively engaged in the preliminaries, and that field work is about to be undertaken to place before the Indians the great advantages which will accrue to them under this arrangement. It is expected that the Indians will appre- ciate the great opportunity offered to them to obtain high prices for their lands and that petitions can be obtained from a large proportion of the Indians. The necessities of the case so far as the conditions under the Reclamation Act are concerned will require that a considerable number of the Indians shall file these petitions, as it is essential that the Reclamation Service shall have definite assurance of the financial success of 180 THE IRRIGATION AGE. the project before undertaking to add to the expenditures already made the large amounts which will be necessary for construction. One feature of the projosed project on the reservation which will be known as the Wapato project, is the low cost as compared with all the other projects in the valley. This will not only be an advantage to the Indians, as it will give them a very much greater demand for their land, but it will also make the project extremely attractive and cause it to be taken up very rapidly as soon as it is opened to entry. Approximately 159,000 acres which were withdrawn in connection with the North Platte irrigation project, Wy- oming-Xebraska, have been restored to the public domain and will become subject to entry and settlement on such dates and after such notice by publication as the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe. These lands lie in sections 33 and 34 north, ranges 77 to 80 west, sixth principal me- ridian. In recognition of the untiring efforts of the Reclama- tion engineers and their assistants, who recently success- fully performed the work of closing the Colorado river near Yuma, Arizona, Secretary Garfield sent the following message to Mr. Louis C. Hill, Supervising Engineer, at Phoenix, Arizona: "I desire to express to you, and through you to your assistants, my personal appreciation of the excellent work accomplished in closing the Laguna dam, and especially of the energy, persistence and skill displayed in fighting the floods which at one time threatened the safety of the incompleted work. I know that at that time there was, on the part of different men, a display of devotion to the work which is worthy of the highest commendation. "Very truly yours, "JAMES RUDOLPH GARFIELD, "Secretary." The Secretary of the Interior has directed the Okano- gan Water Users' Association to sell at public auction the excess lands in the area described in the public notice of November 12, 1908, announcing that water was ready for delivery to certain described tracts under the Okanogan irrigation project, Washington. The amount of so-called excess lands for which water is now available on this project is 419.08 acres, distributed among eleven owners. Before the Okanogan project was begun the land own- ers to be benefited were required to give a lien thereon to secure the payment of the water right charges, and those who held in excess of the maximum area which may be held by any one person were required to deed the same in trust to the Water Users' Association, with power upon direction of the Secretary of the Interior to sell and dis- pose of the same at public auction at or subsequent to the> time when the Secretary of the Interior should announce that water was ready for delivery. This announcement was made November 12, 1908. The notice of such sale must be published for five weeks, and the Secretary suggests that such publication begin not later than March 19, and that the sale take place not later than April 24, 1909. Pending the completion of the Belle Fourche project, and in order to protect the interests of the United States and of prospective settlers, the Secretary of the Interior has withdrawn from all forms of entry the following de- scribed lands embraced in this project: Belle Fourche Project, Black Hills Principal Meridian: T. 10 N., R. 3 E. — All Sees. 23. 24 and 25. T. 8 N., R. 4 E.— N. e. 54 Sec. 10. T. 9 N., R. 4 E. — All Sees. 1 to 6, 8 to 13, w. 54 and s. e. 54 Sec. 14; all 15 and 16, n. yx and n. l/2 s. e. % Sec. 21, n. 54 s. e. 54, n. 54 s. w. 54 and s. e. 54 s. w. 54 Sec. 22, n. 54 s. e. 54 and n. 54 s. w. 54 Sec. 23, e. 54 Sec. 24, n. l/i n. e. 54 Sec. 27. n. 54 n. e. 54 and n. 54 n. w. 54 Sec. 35. T. 10 N.. R. 4 E. — All Sees. 19, 20 and 26 to 36. T. 7 N., R. 5 E.— All Sees. 1, 2, 11 and 12. T. 8 N., R. 5 E.— N. e. 54 n. w. 54 Sec. 5, n. 54 Sec. 6, n. e. 54 Sec. 11, w. 54 s. w. 54 Sec. 12, n. 54 Sec. 18, n. 54 n. w. 54 Sec. 13, all Sec. 35. T. 9 N., R. 5 E.— All Sees. 1 to 11, n. w. 54 Sec. 12. n. e. 54 Sec. 13. all Sees. 15 to 21, w. 54 and w. 54 s. e. 54, s. e. 54 s. e. 54 Sec. 22, s. w. 54 s. w. '54 Sec. 23, s. e. 54 Sec. 24, s. w. 54 Sec. 25, n. e. 54 n- w. 54. w. 54 n. w. 54 and s. e. 54 s. w. 54 Sec. 26, all Sees. 27. 28, 29, w. 54 and s. e. 54 Sec. 31, S. 54 Sec. 32, all Sees. 34. 35 and 36. T. 10 N., R. 5 E.— All Sees. 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33. T. 7 N., R. 6 E. — All Sees. 4 and 5. T. 8 N., R. 6 E.— All Sees. 1, 2, 3, w. 54 and s. e. 54 Sec. 5. all Sees. 6 to 36. T. 9 N., R. 6 E. — All Sees. 1 to 5, n. e. 54 Sec. 6, n. 54 Sec. 10, all Sec. 11, w. 54, s. w. 54 n. e. 54, w. '/2 s. e. 54 Sec. 17. n. 54 and s. w. 54 Sec. 18, n. w. 54 Sec. 19. all Sec. 25. s. w. 54 Sec. 30, w. 54 and s. e. 54 Sec. 31, all Sees. 34, 35 and 36. T. 10 N., R. 6 E.— All Sec. 31, s. 54 Sec. 32, all Sec. 35. T. 7 N., R. 7 E.— All Sees. 1 to 6 and 12. T. 8 N., R. 7 E.— All Sees. 4, 5. 6, w. 54 and s. e. 54 Sec. 7, all Sees. 8. 9, 10, 14, 15, n. 54 n. e. 54 Sec. 17, all Sees. 22 and 27 to 34. T. 9 N., R. 7 E.— E. 54, s. 54, n. w. % and s. w. 54 Sec. 18, all Sees. 19. 20, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33. An extension of ninety days has been granted to Messrs. Campbell and Huffman of Klamath Falls, Oregon, within which to complete their contract for the construc- tion of wooden flume in connection with the South Branch Canal, Klamath irrigation project, Oregon-California. An unavoidable delay in obtaining satisfactory lumber for the work made this extension necessary. The contract should now be completed on March 15, 1909. Public notice has been issued under date of March :!, 1!)09, affecting all lands opened to irrigation on the North Platte project, Nebraska-Wyoming, by former notice of July 29, 1907, being what is known as the First Lateral District. The portion of the annual installment of the water right charges covering operation and maintenance is in- creased from 40 cents per acre to $2.00 per acre, payable prior to April 1, 1909, but the water users are given the alternative of subjecting their lands to charges upon a new basis which has been agreed to by the Water Users' Association. The new plan is available for all lands upon which pay- ment has been made of the 40 cents per acre charged for operation and maintenance for 1908, and provides for a charge of $45 per acre instead of $35 as in the original no- tice, and for the first two years the charge has been re- duced to $2 and $3, respectively, without any charge for operation and maintenance, the remaining $40 to be paid in eight installments of $5 each, plus such charge for oper- ation and maintenance as may be hereafter fixed. For such applications there shall be no charge on account of operation and maintenance for expenses incurred prior to January 1, 1911. Those who have already applied for water under the old notice may amend their applications to conform to the new rates if they had paid the 40 cents operation and main- tenance charge for 1908. All new applications for lands in the First Lateral District covered by the notice of July 29, 1907, must conform to the new rates, the first payment thereunder being $2.40 per acre. An extension of sixty days has been granted to Mr. Leonard Seitz. of Vale, South Dakota, within which to complete his contract to construct a portion of the South Canal, Belle Fourche irrigation project. On account of the unusually severe weather the contractor was unable to perform any labor for several months, and the date of completion has therefore been set forward to April 30. 1909. The Reclamation Service has been advised that cer- tain people in North Yakima, State of Washington, have undertaken, for a consideration, to locate intending settlers upon the Tieton project nearby, the terms being a pay- ment of $50 in advance on condition that in case of diffi- culty in making the entry the claim would be appealed to the Secretary of the Interior and if the final decision be favorable the locator and his attorneys are to receive $500 additional. The lands in question are within the Tieton project of the United States Reclamation Service and have been withheld from entry under the terms of the law pending the final location of necessary irrigation works. The irri- gation project is approaching completion and such of the lands as are irrigable will be opened to entry within one or two years after due notice through the local land office and the public press. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 181 These lands are understood to be extremely valuable when under irrigation and much interest is displayed by those desiring to make homestead entry for them. Any representations by any person of special informa- tion regarding entry of lands under conditions more favor- able than those offered to the public in general are fraudu- lent and entirely without foundation. These lands will not under any circumstances be opened to entry except after due notice to the public and in such manner as to give all persons equal opportunity of presenting homestead applications to the local land office at North Yakima. The NEGRO SETTLEMENT AND TOWN SITE PLAN. Colorado is State Chosen. An innovation in the way of developing a district and town site company has been brought to our atten- tion by Mr. 0. T. Jackson, a prominent colored man of the state of Colorado. Mr. Jackson and a number of his colored friends have made an effort to solve the prob- lem of making it possible for the negroes to become self- PROPOSED PI. AN TOWNS! TE AND DISTRICT SETTLEMENT ORGANIZING 'PURPOSES j^i * f is. f S Negro Settlement and Town Site Plan in Colorado. attention of the Postoffice Department has been called to this matter, as the persons making such representations are subject to punishment if they circulate such matter through the mails, by newspapers or otherwise. The following contracts for the installation of steel lateral and sub-lateral headgates in the Belle Fourche irri- gation project, South Dakota, have been awarded: To the Greeley Headgate Company, of Greeley, Colo- rado. 126 headgates, $2,079.74. To the Coffin Valve Company, of Boston, nine gates; contract price, $861.96. supporting as agriculturists, and at the same time own town site property on a community plan which will have a decided uplift tendency. This project is known as the Negro District and Town Site Company, and has been submitted to the State Land Board of Colorado by the Negro Business Men's League of that state. The State Land Board con- trols at present 3,699,729 acres of land within the boundaries of the state of Colorado. Dr. Jefferson, reg- istrar of the Land Board, is favorable to the plan, and 182 THE IRKIGATION AGE. will look up the couatics and townships containing suffi- cient indemnity agricultural lands with water possi- bilities, the object being to secure the land in one body. We are presenting herewith an illustration of this town site plan. Prominent negroes throughout the country are becoming interested, and it is the opinion of the promoters of the project, that much good will come to the colored race as a result of this move. The citizens of Colorado, generally, are lending aid to this movement. As soon as the registrar of the Land Board announces that his report has been received, a committee of the subscribers will be selected to go out in company with the state engineers to investigate lands and location. Any one who is interested in establishing such a race enterprise can subscribe to the capital stock of the prospective company. Complete information and literature will be fur- nished by Mr. 0. T. Jackson, whose address is E. F. D. No. 1, Boulder, Colorado. After sufficient subscriptions have been received the names will be submitted to the governor of the state CAPTAIN JIM: HE SAVES LIVES. The life-saver is never a demonstra- tive fellow and rarely communicative; also, he lacks imagination. You can argue with Captain Jim by the hour that his life is a hazardous one. and of exceeding interest to those engaged in more peaceful pursuits, but in vain. Only the details of his daily duties, which are many and arduous, seem to appeal to him; the romantic side, the perilous side he sees not at all. He will talk by the hour of life-buoys and life-lines, of night signals and wireless telegraphy, of searchlights and motor life-boats; but of himself, who is the life and power of it all, nothing. The government report is the sole history of our unpretending "heroes of peace." and a very dry history it is. The story of San Juan Hill has been told in newspapers, magazines, and books in detail and at length. But of nearly twenty thousand wrecks and rescues not a word is printed, save a bare record of the time, place, lives and property saved. In every instance a small band of men went out to a mortal struggle, sometimes right up to the verge of death. A few went over the verge, so simply and quietly that their names remain unhonored and unsung. They battled alone, far away from towns and cities, and the applause of watching crowds. They had the direst odds to contend with, and. no stimulus save that of their own stout hearts and sense of duty. In nearly every in- stance they brought to huddled wretches staring death in the face the glory of life, and they gave sunshine and joy to many a home. But of them scarce a word has been told. It is impossible to cite even a few daring, almost superhuman, rescues; it would be unfair, too. to the rest of the twenty thousand, and, suffice it to say. that in these wrecks, since 1891, more than one hundred thousand souls were at stake and saved with a loss of less than one in 'one hundred. — From the December Circle Magazine. Send $2.50 for The Irriga- tion Age 1 year, and the Primer of Irrigation r Power Irrigation I This is one of four pumps installed by us near Green River, Utah. It was designed especially for the Elgin Power & Water Company. Full descrip- tion of their plant appears on pages 169-70-71. of this paper. We design and equip irrigation pumping plants to fullfil the exact requirements and can guarantee results. Ninety per cent of such plants in Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were installed by us. Note the class of equipment we use. Be sure and read the article on pages Send for estimates of cost of plant and costs of irrigation per year, letting us know your require- ments, to Irrigation Department. v, THE HENDRIE & HOLTHOFF MF6, & SUPPLY GO, DENVER, COLORADO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 183 and the Land Board to demonstrate the number and class of persons and the interest they take in such a plan for the betterment of the condition of the colored race. The plan for acquiring the land as submitted to the Land Board is that each district purchaser of a farming tract deal directly with the state, thus avoiding any possible risk to the settler in dealing with a third party. The center section, or town site, which is shown herewith, is to be purchased by the company, and paid for outright, and is to be platted and sold in town lots in order to raise a fund to protect the settlers and establish a department store; to erect buildings for local merchants who are not able to buy a lot and build at first. The rents and profits from the sale of town lots will provide a permanent dividend for stockholders. The money derived from the sale of the company's stock and lands will also provide and pay for the em- ployment of the laborers and mechanics who may settle in the district. This is a worthy move on the part of the colored men of the country and should be encouraged. There is no doubt but that a settlement of colored people on land will make them more thrifty and eventually develop a prosperity among that race which is impossible where they are confined to city conditions. It is hoped that those of our readers who are inter- ested in this subject may communicate with Mr. Jack- son and offer him such encouragement as his work justi- ;fies. . • A kindly word to any of the members of the committee who are carrying out this plan will do much to stimulate them to nobler and higher effort. IRRIGATION IN VICTORIA. BY H. G. M KINNEY, M. INST. C. E. (In Engineering Record.) The subject of irrigation in New South Wales and the manifold benefits arising from irrigation have been dealt with in innumerable speeches, reports and newspaper articles during the past 25 years. At every general election, and during every drought, many tor- rents of eloquence on this subject have been poured out over the heads of the electors. It would almost appear that the possibility of being deprived of such an excellent stock subject as the necessity for irrigation might to some extent account for the fact that many of the politicians who made long speeches regarding it were lukewarm, if not hostile, when any practical steps were proposed. As regards the general fate of reports dealing with it, the words of Dickens in his immortal chapter on "The Whole Science of Govern- ment," are fairly applicable. In describing what hap- pened to complaints, applications and other matters which reached the Circumlocution Office, Dickens said: "Boards sat upon them, secretaries minuted upon them, commissioners gabbled about them, clerks registered, entered, checked and ticked them off, and they melted away." However, New South Wales is at last embarked on an active policy of construction of large irrigation works, and it is, therefore, a matter of present interest to consider the financial aspect of the question. As Victoria is fully a quarter of a century ahead of New South Wales in regard to the construction of irrigation works, and as the vigorous irrigation policy of that state is often held up as an example to New The BUCKEYE FOUR-CYCLE GAS ENGINE SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICAL IN OPERATION CATALOG ON APPLICATION - RELIABLE BUCKEYE ENGINE COMPANY, Salem, Ohio When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 18-1 THE IKKIGATION AGE. South Wales, it is instructive to compare the conditions in the two states, to consider what has been done in Victoria, and to examine the results accomplished, and the cost at which these results have been attained. On examining the map of Victoria \ve find that of the total area, amounting to about 87,000 square miles, about 51,000 square miles belong to the basin of the Biver Murray. Of this area of 51,000 square miles, the northern plains and the inallee country represent 34,000 square miles. The northern plains are the great field for irrigation in Victoria, their contiguity to the River Murray, and the fact of their being inter- sected by a series of tributaries of that river, affording excellent facilities for irrigation on a large scale. The relatively great area of these plains, the fertility of their soils and their comparatively moderate distance from Melbourne combine to render them of vital im- portance to Victoria. On the other hand, the great field for irrigation in New South Wales — that is, the district between the Murray and the Murrumbidgee and the plains on the north side of the latter river — though fertile and valuable in a high degree, occupies no such relative position in New South Wales as is •occupied by the northern plains of Victoria in that state. It is necessary to bear this difference in mind when considering the manner in which the financial aspect of irrigation has been treated in Victoria and the manner in which it is likely to be treated in New South Wales. In the early eighties the question of irrigation in Victoria was brought prominently to the front, largely through the eloquence and enthusiasm of Mr. Deakin, who was then premier and minister for water supply. A series of valuable reports were jointly prepared on the subject of water conservation and irrigation by Mr. George Gordon, M. Inst. C. E., chief engineer for water supply, and Mr. Alexander Black, surveyor-gen- eral. The former had a wide experience of irrigation in India, while the latter had a comprehensive knowl- edge of the natural conditions and of the conditions of land occupation in Victoria. Unfortunately, at the outset the business aspect of the irrigation question was lost sight of, and, judging from the subsequent report of a Royal Commission, it would appear that the main object in view was to create what Americans would describe as a great irrigation boom. The first important step was to discard the advice and dispense with the services of the only experienced irrigation "ONE GOOD INVESTMENT IS WORTH A LIFETIME OF LABOR." We carefully "cruise" every forty acres in each segregation opened for entry under the Carey Act, locate settlers on choice land only, in person or by power of attorney, buy and sell Carey Act relinquishments and cheerfully reply to all inquiries. SHOSHONE LAND COMPANY. Shoshone. Idaho Standard References Dor:,hFf°e HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR •AND SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLATE, or ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., 242 Lawler Street, Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 185 engineer in that state— Mr. George Gordon. Then fol- lowed a period of mismanagement and extravagance which did much to discredit the cause of irrigation in Australia. Although Mr. Deakin visited America in the early part of that period, and published a most instructive and valuable report on irrigation in the western states, showing how splendid progress was being made without the expenditure of a single dollar of public money, the lessons to be derived from this report were entirely disregarded in Victoria. Under the au- thority of a special Act of Parliament, irrigation trusts were authorized to borrow money from the government of that state for the construction of irrigation works, and such trusts were rapidly constituted in all direc- tions. Applications for loans quickly poured in, and were met with a lavish hand. Xo time was lost in spending the money thus advanced, while, at the same time, the government energetically entered on the con- struction of irrigation works, which were described at "national." When the time arrived for dealing with the ques- tion of bringing the works into operation and of obtain- ing some return from them, the boom ended abruptly. The irrigation trusts were soon found to be in an unsatisfactory financial position, and there arose a wide- spread demand for inquiry and investigation. The result was that a Royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the whole subject of irrigation and rural water supply, for in addition to numerous irrigation trusts there was a considerable number of trusts which dealt only with water supply for stock and domestic purposes. The report of the commission was issued in 1896, and the following extracts will show that the description already given of the state of affairs at that time is fully warranted. In the summary of its con- clusions, the commission's report has • the following : "It is now 10 years since the Irrigation Act was passed, and the majority of the trusts are seemingly not taking any more active steps for meeting their loan obliga- tions than they were shortly after being constituted. The principal reason for this unsatisfactory condition of affairs is that in the case of many of the trusts there was no justification for their formation, and in the case of others- that the works were constructed far in advance of the present requirements of the districts. A contributing cause was that in many instances the cost of the works greatly" exceeded the original esti- mates. Our investigations have led us to the conclusion that the great majority of the trusts never should have been constituted, and never would have beeen, had the schemes submitted for departmental approval been considered from an ordinary common-sense standpoint." i . . "Unfortunately, however, the public mind was excited at the time, and the gospel of irrigation was preached from one end of the colony to the other. The farmers had been suffering from a cycle of dry seasons, the price of produce was high, and the prospect of insuring their crops against the exigencies of climate by means of irrigation appears to have overruled all prudential considerations. Schemes were hastily con- ceived, and as hastilv carried out. The question as to whether the cost of the undertaking would be commen- surate with the benefits to be derived therefrom, or whether the land could bear the burden that would be placed upon it, was apparently lightly considered, if con- sidered at all. Trusts have been formed and extensive (Continued on page 187.) IRRIGATED LAND Open to Settlement Some of the richest and most productive farm land in the world lies along the Shoshone and the Big Horn Rivers in the "Big Horn Basin" of Wyoming. Over ten million dollars is being spent by the United States Government and by private enterprise in building great concrete dams and ditches in order to lead an inexhaustible supply of water to irrigate some of the best of these lands and make them independent of rainfall. A great portion of this work is completed, and these lands, with a perpetual supply of water for irrigating them, are now offered you on reasonable terms. This is an Unusual Opportunity to get a wonderfully productive farm, with water whenever you want it, regardless of rainfall; in a' country where a single crop can be made to pay for the land; where 50 bushels of wheat or barley, and 75 bushels of oats are commonly grown to the acre; where fruits grow luxuriously and where the glorious air and sunshine, summer and winter, make life a joyous thing. This wonderful country is developing fast. Churches and schools abound. The population is ' intelligent, Godfearing and law-abiding, and any man out there who is half a man has the opportunity to : make himself independent. Land in this great country is going fast. If you have any thought for the welfare of yourself or children, find out all about this opportunity to -day. Send for our new folder with large map, and also folders issued by the private irrigation companies and by the United States Government Reclamation Service giving all information about these lands, terms, etc. Free for the asking. Study these folders and then. come with me on my next excursion to the Big Horn Basin and see for yourself. My excursions, which 1 personally conduct, leave Omaha on the 1st and 3d Tuesday each month, on which days reduced railroad rates are in effect. My services are free to you. . Burlington | D. CLEM DEAVER, General Agent Landseekers' Information Bureau, 59 Q Building, OMAHA, NEB. N. B. — The winter weather in the Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter, When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 186 THE IBRIGATION AGE. ORCHARD PLANT LICE AND THEIR REMEDIES. Plant lice are the most serious or- chard pests in Colorado at the present time. Different species of these lice injure the apple tree — both above and below ground — the peach, -the plum, and the cherry. Prof. C. P. Gillette and E. P. Tay- lor, of the Colorado Experiment Sta- tion, have made extensive investiga- tions in practical methods of destroy- ing these pests. They give full direc- tions as to the best methods of pre- vention and the best remedies for the destruction of the lice injuring fruit trees in Bulletin No. 134. This bulj letin may be obtained free, while the supply lasts, by applying to Prof. L. G. Carpenter, Director Experiment Station. Fort Collins, Colorado. Every Colorado fruit grower should have it. Information is given in regard to sprays and spraying, banding, mound- ing and cultivating, trimming, treat- ing below ground, and use of tobacco dust and stems. $122 a Year will keep you posted on Nevada Mines Get the Facts Reliable information weekly from every mining district in Nevada What the mines are Where they are Who is behind them and What they are doing SEND SI.OO NOW FOR THE Weekly Mining Edition of the NEVADA STATE JOURNAL RENO. NEVADA only abso- lutelysuccessful •ingle strand barb wire ever made. M. M. S. Poultry Fence Saves 50% We make the most complete line of Field, H our. Poultry and Lawn Fencing In the country. Write for our new catalogue. OOKALB FENCE CO., - DOKALB. ILL. Southwestern Office and Warehouse. Kansas City, Mo INTERNATIONAL AUTO BUGGY Farmers, stockmen, salesmen, doctors and others ride through the country safely, rapidly and In comfort in this Auto Buggy. It will go anywhere that a team of roadsters can go— up steep hills, over rough roads and through mud. The International Auto Buggy is a vehicle of wonderful serviceability. It Is alike adapted to the requirements of business and pleasure. It saves your time and avoids the necessity of keeping a road team or of taking a team away from the farm work when you want to go to town or on a business or pleasure trip. This Auto* Buggy Is made so simple and strong that there is little chance for it to get out of order or cause trouble. It has a high clearance with its 40 and 44-inch wheels. The wheels run on roller bearings, and being stand- i ard gauge, they track with the farm wagons and other vehicles. There are no tire troubles because the tires are solid rubber. Both rear wheels are chain driven by a thoroughly reliable 14-horse-power air cooled gas- oline engine. The rate of speed is from 2 to 20 miles an hour. Control is one of the most important features in every horseless vehicle. The control in the International Auto Buggy has been worked out to a great nicety. One convenient lever controls the two speeds forward and the reverse. The steering wheel operates easily and effectively. Children and ladies operate the Auto Buggy easily. In addition to the rapid and pleasant means of travel afforded by the Inter- national Auto Buggy, it is also most economical. The gasoline tank holds seven gallons, which is sufficient for a run of 75 to 100 miles under ordinary conditions. This horseless vehicle has been subjected to the severest kinds of road tests. It has proven to its owners from Maine to California, operating under all condi- tions, that it is the car that meets country road requirements These auto buggies are made to accommodate one or two seats and with single or full top. The Auto Buggy has great possibilities foryou. Investigate it fully. Call on the International local agent for catalog and particulars, or write nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Colo.: Helena. Montana; Portland. Ore Spokane. Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco. Cal. ^International Harvester Company of America. Chicago, U.S.A.C ^ (Incorporated) ^ SLUICE GATES HEAD GATES and LJ f\ I O TO MR IRRIGATION SYSTEMS HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANTS COLDWELL-WlLCOX CO. FACTORY, NEW WINDSOR, N. Y. lejLJUs Rife Hydraulic Ram If there is a stream, spring or pond near by and have running water wherever you want it. Uf olav With 1lf«f AP works continuously without at- HalOl Wllll HaTei, tention. No expense for power, nothing to get out of order. Raises water 30 feet for each foot of fall. For Home, Farm, Irrigation, and all purposes. Over 7.000 in use. Free Plans and Estimates furnished. Write Today. RIFE ENGINE CO., 21B6 TRINITY BLDG.. NEW VOF When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. TPIE IRRIGATION AGE. 187 works constructed in districts where the water supply for irrigation is practically nil." The commission gave a number of instances bearing out these conclusions, and, in referring to the reports of Messrs. Gordon and Black, added: "We are sorry to say that the advice of these experts has been practically unheeded, as appar- ently not any of their valuable warnings and recom- mendations have been adopted either by the irrigation trusts concerned, by the department which paid the experts for their reports, or by the governments which advanced the money to construct the vast irrigation works of the colony." It is necessary to explain that the rivers in con- nection with which by far the greatest expenditure had been incurred up till the period of the commission were the Murray, the Goulburn and the Loddon. In regard to the last-mentioned river, the report of the commission summed up the position as follows: "Six trusts have been constituted in this district, with a gross area of 274,910 acres. The water available, after making allowance for the demands of riparian owners and the Loddon United Waterworks Trust, and for losses by percolation, is, according to the estimate of the department, only sufficient to irrigate 53,479 acres annually, or about one-fifth of the area comprised within the trust's territories. £222,649 of state money has been advanced to these trusts, and this has been expended in the construction of channels capable of commanding about 217,000 acres. Consequently the great propor- tion of the money advanced has been adsolutely thrown away. The matter does not end here, however, for the six trusts mentioned are debited with £145,000, their share of the cost of the Loddon national works, and are expected to pay £5,800 a year as interest on this liability. The result is that 274,910 acres have been saddled with a liability of £376,649, although, as far as irrigation is concerned, only 53,479 acres can be directly bene- fited by the expenditure." Up till the time of the report of the commission in 1896 the amount of loan money expended on irri- gation works in Victoria, including arrears of interest, was $1,801,854. The total area irrigated in the year 1895 was only 120,677 acres, and of this area only 50,706 acres was under crops, vines and fruits, the balance being merely pasture land, which had been flooded. Thus, for every acre under crop there had been an expenditure of more than £35 10s, or, taking both crops and pasture land, the expenditure amounted to nearly £15 an acre. After the issue of the report of the Royal Com- mission, a period of writing off of capital and interest set in. Up till June 30, 1905, the amount of capital thus written off was £724,776, while the amount of interest written off was £323,733. The outstanding arrears of interest at that time amounted to £12,946. The amount expended on irrigation, through the agency of the trusts, was £1,122,087, while that expended by the government direct on the so-called national works was £969,439. Thus the actual outlay on works up till 1905 was £2,091,526, and the extent of the irriga- tion due to this expenditure amounted to only 165,656 acres. The figures available do not show the propor- tion of this represented by pasture land; but even if the whole area was under crops, the result was very poor for such a great outlay, the latter being over £12 12s for every acre irrigated. This is a miserable record compared to what should have been done. There are at least ten of the western states of America in which the area of irrigation is much greater and in some of which it is ten times greater than in Victoria, and in every instance the taxpayer has not been asked for a single dollar of the outlay required. The principle which has been recognized and acted on is that wherever private enterprise is able and willing to carry out irri- gation work it should be afforded every facility for doing so. The magnificent result of this policy has been that last year ten millions of acres were under irrigation in the United States. Within the last year great extensions of the irriga- tion works of Victoria have been taken in hand, and, at the same time, the- late minister of water supply, Mr. Swinburne, passed and brought into operation an Act of Parliament which is probably the most compre- hensive measure of its kind in any part of the British dominion. This act places the control of the irrigation trusts, and the whole management of the irrigation works of the state, in charge of three commissioners. For the position of chairman of this commission the Victorian government has had the good fortune to secure the services of Mr. Edward Mead, who resigned from the position of chief of irrigation investigations in the United States to take up that office. But after 20 years of such engineering and management as was described and characterized by the Royal Commission, it is very doubtful whether even such an experienced engineer and manager as Mr. Mead will be able to place the irrigation works of Victoria on anything like a satisfactory business footing. Prom the terms of the Water Act referred to, and from the discussion which took place in the Victorian Parliament regarding it, the inference which may fairly be drawn is that from the general taxpayers point of view the irrigation works must be regarded as a permanent and hopeless failure. Waterworks districts are constituted under the act to take the place of the trusts, and a general rate is to be levied on all lands included in these districts for the supply of water for domestic and stock purposes. The following words of the act, relating to this subject, .are of special interest: "Such rate may be made for one year, and shall be of such amount in the pound of the rateable value of such lands as may be necessary to recoup the proportion of interest on cost of works (except such works as are by this act or shall be by some future act of Parliament declared free head works), and of maintenance and management thereof, properly debitable in respect of the service rendered by the works as the commission may determine." In order to make clear the importance of the exemptions here made it is necessary to explain that under the designation of "free head works" are included storage reservoirs, diversion weirs, head works and main canals. In addition to the general rate for water supply for domestic and stock purposes the commission is em- powered to levy a special rate for irrigation in any water district after giving notice in the "Gazette" that such district is supplied with water for irrigation. The land may be subdivided into three classes, according to the facilities for distributing the water, and the rate for the land of the highest class is to be one-fifth of the net annual value, according to the valuation made under the direction of the commission. 188 THE IKRIGATION AGE. "Little Yankee" IRRIGATION LEVELERS and DITCHERS We build three styles of Graders for leveling land for irrigation, making and cleaning lateral ditches. Send for catalogue des- cribing our "OHIO," "LITTLE YANKEE" and "SHUART" Address The Ohio Road Machinery Company Box F, Oberlin Ohio Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation % SAVED OF THE EXPENSE OF IRRIGATION Send lor our booklet, "COST OF IRRIGATION." It will save you money in irrigating. We guarantee 25£ more water with the same power, or the same amount ol water with 251 less power than other make of pumping machinery. We have proved this greater efficiency by hundreds of tests and we are ready to prove it again. Bulletin No. 104 illustrates and describes irrigation machinery THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS AURORA. ILLINOIS. U. S. A. Chicago Office, First National Bank Building. Morse Bros. Machinery & Supply Co., Denver, Colo. Zimmerman- Wells Brown Company, Portland, Ore. Cal. Hydraulic, Engineering & Supply Co., San Francisco, Calif, POTATOES PAY TR Make them pay by using the machines that really do the work — GUT, PLANT, SPRAY, DIG and SORT There's nothing In potato machinery ASPIN WALL EQUIPMENT Write for copy of our free book telling how 40 make money, growing potatoes. ASPINWALL MFG. CO. IIO Sabln St., Jackson, Mich..U.S.A. pioneer Makers of Potato Machinery TANGLEFOOT $60 GOES LIKE SIXTY SELLS LIKE SIXTY ^ I BELLS FOX SIXTY GILSON IOASOLENE 'ENGINE hor Pumping, Cream •5, Churns. Wall Ma- . etc. nil TEIAL kfor catalog-all aim 4ILSON MFG. CO. 74 Puk St. Port W»ihii£to, Wii ROCKFORD ENGINES—ALL STILES From 3 to 30 H. P. Before you Rocklord Girl is the contract or I ngine that will please buy, get the Rockford proposition. Address Dept. 4, Rockford Engine Wks. Rockfor 111. Neat— Nebby— Handy A Sticky Preparation Applied Directly to the Bark of Trees Will not injure trees. Remains sticky three months fully exposed to weather. Easily applied with a small paddle, A pound makes a band 7 to 8 feet long. Once applied needs only occasional inspection to remove leaves, etc. Unequalled to protect trees from Spring and Fall Canker Worm, Tussock, Gypsy, and Brown Tail Moths, Fall Web Worm, Bag Worm, Climbing Cut Worm, or any climbing or creeping pests. Should be used before the insects begin to ascend the trees. Put up in 1, 3, 10 and 20-pound cans. )*rice 1-lb cans 30c, 3-lb cans 85c, 10-lb cans $2.65, 20-lb cans $4.80. IW «*era.<3L *o«? It THE O. & W.THUM COMPANY, Grand Rapids, Mich. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 189 BE SURE TO GET THIS Every reader of The Irrigation Age who is interested in farm power of any kind should send to-day for our catalog of the WHITE LILY GASOLINE ENGINE. It is the best, simplest and cheapest 3-H. P. gasoline motor in the world. Four cycle — air cooled— automatically governed. FULLY GUARANTEED IT'S THE ENGINE YOU NEED Will do more work with less trouble than any other 3-H. P. engine. Runs smoothly without jar or vibration. Absolutely dependable. Get our prices and special proposition. Write today. WHITE LILY «IFG. CO., 1518 Rockingham Road, Davenport, Iowa. A Governor That Governs In all winds. Develops 10 full h. p. In 20 mile wind. AH power needed for farm, shop, irrigating, etc. Ask about our self oiling, self governed, single wheel pumper — also Armsaver Husker. Ask for book 60 BLE POWER MILL CO. Appleton, Wle.. U. S. A 34 YEARS GROWING EVERGREENS and Forest trees. Over 88 tested hardy varieties. All Nursery grown. We have over 50 millions and ship safely to all parts of the country. Our trees live and grow, because they lave good roots. Large as ell as small trees supplied. 94.00 and up per thousand. Our new catalog Is a mine of Information. Ton can have a beautiful Windbreak. Hedge, .Shelterbelt or Sereen with the hardiest of Evergreens at a very low cost. Our Bargain sheet describes 60 bargain lots from 11.00 per 100 and up. Millions of Nursery grown Forest trees. Shade and Ornamentals, Shrubs, Roses and Vines. Send today for free Catalog and Bargain sheet. DE-Iff f Eve~~reen Specialist • * *1^1* Box 601 1 Dundee, lllinoiii. IRRIGATE FROM YOUR OWN RESERVOIR A reservoir on your own land makes you independent on the water question. You will have no trouble in filling the reservoir during the spring rains, when all the streams, little and big are flooded. Then you will not be at the mercy of ditch owners and other water users when the dry season comes. The few acres you will require for the reservoir will not be wasted. They will serve to make all your other lands vastly more valuable. Raise the Water With An I. H. C. Gasoline Engine Of course you cannot have your reservoir on your high ground. Locate it on the bottom land where it is easiest made and certain to be filled with drainage waters. Then pump the water wherever you need it with an I. H. C. gasoline engine. These engines, always powerful and reliable, have been found to be excel- lently adapted to irrigation pumping. They are operated with little expense. They require but little attention. They enable you to utilize the waste waters such as deep streams, sloughs and ponds upon your own land. The farmer who has a water supply of his own, so that he may irrigate a few hours now and again, without regard to whether the water is flowing in the company ditch, is the independent farmer. A reservoir on your own land and an I. H. C. gasoline engine to give you the Water when you want it, where you want it, is the solution of the problem. 1 he I. H. C. gasoline engine can be used for other purposes beside pumping. It is a general purpose engine, which will be found an all around handy farm helper — to run grinder, shelter, separator, fanning mill, washing machine, churn, grind- stone, etc. The I.H.C. line includes besides Famous pumping engines and jacks, the following: Stationary engines, from I to 25 horse-power ; Portable engines, from 2 to 20 horse-power; Skidded engines, from 2 to 8-horse-power; Tractors, 12, 15 and 20- horse-power, and Sawing and Spraying outfits. Call on the International local agent for catalogs and all particulars in regard to these engines, or write nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES : Denver, Colo.; Portland Ore.; Salt Lake City. Utah; Helena; Montana; Spokane, Wash.; San Francisco, CaL INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA ( Incorporated) CHICAGO, U. S. A. They Last Forever Standard Steel Fence Posts are to be driven. One-half the cost of wooden posts. They will not rot, burn or decay. 500,000 in use. Plain, barbed or woven wire can be used. 400,000 for sale, Largest post manufac- turers in the world. Also non- climbable posts. Catalog free. References from steady users. Factory, Cambridge, Ohio. Manufactured by J. H. DOWNS 299 Broadwty New York Cily PUMP WATER PUMP 1000 GALLONS OF WATER FOR ONE Every farm should have one of our pumping plants. Un- like a windmill it alw; works, wind yr no wind, and I its less for repairs. Plenty of water in a minutes time. WITTE GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINES I Suitable for wells, any depth, and for irrigation. Guaranteed S years. Write statin? size wanted WITTE IRON WORKS CO. ' 505 W. fifth Street KANSAS CITY, MO. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and the Primer of Irrigation 190 THE IKEIGATION AGE. Clay Working BUILT RIGHT RUN RIGHT" - • - - . _- ^e==,_ - We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting; Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay . Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Soft Mud Machine*, Hone • nd Steam Power Hone Power Plunger Machine Products of our Auger Machines When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IK RIG ATI ON AGE. 191 w it UNION MACHINES WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products Mft If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO. QALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 192 THE IKRIGATION AGE. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and The Primer of Irrigation The Ghas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS. Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved. GOODING, IDAHO. Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price : Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.00 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Win. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. Otto Suction Gas Producers And Otto Engines Arc tollable and Can Be Operated By Hen of Ordinary Intellijence J. A. Witter, Engineer for the Beaver Crossing Electric Light & Power Co.. Beaver Crossing, Nebr., writes: " Please send me a book of instructiona on handling and running your gas producer and engine. I have been running this one on horse sense, but that might not work at ah times. Plant works fine. This man without special instructions, but with the use of " horse sense " causes his plant to work fine. There is a volume of praise for "OTTO" machinery in Mr. Witter's short letter. The Otto Gas Engine Works Philadelphia, Pa. Oxford Hotel DENVER, COLORADO II Mill I I III II I I II I I I I I I I I I III At the OXFORD HOTEL, Denver, Colorado, you will find all the leading men interested in irrigation and all of its branches. Denver is the logical irrigation center of the United States. You will find nearly everyone engaged in or interested in irrigation projects stopping at the Oxford Located half a block from the Union Depot: Fire Proof, Modern. European Plan and Popular Prices THE HAMILTON-BROOKS CO. PROPRIETORS SAMSON TURBINE! When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently U CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. Write Department K-2 for Catalog. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I \ "The Piano with a Soul* KERL £ "SOLD — when You're SATISFIED" That's the way Eckerle Pianos find homes for themselves. OUR NEW 60-PAGE M COLOR CflTaiOG will be tent free and postpaid to jon if you aak for It. Then in the quiet of your own home you can, by means of these beautiful photographs and complete deucrip- tions, read and learn just how Well Eckerle Pianos are made, why they stay in tuue so Ion it; why they larta lifetime; why they always satisfy, and why it is called the "Piano with a Soul." This book Uk- ten on atrip through one of the largest and best equipped *>iann f ac- toriesin America, and explains clearly why ILcKerle Pia- nos are b«tt«r than other inodei-ate price icstruments. There are thirty-four of these important reasons which you should know about, scattered along the journey from lumber yard to shipping room. Send for this Art Color Catalog today. It shows our new 1908 styles in colors, quotes lowest freight-paid prices, explains our 4 different plans of payment, and tel!» you in ihe words of other buyers just what they have found the EckerloPianotobe. After you have read this book through and talked the matter over with your family, you can take advantage of our fair and square "Sold when you're satisfied" offer, and we will deliver to your own home, freight and delivery charges paid, the style of Eckerle Piano yon prefer, and let you give it a thorough 30 days' trial. Play it yourself; let your chil- dren try it; invite your musical friends to play on it, and when the 30 days are up, let us know whether the Eckerle— "The Piano with a Soul" — has found ahome with you. Ton take no risk whatever in trying the Eckerle Piano in your own home, and we take but very little risk in making you this offer if you are really seeking earn- estly for the best piano at a moderate "Factory to Home" price. Write a postal or a letter right now and ask us to •end yon the Art Color Catalog of the Eckerle— the piano that is not considered sold until you are fully satisfied that it is the piano you want to place in your home. ALBAUGH-DOVER Co. 903- 93 8 Marshall Boulevard Capital $1,500,000 CHICAGO, ILL. NEW ALBAUGH-DOVER MODEL 5D-12 SEWING MACHINE 90 Days Trial A $60.00 Machine From Factory to Home for $17.95 risk whatever We can make quick shipment ALDOCO STEEL WIND MILLS Only 137 .40 and up for complete steel miU and >teel tower . Aldoco Mills run smoothly, quietly, and easily, and re- quire but the slightest breeie to set them In motion. They have solid tool steel wrist pins, and a special Rocker Ann Device Our steel towers are strongly braced, weU pro- portioned and fitted with ladders. Every mill fully guaranteed. Write us. No. 13 D I A-7701-11. Complete 8-foot wheel and 30-foot tower, total weight 940 pounds. Price $37.48 No. 13 D I A-7701-12. Complete 8-foot wheel with 40-foot tower, total weight 1130 pounds. Price $43.85 No. 13 D I A-7 702-20. Complete 10-foot wheel with 40-foot tower, total weight 1260 pounds. Price $51.05 No. 13 D I A-7702-21. Complete 10-foot wheel with 50-foot tower, total weight 1600 poundi. Price $60.06 ALL SHIPMENTS 1IADB FROM FACTORY NEAR CHICAGO ALBAUGH-DOVER CO. 913-938 Marshall Bird.. Chicago, HI. 7 he moil wsnderlul cllcr we or any other house hat ever made on a strictly highest grade ball bearing drop head sewing machine. Do not class this machine with the ordinary drop head sewing machines which yon can buy anywhere at $25.00 to $35.00. At $35.00 this machine would stand alone as one of the greatest values ever presented, and now when wo cut the price In two and ask only $17.95 for this beautiful piano- polished quartered oak case, with carved front and round comers, and this high arm automatic head fitted with best ball bearings and equipped with stitch regulator, double feed, spring tension, cylinder shuttle and automatic bobbin winder, also include a full set of attachments and accessories, the offer becomes the sensation of the season in sewing machine values. You don't need to take our word for it, but trust to your own judgment after you have tried the machine In your own home for 90 days. Order this machine on 90 days trial; use It alongside of any $60 Agency Machine made, and if you don t prefer the new Albangh-Dover model No. 6D-12 machine, regardless of cost, send It back and get every cent of your money. You take no Order today on 90 days trial. PRICE $17.95. Albaugti-Dover Co., 905-938 Marshall Blvd., Chicago, III. if see the Real ' DIFFERENCE '" between the NEW MORE MONEY From Your Cows and 'Much Less Work\ In Getting It. If you could see how to make easily $10 to ilo more a year on each and every cow you keep, and still o •* witl1 less work for ..CREAM F and any other ' Difference in amount the cream you get; Dl ence in the quality of c . Difference in the way the machine runs. OUR "^^^ Difference in the number of times a PATENTED ALUMINUM COR-^sW minute you have to turn the crank; RUGATED SKIMMING DEVICB^slW Difference In the way the milk js the New Butterfly Cream Sepan . _ _ , I different and 8 times •• efficientasanr '^s^.'""'. ' T'Y~ I other machine. Every drop of milk thateDten^^ktime ana trOUDie 11 the bowl ot the New Butterfly Cream Separator ^1W^ takes tO Clean the Is actually put through the skicmiini,' process ^^^^ skimming device — 8 times. This fuarantees tamplcte ,eparati.,n, and ^1W y0U WOUld Say.aS I you can t fail to pet ALL THE GKtAM. IS. 'W Butter- ^B^fc. >mnrtr«rta nf I flr Cream Separators are sold as they oufht to be. Hot by^^^nu° I agents, but direct from our factory to your farm Frsjght ^^^<> l Q e r s, are paid and on 365 days' trial. Send today foriUusfdcatalog.^^.8 a y i n g I for average use, we recom- PRICE /tfe A f\ Oft ,^_ \mend Mo. 4%, capacity 450 delivered at JK xM* ^^^.'Tll get th« NEW to SCO Jos. of milk per hour, joartown- 9(f 99 V ~ ^^^ BUTTERFLY I ALBAUGH-DOVER CO. c.P.tai »..OOO.OOO^CRAERAAT™? j 925-938 Marshall Boulevard, CHICAGO. ILL? ,. , tor' I A Complaint from on* of the largest buggy manufacturers In America. ID a private letter recently addressed to the Alhanph- Dover Company he makes tula complaint, and appeals to us to raise our buggy prices. "Your prices are too low. We do not believe there Is any other catalogue in existence (and surely no retail dealer or agent) selling a bugey as well made as your I4D-1HJ, for instance, for lees than $60.00. while your price is $50.00." We call that c pretty convincing argument, and one thatBbould mean more to you if you are going to buy a buggy, than a II the extravagant claims made In the most beautiful colond catalog ever written. This letter proves that when it comes to bugles, we are acknowl- edged privately by other manufacturers themselves to be leaders in price and quality. Why shouldn't we tell jou aboutit f You ougiit to know it. too. We Make a Specialty of the Best Low -Priced Buggies In America as well as the higher grades. No matter what kind of , buggy you want to buy , If you haven't gotten our cataloi and price list you haven't struck "rock-bottom" in buggy buying yet. Ourrtgs are stylish, up-to-date, strong, and built right from top to tire. Above all. the price la every Instance Is as low as the quality of the job and our small pront will permit. Send today for our catalog and see for yourself why other manu- facturers are complaining about our low "Factory-to-User" prices. Runabouts $21. BO to $82.00. Top buk'iries $28.50 to $110. Surreys $58. 5O to $110. We have 35 styles of Top Buggies priced from $40 to $60. Amon^ these you are sure to find just the rig you want at a price much less than you have expected to pay. Every buggy Is covered by our "Iron-Clad Guarantee." Write for catalog. ALBAUGH-DOVER CO., CHICAGO, ILL. 15he RELIABLE LINE "Dempster" That's The Name High Class Gasoline Engines 2 to 12 Horse Power For Gasoline Kerosene e.nd Alcohol T Four Cycle Economical Powerful Will Run Anything Anywhere Irrigating and Water Works Pumping Plants our Specialty OUR LINE: WIND MILLS ALL KINDS OF PUMPS WOOD AND STEEL TANKS WELL MACHINERY GASOLINE ENGINES CULTIVATORS FEED MILLS GRAIN DRILLS IRON PIPE AND CASING COCKS AND VALVES WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS FARM AND RANCH WATER. SUPPLIES BEST TO BUY BEST TO WORK Look Carefully at the Best Windmill Head Ever Made See that Extra Bearing on the Wheel Shaft and the Center Lift Crank Roller Rim Gears and other good things DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO. Branch Houses : FACTORY: BEATRICE, NEBRASKA Omaha. Neb. Kansas City. Mo. Sioux Falls. S. D. Mention Department "A" whan you write VOL. xxiv • ii 1 1 • 1 1 ntHiH.awi-.ttH?> ••{CHICAGO, MAY, NS7 SPECIAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS JV\/MBER THE 17TS NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS f. I Yf ILL BE HELD AT SPOKANE. WASH.. J A\JG. 9-H ,1909. 150,000 7 Rich Irrigated Land .: Eden Valley Southern Wyoming is now open for entry under the Carey Act. The greatest opportunity ever offered citizens of the United b tales by the Federal Government and State of Wyoming to own a rich irrigated farm. You may secure a filing on a claim in Eden Valley without leaving your own home. Of, all the larger projects this is the only one on which the company has been able to deliver water to land promptly on time and without asking for an extension of time. Headwaters of Big1 Sandy River. Settlers have been coming in rapidly and have already placed a large area under cultivation. These settlers are building permanent homes. New purchasers are arriving daily. It has developed that the soil is prolific. This is evidenced by the crop returns from this year's crop. All crops are produced here in abundance. Potatoes do well under the Eden project and large profits are derived from them. Any time within six months after water is turned on you can obtain title to your land. An 80-acre claim of Eden Valley land is a good sized farm for an ordinary family and will produce a revenue equivalent to more than a quarter section in the rain belt. In Eden Valley good soil, water and sunshine are available in correct proportions to produce plenteous crops, which are always sure, like the payment of Government Bonds, but of far greater income yield. Irriga- tion is the best crop insurance. The cost of the irrigation system is assessed against the land at the rate of $30 per acre, payable in ten annual installments, which, with the payment of 50c per acre to the state for the land, brings the cost per acre to $30.50. After all payments are completed the entire irrigation system becomes the property of the people who enter the land. Mr. W. G. DeCelle. Vice-President and General Manager of The Eden Irrigation 3 Spokane Hotel. For additional Information address; EDEN IRRIGATION & LAND COMPANY FIRST NATIONAL BANK BUILDING, CHICAGO Branch Office, Rock Springs, Wyoming PARSON, SON & COMPANY, Fiscal Agents, Chicago and New York VBPCR r IRRIGATION AGE PUBLISHED IN THE INTEREST OF IRRIGATION FARMERS. DEALERS IN AND MANUFACTURERS OF, IRRIGATION AND GENERAL/ FVX.RM .M A.CHINERY. VOL,, xxiv. CHICAGO. MAY, 1909. No. 7 TITLE HEOISTEHEB U. S. PATENT OFFICE The Austin Drainage Excavator Digs a ditch with sloping sides and smooth bottom in one operation. Digs soil containing stone up to the size that will go into the buckets. Digs a deep ditch at the same unit cost as a shallow ditch. Digs a ditch that can be lined for irrigation without trimming or shaping up of any sort. Deposits the soil in even banks with a wide berm between ditch and spoil bank. Moves along the work under its own power as fast as the ditch is dug. It will also travel across the country from ditch to ditch. THE ECONOMY TO CONTRACTORS in using Austin Drainage and Irrigation Earthwork Machines comes from the fact that each of them is a special machine, de- signed to do one kind of work better and more cheaply than any other machine can do it. The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Builder The Austin Drag Line Excavator OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Tile Ditcher The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber BEND FOR CATALOG "S" DESCRIBING COMPLETE LINE. WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR COMPANY Railway Exchange, Chicago, III. N. B. — Agents wanted in unoccupied territory. Morris Machine Works BALDWINSVILLE, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating proposition. Send details or specifications of -what it wanted and we will recommend a pumping outfit to supply the need New York Office, 39-41 Cortlandt Street Heuston Office. Cor. Wood { Willow Sis., Texas ••lion 4 Hubbell, Agents, 61 N. Jefferson St. ~ Chicago. 111. f~; Harron, Rickard 4 McComb, Agents, 21 Fremont Street, San Francisco. Cal. 194 THE IRRIGATION AGE. D M WHY YOU SHOULD BUY An implement is valuable to its user only in proportion to the profit it will bring. Can you name any implement which brings the, profits that a spray pump will, in proportion to its cost? Orchards infested by scale, codlin moth, etc., bear nothing. Sprayed they give tremendous crops, that pay for the outfit, mixtures, labor — everything— and leave a handsome profit besides. You can figure that out for yourself by using the known spraying cost of a few cents per tree as a basis. A great many growers appreciate the value of spraying but prefer id have the work done by someone else. An enterprising person owning a spraying outfit, can "kill two birds with one stone" by spraying his own and his neighbor's trees with A DEM ING SPRAYER Ease of operation, compact construction and reliability, are the three essentials of every spraying outfit, and they are all combined in Deming machines. Every Deming Sprayer has either brass lined or all brass working parts. Every one is as good on the inside— the part you don't see— as an outside view would indicate. "They're made for the use of the user." Our illustrated Catalogue showing 24 styles of hand and power spray pumps will be sent free of charge to any address. If 4 cents in stamps is sent us, we will forward with the Catalogue, a 64 page guide book on spraying. WRITE US TODAY. NO. 1. "SAMSON" double acting sprayer. Noted for its tremendous leverage and great capacity. NO. 2. "CAPTAIN" barrel sprayer. The best low priced sprayer made. NO. 3. "PREMIER" Power Sprayer Air cooled. 21/, or 3'A H. P. gasoline engine. Powerful and durable. THE DEMING COM PANV SALEM,OHIO., HAND AND POWER, PUMPS FOR ALL USES S P R HENION AND HUBBELL 61-69 N.JEFFERSON ST. CHICAGO, ILL. GENERAL WESTERN AGENTS OTHER AGENCIES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKKIGATIOX AGE. 195 The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economicaland Certain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators --The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Four Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follows: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III.. U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 196 THE IRKIGATION AGE. The Greatest Dairying Proposition Land of tbe Tall Grass, the Big Red Glover and the Home of the Co*;^2 We offer better opportunities for the farmer of smalljmeans.to get into successful dairying than is offered in any other part of , 'the United States." ' With a cash capital of $1,000 any industrious farmer can become well-to-do insight years on'our Dairy Farm Land in Beltrami and Clear-water Counties, Minnesota. Read jWKat Experts Say of Our Land "Destined to be the Greatest Dairy Country in the World." — W. M. HAYS, Asst. Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. "The Almighty has set it apart for a Dairy Coun- try."— Ex-Gov. HOARD, Editor Hoard's Dairyman. "There is no section of our State or Country that is better suited for dairying and the raising of diversi- fied crops than the Northern part of Minnesota." — C. P. BULL, Professor of Agronomy, University'of Minnesota. "The Agricultural capabilities "of this area (Northern Minnesota) is away beyond the popular estimate * * * The ability of the soil to produce good crops need not be questioned." — THOS. SHAW, N. W. Editor Orange Tudd Farmer, and formerly j Professor Jof^Agriculture, University of Minnesota. 2 "In no other portion of the United States canJDai- rying be so profitably carried on." — R. A. MOORE, Pro- fessor of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin. Write Us for Prices of "Land and Further Particulars Northern Minnesota Dairy-Farm Land Co. Tenney Block, Madison, Wis. LET US PROVE TO YOU that an "American" Centrifugal Pump and "American" Gasoline Engine will pay for themselves the first season in the saving and cost of Irrigation Take for example a steam driven pumping plant that will elevate 1 100 gallons of water per minute against a total head of 50 feet. We guarantee our "American" Centrifugal pump to use not more than 20 brake horse power to do this work. By referring to authorized catalogs of other manufacturers you wil find that they recommend for a No. 6 pump to deliver 1 100 gallons per minute 59-100 horse power for each foot of head. Therefore for a 50 ft. head they require 50x.59=29.5, or practically 30 horse power. For comparison assume that either pump will cost $100 and that an automatic cut-off engine be used. The cost per H. P. of this engine will be about $1 1.00, and the cost of the boiler about $21.00. A good grade of coal will cost $4.00 per ton of Net Price of No. 6 Pump. Net Price of Boiler and Engine. Total cost of Pump, Boiler and Engine. iji Cost to run Engine 10 hours per day for 300 days. First cost of Pump.Engine and Boiler, plus cost of fuel for 300 days. S >>£ jjja** £ IJsl 2,000 pounds. If the plant runs ten • hours a day the figures will be as Our Pump $100.00 $620.00 $720.00 $4.00 $1200.00 $1920.00 $940.00 follows: The other Pump 100.00 960.00 1060.00 6.00 1800.00 2860.00 That is a saving of $940 the first season in favor of our centrifugal pump and gasoline engine. Catalogs of "American" Centrifugal Pumps and "American" Gasoline Engines mailed free upon request. The American Well Works General Office and Works: AURORA, ILL., U. S. A. Write for our free booklet : Irrigation." "Cost of CHICAGO OFFICE First National Bank Building. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRKIGATION AGE. 197 Sold direct or through our distributers. Large stocks carried at convenient points all over the country, ready for quick delivery in either short or long lengths, on reels or in coils. 72 Feet 34- in. Crucible Cast Steel Hoisting Rope 202 Feet 34-in. Monitor Dredge Rope, 6 x 19 78 Feet l-in. Plow Steel Hoisting American Dredge Rope IN the great work of reclamation of the submerged lands of the Mississippi Val- ley there is no more active mechanical factor than our dredge rope. We make this rope with full knowledge gained from years of experience in the hard usage to which it is subjected, than which perhaps no other ser- vice can show an equal. There is not the same risk of life that goes with the operation of an elevator or a mine hoist, but there is greater wear, necessitating a very close study of the requisite quality of material and also experience in manufacture, to produce a flex- ible, reliable and durable dredge rope. We offer our rope to dredgemen with assur- ance of the highest uniform quality and efficiency, as proven by the many years that it has now been successfully identified with this service. New York American Steel & Wire Co. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Worcester 198 THE IERIGATION AGE. The MODERN Hart-Parr Gas Tractor The ever ready, cheap and dependable power Unequalled for Plowing, Discing, Seeding, Thresh- ing, Sawing, Shredding, Shelling, Road Work, etc. FARM HORSE The Cheapest Power Known The Hart-Parr Gas Tractor saves you the expense of a fireman, of from two to three teams and as many men. Expenses stop when engine stops, and there is no lay- ing up for the winter. Write lor 48 page Catalogue today Hart=Parr Co. 242 Lawler Street CHARLES CITY, IOWA The Hart-Parr Tractors are the only engines that can be used on plowed ground without injurious packing of the soil. Built in Three Sizes 30, 45 and 80 Brake Horse Power Use Kerosene, Gasoline, Distillate or Alcohol When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 199 ; the "Treasure State" Besides its wonderful riches of Gold Silver Copper, Coal and Wool, has some of the finest irrigated and dry-farming lands in the West. In the Yellowstone Valley Are the Huntley and Lower Yellowstone Reclamation Projects of the Government, which will reclaim some 90,000 acres of land. Either of these projects provides a rare opportunity for intending land purchasers to obtain homes at low prices and on easy terms. There is an immense area within a radius of 100 miles of Billings which can be irrigated and made to produce Grains, Grasses and Alfalfa. Between Glendive, Miles City, Billings and Livingston there are approximately 160 miles of private canals covering nearly 70,000 acres of as fine land as lies out of doors-capable of pro- ducing all sorts of temperate zone crops and for sale at low prices. Irrigation has already made the Yellowstone Valley a garden spot in Montana and developed one of .the most fertile regions in the West. The country is still in the development stage and NOW is the time to locate there. Prices paid for products are high, while the cost of land is still low This is the Homesteader's Opportunity. One Way Settlers' Tares are in effect to Billings and many points in Montana April 6, 18. 20 and 27 Round Trip Homeseekers' Fares are in effect 1st and 3rd Tuesdays of each month For descriptive literature about the country write to C. W. MOTT. Gen. Emig. Agt. St. Paul. Minn. For rates of fare, time of trains, etc. address A. M. CLELAND. Gen. Passenger Agt. St. Paul. Minn. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. '200 THE IRKIGATION AGE. IRRIGATION WANTED We are in the market to buy, sell, operate and develop irrigation and land propositions in any size from Five Thousand to One Hundred Thousand Acres. OWNERS AND ENGINEERS Please Submit Your Propositions We offer one proposition of 2,000 acres, land and water, near Santa Fe Railway in New Mexico at $25.00 per acre, and we will complete the water system; worth net per acre $60.00, to colonize. One proposition of 100,000 acres, both land and water, at $20.00 per acre, fine soil and climate, best fruit land in the West, right on a trunk railway. This land can easily be colonized at $100.00 per acre. One in Colorado of 20,000 acres, fine fruit country, close to railroad; no land with this, but water rights will sell to Municipal Irrigation District at $35.00 per acre. Our price on this is $15.00 per acre for a completed water system. We have five or six others in various stages of development, to sell to syndicates or brokers where large profits can be realized. The Colorado eastern Investment Co. The Century Building, Denver, Colo. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Trovighs For catalog and prices address I P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. -OR- T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bid*., Denver, Colo. Ditching Dredges, Placer 'Mining and Traction Dredges SUITABLEIFORIALL CLASSES OF WORK Steam Shovels— AII sizes Ballast Unloaders Write us for information, giving particulars of requirements The Marion Steam Shovel Co., MARION, OHIO G. W. BARNHART, Western Manager 718 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, Cal. F. H. HOPKINS & CO., Montreal, Quebec HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer T;HE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND. IND., V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments May Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXIV CHICAGO, MAY, 1909. No. 7 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered ai •econd-claH matter October 3. 1807. at the Pottoflk* at Chicago. 111., under Act of March S. 1819. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, f 1.00 To Canada and Mexico . l.M All Other Foreign Countries l.W In for warding remittances please do not send checks on local baalu. Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 24 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. In going over the proof sheets of this, our Edward H. Irrigation Congress Number, and after Harriman. studying the various descriptions of de- velopment in both town and country along the lines of the transcontinental roads, the thought came to us that perhaps all of this would not have been pos- sible had it not been for the masterful hand of E. H. Harriman, who has done so much for the Union Pacific and Southern Pacific Systems. Without the assistance of a man of this character it is safe to say that the west would be many years behind its present condition of development. Mr. Harriman stepped in at a time when the west was hungry for good transportation facilities and for aggressive action to open up new areas. In every instance* where his lieutenants have demonstrated that a line would be a benefit to some particular locality and at the same time be reasonably sure of paying run- ning expenses with a chance for ultimate profit, Mr. Harriman has come to the front and ordered the ex- tension made. The judgment of his lieutenants, so far as we are able to learn, has been invariably correct and it is safe to say that there are few feed lines along the main transcontinental roads controlled by Mr. Harri- man which are not earning something for the bond and stockholders. It has been a source of great surprise to those who have studied his work in the west to learn that the government has attempted to curtail the devel- opment of this system. In large organizations of this kind there are, no doubt, many mistakes made, over- ambition on the part of lieutenants or sub-lieutenants sometimes leads to criticism which is laid wholly on the head of the system. It is the opinion of the editor of this journal that Mr. Harriman would not sanction or countenance any move which would be detrimental to the country at large or to individuals who are supporting and helping to build up this vast western country. There are many who criticise both Messrs. Harri- man and Hill, but this is due mainly to selfish prejudice or lack of information concerning the necessities of the west and its great possibilities. It is safe to say that no two men of this decade have done more to develop the great west than these men and their critics should give this fact due consideration. Irrigation: "Something Better." It is perhaps enough to say of irrigation that whoever once engages in irrigated agriculture or horticulture does not re- turn to the eastern or middle west farm with its crop uncertainties and often mea- ger returns. System is absolutely essential on any farm, east or west, for the best success. It is indispensable in irrigation. The irrigated farm is often likened to a factory, producing a given quantity of marketable product in a given time without likelihood of serious variation. It must have the same pains-taking manage- ment as the factory. The business man, trained to the systematic man- agement of affairs, finds in irrigation the opportunity for an attractive outdoor life without the sacrifice of 202 THE IRRIGATION AGE. business activity or the emoluments to which he feels his talents entitle him. Good management is such an essential part of successful agriculture under irrigation that, though his acres be few, the owner of a ranch may employ his time profitably in overseeing the work rather than in bending his back to the toil of the field. He may find plenty to do in planning his crops, directing the work and marketing his produce. On the other hand, a ranchman devoting himself single-handed to some such specialty as clover seed, sheep or hogs fed on alfalfa of his own growing, with a little grain from his own fields to balance the ration, can perform prodigious tasks and reap a munificent reward at selling time. The variety of crops that may be grown and the multitude of things that may be done with an irrigated farm to bring in a profit, supply the longing of people with widely different tastes. Even the man or woman with an acre or two may have poultry and small fruits and win a profit by carefully directed in- dustry and intelligent marketing. Such facts as these are becoming more and more patent to tradespeople and professional men who find the routine of their work irksome and nerve-racking. Agriculture in all its branches now calls for scientific knowledge. The old way has given place to a new and better way, which under irrigation is a sure way. The ambitious man finds in irrigated agriculture a field for his ambitions. If one's real object is a home and a living for his family, he may place himself beyond the reach of competition upon an irrigated ranch. Under the easy payment plan generally in vogue in newly irri- gated regions the man of small means has his oppor- tunity. By making a careful choice of location, buying where the soil and climate are good and the water supply abundant, dealing only with responsible people, success is almost certain to follow his venture. Unfortunately the splendid results which follow in- telligent irrigation have attracted the fly-by-night class who inhabit the business world. These vampires take advantage of the eagerness of people to acquire irrigated farms. They offer as irrigated land those tracts usually which lie close to well known irrigated districts, though the possibility of watering them may be entirely hope- less. It is regrettable that this warning is necessary, but pick pockets go with the crowd, and the presence of those who would profit unworthily serves to emphasize the great strides which irrigation is making. There is still plenty of room in the irrigation band wagon and whoever gets aboard is assuredly on the way to pros- perity. The signing of the Reclamation Act by "The Best." President Roosevelt on June 17, 1902, not only started the Government machinery upon irrigation works of great magnitude, but gave new courage to private enterprise. In many instances pri- vate capital has outstripped the Government in the suc- cess of its undertakings. We .do not have to go far for the reason. Uncle Sam is a poor business man. He always has been. His chief quality is determination. He generally accomplishes what he starts out to do, cost what it may. So he builds irrigating systems and, sooner or later, generally later, gets them done. The land under the system pays the price, no matter what it may be. A great error was committed in attempting to apply an old law to new conditions. The Homestead law has been made to apply to the settlement of new lands under the irrigating projects of the Government. Failures have resulted in many instances. The writer has the report, at second hand only, that a Government official connected with the Reclamation Service has confessed to a general feeling in the service that the Government would have to colonize these tracts three times before the settlers would stick. The first settlers are reported moving away from certain projects, having gone to the limit of their endurance of adverse conditions. The settlement of irrigated lands under the strictly Government projects is not a poor man's proposition, and a well-to-do man will not go in where he must bind himself to five years residence on his land and ten years of payments before patent will be granted him. If the poor man, who may have just enough money to carry him through one season, is disappointed in the delivery of water, as has been the case, he stands to lose all his investment. He cannot leave his land without impair- ing the title or wholly forfeiting his right to it. With- out water he can raise nothing of enough value to com- pensate him even meagerly for the effort of planting and harvesting. He cannot borrow money on his land for the title is not his until ten years have elapsed. Men of means will not go into the Government zones of irri- gation on new lands, because there are opportunities so much better to be had. They do not want to settle among the shacks of a disappointed population. The law does not seem to have enough humanity in it to apply successfully to the conditions that have arisen under Government irrigation. Although a man may improve handsomely his entire farm, still he must live on and on, tied to his property for five years, and then he must complete the payments for the ten years. The Carey Act, on the other hand, was framed with the new conditions understood and appreciated. The improvement of the land was the first thing sought. While giving a settler an abundance of time in which to get established, it recognized the fact that it is irksome to any man to be tied down for a period of years in one spot. The best of us would grow impatient with such an obligation hanging over us. In most of the states where the Carey Act applies, if a man reclaims one- eighth of his land by irrigation and planting a useful THE IRRIGATION AGE. 203 crop, and will live on it thirty days with his wife, if married, he may make final proof and secure a patent to his holding. The water contract continues as an obligation, which may be paid up at any time. He must pay his proportion for maintenance, and this require- ment is sufficient stimulus to a complete reclamation of his farm. The rapid development of lands under the Carey Act, the high-class population that has turned to farm- ing under irrigation, the substantial character of im- provements, the rapid growth of beautiful towns, all justify the liberality of the Carey law. It would im- pose no hardship on anyone if equally liberal laws were made to apply under the Reclamation projects of the Government. The fear of letting down the bars has resulted in the imposition of absurd and severe restric- tions. The pioneers of early days did not endure more of hardship than have many of the pioneers on the new lands under the Government projects during the last five years. It has been unfortunate that there have been so many changes of administration on the Govern- ment irrigation work. It was in the nature of things that many incompetents should be employed, that many promises were made which could not be kept, and that settlers relied on the statements of irresponsible persons connected with the work. The harvest of disappoint- ment has been great and the worries and heart aches innumerable. Big men in the service have been few, notwithstanding it should have demanded the greatest of engineers and the most capable of administrative ca- pacity. Perhaps the service has tried to do too much. The clamor of many communities for the Government to come in and construct great irrigating systems has been listened to, to the detriment of work already under- taken. Any community with an understanding of the history of the reclamation service to date will hesitate long and exhaust other resources before tying up with our Uncle Samuel, much as we venerate him. Much has been said, during the past year, Rural Life relative to the life of the farmer. The in- and Other quiry started by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, as a Things. Part °^ hi§ advertising work, resulting in the organization of the "Country Life Commission" has aroused in some degree an increased interest in rural problems. A study of farm life when too much localized would lead generally to erroneous conchisions. New England has lost much of its early farming population. The progressive man has always looked to the West and in consequence that territory east of the Allegheny mountains has suffered the most seriously. With the trend of migration westward and toward the cities, the farms have been neglected and a new population has taken the place of the original sturdy stock. New England has felt the effect of this transi- tion for a hundred years. She furnished pioneers for the Mississippi Valley and the great prairies beyond. New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio now contribute their share toward the settlement of the unoccupied pub- lic domain. This movement has already had a marked influence on land values in those states. The farmer who is successful either sells his estate to those who are willing to work as the soil now demands, and removes to a neighboring town, or retains his interest and de- parts to build a home where his declining years may be spent in peace and contentment. Many of these farmers and more of their sons and daughters go to prairies and mountains of the West. It is seldom that they return to take up permanent residence in the east after one Western experience. The Western boy who secures his education in the East seldom remains there. This tendency to go West was born in the infancy of the country and it is as strong today as it has been at any time in the history of the nation. It is difficult to understand why whole communities of the East are robbed of their rural population when the lands there are far from being fully developed and when large areas have never yet been disturbed by the plow or reclaimed from their original swamp condition. Climate alone would be an inducement for the pro- gressive man to go West. A climate favorable to man may not be so favorable to the growth of crops upon which he must depend for subsistence. The West, particularly the inter-mountain region, has shown new phases of agri- cultural life. Science and agriculture go hand in hand. By controlling the moisture applied to the ground through irrigation, the fanner has been developed into a thinker and he conducts the affairs of the farm from the standpoint of a manager rather than as an individ- ual toiler. This is what appeals to those who desire to improve conditions. We prophesy that the acme of rural life will be reached in the inter-mountain districts of the West. The topography of the country is such as to give to every individual and to every community an independence that cannot be attained elsewhere. It dwarfs a people to live in a country where one industry predominates. The land of varied resources must be the future home of the greatest men of the race. The mountains and valleys of the West furnish all of the resources known and enjoyed by man. Mineral wealth lies hidden in the depths of every range; coal, oil and gas are found in abundance; the waters of every stream will turn the wheels of all industries; timber for all time grows wherever nature has furnished sufficient moisture ; shale and limestone insure an inexhaustible supply of Port- land cement ; the land produces riches wherever it is cul- tivated and water is supplied, while the sun shines three hundred days in the year. Add to this such scenery on every hand as the greatest artist cannot imagine in his supreme flights of imagination and we must admit that 204 THE IRRIGATION AGE. the paradise upon earth has been descovered. To be perfect it only needs such minor modifications as will make it a home for man. The question which should interest us now relates to the methods that are being employed to establish the race firmly in this natural Utopia. We must admit that the fundamental problems to be solved relate to irriga- tion and the use of water in general. This being true, it would be well for us to ascertain whether or not wise plans have been made for the utilization of this most important resource. A few moments of reflection should satisfy us that ideas for bringing about irrigation devel- opment have been sufficiently prolific. We could be as easily convinced, probably, that many of these ideas have been brought forward and put in practice for selfish reasons. We have the individual irrigator to begin with. His land lies along a small stream and he is able to build his own ditch. He is king of all he surveys. It never occurs to him that there are great problems before him or that he must in time share in the responsibility of distributing the water supply in a great irrigated community. Before he has obtained great satisfaction due to his isolation, neighbors settle around him. By and with his consent they make use of his ditch by in- creasing its section and extending it to cover other lands. Before he is fully aware of the new conditions that have arisen, all kinds of community problems are brought to him. Among these is the questions as to how the com- munity canal should be managed. This means that he must organize with his neighbors to the end that each may pay his proportionate share toward maintainence and impose penalties upon those who refuse or neglect to comply with the rules of the majority. In the meantime many similar canals are built and other communities come into being. Not satisfied with individual and community effort, capital is induced to invest in large storage works and an extensive canal sys- tem which is designed to reclaim a large area of "bench" land. This is so successful, probably from a financial standpoint, that the wily promoter pricks up his ears and looks in the direction of the promised land. He un- dertakes to perform some financial exercises and outlines plans for large irrigation development, possibly under the provisions of the Carey act. He obtains some docu- ments from the public that enables him to present the project to capitalists. The latter, being more willing to invest money of other people than funds of their own, propose a bond issue. The stock of the company is dealt out to those who promote and their friends. The bonds are sold and construction is begun. It is necessary to pay the interest due each year on the bonds from the money derived from their sale. This means that unless work is pushed rapidly on the irrigation system the capital will all be dissipated before the settler begins to repay the same in return for his proportionate interest in canals and reservoirs. All kinds of schemes are then brought forward to bring in the needed cash for con- struction. In some cases it is found that the first esti- mates were too low — in others that the promoters may not have secured any engineering advice. It is seldom that bonds can be sold at this late day except after a favorable engineering report has been obtained. At- tempts are sometimes made to dispose of the lands and the relative interests in irrigation works, commonly called "water rights," before construction has been fair- ly started. The settler, under such conditions, is run- ning some risk. He does not know what kind of irriga- tion works he is to obtain finally. He does not know whether the money he pays to the company will be used in construction or not. This kind of practice should not be tolerated in any country. To build anything of value requires capital. No person or association of persons should plan to profit through the expenditure of money, not their own, and take chances that they would not incur with their own funds. There are occasions when a bond issue is of bene- fit to all concerned in this kind of development work. If the stock is given away and no money returns to the company therefor, the entire development work hinges on the bond issue. The stock should bring enough money into the treasury of the company to carry con- struction to that point where the security of the bond issue, if an issue is found necessary, is unquestionable. The larger and well known bond houses carry on their work in a wholly different manner and securities offered by them are based on advice of the best engi- neers and good construction. When the promoter has had his day and has been forgotten, the United States Reclamation Service comes along and proposes to do things on even a larger scale. The natives, unused to khaki uniforms, plane tables, slide rules and current meters, stand in awe of this mighty arm of the government service. The papers lo- cally are full of the great plans for the future. The Reclamation Service, through its advertising department, gladly furnishes information for the printer and every detail of the finished irrigation works is known before the first shovelful of earth is turned. Estimates are made as to the final cost of the so-called "water rights." These estimates are generally about twenty to thirty dollars per acre during the early advertising stage of the project. As work progresses the pioneers of the country have an object lesson as to what can be done by the Government. The best kind of construction, only, is countenanced. Steel, masonry and concrete take the place of earth, wood and burlap. The construction is supervised by one responsible man on the ground who has two men under him. These two each have several subordinates. The organization continues to grow in this way to such an extent that the interested observer THE IRRIGATION AGE. 205 usually gives up trying to understand the general sys- tem or to appreciate the rank of the various employes. As time runs on, and considerable time is liable to run during the construction of one of these projects, the original estimates of cost are increased. The advertis- ing is also increased, if possible, and the intending set- tler accumulates years, experience and liabilities while waiting for water. It is a delight to meet any of the agents of the service at any time. They are optimists of the first water and can give more information about the economic and social problems that they are working out than would be expected of one who had made a specialty of these sciences. It is somewhat difficult to obtain much specific information of an engineering char- acter except from the head of the advertising department at Washington, who, to our surprise, is not an engineer. Naturally the cost of management runs high in a gov- ernment irrigation project. However, the final result must be satisfactory to all concerned and the Reclama- tion Service is performing a great work. From all of these agencies some systematic plan should be evolved which would lead to the construction of the best kind of irrigation works at a minimum cost. The social and business ptoblems that have to be solved when the settlers finally take charge of the irrigation works are also of great importance. Let irrigators dis- cuss questions of this kind at the Irrigation Congress. Let us unite every interest that seeks to encourage the growth of agriculture and the future of the race, in a movement that will discourage the man who comes to the congress to advertise himself and his policies. The tendency has been to favor politicians, red fire and gen- eralities and to drift away from the fundamental prob- lems upon the proper solution of which the future of the West largely depends. If we have a mission, let us per- form it — if we have none, let us discontinue the congress, rather than to employ it as a stage for the grandstand performer. The congress has a responsibility. If the valleys of the Rocky Mountain region are to support the highest type of rural life, a foundation must be laid. The congress can do much to provide this. Those who seek notoriety and who have patent policies of their own to exploit, will soon depart and time spent in assisting them is time lost. Let us consider great questions rather than waste our strength in supporting men of passing importance with their measures of questionable value. Maxwell Again. In the Mesa Department of a recent is- sue of the Arizona Gazette we are in- formed that George H. Maxwell has re- cently been in Mesa and has told the peo- ple of that town that he will locate 10,000 families in the Salt River Valley within the next five years. He states that to do this will require a great deal of money and work. He does not, however, intend to do it alone but with the aid of the citizens of the valley, whom, he- believes, may help him in accomplishing this great end. This is a very laudable ambition on the part of Mr. Maxwell and is entitled to all the encouragement which the people of the Salt River Valley may give him. There are some facts, however, in connection with his project which makes it appear impossible. He pro- poses to organize a company, called the Homecroft Com- pany, whose object will be to get the people from the crowded cities to locate on farms where they will be able to make themselves self-supporting and more independ- ent than in the crowded tenements of the large cities. Mr. Maxwell, it is stated, will make his headquarters in Chicago, where he believes there are thousands of people who would gladly go on a piece of ground if an opportunity to do so is presented to them. Like many other of Mr. Maxwell's past efforts, however, we note he wants ten of the leading citizens of Mesa to take stock in his Homecroft Company at $100 each, which would mean $10,000 for Mr. Maxwell. He only asks $50 down, and informs the people that each $100 invested in preferred stock would draw 6 per cent interest, which would make it a safe investment. Mr. Maxwell fails, however,, to inform the people of Mesa how stock in his Homecroft Company would be made to pay 10 per cent. He states that he would use this money to aid Mesa, furnish a room in Chicago to display advertising, fruits and other products, so that people would have a chance to see just what that country pro- duces. While, as stated above, Mr. Maxwell's ambition is laudable, and may result in some good for the Salt River Valley, it is our impression that ten thousand dollars will not go very far toward locating ten thousand families in the Salt River Valley. All good colonization agents throughout the country estimate that it costs from three to five dollars per acre to properly colonize virgin land. Mr. Maxwell's project with 10,000 families, which would represent possibly 50,000 people, counting five to a family, would mean that he could put these people on the land at an expense to the people of Mesa of about ten cents per head. It is our opinion that Mr. Maxwell should go into this matter more carefully and organize along safer lines. THE IRRIGATION AGE would be very glad, indeed, to assist him in an enterprise of this kind, but it should be carefully studied out in advance and an exact esti- mate made of the cost to locate an individual or fam- ily. There are so many ramifications to a proposition of this kind that it should be well and carefully figured out. On the other hand, it seems to THE IRRIGATION AGE, that a guarantee of ten per cent to some of the leading citizens of Mesa and other towns of the valley is entirely uncalled for, in view of the fact that the lead- ing citizens of the valley are usually large land holders 206 THE IRRIGATION AGE. and will be sufficiently benefited by a move of this kind, to make it worth their while to put up that money with- out any guarantee of return. THE IRRIGATION AGE has found occasion at various times to criticise Mr. Maxwell and his methods, but a.s suggested in preceding lines, it would be very glad, in- deed, to work in conjunction with him, and assist him in any way possible in this enterprise. Any method which leads to the bringing out from the crowded, un- healthy conditions in the tenement districts, families who could make good under favorable conditions is en- titled to the support of all of us, and we wish Mr. Max- well much success in his undertaking. EDITORIAL NOTES. BY G. L. SHUMWAY, Executive Chairman, American Irrigation Federation. More than 100,000 acres of land, exclu- Development sive of government projects, will be added in Wash- to the irrigated area in eastern and north ington • central Washington this year, and arrange- ments are also under way to put water on thousands of acres of land in northern Idaho and Ore- gon, western Montana and southeastern British Co- lumbia. As most of these lands will be devoted to ap- ples, peaches, pears and plums, it is estimated that from 7,000,000 to 10,000,000 trees will be planted dur- ing the next fourteen months, giving employment to hundreds of men in various parts of the Inland Empire this spring, next fall and the spring of 1910. Reports are also current in Spokane that the fed- eral government will take up the Benton and Kittitas projects, 877,800 acres, in Yakima, Klickitat and Ben- ton counties, already reported upon by the Reclamation Service, and it is believed that the Palouse projects, 100,000 acres, abandoned by the Reclamation Service because of the lack of funds, will receive attention this year. Other government works in Washington to be taken up include 50,000 acres in the Ellensburg district, 200,000 acres in the Rattlesnake and Coal Creek dis- tricts and 100,000 acres in the Okanogan country. The government will in time have reclaimed 1,- 500,000 acres of wholly or partly waste lands in the state of Washington at an estimated cost of $50,000,000, which is prorated among the owners of the land where water is used. The projects in operation and under con- struction by the Reclamation Service include these works in the Yakima valley: Sunnyside, 90,000 acres, to cost $1,600,000; the Ticton, 30,000 acres, costing $1,500,000, and the Wapato, 120,000 acres, to be com- pleted at a cost of $1,500,000. Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation After the National Irrigation Congress held at Portland, Ore., in 1906, there was an evident need of a national organization to aid all deserving irrigation plans; a tribunal of appeal (albeit without legal pow- ers), to adjudicate, if any existed, the relative justice of contending claims, and to advise settlements of disputes to the end that the home-maker suffers no injustice, and that the development of the west be pushed on toward its ultimate goal. As a result of a preliminary confer- ence at Portland, representatives from several states met at Omaha, Neb., on January 10, 1907, where the Amer- ican Irrigation Federation was born. The declaration of principles which were then and there given out were in harmony with the expressions and opinions of leading irrigators of practically all the western states, and are as follows: First — To endeavor to harmonize conflicting interests. Second — To counsel with federal authorities and private enterprise relative to determining their respective priorities and privileges. • Third — To promote essential legislation, propose laws to encourage irrigation development, and to perfect those already on the statutes. Fourth — To circulate instructive irrigation literature, and exploit best methods of irrigation farming. Fifth — To aid in the settlement of the newly reclaimed areas. Sixth — To accomplish as quickly as possible the reclama- tion of the greatest available acreage, and peopling it with the most desirable, intelligent and progres- size citizenship possible to obtain. Seventh — To fearlessly criticise the reclamation officials, or private promoters, should they offend our sense of justice. Eighth — To aid in the adjustment of freight rates to and from new areas, and to recommend the estab- lishment of mills and factories where needed. Ninth — To accomplish by criticism and suggestion in- creased efficiency and perfection of the national ir- rigation act. Tenth — To invite friendly discussion and earnest co- operation in efforts to perfect the reclamation serv- ice and prevent errors and waste that must eventual- ly be borne by water users. Eleventh — To preserve the rights of the pioneers of ir- rigation against unjust aggression and confiscation. It will be seen by the foregoing that the purpose was to promote the interests of the greater West, and was not intended to hamper legitimate enterprise in any way, yet there were those whose interests were of such a precarious and unjust a nature that they found fault with the proceedings. Some of the reclamation of- ficials also imagined for a time that this organization contained some kind of a veiled threat or menace to gov- ernment irrigation. This illusion we now believe has been happily dissolved. THE IEEIGATION AGE. 207 At the Omaha meeting an executive committee was selected, consisting of C. G. Eowley, Jackson, Mich. ; John M. McAlpine, Duluth, Minn.; Zera Snow, Port- land, Ore.; C. M. Heintze, Los Angeles, Cal. ; ex-Gov- ernor Frank Hunt, Boise, Idaho; L. M. Wilcox, Den- ver, Colo., and the writer of this as chairman. Since then, C. M. Heintze and Frank Hunt have been claimed by the grim reaper, and pressing other business caused the res- ignation of C. G. Eowley, and there has been added to the committee C. E. Brainard, Payette, Idaho, and Jay Turley of Turley, N. M. Three of the members of the present committee were formerly vice-presidents. The present vice-presidents are: Presley E. Horn, Hailey, Idaho; Prof. J. D. Tinsley, Messilla Park, N. M.; Tom Eichardson, Portland, Ore.; Judge Cyrus Happy, Spo- kane, Wash.; Engineer Clarence T. Johnson, Cheyenne, Wyo.; Prof. 0. V. P. Stout, Lincoln, Neb.; Prof. P. D. Coburn, Topeka, Kas.; William Hale Thompson, Chi- cago; John Hall, Lampasses Springs, Tex.; A. J. Cob- ban, Ehinelander, Wis. One of the first vice-presidents, A. H. Heber, Los Angeles, Cal., has joined Frank Hunt and C. M. Heintze in the Great Outside. The growth of the institution has been slower than some of us more impetuous members had hoped, but it has made up for that in the good that it has done in crystallizing ideas. It has now among its supporters a number of congressmen and members of the United States senate. The officers serve without salary, and frequently pay their own expenses on trips that are deemed neces- sary. The income so far has been expended for postage and stationery, but it is expected at the next annual meeting to effect some alterations, and perhaps put the federation on a more substantial basis. Membership now costs $2.50 per year, which includes one year's subscrip- tion to THE IRRIGATION AGE, which is the official organ. Ex-Gov. L. Bradford Prince of Santa Fe, N. M., was the first president and still retains that position, and D. H. Anderson, Chicago, was first elected and still retains the position of secretary. Eecently the federation sent out inquiries along proposed lines for legislation, and the numerous replies were compiled with the following suggestions to congress and the executive committee were a little divided upon some of the questions, but a majority concurred in sug- gestions herein made. Favor larger acreage for homesteads in the permanently semi-arid regions. Mondell's bill accomplished this. Favor extending communtation privilege to homestead- ers under feleral irrigation projects. Favor charging costs of federal reservoirs to river and habor, or inland waterways appropriations. Favor extending provisions of the Carey act to the ter- ritories. This has likewise been accomplished. Favor permitting private enterprise the privilege of ac- quiring upon a reasonable base? waters impounded by the national government in excess of federal needs for irrigation. Favor keeping faith with the government on the part of the settlers, and on the part of the government with the settlers; where an estimate has been made of the cost, of a project and settlement permitted, that no additional costs for betterments and main- tenance be made. The timber and stone act interrogatory brought out a number of suggestions, but in the main opposed the repeal. One suggestion was given by Mr. Turley: 'Appraisement of lands before purchase, with a clause to revert to the state in which situated if purchasers do not reforest or properly protect the timber and stone thereon. Also proposes making taxes lighter upon, the owner who reforests, and heavier upon the one who does so only sufficiently to prevent his land from passing to the state. The American Irrigation Federation will meet at Spokane on August 8th of this year, unless plans are altered, and it is hoped that the attendance will be large, as the date is in harmony with the National Irrigation Congress, and it is then that we trust to listen to the counsels of the best the nation affords as to the work which this institution shall do in the future. A strong sentiment has developed among Open to those interested in the National Irriga- Criticism. tion Congress, concerning the matter of the office of president of that organiza- tion being filled by any individual who is interested in a private irrigation project, and it is doubtful if anyone holding a position of that character can ever be elected to fill that office again. While all of those interested speak in high terms of Mr. Barstow, they feel that as he is interested in an irrigation project which has been very largely exploited through the press, it is unfair to other people engaged in colonization and reclamation work under private con- trol to permit his re-election. It is safe to say that the next man who fills that position will have no outside interests and will not be open to criticism of this character. Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation 208 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Official Call Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress. To the People of the United States, Greeting: The Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress will be held in Spokane, Washington, U. S A August 9th to 14th, Inclusive, 1909. OBJECTS. The four great objects of the Congress are to "save the forests, store the floods, reclaim the deserts and make homes on the land." We aim to demonstrate to the West, the wonderful development possible through Irrigation, drainage, forestry, deep waterways, good roads and home-building, and to show to the East the economic importance to the whole coun- try of this development. MEMBERS. The personnel of the National Irrigation Congress will be as follows: The permanent Officers of the Congress. The President of the United States. The Vice President of the United States. The members of the Cabinet. Members of the United States Senate and House of Representatives. Governors of States, Territories and Insular Possessions of the United States. Members of State and Territorial Legislatures. Ambassadors, Ministers, Consuls and other representatives and delegates from Foreign Nations and Colonies. Members of State, Territorial and Insular Irrigation and Forestry Commissions. DELEGATES. Fifteen Delegates appointed by the Governor of each State or Territory. Ten Delegates appointed by the Mayor of each city of the United States of more than twenty-five thousand pop- ulation. Five Delegates appointed by the Mayor of each city in the United States of less than twenty-five thousand popu- lation. Five delegates appointed by each Board of County Commissioners or County Supervisors in the United States. Five Delegates appointed by each National, Interstate or State organization interested in the objects sought by the National Irrigation Congress. Five Delegates appointed by each State Conservation, Irrigation, Drainage, Forestry, Agricultural or Horticul- tural Society or Association. Five Delegates by eaph State Association of professional, commercial, fraternal, patriotic, religious or labor or- ganization. Two delegates duly accredited by each Chamber of Commerce, Board of Trade, Immigration Society or Commer- cial Club. Two Delegates duly accredited by each regularly organized Irrigation, Agricultural, Horticultural or Forestry Club, Association or Society in the United States. Two Delegates duly accredited by each Agricultural College, and by each College or University having chairs of hydraulic engineering or forestry in the United States. Two delegates duly accredited by each regularly organized Society of Engineers in the United States. MAKE APPOINTMENTS EARLY. Appointment of Delegates should be made as early as possible, and notice of appointment, with full name, occu- pation and postoffice address of Delegates, forwarded to the Chairman or Secretary of the Board of Control at Spo- kane. FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES. All foreign governments, particularly those of the American Continent, have been invited to send representatives to the Congress. ADDRESSES. The program will consist of addresses by: Government Officials of the Reclamation, Forestry and Agricultural Departments. Statesmen and Scientists. Railroad and financial magnates. Promoters of Carey Act reclamation projects. Officials of private irrigation enterprises. DISCUSSION. At the Seventeenth Congress, speakers will be allotted not to exceed twenty minutes on any one subject. Ad- dresses will be followed by general discussion on the part of Delegates, limited to five-minute talks. It is planned to make this a practical, live Congress for the consideration and discussion of the questions in which the Delegates are interested and whose actions will be of great value in the promotion of the objects for which the Congress Is working. GOVERNOR'S DAY. The Governor of each State and Territory in the Union, together with his staff, has been invited to be present on Governors' day, for which one day of the Congress will be set apart. IRRIGATION PROJECTS. The selection of Spokane was peculiarly fortunate for this Congress, providing, as it does, an opportunity for the study of all methods of irrigation and all systems of irrigation projects. Within a few minutes' car ride of the city itself are to be found gravity canal systems, pipe distribution of water and the latest electrial pumping plants. In Idaho, Montana,, Oregon and Washington the large irrigated areas produce both products of Southern climates and the perfection of the Red Apple, as demonstrated at the first annual National Apple Show held in Spokane in December, 1908. EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION FARM. The Department of Agriculture has taken charge of a plot of twenty acres on the outskirts of Spokane, where will be demonstrated the most approved methods of applying water. This will be in charge of irrigation experts, who will gladly supply all information to visitors, and no expense will be spared in making It a very valuable adjunct to the meeting of the Irrigation Congress. RAILWAY RATES. Special railway rates will be made for Delegates to the Congress over all Trans-Continental Lines, with stopover privileges at all Western points. Delegates should notice particularly that they can avail themselves of an opportunity to visit the Alaska-Yukon- Paciflc Exposition, the Yellowstone National Park and many other points of national interest, with no extra ex- pense, by purchasing tickets to the Pacific Coast, stopping off at Spokane for the Irrigation Congress and subse- quently visiting irrigation districts en route, arrangements being already made in different localities to properly re- ceive them. INFORMATION. Information relative to the Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress, program, rates, hotels and other data will be furnished upon request from the Irrigation Congress Headquarters, Spokane, Washington. During the time of the Congress an Information Bureau will be conveniently located for the benefit and accom- modation of delegates and visitors, and every endeavor will be made to give them the best attention and accommo- dation. Spokane, Washington, U. S. A., March 1, 1909. THE SEVENTEENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS, By George E. Barstow, President. B. A. Fowler, Secretary. W. A. Beard, Chairman Executive Committee. THE BOARD OF CONTROL, By R. Insinger, Chairman. Arthur Hooker, Secretary. THE IEEIGATION AGE. 209 The Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress To Be Held at Spokane, Washington, Aug. 9-14, 1909 Preparation Is Being Made to Entertain the Largest Gathering in the^Mistory of This Organization BY AUGUST WOLF The National Irrigation Congress recognized the importance of the Inland Empire as a fruit-producing district when it was decided to have the seventeenth session in Spokane the week of August 9, when Presi- dent Taft and several members of his cabinet, govern- ment officials, members of congress, governors, foreign Old Hudson Post, near Spokane. representatives, railroad presidents, bankers and dele- gates from various states and territories and provinces in Canada will participate in the deliberations. The purpose is to demonstrate the wonderful development to the west possible through irrigation, drainage, forestry, First House in Spokane. deep waterways, good roads and home-building, and to show to the East the economic importance and benefit to the whole country of this development, which includes the saving of forests, storing of flood waters, reclama- tion of the deserts and making homes on lands where the foot of man has not trod for hundreds of years. The national officers of the 1909 congress are: President, George E. Barstow, Barstow, Tex.; secre- tary, B. A. Fowler, Phoenix, Ariz.; assistant secretary, F. H. Griswold, Chicago. Every state and territory in the Union has a vice-president. When it was officially announced that Spokane had been selected for the 1909 congress a committee of bankers and business men appointed a local board of control, headed by E. Insinger, manager of the North- western and Pacific Hypotheekbank, with Arthur Hook- er as secretary, others being: Edwin T. Coman, president Exchange National Spokane Indian Tepee. bank; George S. Brooke, president Fidelity National bank; E. Lewis Eutter, secretary and manager Spokane and Eastern Trust Company; W. D. Vincent, cashier Old National bank; J. J. Browne, president Columbia Investment Company; A. F. McClaine, vice-president Traders' National bank; W. H. Cowles, owner and pub- lisher The Spokesman-Eeview ; F. A. Blackwell, presi- dent Idaho and Washington Northern Eailway Com- pany; Jay P. Graves, president Spokane & Inland Em- pire Electric Eailway system; D. C. Corbin, president Spokane International Eailway Company; D. L. Hunt- ington, first vice-president and general manager Wash- ington Water Power Company; M. E. Hay, gov- ernor state of Washington; J. P. McGoldrick, president McGoldrick Lumber Company; J. T. Humbird, general 210 THE IRRIGATION AGE. manager Humbird Lumber Company; David Brown, president Hazelwood Company, Limited; C. M. Fassett, metallurgist; John A. Finch, L. W. Hutton, August Paulsen and Patrick Clark, capitalists; H. L. Moody, manager Moody Land Company; Cyrus Happy, chief View on Newman Lake, 17 Miles from Spokane. counsel Spokane Canal Company; Frederick E. Goodall, president Chamber of Commerce; Eobert B. Paterson, president Spokane Dry Goods Company; Fred H. Ma- son, president Holley-Mason Hardware Company. The executive committee is composed of Mr. In- singer, chairman, and Messrs. Coman, Moody, Fassett, Rutter, McGoldrick and Vincent. Mr. Insinger has received letters from every state and territory in the Union, Canada, Europe, the Latin republics and China and Japan; advices now to hand indicate there will be approximately 3,500 accredited delegates, besides several thousand visitors. Plans al- ready outlined for approval by the national officers will limit the speakers to 20 minutes, while delegates will be limited to five minutes in discussion. One of the outdoor features will be a demonstration by the federal department of agriculture of the most approved method of applying water on a 20-acre tract of land on the out- skirts of Spokane. There will also be an industrial parade, with repre- sentatives of Indian tribes in the Northwest on cayuscs, threshing machines and automobiles and smart traps ; also a march in review by the Irrigation army of 10,000 men, the singing of the Irrigation Ode by a chorus of 1,000 voices and concerts by massed bands from various parts of the Northwest. One day of the congress lias been set aside for the governors and their staffs, and there will be several receptions, banquets, excursions and theater parties. "The selection of Spokane this year was peculiarly fortunate for the seventeenth congress," said Mr. In- singer, "as it provides ample opportunity for the study of the various methods of irrigation. Within a few min- River Road, Spokane. utes' ride of Spokane are in operation gravity canal sys- tems, water distribution by pipes and the most modern electrical pumping plants, while within a radius of 150 miles are some of the greatest projects ever attempted on the continent. "That the irrigated districts in Washington, Idaho, Oregon and Montana produce the king of fruit to per- fection in color, size, flavor and quantity was demon- strated at the first National Apple Show in Spokane last December, when more than 6.000,000 apples, in- cluding exhibits from British Columbia, Ontario, New Mexico, Georgia and other states were entered in compe- tition for premiums aggregating $35,000. "We have been assured the hearty co-operation and assistance of the forestry and reclamation services, as well as the Department of Agriculture itself, and with the natural activity of the people in the Northwest and in other parts of the country, where irrigation is profit- ably and successfully practiced, we expect to make a congress which shall eclipse anything yet attempted by the association. "President Barstow, who has just closed an inter- esting campaign in the middle western states, writes that we may look for a representative delegation of financiers and business men from Chicago and other cities within the commercial zone of that center. We are also assured of large delegations from Kansas, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Colorado, the Dakotas, Wyoming, Montana, Nebraska, Arizona, Nevada, California, Ore- gon, Idaho and Washington, also Canada, where in the western provinces irrigation promises to become a fac- tor, and we look for delegates from southern, eastern and middle western states, who are interested in for- estry, deep waterways, good roads, reclamation of swamp lands and home-building." THE IRRIGATION AGE. 211 Prosperity and contentment are the words which best describe the marvelous achievements in the Inland Empire of the Northwest, where the pioneers and those who followed have, within the last few years, wrested from the sage-brush country, long looked upon as abso- lutely worthless, a crop-producing, home-supporting area of inexhaustible fertility, greater in extent than ing country; it is a confirmed success from commercial and financial viewpoints, and the influence of its far- reaching horizons and its true perspective are potential in character — molding and building. There is inspira- tion in the vastness of this westerness, where men and women and children breathe optimism and grow mental Box Canyon, Fend d'Oreille River. all the cultivated lands in New England and capable of supporting a larger rural population. ' Out of the arid waste sprung wonderful orchards, vineyards, berry fields, truck gardens and fields of golden grain and waving grasses; towns and villages peopled with a happy and optimistic population, comfortable homes in the country inhabited by a satisfied yet energetic husbandry; banks, literally bulging with the wealth of their depositors, and rail- roads and commercial and industrial enterprises telling of the march of progress into what was the desert wilds less than two decades ago. This wonderful transformation is due to irrigation, the science of supplying moisture, bringing to the soil the waters from streams which constantly corrode the mountains and foothills, giving out the new life principles in the form of alluvium from the decaying rocks and vegeta- tion of the uplands. The economic value of irriga- tion, whether by national project or private enterprise, cannot be meas- ured in dollars and cents. It is no longer an experiment in this grow- Terminal Station, Spokane. breadth and strength in contemplating scenery, declared by seasoned travelers to have no counterpart in the world. The development of the country will provide a safety valve against the impending dangers of conges- tion in the cities of the East. It has been demonstrated that under irrigation western land will produce paying crops of anything which grows in the temperate zone. The products are noted for their brilliant coloring, unusual size and ex- cellent flavor, and they command the markets of the world. Vegetables in almost endless variety and the choicest vine and tree fruits follow each other in rota- Spokane Club, 'Spokane. 212 THE IERIGATION AGE. tion and fill out the season. There is courage born of year. Scores of hundreds of men and women, many of conviction and fostered by hope in the super-abundant whom came from the crowded cities in the East and View of Hayden Lake, 18 Miles from Spokane. sfe which springs from the broad desert when moisture • South, are doing that much or better today. The home- is applied and this gives a constant inspiration to indus- making instinct, characteristic of the true American, I Farming in the Big Bend Country. try and stimulus to greater things. won out and as a result they are independent and able Five to 10 acres of land in the irrigated districts to dictate the prices of their products. Bowl and Pitcher Rapids, Spokane River, 9 miles from Spokane. will provide shelter, food and raiment for a family and The Government of the United States recognized enable its owner to put aside from $500 to $1,000 a the possibilities of the lands in the Northwest, where THE IRRIGATION AGE. 213 its projects cover nearly a million acres. The largest of these in Washington is the Sunnyside Project, in the Yakima Valley, 90,000 acres, to be completed at an es- timated cost of $1,600,000. Others are the Tieton, in the Yakima Valley, 30,000 acres, cost $1,500,000; the snake and Coal Creek districts, and 10,000 acres in the valley of the Okanogan. The Government's projects in southern Idaho are the Minedoka, with an area of 160,000 acres, to be com- pleted at an estimated cost of $4,000,000, and the Pay- Ranch House in Colville Valley, Washington. Wapato, 120,000 acres, cost $1,500,000, and the Okano- gan, 8,000 acres, cost $500,000. In addition to these, the United States Reclama- tion Service has authorized the Kittitas and Benton projects in Washington. The Indian and Reclamation Service estimate that $25 or less will cover the cost for water right on the reservation. This is about half the cost of the watering land under other canals in the Yakima Valley. ette-Boise, 200,000 acres, costing $3,000,000, while Ore- gon has the Umatilla Project, 18,000 acres, costing $1,100,000, and the Klamath, part of which extends into California, 120,000 acres, cost $3,600,000. The projects in Montana are the Huntley, 30,000 acres, cost $900,000; the Milk River, including Saint Mary, 30,- 000 acres, cost $1,200,000, and the Sun River, 16,000 acres, costing $500,000. The Lower Yellowstone Project in Montana and North Dakota takes in 66,000 acres and Spokane After the Fire in 1889. It is likely that in time more than $50,000,000 will be expended by the Reclamation Service in the state of Washington in reclaiming 1,500,000 acres of land now entirely or partly waste. Of this, 50,000 acres will be in the Ellensburg district, 200,000 acres in the Rattle- will cost $2,700,000. Two hundred private projects are in operation in the Inland Empire. The most important of these is at Wenatchee, Chelan county, Wash., which district car- ried off the first honors at the National Apple Show in 214 THE IRRIGATION AGE Spokane last December. Unimproved land under the Entiat, and by virtue of the size and quality of its fruits ditch ranges in cost from $400 to $1,000 an acre, ac- the Wenatchee Valley has received the designation "The cording to location, while tracts with bearing orchards Home of the Big Red Apple." The Way Apples Grow in the Spokane Country. bring from $1,500 to $2,500 an acre. Numerous irri- There are also important works in the Spokane gation canals have been constructed in Chelan county, Valley, where 20 acres of land has been selected by the which has three valleys, the Wenatchee, Chelan and federal Reclamation Service to demonstrate the value THE IKRIGATIOX AGE. 215 of seintifically applied moisture on crops during the seveteenth sessions of the National Irrigation Congress at Spokane the second week in August. George E. Barstow of Barstow, Tex., will preside, and there will be 3,000 delegates from all parts of the United States and Canada, Europe, the Latin republics, China and Japan. President Taft and several members of his cabinet, for- eign representatives, bankers, railroad presidents and experts in forestry, reclamation .work, deep waterways, good roads and home-building are expected to attend. Eighty thousand acres of land in the Spokane Val- ley is capable of irrigation. The Spokane Eiver, near- by lakes and an underground stream flowing through the valley are used by these plants, one of which raises the water by means of electric pumps from wells rang- plantod between 1903 and 1906 will have reached ma- turity. This is only the beginning of the fruit industry in this part of the country, where millions of acres of land, now flecked with the dusty green of sagebrush, is awaiting the refreshing moisture to make it blossom like the proverbial rose. Irrigation will do much more for the growing crops than rain, as the natural element gives nothing except moisture, while the waters diverted from the mountain sides bring with them new fertility. Much of this land, now not worth more than a few dollars an acre, will then readily be salable at from $250 to $500 an acre, according to location and the character of the soil. That is the history of lands in the now famous Yakiina. Wenatchee, Spokane, Colville and Snake River Spokane County Court House, Spoka \V ashington. ing in depth from 97 to 140 feet. The capacity of five pumps is 15,600 gallons a minute, sufficient to water 3,000 acres of land. The success of this project shows that every acre of land in the valley can be irrigated re- gardless of the supply from river or lakes. There are scores of gravity, siphon and pumping plants in various parts of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana, and all are successful. The extent of operations on irrigated lands in the Northwest will be better understood when it is known that the value of the apple and other fruit crops in the Inland Empire amounted to $14,000.000 in 1908. It will be $60,000,000 in 1912, by which time several million trees set out in the last two years will come into bearing and others Valleys, where the incomes from fruit range from $450 to $2^000 an acre. From an architectural viewpoint, Spokane is dis- tinctive; it is unique. Everything is in harmony with the magnificent setting placed by nature. The residents take pride in their homes and grounds and in this they are making examples for the newcomers and future builders. Spokane is hospitable to the visitors within its gates. It is a healthful place and it has few if any rivals in point of climate. It is blessed with the marked seasons, without the discomforts of extremes of cold or of heat. Summer brings no sultry, sleepless nights, nor are there stinging blasts during the winter months. The air is invigorating. There are no drouths or monoto- 216 THE IRRIGATION AGE. nous rainy seasons, the total rainfall in 1908, as re- ported by the United States weather bureau, being about 19 inches and two and a half inches of snow. The mer- cury reached 90 or more 23 days during the year, the lowest being 4 degrees below zero. The average tem- perature for the year was 49 degrees. Surrounded by mountain ranges in which nestle beau- tiful lakes, teeming with game fish, and whose forests abound with game, accessible in an hour's ride on steam and electric lines, Spokane offers the dual attraction of the mountain fastness and of the thoroughly cosmopol- itan city with schools that are surpassed nowhere in the United States, with numerous churches and opera Institute, endowed by Col. D. P. Jenkins of Spokane. There are 81 church structures, including two cathe- drals, ranging in cost from $1,000 to $200,000. Spokane has an interesting history, which is worthy of recount at this time. The first settlement was made in the summer of 1872, when a handful of sturdy peo- ple gathered at the site of the falls. Four years later the first saw and grist mill was erected, the waters of the Spokane falls furnishing the power to turn the old- fashioned wheel. The first banking institution was or- ganized in 1879, in which year the first newspaper was Railway Company entered from the west, and the people decided to incorporate as a town. There were 500 in- Some of the Cosey Modern Homes in Spokane. houses, magnificent public buildings and modern stores and business establishments. Spokane has been declared by prominent educators to have the best facilities of any city of its size for edu- cating its young. It has three recognized colleges, two high schools, with 1,850 pupils enrolled, and 28 grade brick and stone school houses and a half dozen private institutions. The total registration in 41 schools is 16,- 485 students with 530 teachers. The board of educa- tion has plans for several new structures, including a high school for the north side of the city, now nearly completed, and there are reports that another college is to be established. Spokane has a Y. M. C. A. build- ing costing $200,000, where there is also the Jenkins established. Two years afterward the Northern Pacific habitants at that time. Robert W. Forrest, a native of Pennsylvania, was the first mayor. In that year, 1881, the second flour mill and another newspaper were es- tablished, and the town began to take on metropolitan airs, when, in 1882, it was made the permanent county seat. The Great Northern and Union Pacific systems came in 1892-3. Cheney, 16 miles southwest of Spo- kane, was formerly the county seat. The first disastrous blaze occurred in 1883, and was followed in the summer of 1889 by a fire which wiped out 30 blocks in the business district. It was the first real test, but the people were undaunted and the work of rebuilding was begun almost as soon as the smolder- ing ruins cooled. The fire limits were at once extended and the city council adopted and enforced an ordinance, THE IRBIGATION AGE. 217 prohibiting the erection of wooden structures within the boundary established. Thus Spokane escaped the shanty period, which usually follows in the wake of a widespread blaze, and as a result Spokane is today the best built modern city of its size on the continent. One of the institutions of interest to the newcom- ers as well as the residents of Spokane is the Chamber of Commerce, which occupies the second floor of the Hutton building, at Washington street and First and Sprague avenues. Frederick E. Goodall is president and Levi Grant Monroe is secretary. The organization has 800 active members, who are working shoulder to shoulder for the upbuilding of the country. The main hall contains beautiful exhibits of the resources of the Spokane country. Thousands of homeseekers and tour- ists and sightseers bv the hundreds have viewed the ex- and child in the city — it constitutes a liberal education in itself." Much has been written of the derivation of the word Spokane, pronounced "Spo-kan," but little is defi- nitely known. It is believed the word is from the lan- guage of the Indians who formerly hunted and fished on what is now the site of the city. Eoss Cox, an early writer, says that the chief of the tribe is known as "Illim- Spokane," which means "Son of the Sun." From this and from the nature of the country, being more open and having more sunshine than that of the Colvilles, inhabiting the valleys to the north, or of the Coeur d'Alenes, whose hunting grounds were in the mountains and foothills to the east, the tribal name is interpreted to mean "Children of the Sun." M. M. Crowlev. an early settler, who traded with the Riverside Avenue, Spokane. hibit and their words of praise of the arrangement and the enterprise of the people of Spokane in maintaining this branch of its general exploitation scheme would fill several pages of this journal. A recent visitor struck the keynote when he wrote these words in the registry book : "After seeing this exhibit I am ready to believe any- thing you may tell me about the Spokane country. The Chamber of Commerce is one of the show places in Spo- kane and should be seen not only by every newcomer into the city and district, but also by every man, woman Indians for years at what is known as Spokane Bridge, east of the city, and through whose influence the Spo- kane Indians were prevented from joining with Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce tribe in a war of extermina- tion against the settlers of the Spokane Valley, says Spokane is pronounced "Spokan" by the Indians and means "wheat," and that literal interpretition is "the man who lives in the country which grows the wheat," to distinguish them from the Colvilles, Coeur d'Alenes, Nez Perces and other tribes who inhabited the dis- tricts in which wild game abounded. They also have a 218 THE IRRIGATION AGE. word pronounced "Spo-kan-ee," which means "the sun." From the words "Spokan" and "Spo-kan-ee," the early settlers evolved the name Spokane, which was given afterward to the Indians as a tribal name. The original tribal name of the Spokane Indians is "Sin-co-mahn- nah," meaning of which has long been lost. Spokane, gateway of the Pacific Northwest and metropolis of Inland Empire, embracing 150,000 square miles in eastern Washington, northern Idaho, western Montana, northeastern Oregon and southeastern British Columbia, where the National Irrigation Congress will hold its seventeenth sessions, may well be called a city of strategic position and power. It is the commercial, financial and industrial hub of the district, and is easily the greatest railroad center west of the Missouri River. It is the keystone in the arch of states spanning the way and others projected, its population of 120,000 to- day will be near the 500,000 mark in less than two decades. This is an ultra-conservative statement. Hun- dreds of others, who have watched the growth of the city, believe that the half-million point will be reached before the close of 1920. When that figure is realized the district will have a total population of between 2,- 500,000 and 3,000,000, as against 543,710 now. Tributary to Spokane is the greatest timber belt in the Union and this includes the largest stand of white pine left intact on this continent. Within the same limits are the richest silver-lead mines in the world, comprising the famous Coeur d'Alenes, which produce 40 per cent of the lead output in the United States, in the Boundary country and northeastern and central Washington, as well as in eastern Oregon and western Fishing and Hunting within and near the City Limits of Spokane. western country between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific slope, as well as the pivotal point of the vast territory which gives it name. Broad-minded liberality in planning, together with daring, foresight, enterprise and energy, and patience and thoroughness in execution, are the factors which entered into the making of the Spokane of today and the upbuilding of the country, declared by seasoned travelers and economists to be without a rival in the world. Entrenched in prosperity and fortified with the treasures of forests, mines, fields, ranges and orchards and the swiftly developing country tributary to it, Spo- kane is destined to become one of the chief distributing points of the Northwest; and, in fact, there are already more than surface indications that it will gain recogni- tion as a converting center in a very few years. Spokane is not dependent upon any one industry in the veritable empire tributary to it. It will always have many, due to the fact that raw materials in quan- tity, quality and variety are all within 150 miles of its while other metals in quality and quantity are mined doors, and with the development of the industries under Montana. South and west, east and north are stretches of agricultural lands, including orchards, more exten- sive and productive than in many of the famed states east of the Rocky Mountains, under existing conditions, with the country sparsely settled, the wealth-production in 1908, exclusive of manufactures and imports, was $145,410,000, or $267 per capita of an estimated popu- lation of 543,710. This is equivalent to $1,200 for the average family and from 100 to 150 per cent higher than the general average in the United States, including the wealth produced by manufactured and imported ar- ticles. The statistics as compiled by the Spokane Cham- ber of Commerce follow : Mineral $40,000,000 Wheat 36,160,000 Lumber cut, 1,250,000,000 feet 18,000,000 Live stock and poultry 16,000,000 Apples and other fruit 14,000,000 Farm and garden 15,250,000 Dairy 6,000,000 This is the keynote to the situation in the heart of the Inland Empire, where a city of 120,000, declared THE IRRIGATION AGE. 219 to be the best built and most modern on the continent, ects, one of these being a passenger and freight line has been established in less than 30 years. Most of this from Nighthawk to Brewster, Wash., by the Okanogan has been accomplished in the last few years, and there Electric Railway Company, headed by Col. Albert M. is every indication that it will have a population of 150,- Dewey of Spokane. This line involves an expenditure 000 by the close of 1910. The appended table, showing of $3,500,000. The Big Bend Transit Company will what was accomplished in 1908 as against 1907, gives an also build a line to penetrate the Big Bend wheat idea of its commercial importance : belt, west of Spokane. This project involves $3,000,000. 19Qg 19Q~ The Great Northern Company will build a line from Bank clearings . ..$307^91,482 $301,419^017 Wenatchee to -the British Columbia line and the corn- Bank deposit!, estimated. .. 25,000,000 24,000,000 P?n-v. .""* the Milwaukee are projecting lines in central Building expenditures .... 5,927,548 5,778,876 Washmg^ton tapping rich mineral and agricultural Citv water receipts 321,736 291,743 ^elts. The North Coast Railway Company, headed by Transfer property 20,715,405 19,869,832 Robert E Strahorn of Spokane, is building a line from Postoffice receipts 360,504 302,388 Spokane to the Sound. The Idaho, Washington & Jobbing trade 24.500,000 24,000,000 Montana Railway Company will extend its line from Manufacturers, output 17,000,000 16,500,000 J.ewport to. Metelme. F A. Black-well, president, has Capital invested . 13,000,000 12,000,000 Jj"P°?fd °£ the *on&s and work ls to be Pushed on the Wages paid 4,500,000 4,200,000 ° m''e,s « road- Other lines are projected and it may be said there Spokane County, taxable property: are more mileg of railroad lineg under ^onstruction in Real estate 15,787,170 14,856,353 this country than in any equal area on the continent, Personal 1,518,480 1,352,375 the mileage in Washington alone being 2,500. The City of Spokane : present mileage of mail lines, branches, yard tracks and Real estate 53,521,895 32,809,447 sidings in Washington is 4,595. Personal 6,595,395 5,427,295 Steam lines now in operation in the Spokane coun- Spokane County, taxable try are the Great Northern, Northern Pacific, Chicago, property, about 60 per Burlington & Quincy, Spokane Falls & Northern, Spo- cent of value 77,422,940 54,445,470 kane International (Canadian Pacific system), Oregon City of Spokane, tax rate: Railroad & Navigation Company (Harriman system), Mills. Mills. Spokane, Portland & Seattle, Central Washington and General fund 7% 6-H$ the Idaho & Washington Northern. Parks The growth of the city began with the completion Library % % of the first railroad in 1883, and its progress has been Interest on bonds 1% !% substantial and rapid. In less than a decade, from Bridges % Nil 1881 to 1890j it attained a population, according to fed- Sinking fund eral census, of 19,222, and in 1900 the official count showed 36,842. Conservative estimates in 1906 placed Total . . . the population at 84,000, and in June, 1907, a postal Total for city, county and census, authorized by the city, state and federal gov- state 26.5 37 ernments, gave 77,584 within the city limits, 7,500 in Ninety-eight miles of street railways are in opera- the limits since incorporated and 11,000 employed in tion in the city and 285 miles of electric lines extend railroad and mining camps and making homes in Spo- into the suburbs and as far east as Coeur d'Alene and kane, thus placing the population at 96,084 at the be- Hayden Lake, Idaho, and south to Palouse and Colfax, ginning of July, 1907. The Polk Directory Company Wash., and Moscow, Idaho. There are six transconti- announced in March, 1908, that its estimate, at the nental lines, including the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget close of a careful and thorough canvass of the city, Sound, which is rushing construction work in Washing- placed the population at 108,675, while in the beginning ton. There are 12,440 telephones in use and the oper- of 1909 the same company estimated the population at ing company is 1,500 instruments behind in its orders, more than 121,000. A competitive system, with 6,000 instruments, will be Fruit-growing is destined to become the chief in- in service this year. The city has adequate waterworks, dustry in the Inland Empire of the Northwest and it sewerage, lighting, power and park systems. is not too much to say that the crop of 1912 will be More than 150,000 horsepower electrical energy is worth $60,000,000, estimated on a conservative basis of developed in and near Spokane, and there is at least the millions of trees which have come into bearing that 500,000 horsepower available and undeveloped. The season. One thing is certain: The production will never expenditure upon electrical plants and service amounted be equal to the demand, hence there need be no fears of to $3,000,000 in 1907. The Washington Water Power the lack of markets in the Northwest or elsewhere. Then, Company, of which Henry M. Richards is president, an- too, are the new distributing centers to be opened in nounces that $16,000,000 will be expended at the rate England, Germany, France, Australia, the Latin repub- of $2,000,000 a year in extending its city and interur- lies and the orient. ban electric railways and light and power plants, and Missionary visits by growers in the Spokane coun- the Spokane & Inland Empire Electric Railway system, try to England, France and Australia last winter dem- headed by Jay P. Graves, also has plans for extensive onstrated that Washington apples are in favor; in fact, works in addition to the projects now under way. This the first gentleman in Great Britain, His Majesty King company is surveying a line into the Big Bend wheat Edward, graciously expressed his pleasure and highly belt. There are numerous other electric railway proj- commended the fruit sent to Windsor Castle from this 220 THE IRRIGATION AGE part of the Northwest, while shippers in London and Liverpool made public exhibitions of the consignments sent abroad before and after the first National apple show in Spokane last December, when 6,000,000 apples, most of them grown under irrigation, were gathered together under one roof. The primary purpose of the show was to encourage the growing of apples not alone in the Pacific North- west, but all over the continent where the fruit can be raised profitably. The second purpose was to create a demand for high-grade, healthy fruit and to educate the consumer to expect only the best, thus stimulating the growers to place better and cleaner fruit and more of it on the market. The movement was on broad lines and its effect is now being felt, so much so that the pre- liminary work is already under way for the second Na- tional show, early next December, under the direction of Ren H. Rice, secretary and manager. E. F. Cartier Van Dissel, vice-president and chair- man of the board of directors, announces that the next show will be on a more pretentious scale than in 1908, when there were several hundred exhibitors from va- rious parts of the American continent, including New York, North Carolina, Georgia, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, New Mexico, California, Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, Utah, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia and Ontario, who carried off prizes of a total value of $35,000. Mr. Van Dissel added : "Three interests were at stake in the show: The apple grower, the public and the apple buyer. All of them were satisfied with the results, which alone stamps the National apple show as a success. From an educa- tional standpoint, unquestionably its most important one, the show was invaluable to growers. It is safe to say that none of the exhibitors or apple growers pres- ent ever before came in contact with such magnificent and varied displays of apples, gathered from such a wide territory. "The East, the South, the Southwest and the Northwest were all represented. Growers were brought into contact with each other and afforded that inter- change of ideas which is essential to success. Buyers were present in numbers to get acquainted with the growers and with the merits of the different sections of the country represented. From the standpoint of the public, the show was equally valuable. It gave the thousands of people who attended it a better idea of the apple and encouraged its use as a food. It was the unanimous verdict at the close that the National apple show was a great success and should be repeated, as it will be next December." For reasons that have never been satisfactorily ex- plained the apple industry has been decreasing rapidly in the districts east of the Rocky Mountains since 1895, and if it were not for the great activity of the growers and the opening of thousands of acres of orchard" lands in the western country the people of the United States would be obliged to import the king of fruit. As it is, the entire crop for domestic purposes last year was only 25,000,000 barrels, or a little more than a peck per cap- ita of the population of the United States. To show the decrease in the production of apples in the Union in the last twelve years, these statistics, compiled by the federal Department of Agriculture, are quoted : Growers produced 60,540,000 barrels in 1895, and 69,070,000 barrels in 1896, the banner year in the his- tory of the country. There was a decrease of nearly 28,000,000 barrels or more than the entire crop in 1897, when the yield amount to 41,536,000. Another decrease followed in 1898, the yield being placed at 23,570,000 barrels, but in 1899 and 1900, there were substantial increases, placed at 37,560,000 and 47,960,- 000 barrels, respectively. There was a drop of 20,890,000 barrels in 1901, while in 1902 there was an increase of 20,655,000 barrels, the crop being estimated at 47,625,000 barrels. Forty-five million barrels of fruit was produced in 1903, and in 1904 the yield was 300,000 barrels greater. Then, in 1905, it dropped to 23,500,000 barrels, and in 1906 it increased to 36,130,000 barrels. The crop of 1907 fell off to 25,000,000 barrels, which was the estimated yield for 1908. The total yield for the 13 years amounts to 559,761,000 barrels, or 1,679,283,000 bushels. That the decreases in the eastern states have en- couraged the growers west of the Rocky mountains is probably best exemplified in the State of Washington, where, according to statistics compiled by F. A. Hunt- ley, commissioner of horticulture, there were growing at the beginning of 1909, 7,677,072 apple, 2,126,222 peach, 1,313,290 pear, 1,238,491 plum and prune, and 938,744 cherry trees, in addition to several million nectarine, quince, almond and English walnut trees. The total acreage, including that used for small fruit, is approximately 227,500 acres. This includes 2,500 acres of grapes, 2,400 acres of raspberriees, 2,000 acres of blackberries, 9,000 acres of strawberries, 675 acres of currants and gooseberries and 350 acres of cranberries, besides thousands of acres of irrigated and nonirrigated lands devoted to melon and garden-truck fanning. A census of the trees on the three leading counties gives the following result at the beginning of 1909 : Yakima— 2,115,695 apple, 667,704 pear, 857,300 peach, 179,166 cherry and 24,081 plum and prune trees. Chelan— 1,138,012 apple, 77,407 pear, 338,073 peach, 54,565 cherry and 8,212 plum and prune trees. Spokane— 967,197 apple, 54,707 pear, 154,323 peach, 163,324 cherry and 40,843 plum and prune trees. The total number of trees planted in the State of Washington in 1908 was 2,067,853, as follows : Apple, 1,169,989; pear, 230,719; peach, 366,731; cherry 190,535 ; plum and prune, 70,200 ; miscellaneous, 39,679, and of these 399,553, or 25 per cent of the grand total, were planted in Spokane County, while Yakima County reported 358,477 and Chelan County was third with 301,784. Experienced fruit growers in the Yakima, We- natchee and Spokane valleys recommend the planting of one-year-old trees, grown in local nurseries, while others prefer two-year-old trees. The cost of planting in Eastern Washington ranges from 10 to 30 cents each, while the cost of the trees is from fl2 to $18 a hundred, according to age, pear trees cost from $20 to $30 a hundred, while cherry trees range in price from $25 to $35 a hundred. The cost of preparing the land for planting ranges from $8 an acre for cropped to $20 an acre for cleared but not broken land. X Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and the Primer of Irrigation GOV. MARION E. HAY, Member of the Local Board of Control. R. INSINGER, Chairman of the Local Board of Control. B. A. Fowler, Secretary. R. E. TWITCHELL, Second Vice-President. ROBERT E. STRAHORN, Member of the Local Board of Control. COL. H. D. LOVELAND, First Vice-President F. H. GRISWOLD, Assistant Secretary. ARTHUR HOOKER, Secretary of the Local Board of Control. F. E. GOODALL, >raber of the Local Board of Control. H. L. MOODY, Member of the Executive Committee of the Local Board of Control. DR. E. MCQUEEN GRAY, Foreign Secretary. REN. H. RICE, Financial Secretary of the Local Board of Control. E. T. COMAN, Vice-Chairman of the Board of Control. CHAS. M. FASSETT, Member of the Executive Committee of the Local Board of Control. JUDGE CYRUS HAPPY, Member of the Board of Control. L. \V. HUTTON, F. H. MASON, Member of the Local Board of Control. Member of the Local Board of Control. J. P. McGALARICK, Member of the Executive Committee of the Local Board of Control. T. J. HUMBIRD, Member of the Local Board of Control. R. B. PATERSON, Member of the Local Board of Control. W. D. VINCENT, R. LEWIS RUTTER, Member of the Executive Committee of the Member of the Executive Committee of the Local Board of Control. Local Board of Control. THE IKltlGATION AGE. 223 WHAT SPRAYING WILL DO. BY H. E. STIVER. In the northeastern part of Ohio there resides a well- to-do farmer whom we shall call Smith for convenience, who owns a 40-acre apple orchard, about 30 acres of which are in bearing,- and from which he annually re- ceives an income which compares favorably with the sal- ary received by the governor of that state a few years ago. In addition to this, he has about 70 acres of good farm land planted with the usual crops, from which he also de- rives considerable financial benefit. When Smith first moved on his place, nearly twenty years ago, there were three trees of Grindstone apples in bearing. Anyone who has had experience with the Grind- stone will readily agree that it is rightly named, but it does have several redeeming qualities, chief of which is its facility for storage. At any rate, our farmer, foresee- ing that ths general yield would be rather poor that year, gave a little attention to the Grindstones and by the next corn planting time discovered that he had realized a net profit of something like seventy-five dollars from them. That set him thinking. He decided that if three trees of such a variety as the Grindstone would bring prices like that, then standard fruit would surely pay more for the trouble of raisivk- Then it was that he departed from tradition and com- menced to devote some attention to the care of his trees. First he endeavored to discover why the average farmer did not realize more from his orchard, and a short ob- servation convinced him that trees that were not cared for could not produce fruit that was desired by the public. Secondly, came the realization that trees are very similar to the human organism, inasmuch that they must be fed right with properly administered soil, and kept free from diseace in order that they produce the best results. Thirdly, that the only way to benefit tree and fruit was by the elimination of all insects and fungus growths that received nutrition from the tree, and that spraying presented the only successful way of applying the desired remedies. Fourthly, what was causing the imperfect fruit and what remedv would prevent the cause. His investigations brought forth the fact that the orchard was troubled main- ly with apple scab, a disease that attacks the apple itself and stops all growth in the immediate vicinitv of the part attacked, causing a hard indented surface and making the apple stunted in that part, and unsightly to the eye. This disease also attacks the leaves. At that time Bordeaux mixture was used to some extent and Smith decided on this for his first experiment. Please remember that at this time spraying was in its infancy and the man was generally regarded as foolish who would spend good money and time in squirting poi- son upon his fruit trees when he might be doing something else, at that particularly busy season of the year. Nevertheless Smith got an inexpensive pump and went to work to find out for himself. He sprayed care- fully and painstakingly, watching the progress carefully, and was delighted to note the number of healthy, young apples that grew to maturity, when his efforts were re- warded by greater quantities of larger and more perfect fruit than he had ever expected to procure. Experience has taught him that the Experiment Sta- tions thoroughly understand how to make the Bordeaux mixture, as their formulas agree with those purchased by his own hard labors, at a time when Experiment Stations w_ere in their embryo stage. So far, the scab has been his main trouble, but a careful spraying always insures a healthy crop free from all disfiguring marks. Since that first year, about seventeen years ago, he had been an ar- dent advocate of spraying, and three years ago purchased a l'/2 h. p. water-cooled gasoline engine sprayer mounted on a wagon with 250-gallon tank. When talking to the writer some time ago, he made the statement that he "would purchase another just like it if this one were de- stroyed. Spray pump manufacturers now issue a great deal of interesting and instructive litera- ture on the subject of spraying, and large sums of money are annu- ally expended by them in the ex- ploiting of their pumps. They are always willing to forward cata- logues and literature to anyone in- terested in the subject. Smith now receives a price very near the dollar mark for his regular apples, and about $1.25 for his fancy grades. In former years (before he sprayed) he considered himself fortunate if he secured 50 to 60 cents per bushel. His success has induced many other farmers in that vicinity to enter in the fruit growing business, so that a large volume of apple business is now coming from that part of Ohio, and commission men who formerly had to be sought after are now attracted to that section, the apples are marketed with no trouble what- ever, and the best prevailing prices are secured. All of this business may be attributed to the spraying which Smith started years ago, and without which he would have had neither high grade fruit, in fact, no trees at all. In spraying he uses proportions of 4 pounds of cop- per sulphate (blue vitriol) and 4 pounds of quicklime (not air slacked) to 50 gallons of water. The sulphate is sus- pended in cheesecloth in a barrel of water and after it has been thoroughly dissolved this is poured into another mixing barrel, a bucket at a time, simultaneously with the same quantity of milk of lime, about six bucketsful of each ingredient being of sufficient strength for a tank of 250 gallons. The agitator is then started and the liquid thoroughly stirred up, and then the spraying is started in earnest. Smith's outfit will empty a 250-gallon tank in about three-quarters of an hour. He sprays just before the buds swell, then again when the blossoms are fertile, and again when the blossoms have dropped from the trees. Indications would point that the farmers of today are taking better care of their orchards than those of past generations, and that they are awaking to the fact that it will pay them to watch these same orchards more close- ly. The amount of fruit annually spoiled by insects and fungus growths is estimated at five hundred million dol- lars, a sum almost beyond comprehension, and every bit of this wealth could be given to the country eye'-y year, if our farmers would wake up to the possibilities within themselves and take care of their orchards, or at least give them a little more care than they do now. 224: THE IRRIGATION AGE. Idaho, "The Gem of the Mountains." By QBORQE The Twin Falls Country, embracing the several large tracts on both sides of the Snake river in Twin Palls and Lincoln Counties, Idaho, is one of the most conspicuous successes under the Carey Irrigation Act; several millions of dollars having been expended on the most elaborate system of irrigating canals to be seen in any country. A main canal, some six- ty-five miles in length, has been built for the tract which lies north of the river, and a system embracing 1,000 miles of main lateral ditches has been constructed. Twenty-five miles of rail- road have been built and put in operation connecting the towns of Wendell and Jerome with the main line of the Oregon Short Line at Gooding. The people who have made filings are com- ing from all parts of the country, even from the Phil- ippines and the Canal Zone at Panama, to occupy and develop the lands. Such is the interest in irrigation and the eagerness of people to buy that the lands are bought and the first SIMPSON. Falls Salmon tract was opened for entry, June 1, 1908, announcement was made that there would be no water Lower Discharge Safety Gates of Twin Falls, Idaho. payments made, in some cases, two years in advance of the delivery of water. For example, when the Twin for irrigation until 1910. Five hundred quarter-sections were placed on the market by the State, yet there was 4,020 applications ; the first pay- ment of $3.25 an acre being de- posited with each application. The price of this land was $40.50 per acre, payable in twelve yearly installments; the second payment falling due a year after year the delivery of water. The Twin Falls North Side tract, which will be brought un- der the plow in 1909, embraces 180,000 acres. A small part of it was irrigated in 1908, but the great achievement of sending water through 1,000 miles of main laterals will be the crown- ing event of the Pacific North- west in the spring of 1909. Each farm of 40 to 160 acres must have its farm equipment the coming season, and each holding must be supplied with its own small system of irriga- tion as perfect as the larger sys- tem which waters the country as a whole. As reference is made to the larger things, the THE IREIGATION AGE. 225 mind reverts to the details of this development. Towns must be built and are already in the process of build- ing. Hundreds of farm homes must be con- structed and thousands of miles of fencing must be built. Carloads of supplies, literally by the thousand, must be brought from all directions and unloaded in the new country. In the town of Jerome, months before the time for the first irrigation to begin, one may see numerous stores crowded with buyers; hotels and lodging houses overcrowded; and the several lumber yards do- ing a business that keeps the proprietors on duty every day and far into the night. A water works system has been put in with fire pressure for immediate protection, thus, at once, doing what, in the east, usually requires years of agita- tion to bring about. Warehouses are being built, schools are already in session and churches have been organized. The season's activity has begun in earnest and, by February and March of this year, every part of the great tract will be alive with its new inhabitants, who will represent every state. South of the Snake river canyon is the older tract which three seasons of irrigation have trans- formed from a sagebrush desert to a highly culti- vated and productive region. Twenty thousand people are here, and in the town of Twin Falls are nearly 5,000 inhabitants enjoying an uninter- rupted prosperity, amid all the luxuries and conveniences that may be found in any eastern city. Early in 1909, another tract of 40,000 acres, adjoining the North Side, will be opened for entry under the Carey Act, and the inquiries for land are such that the officials believe it be all filed upon within a few days after dred miles, or more. The town of Bliss, on the main line of the Oregon Short Line, will become a bustling will the Three-year-old Apple Tree. opening. This will be irrigated by extending the main north side canal till it has reached a length of one hun- Where a Plant is Now Installed Furnishing Power for the Twin Falls Tract, Having 150 Miles of High Transmission Lines. Owned and Operated by the Great Shoshone & Twin Falls Water Power Company. municipality under the influence of this new activity. The fertile valleys, the irrigated ranches, the im- mense orchards of fruit of all kinds, and agricultural products, the great herds of sheep, the marvelous moun- tains, stored with all the metals, can be seen only by those who have time to tarry awhile between the Rockies and the Blue Mountains. The modern and important history of Idaho begins properly with the discovery of gold at a point on the Clearwater river in the northern part of the State, in 1860. In re-organizing the territories, in 1867, Mon- tana and a large part of Wyoming were taken from their original limits and Idaho given its present boundary. The steady growth in population led, some twenty years later, to application for admission to the union, and, on July 3, 1890, by proclamation of President Harrison, Idaho passed from a territorial government into statehood, and was heralded as the forty-fifth state "to join federal union. Since that time its growth and development has been rapid. Idaho, in its present form, embraces an area of 84,600 square miles, of which 510 square miles are covered by the waters of lakes, and it ranks twelfth in size of the political divisions of the United States. The general character of the country is mountain- ous, with a gradual slope from the eastern border of the state, which is defined by the main range of the Rocky 226 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Mountains, to the west. The State is divided by moun- tain ranges into two great sections, which have a widely different climate. The southern portion of the state lies within what is known as the arid belt, and requires irri- gation to produce crops, and for the development of its re- sources. The Snake river (the largest in Idaho) is the main artery of this great section of country. From its source to the American Falls, the banks of the river are generally low and the fall is rapid, permit- ting of easy construction of irrigation canals to cover the great benches of fertile land that border the stream through this section. About 100 miles below American Falls the river enters a veritable canyon with precipitous walls of ba- saltic rock on either side. Some thirty miles below this, the river makes a drop of 134 feet at what is known as Twin Falls. Four miles farther down are the famous Shoshone Falls, with a drop of 210 feet. Eleven miles more and a drop of 139 feet are the Augur Falls. Within a distance of fifteen miles the river makes a straight drop of 483 feet, creating the greatest natural water power in the able canyons in the United States, comparable only to the grand canyon of the Colorado in grandeur — in some places surpassing it in depth. The elevation of Snake River at St. Anthony, Idaho. United States. From a point near Weiser, on to Asotin, the river flows through one of the most remark- Snake River Above Warm River. the southern portion of the State is about 2,000 feet, at the western limit, and rises gradually to about 6,000 feet, on the eastern border. The northern section of the state, commonly known as the "Panhandle," has a pleas- ant, genial climate, and is blessed with sufficient natural moisture to insure the raising of perfect crops. The north- eastern part of the state, and the range dividing the two dis- tricts, is very rough and moun- tainous and nearly all covered with timber. The great Bitter Root range of the Rocky Mountains, with its elevated snow clad peaks, forms the east boundary of this region and gives rise to the great Clearwater river, which cuts its way through the mountain defiles to the west border of the state, where it unites with the Snake river. In this sec- tion is found the largest vir- gin forest of white pine tim- ber that is known in the world. Here are also found millions of acres of pine, fir, cedar, tamarack and hemlock timber awaiting development to sup- ply the world's wants when the timber that is located more accessibly has been exhausted. The eastern boun- THE IRRIGATION AGE. 227 dary of the state is one continual range of mountains, many of the peaks rising above the perpetual snow line; the mountain scenery in this section not being surpassed in any country of the world. 12,078 feet. The atmosphere in all parts of the state is generally dry. In the higher altitudes of the mountain region the winters are long and the snow falls very heavily, reaching from 7 to 10 feet, on the level, in Band of Thoroughbreds, Rexford, Idaho. This section of Idaho is a natural sanitorium. Any- one spending a year or two in these mountains will re- ceive lasting physical and mental benefit. Of the agricultural lands, 6,000,000 acres are in the humid belt of the northern districts of the state, lying along streams and in great sections of open prairie country where agriculture is carried on without the aid of irrigation. Nez Perce and Camas Prairie and Palouse country are the greatest wheat sections of the state. About 5,000,000 acres lies in the irrigated belt of the southern district of the state, which is embraced within the great Snake River valley and its tributaries. The superb cli- mate of Idaho is one of its chief attractions. The varying altitude that obtains through- out the state, provides almost any temperature that may be desired. Commencing with an altitude of about 757 feet, at Lewiston, on the west border, the elevation gradually rises to the east and reaches a height of 10,000 feet at the crest of the mountain range on the eastern border of the state. The average elevation of Idaho is about 4,500 feet. The eleva- tion of the agricultural dis- tricts in the humid belt, in the north, is about 2,500 feet, and that of the irrigated sec- tion of southwestern Idaho is about 2,400 feet. The eleva- tion of the irrigated land along Snake river is about 3,800 feet. The highest point within the state is Hynd- man peak, in Elaine county, which reaches a height of many places. On the plains of the southern district the winters are like those of the central states, while in the' valleys the temperature is very mild and the snowfall light. The thermometer seldom reaches the zero mark in the valleys, and when it does it is an uncommon thing for it to stay cold for more than thirty-six hours. Al Page, Orchard, on Twin Falls Tract, Idaho. Three Years Old. There are hot periods, during July and August, lasting 'three or four days at a time, when the mercury will reach the 100 degree mark, but the atmosphere is so dry that the heat does not become oppressive. (Continued on page 259.) 228 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The Spokane Hotel OFFICIAL HEADQUARTERS SEVENTEENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. The Spokane was originally built in 1890 at the time of the big fire. It was purchased by the present owners in 1900, and entirely remodeled, since which time adjacent ground has been acquired and many addi- tional rooms added. The Spokane today is the largest hotel in the Northwest. It embraces a block of ground 200x150, with a building six stories in height, exclusively devoted to hotel uses. The plant contains 4^ acres of floor space, one acre of which is devoted to the cafes, and the creature comfort of the guests. In all there are 300 guest chambers in the house, 125 of which have private baths. The rooms devoted to the display of the traveling man's goods, are especially equipped for their business, many of them containing 500 square feet of space, and accommodating very large lines. All sample rooms are equipped with arc lights, running water is in all rooms, so is the telephone. The lobby faces First avenue, and occupies 4,000 square feet. It is the rendezvous of the city, and glis- tens with its life and bustle. The parlors on the second floor can accommodate 700 people at a reception. Opening off from the lobby is the Moorish room where 5 o'clock tea is served in the afternoon. This room is an office floor, ladies' parlor, and in the evening is tised for a special banquet hall, accommodating 200 guests. Ad- joining this room is the Hunters' dining hall, seating 75 people — typical of the chase — with its superb collec- tion of animal- heads and its chandeliers and wall fix- tures fashioned from elk and deer horns, based with hammered copper shields and trimmings. But the crowning feature of the house— known as it is as the land mark of comfort in the west — is the silver grill. The old Manor Inn room of England where comfort is written on its walls, and good living appears everywhere. This room is unique. Its praises have been sung everywhere, and it has been copied — or attempted —in many places, but in no copy are the conditions of light and surroundings quite right. The room itself is restful. Its dark brick walls and brick floors, relieved with insertion of Mouravian tiles, the quaint design of the four season frieze above the hand-hewn shelf — the work of a great artist — the low ceilings with their beam network, all hand hewn, working out to the vast dome through which streams the rays of the morning sun, the fountain and rockery of basaltic rock with its wealth of ferns, the singing canaries — part of this room — and then the crowning glory of the great inglenook occupy- ing one end of the room, make a picture blending real art with solid comfort that lives forever in man's memory. And this fireplace. You walk into it, and around it. and the great logs are burning, and you sit on the settees on each side. Here before the blaze of the hard wood fire, the great barons of beef, or the chestnut-fed turkey are roasted on the old English spits for the delec- tation of the guest. Inscribed above the fireplace are Owen Meredith's beautiful lines: "He may live without books, what is knowledge but grieving, He may live without hope, what is hope but deceiving, He may live without love, what is passion but pining, But where is the man that can live without dining?" And when the beef or turkey is roasted, it is trundled on the solid silver traveling carver — the creation of Chris- tofle of Paris — around to the waiting guests, the delic- ious appeaser of the gourmand's appetite. Off from the grill room is a ladies' room, breakfast room, and private dining quarters, and a quaint ladies' reception room, all harmonizing in their decorations with the artistic finish of this attractive touch of old world life in our modern surroundings. It would be idle to see this great dining depart- ment of a Western hotel, without also taking a trip through the cellars of the silver grill. Here the con- noisseur of wines lives, and has a being, and it is only truth to say that no wine cellar on the coast excels it, in the holding of vintage wines. AMERICAN FALLS, IDAHO. One of the best towns in southern Idaho, a town hav- ing unusual natural resources and advantages, is American Falls. Idaho, generally referred to as "the Spokane of Idaho," owing to its great water power, which is twenty thousand horse power greater than that of Spokane Falls. Two years ago American Falls, which is located in the heart of the great Snake river valley, was little more than a railway station, where the great steel railroad bridge of the Oregon Short Line spans the turbulent waters of the Snake river above the falls. At that time the vast acres of rich soil surrounding the town were utilized as grazing ground for cattle and sheep. But sud- denly and unexpectedly a great transformation was effected through the magic wand of water. The American Falls Canal Company, composed of progressive men of brains and foresight, built the American Falls canal, sixty-five miles in length, placing more than 120,000 acres of land under irrigation, a majority of which is directly tributary to American Falls. Then came the homeseekers for govern- ment land and filed locations upon thousands and thou- sands of acres in every direction from the town, which are now being placed under cultivation. American Falls, the heart of this vast rich territory, soon felt the pulsations of progress and began showing life and growth, not with a "boom," but as a natural result of the demands of the surrounding developments, until today the town has three large general stores, two banks, a $30,000 hotel, modern in every respect, and an- other 50-room hotel now building to meet the demands, a $20,000 auditorium and opera house, three lumber yards, several large implement concerns, a large flour mill, two newspapers and other manufacturing concerns, also scores of business houses and hundreds of beautiful homes. Shade trees by the hundreds line the streets and cement side- walks, and the city waterworks is a modern plant in every respect, supplied with water which is unexcelled. A vol- ume could be written in favor of the wonderful springs which supply the city water. Like liquid crystal it bubbles out of the earth, 4,300 gallons a minute in volume, abso- lutely pure and devoid of any mineral substance or other impurities. From the stock yards here located many trains of cattle and sheep are annually shipped to the eastern mar- kets, and more than 80,000 sheep are sheared every year at the electric shearing plant located at this point. Such in brief is the history of a western town which has sprung up like a mushroom and whose future is safe. Located on the main line of a great transcontinental rail- way system, having one of the greatest water powers in the Northwest, in the very heart of a rich agricultural, cattle' and sheep country, with unbounded natural re- sources and distributing facilities, American Falls is des- tined to become one of the great manufacturing and dis- tributing centers of the great Northwest. Hotel Spokane TKeTravclingCarver View af fireplace ir\ Silver Grill Room- I Views of foremost, hostelry in Spokai\g| 230 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Director of the United States Reclamation Service, F. H. Newell and a Group of His Able Assistants. 1. Director of the United States Reclamation Service F. H. Newell. 2. A. P. Davis, Chief Engineer, U. S. R. S. 3. H. W. Sanders, Consulting Engineer, U. S. R. S. 4. O. H. Ensign, Chief Electrical Engineer, U. S. R. S. 5. C. J. Blanchard, Statistician, U. S. R. S. 6. Louis C. Hill, Supervising Engineer, Salt River & Yuma Projects; also Strawberry Valley Project, Utah, and Carlsbad, Hondo and Rio Grande Projects, New Mexico. 7. Morris Bien, in charge Land and Legal Division, U. S. R. S. 8. I. W. McConnell, Engineer in Charge, Uncompahgre and Grand Valley Projects, Colo., North Plate, Wyoming and Nebraska, Belle Fourche, S. D., and Garden City, Kansas, Projects. 9. E. T. Perkins, Transportation Agent, U. S. R. S. 10. R. F. Walter, Belle Fourche, S. D., Project. 11. S. B. Robbins, Project Engineer, Sun River, Montana. 12. H. N. Savage, Supervising Engineer, in charge North Dakota, Montana and Northern Wyoming Projects. 13. C. C. Babb, Project Engineer, in charge of Milk River Project, Montana. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 231 MANLESS LAND FOR LANDLESS MAN. C J. BLANCHARD, Statistician U. S. Reclamation Service. There never was a time in our history when the hunger for land was greater than it is at present. The Golden West, with its millions of acres yet untouched by plow, is the Mecca of homeseekers. It is perhaps the last opportunity in this country for the home-build- er whose means are limited. Our Nation's greatness has its foundations in the home of the man whose feet are firmly planted on his own land. There is no na- tional stability in a citizenship bred and reared in tene- ments. Patriotism, loyalty and civic pride are not bred and fostered in the crowded centers of the cities. The destiny of the Nation is overshadowed in the provisions made in the prosperity and attainment of its citizens. An assurance that the great men of our people shall re- side in homes of their own is the insurance that our future will be one of stability and progress. The great need in the present time, as we see it, is for a proper classification of our public domain, in or- der that reliable information concerning the opportuni- ties for home-builders in all parts of the West may be made public. There is much complaint at the present time that our knowledge of these -lands with respect to soil, climate and adaptability to agriculture is so lim- ited that inquirers are not able to secure satisfactory information to enable them to make choice of location. For one hundred years we have been administering the most valuable estate any Nation ever possessed without any appreciation of its value. Our chief purpose ap- parently has been to get rid of its as quickly as possible without regard to the future when millions of our peo- ple will be clamoring for homes. At one time the property of the Nation embraced 1,800,000,000 acres; today it has been reduced to less than 400,000,000 acres. The remaining public lands occupy two distinct ag- ricultural regions, differing materially in climate, soil and crops. West of 'the Missouri Eiver lies a vast region extending westward to the foothills of the Rocky Moun- tains and from the Panhandle of Texas northward into Canada. It is known as the Great Plains. For many years the vast region has been utilized as a public com- mon. Countless cattle and sheep have had free access to it and have overgrazed it. Its administration is still one of the most vexing problems before Congress. Beyond the Rocky Mountains lies the true desert, a land of mysterious silence; a land of potential great- ness, awaiting the magic kiss of canal-borne water to wake to teeming fecundity. In many parts of it Nature has placed in juxtapo- sition all the natural elements except rainfall required for a fruitful, prosperous country. Its climate is health- ful and salubrious; its valleys and plains possess a soil of inexhaustible fertility, and from the forest-clad moun- tains, with summits in regions of perpetual snow, count- less streams rush downward to both oceans or flow into desert sinks and there evaporate. How to overcome the absence of moisture from the clouds and thus bring the region to its proper state of development is today a prob- lem of paramount importance. Its successful solution will provide a safety valve against the impending dan- ger of congestion in the cities of the East. The future of our desert empire is, in a measure, predicated by the marvelous achievements of the pioneers. With a courage born of conviction and fos- tered by the hope which dwells perennial in the breast of the Argonaut of the sage-brush country, they have, within the past few years, wrested from a region long regarded as absolutely worthless, a crop-producing, home-supporting area of inexhaustible fertility, greater in extent than the cultivated lands in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Delaware, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Vermont, and capable of supporting a larger rural population. More than $120,000,000 have been expended in irrigation- works in the West, and 70,000 miles of canals now carry the life-giving wa- ters to 10,000,000 acres, which each year produce crops valued at more than $250,000,000. As good American citizens, we owe it to ourselves to extend our knowledge of this splendid country. There is an inspiration in the breadth and vastness of this sleeping empire in the West, and a sublimity in the lofty mountains whose summits are clothed in perpetual snow. One breathes optimism and grows in mental breadth and strength in contemplating scenery which has no counterpart in the world. The economic value of national irrigation cannot be measured in dollars and cents. The desert made habitable offers the boon of health to him who erects his dwelling upon it. You cannot fix the possibilities of this land of silence and sunshine. We know that the influence of its far-flung horizons and its true perspec- tive are potential in character-molding and building. Instead of the dead level of mediocrity, which prevails in modern city life, the desert offers the uplift of un- measured distances, the perpetual sunshine, and the in- dividual home, with the broader freedom of action which comes with life in the open. There is a constant inspiration to industry, a stimulation to endeavor, in the superabundant life which springs from the bosom of the desert when water is applied. The transformation which follows irrigation is so remarkable that we are prone to believe Aladdin and his lamp have really ap- peared. It is generally conceded that the passage of the National Reclamation Law gave an impetus to irrigation development throughout the arid West. It encouraged private enterprise, and gave stability and value to irri- gation bonds as investments. It quickened many enter- prises which have languished for years, and promoted the taking up of projects by corporations on a larger scale than ever before attempted. Instead of retarding or restricting legitimate private enterprise, the attitude of the Federal Government has been to step aside in all cases where it was made evident that such corpora- tions undertake and complete the work under plans which would properly protect the people. Aside from protecting its interests in the works al- ready undertaken or laid out for the future, there has been non interference with corporations or individuals. As a matter of fact few, if any, of the projects taken up by the Service were attractive to private capital. 232 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Those which contain considerable areas of land in pri- vate ownership were not approved until practically all of the land owners had made petition to the Government for such construction. The promotion of irrigation works by legitimate corporations has been beneficial to the Government and vice-versa. Large corporations are able to carry on the work of settlement in a manner not permitted by the Government. They conduct a real estate business while the Government does not. All their advertising, however, creates an interest in the country and the reflex benefit is received by the Gov- ernment. The whole West has benefited greatly by the very wide publicity the press of the country has gener- ously accorded the work of the Reclamation Service. Arid America is no longer "terra incognita." Its re- sources and opportunities are now more widely known than ever before. The Service is interested not only in exploiting the lands embraced in its projects, it is also directly concerned in the fullest possible development region long given over to sage-brush or buffalo grass- is now covered with growing crops. It is a new epoch for our land of silence and sunshine; an epoch of ma- terial growth and prosperity, and continuous progress toward higher ideals in agriculture as well as in the life of the people. A SUCCESSFUL ENTERPRISE. The French Land & Irrigation Company of French, Colfax county, New Mexico, with general offices at 604 Atwood building, Chicago, have the largest private irri- gating enterprise in New Mexico. They now have practically completed an irrigation system sufficient to thoroughly reclaim over 20,000 acres of land in the famous Antelope valley. Their engineers, Messrs. Field. Fellows & Hinderlider, of Denver, Colo., pronounce this one of the finest irrigation enterprises that have come under their notice, and assure the company that there is no doubt whatever about their having an abundant water supply, and the fact that this enterprise is HAULING 990BU.OF WHEAT, The above illustration gives one a good idea of the wholesale way in which farming operations are carried on in the great grain growing regions of the West. The outfit belongs to A. Danicourt of Groton, S. D.. and the motive power is a Hart-Parr Gas Tractor. The ground around Groton is comparatively level, and in the fall the roads are ideal for the use of traction engines. of other areas. Is is from the disposal of such areas that the bulk of money is received with which its work is carried on. For the past year the Homeseekers' Bureau of the Reclamation Service has been a busy branch of the Washington office. With from 100 to 200 letters of in- quiry coming daily from all parts of the world to be answered, the volume of correspondence has been enor- mous. The majority of these letters require personal replies. It is gratifying to those in charge to know that already 10,000 families have ventured into the West to conquer a new country, largely as a result of this work and the publicity which has been given it. The landless man has been invited to take up the manless land.' Most of those who have accepted the in- vitation have made that land laugh a harvest. New homes are springing up everywhere in the desert, and a under the personal supervision of this firm of engineers is sufficient guarantee that the work is thoroughly done. In addition to the system already in, plans have been made to extend the system over the entire holdings of this company, which include over 50,000 acres of as fertile land as is found anywhere in the country. This company also own the townsite of French, which is rapidly grow- ing and affords unusual opportunities for those seeking to establish a business in a new town that is bound to be- come the chief trading point of a large and prosperous community. Their advertisement appears on page 283 of this issue. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and $ the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated •j* work for new beginners in irrigation. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 233 Southern Pacific Farming Demonstration Train "And he hath brought us into this place, and hath given us this land." Deuteronomy 2o-U. Senator Beveridge, in his recent Portland address, said : "Oregon is the grandest country I have ever seen and I have been nearly all over the world. When I re- tire I am going to buy a little ranch in Oregon and settle down." If he could have accompanied the South- ern Pacific demonstration train recently through the Willamette Valley he would surely have made his pur- chase before leaving for the East in anticipation of the rapid rise in values which will, no doubt, take place as an after-effect of the educational work just completed. Early in November, 1908, the most elaborate and complete train ever equipped for demonstration work in the United States, left Portland for an eight days' trip children and apparent amazement of their elders, as there are few opportunities to see these machines in the Valley at present. Car Xo. 2 was prepared to accommodate the public in Ciise of bad weather, but there was no occasion to use it during the trip. Car No. 3 was in charge of Prof. H. D. Scudder, agronomist, and contained illustrations of better meth- ods of farming that could be applied by farmers in the Willamette Valley. Soils of all kinds and how to use them were prominently displayed. One of the mosl interesting exhibits was the method of seed selection and propagation of same. This illustration alone should save thousands of dollars to the farmers in Oregon. Car No. 4 was in charge of Prof. A. B. Cordley, entomological expert, and Prof. F. L. Kent, dairy hus- bandry. Prof. Cordley had illustrations in frames, es- pecially prepared for the trip, showing nearly all the diseases and bad bugs that infect our fruit, also the method of exterminating same so far as known. Prof. throughout the Willamette Valley. The train was in charge of General Freight Agent R. B. Miller, working in conjunction with Dr. James Withycombe, president of the Experiment Station of the Oregon Agricultural College at Corvallis, assisted by eight professors from the institution. The train was made up of seven cars, as follows: Car No. 1 was occupied by Clara Eva and Lady King, two cows of good family and excellent reputation. Clara Eva, a Jersey, has a record of 530 pounds of but- ter from 8.733 pounds of milk and Lady King, an Ayr- shire, gave 544 pounds of butter from 11,769 pounds of milk. The stalls occupied by the cows were of the latest type in every respect and so simple in construction that most any one could build one. A gasoline engine in one corner operated a compressed air machine to which a milking machine was attached and at each station one of the cows was milked, to the great delight of the school Kent had a complete dairy kitchen in his end of the car showing just what a model dairy establishment should consist of. Car No. 5 was in charge of Prof. C. I. Lewis, horti- culturist, assisted by Prof. Cole and Prof. Allen. Here complete information was given on how to raise and pack all kinds of fruit, bud and trim trees and in fact, all subject matter relative to the fruit industry. Car No. 6, sleeping accommodations for party. Car No. 7, private car California. The train covered 442 miles during the time and held sessions at twenty-seven towns, meeting and ad- dressing over 25,000 people. Everywhere the merry, bright faced children thronged the train listening eagerly to the talks, viewing with open-eyed astonishment the exhibits and in many instances making a second trip through the train for further information. At every stop the public schools were present, and in nearly every 234 THE IKBIGATION AGE. instance the stores remained closed until the train de- parted. It will hardly be necessary for the Government to send a farm commission to the Willamette Valley to investigate conditions, for they would have poor ground to work on. The farmers that visited the train were prosperous looking in every way. They had happy look- ing wives and children, sleek horses and good wagons and harness, and while they are intelligent, there was evident inclination to know more. Mr. Miller, the of- ficial representative of the railroad, told them the pur- pose of this trip was to make them better farmers so that they would increase their production, thereby mak- ing traffic for the railroad. Dr. Withycombe, usually took for his subject the "Old Eed Cow," insisting that her product may be in- creased both in quantity and quality by selection and testing. He stated that the net return from the dairy products of the average dairy cow in a year is $50.00. The life of an average cow is ten years. Therefore, every cow the farmer "veals" represents a loss to the farmer of $500. Prof. Scudder and his charts illustrating a soiling crop system for the Valley was surrounded by a crowd from the time the train stopped until it started. This chart told how eight acres of kale will yield 294 tons of feed, with rye, oats, vetch, clover and corn, a soiling crops give 547 tons of continuous green feed, for dairy herds the year around. By using these crops under the Scudder system, fifty cows can be kept on twenty-five acres of Willamette Valley land. Prof. A. B. Cordley, the entomologist, told the crowds all about the bugs and pests and claims they are a benefit to the grower as the entire elimination of same would produce a condition that would make the growing of perfect fruit so easy the product would be of little value. The professor lost no time, however, in impres- sing upon the mind of his visitors the bad effect of his numerous pests and bugs and the best known methods of doing away with them. Prof. F. L. Kent made butter while you waited from the milk of Clara Eva and Lady King, and told how to weed out cows from the dairy herd whose pro- duction of butter fat was so low as to make the cows unprofitable. There are thousands of cows in the Walla- mette Valley eating more than they produce every day and the simple tests of Prof. Kent, will, no doubt, result in an increased shipment of beef to Portland in the near future through the marketing of unproductive dairy cows. Prof. Lewis, the horticulturist, told his story and clinched it by showing several boxes of Willamette Val- ley apples of as fine a quality as ever were grown. His system of grafting and pruning, as illustrated by prac- tical examples, was well received and many old orchards will be rejiivenated as opportunity offers as a result of his demonstrations. One of the most interesting talks given on the train was by C. A. Malbouef, district freight agent for the Southern Pacific, who accompanied the train. He was supplied with a mass of statistics that prove the great development in store for the Willamette Valley. "There are 5,000,000 acres of fruit lands lying west of the Cascade Mountains in this state," said Mr. Mal- bouef. "Today there are less than 35,000 acres in bear- ing orchards. The total shipment of fruit — green, dried and canned, is about 1,500 cars a year. When the pres- ent, acreage is all in bearing, within the next six or seven years, shipments ought, under ordinary condi- tions, to multiply tenfold. In the Eogue River section, which is in the highest state of development, particularly in apples and pears, there is yet room to expand the production to the extent of 200 times its present output. "The Willamette Valley has over 2,000,000 acres of fruit lands, not counting the hill sections. Ship- ments of fruit are limited, except dried, which amounts to about 20,000,000 pounds a year. But every county in the Valley is setting out fruit, Marion, Lane and Clackamas especially planting pears and cherries, while the berry industry has already assumed large propor- tions. Markets depend, of course, on the establishment of canneries and the shipment of the fruit green in re- frigerator cars. In Washington, berries have been shipped under ice satisfactorily, and cherries safely across the country under refrigeration. "Prune crops of this state are increasing slowly, the better care and improved markets helping this prod- uct along. The recognition of the Oregon prune in the East is increasing so as to justify a much larger pro- duction. California ships prunes to the extent of 100,- 000 tons a year, while Oregon sends away barely 15,000 tons. "The production of apples in the United States has averaged for the past fifteen years about 250,000 cars. The product is actually decreasing, especially in the Eastern States, while the production of the Pacific Coast is increasing. This coast will be a large future source of supply as far as the higher grades of apples are concerned. Oregon shipped last year a trifle less than 1,000 cars. There should be an increase in shipments of 50 per cent during the next six or seven years, based on the new acreage not yet yielding. After that time, production will depend upon conditions as they exist then. Within eight years from now there ought to be shipped away from this state 10,000 cars of apples a year. Apples grown in the Willamette Valley are just as good as those grown any where when care is given this fruit. The Valley apple possesses great sweetness and in that respect compares with the very best apples grown in the Eastern States. "Dairy products of the Willamette Valley are also bound to increase to a great extent. During the present year Oregon will turn out dairy products to the value of nearly $20,000,000, nearly all of which come from the Willamette Valley. Washington County, the pioneer in milk condensers, will turn out dairy products worth about $1,000,000. Yamhill is following closely in the steps of her sister county and will soon have three milk condensers in operation. Creamery stations are being established everywhere through the Valley. "Within the next ten years, it is estimated by com- petent people who have watched the dairy industry in this Valley closely since it was established, the product of the state in this line alone will be valued annually at not less than $50,000,000, and the fruit interests by that time will be a source of wealth to the state of up- wards of $15,000,000 as against the present production of less than $5,000,000." The benefits to accrue from this trip will be better stock and better methods of cultivation in all lines, the disappearance of hopeless drudgery to be replaced by less work, better education and more money. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 235 I And behold the "Dry Farmer" is abroad in the land and places that were barren now blossom as the rose. Wyoming invites you to study her resources and her great possibilities for development. For many years the state has been celebrated as a stock country. With a total area of over 63,000,000 acres, with poor transportation fa- cilities until within recent years, it has been a difficult mat- ter to understand fully what the state has to offer the home-seeker and investor. Fully 8,000,000 acres will be ultimately irrigated. Plans are now in progress for the reclamation of over 2,000,000 acres. This land will all be worth from $80 to $200 per acre within the next ten years. When irrigated land can now be bought for from $25 to $50 per acre the investor has every encouragement. Those who are planning to go West should not only understand climatic conditions, quality of soils, proximity of market, the possibility of developing other industries within or adjacent to the agricultural area, the water supply, etc., but all should understand the state laws that apply in any particular line of business. In Wyoming it is impos- sible to speculate in water. It is the first essential for the protection of the investor in irrigated lands, and the farmer who establishes his home thereon. Water belongs to the land, and the limit of the use is fixed by the extent of beneficial use that is necessary. It is impossible to sell the water right separate from the lands irrigated. This maintains all lands of a community of equal worth, and every tract increases uniformly in value. Opportunities for individual effort in the construction of irrigation works are numerous. Many companies have completed irrigation works and the home-seeker is now invited to come to Wyoming and select his land, for which the state guaran- tees a permanent water right. The state board of immi- gration, Cheyenne, Wyo., will furnish many details upon application. Every county in Wyoming contains undeveloped re- sources. All have possibilities for agricultural develop- ment. It has been found recently that a large area of land not susceptible of irrigation can be farmed by meth- ods unknown a few years ago. By proper cultivation of the soil moisture that falls in the form of rain and snow can be retained in the ground for the use of plant life. This branch of arid agriculture has been so successful that many hundreds of families have located on lands that were for- merly thought to be fit only for grazing herds of cattle and horses and flocks of sheep. The "dry farmer" has been so successful that Congress has recognized him as an important factor in the development of the West, and a law was enacted last winter which enables homesteads to be taken up in tracts of 320 acres. The state board of immigration can furnish information regarding this law and direct intending settlers to localities where such lands are open to entry. Probably 25,000,000 acres will be ulti- mately farmed in Wyoming in this manner. Wyoming stands first in the number of sheep raised within the borders of the state. It is still one of the important horse and cattle regions of the nation. All stock business has been modified by the growth of agricul- ture. This transition has made the livestock business more safe and the man who attains the greatest success in this calling is today combining the growing of sheep, cattle and horses with enough farming to insure winter feed, to themselves. While coal is found in nearly every county e Creator must have provided the natural scenery of Wyoming to inspire mankind and to lead him to appreciate the beautiful. A camp amid the scenic wonders of the state develops man physically and spiritually. Water taken from its natural channel and conducted through artificial canals to dry lands leads to wealth and prosperity and insures the highest type of agriculture. and while oil and gas wells are being developed in many sections of the state the mountains, many chains of which have scarcely been explored, are to add greatly to the wealth of the commonwealth. There timber is found in considerable quanaity. The streams have great fall and afford many opportunities for water power development. Immense bodies of copper, iron and other ores are now being opened up and within the next few years Wyoming will possess some of the greatest mining camps in the will possess some of the greatest mining camps in the world, growth in wealth and population. Opportunity beckons those who desire to invest in a virgin country, where every path leads to success and wealth. With scenery that can- not be surpassed in grandure, with innumerable oppor- tunities for establishing resorts that for health and recrea- tion can not be equaled, with a climate, soil and other agricultural conditions that should appeal to the highest type of the rural population of the land, Wyoming will be the home of the most progressive and most prosperous people that the earth has yet produced. Wyoming is today progressive as a state and as a people. No region offers so many inducements to those who wish to establish them- selves in an independent pursuit. The state conducts an immigration commission for the purpose of assisting all who desire to study the resources of the state, and the opportunities it affords for all kinds of investments. Prompt replies will be made to all inquiries that are re- ceived by the state board of immigration, Cheyenne, Wyo. 236 THE IRH1GATION AGE. YAKIMA COUNTY, WASHINGTON. By QRANV1LLE LOWTHER. When Nature distributed her gifts she did not put all the best in one place, but she put so many of them in the Yakima Valley that its fame has become wide- spread. The source of this valley is in the Cascade Range, where there are snow-covered mountains, beau- tiful lakes, dense forests, vast deposits of coal and val- uable minerals. From the lakes above the valley, comes the water supply for irrigating the lands newly reclaimed from sage-brush desert and turned into beautiful farms, orchards and gardens. This supply furnishes sufficient power to turn thousands of mills, run electric car lines and light millions of homes. HON. GEO. E. BARSTOW. President Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress. Irrigation makes intensive farming possible; in- tensive farming produces large profits on small areas of land ; large profits make great wealth and dense popu- lation. That which is possible is actually coming to pass, for our well-developed country districts are so thickly populated they look almost like the suburban portions of the city. The dense population results in extensive public improvements. Where a family can make as much mon- ey on five acres of land as the average family will make on 160 acres, it is possible to place thirty-two families on the same area that will support one family in the unirrigated regions. Thirty-two families on a small area like this con- tribute in a larger degree to the building of all public institutions and the establishment of commercial cen- ters than is possible in the more sparsely settled, unirri- gated districts. This produces a new type of social and intellectual life; in fact, the city and country are brought so close together that there are no class dis- tinctions. Yakima climate is healthful; the air is pure and invigorating. Its summers are not excessively hot, be- cause every night the cool air from the ranges lowers the temperature and makes sleep refreshing. Its winters are not extremely cold, because the prevailing winds are from the northwest and the warm air of the coast, tempered by the Japan current, is conveyed across the mountains, this mitigating the cold that prevails in the same latitude farther inland. Its soil is a volcanic ash, rich in the chemicals necessary to produce the best fruits and vegetable products, which command the high- est market prices, making the producers large profits. Yakima County, bounded on the west by the Cas- cade Eange, includes Mt. Adams, rising 12,307 feet above the sea and always covered with snow. In this part are vast deposits of semi-anthracite coal awaiting transportation by the railroads already under construc- tion. The county extends eastward about seventy-eight miles to the Columbia River and Benton County. The county seat is North Yakima, a city of about 13,000 population. Concentering at North Yakima, like the spokes of a wheel toward the hub, are fertile valleys and high plateaus, the very best fruit lands of the North- west. The products of these valleys and plateaus must flow into North Yakima as a commercial center and the vast populations they will support it will make it the center of trade. There are already within a radius of three miles of the town, more people than there are within a similar territory in the entire country. The city has five banks with deposits aggregating nearly $4,000,000. The general appearance of the prin- cipal streets, which are paved and have miles of cement walks, indicate to the visitor a city of busy, happy peo- ple. There are miles of stone and brick business blocks, presenting marked contrast to the sage-brush to be seen here and there from the windows of the railway and electric cars. Among the fine buildings recently erected are a court house costing $125,000 ; a thoroughly modern and up-to-date high school structure that cost $100,000; a Y. M. C. A. building; a Rex Spray factory; a State Fair building ; a public library and hundreds of residences. No city of its size can show more progress and more public-spirited citizens. A large membership of all the principal denominations shows the moral tone of the city to be wholesome. Two new churches are just being completed at a cost of over $85,000. A COUNTRY FOR HOMES. There are times when nearly all persons long for THE IRKIGATIOX AGE. 237 country life. Our populations came from the country, and their instincts and longings are for country homes. There is something restful and healthful about a coun- try home properly built and conducted, that we cannot get in the struggle in the city. Therefore the hearts of men cry "back to Nature" as surely as the plant reaches for the sunlight or sends its rootlets into the earth in search of food. It is genuine pleasure to the educated mind to see the flowers bloom, the grasses grow, the trees laden with luscious fruits; to hear the bees hum, the birds sing and to listen to the music of the winds; to feel the stimulus of healthful exercise and the con- sciousness that he is producing, actually creating from the soil the equivalent of what he consumes. In the mid- dle and eastern states the soil in places yields so scantily that life is too hard and living too meager to make either pleasant or profitable. But in this irrigated region, where often $1,000 in net profits can be taken from one acre of land, and where five acres make an income greater than 160 acres of the average cultivated lands in the east, is different. Homes are built outside the city limits that rival those of the city itself. Such conditions naturally attract the more intelligent class of citizens and make association with them doubly pleas- ant. These homes, and the full bearing orchards, sell for a high price, but they yield a good interest on the in- vestment. No other place is better adapted to the rear- ing of children. Freed from the temptations of the streets, they are at the same time in touch with the best educational systems. GENERAL INDUSTRIES. Many think that because this is a fruit-growing country other industries do not pay. This is an error which will be apparent upon a moment's reflection. Any one can see that where so many are engaged in fruit raising there will be greater demand for other products and a better market for them at home than if farming were diversified. Alfalfa brings a better price than if the majority of farmers produce it; and there are lands not adapted to fruits, where hay can be most success- fully grown. There are lands also wnere dairying pays better than anything else. In some unirrigated lands wheat is profitably grown and potatoes yield abundant- ly. Poultry, too, and bee culture supplement the orchard industry in many ways. A study of the following facts and figures is an object lesson to investors: Brief synopsis of what the United States government has done and is doing in Yakima county: Sunnyside Canal. Number miles main canal 60 Number miles laterals (estimated) 100 Number acres now under irrigation 50,000 Total expenditure $1,250.000 Is being still further improved and extended and sev- eral thousand acres additional will soon be brought under cultivation. Wapato Project. Number miles main canal 25 Number miles main laterals 55 Number acres irrigated 40,000 Total expenditure $250.000 New Reservation Canal No. 2 (a part of the Wapato project) is soon to be extended about 60 miles and will have three laterals with a combined length of 25 miles. This extension will reclaim more than 100,000 acres. Esti- mated cost, $1,500,000. Tieton Canal (Now Under Construction). Number miles main canal 12 Three main laterals, combined length, miles 25 Number acres to be irrigated 30,000 Total cost when completed (estimated) $1,800,000 RECAPITULATION OF GOVERNMENT WORKS. Mileage. .Number miles main canals now in operation 85 Number miles main laterals now in operation 155 Number miles main canals now under construction 12 Number miles main laterals now under construction (estimated) 25 Number miles proposed extensions.' upon which work will soon begin 85 Total number miles main canals and laterals 363 Acreage. Number of acres now under government canal and laterals 90 000 Number acres to be reclaimed by canals now under construction 30 000 r acres to be reclaimed by proposed exten- sions 100,000 Total acres to come under government canals. .220,000 Cost. Sunnyside canal $1,250,000 Wapato project 250 000 New Reservation Canal No. 2 (estimated) .... l 500 000 Tieton canal (extended) 1,800,000 Total cost of government works $4,800.000 In addition to the government projects there are sev- eral corporate enterprises at work on canal systems which will add 12,000 to 15,000 acres to the irrigated area. . .The total mileage of all main canals and main laterals in Yakima county, now in operation and soon to be con- structed, is considerably in excess of 500 miles Note.— These figures relate to what has been done and is now being done and what will be done in the im- mediate future, and not to what may and probably will be done at some indefinite future time. Total number acres in county (including Indian rre,Ser™t j°n) • • .: 2,100,000 Classified as follows: Orchard Lands. Number acres bearing (500,000 trees) . . 8,000 Number acres planted 1 to 3-year-old trees (2,000,000 trees) 25,000 Number acres orchard lands under irri- gation, not yet planted 15.000 Number acres orchard lands not yet under irrigation 200,000 Total number acres orchard lands.. 248,000 Farming, Stockraising, Etc. Number acres farm lands under irriga- tion 120,000 Number acres hops, small fruit and gar- dens 5,000 Number acres lands under cultivation — not irrigated 20,000 Number acres grazing lands — not irri- gated 400,000 Number acres government and state lands, timber lands and other wild lands (including reservation) 1,307,000 248,000 Total number acres miscell. lands. .1,852,000 1,852,000 Grand total all lands 2,140,000 Total lands in county under cultivation (acres) . . . 193.000 Total lands in county under irrigation (acres).... 173,000 Statement of the Value of Products of Yakima County for the Year 1908. Apples and other fruit crops $ 1,350,000 Potatoes and other vegetables 875,000 Grain crops 550,000 Hay crops 2,850,000 Livestock and wool 1,400,000 Hops 118,000 Nursery stocks 250,000 Cannery products 375,000 Dairy and poultry products 880,000 Manufactured products 2,100,000 Total value of products Population of county, 42,000. Per capita production, $241.60. .$10,148,000 238 THE IRRIGATION AGE. POWER IRRIGATION BY E. C. REYBOLD, JR. ELECTRIC PUMPING. When one is about to pump for irrigation purposes, and electricity can be secured at reasonable rates, there is no need for hesitation. With a well designed steam or gasoline plant but little trouble is experienced, but even at that there is no comparison between such power and electricity that can be favorable to the former if electricity can be purchased at a cost equal to the cost of fuel and labor. If a pumping plant operated by steam or producer gas is of considerable size (say 50 h. p. or more), and is well designed, electricity must be sold at a very low rate to compete with coal at less than $4.00 per ton. The above conclusions are from a financial standpoint only, as there is always a great ad- vantage in favor of electricity when the petty annoyances and troubles usually experienced with steam, gasoline or producer plants are considered, not the smallest of which is that of delivery of fuel to the power plant. From the standpoint of the individual farmer it is scarcely necessary to consider any plant of more power than about 25 h. p. which will pump sufficient water for a section of land lying 20 feet above the source of supply, or for half a section lying 40 feet high. And if electricity can be secured at present prices throughout the West — 2 cents to 3^ cents per kilowatt- hour for pumping purposes — electric pumps are to be recommended. When a number of land owners to- gether install a large pumping plant the kind of power to be used de- pends entirely upon the precise con- ditions at hand, and although elec- tricity is always used wherever pos- sible, it does not have the clear field that it does for small individual plants. Electric motors are used quite generally for running working heads placed over deep or shallow wells, and but few windmills that are blown down in a section where electricity is obtainable are re- placed. Such pumps will deliver ample water for resi- dences and barns, but they are insufficient in capacity for irrigating any more than a small tract of land. Rotary pumps are also frequently driven by motors, but gears must be used on account of the slow speed of the pumps. Motors are peculiarly adapted to driving centrifugal pumps on account of the high speed of each, and as a major portion of all power irrigation is accomplished with such pumps, the combination is a fortunate one. Either horizontal or vertical centrifugal pumps may be driven by belts, but the ideal unit consists of a motor direct-connected to a pump of similar speed. The loss of power in the belt is thus obviated, and much floor space saved. Vertical centrifugal pumps are often di- rect-connected to motors with vertical shafts, a flexible coupling being used between in order that the motor may be required to carry only the weight of its own revolving parts. Vertical motors are more expensive than horizontal, and such units are not frequently used. The most desirable combination of all consists of a horizontal centrifugal pump direct-connected to a motor that is mounted upon the same bed plate. A flexible leather link coupling should be used between in order that neither shaft may exert any strain upon the other, and that the motor armature may float as it de- sires. The end thrust of the pump should be com- pensated by special bearings and collars, or better by the special automatic water balance used by some manu- facturers. The pump should be equipped with one or two ring-oiling bearings, the latter being essential with pumps of very large size. All motors have two ring- oiling bearings, and the matter of lubrication of hori- zontal motor operated units is of small consequence. - The same is not true of vertical units. The open type of runner is used by some manu- facturers, but the enclosed type is rapidly coming into general use. The speed of rotation of a centrifugal pump is de- termined by the head against which it operates, and the diameter of the runner, varying directly as to the square root of the head, and indirectly as to the diameter of Horizontal Centrifugal Pump Direct-Connected to Motor." the runner. If a motor of a certain speed is to be di- rect-connected to a pump, the runner must be properly proportioned for the head against which it must op- erate, and for the quantity of water to be discharged. Alternating current is used almost entirely for irrigation work, and such motors may be obtained running at any one of about six speeds, their cost decreasing with the increase of speed. The majority of motor manufac- turers make motors of each size in but two or three speeds for standard types, although they are prepared to make them at any synchronous speed on special or- der. When once selected the speed cannot be changed. The above applies only to induction (alternating cur- rent) motors, as it is usually possible to obtain a direct current motor running at any reasonable speed, and it is also possible to change the speed of such a motor without great difficulty. Induction motors do not have brushes or commutators, as do direct current, and there THE IRRIGATION AGE. 239 is no moving part that touches another part with the sole exception of where the shafts run in the bearings. VARIABLE HEADS. If a motor-pump with a fixed speed is designed for a certain head, say 30 feet, with a capacity of say 1,800 gallons per minute, it will operate at its best efficiency at that head. If a valve in the pipe at say 15 feet head is now opened, the quantity of water dis- charged will be greatly increased, prob- ably reaching 2,400 gallons per minute. The power consumed by the motor will increase since the efficiency of the pump is decreased when the speed of the run- ner is too high for the head it is pump- ing against. If a direct current motor is used under such conditions, the speed should be reduced to that required for the lower head, but this is impossible with an induction motor, as indicated above. If, when operating under such conditions, it becomes necessary to re- duce the pump capacity at the lower head to the original capacity for which it was designed, a gate valve may be used upon the discharge side of the pump to throttle the discharge. A cer- tain loss of power is then occasioned. When it is necessary to operate under such conditions, it is advisable to use a motor of ample power to handle the greater quantity of water that will be discharged at the lower head, permit- ting the pump to throw the full quan- tity that it desires without throttling. It is an interesting fact that a motor driving a centrifugal pump at a fixed speed may be overloaded when pumping against a lower head than that for which it was designed, but neither motor nor pump can be injured by at- tempting to pump against a higher head, if the speed is not changed. The pressure created by the pump cannot, exceed that which the runner speed and diameter will give, and if the head is greater than this, the water will rise in the pipe to the point which the pressure will give, and stand there without any flow. Such is always true when a cen- trifugal pump is operated at too low a speed. It is, of course, possible to have a head at which a small quantity of water will be discharged, but at a foot or two greater head no water would flow. PRIMING. Priming may be accomplished in any of the ordi- nary ways. The use of a pitcher spout pump to suck water from the top of the pump, while the gate valve on the discharge side is closed, is recommended highly. A foot valve may be used if the height of lift and length of discharge pipe are not great enough to be dangerous. Many a pump has been cracked by water hammer in a long discharge pipe with a high head. A check valve may be used instead of a gate valve, but either a check or a foot valve cause a certain amount of drag upon the "Vertical Cen- trifugal Pump Di- rect-Connected to Motor." waUr while a gate valve gives a clear passage. If a priming pump is used the motor should be started when the [jump is fully primed, the valve being slowly opened when the pump attains full speed. There is no danger of injury by keeping the gate valve closed when running, and if the valve is opened slowly the discharge pipe may- be filled without overloading the motor. It is evident that the pump will discharge a tremendous quantity of water when operating against the small head that it has before the discharge pipe is full. ATTENDANCE REQUIRED. A motor-pump may be operated continuously through the irrigation season with no more frequent visits than are necessary to see that the oil cups on the stuffing boxes (if any) are filled. It can be run through the night without any attention whatever. MAINTENANCE. The repairs in a well designed motor-pump are usu- ally considered as being negligible. A very small quan- tity of oil is required for a season. POWER REQUIRED. In order to determine approximately the power re- quired for any pump, use the following short rule : Multiply gallons per minute by feet head including friction, and divide by 4,000. The result obtained is the theoretical horsepower required. Then divide by the efficiency of the pump in per cent. A good centrifugal pump with a capacity of 900 gallons per minute or more will give an efficiency between 60 and 75 percent. Sup- pose we want to pump 1,600 gallons per minute 25 feet high, discharging it through 2,000 feet of 15-inch pipe in which the friction head is about 5 feet. The total head is thus 30 feet, which multiplied by 1,600 gives 48,000. Divide this by 4,000, and the result of 12 is the theoretical horsepower required. If the efficiency of the pump is 60 percent, divide by 60 per cent, and get 20 h. p. as the motor power required. A motor of ample capacity should be used, as there is no apprecia- ble loss of power by using a motor that is larger than the actual requirement would seem to indicate. It does not pay to run a large motor at only one-quarter load, but at any point between half load and full load, the efficiency is very high, and the amount of current con- sumed will be just in proportion to the amount of work done. TRANSFORMERS. Alternating current is usually distributed at high voltages, sometimes exceeding 100,000 volts, but motors are never contructed for voltages higher than 2,200, and even then in no sizes less than 25 h. p. The power company will usually serve current at 6,600 or 2,200 volts, and unless a large 2,200-volt motor is to be used on a 2,200 volt line it is necessary to use transformers to reduce the voltage to that of the motors, which is usually 220 volts or 440 volts. If 220 volts is used, there is little danger to the operators, and lamps may be used on the same circuit to light the pumping house. Such is the voltage usually recommended for irrigating plants. It is usually the custom for the power company to serve current at a reasonable voltage, the owner of the motor to furnish transformers, if necessary. The capacity of transformers required for a pumping load requires careful consideration of both efficiency and 240 THE IRRIGATION AGE. power factor of the motor to be used. Roughly, in small units, a transformer capacity of 1.2 kilowatts is required for each horse power actually delivered by the motor, but as the capacity required varies in accord- ance with the method of connecting the transformers, ihe advice of a competent engineer should be secured before making a decision. COSTS OF IRRIGATING. The costs of pumping an acre-foot of water (45,360 cubic feet) to any height with electricity depends only upon the cost of the current, without regard to the time required, the capacity of the pump, or the power of the motor, provided only it is assumed that the effi- ciecies of the units of various sizes are the same. Since this is true with but a small variation, it is considered a fact in compiling the annexed table. In this table the costs of pumping an acre-foot of water to various heights are given at various costs of electricity, with corrections for small pumps, belted units, etc. In order to determine the total cost of pumping for the season, the monthly charge for readiness-to-serve (if any) must be added to the figures taken from the table. For example, suppose we have a 20-horse power motor-pump lifting water 30 feet high, including pipe friction, and are irrigating 200 acres of land, the pump capacity being 1,600 gallons per minute, and cost of current 50 cents per month per horsepower for readiness-to-serve, plus 31/2 cents per kilowatt-hour. According to the table, we find the cost of an acre-foot of water lifted 30 feet, with current at 3% cents, is $1.76. If we want one acre-foot per acre we will want 200 times this, or $352. For a 20-horse power motor, the monthly charge will be $10, or $50 for the five irrigating months. Total costs for the year will then be $402, or $2.01 per acre. If, instead of one acre-foot, or 12 inches' depth over all the land, we used 8 inches' depth, the cost of current would be two-thirds of $352, or $234.65, plus $50, or $284.65, equal to $1.42 per acre for the 200 acres. for each acre of land, find out how many gallons per minute pump capacity you have for each acre, and divide that into 5,400. In the above case, we have 1,600 gallons per minute for 200 acres, or 8 gallons per minute per acre. Divided 5,400 by 8 and the result 675 is the number of hours required. KILOWATT-HOURS REQUIRED. A kilowatt of current will do a little more than a horse power of work, and a kilowatt of power run- ning for one hour is called a kilowatt-hour. In the case of the 20-horse power motor-pump described above, the actual requirement of power at 70 per cent pump efficiency is 17 horse power. A little less than, 17 kilowatts of electricity are required to operate the motor — about 15 kilowatt, to be precise — and the motor would consume 15 kilowatt-hours of current per hour. During the season the pump was to operate 675 hours, requiring a total of about 10,125 kilowatt-hours, which at y/2. cents, amount to $354.35, making a fair check of the figures given in the table. Cost of pumping per acre of land lying at various heights at various costs of electricity in cents per kilowatt-hour. The quantity of water delivered will be one acre-foot or a depth of 12 inches. TOTAL HEAD IN FEET, INCLUDING FRICTION. Per K. W. H. Cents. 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 $0 26 $0.02 .04 .06 .08 .11 .13 .15 .17 .19 .21 .23 .25 .27 .29 .32 .34 .36 .38 .40 .42 $0.04 .08 .13 .17 .21 .25 .29 .34 .38 .42 .40 .50 .55 .59 .63 .67 .71 .76 .80 .84 $0.06 .13 .19 .25 .32 .38 .44 .50 .57 .63 .fi9 .76 .82 .88 .95 1.01 1.07 1.13 1.20 1.26 $0.08 .17 .25 .34 .42 .50 .59 .67 .76 .84 .92 1.01 1.09 1.18 1.26 1.34 1.43 1.51 1.60 1.68 $0.11 .21 .32 .42 .53 .63 .74 .84 .95 1.05 1.16 1.26 1.37 1.47 1.58 1.68 1.79 1.89 2.00 2.10 $0.13 .25 .38 .50 .63 .76 .88 1.01 1.13 1.26 1.39 1.51 1.64 1.76 1.89 2.02 2.14 2.27 2.39 2.52 $0.15 .29 .44 .59 .74 .88 1.03 1.18 1.32 1.47 1.62 1.76 1.91 2.06 2.21 2.35 2.50 2.65 2.79 2.94 $0.17 .34 .50 .67 .84 1.01 1.18 1.34 1.51 1.68 1.85 2.02 2.18 2.35 2.53 2.69 2.86 3.02 3.19 3.36 $0.19 .38 .67 .76 .95 1.13 1.32 1.51 1.70 1.89 2.08 2.27 2.46 2.65 2.84 3.02 3.21 3.40 3.59 3.78 $0.21 .42 .63 .84 1.05 1.26 1.47 1.68 1.89 2.10 2.31 2.53 2.73 2.94 3.15 3.36 3.57 3.78 3.99 4.20 .50 .75 1 00 1 25 1.50 1 75 2.00 . . . 2 25 2 50 2 75 .... 3.00 3 25 3.50 3 75 4 00 4 25 4 50 4.75 5 00 These costs are based upon horizontal centrifugal pumps, direct connected to motors, with efficiencies as follows: Pump 68% Motor 88 % Pump and motor 60% If pump capacity is under 900 gallons per minute, make additions as follows: 700 gallons per minute 10% 500 gallons per minute 20% 300 gallons per minute 30% Under 300 gallons per minute 40% Figures for 5 and 10 feet may be a little low unless pumps are of large capacity. Costs for higher heads are in proportion. For instance, costs for 95 feet equal costs for 45 plus 50 feet. For belted units add 5 per cent. A good horizontal centrifugal pump with capacity of 900 gallons or more per minute will give 68 per cent efficiency, but if a pump of poor efficiency is used, an addition must be made to the costs. If a vertical pump is used add from 5 per cent to 100 per cent in accordance with type of pump, style of setting and method' of carrying or balancing the downward thrust of the shaft and runner. THE IRRIGATION AGE is preparing to publish all of State Armory, where the Seventeenth^tional Irrigation Congress will hold itsMr Reybol<3's articles in book form. This WOrk Will not be issued until the full series of fifteen or more articles LENGTH OF TIME TO PUMP. In order to determine the number of hours that a pilmp must operate to give one acre-foot of water is published in this journal. This book will be fully illustrated, cloth bound, and will retail for $2.00, post paid. THE I E El G ATI OX AGE. 241 The Truckee-Carson Project, Xevada, is the first project to be completed under the Beclamation Act of June 17, 1902, far enough to permit the delivery of water. Water has now been delivered for three irri- gation seasons to part of the land and a part of the sum spent by the Government has already been returned to the Treasury. We have here the first fruits of the Eeclamation Act and it is of much interest to see how this great movement has progressed so rapidly. The Truckee-Carson . Project has been considered .as a possible irrigation scheme for over fifteen years. Private companies and individuals had gone so far as to run preliminary surveys, but the cost of the work proved so great that private means were insufficient ;and it was not until the passage of the Eeclamation Act by Congress that Government aid was possible. So prompt were the' Federal officials to recognize the merits of the Truckee-Carson Project that fifteen days after the signing of the law by President Roose- velt the land within the limits of the proposed project was withdrawn from entry, except under the homestead law. Survey parties were organized at once and in less than a year advertisements were out for bids for the first construction work. Construction started in the fall of 1904 and was pushed to the fall of 1907. The project as originally outlined provided for the construction of a number of storage reservoirs on the headwaters of the Carson and Truckee Eivers, a ditch from the Truckee to the Carson and a storage reservoir on the Carson to catch the floods of the Carson and to store the waters diverted from the Truckee. Distribu- tion canals were to be built covering about 200,000 acres of land in the Carson Sink Valley. Other extensions of the project were planned, such as the Lovelock branch, to irrigate the lower part of the Humboldt Val- ley; the Pyramid branch, to irrigate land in and around Pyramid and Winnemucca lakes, and other similar sub- projects. These extensions provided for the irrigation of an additional 150,000 acres of land, making the total of the project about 350,000 acres. The first unit of the project or the 200,000 acres in Carson Sink Valley is so far completed that ditches and structures are ready for delivery of water to 100,000 acres of land. The canal from the Truckee to the Car- son is completed. Lake Tahoe is the only reservoir so far utilized, but when the land now ready is settled it is planned to build a reservoir on the Carson River and •extend the lateral system to include as much land as can be supplied from the reservoir; and when that is set- tled build more reservoirs and extend the laterals. So much has been written about the engineering features of this project that it is hardly necessary in this article to enter into a detailed statement of the engineering problems, but just to point out a few of the more important matters and devote more space to the farmer and the interesting results he is bringing out. Two important matters were established before ac- tual work was commenced, the first was that all con- struction work should be of the most substantial charac- ter, built so that the smallest possible expense would be called for each year in maintenance; and, second, that main drains should be built at the start in order that each farm could get a drainage outlet for more exten- sive underdrainage, if such ever proved necessary. Fol- lowing oiit these plans, concrete, steel and rock were iised in all important structures and drains were dug to within one-quarter of a mile or less of each farm. Farm laterals, in the majority of cases, take water to the farm, but in a few cases the farmer will be required to con- nect with his takeout by means of his own ditch for a distance of one-quarter of a mile or less. This means that practically everything the farmer has to build is entirely within the boundaries of his farm. Public land is cut up into 80-acre farm units, with a few 40-acre farms, to supply the demand for small homesteads. Land in private ownership is not cut up into farms. The only restriction on private land being that the maximum amount of land for which one owner can apply for water is 160 acres. When the Reclama- tion Service entered the valley a small amount of land had been farmed for many years. The vested right to water for this land was recognized by the Government and the owners of this land have secured rights in the Government system by agreeing to pay the annual main- tenance cost. The water charges are $30 per acre of irrigable land, payable one-tenth in advance, and the balance in equal annual payments. The second payment is due on De- cember 1 of the year subsequent to that in which the filing is made. A great many well-meaning men, attracted by the newspaper accounts of free homesteads in the irrigation projects have come West, expecting to make a successful farm out of a desert eighty without capital. Such men, however well meaning, are nearly all doomed to failure, for the reclamation of a desert homestead requires capi- tal. Few men with less than $1,000 succeed and many with $2,000 do not make a success. It is impossible to say how much any one man should have, because indi- vidual tastes are so different, but it certainly should be recognized that the capital should be adequate to carry the family through two years, and leave enough over to meet any unforeseen emergency. The soils of the Truckee-Carson project are desert soils; the climate is one of the driest in the West; con-, sequently the amount of vegetable matter in the soil is small. Where the soil is sandy, the wind causes trouble until a stand of some crop is secured. The country is not windy, compared with the majority of irrigated val- leys of the West, and when once a stand is secured no further trouble ensues. The lack of organic matter in the soil necessitates the planting of some crops which will leave organic ma- terial among the soil grains. The majority of farmers 242 THE IRRIGATION AGE. have found alfalfa the most successful crop for this pur- pose. Could stable manure in quantities be secured any crop could be grown on the virgin soil, but of course in a desert country this is not possible. The new farmer, therefore, finds it necessary to seed his land as rapidly as possible to alfalfa, for, once in alfalfa a year, it will produce any crop which can be grown in the north temperate zone. Little can be pro- duced the first year, unless the farmer has been fortu- nate enough to secure an eighty with a very level sur- face, requiring a minimum amount of leveling. The second year some returns commence to come in and in the third year, if common sense has been used, the prof- its commence to show. produce will be produced on these irrigated farms and will find ready markets in the cities around San Fran- cisco Bay. Already Nevada beef, mutton, potatoes and dairy products are well known in California, and Ne- vada farmers are reaping profits from their shipment. Now, in order to convey some idea of the progress already made in the settlement and reclamation of this, the first great reclamation project, let us see how much land has been taken up and see how much is actually under irrigation and what crops have been grown. On December 1 of this year we had 322 home- steads filed on and water right applications filed for 30,566 acres of land. An agricultural census taken during November of 1. East Portal of Tunnell, Truckee-Carson Project. Navada, 2. Showing the Heading of Take-Out of T-line Canal at the Diversion Dam on Carson River, Nava. 3, View Showing Drop in "L 1" Line Canal at Station 485-42, Lookinff Down the Canal. Truckee-Carson Project. 5. Part of Vegetable Exhibit, First Annual Churchill County Fair. this year shows that we have under actual cultivation about 27,000 acres of land, as follows: Acres. Pasture land 10,000 Alfalfa and hay 13,500 Grain 8,700 Potatoes 600 Garden 180 Orchard 150 Miscellaneous 100 Head. Horses and Mules 1,960 Cattle 1,880 Hogs 1.031 Sheep 6,075 Poultry 18,760 Stands of bees 1,250 The Truckee-Carson Project is the largest agricul- tural region in the state of Nevada. Last year Nevada was third in the production of gold and fourth in the production of silver among the states and territories. A large mining population has entered the state in the last few years and these mining camps are the markets for the products of the farms on the project. Califor- nia is so close that much of our excess produce is al- ready being shipped there and this project will rapidly become the center from which the California slaughter- ing houses will be supplied. Dairy produce, poultry, potatoes, onions and many other type of staple farm THE IRRIGATION AGE. 243 BASIC VALUE OF IRRIGATION BONDS .The accompanying article — the clearest explanation of the basicvalue nf irrigation bonds — is reproduced from the proof sheets of a book which will soon be issued by the well known bond house of Trowbridge & Niver Co.. First National Bank building, Chicago. Copyright by Trowbridge & Niver Co., an per acre in a season. Eight hundred cars of fruit valued at $3,200,000 were shipped from here in the season of 1908. With those who know, Irrigation Bonds are al- ready popular. The security behind them is a first lien on the most productive farm lands in America. The interest return is liberal, and higher than it will be when the bonds become better known. The bonds are generally issued in serial form, with widely different dates of maturity. So one may secure either long or short-time bonds. And the issues are frequently in de- But it should be remembered that our attitude always is that of unbiased advisers. We have little reason for urging investors into any particular channels. ' OUT ^ province, as a bond house, is to follow the trend of in- vestment— to supply what our customers want. Our success depends, and has always depended, on supplying '' (he best securities of the classes in widest demand. The enormous business of Trowbridge &' Niver Co. ' 244 THE IRRIGATION AGE. was originally built up by the sale of Municipal Bonds. In those days, bonds issund by cities, counties, districts and states were in widest demand. These, of course, re- main a standard of security. But the popularity of Mu- nicipal Bonds gradually lessened the interest rate. Then a very large class of investors sought for a larger re- turn. For many years, we have been among the largest dealers in Public Utility Bonds. These include Rail- road, Water, Gas and Electric Light Bonds, Water Power Bonds, Telephone Bonds and bonds on Electric Railways. These, for a time, were our most popular It should also be remembered that our business is done with a very conservative class of investors. Our bonds are sold mainly to Banks, to Trust Companies, to Trustees, and to individuals who are careful and ex- perienced investors of money. This fact makes it im- possible for any trend of our business to take other than conservative lines. We suggest these facts to make clear the point that we are not making a plea for any one class of bonds. Our purpose is simply to extend information. If Irri- gation Bonds appeal to you, when you know the facts, we shall be very glad to supply them. But, if your A field of Sugar Beets in the Denver-Greeley District. The farmer gets $5.00 per ton, delivered at the railroad track, and raises from 15 to 23 tons to the acre. securities, and they still retain popularity. But the very popularity of these bonds, as always, served to les- sen the interest rate. We still handle all these classes of bonds, and in a very large way. We are just as glad to supply them, when wanted, as we are Irrigation Bonds. The fact that Irrigation Bonds form the major part of our busi- ness today is due to our customers' preference. There seems to be no large class of bonds giving equal security and bearing so liberal an interest rate. And this, as with other bonds, will adjust itself as the bonds become better known. preference lies in another direction, we shall be equally glad to meet it. Nor does this book deal with any particular project. It will merely explain Irrigation projects in general. The facts about any particular bond will be given in separate circulars upon application. FIFTEEN YEARS OF EXPERIENCE SELLING RECLAMATION BONDS. We have had fifteen years of experience in selling Drainage and Irrigation Bonds. These two classes of bonds are essentially similar. One is issued to drain wet land, the other to water dry land. The purpose of THE IEKIGAT10N AGE. 245 both is to supply the funds for reclaiming or improving barren or unproductive lands. And both are secured by a first lien on the land which they serve to improve. During those fifteen years, we have handled sixty- nine separate reclamation issues in eleven states. Not a dollar has been lost by any investor in them. Again and again we have seen these barren lands flourish into fertility. We have seen many lands, al- most wholly unpopulated, become dotted with comfort- able homes and prosperous towns and cities. In scores of reclamation projects, we have watched swamps or deserts change, by drainage or irrigation, into productive lands. We have seen arid lands covered with sage brush and cacti. And we have seen the same land, one or two separate class of land. We have learned the form of Mortgage or Trust Deed or Contract best suited to pro- tect that loan. Much of this, for a time, was pioneer work. We were blazing new trails. For instance, when Congress passed the "Carey Act," we spent thousands of dollars to have attorneys work out the best form of Trust Deed. And this form has been employed as a model, by us and by others, for nearly all the projects since. Thus we have secured our own education and have compiled and tabulated in our office files reliable in- formation including elevations, temperatures, annual rainfall, run-off, flood periods, slopes, soil analysis and stream gaugings covering a period of years. We have Dam on the Snake River near Idaho Falls, Bingham County, Idaho, Municipal Irrigation District. years later, bearing the finest products which are grown in America. Every project of this kind for which we sell bonds is made the subject of minute investigation. The of- ficers of our Company have tramped every piece of bonded land on which we have sold securities. We have watched every project through to fulfillment. In this way we have learned, in the course of years, to distin- guish between the certain and the uncertain. We have also learned where new laws were needed for the protection of the investor. And numerous laws of this class have been passed through our influence. We have learned what amount of loan is safe on each in our library the laws of the various states and every- thing of importance, both legal and physical, pertaining to the reclamation of agricultural lands. Thus we have built up, in the course of years a perfect organization capable of passing intelligently upon the merits or de- merits of any project, and if accepted by us, to formulate contracts, mortgages and tax liens so as to secure the best protection to ourselves and our customers. The large number of issues handled by this house has established our pre-eminence in the purchase and sale of Keclamation Bonds. Our experience, our prestige and our wide acquain- tance in the irrigation sections command for us first 2-iG THE I B E I G A T I 0 N AGE. consideration when an issue of bonds is to be marketed. In almost every instance, any proposed issue of Ir- rigation Bonds is submitted to us before being offered elsewhere. Thus we are able to secure for our customers the cream of the bonds of this class. Only such as afford absolute protection to the bond- holder are accepted by us. The facts in this book, therefore, relate to selected issues. They should not be applied to irrigation projects in general. We mean no reflection on general bonds of this class. Many very good issues have been sold through other channels. But in this, as in all other classes of bonds, some are better than others. The worth of an Irrigation Bond depends on many things, the measuring the projects are located, each has its special attractions. But all form a first lien on fertile and tillable land. And all, if properly issued, afford the investor more than ample security. We will deal with the classes separately. MUNICIPAL IRRIGATION DISTRICT BONDS. These Irrigation Bonds are issued by organized dis- tricts, very similar to school districts, for the purpose of purchasing or constructing irrigation systems for their own use. The bond issue. must be approved by a majority of the resident free-holders in the district who have paid taxes the preceding year. The procedure is quite similar to that of a school district issuing bonds to construct a View of a portion of the Milner Dam on the Snake River, Idaho — Twin Falls project (South Side). of which requires training, experience and judgment. It is desirable, therefore, to buy such bonds from a house which has wide experience and ample facilities in this particular line of investment. THREE GENERAL CLASSES. Irrigation Bonds may be broadly divided into three general classes : Municipal District Bonds, Corporation Bonds on lands in private ownership and Corporation Bonds, issued against lands under the provisions of the Federal law known as the "Carey Act." Of these three classes of Irrigation Bonds, differing according to the laws iri the various states in which school house, or a municipality issuing bonds to purchase or construct a City Water Plant. The bonds then be- come a municipal obligation, constituting a first lien on all town and farm properties included in the district. The interest on the bonds, and the maturing bonds, are paid through the County Treasurer's office, by a tax, levied in the regular way. This tax is usually levied for about 15 per cent in excess of requirements, so as to provide for possible delinquencies. The value of such bonds, as with all Municipal se- curities, depends on the population of the district and on the value of the property subject to the tax lien. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 247 Many of them belong among the highest grades of Mu- nicipal securities. CORPORATION "CAREY ACT" BONDS. These bonds are issued by Corporations to reclaim lands segregated from the public domain for the pur- pose of irrigtation and development under the provisions of the Federal Law introduced by Senator Carey, of Wyoming, commonly known as the "Carey Act." The segregation is ma-de by the United States Department of the Interior after request made to the State Land Board and certification of their approval to the Secretary. Bonds issued on such projects are usually made to ma- cent of the purchase price of his water right and in his contract gives a mortgage on the water right pur- chased, and on his equity in the land to secure the de- ferred payments. These deferred payment contracts, which mature serially in from one to ten years, are deposited usually on the basis of one and one-half to one, or $1,500 in such contracts to each $1,000 of bonds so issued. These mort- gages and contracts are deposited in escrow with some responsible Bank or Trust Company, designated by us, which acts as Trustee under the issue. Dam, Head-gates and Canal of Canyou Canal Company, Payette River Valley. Idaho. This system furnishes water to the destined to become one of the best fruit sections of the irrigated west. Emmett Bench ture in ten annual installments — one to ten — or two to twelve years. After these lands have been segregated, the pros- pective settler must make a contract with the Corpora- tion for a water right before entering upon his land. Supervision of the system of irrigation is main- tained by the state engineers and State Land Board until the entire construction is satisfactorily completed and the system turned over to the settlers. In this way the settler is guaranteed a perpetual water right with good title. The settler pays 10 per CORPORATION BONDS ON LANDS IN PRIVATE OWNERSHIP. This class of Irrigation Bonds is issued by a Cor- poration for the purpose of acquiring or constructing water rights and irrigation systems. The bonds are a mortgage lien on all of the prop- erty owned by the Company. In addition, they are secured by mortgages on the land to be irrigated. These mortgages or trust deeds are given by the fanners own- ing land subject to irrigation, to secure deferred pay- ments on water rights purchased. Such mortgages are usually in serial form and they are deposited with a 2-18 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Trust Company, which acts as trustee for the bond holders. For each $1,000 bond issue there usually is deposited with the trustee $1,500 in these mortgages on fertile agricultural lands. For illustration — Suppose the owners of farms mortgage their land for one-third of its value to obtain a water right. Then these mortgages are deposited with the trustee at the rate of one and one-half to one, to secure the bonds. That means that for each $1,000 bond the trustee holds farm mortgages to the value of $1,500. And those mortgages cover farms worth three times as much. Then back of each $1,000 bond will be first Mortgages on land worth $4,500. In buying a water right for his land, a farmer is required to pay 10 per cent cash. He agrees to pay the balance in nine annual payments with interest. The mortgage on his land is given to secure this agreement. That is why Irrigation Bonds are usually issued with serial dates of maturity. The payments made by the fanners are used to retire the bonds as they fall due. This is a far better plan than the accumulation of a redemption or sinking fund as employed in some other forms of bond issues. The proportion of security in the hands of the Trustee is always maintained until the last bond is paid. As the early bond maturities are paid, the security Cabbages, Melons, Squash, Sugar Beets, Onions, Turnips, Egg Plant, Cauliflower, Grain and Alfalfa — all these grow in the Denver-G district, and find a market right at farmer's door at top prices. Greeley That would seem to be ample security. Yet the bonds are additionally secured by a first mortgage on all the property owned by the Irrigation Company which issues them. As the proceeds of bond issues go into the property, this mortgage on the Company's property is a material consideration. These farm mortgages are not usually given by owners of large tracts of land. In these irrigated regions, farm land is exceedingly fertile, and small farms intensively cultivated are the rule. A few own- ers may give mortgages on 160 acres, hut far more are owners of 10 and 20-acre tracts. behind the balance, of coiirse becomes more and more ample, for the reason that the mortgage is not released until the entire debt is paid. SUPERIOR TO FARM MORTGAGE SECURITY. It will be noted from the above facts that an Irri- gation Bond has the strength and security of a con- servatively margined farm mortgage combined with all the advantages of corporate responsibility. It would be hard to conceive of a more attractive form of in- vestment than well selected bonds of this class. Farm mortgages, issued not to exceed 40 per cent of the value of farm land, are rightly considered a first- THE I E RIGA T ION AGE. 249 class security. When such farm mortgages are placed with a trustee, and bonds issued against them to not more than two-thirds of their value, the security is con- siderably increased. And when such bonds are further secured by a mortgage on the vast properties of an Irrigation Company, it will be seen that the protection is fully as ample as the most careful investor desires. Such is the security lying back of our Irrigation Bonds. It will vary slightly with different projects, but not in a way to greatly affect the security. The next point to consider is the value and earn- ing power of the land on which the security is based. THE VALUE OF IRRIGATED LAND. A mortgage on arid land, to the average investor, appears very different from a mortgage on farm land located in a humid locality. And here is the main need for an education. Previous to irrigation, it is true that this arid land has grown nothing but sage brush and cacti. Its bar- renness is quite uninviting. The value of the land is due -cili'ly to its grazing possibilities, or to the proba- bility of future irrigation. But this same arid land, when the water is ap- plied, becomes the most productive farm land in Amer- ica. Colorado, which has the largest irrigated area of any state, will serve as an illustration of the productive power of irrigated lands. It should be remembered that all the arable land in Colorado, save that used for "dry farming," is irrigated land. And the farm prod- ucts of Colorado last year were valued at $143,688,577. Rocky Ford cantaloupes, grown on irrigated land south of Denver, are famous almost the world over. Tl -i'v sell for $2.50 per crate, while other melons on the same market, grown from the same seed, sell for 30 cents per crate. Peaches from the Grand Junction District bring from four to six times as much as Middle West peaches. Fruit lands in the Denver-Greeley District often yield more than $1,000 per acre. Colorado potatoes are the highest standard every- where. They are dry and mealy, thin-skinned, free from hollow centers, and they are also enormous yield- ers. Colorado stands first in the production of beet sugar. There are nine sugar factories north of Den- ver and about an equal number south. Last year, Col- orado farmers received for their sugar beets over $10,- 000,000. Colorado has the greatest canning -works in the United States. Colorado pea-fed pork commands in every market a higher price than any corn-fed pork. According to statistics of the Colorado State Ag- ricultural College, the Denver Greeley District — the argest body of irrigated land in the country — produces liighest value per acre of any land in the world devoted to general farming. In California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Wyo- ling and Montana, the irrigated lands is among the nost valuable and most productive farm land in Amer- REASONS FOR FERTILITY. The marvelous fertility of this arid land is largely Jue to its richness in mineral salts. Potash, sulphur, lime and phosphorous are found in the soil in abun- dance. It is estimated that good land in the irrigated districts is ten times as rich in nourishing salts as good land in Illinois. In humid districts, the rains of ages have washed out a large part of these mineral salts. And millions of crops of vegetation have served to disintegrate the soil. This arid land, on the contrary, is in a virgin state of fertility. Another reason for large crops and fine flavor is the perpetual sunshine. Arid districts have very few cloudy days. The sunshine and the dry air increases the evaporation from the plant foliage. This increases the circulation of sap, hastens its chemical changes, and increases the nutriment fed to the plant. But the main reason, perhaps, for abundant and unfailing crops, and crops of the highest grade, is con- trol of the water supply. Every farmer is his own weather-man, and is able to give to each crop just the water it needs at the time when it is needed. He gives little or much water, withholds or applies it, according to the crop or conditions. In rainfall districts this is impossible. The farmer must take the moisture sent him, and when it is sent. Some crops require little moisture, some require much; yet all of his crops are watered alike. Sometimes he has a drought : sometimes a long rainy season. Thus every crop is full of uncertainties. The, farmer, to be safe, must plant a variety of crops. He must provide for both a dry and wet season, else take very long chances. And the crop failures, due to un- regulated rainfall, greatly reduce his average produc- tion. CERTAINTY OF CROPS. On irrigated land, the farmer may raise such products as he wishes, and know that the crops are certain. He has control of his water supply. He can apply it or stop it, give little or much, as the crop or conditions require. This certainty of crops, and of maximum yield is one of the greatest factors of value in irrigated land. Another factor is the depth of the soil. Another the freedom from insect pests. Another the ease with which the land can be cultivated. Another is the higher value of the crops which the land is fitted to raise. An acre of irrigated land planted in sugar beets will net the farmer four times as much as an acre of Illinois planted in corn. Land planted in potatoes will bring all the way from $100 to $300 per acre. Strawberries often yield from $400 to $700 per acre. Orchard lands often return $1,000 per acre and more. One tract of 100,000 acres in Colorado on which we are selling bonds at this writing, is located close to Denver. It extends from five to twenty-five miles from this growing city of 208,000 population. This fact makes the land particularly valuable for suburban homes and for truck farming. For all of these reasons, the value of irrigated land, well located, is exceedingly high. Very often one year's crop is sufficient to pay for the land and water. And the value of this land is advancing at a tremendous pace. It is safe to say that good irrigated land is worth from three to five times as much as the best rainfall land, measured by production. Therefore, the liens on farm lands which are back of irrigation bonds are, as a class, more valuable than any 250 THE IRRIGATION' AGE that we have in America. And the value of this land, because of its restricted area, often multiplies itself sev- eral times over under cultivation. IERIGATION.RONDS ARE AMONG THE SAFEST INVESTMENTS. As drainage and irrigation bonds have formed an increasingly large part of our business, the officers of Trowbridge & Niver Co. have spent sufficient of their time in the western and middle western states to closely study irrigation and local conditions generally, and more particularly the projects in which we have been inter- ested. Again and again, we have watched these projects begun, carried out and completed. We have seen the barren land blossom into fertility. We have seen it multiply in value, over and over, until some of it has grown to be the most valuable farm land in America. Some of this land could not now be bought for one hundred times the amount of the original bonded in- debtedness. As a result of this experience, we are prepared to state that Irrigation bonds, of the right classes, are among the safest investments we know. They are loans on farm land which is productive and valuable — some of the very best farm land in America. The loans are made, in the right sort of projects, at a very conservative rate. They are repaid by the land owners, usually, at the rate of ten percent per year. And the bonds, being in serial form, are gradually retired. The security back of the remaining bonds increases with every payment. Bonds of this class now pay a higher interest rate than one can secure on any large class of securities equal- ly safe. One reason is that the bonds are a compara- tively new form of investment. They have only come into wide popularity in recent years. Our Irrigation bonds are issued in denominations of $100, $500 and $1,000. This opens the field to the small investor, as well as to Banks and to Capitalists. We know of no class of bonds which, at present, offer equal security combined with equally attractive in- come. And it is difficult to imagine, when Irrigation bonds are gone, what other class of security can be found which embraces so many desirable features. Still, the purpose of this book is merely to give in- formation. It is not a plea for any one class of securi- ties. We supply what our customers want. But we feel that we owe to our patrons this statement of the facts as we know them. For here is an opportunity, which cannot last many years, to secure an unusual rate of re- turn on an ideal class of security. IRRIGATION BONDS ARE PAID — NOT REFUNDED. Unlike the vast majority of bonds, irrigation securi- ties are paid, and not simply refunded at maturity by substituting new issues. Each series is retired as fast as it falls due, by the payment of actual cash. The great earning power of the lands, and irrigation systems behind them, provides vastly more money than is ever needed to meet both principal and interest. They are not affected by panics or periods of finan- cial depression. The manner in which our Irrigation Bonds went through the recent panic has called world-wide attention to them, as an attractive form of investment. To those who are interested, we shall be glad to send circulars and quotations on current issues. TROWBRIDGE & NIVER Co. IRRIGATED LAND Open to Settlement Some of the richest and most productive farm land in the world lies along the Shoshone and the Big Horn Rivers in the "Big Horn Basin" of Wyoming. Over ten million dollars is being spent by the United States Government and by private enterprise in building great concrete dams and ditches in order to lead an inexhaustible supply of water to irrigate some of the best of these lands and make them independent of rainfall. A great portion of this work is completed, and these lands, with a perpetual supply of water for irrigating them, are now offered you on reasonable terms. This is an Unusual Opportunity to get a wonderfully productive farm, with water whenever you want it, regardless of rainfall; in a country where a single crop can be made to pay for the land ; where 50 bushels of wheat or barley, and 75 bushels of oats are commonly grown to the acre; where fruits grow luxuriously and where the glorious air and sunshine, summer and winter, make life a joyous thing. This wonderful country is developing fast. Churches and schools abound. The population is intelligent, Godfearing and law-abiding, and any man out there who is half a man has the opportunity to make himself independent. Land in this great country is going fast. If you have any thought for the welfare of yourself or children, find out all about this opportunity to-day. Send for our new folder with large map, and also folders issued by the private irrigation companies and by the United States Government Reclamation Service giving all information about these lands, terms, etc. Free for the asking. Study these folders and then come with me on my next excursion to the Big Horn Basin and see for yourself. My excursions, which I personally conduct, leave Omaha on the 1st and 3d Tuesday each month, on which days reduced railroad rates are in effect. My services are free to you. Burlington D. CLEM DEAVER, General Agent Landseekers' Information Bureau, 59 Q Building, OMAHA, NEB. N. B. — The winter weather in the Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter, THE IRRIGATION AGE. 251 YUMA PRO J£CT C ARIZONA V The work of closing the Colorado River, twelve miles above Yuma, Arizona, had a most spectacular fin- ish. The government engineers have been engaged here for months in building a dam the like of which this country has never seen before. On December 21st the channel of the river was closed and the entire flow of the river passed through the giant sluiceways at either end of the dam. The supervising engineer wired to Washington : "The river is closed and we sat on the lid while a five foot rise, carrying 40,000 second feet of water, passed by." The engineers encountered many difficult prob- lems in planning the big irrigation systems which the government is constructing in the arid West, but no more complicated conditions confronted them anywhere than in attempting to control the Colorado River in or- der that 130,000 acres of exceedingly fertile soil in California and Arizona might be made fruitful. The size and uncertainty of the river, the shifting channel and unstable banks, the yearly recurring inunda- tions, variations in volume from low water to flood heights and the immense volume of silt carried by its yellow waters, made the problem of the control of the stream unique in the history of American irrigation. With these difficulties fully understood and no bedrock for a base, the problem presented to the engineers was to build a structure on the sand and silt that would fully control the river, holding it within certain pre- scribed limits, and at the same time make some disposi- tion of the silt, one of the most difficult features of the undertaking. Constructing Engineer E. D. Vincent gives the fol- lowing description of the structure : "The most advantageous weir site was found to be at Laguna, twelve miles above Yuma, where granitic mountains encroach on the river valley, leaving an open- ing about a mile wide. The type of weir selected was one that has been in successful operation for many years in India and Egypt under practically identical condi- tions with those presented in Yuma Valley. ,' ' "Three concrete core vails 4,800 feet in length and 57 and 93 feet apart extend from bluff to bluff. The crest wall with a maximum height of 19 feet above the bed of the stream, rests upon a row of 6-inch sheet piling from 12 to 20 feet in length, incorporated in its base to cut off seepage. The space between the walls is 252 THE IRRIGATION AGE. filled with broken stone, and an apron of rock extends 40 feet beyond the lower wall. The structure between walls is capped with a concrete pavement 18 inhes thick. On the up-stream side of the weir a talus of broken rock, with an incline of 2 feet horizontal to 1 foot vertical, protects the concrete structure. The dam is 4,800 feet long between abutments, 19 feet high in the river chan- nel, and 226 feet in width up and down stream." The dam will raise the water about ten feet, back- ing it up stream nearly ten miles and forming a set- tling basin covering approximately 8 square miles. At the west end of the weir, constructed in solid granite rock and excavated to the depth of low water in the .river, is a sluiceway 116 feet wide. At the east end the sluiceway, also in granite, is only 40 feet wide. These sluiceways are closed by large gates operated by hy- draulic, machinery. These gates are of what is known as the Stoney type, the only other gates of the kind in the country being located in the Chicago drainage ca- nal. They are of steel throughout, and are 18 feet high and 35 feet wide. The diversion canals are taken from the sides of the sluiceways above the gates. The areas of the sluice- ways being so great the movement of the water toward the canals will be slow, and most of the sediment will be deposited before reaching the canal intakes. When the silt has accumulated to a considerable depth the sluicegates will be opened, and the great volume of water which will rush through the sluiceway will carry out with it the sediment deposited above the intakes of the canals. As most of the silt is carried near the bot- tom of the river and the top is comparatively free from sediment, the water will be taken into the canals by a skimming process, over a long row of gates, so the canals can be filled by drawing but one foot in depth of water from the surface. In times of flood the Colorado Eiver overflows its banks, inundating the country for miles around and in order to protect the lower lands an elaborate system of levees has been built. These dikes have an aggregate length of 75 miles, and are con- sidered the most perfect ever constructed. The dimen- sions of these embankments are those which experience on the Mississippi River during the past 60 years has proved to be the best. At base they are several times as wide as their height. The tops of the dikes are four feet above the highest known floods. The river side is protected at frequent intervals by brush defences to ward off the attacks of the river. A portion of the waters of the main canal on the California side will be carried under the Colorado River by a siphon, and used for the irrigation of land near Yuma in Arizona. It is expected that consid- erable power will be developed here which will be used to pump water to the mesa lands. The farmers pump and the big scoop wheel at Yuma are already furnish- ing water to several thousand acres of bottom land be- low Yuma. For months the great weir which the government is building across the river had been creeping out from either shore, the opening between the two ends gradually narrowing until only 600 feet remained. Two tem- porary railroad bridges, resting on piles driven deeply into the yielding sands and silt on the bottom of the river, were built above the dam, and from these rock was dumped by the car load until on December 21st, the river channel was completely closed and the water was backed up until it flowed through the sluiceways pre- viously prepared. The work of connecting the ends of the core walls was immediately commenced, and the dam will be completed soon. Next October it is probable that 17,000 acres of land in the Indian reservation on the California side of the river will be thrown open to settlement. The date and manner of disposing of these lands will be announced by the Secretary of the Interior through the public press. The other lands, for which water will be available in 1909, are all in private ownership, but there are many tracts of excess holdings or farms whose owners do not reside in the vicinity that may be pur- chased. In soil, climate, and agricultural possibilities the lands of the Yuma project are singularly like those in the valley of the Nile. Date palms and Egyptian cot- ton have both proven well adapted to this section and all the grains and fruits of the temperate and semi- tropical zones produce abundantly. Alfalfa yields from 7 to 12 tons per acre and sells at $6 to $10 loose in the stack. The baled hay brings about $15. Yuma oranges, grape fruit, cantaloupes and vegetables are the first on the market and their quality is unsurpassed. On the experiment farm the Department of Agriculture has set out more than 200 varieties of the date palm which were imported for the purpose, and which will be transplanted to the rich bottom lands as soon as water is available. The experi- ments in cotton culture which the department has been conducting on this little Government farm are most interesting. It has been found that Egyptian cotton of an excellent quality grows well in this section when once acclimated, a test plat in 1907 yielding about 1,000 pounds of cotton lint per acre. The average price during the year was 21.9 cents. We import about 62,000,000 *pounds of this cotton annually, and it is estimated that 100,000 acres of such lands as is in- cluded in the Yuma project easily would supply the looms of our country. On the small farm units each farmer could raise from three to five acres of cotton, his own family harvesting the crop. This would sim- plify the labor problem, give good returns, and allow a considerable acreage for other crops. The Agricul- tural Department has a limited supply of thoroughly acclimated seed which may be used by such farmers as are interested in this enterprise. Of interest in this connection is the fact that cotton was grown quite extensively in this region by the Pima and Maricopa Indians before the discovery of America. The water supply is abundant and the lands, ex- cept in very limited areas, are practically free from alkali. The climate during the winter months is de- lightful. The summers are hot, the' temperature some- times reaching 120 in the shade. The sensible tem- perature, however, is not much greater than in Wash- ington where the percentage of humidity is so much greater. Sunstroke is unknown. The nights are not uncomfortable, and a large part of the population sleeps out of doors the year around. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 253 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION In work of construction, the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Ex- position is now virtually accomplished. Late in April the last nail was driven in the enormous United States Gov- ernment building, and this ends the structural work of the fair. The task of beautifying the grounds and water front has been under progress for the past two years, and with the necessary final touches of paint and decoration every- thing will be ready for the opening day. View Across Geyser Basin Showing Manufactures Building. As it stands today, the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Expo- sition is the most perfect example of exposition creating that has yet been presented. Its magnificent buildings have been placed in the heart of a primeval forest of Doug- las fir, and the grounds overlook two fresh water lakes and the snow-capped peaks of three separate mountain ranges. Stretching from north to south as far as the eye can reach, lies the blue waters of Puget Sound and in the rare atmosphere of the great northwest the distances are shortened to the vision and the entire view is brought startlingly close at hand. In building the exposition, a wide variety of architec- tural design has been employed; in its disposal there is to be noted no effects not in harmony with the general sur- roundings. The color scheme of the exposition is old ivory, and the effect of this subdued hue is pleasing and restful; it offers a strange contrast to the glaring white in. which all former expositions have been clothed, and in its setting of dark green is espe- cially effective. In bringing the exposition to a fin- ished state, ten million dollars have been expended on buildings and grounds, and the exhibits displayed in the many exhi- bition palaces will represent a value of over fifty million dollars. The United States Government will be a larger ex- hibitor than it has been at any previous exposition, and has not been asked for a single cent of appropriation for the en- terprise. Differing from former expositions, the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition will be read^ for visitors on the day first set for that occasion, and on the first of June the gates will be opened to the public. There will be no unfinished work on buildings, grounds or exhibits, and the fair will be complete in every detail. The principal object of the exposition is the exploita- tion of the territories of Alaska, Yukon and all those countries whose borders reach the shores of the Pacific ocean. In this object the exposition develops a new field of exploitation, and the varied interests of the lands whose resources are to be shown represent the most valuable field for commercial development there is on earth. The territory of Alaska is today only becoming known; the republics of South America are as far away to the American merchant and manufacturer as the heart of darkest Africa, and the Philippine Islands, a vast archi- pelago which has been under the Stars and Stripes for more than ten years, are almost as little appreciated as they were before Admiral Dewey passed Corrigedor and destroyed the Spanish fleet in front of the naval city of Cavite. Our other trop- ical possession, the territory of Hawaii, is without exception the most delightful land in the world, lying under the tropi- cal sun; it is susceptible of as high de- velopment as any country on earth, and our people know but little about it or its resources. The countries of Asia and the many islands of the Pacific are rich and valua- ble, and their commerce is in its infancy; their people are as interesting as their resources. It will be from all these coun- tries the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposi- tion will draw heavily for new exhibits and will enable the fair to present a dis- play which for interest and novelty will prove the most attractive yet offered. In the race for commercial extension and the development of new markets, the manufacturing and commercial countries of Europe have early recognized the value of the expo- sition as a comprehensive means of entering actively into these developing fields, and as a result there will not be a single country of any importance whose interests are not fully represented. The Seattle fair will be a world's fair in the fullest meaning of the word. No better comment onjhe Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Ex- position as a method of exploitation is necessary than to note the interest manifested in it by pur own government. In making the exposition, no financial aid was asked or suggested by the exposition management of the Govern- ment. When the exposition assumed definite form, the federal Government was extended an invitation to enter an exhibit, as was done with other countries and different institutions. In response to this, an appropriation of six Oregon State Building. hundred thousand dollars was made for the purpose of erecting buildings suitable for exhibition purposes, and the assembling of the Government exhibit. The Government group of buildings are six in num- ber, and occupy the most commanding position on the grounds. Immediately at the head of Cascade Court, the enormous federal structure stretches for five hundred feet, and above it rises a graceful, gilded dome. On the right side looking down the court is placed the building in 254 THE IRRIGATION AGE. which will be housed the Alaskan exhibit; opposing this is the Hawaiian building, and these two structures are identical in architecture. On the left wing of the main building is placed the Philippine building, and this is de- signed from a type of building quite generally employed in Spanish buildings in the larger cities of the islands. Back of the principal building the Fisheries and Biograph buildings have been erected, and on the shores of Lake Washington the Life Saving Department will be housed, and here will be given the demonstrations of the methods employed by this wonderful department in the haz- ardous tasks of salving vessels and res- cuing lives of men who have been met with wreck and disasters at sea. In the exploitation of territories, the display assembled by the territory of Alaska surpasses by far any collection ever gotten together for exposition pur- poses. No land has ever undergone the changes in supposed conditions as has this country of the far North, and no other country has been more completely misunderstood in the past than has been Alaska. For a number of years Alaska has been known as a land of gold. It was generally supposed to be valueless beyond its mineral resources and the fruits of its fisheries. Even its mineral resources have been underrated, both as to the extent of its gold producing abili- ties and more particularly in regard to its diversified abilities in mineral produc- tion. The barrenness of its interior has al- ways held terrors beyond description, and its rigid climate was supposed to be unbearable. All this has become changed as men have discovered within the past five years, and a new Alaska has come to the front. This new Alaska is vast enough in area to afford room for a nation, and its food resources will produce sufficient to support the population of an empire. In climate, the interior of the country is no more severe than that of many of the northern states, and the north nations of chief Government interest will be centered; not only will they be demonstrated by actual specimens, but will be further explained by means of lectures given under Gov- ernment direction, by men who are thoroughly competent and who have devoted years of their life in studying Alas- kan conditions and possibilities. These lectures will be made additionally complete by aid of moving pictures, and illustrated by paintings from actual scenes and enlarged End of Agricultural Palace. Europe and Asia. Its agricultural resources are as varied as that of any part of the north temperate zone, and grains, food grasses and vegetables are successfully grown nearly to the Arctic circle. Its display of grown food products will show a complete and comprehensive collection, and for quality and quantity grown will compare favorably with any other fend. It will be along agricultural and grazing lines that the View Across Cascade Court Showing Oriental Exhibits Palace. photographs. The Philippines exhibit will be made under direction of the federal Government, assisted by the insular gov- ernment and liberal private enterprise. Its wonderful wealth of hemp, sugar, tobacco, cacao, timber, cloth and hundreds of other grown and manufactured articles will be demonstrated. Arts and crafts as practiced and developed by the natives, the types of houses in which they live, the various methods of transportation and the intricate system of irrigation as practiced by several of the un- taught, non-Christian tribes will all be shown, and many other equally valuable and interest- ing features will be illustrated. The pearl fish- eries of the Moro Islands will send their best divers and these will be sheltered in their swift, piratical "praos" and give exhibitions on the waters of the lakes. The territory of Hawaii will be another exhibit conducted under care and direction of the home Government. No other country in the world has more delightful and valuable re- sources for exhibition purposes than the Ha- waiian Islands. At the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition will be shown the finest and most complete collection of Hawaiian articles and products ever presented for inspection and comparison; it will embrace everything of note and importance made or grown in the islands. Old royal heirlooms, arms with which King Kamehameha overthrew his enemies and united the islands into the Hawaiian Kingdom, and all the quaint and picturesque features of old and modern native life will be shown. The world famous volcano of Kilauea wifl be re- produced in the most realistic manner possible with modern facilities, and this will constitute the most gorgeous spectacular event that has yet been pro- duced. The South American republics will have extensive representation in the Bureau of American Republics and in many instances by individual exhibits. The rapidly increasing importance of the Latin republics of our hemis- phere is remarkable, and with the nearness of completion of the Panama canal are destined to a development of THE I B B I G A T I 0 X AGE. wonderful extent. For the first time in exposition they will receive careful and intelligent exploitation, and their exhibits will be bewildering in range. The Imperial Government of Japan has made the most liberal appropriation yet allowed for foreign exhibition purposes, and this has been several times duplicated by individual and corporate enterprise. Japan's display will be sheltered in a magnificent building, constructed on ar- chitectural lines of one hundred years ago. A special commissioner has been in Seattle for several months, and on the opening day of the exposition the government will be represented by a high official of the nation. In the dis- play of fine arts of Japan, the government has loaned for exhibition purposes a vast collection of art treasures that has never before been permitted to leave the shores of the country, and the exhibit will also show a number of scien- tific instruments and inventions which have not been dis- played outside of the confines of national buildings. In the Palace of Foreign Exhibits, every foot of ex- hibition space has been granted, and additional room has been made in order to accommodate the demands of for- eign exhibitors. This magnificent building is one of the most striking on the exposition grounds and is located on the north side of the Cascades and faces the Oriental building. One of the particularly valuable departments of the fair will be seen in the Department of Fisheries. This department will be housed in a building erected by the United States Government and will be wonderfully com- plete in detail. Its collection will embrace every known example of fish life found within the fresh water bodies of !!" if T . Fine Arts Palace, One of the Permanent Buildings Which Will Revert to the University of Washington After the Exposition. the United States, and the oceans of every latitude. The aquariums are enormous in extent and are so constructed that live birds will be seen flitting through glass recep- tacles, inverted in the tanks, and give the appearance of flying through the waters and among the fishes. The Forestry exhibit will occupy the most character- istic building ever constructed for such display. In lines the Forestry building is strictly classic; it has a frontage of 320 feet and in width is 144 feet. The main columns are composed of 124 logs, forty feet high, and none less than five feet six inches in diameter. Each log weighs more than thirty tons, and has enough hoard measurement to build a family cottage. The main columns are in the rough and in placing them in position no bark has been removed. A balcony will be placed around the building on the interior for the benefit of sightseers, and each end is surmounted by a view tower. The building is perma- nent in construction, and at the expiration of the exposi- tion will revert to the University of Washington. No fairer scene can be offered any place than the out- look from the foot of the Alaska monument on the grounds of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. Standing directly in front of the great building of the United States Gov- ernment, the enormous golden eagle on his towering perch of northern gold keeps watch and guard over the most per- fect exposition city that has ever been reared. Under his eye is gathered the rarest collection of man's examples of skill and art ever assembled, and these find shelter in a magnificent group of permanent and temporary buildings whose architectural design and clever construction ex- emplify the very highest of man's inventive ability. Get an Irrigated Farm »TH5 RAIL*** An irrigated farm is the ideal one. No crop failure from insufficient rainfall, as you control the moisture and supply. Irrigated land produces three to five times what unirrigated land will. You don't require as much land — which means less work and more profit. Investigate now. Write for free booklet. The United States Reclamation Service has in process of construction several projects in- volving an expenditure of nearly $20,000.000. All have reached a stage where water will be available this year, and the hundreds of new homes show that settlers are preparing to use it. The following projects are reached by the Great Northern Railway: SUN RIVER PROJECT The Sun River Project is located a few miles west of Great Falls. Montana. The total acreage to be watered is 276,000. This is all free government land, the homesteader having to repay the government only for the cost of con- structing the works, which is divided into ten annual pay- ments without interest. Fort Shaw, the first unit of the Sun River Project, is now open to entry. It contains 204 farms, ranging from 40 to 160 acres. Send for Sun River booklet, mailed free. LOWER YELLOWSTONE PROJECT This will water 66,000 acres of very productive land lying along the Yellowstone River in Eastern Montana. This land has been producing good crops for years, but irrigation will double the yield. Fully described in our booklet, "lower Yellowstone Irrigation Project," mailed free. WILLISTON AND BUFORD-TRENTON PROJECTS Located in Western North Dakota. The water is pumped from the Missouri River into huge settling basins and then led off into the canals and laterals. Considerable land is for sale, as the owners have to sell down their holdings to 160 acres, the maximum amount permissible for one man to hold under the Reclamation Law. Splendid opportuni- ties exist to get a valuable farm at reasonable cost now. Booklet free. OKANOGAN PROJECT Located in Okanogan County, Washington. About 7,000 acres of very fertile land is to be brought under the ditch in a short time. The soil is volcanic ash, the same kind that produces such wonderful yields in the Wenatchee Valley and other famous Washington fruit districts. An ideal section for the man who wants to own a ten or twenty acre fruit farm. Forty acres is the maximum amount of land for which water will be furnished. Fully described in our Washington Bulletin. OTHER PROJECTS In addition to the above, there are a number of projects promoted by private capital and enterprise. Most of these are in the rich fruit raising districts of Washington. The Wenatchee Valley, Kettle Falls Country, Spokane County and other irrigation centers are fully described in our Washington Bulletin. Sent free on request. LOW RATES WEST Special Round Trip Homeseekers' fares first and third Tuesday of each month during Summer and Pall to Mon- tana, Eastern Washington and Northwest. Liberal stopovers. Round Trip Summer Tourist fares St. Paul and Minneapolis to Seattle, Portland and all North Pacific Coast Points $50.00; from Chicago $62.00. Write today for booklet which Interests you, and full information regard- ing fares and train service. MAX BASS Genrril Immifrtlloo Afeat 220 S. Clark St., CHICAGO, ILL Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Eiposition, Seattle, June l--0ct. 16, 1909. Rose Festival, Portland, Ore. June 7-12, 1909. National Irrigation Con- gress, Spokane, Wash. /. Aug. 9-14, 1909. / V 4* ' ' ' ' ' I. A. 256 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Payette- Boise Project IDAHO. An event of far reaching importance and marking the partial consummation of a plan to transform to agri- cultural uses the largest body of sage-brush land em- braced in one project in the United States occurred re- ently in Idaho. In the presence of a large number of settlers and residents of the valley the big headgates of the newly constructed government dam in the Boise River were opened and the pent up waters gushed into the broad canal. For months the settlers on the south side of the project have been watching with deep interest the prog- ress of work on this structure, for upon its completion proper. These tunnels are closed by two 6 by 8 foot cast iron gates, and will be used when need arises for sluicing the silt from the reservoir. The main canal with a capacity of 1,500 second feet, heads at the ex- treme west end of the dam, and the water is taken through eight 5 by 9 foot cast iron controlling gates supported by concrete piers and abutments. As the big headgates were opened and the life-giv- ing waters gushed into the canal, the scene was viewed with varying emotions by the throngs gathered there. The engineers gazed with satisfaction at the beautifully finished structure; the farmers saw an abundance of water in their canals, orchards laden with fruit, and enormous yields of grain and alfalfa. But to the states- men came visions of a new Idaho, an Idaho with pos- sibilities unsurpassed by any state in all the golden West. They saw a home on every 40 acres of the project, a rural population of not less than 50,000 peo- RESIDENCE ON ROSWELL BENCH - BOISE PROJECT rested their hopes of an early and abundant supply of water. The dam is located eight miles southeast of Boise where the river emerges from its canyon. It is of cyclopean concrete founded on compact gravel. The spillway, or dam proper is 216 feet long, 50 feet wide at the base and 51 feet high. Along the down-stream toe of the dam and securely fastened to it is a timber apron. This apron is 50 feet wide and 13 feet deep on the lower side. It is built up of 12x12 timbers bolted together and the spaces between the timbers filled with rock and gravel. At the west end of the spillway is a logway four feet, lower than the spillway crest, and just west of the logway and forming the west abutment of the dam is the fish-ladder. This is of concrete, as are the tunnels, which were built for the purpose of diverting the river during the construction of the dam pie, and 50,000 more people living in the cities and towns which have been growing by leaps and bounds since the initiation of the government system gave as- surance of an ample water supply. From conservative estimates of a decade ago on the value of irrigated land and crops it took no complicated calculation to figure out that more than eighteen million dollars worth of taxable property in land values alone will be added to- the wealth of the state upon the completion of the project, and that crops worth not less than six millions of dollars will be grown annually. Already new rail- road lines are being built through the agricultural area, new mines are being opened, and the stock raising in- dustry increased. But let us follow the progress of the water taken from the Boise dam. The canal extends for 24 miles THE IRRIGATION AGE. 257 to a point on Indian Creek above Kuna. This creek then carries the water for eight miles, when another canal 12 miles long carries it to the Deer Flat Eeservoir. Occasionally along this route a smaller ditch diverts water to supplement the supply from other sources, but the principal function of this canal is to feed the Deer Flat Keservoir. This reservoir was formed by building two long earthen dams in depressions between surrounding hills. The lower embankment, known as the Hubbard and Carlson dam, is 3,930 feet long and 68 feet high. It is 360 feet wide on the bottom, and a driveway 20 feet wide extends along the top. The upper embankment is only 43 feet high and 200 feet wide on the bottom, but it has a length of nearly a mile and a half, and the volume of each embankment is approximately 1,000,000 cubic yards. The process of construction was a marvel of modern engineering. Great steam shovels of the type used in digging the Panama canal tore gravel from the hillsides, two bites of one of the giant machines filling a car, while big steam plows dug up trainloads of clay, which were also dumped from movable tracks laid along the top of the embankments. The plans for the project also contemplate the di- version .of the -waters of Payette Eiver by gravity ca- nals, and the utilization of the Snake Eiver by pump- ing. The canal work is being done principally by the farmers, who receive therefor certificates which the government takes in payment of the building charge of the project. The lands are generally smooth, with gentle slopes. The soil is volcanic, free from rocks, easily worked and rich in the necessary mineral constituents. The climate is delightful, the mean winter temperature at Boise be- ing about the same as that of Fredericksburg, Va., although occasionally the temperature falls below zero for a day or two. The summers are long and warm, and with irrigation promote the most rapid vegetable growth. The lands produce from five to seven tons of alfalfa per acre each year, four to six tons of clover, fifty bushels of wheat and seventy-five bushels of oats. The surrounding mountains furnish large areas of grazing lands, and alfalfa for winter feeding is always in demand and brings good prices. But it is for its fine fruit that the section is becoming famous through- out the country, the apples, pears, and prunes command- ing the highest prices in eastern markets. The lands under the project have practically all been filed upon but many settlers will be compelled to dispose of their excess lands, as no water right will be issued for more than 160 acres. It is no wonder that these lands are being rapidly taken up, for the marvel- ous crop yields are becoming widely known. In 1904 a farmer who was brought up in one of the humid states in the Mississippi valley, cleared $1,200 from a three- acre apple orchard, and in 1907, the same orchard gave him a net profit of $750 per acre. One neighbor was clearing from $100 to $200 per acre on a prune orchard, while another was growing as high as 85 bushels of wheat per acre. Last year a number of his friends from "back home" moved to Idaho. The development of power incident to the irriga- tion works will be of vast importance to the industrial development of the state. The dam on the Payette River, which will be 90 feet high, and well backed by storage in the Payette Lakes, will give practically un- limited power, while the Boise dam, opened today, will probably furnish power for municipal works, electric railways, and industries of various kinds. The com- pletion of the project it is believed will result in laying the foundation for such an industrial development as probably has never been paralleled in the country. It means the expenditure in that locality of millions of dollars in a few years, the intensive cultivation of 400,- 000 acres of fine land; it means thousands of new set- tlers, the doubling of the population of the cities and towns in that portion of the state, an increased price for all agricultural products; better roads, schools, and churches. But the significance of the recent celebration is not purely local in character. The completion of a unit of this great project only marks another milestone in the development of the West, and heralds to the world the be- ginning of an era of prosperity that has come to stay and that will be reflected in the increased prosperity in all lines of industry throughout the whole country. HAYDEN LAKE COUNTRY. One of the most beautiful valleys in the Spokane coun- try is the district generally known as the Hayden Lake country, located directly east of Spokane and traversed by the Hayden Lake division of the Spokane & Inland Elec- tric R. R. Not many years ago this part of the country was unde- veloped, with the exception of a few farms scattered here and there which were in a high state of cultivation. Hayden Lake is perhaps the most beautiful of all the lakes in northern Idaho. It is surrounded by mountains and is located directly in the center of the United States Govern- ment Forest reserve. Hayden Lake is for this reason the most attractive summer resort near Spokane, and even before the electric railroad was built many people drove over to the lake by stage, preferring to go there because of its seclusion and natural grandeur. A few years ago, however, the land in the Hayden Lake Valley was purchased by a syndicate of Spokane real estate men and an extensive irrigation system installed. Since that time the valley has been developed to a marked extent and many attractive cottage homes may be seen along the line. The Hayden Lake Valley covers an area of about ten thousand acres and it is safe to say that the development of this irrigation company embraces at least half of this acreage. The young orchards and improved five or ten-acre tracts are ample evidence of the unusual fertility of the soil and the abundance of water furnished by the irrigation com- pany. Intensified farming in the Hayden Lake district is perhaps more profitable than in other parts of the country, for the reason of the unusual market afforded in the city of Coeur d'Alene. This city has a population of ten thousand people and is the gateway to the great Coeur d'Alene Mining country. A regular boat service connecting with steam lines direct to Wallace and other points in the Coeur d'Alene Mining Co. Haydon Lake is the home of the largest poultry and squab farm in the Inland Empire. The success of the com- pany owning this farm is unquestionably largely due to the favorable climatic conditions as well as the favorable market for all the poultry and eggs that can be raised. The farm embraces twenty acres and is in all respects a model farm. To visit the district from Spokane, requires but an hour and a half's ride. The trip may be made over the electric line, trains leaving the Spokane Terminal at convenient hours of the day. Will pay for the IRRIGATION AGE $2.50 one year and the PRIMER OF IRRIGATION. 258 THE IRRIGATION AGE. CYRUS H. McCORMICK. A Word About a Great Man. When men of ordinary attainments die, and their remains are laid away, the world giving them due thought for a day or so, soon forgets them. The term ordinary is used to describe the man who has made no distinctive, lasting success. To be sure, these men whom the average citizen would term or- dinary, may have had as high aspirations and may have devoted as much energy and thought toward some great dividual. On the other hand, a misuse of it will send him to his grave "unhonored and unsung." The genius of Edison and Westinghouse will for generations be glorified in the great inventions which their labors have given to the world. Among those whose genius contributed great labor-saving machinery to humanity and relieved of burdensome drudgery the greatest of all occupations — farming — the name of Cyrus H. McCormick must ever stand in the forefront. We are presenting in this issue a half-tone likeness of Cyrus H. McCormick, the inventor of the Reaper. Much has been written and a great deal said concerning this subject, and THE IRRIGATION AGE is not disposed CYRUS HALL McCORMICK, Inventor of the Reaper. Born 1809 — Died 1884. end as those who have died after having solved prob- lems which immortalized them. Men who achieve great success in the arts, in a me- chanical way and in various lines which lift them to a conspicuous altitude in a commercial sense, win only by persevering effort. A man dies, who has perhaps produced a wonderful painting which is the result of an inspiration. A com- poser, in an inspired moment, brings out something in the musical line which stirs the hearts of the world. Perseverence in delving for hidden treasures in the earth occasionally develops fabulous riches, and the proper use of that wealth may perpetuate the name of the in- to try to outdo others in eulogizing him. It, however, offers these few observations in connection with the illus- tration, as a modest tribute to a man who came into the world, performed a great service to his fellowmen, hon- orably filled his place, and passed out, leaving the world a more desirable place in which to live. This suggestion brings to mind the thought that there are very few men in the business world today, who having been left with such large fortunes and the care of immense business interests, have conducted them- selves as well as have the sons of Cyrus H. McCormick. Chicago, and the country at large, may well be proud of the members of this great man's family. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 259 CARDEN OE THE GODS COLORADO / SPRINGS!/ DRAINAGE AREA „,,." / U»KWINMt>C. AKt-H .„_- ABOVE Head Gates 6 IO So. MILES FOUNTAIN VALLEY AND & IRRIGATION CO TOTAU AREA e 2"" 1 7 OOO ACRES 7 FOU(«lv in the Weiser country is more than ample to the demand and no trouble is caused by lack of water. The Malheur Irrigation project, now being considered by the Government, covers approximately 150,000 acres of extra fine land and a large amount of the acreage is directly tributary to the city of Weiser. Over ninety per cent of the acreage under this project has been signed up for govern- ment irrigation. The city of Weiser proper is a wide-awake, prosperous city of nearly 5,000, owning its own electric light and water supplv and doing a business equal to that of many towns twice its size. It has several churches and has one of the best school systems in the Northwest. POTATO :- MACHINERY, ABSOLUTELY THE BEST Cutters Planters, Sprayers, ZJicf&erj', SortGnr. c*° Write for free Booklet. "Potato Culture" ASPINWALL MF'G. CO, JACKSON. M.CH, us. A. GOES LIKE SIXTY SELLS LIKE SIXTY SELLS FOR SIXTY $60 GILSON • GASOLENE ENGINE or Pumping. Cream ,Churnj.W«h Ma- de, mi TEIAL IILSON MFG. CO. A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Humphryes' Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tells you all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request j^g HUMPHRYES MFG. CO., MANSFIELD. OHIO for catalog -all Port WuMngto, Wk When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 352 THE IRRIGATION AGE. They Last Forever Standard Steel Fence Posts are to be driven. One-half the cost of wooden posts. They will not rot, burn or decay. 500,000 in use. Plain, barbed or woven wire can be used. 400,000 for sale, Largest post manufac- turers in the world. Also non- climbable posts. Catalog free. References from steady users. Factory, Cambridge, Ohio. Manufactured by J. H. DOWNS 299 Broadw»y New York City 'DOUBLE JWER $1,000 Reward for Its equal. Wind power doubled. Two It ft. wheels work on same pinion; sec- ond wheel gives more pow- er than first. A Governor That Governs I In all winds. Develops 10 full h. p. In 20 mill! wind. All power needed for farm, shop, irrigating, etc. Ask about our self oiling, self governed, single wheel pumper— also Armsaver Huslcer. Ask for book go DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. Applelon, Wit., U. S. A, ROCKFORD ENGINES— ALL STYLES From 3 to 30 H. P. Before you Rocklord Girl it the contract or Engine lhat will please buy, get the Rockford proposition. Address Dept. 4. Rockford Engine Wks. Rockford 111. Neil— Nabby— HinJy Buckeye Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Designed especially for pumping large quantities of water from deep wells. The frame is hinged to the base and can be thrown back out of the way for convenience in renewing the valves. Range of stroke, 5 in. to 20 in. Size of cylinder can be varied to suit requirements. Write ti« To-day Mast. Foos Springfield Co. Ohio GASOLINE OR KEROSENE ENGINE raise water in any quantity. It makes you independent an ves paying out profits. Our plants sold under FIVE YEAR BOND GUARANTEE IRRIGATE FROM YOUR OWN RESERVOIR A reservoir on your own land makes you independent on the water question. You will have no trouble in filling the reservoir during the spring rains, when all the streams, little and big are flooded. Then you will not be at the mercy of ditch owners and other water users when the dry season comes. The few acres you will require for the reservoir will not be wasted. They will serve to make all your other lands vastly more valuable. Raise the Water With An I. H. C. Gasoline Engine Of course you cannot ha ve your reservoir on your high ground. Locate it on the bottom land where it is easiest made and certain to be filled with drainage waters. Then pump the water wherever you need it with an I. H. C. gasoline engine. These engines, always powerful and reliable, have been found to be excel- lently adapted to irrigation pumping. They are operated with little expense. They require but little attention. They enable you to utilize the waste waters such as deep streams, sloughs and ponds upon your own land. The farmer who has a water supply of his own, so that he may irrigate a few hours now and again, without regard to whether the water is flowing in the company ditch, is the Independent farmer. A reservoir on your own land and an I. H. C. gasoline engine to give you the water when you want it, where you want it, is the solution of the problem. The I. H. C. gasoline engine can be used for other purposes beside pumping. It is a general purpose engine, which will be found an all around handy farm helper —to run grinder, sheller, separator, fanning mill, washing machine, churn, grind- stone, etc. The I. H.C. line includes besides Famous pumping engines and jacks, the following: Stationary engines, from 1 to 25 horse-power; Portable engines, from 2 to 26 horse-power; Skidded engines, from 2 to 8-horse-power; Tractors, 12, 15 and .90.- horse-power, and Sawing and Spraying outfits. Call on the International local agent for catalogs and all particulars in regard to these engines, or write nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Colo.; Portland Ore.; Salt Lake City, Utah; Helen.; Montani; Spokane, Wash.; San Francisco, CaL INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA (Incorporated) CHICAGO, u. s. A. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 yee.r. *>nd the Primer of Irrigation THE IKRIGATION AGE. 353 (Continued from page 333.) Pueblo is becoming well known over the West on ac- count of her mineral waters. The city is underlaid with a stratum of mineral waters at a depth of about 1,200 feet. One large sanitarium is filled with people from the whole west who come here to bathe in and drink these waters. An- other large bottling works plant uses these waters from an- other well and the efficacy of these waters is becoming more widely demonstrated. Pueblo business men are energetic and active and are always willing to aid new enterprises coming to the city. They maintain a well organized Business Men's Association, which is ever vigilant to push the interests of the city. Home- seekers and worthy citizens are always heartily received. In the empire of which Pueblo is the metropolis there is plenty of room for thousands of home builders. Many of the re- sources are practically untouched and await the energetic labors of the farmer, the manufacturers, and the alert man of business. The banks of the city, of which there are seven, are generous in aiding new enterprises. They are well handled, financially strong and a credit to the city. The article would not be complete without a word about the climate of Pueblo. Perhaps nowhere in America do the people enjoy a more nearly ideal climate than this city, known far and wide as Sunville. Comparison of total sunshine of Pueblo during the year shows that Los Angeles alone of cities in the United States equals Pueblo, each city haying 75 per cent of possible. The altitude is 4,685 feet, giving the city a cool, equable, invigorating climate. The location of the city, south of the divide of the Arkansas and Platte, protects it from the biting, sweeping winds from the north during the winter. The mean annual temperature is 52 degrees, being five degrees lower than Denver. The total wind velocity during the year is less than twelve leading cities of the coun- try located in various sections. The annual rainfall is about fourteen inches, and the city in 1904 had only forty-six cloudy days and only one day of fog. Will pay for the IRRIGATION AGE $2.50 one year and the PRIMER OF IRRIGATION, Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price : Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.00 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson. 1.00 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. The BUCKEYE FOUR-CYCLE GAS ENGINE SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICAL IN OPERATION CATALOG ON APPLICATION - RELIABLE BUCKEYE ENGINE COMPANY, Salem, Ohio 354 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases The right to appropriate water for irrigation purposes where the doctrine of prior appropriation obtains is not con- fined to riparian proprietors. — Boquillas Land & Cattle Com- pany v. /. N. Curtis. Supreme Court of the United States. 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 493. DUTY TO KEEP CANALS IN REPAIR. — • It is the duty of canal and water companies to keep their ditches and canals in repair, so as to carry the water to the several consumers along the lines thereof. — Niday v. Barker. Supreme Court of Idaho. 101 Pacific 254. RIGHT TO WASTE WATER. — Where a canal company furnishes an applicant with waste water from a drain ditch, supplied wholly with water wasting from other lands, the user thereof can not compel the canal company to maintain such waste water, even though a rental is charged therefor when used ; for the rights of the user depend wholly upon the water wasted into the drain ditch, and his right thereto. — Gcrber v. Nampa & Meridian Irr. Dist. Supreme Court of Idaho. 100 Pacific 80. CHANGE OF MODE OF COLLECTING WATER. — Where a water company had been diverting a certain amount of water from the wash of an artesian basin contin- uously for fifteen years, by means of cuts and trenches, it was entitled, when its supply began to fail, to drive wells in the wash by means of which the requisite quantity previously diverted was obtained from the same source of supply, as the wells only constituted a different means of collecting water. — Barton v. Riverside Water Company. Supreme Court of Cali- fornia. 101 Pacific 790. RESPONSIBILITY OF WATER RESTS UPON CANAL COMPANY. — Where the right to the use of waters from a canal has attached within the purview of the provisions of section 4 of article 15 of the constitution, and the water user pays or tenders the established water rental therefor, the question of the expense of delivery or the amount of waste by seepage, percolation, and evaporation can not be charged to the water user and consumer, but the burden and responsibility thereof rests upon the canal company. — Nidday v. Barker. Supreme Court of Idaho. 101 Pacific 254. FEES OF STATE ENGINEER. — Upon the issuance of a certificate by the state engineer certifying to the completion of the works necessary to apply the water to a beneficial use, he may exact a fee to cover the expense of the examination of such works from the person or persons, on submitting the proof of completion, as follows : For ditches and canals or other works having a capacity of 10 cubic feet per second of time, or less, a fee of $5 ; and where the capacity is more than 10 cubic feet per second, 30 cents for each second foot of the capacity of such works. — Idaho Power & Transportation Company v. Stephenson, State Engineer. Supreme Court of Idaho. 101 Pacific 821. MEXICAN LAW. — The grantee from the state of Sonora, Mexico, of land on the San Pedro river, can not claim to have acquired, under the grant, rights as a riparian proprietor of which he could not be deprived by a subsequent attempt to appropriate the water, since the doctrine of appropriation was, to some extent, at least, in force in that state by custom, irrigation having been practiced in the Santa Cruz valley prior to the cession to the United States, and the right of appropriation, without regard to the riparian character of the lands, having been in force there probably from the time when the Spaniards first settled in the valley. — Boquillas Land & Cattle Company v. /. N. Curtis. Supreme Court of the United States. 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 493. SALE OF WATER BY IRRIGATION COMPANY. — A contract for the sale of a water right by an irrigation company, containing, as one of the conditions of such sale, unforeseen, or unavoidable accident which shall cut off or diminish the supply of water, or if the volume of water proves insufficient from drouth or from any other cause beyond the control of the company, the second party shall be content with his pro rata share of water which the company may have. IRRIGATED LAND Open to Settlement Some of the richest and most productive farm land in the world lies along the Shoshone and the Big Horn Rivers in the "Big Horn Basin" of Wyoming. Over ten million dollars is being spent by the United States Government and by private enterprise in building great concrete dams and ditches in order to lead an inexhaustible supply of water to irrigate some of the best of these lands and make them independent of rainfall. A great portion of this work is completed, and these lands, with a perpetual supply of water for irrigating them, are now offered you on reasonable terms. This is an Unusual Opportunity to get a wonderfully productive farm, with water whenever you want it, regardless of rainfall; in a country where a single crop can be made to pay for the land; where 50 bushels of wheat or barley, and 75 bushels of oats are commonly grown to the acre; where fruits grow luxuriously and where the glorious air and sunshine, summer and winter, make life a joyous thing. This wonderful country is developing fast. Churches and schools abound. The population is intelligent, Godfearing and law-abiding, and any man out there who is half a man has the opportunity to make himself independent. Land in this great country is going fast. If you have any thought for the welfare of yourself or children, find out all about this opportunity to -day. Send for our new folder with large map, and also folders issued by the private irrigation companies and by the United States Government Reclamation Service giving all information about these lands, terms, etc. Free for the asking. Study these folders and then come with me on my next excursion to the Big Horn Basin and see for yourself. My excursions, which I personally conduct, leave Omaha on the 1st and 3d Tuesday each month, on which days reduced railroad rates are in effect. My services are free to you. Burlington D. CLEM DEAVER, General Agent Landseekers' Information Bureau, 69 Q Building, OMAHA, NEB. N. B. — The winter weather in the Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter, THE IEKIGATION AGE. 355 and the company shall not be liable for the shortage or defi- ciency, and shall have a right to distribute such water as may flow through the canal or from the reservoir to the holders of such water rights pro rata, places all persons holding such contracts upon an equality as to the right to water when there is a shortage, and denies to any of such persons a prior or superior right over any other person holding a like contract. — Jackson v. Indian Creek Reservoir Ditch & Irrigation Com- pany, Ltd. Supreme Court of Idaho. 101 Pacific 814. ADJUDICATION OF PRIORITIES. — A ditch was constructed to irrigate a part of each of three ranches in 1867 ; the owners of all the ranches using the water from that time. Adjudication proceedings were instituted in 1889, and the owners of two of the ranches, who were brothers agreed, in order to avoid any contention as to the amount of water each was entitled to, that one should make filing and prove up upon the 1867 appropriation, and that the other should claim under an appropriation made in 188], but that both should thereafter own a half interest in the water rights they secured. The decree as to priorities did not conform to the statements of claim made by the three owners giving one of the brothers a priority as of 1867 as claimed, and the other brother priorities as of 1879 and 1881, and did not attempt to define the ownership of the different amounts of each, merely reciting their names, and provided that no part of the decree should be taken as affecting any claim of right between the owners or claimants of the ditch as between themselves, nor any claim of priority made as between parties using water for irrigation from the same appropriation. Held, that the decree was not res judicata as to the ownership of the priorities of the original ditch as between the original appropriators thereof or their grantees, and the statement of claim by the brother who did not claim under the 1867 appropriation did not estop him or his grantees from claiming thereunder. — Park v. Park. Supreme Court of Colorado. 101 Pacific 403. HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR -AND- SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing fanning methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLATE, or ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., Charles City, Iowa i n ii i mi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M n 1 1 1 n 1 1 in n 1 1 1 1 1 SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. Write Department K-2 for Catalog. Ill I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I MM I ~f I I I I I I I I I When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 356 THE IRRIGATION AGE. A Trip Through The West Via Union Pacific "The Safe Road To Travel" Will Convince You "THE OVERLAND LIMITED" on Lane Cutoff near Omaha, Neb. A journey via our line affords a splendid opportunity to combine education with pleasure ; to learn about the new West and the great Northwest ; for Union Pacific trains traverse the heart of these beautiful and interesting lands. SAFETY, SERVICE, SPEED, the Ideal Travel Combination Stopovers at Omaha or Kansas City, Denver, Salt Lake City, Yellowstone National Park, Portland, and many other points WRITE FOR ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION FOLDER Address E. L. LOMAX, G. P. A. \^;GRPCOO' OMAHA, NEB. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. ••»•»•»•••••»•••«*••»««»••»»••»••••••»•»•••»•»•»• 357 UNION MACHINES WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES \ Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO, QALION, OHIO MAA • AA A A A A AAA A A Al VW W W WwW W V^ When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age, 358 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Centennial Auger Machine Mascot Auger Machine Soft Mud Machine*. Hone and Steam Power Clay Working •BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Disintegrator! Eagle Repress Hand and Power Cutters Hand Power Screw Press Horse Power Planter Machins Products of our Auger Machines When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 359 Irrigators', Engineers', Prospectors' and Miners' High Cut Boot* Expressly adapted for irrigation work. Made of the highest qual- ity and stock. Strong, comfort- able and dependable. Many styles. Protect the feet and keep them dry. Can be secured through shoe dealers. If not obtainable, write to us. For a dress shoe, wear "HONORBILT" F.Mayer Boot & Shoe Co. Milwaukee, Wisconsin -USE A- PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU To get AHEAD of your competitors and be FIRST to find out about and get NEW CUSTOMERS or about CONTRACTS to be let and where MA- TERIAL is wanted. To gather the very LATEST information on any subject of interest to you. TO WIN your Debate, or enrich your Essay, or Club paper. OUR drag net is WORLD WIDE. You get RESULTS quickly, cheaply. DO NOT WAIT A MINUTE but write for information and handsome booklet showing how you can MAKE MONEY and SAVE TIME by patronizing America's greatest news- paper reading organization. THE CONSOLIDATED PRESS CLIPPING CO. 1107 North American Building •CHICAGO, U.S.A.- Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation SAVED OF _ THE EXPENSE O OF IRRIGATION Send for our booklet, "COST OF IRRIGATION." It will save you money in irrigating. We guarantee 25* more water with the same power, or the same amount of water with 25£ less power than other make of pumping machinery. We have proved this greater efficiency by hundred! of tests and we are ready to prove it again. Bulletin No. 104 illustrates and describes irrigation machinery THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS AURORA. ILLINOIS. U. S. A. Chicago Office, First National Bank Building. Morse Bros. Machinery & Supply Co., Denver, Cola. Zimmerman- Wells Brown Company, Portland, Or*. Cal. Hydraulic, Engineering & Supply Co., San Francisco, Calif. THE TWO GREAT Land Papers of America THE IRRIGATION AGE THE WESTERN WORLD (Twenty-Fourth Year) (Now in its Sixth Year) The regular subscription price of both journals is : IRRIGATION AGE $1.00 WESTERN WORLD - 1.00 Total $2.00 You can subscribe now and get both for the price of one— AT ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. THE IRRIGATION AGE is the only journal of its class in the world and has been published for 24 years in. this interest. If you care to keep in touch with irrigation development read THE IRRIGA- TION AGE. THE WESTERN WORLD is publishing a series of articles on the surveyed unappropriated government lands of the United States still open for entry, with maps giving locations, from quarter sections to sec- tions. Its articles give details of the nature of the soil in all townships in which there is homestead land open for entry. Start it now. •ADDRESS • IRRIGATION AGE 112 Dearborn Street : Chicago, 111. THE IRRIGATION AGE. The Union Pacific Reaches "The Land of Opportunity" The Climate is delightful — Irrigation and Dry Farming are Trans- forming a Desert into a Garden Spot THE BEST SOIL IN THE WORLD HE SOILS of Italy, France and other portions of the Mediterranean region are still producing abundant crops after centuries of cultivation. The main reason for this is, that soil which consists of lava flow is practically indestructible. Large portions of the states of Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon and Washington have this same lava soil, which when watered produces wonderful crops. In the South Platte Valley of Colorado and in the North Platte Valley of Wyoming and Nebraska, the climate as well as the soil is considered among the finest in the world. The wonderful productive powers of the soil in these sections is due to light rain- fall ; it is well known that copious rains dissolve and carry away much of the soluble ingredients of a soil, including much valuable plant food. Nevertheless, there are times when water is absolutely necessary. Plenty of water for irrigation is available in these sections, the water being secured from the North and South Platte rivers, and the section itself is one of the most easily irrigated in the states where irrigation is resorted to. The natural fall of the land being sufficient to carry water to every portion of a farm. The quality of the crops raised in these sections has created a standing demand for them in eastern markets, and the yields are so large that land frequently pays for itself in a few years. If you want to secure better land and live in an ideal climate, write for our beautifully illustrated booklets, entitled "The North Platte Valley, Nebraska" and "The South Platte Valley Colorado." They will interest you. ADDRESS : E. L. LOMAX, Gen'l Pass, Agent, U. P. R. R. Co., Room 4-G. P. 0., OMAHA, NEB. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. GOVERNMENT LAND FIFTY CENTS AN ACRE All the land under the Irrigation Projects of the Twin Falls North Side Land & Water Co. is Government land, which has been given to the state of Idaho under the Carey Act to be sold at 50 cents an acre — no more. The perpetual water right for these lands is fixed by the state land board of Idaho and cannot be advanced. The first pay- ment on the water right is $3 an acre, the balance in nine annual payments. These terms make a very attractive opportunity for anyone who is ready to enter upon the very profitable work of irrigated agriculture and fruit growing. The farm will pay all installments. The total cost of the water right is $35 an acre on the North Side; $40 on the Salmon tract; $45 on the North Side exten- sion. Interest at 6 per cent on deferred payments. Young orchards in this region have fine crops of apples, peaches, cherries and berries this year, notwithstanding the losses by late frosts in other noted fruit growing districts. This fact adds im- mensely to the value of these lands, but our price cannot be advanced. We still have 700 40-acre tracts open for original entry. You may have one, two, three or four of these tracts at the original price. Many of these tracts lie together so that you may enter a quarter section if you wish. You will have good neighbors all around you because we have sold nearly 4000 40-acre tracts to a fine class of settlers. You are missing an opportunity of inestimable value if you fail to get in touch with the Twin Falls country. Leave no chance for regrets, but act now. TWIN FALLS NORTH SIDE LAND & WATER CO., W. S. KUHN, PRESIDENT FOR BOOKLET AND ALL INFORMATION, ADDRESS H. L. HOLLISTER, 205 La Salle Street, H.^Tn7u^X, CHICAGO 15he RELIABLE LINE • -• Dempster* That's The Name High Class Gasoline Engines 2 to 12 Horse Power For Gasoline Kerosene and Alcohol T Four Cycle Economical Powerful Will Run Anything Anywhere Irrigating and Water Works Pumping Plants our Specialty OUR LINE: WIND MILLS ALL KINDS OF PUMPS WOOD AND STEEL^TANKS WELL MACHINERY GASOLINE ENGINES CULTIVATORS FEED MILLS GRAIN DRILLS IRON PIPE AND CASING COCKS AND VALVES WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS FARM AND RANCH WATER, SUPPLIES BEST TO WORK See that Extra Bearing Look Carefully at the Best on the Wheel Shaft and the Windmill Head Center Lift Crank Roller Rim Gears Ever Made and other good things DEMPSTER M LL MANUFACTURING CO. FACTORY: BEATRICE. NEBRASKA Branch Houses : Omaha. Neb. Kansas City. Mo. Sioux Falls. S. D Mention Department A" when you writ* BEST TO BUY VOL. xxiv TITLE REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE CHICAGO, AUGUST, 1909|l NS 10 OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES DITCHING SOIL CONTAINING BOULDERS offers no hindrance to the work of an Austin Drainage Excavator unless the boulders are so large as to re- quire blasting. This machine will remove any boulder that will go into the large excavating buckets, and, bear in mind, these buckets are not the : mall affairs used on a ladder dredge, but lartfe scraper buckets comparable In size to a steam shovel dipper. Naturally, ditching ground full of boulders is slower than ditching clean soil, but the Austin Drainage Excavator will ditch boulder filled land and do it successfully, completing the ditch, with sloping sides and smooth bottom, in one operation. Ask to see our views and records of Austin Drainage Excavator work in stony ground. The Austin Levee Builder The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Drag Line Excavator The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Tile Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber Send for Catalogue "S" WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO., *"&?, N. B. Agents/wanted In unoccupied territory.'" Morris Machine Works Baldwinsville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery. designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of what it wanted and we will recoirmend a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood V NV illow Sts . Texas Henion fc Hubbell. Agents. 61 N. Jefferson S .. Chicago. 111. Harron. Riclard V McComh. Agents 21 Fremont St. S. Francisco. Cal. DHB IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers, Chicago, 111. THE 17™ NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS FJ fl WILL BE HELD AT SPOKANE. WASH., AUG. 9-14,1909. Deep Well Working Heads These Working Heads Can be Operated by Electric Motor, Gas or Gasoline Engine, Steam Engine or Belt Driven — -the Motors and Engines being Direct Connected if Desired. The chief advantage to the possessor of a Deming Deep Well Working Head is in the immense saving of power money in direct proportion to the great depths from which the water can be pumped. Then, too, our working heads have differential or double acting cylinders — discharging water at each stroke. Anyone desirous of securing water from deep wells for private estates, farms, etc., could purchase one of the smaller sizes and use it to excellent advantage. Of course we make other larger sizes for irrigating — those in the illustrations having 24 inch stroke. If you expect to install a private irrigating plant, or need a pump of any kind, we should be glad to have you write us, giving conditions under which the pump would have to work. Our engineering department would then give you full information. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HAND AND POWER PUMPS FOR ALL USES Including Spray Pumps, Nozzles and Accessories HENION AND HUBBELL, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents Other Agencies in All Principal Cities THE IRRIGATION AGE. 361 The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economicaland Certain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators --The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Four Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follows: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel On light loads one cylinder can be used, reierving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more conyenjent it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 16th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III.. U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 362 THE IEEIGATION AGE. SUPEIIOI DRILLS ire Died tat Ap»r«c!«le« by Out Tttmtn Ihe World Ont SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., • Minneapolis, Minn. Kingnun & Co., • Peorla, III. Kinsman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Kto?m»n-Moorelmp. Co., • K»ns»s City, Mo. Kingtnan-Moore Imp. Co., - Oklahoma, OV1». Kin?m m Imolement Co., • • Omaha. Veb. Parlin & Orendorff Imp. Co., Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., - Denver, C >lo. The T. C. Powers Co., - - Helena, Mont. Consolidated Wag. & Maeh. Co , Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw C->., - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturer! AMEtlCiN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.) d. Ohio GRAIN DRILLS New American Turbines will improve your water power because they are EFFICIENT, POWERFUL and DURABLE. Our line of HEAD GATES and HOISTS is the^jmost complete on the market, and we have patterns for all sizes and types. Don't forget that a reliable Head Gate is one of the important parts of any power plant. Send for Catalogue 25. The Dayton Globe Iron Works Go, Dayton Ohio The Greatest Dairying Proposition Land of the Tall Grass, jie^Big Red Clover and the Home of the Cow We offer better opportunities for the farmer of small means to get into successful dairying than is offered in any otherjiart of;the United States. With a cash 'capital of [$1,000 any industrious farmer can become well-to-do in eight years on our Dairy Farm Land in Beltrami and Clearwater Counties, Minnesota. Read What Experts Say of Our Land "Destined to be the Greatest Dairy Country in the World." — W. M. HAYS, Asst. Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. f'The Almighty has set it apart for a Dairy Coun- try."— Ex-Gov. HOARD, Editor Hoard's Dairyman. ' "There is no section of our State or Country that is better suited for dairying and the raising of diversi- fied crops than the Northern part of Minnesota." — C. P. BULL Professor of Agronomy, University of Minnesota. "The" Agricultural "capabilities "of this area (Northern Minnesota) is away beyond the popular estimate * * * The ability of the soil to produce good crops need not be questioned." — THOS. SHAW, N . W. Editor Orange Judd Farmer, and formerly Professor of Agriculture, University of Minnesota "In no other portion of the United States can Dai- rying be so profitably carried on." — R. A. MOORE, Pro- fessor of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin. Write Us for Prices of ILand and Further Particulars Northern Minnesota Dairy-Farm Land Co. Tenney Block, Madison, Wis. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IREIGATION AGE. 363 The Northern Pacific Railway v Traverses the Spokane Valley, Washington j Spokane Valley Possesses Ideal Conditions for the Raising of Vine, Bush and Tree Fruits Strawberries, Melons, Raspberries, Dewberries, Apples, Peaches, Pears, Cantaloupes, Grapes, Blackberries, etc. Apricots, Plums, etc. GARDEN TRUCK YIELDS BIG PROFITS. C. Spokane Valley is only a few miles from the city of Spokane (with a population of 120,000). This city is a large Wholesale Distributing Market for all kinds of Produce. ^ Spokane Valley has a rich volcanic soil, and all the irrigation projects established here have a reliable water supply. This valley is a "land of sunshine." 41. Spokane Valley has electric and steam railroads, tele- phone lines, rural routes, perfect wagon and auto roads, fine schools and churches. A perfect country home, with all the advantages of city and country life, can be secured here. ^ Spokane Valley can prove its value by statements and testimonials of the people living in it, who are making big interest on the money invested, and receiving a large income from their labor. Why do you not get 10 or 20 acres of land in this choice location ? You can, by doing so, make yourself independent in your old age, with a reliable income and a home of your own. The question which causes many to hesitate at embarking in the business of fruit raising is the fact that four or five years must elapse after securing the land and planting the trees before the apples are ready for market. What to do in the meantime has been the problem in most irrigated countries. Don't hesitate on this account in your consideration of lands in the Spokane Valley. Do you know that these lands, when all irrigated, cannot over- stock the near-by markets in melons, tomatoes, sweet corn and other vegetables? Strawberries, raspberries, dew- berries and blackberries, which can be raised in wonderful quantities and can find ready sale at high prices in the city, in the mining camps, in the lumber camps and in the wheat raising country, all within a few miles, and all easily accessible at a very small cost of shipping. Our farmers have, in many cases, made fine returns from the crop raised between the trees as they expect to receive from their bearing orchards. There is a little more work to it, but the net return justifies it, and the markets at their doors make such returns as the following possible: Justin Clark. Spokane Valley, Wash., states: "I sold $670 worth of dewberries from three-quarters of an acre of two-year-old vines." W. G. Cook, Spokane Valley. Wash., writes: "One- fourth acre of onions yielded 70 sacks; sold at $1.20 per cwt., brought $105." This is over $400 per acre. Also: "We have had no killing frosts as yet, and toma- toes and such tender vegetables are still growing." (October 19th, 1907.) Theo. Epling. Spokane Valley, writes: "I put in 1% acres of early potatoes and sold $155 worth from that, and then planted the same land to table beets and now have as fine a crop as you ever saw, ready for the mar- ket. Will get at the rate of 8 tons per acre. I believe, and they, are selling here at the rate of $1 per 100 pounds. A. P. Ohlson, Spokane Valley, writes: "I raised 450 boxes of tomatoes from about one-half acre, which aver- aged 50 cents per box. I got $60 from less than one- fifth acre of dewberries (first year crop). Everything planted has grown in abundance and have had no trou- ble in selling all I could raise. My cherry trees, planted two years ago, are fully two inches in diameter and eight feet high; other trees in proportion." A. M. Richardson, Spokane Valley, writes: "I have done especially well with potatoes (250 sacks per acre), tomatoes, squash and cabbage. Potatoes have sold at $1 per cwt. I consider the market the very best. On- ions have done especially well and pay $350 to $500 per acre. My two-year-old trees made three to five feet growth since pruning in March, and some 150 feet limb growth per tree. My crops have been raised between trees." NORTHERN Take the PACIFIC RAILWAY to Spokane Valley, Washington For Information regarding Fares, Train Service, etc., write to A. M. CLELAND, Gen. Pass. Agent Northern Pacific Railway St. Paul, Minn. REMEMBER THE Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress SPOKANE August 9 to 14, 1909 For Descriptive Printed Matter, write to C. W. MOTT, Gen. Emig. Agent Northern Pacific Railway ' St. Paul, Minn. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 364 THE IREIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Trovighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory. KIMBALL, NEB. -OR- T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bld«., Denver. Colo. Are doing the work of the world and doing it well. 100,000 of them are making money for 100, 000 sat- isfied users. You can become a profit sharer by sending for a catalogue and telling us your needs. THE OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, The Ghas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS. Improved— Irrigated Lands — Unimproved. GOODING, IDAHO. TRUMP TURBINES The highest grade water wheel machinery built in this country. We make a specialty of building turbines for operation in connection with Centrifugal Pumps for Irrigating If you are in the market for water wheels, gearing, power transmission machinery, trash racks, head gate hoists, or other water power appurtenances, we solicit your inquiry. Send for our Illustrated Catalog. The Trump Manufacturing Co. QREENMOUNT ST., SPRINGFIELD, OHIO GRADERS FOR IRRIGATED FARMS Land, to produce the best results when irri- gated, should be properly graded. Our catalog A \ shows m a - chines for all kinds of level- ing and ditch work. WRITE FOR IT THEOHIO ROAD MACHINERY COMPANY,.,, V, ,- Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND. IND., V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments Nay Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXIV CHICAGO, AUGUST, 1909. No. 10 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, - - CHICAGO Entered u Kcoad-clui •utter October I, 1897. at the Chicago, 111., under Act of Marcfc t. 1878. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription , the price is $ J .50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid $1.00 To Canada and Mexico, . 1.50 All Other Foreign Countries, 1.50 In forwarding; remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is flu only publication in the world having an actual paid in advaacc circulation among individual irrigators 'and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and hai readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 24 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. Spokane has spoke. Five billions of dollars is some money. Hurrah for the hurrah for the Irrigation Congress. What valley does the Gunnison tunnel reclaim ? Say it slower. Now let Pueblo try her hand — then east with it, all together. It is announced that there are to be fourteen differ- ent kinds of irrigation to be exhibited at the Spokane congress. Oh, what will the chasers be? If J. Pluvius doesn't refrain from trundling out his hose cart.and turning irrigation canals into drainage districts just before irrigation congresses he should be kindly but firmly rebuked. When the Pathfinder dam was reported to be trem- bling in the balance a young government engineer hur- ried to the site. He wired his department as follows : "Arrived yesterday dam safe." Two hours later he was shocked with this query : "You or the Pathfinder ?" Just for the encouragement of those settlers who have already waited for several years for government water, we quote the recent weather report : "Deadwood had so much rain that it was cut off from the world for a week because all the railroads were washed away; •Lincoln, Neb., had seven inches of rain in two days; Hebron, Neb., got four inches in two hours; Kapid City, S. D., was without a train on any of its four roads for ten days; lthe National Lumber Company lost 1,000,000 feet of lumber and railroad ties because of high water in Wyoming; every stream in western Ne-- braska and Wyoming is full. Farmers are digging •ditches and putting in tiling for the purpose of drain- ing off some of the surplus moisture." Ruling Against Scrip Payment. Reports from the west state that Secre- tary Ballinger is about to put an end to the co-operative plan of building govern- ment irrigation projects, and that here- after all such works will be built entirely by the Reclamation Service and be paid for exclusively out of the Reclamation fund. Mr. Ballinger states that this was the intent of the law and therefore the plan must be followed out in the future. The decision comes from the Secretary's disapproval of the scheme devised by Director Newell of the Reclama- tion Service, under which settlers on uncompleted proj- ects were permitted to work on canals, ditches, etc., and receive in payment for their labor a certain kind of scrip, which was later accepted by the Reclamation Service in payment of their water rights. In devising this co-operative scheme, Mr. Newell was undertaking to lighten the burden of those settlers who had taken land before water was available. It is the opinion of many that Mr. Newell was right in this matter and that his move in this direction was of great assistance to many of the settlers who were with- 366 THE IRRIGATION AGE. out bank accounts. He sought to give them employ- ment at a time when their farms yielded little or noth- ing, and thereby to lessen the burden imposed upon them by the water payments demanded during the early years of their settlement when other expenses were heaviest. It appears now that in his effort to aid them, Mr. Newell devised a system that the law will not recognize, did not authorize or contemplate, and the plan is counter to the views held by Secretary Ballinger. It is said that if a system of co-operative construction is to be taken up, congress must amend the Reclamation Act to legalize a plan of this character. The service or the Government could not in any way lose by this practice, and it can be predicted that Secretary Ballinger will use all reasonable effort to have the law so amended as to carry out the plan of Mr. Newell. The work contracted for under that arrange- ment was actually performed and the cost of the labor was shown on the books. There are, to be sure, some features which should be corrected by some generally established system as laid down by an amendment, viz.: a regulated price for all labor performed by individuals or teams. The scrip which has heretofore been issued will be honored and settlers who have been paid in that form will lose nothing. Scrip now in their possession is as good as the day it was issued. The Secretary does not intend to discredit any agreement entered into with the • sanction of his predecessor. His decision applies only to future work. It is stated that Secretary Ballinger is acting under the advice of the Attorney General, who reported that there was no law for this co-operative sys- tem of building government irrigation works. Having overcome every argument and ob- Pueblo stacle that militated against its right to Seeking the Seventeenth Irrigation Congress, and Eighteenth with the keen support of every commercial Congress. organization within its limits, Pueblo is sending to the Spokane congress a dele- gation of boosters to press its claim for the gathering of 1910. Other cities have also marshaled their forces for the conflict and there promises to be a most spec- tacular fight over the selection of the place for next year's convention. Logically the city of Pueblo is entitled to first con- sideration. Those who attended the sixteenth congress will remember the fight made at that time by Pueblo delegates seeking to gain for their city the present meet- ing. With commendable grace and courtesy, Pueblo then stepped aside in favor of Spokane. Since 1908 Pueblo has grown. No more may the argument of insufficient hotel accommodations be con- sidered, for Pueblo is prepared to construct one of the finest hostelries in the country before the next conven- tion. Moreover, she is ready to entertain next year's visitors with all resources at her command. Pueblo's commercial organizations are powerful and it may be confidently predicted that should the eight- eenth congress be held in that city it will be eminently successful and the entire country be aroused to the im- portance of irrigation works and results. The movement is growing; let the congress go to that city, where it will be assured of greatest success — Pueblo. To reclaim 180,000 acres of land in the To Solve Rio Grande Valley at an estimated cost Vexing of $8,200,000, is the task which is now en- Rio Grande gaging the attention of the Reclamation Problem. Service on the Rio Grande River near Engle, New Mexico. This, it is stated, will be the largest irrigation project in the world. Some idea of the magnitude of this work, generally known as the Rio Grande project, locally termed "The Engle Project" and by other called the "Elephant Butte" project, may be had from the fact that the huge dam to be thrown across the Rio Grande will form a lake or reservoir more than forty miles long, and capa- ble of storing two million acre feet of water. This project is a combination of two irrigation plans: (1) The diversion dam at Leasburg at the head of the Mesilla Valley. (2) The old Elephant Butte project, originally undertaken by a local water users' association. The Leasburg dam cost $200,000 and has been com- pleted, and is now delivering water to the Mesilla Val- ley. This vast irrigation work, larger than the famous Assouan dam in the river Nile, Egypt, involves the con- struction of a rubble-concrete dam, 1,150 feet wide at the crest, 400 feet wide at the surface of the water, and 250 feet wide at bedrock. The base of this dam will be set 65 feet below the bed of the stream. The water to be impounded will form a lake approximately forty-five miles long, from four to six miles wide, and about 175 feet deep at the lower end. That there will be more or less litigation over this project at some future time is the opinion of those who are well informed. The people of Southern Colorado and northern New Mexico and the San Luis and the Taos Valley claim a right to the water which is now passing their lands, and they will undoubtedly make an effort to control water from the streams arising in the mountains surrounding the valleys in which their land is located. It is stated that the Government has forbidden the taking of water from these streams and it is predicted long drawn litigation will result. The peculiar features connected with the treaty with Mexico have created unusual comment. We are not sufficiently THE IEKIGATION AGE. 367 familiar with all of the details, but intend to take it up with those who are well posted and exploit both sides in future issues of THE IRRIGATION AGE. The land owners in some of the valleys will be asked to state their side of the case and government officials will be requested to explain their position. Meanwhile, the motive and the cause leading up to the passage of this treaty will be investigated carefully, and it is presumed that some very interesting revelations will result. Six-Mile Under Mountain. On July 6 the heading from either direc- tion met in the Gunnison Tunnel, con- structed by the Government in Colorado. This tunnel is expected to carry the waters of the Gunnison Eiver through a moun- tain range into the Uncompahgre Valley, there to be used for irrigation. It is the largest 'underground waterway in the world, being six miles long, has a finished cross section of lO^xll^ feet and will carry 1,300 cubic feet of water per second. The tunnel will be lined throughout with cement, and the Washington authorities state that it will, when completed, cost about $2,500,000. Clippings from western papers and also information received from those who are familiar with the project, indicate that the cost will reach a very much higher figure — some say double that sum — which would bring the cost for water per acre to a very high figure. Numerous difficult engineering feats were encoun- tered in^the construction of this tunnel, and it was necessary at various times to increase the acre cost of water as the difficulties made greater expenditure than was first considered necessary. The preliminary work on this undertaking was not only difficult, but in a sense spectacular, as the Gunnison Eiver flows at the bottom of a canyon 2,000 feet deep, with almost perpendicular walls, which necessitated the surveys for the location of the tunnel heading on the river side being determined by lowering engineers from the rimrock down the face of the canyon by ropes. This work required both heroism and engineering skill of no mean order. Actual work on the tunnel was of a necessity pre- ceded by the construction of a road down the canyon walls over which supplies and heavy machinery could be carried. For over four years crews of men have been boring into the granite mountain from both ends of the tunnel. They have encountered all sorts of discourage- ments, gas, cave-ins, hot and cold water, running sand and treacherous material which required careful timber- ing in order to protect the workmen, but the work has gone on steadily day and night. The lands in the Uncompahgre Valley are said to be among the richest orchard lands in the west, and with an ample water supply they will furnish homes for thousands of families who can easily pay back to the government the cost of building the irrigation system. It is said by the wise ones that no other than orchard land experts would be likely to take up and develop property in the Uncompahgre Valley owing to the high price of construction which brings the acre cost to a higher figure than that charged on any other project so far developed by the Government. The formal celebration of the opening of this tun- nel will be held in September and it is expected that President Taft will be present with other distinguished guests who will take part in the program of the day. This project will reclaim approximately 150,000 acres of land surrounding the celebrated Montrose fruit district. Homesteading will not be necessary on most of the land as the majority of the acreage was filed on years ago and is at present for sale outright at reason- able price per acre. Water-rights must be contracted for with the government. A new era is dawning for the irrigated Ballinger west under the control of Secretary Bal- Studies linger, a western man, who studies careful- Western ly all problems that confront him. Under Needs. these conditions, the west may expect a square deal. It is safe to say that under his administration irrigation projects controlled by the Government will be carried forward more rapidly and satisfactorily than in the past. The predecessor of Mr. Ballinger, while a capable man, was not in any way familiar with the west. He secured the major part of his (information concerning western affairs from bureau heads and many details, no doubt, came to him through Forester Pinchot. Mr. Ballinger is making a general tour of the west at the present time and will reach Washington in the fall, better prepared to meet the grave questions relating to western progress than any man who has ever filled this position. People of the west may feel that their interests are in safe hands with Secretary Ballinger at the helm. AMES PUMP CATALOG. One of the most commendable of pump catalogs to come before the editor of the Irrigation Age during the past month is that put upon the press by the A. T. Ames Manufacturing Company, of Niles, Cal. In its explana- tions and description of the various classes of pumping machinery placed upon the market by this company the catalog is comprehensive and complete. Catalog No. 24, as it is called, approaches the artistic and withal is a most valuable booklet for buyers. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and • • the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated • • work for new beginners in irrigation. 368 THE IRRIGATION AGE. PUMPING PLANTS FOR IRRIGATORS The University of Arizona in an 8-page brochure by G. E. P. Smith, entitled "Timely Hints for Fann- ers, No. 67," makes the following suggestions of great value to those contemplating the installation of pump- ing plants, and to those whose present plants are un- satisfactory. In the first place the location of the well demands attention. In many places the water table slopes so rapidly that in conjunction with the surface slope it dictates the location of the well that will have the lowest lift. Often differences in the water-bearing character of the formations nearby are the basis for decision. Especially is this true in narrow river valleys. Shallow wells of great lateral dimensions are com- mon in parts of Arizona. In places where shallow gravel beds are underlain by non-water-bearing strata they are justifiable. But more often the depths of the gravel beds are greater than can be reached by such wells, in which case drilled wells are far more effective in developing water. They cut across the bedding planes and tap more strata than a dug well, and since, as is well known, waters percolate along beds of un- consolidated gravels far more easily than in a vertical direction, the drilled wells are the best yielders. Casings for drilled wells may be of the California "stovepipe" type, or, if the soil material is quite uni- form and not too coarse, and short holes under fifty feet are desired, then the Kansas method can be used. This consists in punching slots, perhaps %xl inch in size, in heavy galvanized iron, and riveting the sheets into cylinders with the burr on the outside. Such wells, is inches in diameter and 20 to 40 feet long, make excellent feeders in the bottom of a dug well. PUMPS. The advantages of the centrifugal pump for the individual irrigator are so conspicuous and its adop- tion so general that the discussion will be confined to that type. Pumps are usually purchased wholly on the repu- tation of the makers and without regard to details of construction. Little will therefore be said regarding these features. Both open and closed runners give high efficiencies if well designed and built. Much de- pends on whether the channels and blades are finished or left rough. Machining these surfaces adds materi- ally to the cost but greatly reduces the friction and eddying of the water. In the best pumps the im- peller, if enclosed, is cast in two pieces, and all sur- faces of impeller and casing are machined and pol- ished. Many pumps have only the runner machined. There are also many makes of pumps which are left entirely rough. These last are of very poor construc- tion, verv inefficient, and should not be purchased. The bearings of the pump shaft, or at least the outboard bearing:, should be self-oiling of the ring-oiling type, end thrust should be compensated, and the packing gland should be of approved construction. Where electric power is available, pump and motor should be direct connected on the same bed plate. Such a plant requires the very minimum of attention and should give a combined efficiency ex- ceeding 48 per cent. Such a unit can be set deep in a well pit, just above the water level. If the water table fluctuates greatly between wet and dry seasons a horizontal pump must either be set so high that the suction is apt to be too great or else it runs a risk of being submerged. A vertical pump can be run submerged and is especially adapted to cases in which the water table rises and falls greatly or to cases where the water level drops to the limit of suction when pumping begins. It is advisable to keep the suction lift less than 12 feet. If this can- not be done with a horizontal pump, then a submerged vertical pump should be installed. Centrifugal pumps are exceedingly sensitive to change of speed and in each installation the most effi- cient speed should be determined and then maintained. A revolution counter should be purchased with every pump. Overspeeding may be justifiable sometimes, but never should the speed fall below the best speed. Deep well pumps should be used in drive wells if the water level is at a considerable depth and the well is driven from the surface of the ground. Pumping by air lift is entirely feasible, though of low efficiency. A greater draught may be made upon a poor well by an air-lift than by any other method, but the cost of pumping is high and air lifts are not recommended where the lift exceeds 80 feet. POWER. The choice here is very wide. Gasoline and steam engines occupy the field at present, but in a few locali- ties in Arizona electric power is available. Suction gas producers, hot air engines, and internal combus- tion engines using crude oil give promise of coming into use. Suction gas producers, especially, are well adapted to Arizona conditions, and will furnish cheaper power than any other type of plant except water power. They are only available for plants larger than fifteen horsepower. Large irrigating plants should have a competent engineer. An efficient steam plant burning crude oil or New Mexican coal is at the present time preferred. The small irrigator is usually not a mechanic and besides he is a very busy man. He needs an engine which will work with a minimum of attendance and repairs. A breakdown in the dry season may mean ruin. Small differences in efficiency are often out- weighed by other considerations. The greatest care should therefore be taken to select an installation which will give the least possible trouble afterwards. The symmetry of a pumping plant deserves far more consideration than it usually receives, especially in the case of gasoline plants where the fuel bill is the principal item in the cost of pumping. If the engine is too light the speed of the pump is too low; if the engine is too larsre its own efficiency is £teatly reduced. Both engine and pump should work up. to full rated capacity, or nearly so. The symmetrical design of a pumping plant is not a simple matter. One unfortunate irrigator in the Santa Cruz Vallev was recently observed to have around his well two boilers, two engines, and three pumps. He stated further that he had sent for a fourth pump THE IRRIGATION AGE. 369 and thought he might have to change engines again. By this "cut and try" process a satisfactory plant may be ultimately obtained, but the process itself is ruinous. PIPING AND CONNECTIONS. There are many seemingly unimportant details which are under a purchaser's control and which if neglected cause great leakages of power and increase in cost of pumping or decrease in amount of water pumned. It has been our observation and experience that the worst features of recently installed plants have been in these minor details, and the consumption of fuel has been found doubled in many cases from this cause. The pulleys ordinarily found on centrifugal pumps are so small that with the irrigator's usually loose belt the loss by slipping is very great. Larger pulleys for both pump and engine should be specified in the original order. Idler pulleys should be avoided, and friction clutches are unnecessary. The belting best adapted to this country has been found to be a six-ply canvas stitched belt of the Gandy make. It is a perfect outdoor belt, while a leather belt rapidly goes to pieces if allowed to get wet and a rubber belt does not stand a hot and dry climate. The Gandy belt may be estimated at about eight cents per foot per horsepower, assuming that it is run at an economical speed. A belt connection should not be less than 16 feet center to center of pulleys. The foot valve with strainer, usually unsuspected, is undoubtedly a great offender. The strainer rarely has sufficient waterway. It should be of very ample and generous size, and the foot valve should be aban- doned. -Either a check valve placed immediately above the discharge opening of the pump, or, even better, a flap valve which can be lowered over the outlet of the discharge pipe, should be used. In either case the pump can be quickly primed by means of a pitcher- pump attached to the pump casing or by a steam siphon. The siphon, or ejector, is recommended for all plants operated by steam power. SUCTION AND DISCHARGE PIPES. The suction and discharge pipes should be materi- ally larger than the pump openings. Doubling the diameter of a pipe reduces the internal friction loss to about one-thirty-second of its value, assuming the dis- charge to remain unchanged, and reduces the energy head of the escaping stream to one-sixteenth of its value. The advantage, therefore, of large size piping is readily apparent. The following sizes of piping are recommended for the more common makes of cen- trifugal pumps: Diam. of Diam. Suction Diam. of Diam. Suction Pump and Discharge Pump and Discharge Opening. Pipes. Opening. Pipes. Inches. Inches. Inches. • Inches. 3 5 6 10 4 6 8 12 5 8 10 15 Where two suction pipes are used the diameter of each should be that of the pump opening. The dis- charge pipe should be connected through a tapered in- creaser about four feet in length, and the suction pipe should be connected through a reducing elbow or a straight increaser. The pump should be placed low so that the suc- tion lift is as small as possible, or it may run sub- merged in the case of vertical centrifugal pumps. When the pump and pipe joints are well packed there is no advantage in the lower lift except for the easier priming, but when a gland packing becomes worn the efficiency of the pump is lowered by a high suction head. Suction of more than 20 feet is difficult to maintain with any pump, but more especially with centrifugals. The suction pipe, however, should be considerably longer than 20 feet to prevent air from being sucked down the side of the pipe. If elbows are necessary they should be of the "long sweep" type. Steam fittings have usually been employed, but a column of water does not change direction with the same ease as steam. The cost of the long sweep fittings is no more than that of standard steam fittings. CATTLE SPRAYING. It is common knowledge (hat the mosquito, the ordi- nary house fly and like insects, are carriers of many kinds of dangerous diseases among members of the human race. Consequently, radical means are adopted for their pre- vention and extermination as far as possible. But if they are carriers of disease among humanity, a vast number of the insects that infest cattle are diseases in them- selves. Clinging closely to the skin of the infested animals, they will suck their blood and rapidly sap them of all vitality. Unless some other extremely apparent cause is discovered, weak and emaciated cattle can be attributed to the presence of lice or other similar parasites. This is one of the chief causes of troubles that are sometimes placed at the door of another source, showing itself in different ways, but really being due to the poor condition of the cattle so affected, making them susceptible to dis- eases they would not otherwise contract. Spraying the cattle themselves with a low solution Kerosene Sprayer. Oil and Water Are Thoroughly Mixed in the Plunger Tube in any Percentage Desired. of kerosene, or prepared solutions manufactured for this purpose, has accomplished surprising results in ridding stock of insect troubles. A regular spraying of all barns, kennels and poultry houses does much to eliminate such troubles. In the South, considerable trouble is experienced from the tick, which is a great carrier of the Texas or "accli- 370 THE IRRIGATION AGE. mation" fever. To get rid of these, the cattle are driven through a wooden tunnel from one field to another, and as they pass through, they are thoroughly saturated from all sides by an automatic sprinkler or spraying machine. Experiments have proven conclusively that many thou- sands of cattle are saved to the South by preventative spraying. This is practiced generally where large herds exist — the small hand sprayer being sufficient for the majority of cases. Large vats are sometimes used by some stockmen and the cattle dipped in these. In dairy herds where horn flies exist, a thorough spraying during milking, for six days in succession with one per cent Kreso or other similar solution, will greatly decrease the pests. The flies die as soon as the solution touches them and it should be so directed that it will play directly upon them. Spraying them on consecutive days kills the new flies which hatch from day to day, so no new eggs are laid. Every dairyman will find this practice of value. It may be Small Bucket Sprayer. For Applying Stock Solutions. All Brass and Very Efficient. Manufactured by the Deming Company, Salem, Ohio. necessary to repeat the process at irregular intervals dur- ing the summer, but the time used is well spent. All lice infesting horses, dogs, and hogs, can be quickly exterminated by spraying with Kreso or a like solution. These different solutions can be obtained from any drug store. Spraying outfits, such as those in the illustrations are sufficient to do the work, and, in addi- tion, they can be used for other purposes when the cattle spraying is done. ELEVATING WATER. Hydraulic Ram Possesses Many Values and Economies for This Work. The problem of elevating water from springs, creeks, rivers and other naturaj sources, has held the attention of the people from the time the work began, and the evo- lution of the pump is most interesting. For ages no ideas of pumping water were entertained; it was always carried upon the heads of the slaves in crude vessels which were filled by means of dipping them into cisterns and other sources of supply. Then the ancient Greeks and Romans adopted the gravity system. This in turn was surpassed by the endless chain of metal buckets revolving over a wheel turned by hand. This was succeeded by the chain pump with its saucer-like carriers so well remembered as preceding the plunger pump, which sucks the water up and delivers it through a spout to be conducted wherever wanted. This method is most commonly used at the pres- ent time, and the power is furnished by hand, windmill, engine or other sources. The gravity system, however, is the most economical but not always feasible, as the ten- dency of man is to build his home, barns, factories, etc., upon high land. This is overcome, however, by the hy- draulic ram. The hydraulic ram, from all information obtainable, was invented by John Whitehurst, of Derby, in 1775. The machine he is given credit of inventing required an attendant to open and close the impetus valve. The first automatic hydraulic ram was invented by Joseph Michael de Montgolfier in 1796, and upon his principle is based the principle of the Humphreys Improved Hydraulic Ram. Humphreys' Improved Hydraulic Ram is one of the sim- plest, and at the same time one of the most unfamiliar of all the various forms of pumping machinery. It is an automatic pumping device .which utilizes the power in a moving column of water to pump part of that water to any desired point. It consists essentially of an air cham- ber, an impetus valve and check valve mounted on a suitable base. The ram is placed two feet or more below the level of the source of supply, and is connected to it by means of a pipe, called the drive pipe. The operation of the ram is entirely automatic. The impetus valve is a device for suddenly arresting the flow of water to the ram. The water flows through the ram until its momentum is sufficient to close the valve. The valve closes suddenly, and on account of the inertia of the moving water, the pressure within the ram is in- creased to several times that due to the weight of the water alone. This increased pressure causes the check valve, under the air chamber, to open, thereby permitting a portion of the water to flow into the air chamber. This compresses the air in the air chamber until its pressure is equivalent to that produced by the sudden closing of the impetus valve. The sudden stopping of the flow of water produces what is virtually a recoil in the moving column of water. This tends to decrease the pressure, or to create a vacuum under the check valve and impetus valve, thereby closing the check valve in the air chamber and entrapping the water therein. This decrease of pres- sure under the impetus valve causes it to open. This again permits the water to flow into the impetus valve as before, until it is closed by the momentum of the water. When in operation, the impetus valve rises and falls at a uniform rate, which may be abjusted to meet the condi- tions. Every time the impetus valve closes, the check valve opens to admit the water to the air chamber. The delivery pipe to the storage tank is attached to the air chamber below the water level. The air under compres- sion in the air chamber forces the water through the de- livery pipe in a steady stream to the point desired. The impetus valve is so designed that, by the action of the water, is is caused to partially rotate at each stroke, thereby insuring even uniform wear upon the seat. The action of the ram is entirely automatic. It will pump night and day for months without attention, except perhaps an occasional visit of inspection. A constant air supply is assured for the ram by an automatic intake valve located on the base of the ram, adjacent to the air chamber. It opens and closes with each complete stroke of the impetus valve and prevents the air chamber from filling completely with water, due to the gradual absorp- tion of the air. A small spray of water will escape from the valve at each stroke, showing that it is working properly. The efficiency of the ram varies with the ratio of the vertical head on the ram to the vertical distance pumped. As a means of lifting water, it is more efficient than any other device working under similar conditions. The Humphreys' Improved Hydraulic Ram is of ex- ceedingly simple construction. The air chamber and the body of the ram are made of the best gray cast iron, and the impetus valve is made of brass, which is best adapted to meet the wear upon it. The base and air chamber are practically indestructible, and the valves will last for years. The facts that tell of an improved hydraulic ram are that the cost of same is limited to the first cost, which is very slight indeed in comparison with the cost of windmills, gas engines or motors with pumps, that would be re- quired for the same duty; also no cost of operation after once installed; no attendants required, and adjustable to (Continued on page 382.) THE IKRIGAT10N AGE. 371 Government Completes Gunnison Tunnel Greatest Undertaking in History , of Irrigation— Channel* Penetrates]3Mountain^Base — More than 150,OOOjAcres Reclaimed.^ On July 6, when workmen tunneling in opposite di- rections through the base of a mountain; the peak of which towered two miles above, touched drills and removed the last barrier of granite, the government had completed the Gunnison tunnel, the most gigantic irrigation feat in history. Late in September, with fitting ceremonies and the presence of statesmen and scientists, the water will be turned into this tunnel from the Gunnison River and as it rushes through the base of the mountain to the arid fields beyond, it will reclaim to agriculture and industry a tract of 150,000 acres. Whatever credit belongs to the achievement of this great undertaking may be given to government engineers. Two previous efforts, first by the State of Colorado, in which the land is located, and second, by a contractor, working under direction of the Reclamation Service, ended in failure. After long deliberation and extensive surveys the government, through its reclamation department, then started the work that has ended in complete success. In length and the volume of water transmitted, the Gunnison tunnel is the greatest in existence today. It is approximately six miles long, has a finished cross-section of lOJ^xU^ feet, and will carry 1,300 cubic feet of water per second. The walls will be cement lined throughout and there will be generated about 10,000 horse power at the fourteen intermediate drops. The total cost is esti- mated at from $3,500,000 to $4,000,000. Since February, 1905, when the government had com- pleted its survey and started active work on the tunnels, from 500 to 800 men have been employed in three shifts. Two villages of considerable size have been established near either end. These were under government control and were largely for the accommodation of workmen. While access to the shaft head from the Uncompahgre Valley was easy, most troublesome obstacles confronted engineers in making way for the beginning of work from the Gunnison River side. Waters in the stream, confined to a narrow channel between the mountains, rose at fright- ful speed during the flood season. So precipitous were the walls of this canyon that a road to the head of the tunnel must be cut from the solid granite of the mountain before workmen and machinery could reach the operating point. This road is twenty-three miles in length and at certain points the grade exceeds twenty-three per cent. Heavy machinery and instruments for use at this end were transported with the utmost difficulty. So great was the flow of water, encountered in penetrating the mountain from this direction that immense pumps, capable of hand- ling 750,000 gallons each twenty-four hours, were required for constant operation. Unusual difficulties were met during the course of the work. Because of the volcanic structure of the mountain, interior lakes and streams were tapped and penetrated. Hot waters, quicksands, gas and various other obstacles presented barriers to continuous work, and demanded en- gineering ability and resource to be overcome. Choke damp delayed work for three weeks at one time and forced the construction of a ventilating shaft nearly 700 feet in depth. More than 500 feet of the tunnel were driven through a fossil formation, yielding so readily to force that special timbering was necessary. In the progress of the work it was necessary to con- struct two sections of electric railroad and a telephone exchange. An immense power plant for producing elec- tricity for use in drilling and operating the electric line was constructed by the government. From the Uncompahgre end of the tunnel the waters will be conducted to the Uncompahgre river, a distance of twelve miles, through a canal in which there is a drop of 214 feet. Power plants will be built at fourteen points along this canal and electricity thus generated will be View of Gunnison River and Deep Gorge Through Which it Courses. In the Foreground, Power Plant near East Mouth of Gunnison Tunnel. used for commercial purposes in the valley. Laterals and ditches completed by individuals in their efforts to lead water to certain parts of the valley are now under con- trol of the government. These will be welded into a com- prehensive system for distributing the flow equally to all parts of the valley. New canals will be built, thus bring- ing under cultivation much of the upper mesa land, which is red, sandy soil, unequaled for the cultivation of fruit. Under irrigation Uncompahgre Valley lands have yielded the most astonishing returns. Tributary to the city of Montrose are 2,000 acres of bearing orchards, the annual income from which averages $300 per acre. Fruit in some instances has commanded the remarkable sum of $1,000 per acre, being sold on the trees and representing (Continued on page 383.) 372 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Government; RECLAMATION NOTES Private Under this heading the IRRIGATION AGE will here- after run reports and news relating to irrigation proj- ects— both government and private— gathered from the various sources at its command. Readers of the AGE are requested to assist the editor by sending reports of local projects, new organizations or progress of outlined work in their vicinities. COLORADO SWINK COMPANY INCORPORATES. Articles of incorporation of the Swink Ditch & Res- ervoir Company, one of the largest irrigation systems in the Arkansas valley, and of the Apishapa Development Company, an auxiliary company, were filed recently at Pueblo, Colo. The Swink company is incorporated with a capital stock of $1,000,000. It will operate in Otero, Pueblo, Huerfano and Las Animas counties and will have headquarters at Rocky Ford. The incorporators are: George W. Swink, Homer E. Brayton, and John H. Voor- hees. The directors for the first year are: George W. Swink, Lewis Swink, Schuyler O. Swink, Lorenzo C. Swink and Hiram A. Dawley. In addition to a large sys- tem of canals, the company has five reservoirs. The Apishapa Development Company is capitalized for $100,000 and is empowered to own lands, build ditches and otherwise develop the properties. Directors are: George W. Swink, Lewis Swink and Schuyler O. Swink. Details of the work by which water from Boyd Lake is to be carried to 8,000 acres in Weld and Larimer coun- ties, are about completed. The project will require a pumping plant to lift water from the lake into a receiving basin, and a 4,000-foot pipe line will carry the water to ditches built around the high land. From these ditches a siphon to cost $15,000, will take the water across the valley to other high ground in the Oklahoma country. Engineers, working under direction of an irrigation company formed of local capitalists, are said to be mak- ing surveys along the Purgatoire River in Colorado, with a view to extensive operations. Reports from Greeley, Colo., state that a petition will be presented to the commissioners of Larimer county to establish a new irrigation district of 6,000 acres on Okla- homa Hill, to receive water from Boyd Lake by cen- trifugal pumps. Part of the district will probably extend into Weld County. A syndicate of Colorado Springs capitalists has pur- chased a one-half interest in the Farmers' Irrigation Com- pany of Silt, Western Slope. The system will be enlarged so that 4,000 acres of land owned by the Antlers Orchard Company will have water. The total improvements now under way will cost $400,000 when completed. The Valley Irrigation Company is surveying and drawing plans for the building of a reservoir in Smith canon, about twenty-five miles south of La Junta. Pres- ent plans include a dam eighty-five feet high and a reservoir that will hold sufficient water to irrigate 35,000 acres of land tributary to La Junta. The Two Buttes Company has concluded negotia- tions with the Colorado State land board for the con- struction of a canal along the line of Baca and Browers counties in that state. It is reported that the company will expend nearly $350,000 in the reclamation of 23,000 acres. Settlers on the tracts involved are offered a water supply at $35 per acre. Several farmers in Otero County, Colo., have brought suit against the Twin Lakes Land & Water Company, charging mismanagement of the affairs of the Bob Creek or Colorado canal in this district. Plaintiffs assert that the company has been selling water rights beyond the capacity of the canal, that the priority of right is not observed, and that in other ways the company has vio- lated the articles of agreement. Steps toward the formation of an irrigation district at Garry, Colo., have been taken and it is reported that the organization is nearly completed. It is planned to construct the Big Beaver reservoir, surveyed about three years ago, and to reclaim about 30,000 acres. The com- pany is said to have arranged for the sale of bonds aggre- gating $50,000. Among the newly formed irrigation districts in Colo- rado is that known as the Denver Suburban Irrigation District, involving holders of land along the English High Line Canal. Organization is being perfected to regulate the use of water and about 60,000 acres are affected. Property owners in the Denver-Municipal-St. Vrain Irrigation District, near Greeley, voted almost unani- mously in favor of the proposed district. The property holders will vote bonds and work of construction will begin to provide irrigation for southwestern Weld County, heretofore considered only a mining district. Within sixty days, it is said, a big force will be put at work building 100 miles of ditch for the Denver-Greeley Valley Irrigation District, for whose water system $2,000,000 in bonds has been voted. WASHINGTON INDIANS REFUSE TO SELL. The reclamation of 120,000 acres of land on the Yakima Indian reservation under the Wapato project is to be delayed indefinitely because the Indians refuse to sell their land as provided by the Jones act. The Reclama- tion Service has completed all the preliminary work and is now ready to begin actual construction on the canals and laterals, but nothing can be done because the Indians refuse to comply with the law. Of the 120,000 acres of irrigable land under the project, only about 10,000 acres are in the hands of the whites, having been sold under Indian heirships. This leaves 110,000 acres still in the hands of the Indians. While the exact amount that must be signed up will be fixed by proclamation of the secretary of the interior, yet it is well understood that this amount must be the greater portion of that to be irrigated. Michael Earles, president of the Hanford Irrigation & Power Company, in which Seattle capital is heavily in- terested, recently closed a deal for the purchase of 11,000 acres of land from the Northern Pacific Railway Com- pany in Benton county, eastern Washington. The deal means that the present electric power and pumping sys- tem of the Hanford company, in which $750,000 is inter- THE IRKIGATION AGE. 373 ested. will be extended at once, new electric generating machines installed and a big body of fertile land on the west bank of the Columbia river reclaimed. Upon promise that the Pasco Water & Power Com- pany will be reorganized and that water will be turned into their lands without unreasonable delay, land owners in the Two Rivers Irrigation district, Washington, have formed a water users' association. Officers are as fol- lows: President, S. B. L. Penrose, of Whitman College, president: G. W. Chute, vice-president; Laura A. Richart, secretary; W. C. True, treasurer. Under the public land laws, the Secretary of the Interior has withdrawn from any form of disposition whatever the following described lands for use as a reservoir site in connection with the Yakima Irrigation project. Washington: T. 17 N., R. 12 E., all Sees. 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32 and 33 (unsurveyed); T. 17 N. R. 13 E., all Sees. 7, 8, 17, 18 and 19. These lands are situated within the Mt. Ranier Na- tional Forest. The Director of the Reclamation Service has sus- pended the contract with the Standard Building Com- pany of San Francisco. California, for the construction of the Sulphur Creek Wasteway in connection with the Sunnyside Irrigation project, Washington. The company ceased work, gave a bill of sale for the machinery, and attempted to move the same from the ground, in direct violation of the terms of the contract. Reports from Wallula, Wash., state that the Klickitat Irrigation Company, organized about five years ago, has resumed activities and engineers are now making surveys to reclaim lands in the Horse Heaven district. G. W. Armstrong, manager for the Wahluke, Wash., irrigation project, has let contracts for work designed to reclaim 15.000 acres in this district. There will be about twenty-three miles of canal. Water will be pumped from the Columbia river. RancTTers in the vicinity of Quincy, Wash., have se- cured the co-ooeration of the local commercial club in an effort to invite inspection of irrigation experts with a view to construction work that will reclaim a large acreage in this section. CALIFORNIA VICTOR DAM BEGUN. Surveys for the preliminary work on the Victor dam site at the Narrows of the Mojave River have been started by the Mojave River Development Company, a recently organized company of San Francisco and eastern capitalists. The dam site is at a point near Victorville, Cal., where the Mojave flows through a narrow pass in a range of hills and on either side solid walls of rock rising for several hundred feet. Thousands of acres of rich land on the desert side of the San Bernardino Mountains will be brought under cultivation. The Amercian Canyon Water Company, with valuable rights on the American River, has filed a trust deed at Sacramento, Cal., to the First Federal Trust Company of San Francisco. The former company recently acquired the North Fork ditch from the North Fork Ditch Com- pany. It is proposed to supply water to Orangeville Bluffs, Fair Oaks ond other districts in this section of the Sacramento Valley. The Santa Ana Valley Irrigation Company of Santa Ana has received a report from Engineer J. B. Lippin- cott of Los Angeles concerning proposed water develop- ment plans in the Santa Ana Canon. On August 7 a meeting of stockholders was held to consider the raising of the capital stock of the company from $100.000 to $500,000 to enable the company to raise money to carry on the work of water development. Articles of incorporation of the Sacramento Valley West Side Canal Company were filed in San Francisco recently. The company is formed for the purpose of "sup- plying stockholders with water for irrigation and domestic purposes." The ^corporators are: Fentress Hill, San Francisco; D. W. Ross, Piedmont; J. L. Slater, Berkeley, and J. H. Simpson, Jerome Hill, Jr., W. B. McCain, W. S. Kuhn, J. H. Purdy and J. B. Van ^yagener, all of Pitts- burg, Pa. The corporation is capitalized at $250,000. S. H. Gilmore of Pittsburg is the attorney for the com- pany. A. M. Fairchild of Los Angeles and other southern California capitalists have in contemplation the establish- ment of an immense irrigation and power enterprise for Lake, Yolo and Solano counties, California. The project is to make a reservoir of Coyote Valley, tc be used to irrigate lands in Yolo and Solano, in the vicinity of Winters and Davis. ARIZONA COLORADO RIVER HIGH. The Colorado River has risen steadily and the dis- charge at Yuma, Ariz., recently amounted to 150,000 second-feet, which is the largest recorded in the history of Colorado discharges. Laguna dam, recently completed by the Reclamation Service, in connection with the Yuma irrigation project, which is passing through its first flood, and the forty miles of levee lying below that structure, are standing the test extremely well. The levee system, it is believed, will be able to successfully resist a flood very much higher than the one now passing. About 150 men are employed in the vicinity of the dam and in exca- vating the main canal. The product of the steam shovel is used in blanketing the levees and in strengthening the shore near the dam. The Farmers' Pump has operated continuously during June, and the ditches connected with the Scoop Wheel have run most of the time, the supply being gravity flow. Engineers of the Reclamation Service will prepare farm unit plats of the Yuma irrigation project, Arizona- California, based upon the proposition that 40 acres of average land on the project is sufficient for the support of a family. This is subject to diminution in the neigh- borhood of towns and elsewhere, when by reason of mar- ket conditions and special fitness of the soil, for the growth of fruit and market produce, a lesser area than 40 acres may be sufficient. In such cases the minimum acreage of the farm unit may be as low as ten acres. During June the contractors laid 14,000 cubic yards of masonry on the Roosevelt dam, Salt River irrigation project, Arizona. The masonry was all laid on the south side of the gap through which the water is still flowing from the reservoir. The south end of this part of the dam is at an elevation of 169 feet. Near the gap the ele- vation is 135 feet. The water in the reservoir is 110 feet deep. The Government cement mill was operated 25 days, burning 11,500 barrels and grinding 12,000 barrels of cement. The south canal is completed and work is being pushed on the eastern canal. Work is progressing favorably in concreting the sluicing tunnel. Contract has been awarded to William B. Pollock & Co., of Yotingstown, Ohio, for furnishing ten-foot pen- stock for the power house at Roosevelt dam, Salt River irrigation project, Arizona. The cost to the Government will be about $6,500. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. 374 THE IRRIGATION AGE. IDAHO TO USE OLD CANALS. The Secretary of the Interior has approved a con- tract entered into by F. E. Weymouth on behalf of the United States, with the Nampa-Meridian Irrigation District and the Payette-Boise Water Users' Association, which provides for the use by the Government of the canals and laterals of the Nampa-Meridian Irrigation Dis- trict, in the reclamation of certain lands belonging to the Payette-Boise project, Idaho, and for the adjustment of expenses of operation and maintenance of the canals and jaterals between the respective partie^. The United States is given the right to enlarge or extend the existing canals or laterals of the Nampa-Meridian Irrigation District, the title to all enlargements or extensions to vest in the United States. The lands involved consist of about 50,000 acres, lying within the boundaries of the above named irrigation district and below their canal. It was deemed inad- visable for the United States to construct new canals and laterals to irrigate these lands when the work could be done more cheaply by utilizing the canals and laterals of the district. It is reported that the J. G. White Company and the Kuhn interests are contemplating operations on the Dubois project in Fremont County, Idaho. This is a tract of about 300,000 acres of Snake River Valley land lying north of Idaho Falls. A few years ago the United States Reclamation Service withdrew it from entry and made preliminary investigations, but finally restored the land to entry, because the cost was too great. It is estimated that from three to five million dollars will be required to complete the project. Nearly 5,000 acres of Idaho state land, most of which lies under the pumping system of the Minidoka irriga- tion project, have been sold at public auction by the State at an average price of $27 per acre, although some tracts selling as high as $70 per acre. Preparations are under way for the early construction of the superstructure of the power plant and pumping stations, which at present are protected by temporary frame coverings. Delivery of water through the pumps during June has been intermittent, owing to several slight alterations in the new machinery, but the flow from Marsh Creek has been diverted into the canals. Water has been sup- plied to a number of the south side settlers and an increasing number of farm units are being watered as the laterals are completed. The gravity system has sup- plied water without interruption. Irrigation by pumping is to be tried on an extensive scale by the Crane Falls Power and Irrigation Company on the Snake River, west of Mountain Home, Idaho. The company will construct a power plant to reclaim about 8,000 acres of sage brush land, to which water can be lifted in no other way. The Snake River is about 200 feet lower than the land and the water will be elevated in three sections. Boise capital is said to be interested in a new irriga- tion project near the town of Bruneau, adjacent to the Twin Falls-Bruneau segregation. About 15,000 acres may be placed under water. Surveys are now being made with a prospect that work will be begun this fall. Construction work is now being actively pursued on the Big Lost River irrigation project, which will reclaim 80,000 acres of fine land south and east of Arco. This land lies about fifty miles northwest of Blackfoot and is reached by the Salmon River branch of the Oregon Short Line Railroad. Articles of incorporation have been filed at Caldwell for the North Side Irrigation Company. The incorpora- tors are: G. D. Snell, E. A. Clark, S. S. Foote, B. M. Holt, J. B. Gowen, Fred E. Fisk and Frank J. Smith. The capital of the company is $100,000 of the par value of $100 each. If the government relinquishes the north side of the Payette-Boise project, this company will be prepared to promote it with private capital. UTAH CAPITALIZE NEW COMPANY. Land owners in Davis, Weber, Morgan and Summit counties, Utah, are planning the formation of a com- pany to construct a comprehensive irrigation system to reclaim arid and semi-arid lands in this section of the state. It is said that the new company will be capitalized at about $4,000,000 and that preliminary negotiations for the sale of bonds have been closed. Several years ago a local company was organized, but after the expenditure of about $25,000 it was found that the capital was entirely inadequate to needs. It is only after five years of effort to interest outside capital that the company's promoters have been successful. About 50,000 acres of land, a larger part of which is arid, is involved in the work. The old Weber Reservoir, Power and Irrigation Company, now holding valuable rights and plans, will be merged into the new corpora- tion. The directors of thig concern are: W. H. Rich of Morgan, president and director; G. Christensen of Ogden, vice-president and director; Thomas L. Allen of Coalville, secretary-treasurer and director; John G. M. Barnes of Kaysville, director; James Green of Hooper, director; Heber J. Sheffield of Kaysville, director; Nephi Sargent of Hoytsville, director; Joseph H. Grant of Wood's Cross, director. Water will be stored above Echo, and as needed, will be conveyed into the river channel to a point above Peter- son, Morgan County, where a dam will be built and from which point two canals, one on the south side of the river to water Davis County lands, and one on the north side to irrigate Weber County farms, will be constructed. They will follow the line of the Union Pacific track through Weber Canyon into Salt Lake Valley. At the mouth of the canyon the canal will be 340 feet above the river bed, this elevation being sufficient to cover practi- cally all tillable lands in Davis and Weber counties. In all, something like fifty miles of main canal will be re- quired. WYOMING FLOODS IN 'THE NORTH PLATTE. Mr. A. P. Davis, chief engineer of the Reclamation Service, who has recently visited the Pathfinder dam in central Wyoming, reports that the extraordinary floods have necessitated the rapid construction of a dike across a low point on the side of the reservoir, left open to prevent the flooding of certain lands in the basin, the acquisition of which has not been completed. The floods in the drainage of the North Platte River this year are far in excess of any previously recorded. Although all the gates and openings in the recently fin- ished Pathfinder dam are kept wide open the inflow has been more than double the discharge. According to all precedents the flood should cease rapidly, but in view of the fact that this is an abnormal year, extraordinary precautions are being taken to prevent the escape of water from the low point in the reservoir. The engineers are THE IKRIGATION AGE. 375 carefully noting every change and are watching the rise, so that if it should gradually approach the top of the dike now being built, a safety or relief tunnel can be quickly blasted out sufficient to take care of the extra discharge. It is not believed, however, that it will be necessary to resort to such an expediency. E. C. Grable of Greeley, Colo.; F. O. Wendelken df Ft. Collins, Colo.; and E. J. Bell and C. P. Arnold of Laramie, have incorporated the Interstate Reservoir Con- struction Company, with a capital of $500,000, to build a reservoir with a capacity of 80,000-acre feet and reclaim 40,000 acres of land in Natural Basin, eighteen miles west of Laramie. The company will build a reservoir and con- struct canals and ditches costing $497,000. OREGON NEW GOVERNMENT PROJECT. A. P. Davis and D. C. Heney, engineers for the Reclamation Service, are reported to be making surveys and otherwise investigating conditions west of the Uma- tilla and south of the Columbia rivers in Umatilla and Morrow counties, Oregon, wtih a view to construction work for the reclamation of about 70,000 acres. It is proposed to construct a dam across the Umatilla river near the mouth of Butter creek. An obstacle to this work is found in the present lands which must be flooded, some being under cultivation. J. T. Whistler, formerly with the Reclamation Service, has been making investigations and surveys at the junc- tion of the McKenzie and Willamette rivers near Eugene, Ore., with a view to the formation of an irrigation com- pany to develop this project. Reports from Baker City, Ore., state that Avans Almi- rall, of New York, and O. C. Finkelnburg, of Baker City, are financing a project about thirty miles northeast of that city on the Thief River. It is proposed to carry canals across to Richland. The same company is plan- ning another dam on Balm creek, about twenty-five miles northeast of Baker City. After considerable litigation the Deschutes Irri- gation & Power Company, of Salem, Ore., is in a position to open an irrigated tract of 2,300 acres to settlement. Land lies in the Deschutes Valley. Farmers' unions of Crook County, Ore., meeting at Madras in that county, have presented a formal request to the government to investigate conditions with a view to reclaiming about 250,000 acres in and near Crook County. It is claimed that the rainfall is so irregujar that many homes must be abandoned unless an extensive irrigation system is constructed. NEW MEXICO GOOD HEAD IN RIO GRANDE. The weather conditions on the Carlsbad and Hondo projects, New Mexico, have been rather dry, although local showers on the Carlsbad have relieved the situa- tion and the crops are improving. There has been a strong flow of water in the Rio Grande during the month and the main canal of the Leasburg Unit has been carrying about 400 second-feet. The river has averaged 7,000 second-feet and all farmers depending upon it, both the Leasburg Unit and private canal owners, have been amply supplied. The second cutting of alfalfa is finished and a splendid crop was secured. The cantaloupe industry, which is a very improtant one under this project, has a fine outlook for the season. Farm unit surveys are progressing rapidly and a party will soon be put on the El Paso Division. The work at Engle Dam site consists in testing improved devices for removing material from the river bed. HERE AND THERE The Toyak Lake Irrigation Company, with head of- fices at Temple, Texas, has recently been organized for the irrigation of a large tract of land in Reeves County. The company's stock is held by local parties and Gran- ville Sims is president. By order of the court, the receiver of the Houston Land and Irrigation Company, Houston, Texas, will re- ceive bids for the entire real estate holdings of this con- cern, said to aggregate in value about $300,000. R. M. Quigley of the Kenefick, Quigley & Russell Construction Company, Kansas City, claims contracts for construction work for the Lake Hattie Reservoir and Irrigation Company on the Big Laramie River in Wyo- ming, and for the Bar Lake Irrigation Company, near Denver. The former work will involve the reclamation of about 50,000 acres. It is announced that a syndicate of Denver capi- talists has purchased the Eureka canal in Ford County, Kansas, for a consideration of $250,000. Improvements involving large sums are outlined with a view to the irrigation of about 50,000 acres. Seattle capitalists are said to be backing a project for the construction of a dam and canal to carry water from Massacre, West and Middle Lakes, in northwestern Nevada to irrigable lands in Washoe vounty. It is re- ported that about $300,000 will be expended in the con- struction work. Reports from Mexico City state that the Mexican government has arranged to loan $3,000,000 to Manuel Cuesto Gallardo for the construction of a dam across the Puero River at its entrance to Lake Chapala and the building of laterals and canals to reclaim about 150,000 acres. About 60,000 cubic yards of earth were placed in the big dam, Belle Fourche irrigation project, South Dakota, during June, making a total yardage to date of 1,137,000. Paving blocks are being placed on the water slope and 1,000 cubic yards of gravel were placed. Owing to a heavy rainfall early in June, little irrigation was required. About thirty filings were made on land under the project, mostly on forty-acre tracts around the townsite. The Sinaloa Land Company, a California organiza- tion, is now working on an irrigation system that will supply water to about 75,000 acres of land in the valley of the Culiacan River, near Mazatlan, Mexico. The main irrigation canal will be fifteen miles long, and there will be many miles of lateral ditches. Citizens of Townsend, Mont., are preparing data to be presented to the Reclamation Service and the senate committee on reclamation, concerning the reclaiming of a large body of land. The plan looks to the building of a high-line ditch, running close to the foothills, from above Toston to the neighborhood of Canyon Ferry, the water to be taken from the Missouri, which will reclaim 40,000 acres of government land and about the same quantity in private ownership. Will pay for the IRRIGATION AGE one year and the PRIMER OF IRRIGATION. 376 THE IRKIGATION AGE. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, now in prog- ress at Seattle, Wash., is not the largest of expositions. Comprehensive and extensive as it is, the assertion is not advanced for the fair that, like some of the Northwest's strikingly beautiful flowers, will blossom respendently until the middle of October. But it is to be the most beautiful. The thing of all things that has lifted the Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition above its predecessors is the fact that its natural advantages have never been equaled. Tower- ing even above the loftiest structures are the trees of Washington's famous forests, and everywhere a skyline of beautiful firs, typical of the rugged spirit of the west, makes a picture unique in the gallery of exposition mas- terpieces. To the east the Cascade Mountains, through whose beauties thousands must travel to reach their desti- seen almost within walking distance, when, as a matter of fact, they are many miles away. Lakes Washington and .Union are beautiful boundaries for the grounds, and Puget Sound, far-famed as one of the world's most important highways of commerce and most beautiful bodies of water, intervenes to make the distant Olympics more magnificent. Stretching for miles from the exposition gates is the great City of Seattle, with a population of 300,000 and a throbbing pulse of almost feverish activity. To the great mass of its visitors, the Alaska-Yukon- Pacific exposition will be an excursion into lands un- known. As its three-part title would indicate, its purpose is to exploit the Northland and the states and countries bordering on the great ocean which seems destined to replace the Atlantic as the theater of the events which View from Government Building, Mt. Ranier in the Background. nation, are just far enough away to display their snow- clad beauty in soft outlines and picturesque contour. To the east the jagged Olympics, rock-buttressed against the sea. thrust inaccessible peaks abruptly into a sky that at sunset is as truly glorious as any in the world. Rainier, a sublime mountain that because of its 15,000 feet in height, is a byword wherever geography is a study, and Mounts Baker and St. Helena, two other stately peaks. make up the scenario of the drama of world politics. Here, where the personification of culture and progress, as represented in the art of formal exposition buildings and gardens, is strangely set down in an almost primeval forest, mingle the oldest and newest civilization. The far Occident and the far Orient are bartering learning as well as goods, and many religions, philosophies, cults and isms (Continued on page 383.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 377 LAND OF TAGS Secret of Wonderful Richness of Taos Valley Soil— Earth Has Been Storehouse for Ages — Ranches Orchard & Land Company Rushing Irrigation Works — Great In- flux of Settlers — Taos Indians Plan Annual Festival. Experts in geology, dispatched by the government to stu(Jy into conditions and determine the reasons for the marvelous fertility of certain crudely irrigated sections of northern New Mexico, have declared in their official find- ings that in prehistoric times this entire territory was probably an immense lake. Seismic disturbances, torna- does and volcanic eruptions, submerged masses of tangled verdur'e — the flotsam and jetsam of the countless ages following creation — and for centuries held decaying vege- tation at the bottom of this gigantic inland sea. The world changed. Slowly the waters receded from their playgrounds of centuries. Huge masses of rock towered over the dying sea. Impervious to heat, they watched the waters still further recede until only turbu- lent rushing streams coursed their sinuous ways across, the lands while the sun, constant and relentless, dried mesa and valley into brown unproductive earth. Today, after the rise and fall of at least two empires, the relics of which are yet in evidence, the earth has lost but a fraction of its legacy of richness from the long ago. Science and industry are reclaiming these arid lands. Soil has retained its plant foods for thousands of years and today wherever the earth is given drink it offers up its thanks in bounteous crops. Taos valley in old New Mexico promises much to the invading white men. In splendor of scenery, historic in- terest and lastly, fertility of soil, it is unsurpassed by any section of this great southwest. Even as it gave homes to the .most advanced type of aborigines, so must it give lust and strength of mind and body to its new inhabi- tants. Its lofty mountains, its sunny weather and its smiling fields must reflect upon its peoples through hun- dreds of years to come a sunny temperament, a thrift and a peace of mind that bodes naught but wealth and lon- gevity. In connection with the Taos valley it may be stated that Ranches Orchard & Land Company, having within its grant a section embracing about 15.000 acres of the finest mesa land, has undertaken and is rapidly bringing to ma- turity a great irrigation project. About 2,500 acres are already under water. Within the next twelvemonth this acreage will be doubled. Attracted by the glowing accounts of crops and the aggressive policy of the Ranchos Ochard & Land Com- of Pueblo River, Near Ranchos, Taos Valley, New Mexico. Pastoral Scene, Ranchos, N. M. pany is preparing new acreage lor culture, there has, during'the past two months, been &n enormous influx of homeseekers to this section. Drawn by the veracious reports of sunny weather, little extreme of heat or cold, and prospects of bumper yields of beets, alfalfa, grains and fruits, tourists and settlers from the east have surmounted the difficulties in reaching the Taos valley and almost without variance have .quickly invest^, ed in lands. Manager Joe B. Warner is most optimistic over the outlook both for this year's crops and for sale of lands. He states that the orchards, although many ^are but a year or two years old, give promise of early maturity and abundant yield. Attracted by the cli- matic conditions, fertile soil and the records of yielding orchards, numer- ous experienced pomologists have purchased land and are now actively in the field, planting and arranging for fruit culture on an extensive scale. Inexperienced settlers receive the bene- fit of scientific knowledge and great interest has thereby been awakened in orchard culture. (Continued on page 3S."O 378 THE IRRIGATION AGE. ATTALIA, WASHINGTON On the Columbia') One- Year- Old Orchards Show Phenomenal Growth — Al- falfa Crops Are Heavy — Columbia Canal Company Will Make Extensive Improvements — Dahlhjelm & Rowell Company Reports Large Sales of Ten-Acre Tracts — New Electric Line Promised. The remarkable growth made in the orchards which were set out during the past year at Attalia has estab- lished all claims made by the promoters. One needs only to visit the orchards owned by C. A. Skoog, W. I. In- graham, J. H. Scherry, Sylvester Linn, Columbia Fruit Farm and others, to see what can be done when modern methods are applied. Mr. Skoog came to Attalia in No- vember, 1908, but did not improve his land until late in the spring. He planted about two-thirds to apples, pears and grapes, with peach fillers. The balance was seeded to alfalfa. Between the trees he planted potatoes, and by the 10th of June had new potatoes large enough for shipment. C. O. Peterson in May cut nearly four tons of alfalfa to the acre, on ground seeded late in the season of 1908, selling the hay for $12 a ton in the field. Four cuttings enhance the value of the lands improved, but will increase the price on all adjoining lands. Through the extensive operation over the entire United States by the Dahlhjelm & Rowell Company and the Dahlhjelm Company, Attalia has become known as one of the great fruit districts of the West. Through their advertising campaign, they have let the people of the world know what they have, and having told their story, they invite people to investigate for themselves, and when they have done this they all say, "We find more than we expected." The development of a valley such as Attalia means much to the whole United States. The promoters may well be proud of their accomplishments, and the people who settle there owe them a debt of gratitude. Places of this kind cannot be advertised too extensively. So few people, especially in the Middle West and East realize the enormous profits which are being derived from Wash- ington fruit lands. It is very evident that Attalia will have at least one electric line within one year, this in addition to the Northern Pacific, O. R. & N., North Bank, Canadian Pacific, Northcoast, and river transportation, all the year, gives Attalia a distinct advantage over all other districts. It will not only give the grower the benefit of low freight rates, but will make Attalia the distributing point for southern Washington and northwestern Oregon. It is seldom that one finds all the advantages nec- essary to the production of good fruit and profitable orcharding centered in one community, as they are at Attalia. First, soil; second, water; third, climate; fourth, early season; fifth, drainage, both water and air; sixth, The Scherry Ranch, Where $75.00 an Acre Was Produced the First Year Under Cultivation. are made each year, and the last growth used for pasture. S. Linn cut asparagus early in March, which he sold at 30 cents a pound. Asparagus will yield an average of 2,000 pounds to the acre. The results derived at Attalia are only a repetition of what has been done in older districts. The soil is iden- tical— a rich volcanic ash, which needs but the water to make the desert "blossom like the rose." With a large portion of the valley already sold in five and ten-acre tracts, which must be improved within one year, this valley will devejop faster than any project in the West. The Columbia Canal Company will make extensive improvements this fall, both in the townsite and on unsold lands. Realizing that the demands for improved plants at Attalia will exceed the supply, they will improve several hundred acres. This will not only transportation facilities and markets. Attalia is so situ- ated that the products can be placed on the train in the evening, travel through the cool of the night and be delivered in Seattle, Tacoma, Portland, Spokane and in- termediate points early the next morning. Eastern ship- ments can go over three roads and be delivered in all principal cities without transfer. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and the Primer of Irrigation THE IRRIGATION AGE. 379 BLUEWATER \&LLEY x— x NEW MEXICO x— x Irrigation Engineer Reports on Fertility of Lands — Soil Deeply Charged with Mineral Elements — Capable of Producing Nearly Any Crop — Building Stone Near by. Reports of irrigation engineers who have investigated conditions in the Bluewater Valley have recently been made public and are of a character to encourage the in- vestigation of all western irrigated land seekers. In view of the favorable nature of these reports and because of the prominence of the engineers who have made in- vestigations, the following excerpts are reproduced. In connection with his report upon this land, Richard J. Hinton, member of the A. S. I. E., says: "As to the fertility and adaptability of the soils and lands, under the Bluewater system, I have no hesitancy in expressing an entire approval. As it lays out of doors, I have seldom seen 25,000 acres so perfectly adapted to irrigation as these. About one-half the acres — the western section — consists of the famous red loam so eagerly sought after in our region. It is charged with mineral elements, deep, warm, easily worked and retentive of moisture. This is largely the product of volcanic rocks. There is a distinct division between it and the lower, or gray limestone made lands. "The latter are excellent vegetable, grape, small fruit and forage lands. Both soil divisions are tractable, deep and readily watered and drained. The surface loam or deposits are from 15 to 30 feet in depth. Beneath the tufa or volcanic soil there is at about forty feet a vol- canic hard pan. "The limestone soils are underlaid with gravel and hard strata. Drainage water for well use can be obtained in the volcanic or red soils at from thirty to forty feet. The subplane waters are about the same depth in the lime rock soils (admirably adapted for alfalfa). In short, these soils will produce abundantly all the crops of the tem- perate zone. This will be found to be an excellent sugar beet section. All root crops as well as grain, forage and leguminous products will thrive abundantly. The natural grasses are of the best. The range and foot hills furnish wild fruits, gooseberries, raspberries, Rocky Mountain cherries, plums, etc., in abundance. High altitude timber is ample for years to come — scrub oak, cedar, mesquite, pinion or scrub pine. Coal has been found within six miles. Mineral float has been found. Pine timber is near by. Fine limestone rock furnishes the kiln men, and there are works in operation producing about 90 or 95 per cent pure lime. I noticed excellent building stone also." - NEW UTAH PROJECT. Newspaper reports from Ogden state that Samuel Newhouse of Salt Lake and several New York associates are planning construction work in Weber Canyon near that city, to reclaim about 20,000 acres. It is asserted that Mr. Newhouse purchased rights in this district, and that John Montgomery, of New York, recently made a personal in- vestigation of the situation. J. L. Reynolds, secretary of the Weber Club, and local business men are said to have conferred with Mr. Montgomery. FRANK G. CARPENTER RETURNS. Frank G. Carpenter, whose letters from foreign points have probably been read more widely than any previous writings on travel, has recently returned from the far east and is now at Washington, D. C. In the course of his travels Mr. Carpenter has given valuable and reliable in- formation relating to the ancient methods of irrigation. In may not be generally known that Reid Carpenter, secretary and treasurer of the Humphryes Manufacturing Company, makers of hand and power pumps at Mansfield, Ohio, is a brother of the famous writer. Those who are familiar with the progress of this company recognize in Mr. Reid Carpenter those traits of character that have already brought eminent success to his brother in the newspaper field. Mr. Reid Carpenter is now in Washing- ton, D. C., for a visit with his brother after a separation of many months. SHUART GRADING MACHINE. Never in history has there been such interest dis- played in irrigation as at the present time. Enormous sums of money are being expended and every available means is being put into effect in order that the vast amount of otherwise unproductive lands might be con- verted into crop-producing and thereby money-earning farms. Eastern wage earners and home seekers, look to the West and its wonderful opportunities as a source from which to derive a living and further assist nature in re- claiming her own. The Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress, to be held in Spokane this month, has for its object the advance- ment of methods for practical and economical irrigation of arid lands and as a basis for this work, the initial prep- aration of the soil must be considered. It is an unques- tionable fact that in order to give the best results through- out, the land must be leveled and to accomplish this, the most modern tools should be used. The Shuart Grader, shown here, is a machine which has been used for this work for a great many years and is recommended by the United States Government Experiment farms for grading preparatory to irrigation. The advertisement of the company manufacturing this machine and others for like purposes, appears elsewhere in this paper. The company will gladly furnish inquirers with all information desired about their product and also about land preparation. Those interested in practical irrigation should refer to the manufacturer's announcement in regard to the Shuart Grader and write for catalog and other literature. CONGRESS OF DRY FARMERS. The Fourth Dry Farming Congress will hold its meet- ing at Billings, Mont., October 26, 27 and 28, 1909. This will not only be an institute for dry farming farmers and dry farming instructors and teachers, but it will be an exposition of dry farming products such as this or no other country has ever witnessed. There are pledged already exhibits from thirteen western states engaged in dry farming work. The organization by states, to show what each is doing and capable of doing in the raising of grain and vegetable crops, without irrigation, is a feature never before undertaken in this district, and prom- ises some great surprises for visitors. The area of tillable lands in the United States not yet turned to cultivation is comparatively small, and under present conditions of demand by the homesteader will last but a few more years at most. It is only the part of good business judgment that the dry farming districts be investigated by those who contemplate getting a home under the free homestead law. Good lands and the best locations will be the first taken. Each year will reduce the quality of lands to be disposed of as government homesteads. It is announced that there are 200,000,000 acres of arable land awaiting development by dry farming methods. 380 THE IREIGATION AGE. GARDEK OE THE. GODS J L COLORADO SPRINGS / DRAINAGE. AREA. Above Head Gates PROJECT OP FOUNTAIN VALLEY i A LAND <9t IRRIGATION CO T TOTAL AREA 1 7. OOO ACRES Ties OUR EXPERIMENTAL FARM— FOUNTAIN, COLORADO. We are showing again map indicating location of THE IRRIGATION AGE model farm near Fountain, Colorado, which was established and work started in May of this year. Forty-eight acres have been leveled and put under the plow this season. The full forty-eight acres were sowed to oats and alfalfa. It is our intention to plant several hundred fruit trees in the spring of 1910. , During the next month work will begin on a cement block house and barn. It is not our intention to exploit work performed until crops are matured and the place is equipped with farm imple- ments. The editor will visit the .farm- this month and plan future work. This land was purchased from the Fountain Land & Irrigation Company of Colorado Springs, Colorado, through its selling agents in Chicago, the Pearsons- Wilhite Company, 181 La Salle street. Mr. Wilhite of that company will supply any information desired concerning this tract or adjacent districts in Colorado. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 381 ENTERPRISE TENT-COT Apropos of the somewhat hysterical but, neverthe- less, commendable agitation for outdoor sleeping as a result of experiments and theories as to the scientific cause and treatment of the great white plague, comes the announcement, in advertising columns, of the invention and manufacture of a tent-cot seeming suitable for out- door needs and admirably adapted for the cure of pul- monary troubles without the usual discomfiture and an- noyance incident to sleeping in the open air. After a series of experiments the Enterprise Bed Company, of Hammond, Ind., has evolved and patented a tent-cot that is already bringing large, orders to its factory. Realizing its values, proprietors of sanitariums and hospitals have placed a sufficient number of orders to prove that the product is of unquestionable merit. In accompanying cuts are shown the various uses to which the tent-cot may be adapted. Campers and fishermen find it to be of value because of the ease with which it is packed, ready for portage or shipment, and the small space required in camping outfits. Although complete in all details the cot when folded weighs but thirty pounds and can, therefore, be easily carried under the arm for long distances if necessary. The frame of the Enterprise tent-cot is of hard maple with substantial roof work and legs properly braced to withstand storm or wind. Strong 10-ounce brown duck covers the sides, while the top or canopy is of 8-ounce material. Windows at each end are 9x12 inches with flaps for storms, and mosquito netting to exclude flies and other insects. Side doors are of sufficient size to allow easy entrance or egress and are provided with similar flaps and netting. In structure the tent-cot is of the collapsible style and for this reason parts cannot be lost or become separated during either a long or a short shipment. For hunters or fishermen the tent-cot possesses many advantages. With but a moment's work it can be set in place and made ready for use. Inasmuch as there are apertures at all sides and the entire structure can be shifted without effort; it can easily be turned in any di- rection desired, to avoid sunshine or to enjoy the cool breezes. Flies, snakes, animals and insects are barred from its interior and the tired camper may lay himself down to peaceful dreams, secure in the knowledge that creepers and crawlers may not interrupt. Although light in weight and boarded with canvas, yet no wind or storm may find the sleeper unprepared. Without rising from his position, he may raise or lower the flaps at will. Walls and canopy are of an especially prepared canvas through which water or sleet cannot penetrate. A pillow and a couple of blankets allow a com- fortable night's sleep, even during cold weather. Since the Enterprise tent-cot was first placed on the market, th'e public has grasped eagerly at the oppor- tunity to get a durable, comfortable outdoor bed at a nom- inal cost. Representatives of the company state that while the majority of orders are from physicians and res- idents of the city who wish to use the tent-cot for sleep- ing on verandas or lawns, yet a large number of inquiries are received from miners, prospectors, engineers and travelers who are forced into outdoor life and who find that the tent-cot is necessary to their work. The elevation of the sleeping cot above the ground, its comfortable head rest, the protection from flies, mos- quitoes and all creeping things, the elimination of the bothersome pegging process, the ease and rapidity with which it may be erected and lowered, the absence of all annoying "parts" or fixtures, its remarkably light weight and strength of construction, and lastly its reasonableness in price — all prove that the Enterprise tent-cot is not a toy, but it is an eminently practical and satisfactory solu- tion of a long-mooted problem. Here's one unoccupied. In the lower corner of the cut you see It as It looks when folded. 382 THE IERIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 370. ) all conditions; and very high in efficiency, the same being from 40 per cent to 60 per cent greater than can possibly be attained by any other machine, or any two machines, such as a water motor and pump combined. The sim- plicity of construction is an absolutely essential feature in cases where the user is not an experienced mechanic; also the noiselessness of operation. The uses of a hydraulic ram are various. The vast Costly ditches, carried over miles of country, with their attendant inconveniences, arising from rights of way, cost of maintenance, conflicting claims, and other difficul- ties, can be dispensed with. Wherever there is water flowing and a fall of two feet or more can be secured by ditching, damming or the like, the adjacent country can be converted into highly productive farms. The Humphreys Manufacturing Company of Mans- field, Ohio, has recently published a booklet, entitled "Do- mestic Water Supplies," which embraces hydraulic rams and pneumatic water supply systems, with tables and in- formation in detail concerning their various forms and uses. Among the many comforts which have stimulated interest in farm life, are the adequate and improved domestic water supply systems which have recently been perfected. At the present moment the isolated home, by the use of a water system, can be made as comfortable as a city residence, connected with a highly improved city water system. It is entirely practicable for the farmer to enjoy the most complete sanitary appliances, and a complete bath room equipment connected to a heating apparatus. MYERS' NEW CATALOG. H 685 Hydraulic Ram, Made by Humphrey Mfg. Co., Mansfield, Ohio. field of irrigation is commanded by this machine. It will utilize nature's forces in a faithful manner, working day and night in hot and cold weather, without any atten- tion bestowed upon it, and with no cost of maintenance or of operation, and can scarcely be appreciated. Irri- gation by this simple means, will greatly increase the possibilities of farming on arid and semi-arid lands here- tofore dependent upon the government or corporations. "Our trade is rushing," said a representative of F. E. Myers & Bro., recently in speaking of business condi- tions at the factory in Ashland, Ohio. "During the late financial stringency our factory operated at full force and on full time. Our output since last harvest exceeds that of any other year." In pursuance of its aggressive policy to build up its trade throughout the United States, Myers & Bro. have recently issued a new pump, hay-tool and easy door hanger catalog to which there is no superior on the market. This catalog, known as No. 47, contains much interest- ing information about the goods handled by the company and is of particular value to owners of western irrigated lands, who are interested in water lifting or pumping ma- chinery. LAND -IRRIGATION EXPOSITION Coliseum, Chicago, Nov. 20 to Dec. 4, 1909 ADVISORY COMMITTEE EDMUND T. PERKINS. Engineer In Charge. U. 8. Reclamation Service. DARIUS MILLER. 1st VIce-Presldent. Chicago, Bur- lington & Qulncy Ry. Co. E. O. MeCORMICK. Asst. Traffic Director. Union >-• Pacific Ry. Co. GEO. T. NICHOLSON, 3d VIce-Presldent. Atchlson. '-» Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. J. H. HILAND. 3d VIce-Presldent. Chicago. Milwaukee •"• & St. Paul Ry. Co. JNO. SEBASTIAN, Passenger Traffic Manager, Chl- •~. cagp. Rock Island & Pacific Ry. Co. W. B/KNISKERN. Passenger Traffic Manager, Chi- cago * Northwestern Ry. Co. FRANK I. BENNETT, President. Bitter Root Valley Irrigation Co. H. L. HOLLISTER. Twin Falls North Side Land and »-« Water Co., Sacramento Valley Irrigation Co. D. R. NIVER, Trowbrldge A Nlver Co.. Bankers. JOHN PARSON. Parson. Son & Co. JAMES KEELEY, Managing Editor, Chicago Tribune. HARRISON M. PARKER. Business Manager, Chicago Tribune. PROMOTION COMMITTEE E. A. ABBOTT, Chicago. Burlington A Qulncy Ry. Co. MAX BASS, Great Northern Ry. Co. GEO. DE HAVEN, Union Paclflc Ry. Co. GEO. B. HAYNES, Chicago. Milwaukee * St. Paul Ry. Co. LOUIS LARSON, Florida East Coast Ry. Co. C. A. MATTHEWS. Northern Paclflc Railway Co. C. L. SEAGRAVES. Atchlson, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. C. B. SCHMIDT, Chicago, Rock Island 4 Paclflc Ry Co. F. K. GEORGE, Pere Marquette System. J. C. WAITE, U. 8. Reclamation Service. HARRISON M. PARKER, Chicago Tribune. ROBERT P. CROSS, Chicago Tribune. United States Land 115 Adams Irrigation Exposition Street, CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THB IBBIGATION AGE. 383 (Continued from page 371.) the net profit of the grower. The warmth of the valley makes it an ideal peach-growing country, and apricots, prunes, cherries and other fancy crops bring gratifying financial returns. Settlers on the Uncompahgre project will have no difficulty marketing their crops, as the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad traverses the entire valley. Last year the Montrose ranchers, through their local association, shipped 288 cars apples, 10 cars peaches, 10 cars of mixed fruits, such as apricots, cherries, grapes, ets., and 400 cars of potatoes. Besides this, a large portion of the crop was hauled in wagons to nearby mining camps and sold at a high price. Most of the ranches in the valley are small and compact. When settled under the government plan, the unit will not be above 10 acres. The metropolis of the Uncompahgre Valley is Montrose, an up-to-date little city, with churches, theater, schools, etc. The turning of the waters into the Gunnison tunnel will be fittingly celebrated early in September. Presi- dent Taft is expected to be present at the time and make an official inspection of the work. The Colorado chief executive and many prominent citizens of the state and nation will be invited. President Taft is expected to press the button that will send the waters rushing through the tunnel and into the canal and will thus mark the initial use of the greatest irrigation work of the present age. (Continued from page 376.) come together to broaden all and militate for the millen- nium of universal brotherhood. Those who have craved to see Alaska find the won- derfully complete exhibit that the land of gold, of forest wealth, and of fishery millions, as well as of almost un- paralleled beauty, ample to satiate their desire and give them that erudition for which they have longed. The warmth and color of the south seas has been transported to the island exhibits, and the Philippines and Hawaii vie with Alaska in the completeness of their story. Japan demonstrates the wonderful strides towards the highest civilization that recent years have seen taken in the Orient, and characteristically makes even its most practi- cal exhibits beautiful with unique art. The strumming samison of the flowery kingdom is heard with the weird melodies of the Asiatic mainland and the haunting voices of Hawaiian singers. In contrast to this unfamiliar music are concerts, classical and popular, of America's foremost bands and of great choral bodies. The United States government is represented by a larger building and more extensive exhibits than ever be- fore and has joined with local enterprise in Hawaii, the Philippines and Alaska to exploit these most valuable, though not yet thbroughly acquainted, possessions. A sum of $60,000 was appropriated by congress and this has been utilized to splendid advantage at the fair where ten millions of dollars have gone to woo success. NEW INCORPORATIONS. UTAH.— Cedar Creek High Water Irrigation Company of Mt. Pleasant, capitalization $15,000, in 750 shares of $20 each. Ole Hansen, pre_sident; C. W. Sorenson, secretary; Christian Ras- mussen, treasurer. COLORADO.— Colorado-Texas Land and Irrigation Company, Frank R. Park, Horace B. Holmes and Charles H. Cheney, $100,000; Boulder. Twin Reservoir Irrigation Company, T. M. Morrow, J. A. Bentley, E. J. Burns, Grand Junction; $250,000. MONTANA.— Brady Irrigation Com- pany; capital stock, $50,000; main office, Choteau; directors, Alexander Truchot, Thomas O. Larson, Kenneth McKay. TEXAS.— Zavela Land and Water Company of San Antonio; capital stock, $200,000. Purpose, irrigation, city waterworks, etc. Incorporators, I. T. Pryor, C. C. Clamp, E. A. Hutchins and C. T. Estes. DELAWARE. — Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company, Wilmington, Del.; capital, $10,000,000. International Auto Buggy For Business or Pleasure Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age one year and the Primer of Irrigation You'll Arrive Where You're Bound When You Start in this Car It is the leading car for country-road travel. Up hill and down, over all kinds of roads, you go safely and rapidly as well as pleasantly. Its high wheels and powerful driving mechanism especially fit it for the kind of service that puts the low automobile out of business. It is under as perfect control as the highest priced automo- bile. You can go at any speed you like, two to twenty miles an hour. There are no tire troubles because the tires are solid rubber. You have the least concern about fuel supply or operating expense. The Auto Buggy carries a supply of gasoline sufficient to last for a journey of 75 to 100 miles. It is something to be able to go at a moment's notice, without the trouble of hitching up or the care of horses. The Auto Buggy, with or without top, and with single or double seat, enables you to go alone or with your family in a conveyance you will be proud to ride in. Call on the International local agent and get a catalogue and let him demonstrate this wonderful country road car for you; or, write to the nearest branch house for particulars. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denier, Col.; Helena, Mont.; Portland, Or..; Spokane, Wain.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Franciico, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, U. S. A. (Incorporated) 384 THE IRRIGATION AGE. TDOUBLE JWER 1,000 Reward I for iis equal. Wind power doubled. Two 11 ft. wheelH work on same pinion; sec* i ond wheel gives more pow- ' er than first. A Governor That Governs In all winds. Develops 10 full | h. p. In 20 mile wind. All power needed for farm, shop. Irrigating, etc. Ask about our 1 se1follin£,self(foverned, single wheel pumper — also Armsaver Husker. Ask for book fin , DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. Appleton. WI«..U. S. A. $60 IILSON MFG. CO. OOtS LIKE SIXTY • ILLS LIKE SIXTY* FOR BIXTr GILSON GASOLENE ENGINE. Jos, Cream ,Churm.WaihMa- i»,etc. Tatt TEIAL Aik for catalog-all size* Buckeye Power Pumps For All Purposes Bras* Valve Seats Poppet Valves All valves can be removed for cleaning or repair by unscrewing the caps on either side of air chamber. Illustration shows pump for shallow well, but we make a com- plete line for deep well use. Mast, Foos f®. Co. Springfield, 0. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation PUMP WATER nty of water in a : I GASOLINE I ^POTATO MACHINERY* ABSOLUTELY THE BEST Gutters Planters, Sprayers, ZHrtdenr, Sorters. 0 ° Write for free Booklet. "Potato Culture" ASPINWALL MF'G. CO. JACKSON. MICH. u. s. A. You Can Be Independent on the Water Question •^TT /OULDN'Tyou like to have your own independent watersupply? \A/ Wouldn't you like to have all the water you want just at the times when it is convenient for you to use it? Wouldn't it be a happy condition not to be dependent on the company ditch or the favor of the water superintendent? Then, adopt the safe and sure method of irrigation bv pumping. Hundreds of farmers are coming around to this modern way o£ irrigating. Some are building individual reservoirs on their own land and are filling them by pumping the water. Others are irrigating direct from the water they pump from running streams or low-lying lakes, wells and sloughs. Irrigate by Pumping Water with An I. H. C. Gasoline Engine The modern, powerful I. H. C. gasoline engines make all this possible. Farmers find that they not only make sure of all the water they need just when they need it, but they find it an economical way to irrigate. You will have no trouble in learning to operate one of these engines. They are simple and easy to understand and they require but little attention. For general farm purposes there are many styles and sizes of I. H. C gasoline engines: Vertical 2, 3 and 25-horse power. Horizontal (stationary and portable) 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 20- horse power. Gasoline tractors 12, 15 and 20-horse power. Famous air-cooled 1 and 2-horse power. Famous skidded engines 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8-horse power. Also a complete line of Famous mounting engines from 2 to 20- horse power, and sawing, spraying and pumping outfits and jacks. You cannot do better than investigate the matter. The Inter- national local agents will supply you with catalogues and full infor- mation on the many sizes and styles of engines. Or, if you prefer, write direct to nearest branch houses. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES : Denrer. Col.; Helena. Mont.; Portland, Ore.; Spokane. Walk.; Salt Lake City, Utan; San Francuco. Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, U. S. A. ( Incorporated ) When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRKiGATlON AGE. 385 (Continued from page 377.) Grains and alfalfa to which the lands have heretofore been largely devoted, are in exceptionally fine form this year. Farmers are predicting immense crops and at this time their hopes seem in a fair way to full realization. It is rumored that within a short time new industries will be located in the Taos valley. Increased acreage and prospective heavy yields of grains have overloaded the flour mills, beet raisers are negotiating with a sugar manu- facturer for construction of a plant, and the steadily in- creasing stream of visitors has produced rapid growth of Taos and its surrounding villages. Engineering parties are surveying and making esti- mates in preparation for the active commencement of work on a new railroad project from the north. The Ranches Orchard & Land Company is vigorously prose- cuting its construction work. Preparation is now being made for the crowds of tourists who come each year to witness the mystic rites and ceremonies of the Taos Indians. These ceremonies, occurring late in September of each year, are both inter- esting and spectacular, and although barred from knowl- edge of their meaning, the tourist and student sees much that awakens the speculative inquiry into this remnant of an earlier civilization. ANNUAL ELECTION. The annual election of officers of the Sacramento Valley Development Co. re- sulted as follows: President, Marshall Diggs; vice presidents, B. Cussick of Butte County, Morris Brooke of Sac- ramento County, Ben Rush of Solano County, A. L. Conrad of Tehama Coun- ty, J. W. Kaerth of Colusa County, H. P. Stabler of Sutter County, T. B. Gibson of Yolo County, C. F. Aaron of Yuba County, E. B. Willis of Placer County; treasurer, C. F. Dillman; sec- retary, O. H. Miller. Don't Buy Any Fence at Any Price until you get my "Leader Fence Book" and learn how to secure the cheap- est and best all-wire field and yard fence made. Pay no royalty to trusts or factory combinations. I challenge any and all fence makers to equal the 'Leader Fence' in strength, durability and price. I make the Leader Pence in the most economically run fence factory in this country, of the very best galvanized steel wire, and sell it direct to you at world-beating prices. Or, I will sell you the wire and all materials at wholesale prices and furnish you the Perfection Pence Machine, with which you can build the fence right on the posts at home. I am the All -Round Leader Pence Man. Write today for my FREE fence book. H. L. FAHRNEY. MANAGER, LEADER FENCE CO., Dept. 38, ST. CHARLES, ILL. The supervising engineer in charge of reclamation work in North Dakota has arranged for a detailed reconnais- sance of the four principal streams in southwest North Dakota — the Little Missouri, Knife, Heart and Cannon Ball. A previous survey indicates that there is no large feasible project in con- nection with these streams, but it is thought there may be some small proj- ects, and it is proposed to put in two or three small parties to locate irrigable lands and storage sites, if there be any. A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Humphryes' Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tells you all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request, THE HUMPHRYES MFG. CO.. ••'_—• MANSFIELD, OHIO The BUCKEYE FOUR-CYCLE GAS ENGINE [T j,^., „„ SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICAL IN OPERATION - RELIABLE CATALOG ON APPLICATION BUCKEYE ENGINE COMPANY, Salem, Ohio When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 386 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases The same irrigation ditch may have two or more priorities belonging to the same person or to different persons. — Park v. Park. Supreme Court of Colorado. 101 Pacific 403. DUTY TO CLEAN DITCHES. — If a ditch was constructed by agreement of persons and recognized as a waterway, neither person would be compelled to clear it of rubbish, but either person might do so. — O'Mara v. Jensma. Supreme Court of Iowa. 121 Northwestern 518. LANDLORD'S FAILURE TO FURNISH WATER. — Damages suffered by a tenant, consisting of injuries to his crop because of the landlord's failure to furnish water as agreed, are not objectionable as speculative and uncertain. — Dunbar v. Montgomery. Court of Civil Appeals of Texas. 119 Southwestern 907. RIPARIAN RIGHTS. — Riparian rights exist in the state of Idaho only to the extent that they do not come in conflict with the superior and paramount right of one who has appropriated the waters for a beneficial use in conformity with the Constitution and stat- utes of the state. — Hutchinson v. Watson Slough Ditch Co., Ltd. Supreme Court of Idaho. 101 Pacific 1059. CONDEMNATION OF IRRIGATION CANAL. — Where the necessity for the taking is shown, one canal company will be allowed to condemn a part of the right of way of another canal company, for the purpose of enlarging the old canal to a sufficient capacity to carry such additional volume of water as may be needed for the use of the latter company. — Portneuf Irrigating Co., Ltd., v. Budge. Supreme Court of Idaho. 100 Pacific 1046. PREVENTING USE OF WATER. — If a corporation engaged in the business of supplying individuals with water for the irrigation of arid or semi-arid lands, unlawfully and arbitrarily prevents the holder of one of its water contracts from using water for the irrigation of a field of growing potatoes, it is liable to the individual in damages. — Clague v. Tri-State Land Co. Supreme Court of Nebraska. 121 Northwestern 570. RIPARIAN RIGHTS INFERIOR TO APPROPRIATION. — A riparian owner's right to use the water of a stream for domestic and culinary purposes and watering his stock, and to have the water flow by or through his riparian premises, is such a right as the law recognizes as inferior to a right acquired by appropriation, and superior to any right of a stranger to or intermeddler with the waters of such stream. — Hutchinson v. Watson Slough Ditch Co., Ltd. Supreme Court of Idaho. 101 Pacific 1059. RESERVOIRS. — Mills' Ann. St. sec. 2272, declares that the owner of a reservoir built and used for storing water for irrigation shall be liable for all damages arising from seepage or overflow, etc. Held, that the right of storage conferred by such section included surface or flood waters, as well as waters diverted from natural water courses. — Canon City & C. C. R. Co. v. Oxtoby. Supreme Court of Colorado. 100 Pacific 1127. ARTESIAN WELLS. — Where new artesian wells objected to draw their water from the same supply from which the owners had previously taken water under a valid diversion, and the new wells did not increase the amount diverted, they constituted a mere change of the place of diversion, without injury to others who were therefore not entitled to complain. — Barton v. River- side Water Co. Supreme Court of California. 101 Pacific 790. LANDLORD'S DUTY TO FURNISH WATER. — Where a lease required the landlord to furnish water for the tenant's crop at prices to be thereafter agreed on, and no agreement was made for the year 1906, the tenant could not recover for the landlord's failure to furnish water for that IRRIGATED LAND Open to Settlement Some of the richest and most productive farm land in the world lies along the Shoshone and the Big Horn Rivers in the "Big Horn Basin" of Wyoming. Over ten million dollars is being spent by the United States Government and by private enterprise in building great concrete dams and ditches in order to lead an inexhaustible supply of water to irrigate some of the best of these lands and make them independent of rainfall. A great portion of this work is completed, and these lands, with a perpetual supply of water for irrigating them, are now offered you on reasonable terms. This is an Unusual Opportunity to get a wonderfully productive farm, with water •whenever you want it, regardless of rainfall; in a country where a single crop can be made to pay for the land; where 50 bushels of wheat or barley, and 75 bushels of oats are commonly grown to the acre; where fruits grow luxuriously and where the glorious air and sunshine, summer and winter, make life a joyous thing. This wonderful country is developing fast. Churches and schools abound. The population is intelligent, Godfearing and law-abiding, and any man out there who is half a man has the opportunity to make himself independent. Land in this great country is going fast. If you have any thought for the welfare of yourself or children, find out all about this opportunity to-day. Send for our new folder with large map, and also folders issued by the private irrigation companies and by the United States Government Reclamation Service giving all information about these lands, terms, etc. Free for the asking. Study these folders and then come with me on my next excursion to the Big Horn Basin and see for yourself. My excursions, which I personally conduct, leave Omaha on the 1st and 3d Tuesday each month, on which days reduced railroad rates are^in effect* My services are free to you. Burlington |D. CLEM BEAVER, General Agent Landseekers' Information Bureau, 59 Q Building, OMAHA, HEB. N. B. — The winter weather in the Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter, THE IRRIGATION AGE 387 year, on the theory that the landlord demanded an extor- tionate rate greatly in excess of the reasonable value of the irrigation. — Dunbar v. Montgomery. Court of Civil Appeals of Texas. 119 Southwestern 907. SHORTAGE OF SUPPLY. — Where contracts made between an irrigation company and users of water from such system provide that, in case of shortage, the persons holding such contracts should receive only their pro rata share of such water, in a controversy between the company and a user under such contract, the court should decree to such user, in case there is a shortage, only his pro rata share of such water. — Jackson v. Indian Creek Reser- voir Ditch &• Irrigation Co., Ltd. Supreme Court of Idaho. 101 Pacific 814. RIPARIAN RIGHTS. — A riparian owner has the right to make any use of the water, beneficial to himself on the riparian land, which his situation enables him to make ; but, if his use involves a con- sumption of the water, he can not use more than his reason- able share as compared with other riparian owners, and he must not pollute the water to the injury of others entitled to it, and the water he does not consume must be returned to the stream before it passes his land. — Mentone Irr. Co. v. Red- lands Electric Light &• Power Co. Supreme Court of Cali- fornia. 100 Pacific 1082. INNOCENT PURCHASERS WITHOUT NOTICE.— Where a decree in proceedings to adjudicate priorities in an irrigation ditch recited that the water was claimed by three persons, but was not in harmony with their statements of claim, and especially disclaimed the intention of deciding the question of ownership among them, reasonable diligence would require a prospective purchaser of a portion of the land to investigate the title to priorities, and, where the three persons after the decree openly continued to use all the water for irrigating .their farms as before the decree, it was constructive notice of their rights. — Park v. Park. Supreme Court of Colo- rado. 101 Pacific 403. with a HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR -AND SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF tfE, KEROSENE, D I S TI L"kL ATkE , or ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., 242 Lawler Street, Charles City, Iowa 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. j Write Department K-2 for Catalog. Illllllll III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age, 388 THE IRRIGATION AGE. WE MANUFACTURE PUMPS FOR EVERY SERVICE, BUT MAKE A SPECIALTY OF IRRIGATING PUMPS WHERE THE SOURCE OF SUPPLY IS EITHER DEEP OR SHALLOW, BORED OR DUG WELLS Plant of A. T. AMES MFG. CO. From a Photograph BY OUR SYSTEM WATER CAN BE PUMPED AT A FUEL COST OF FROM 2c TO 3c PER THOUSAND GALLONS PER HUNDRED FEET LIFT WRITE A. T. Ames Mfg. Co., Niles, Cal, FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOG NO. 24 Watch This Space For Cuts of Plants in Operation. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 389 UNION MACHINES WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED ! FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO. Q ALIGN, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 390 THE IKKIGATION AGE. Centennial Auger Machine Mascot Auger Machine Dry Preu, 5 styles Dry Car*, all kinds Soft Mud Machines, Hone and Steam Power Wheelbarrows and Trucks ^mmmm Clay Working Machinery ••BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. Eagle Repress Hand and Power Cutters The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio mails Hand Power Screw Press Disintegrate*? Horse Power Plunger Machine Products of our Auger Machines When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 391 To correspond with some young married man who has a thorough understanding of truck farming who would like to go to the state of Oregon or Washington with a gentleman of means to develop an irrigated farm. A good salary will be paid to the man who is a hustler, and who can give high- est reference as to character and ability. Address, G. R. W., Room 621 Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass. •USE A- PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU To get AHEAD of your competitors and be FIRST to find out about and get NEW CUSTOMERS or about CONTRACTS to be let and where MA- TERIAL is wanted. To gather the very LATEST information on any subject of interest to you. TO WIN your Debate, or enrich your Essay, or ClutT paper. OUR drag net is WORLD WIDE. You get RESULTS quickly, cheaply. DO NOT WAIT A MINUTE but write for information and handsome booklet showing how you can MAKE MONEY and SAVE TIME by patronizing America's greatest news- paper reading organization. THE CONSOLIDATED PRESS CLIPPING CO. 1207 North American Building •CHICAGO, U.S.A.- Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation % SAVED OF THE EXPENSE OF IRRIGATION Send for our booklet, "COST OF IRRIGATION." It will save you money in Irrigating. We guarantee 25jC more water with the same power, or the same amount of water with 25J less power than other make of pumping machinery. We have proved this greater efficiency by hundreds of tests and we are ready to prove it again. Bulletin No. 104 illustrates and describes irrigation machinery THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS AURORA. ILLINOIS. U. S. A. Chicago Office, First National Bank Building. Morse Bros. Machinery & Supply Co., Denver, Colt. Zimmerman- Wells Brown Company, Portland, Ore. Cal. Hydraulic, Engineering & Supply Co., San Francisco. Calif. Books on Irrigation and Drainage \ The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will' be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.00 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott L60 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 392 THEIERIGATIONAGE. "Better Fruit" A MONTHLY Illustrated Journal Published in the Interests of Modern Fruit- Growing and Marketing for Progressive Fruit Growers. The Most Instructive Fruit Growers' Paper in the World, the HANDSOMEST AND THE BEST ' If you want to grow Larger Crops, Better Fruit, and get Better Prices, Subcribe Now, and Learn the Most Progressive Fruit Methods of the Best Fruit Growers in All Districts. Better Fruit Will Tell You All About It PRICE $1.00 PER YEAR IN ADVANCE SAMPLE COPIES MAILED BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO, Hood River, Oregon When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Union Jtacific TAKES YOU TO "The Land of Opportunity" The Climate is Delightful— Irrigation and Dry Farming are Transforming a Desert Into a Garden Spot The Best Soil in the World The soils of Italy, France, and other portions of the Mediterranean region are still producing abundant crops after centuries of cultivation. The main reason for this is that soil whichjcon- sists of lava flow is practically indestructible. Large portions of the states of Wyoming, Idaho. Oregon and Washington have this same ava soil which, when watered, produces wonderful crops. In the South Platte Valley of Colorado and in the North Platte Valley of Wyoming and Nebraska, the climate, as well as the soil, is considered among the finest in the world. If you want to secure better land and live in an ideal climate, write for our beautifully illustrated booklets, entitled, "The North Platte Valley, Nebraska," and "The South Platte Val- ley, Colorado." They will interest you. ADDRESS E. L. LOMAX, Gen'l Pass. Agent, U. P. R. R. Co. Room 4— G. P. O. : : OMAHA, NEB. i5he RELIABLE: LINE "Dempster"- That's The Name High Class Gasoline Engines 2 to 12 Horse Power For Gasoline K»roserve Alcohol Four Cycle Economical Powerful Will Run Anything Anywhere Irrigating and Water Works Pumping Plants our Specialty OUR LINE: WIND MILLS ALL KINDS OF PUMPS WOOD AND STEEL TANKS WELL MACHINERY GASOLINE ENGINES CULTIVATORS FEED MILLS GRAIN DRILLS IRON PIPE AND CASING COCKS AND VALVES WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS FARM AND RANCH WATER. SUPPLIES BEST TO BUY BEST TO WORK Look Carefully at the Best Windmill Head Ever Made See that Extra Bearing on the Wheel Shaft and the Center Lift Crank Roller Rim Gears and other good things DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO. FACTORY: BEATRICE. NEBRASKA Branch Houses : Omaha. Neb. Kansas City. Mo. Sioux Falls. S. D. Mention Department "A" when you write VOL. xxiv REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE CHICAGO, SEPTEMBER, 190911 NS 11 When the Bank Gets Into the Ditch The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Bailder The Auustin Drag Line Excavator OUR FULL liiNE COMPI-U^KS: The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher the ditch must be dug again. The AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR has been used to redig scores of ditches, but not one of them was a ditch which had been dug originally with an Austin Drainage Excavator. A ditch dug by an Austin Drainage Excavator does not fill up by caving. The accompanying picture shows the reason why. The ditch is carved from the solid ground with sloping banks. The berms or spaces between ditch and spoil bank are wide. The spoil banks are evenly distributed on both sides of the ditch. We have many views ol Austin Drain- age Excavator ditches and other ditches after two or three years of service. Send forCatalogue "S" and compare them. WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Tile Ditcher The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber F. C. AUSTIN' DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO., N. B. Agents \vBntedflii unoccupied territory. Morris Machine Works . Baldwinsville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of what is wanted and we will recommend a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood & Willow Sts.. Texas Henion & Hubbell. Agents. 61 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago. III. Harroa. Rickard fif McComb. Agents 21 Fremont St., S. Francisco, Cal, THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY United States Land and Irrigation Exposition PUBLISHERS, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Nov. 20 to Dec. 4, 1909 Coliseum, Chicago Deep Well Working Heads These Working Heads Can be Operated by Electric Motor, Gas or Gasoline Engine, Steam Engine or Belt Driven — the Motors and Engines beintl Direct Connected if Desired. The chief advantage to the possessor of a Deming Deep Well Working Head is in the immense saving of power money in direct proportion to the great depths from which the water can be pumped. Then, too, our working heads have differential or double acting cylinders — discharging water at each stroke. Anyone desirous of securing water from deep wells for private estates, farms, etc., could purchase one of the smaller sizes and use it to excellent advantage. Of course we make other larger sizes for irrigating — those in the illustrations having 24 inch stroke. If you expect to install a private irrigating plant, or need a pump of any kind, we should be glad to have you write us, giving conditions under which the pump would have to work. Our engineering department would then give you full information. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HAND AND POWER PUMPS FOR ALL USES Including Spray Pumps, Nozzles and Accessories HENION AND HUBBELL, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents Other Agencies in All Principal Cities 'i THE IRRIGATION AGE. 393 The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economicaland Certain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators —The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Four Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follows: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III.. U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 304 THE IRRIGATION AGE. 'ERIOR SUPERIOR DIIllS are U«i tnl Appreciated kj Oa,i Farmers the World Oref SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., • - • Minneapolis, Minn. Kingman & Co., - Peorla, III. Kingman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Kimrman-Moore Imp. Co., - Kansas City. Mo. Kingman-Moore Imp. Co., • Kingnun Implement Co., Parlin & OrendorR Imp. Co., Colorado Moline Plow Co., The T. C. Powers Co., - - . Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co., Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co., -. Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmer* please write direct to the Manufacturer! AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.) Sorinefle'd, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS % SAVED OF THE EXPENSE OF IRRIGATION Send for our booklet, "COST OF IRRIGATION." It will save you money in Irrigating. We guarantee 25£ more water with the same power, or the same amount of water with 25} less power than other make of pumping machinery. We have proved this greater efficiency by hundred! of tests and we are ready to prove it again. Bulletin No. 104 illustrates and describes irrigation machinery THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS AURORA. ILLINOIS. I. S. A. Chicago Office, First National Bank Building. Morse Bros. Machinery & Supply Co., Denver, Colo. Zimmerman- Wells Brown Company, Portland, Ore. Cal. Hydraulic, Engineering & Supply Co., San Francisco, Calif. rs. rtu^«3 v^uy, i»iu Oklahoma, OVla. Omaha. Neb, Portland, Ore. Denver, Colo. Helena, Mont. The Greatest Dairying Proposition Land of the Tall Grass, the Big Red Glover aod the Home ot the Cow We ofler better opportunities for the farmer of small means to get into successful dairying than is offered in any other part of_the United States. With a cash 'capital of $1,000 any industrious farmer can become well-to-do in eight years on our Dairy Farm Land in Beltrami and Clearwater Counties, Minnesota. Read What Experts Say of Our Land "Destined to be the Greatest Dairy Country in the World."— W. M. HAYS, Asst. Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. "The Almighty has set it apart for a Dairy Coun- try."—Ex-Gov. HOARD, Editor Hoard's Dairyman. "There is no section of our State or Country that is better suited for dairying and the raising of diversi- fied crops than the Northern part of Minnesota." — C. P. BULL Professor of Agronomy, University of Minnesota. "The Agricultural capabilities of this area (Northern Minnesota) is away beyond the popular estimate * * * The ability of the soil to produce good crops need not be questioned." — THOS. SHAW, N. W. Editor Orange Judd Farmer, and formerly Professor of Agriculture, University of Minnesota "In no other portion of the United States can Dai- rying be so profitably carried on." — R. A. MOORE, Pro- fessor of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin. (Write Us for Prices of 'Land and Further Particulars Northern Minnesota Dairy-Farm Land Co. Tenney Block, Madison, Wis. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 395 Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length oi Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size of Discharge Up to 6 inches Fig. 1294 Fig. 813 U BRASS ROD PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders 2 ' ,> to 6 inches Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches Capacities 600 to 7200 Gallons per Hour Fig. 1321 The construction of these pumps permits a double gearing which transmits the power in two lines — one from each end of^the same shaft, thus insuring perfect align- ment and reducing all friction and side strain to a minimum. Write for Catalogue and Prices F. E. MYERS 4 BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 396 THE IRKIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Troxighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. OR T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bid*., Denver, Colo. TRUMP TURBINES When used for driving centrifugal pumps for irrigating purposes, either direct con- nected horizontally or verticall , or for furnishing power through other types of transmission , will be found to be the most economical and highest grade type of water wheel machinery manufactured in this country. These turbines are adaptable to the severest of conditions. We build all water power appur- tenances, such asHeadGaes, Head Gate Hoists, Piping, Etc. Send your inquiries direct to us. Our illustrated catalog for the asking. THE TRUMP MFG. CO. Greenmount Si., Springfield, Ohio GRADERS FOR IRRIGATED FARMS THEOHIO ROAD MACHINERY COMPANY Land, to produce the best results when irri- gated, should \ be properly \ graded. Our catalog shows m a - chines for all kinds of level- ing and ditch work. WRITE FOR IT Box F OBERLIN, OHIO ENGINES Are doing the work of the world and doing it well. 100,000 of them are making money for 100,000 sat- isfied users. You can become a profit sharer by sending for a catalogue and telling us your needs. THE OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, The Ghas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS. Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved . GOODING, IDAHO. HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND., V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments Nay Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXIV CHICAGO, SEPTEMBER, 1909. NO. 11 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered M lecond-clu* matter October t, 1897. at the Chicago, 111., under Act of March S. 1878. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid Sl.OO To Canada and Mexico . l.M All Other Foreign Countries 1.50 In forwarding; remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is th« only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 24 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. In many respects the Seventeenth Ka- Lobbyists tional Irrigation Congress, held at Spo- Control kane during August, was the most inter- Spokane esting and instructive gathering ever held Congress. by this organization. Speakers of na- tional repute presented able addresses, and the discussions, earnest but often incisive, have resulted in the fomentation of popular interest in irrigation and conservation. The congress as a whole, was, however, a disap- pointment. Very few of the "old guard" were there and the deliberations and the various committees organized to act, were controlled by a set of men who have at- tempted to pose as dictators at almost every congress. It is significant that no concerted action can be taken by the general irrigator and the man who is interested in private projects to so shape the conduct of that body as to benefit more largely the great mass of people inter- ested in this industry. It is a lamentable fact that many old time lobbyists are always on hand with axes to grind for this or that corporation, and as a rule the local governing body of the congress fears to antagonize these interests, hence the result is a program dominated by corporations and other interests only indirectly interested in active irri- gation work. It was early seen by those who are interested in actual reform that the lobbyists had absolute control and, while some of the more daring of the minority objected to the rules as laid down by the corporations, no definite results of lasting character were obtained. There is much talk now among those who are fore- sighted and interested in the future welfare of the con- gress to so shape affairs at Pueblo as to allow the active irrigator and the promoter of private projects a voice in the deliberations of that meeting. There are surely enough projects of a private character in Colorado, west- ern Kansas, New Mexico and Wyoming, all of which are tributary to Pueblo, to encourage and assure the attend- ance of this class of delegates at the eighteenth congress, and it is reasonable to predict that at Pueblo some posi- tive steps will be taken to liberate that meeting from the band of hired lobbyists who controlled the Spokane session. Mr. Insinger and his assistants handled the Spokane affair in a masterful way so far as exploitation and en- tertainment were concerned. They surmounted many difficulties, and among other serious conditions that of the disaffection of the Board of Governors who at- tempted to tell them how their fund of $60,000 or $70,- 000 should be spent. The chairman of the Board of Governors, we are informed, would not act in any ca- pacity after he had learned that a considerable part of the fund would not be turned over to him for exploita- tion, or other purposes. This "band" of governors had in its list of members the names of some very estimable gentlemen. All of the members of the board, however, could not be so designated. 398 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The railway companies of America will some day awaken to the fact that they can accomplish more good for the country at large by sending, as their representa- tives, actual irrigators along their lines, than by putting their agents in each congress. Mr. Harriman and his assistants acted wisely in withdrawing his representa- tives from active work at the congress. He was repre- sented there, to be sure, but not in as positive or stub- bora manner as were some of those connected with the Great Northern and other railway lines. It is a question how long this evil will be tolerated, but there is good reason to believe that much good will result from the work of the minority at Spokane in its attempt to correct this condition at the Pueblo meeting. If a move of this character is not made at Pueblo and the congress passes into absolute control of the railways and the Reclamation Service and the For- estry Service officials, it may be predicted that the people interested in private projects and the actual irri- gator will organize a congress along other lines which will be controlled by men who have at heart the best interest of the irrigated WPR+. This brings to mind the strange condition illus- trated by the connivance of the railways and the For- estry and the Reclamation Bureaus when at times both of these branches of the government work at direct vari- ance with what the railway people believe to be better for them. One of the most alarming incidents which arose at the congress was that in which Mr. Gifford Pinchot, head of a subordinate bureau, attempted to discredit the Secretary of the Interior, a cabinet officer. It is safe to say that Secretary Ballinger will not tolerate this sort of work on the part of a subordinate in another depart- ment, and it is perhaps well that the matter was brought to a head at Spokane so that it may be settled decisively and permanently. Now that the Seventeenth National Irri- U. S. Land gation Congress has passed into history, and Irrigation we turn to the next great event, the Exposition. United States Land and Irrigation Ex- position, to be held in Chicago November 20th to December 4th, 1909. It is with satisfaction that we note this spontaneous outbxirst of enthusiasm upon a subject so long held sacred to our columns. As the architect looks upon the progress of his plans, and the tiller of the soil sees with kindling eye and loving heart the product of his thought and labor, we, in this triumph of irrigation, feel and hear the Voice saying, "Well done." And so THE AGE joins with its friend the Tribune in thus advancing the cause of ir- rigation, and welcomes this great paper into its family. A master stroke of policy was this on the part of the Chicago Tribune, and THE AGE bespeaks for the United States Land and Irrigation Exposition the hearty support of all true factors in the great work of reclamation and cultivation. Following is the announcement appearing in the Tribune : — "From November 20th to December 4th of this year will be held in the Coliseum, under the auspices of the Chicago Tribune, the United States Land and Irrigation Exposition, which will provide authoritative, graphic information about the vast land opportunities now opening up in the many states for homeseekers, farmers and investors. There will be exhibits of the wonderful fruits of this virgin soil from all sections of the country. Elaborate panoramas will show what is being done to irrigate, drain and cultivate it. Arrange- ments have been made for government exhibits of great value to the farmer and of vital interest to every lover of American soil." Many prominent men throughout the Press Assails West who attended the National Irriga- Spokane tion Congress at Spokane have voiced Doings. their opinions of the proceedings of that body to their home newspapers and the tone of the editorial comment is not likely to prove pleasant reading for those who radically controlled the actions of the Spokane congress. In a clipping from the Seattle Times of August 23, under the heading, "Radicals Control Irrigation Congress," appeared the following : By giving extremists and other irresponsible per- sons too much to say in its recent session at Spokane, the National Irrigation Congress has done itself harm, and its proceedings which were marked with considerable disorder, including various attacks on Secretary R. A. Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior, were not calculated to inspire confidence in or respect for its deliberations. Such is the opinion of Seattle men who have returned from the capital of the Inland Empire. "One of the worst mistakes the delegates to the congress made," said G. W. Morrow, of the Milwaukee Land Company, "was to bitterly attack private capital interested in irrigation enterprises. These attacks were without excuse or justification and, from what I could gather, seemed to be due to a desire on the part of a great number of the delegates to start some kind of a fracas. "Furthermore, the congress showed signs of irre- sponsibility when a resolution was introduced asking the government to issue bonds aggregating $5,000,000,- 000 for reclamation projects. This resolution, as finally THE IRRIGATION AGE. 399 passed, named a sum of $50,000,000, which showed an agile handling of figures, if nothing else. "Serious minded advocates of irrigation, both by federal government and by private enterprise, were as- tonished at the general tone of hostility toward private irrigation companies, as shown in the treatment of H. L. Hollister, general manager of the Twin Falls Irrigation and Power Company. This company has spent millions in the successful watering of nearly 150,000 acres of land in Idaho. The project is completed and the railroad the corporation built into the territory is handling fifty carloads of produce per day from the district. "Mr. Hollister is known throughout the West as one of the ablest and squarest men in the country and his company is carrying the settlers along its immense works in an amount exceeding $20,000,000. Their pol- icy has been to aid the settler, and no single instance can be found where they have taken land away from a delin- quent purchaser. Yet, in spite of the known record of the Twin Falls Company, the delegates to the Irrigation Congress took a rap at the concern. Mr. Hollister, indignant but too self controlled to fight a mob, quietly ignored the attacks made upon him." Mr. Morrow has charge of the townsites along the line of the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway in Idaho and Washington. This is a fair sample of numerous clippings show- ing sentiment in all parts of the West. It is the opinion of THE IRRIGATION AGE that Newell, Pinchot and the representatives of some of the railroads have gone too far and that the importance of the irrigation congress as at present conducted is deca- dent. It is predicted that after the meeting at Pueblo in 1910 a new organization may be formed which will be conducted in the interest of actual irrigators and those connected with general irrigation development rather than for a few paid government employes whose terms in office are controlled by silly, persistent resolu- tions passed at each congress extolling their virtues. From the regularity with which resolutions favorable to the Reclamation and Forestry bureaus are jammed through the congress one would imagine that some sort of a sop is absolutely necessary to the existence of these bureau heads. THE IRRIGATION AGE suggests to Secre- Private tary Ballinger that he investigate the Interests claims of the people who first started Suffer. reclamation work near Yuma, Ariz. Sev- eral well known men of that territory, as- sociated with capitalists from a northern state, invested a large sum of money, but their project was killed when the government officials established what is known as the Yuma project above that city, thereby depriving these gentlemen, so it is stated, of their rights and caus- ing them to lose a large sum of money. Secretary Ballinger could also find an interesting condition in the Owens River valley in California, where both the Reclamation and Forestry bureaus have been instrumental in withholding from the early settlers their rights to reservoir sites and water. A careful investigation of both localities would no doubt bring forth some interesting facts. The Seventeenth National Irrigation Con- Third gress had a surprise sprung on it by the Termers' Reclamation and Forestry bureaus in the Idiotic Action, selection of a co-worker in both branches, B. A. Fowler of Arizona, as President. Mr. Fowler has always played into the hands of Messrs. Newell and Pinchot and in return has received all en- couragement and appointments that could be thrown his way. Mr. Fowler has had various ambitions in times past. He was defeated for congress from Arizona a few years ago. One incident which shows how the winet blows was the open applause by Mr. Fowler and Presi- dent Barstow during the addresses by Pinchot and Newell while they were acting as officers of the congress. This was, to say the least, undignified and inexcusable. If Theodore Roosevelt had anticipated that this group would perform such raw work in exploiting the third term idea he would have forestalled it. But — Theodore was in Uganda. Oh, Uganda, how much of the strife of men and nations reaches the forests of thy remote interior? Oh, Barstow, Fowler. — Newell and Pinchot, Uganders. To Store Rio Grande Flood Waters. In special dispatches from San Antonio, Texas, statement is made that plans have been matured in the lower Rio Grande Valley for the most gigantic irrigation project in the southwest. The flood waters of the Rio Grande will be di- verted to an artificial lake, which will hold two billion cubic feet of water. Although the immense flow of the Rio Grande makes any danger of exhaustion a matter too remote for consideration, nevertheless the Mexican government, under the peculiar treaty which may cause trouble at some future day, has claimed its share of the waters of the Rio Grande, and this immense project is designed as a safeguard. Twice a year the Rio Grande is in flood, flowing in three or four times its usual vol- ume. These flood waters will be caught and the lake thus formed will irrigate 150,000 acres and provide homes for about twenty-five thousand families. A few miles in from the river proper, at the bend where this reservoir is to be located, is a chain of lakes and recesses, evidently ancient beds of the river. These recesses are already partly filled with water in flood times. 400 THE IRRIGATION AGE. It is but natural that irrigators should Irrigation favor a class of investment creative of Bonds. their very foundation, nor is it strange that thoughtful investors readily acknowl- edge the merits and superiority of a class of security so rigid in its basic principles and yet so elastic in detail. Take as an illustration the great Standley Lake and Dam, nine miles northwest of Denver. The lake or reservoir will empound over one hundred thousand acre feet of irrigation water for use in the season 1910, with as much more as a final capacity. Then consider the great dike thrown across the valley, over a mile in length, with an elevation of one hundred and forty-two feet. This monster earthwork is over six hundred feet thick at the base and under all this mass has been placed drainage or seepage wells in great number to control possible undercurrents, and through the center length has been driven, in solid clay, sheet steel piling, tongue and grooved, to bed rock. Then a base core, near three hundred feet wide, of puddled clay, is carried tapering to the top, with a concrete face and parapet presented to the waters as they come tumbling from the mountain gorges and canals to be stored for irrigating the lands below and beyond, which lands thus reclaimed from the desert wastes, together with all irrigation im- provements, compose the basic value of irrigation bonds. We might multiply illustrations, citing Wyoming, Idaho and other great irrigation districts, but it suf- fices, in this enlightened period, to recall but a few well-known features and effects relied upon by investors : Irrigation Bonds are divided into three general classes, Municipal District Bonds, Corporation Bonds on lands in private ownership and Corporation Bonds issued against lands under the provisions of the Federal Law known as the "Carey Act." The security lying back of irrigation bonds is con- sidered superior to farm mortgages, which do not ex- ceed forty per cent of the value of farm land and are rightly considered a first-class security. When such farm mortgages are placed with a trustee, and bonds issued against them to not more than two-thirds of their value, this security is considerably increased. And when such bonds are further secured by mortgage on vast properties of an Irrigation Company, it will be seen that the protection is fully as ample as the most careful investor desires. Arid land, when water is applied, becomes the most productive farm land in America. Colorado, which con- tains one of the largest irrigated areas of any state, will serve as an illustration of the productive power of irri- gated lands. It should be remembered that all of the plow land in Colorado, save that used for "dry farm- ing," is irrigated land. And the farm products of Col- orado last year were valued at over one hundred and forty-three million dollars. Rocky Ford canteloupes, grown on irrigated land in Colorado, are famous the world over. They sell for $2.50 per crate, while other melons on the same market, grown from the same seed, sell for thirty cents a crate. Peaches from the Grand Junction district bring from four to six times as much as middle west peaches. Fruit lands in the Denver-Greeley district often yield more than one thousand dollars per acre. Colorado potatoes maintain the highest standard everywhere, and sugar beets stand first in the produc- tion of sugar. In California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Wyo- ming and Montana, irrigated land is among the most valuable and productive farm land in America. Perpetual sunshine and water supply under perfect control, yield crops of the highest grade from the lands upon which irrigation bonds are based. Every farmer is his own weather man and is able to give to each crop just the water it needs at the time when it is needed. It is safe to say that good irrigated land is worth from three to five times as much as the best rainfall land, measured by production. We have again and again watched irrigation proj- ects begun and carried to completion. We have seen barren land blossom into fertility. We have seen it multiply in value, over and over, until some of it has grown to be the most valuable farm land in America. Irrigation bonds now pay a higher interest rate than one can secure on any large class of securities equally safe. One reason is that the bonds are a com- paratively new form of investment. They have only come into wide popularity in recent years. Irrigation bonds are usually issued in denomina- tions of one hundred dollars, five hundred dollars and one thousand dollars. This opens the field to the small investor, as well as banks and capitalists. We know of no class of bonds which at present offer equal security combined with equally attractive income. Unlike the vast majority of bonds, irrigation securi- ties are paid, and not simply refunded at maturity by substituting new ones. Each series is retired as fast as it falls due by the payment of actual cash. THE IBBIGATION AGE. 401 Notes and Comment on Recent Congresses MUST HAVE NEW ORGANIZATION. Lnder this caption, George B. Eraser, editor of the News, Twin Falls, Idaho, expresses his views on the Sev- enteenth Congress: "The National Irrigation Congress is still dominated by the reclamation service and forest service to such an extent as to threaten its usefulness and now there is a movement on foot to organize a body for taking up irri- gation matters on an independent and more scientific basis," declared S. H. Hays, to a Boise Capital News re- porter, upon his return from Spokane, where he has been in attendance at the seventeenth annual session as a mem- ber of the Idaho delegation. Owing to much dissatisfaction over the arbitrary re- pulsive manner in which the reclamation and forest serv- ices together with the Great Northern Railroad interests act, it is probable that arrangements will be completed for a meeting of representatives of irrigated states to be held in Chicago this fall, when a separate and distinct organiza- tion from that maintained in the past with the National Irrigation Congress will be formed. Instances of the domination of forest service, reclama- tion service and Great Northern over the annual session of the congress held in Spokane were manifest in prac- tically every session of the congress, according to Mr. Hays. The program which contained 49 subjects that were discussed at the congress disclosed only 21 relating to irrigation and only six practical subjects on irrigation in that number. Then also the presence of Costello, traffic manager of the Great Northern Railroad, which is as- siduously endeavoring to secure the expenditure of thou- sands of dollars by the forest service for improvements along the railroad right of way was considered distasteful to delegates desirous of considering irrigation problems. The position assumed by the forest reserve with respect to the operation of power plants was still another cause for dissatisfaction and raised a strong protest from the dele- gates of irrigated states. "The general purport of the addresses of Secretary Ballinger of the Interior Department and of Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot, might be described in this way," continued Mr. Hays. "Secretary Ballinger stood for the doctrine that the law must be followed and obeyed, that if there is any defect in the law, it should be remedied by congress, while Mr. Pinchot's address conveyed the sentiment that it would be well to go ahead doing things and let the law take care of itself." Of the Pinchot-Ballinger feud, returning delegates speak of an instance that was remarked about by nearly everyone in attendance at the session of the congress. The incident is related as follows: Secretary Ballinger was on the program for an address at one of the sessions of the congress, and before that session convened, Mr. Pinchot and a friend went to the speaker's platform, taking seats thereon with other officials in attendance at the meeting. Secretary Ballinger a few minutes later came to the speakers' platform to take a seat in readiness for the ad- dress which he was to deliver. Upon stepping on the platform he was received by all officials on the platform, except Pinchot and his friend, who continued their con- versation uninterrupted, while the other officials arose and shook hands with the secretary of the interior. The following relating to the Pinchot-Ballinger con- troversy appeared in the Denver Post: Government officials of Denver have discovered that an absolute treaty was made between Secretary of the In- terior Garfield and the agricultural department when all of of the lands were turned over to the care of the forestry department a couple of years ago. and which have since been returnd to the department of the interior by Secre- tary Ballinger with the approval of the president. It was a transaction never before heard of in the his- tory of the government and was denounced by United States Attorney General Wickersham as one of the worst pieces of personal law making that the government has ever seen. The government legal adviser was likewise severe in his denunciation of the agreement made between the people interested in the Grand Valley canals and the gov- ernment. He said at the time that the government had no right to make any agreements of the kind, becoming a party to a private enterprise, and that no one had a right to promise any money without congressional sanction. TRANS-MISSISSIPPI NOTES. BY G. L. SHUMWAY. Two of the great industrial congresses of 1909 have passed into history. The one at Spokane — the National Irrigation congress — according to press dispatches, was something of a controversy wherein Forester Pinchot launched Roosevelt's- third term boom, and Mr. Ballinger made plain the attitude of the present administration. The third-termers hastened from Spokane to the Trans-Mississippi congress at Denver to continue their work, and received a frost, while Mr. Ballinger went on a tour of inspection in continuance of his official program of informing himself on the conditions and needs of the West. The report of the Denver meeting, as appearing in Chicago and eastern Journals, were far from accurate. They were colored to show the astute advertiser, Mr. Pinchot, as the lion of the hour and President Tail only gets obscure mention. The facts as shown by the resolutions adopted, as well as by the preponderance of debate, are that the forestry policies are as unpopular as ever, wherever peo- ple come in contact with them, and that the West is withholding its judgment of Mr. Ballinger until authora- tive statements are forthcoming. The resolution which was unanimously adopted reflects this confidence: "Resolved, That this congress composed of 2,000 members, is pleased and does hereby express its pleasure at the words of greeting from the President of the United States and responds with assurances of esteem, and con- fidence that our chief executive and his cabinet members, whose administration particularly affects Transmississippi affairs, are especially qualified to deal with these problems. And by reason of their knowledge of facts, law and jus- tice, they will of their administration bring about a great prosperity incident to the development and utilization of natural resources which abound so abundantly in the West." This was telegraphed to President Taft. The series of resolutions rings with buoyant spirit, as the West feels the throbbing impulse of its six-cylinder energy once more to be unfettered and to start upon the journey toward vast development. The present administration draws from the resolutions of the Trans-Mississippi congress the assurance that the West approves of its action in following the letter of the law. The law, not a set of rules promulgated by an official who is trying to foster feudalism upon this sec- tion, is what the West wants. This water power trust, of which Mr. Pinchot dilates, is a "straw man." There is no such a creature and there can never be. For instance, Omaha now proposes a forty- mile canal from the Platte river to create 5,000-horse power. It will reduce horse-power energy in that city from $34 to $18. Anyone not satisfied may go up either the Missouri or the Platte and build another plant. Twenty such plants can be built in Nebraska alone. And any of the mountain states can find location for practically unlimitable power, provided the conservation idea does not prevail and compel these waterfalls to continue in the production of nothing but rainbow mist. Next to con- trolling air or sunshine water power would be most dif- ficult to amalgamate. 402 THE IRRIGATION AGE. SETTLERS COMPLAIN TO SENATORS. Committee Headed by Sen. Carter Investigates Condi- tions on U. S. Reclamation Projects. Leaving Chicago on Aug. 11 with an itinerary that led to government projects in the states of Montana, Wyoming. Idaho, Oregon and Washington, the senatorial committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Public Lands, reached Seattle on August 29. After a two months' recess members will meet for another journey through Oregon, Utah, lower Idaho, Colorado and the southwest. Senators who met at Chicago are: Thos. H. Carter, Chairman, Montana; Francis E. Warren, Wyoming; Frank P. Flint, California; William E. Borah, Idaho; George E. Chamberlain, Oregon; Thos. H. Paynter, Kentucky. Other senators who belong to this committee are: Bailey, defects in the law and to aid in the settlement of disputes. Under direction of Senator Carter, the following list of questions had been sent to water users associations and other organizations of settlers- on and near govern- ment projects. First. — Is the existing reclamation law satisfactory and if not in what respect should it be amended? Second: — Are your local laws governing the appropri- ation and use of water for irrigation satisfactory in their application to lands being reclaimed by the Government or through private enterprise, and if not what amendments are required? Third. — Is the administration of the law by the Re- clamation Service satisfactory, and if not what are the ob- jections and what remedy is proposed? Fourth. — Is your water supply adequate both for irri- gation and domestic uses? Fifth. — Where your towns have been laid out by the Reclamation Service how do you provide for the improve- ment of streets adjacent to lots owned by the Government, MEMBERS OF SENATE COMMITTEE ON IRRIGATION. Standing (from left to right) — Senators Sutherland, Bailey, John Walter Smith, Chamberlain, Jones, Gore ai Seated (from left to right) — Senators Warren, Briggs, Carter (chairman), Flint, Nixon and Borah. nd Newlands. Texas; Smith, Maryland; Briggs, New Jersey; New- lands and Nixon, Nevada; Jones of Washington; Gore, Oklahoma; Sutherland, Utah. Secretary of the Interior Ballinger, who had already spent several weeks investigating conditions of government works and planning expenditures for the coming year, joined the Senate committee at Glendive, Mont. On this trip the committees secured views of settlers and persons interested in each project and by the employ- ment of a stenographer had all statements reduced to writing for future consideration. While there were no charges of mal-administration to be investigated, yet the committee had been requested by water users to take ac- tion on various phases of the reclamation work to cure and do you provide a municipal water supply? Sixth. — Is your canal and distributing system satis- factory, and if not what are the defects, what caused them, and what remedy is proposed? Seventh. — Can the cost of maintaining and operating the canal and distributing system be reduced, and if so, in what way and to what extent? Eighth. — Can the water users by employing reasonable industry and economy promptly make all payments re- quired by the existing law? Ninth.— What additional terms and conditions, if any, should be imposed on those who default in payment.' Tenth. — What are your principal crops, where do you market them and what, if any, organized effort is being made to put your crops into the market under the most favorable conditions? (Continued on page 429) THE IRKIGATION AGE. 403 REPORT OF SEVENTEENTH IRRIGATION CONGRESS Unprecedented Attendance, — Instructive Addresses, — Earnest Discussions, Strong Impetus Given to Irrigation Cause. In completeness of preparation, in numerical strength of attendance and in the entertainment of visiting dele- gates during the five days of its existence, the seventeenth session of the National Irrigation congress passes into his- tory as the most successful of gatherings since the incep- tion of the organization. Not less than 2,000 accredited delegates participated in the several sessions. Attracted by the preliminary press notices, large numbers of tourists, traveling to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific exposition, remained a day or two to at- tend the congress and to learn of the details of irrigation work. It is declared by prominent irrigators who attended that there was more interest exhibited in the cause of ir- rigation than ever before and that lasting results must obtain. Through the untiring efforts of the Board of Control, various features of entertainment had been planned, and in their execution excited the interest and amusement of visitors. In the parades, both visitors and citizens of Spo- kane joined to present a picturesque pageant and to incite enthusiasm in the cause of irrigation. Almost every state in the union was represented by delegations and because of the widespread interest thus created much comment has come from local newspapers. An aggressive press bureau distributed speeches and min- utes of the convention with such dispatch and regularity that newspapers in all parts of the country published ex- cerpts and accounts of each day's meeting. Of interest to those who were seeking information as to irrigation methods were the displays and demonstrations of the various plans to which water may be spread upon arid lands. For the practical irrigator the addresses, dis- cussions and illustrated lectures proved of value.* Musical organizations presented frequent numbers and programs for each session were arranged with a view to preventing loss of interest and decreased attendance. So carefully had the board handled its work that the ranks of delegates on the floor showed little variance throughout the convention. While there was some criticism of the course of the work of the congress, each delegate gave unstinted praise to the city of Spokane and to these civic and commercial bodies, that by their cooperation and energy, had induced the large attendance and so admirably prepared for accom- modation and entertainment of visitors. MONDAY MOKNING. As the gavel in the hands of R. Insinger, secre- tary of the Board of . Control, of Spokane, rapped for attention at 10 o'clock on the morning of August 9, . the scene was most inspiring. Every seat in the great assembly hall was filled. There was a generous attend- ance of ladies, and about the banners of the various state representations were many of the wives and daugh- ters of delegates, who had embraced the opportunity to view the great "Inland Empire" for the first time. Gathered in the rear of the speakers' stand were NOTE. — Owing to limited space in this issue, many papers not printed in full will be presented to readers in future numbers of the AGE. • the members of the Spokane Choral Society, whose sing- ing of the irrigation ode soon after the opening of the first session, was the signal for intense enthusiasm. So favorable was the impression produced by the music that the society was accorded a rising vote of thanks. Before surrendering the gavel to President Barstow, Mr. Insinger reviewed in brief the work of the Board of Control, declaring that its aim had been to avoid local issues and interests with the object of making the con- gress of national importance and benefit. In view of the work of his board he argued for the installation of a business system which should make the irrigation con- gress permanently effective and result in even greater success in the future. In taking his place in the chair, President Barstow voiced a sentiment of praise for Spokane and the com- plete success with with its efforts at entertainment had been crowned. He then presented Governor Hay, of Washington, who spoke in part as follows: The first National Irrigation Congress, composed of 11 delegates representing but four states and territories, met at Salt Lake City in 1892. Today, this, the 17th annual con- vention of that organization, composed of thousands of dele- gates, represents every section of the United States. This movement, inaugurated by a seemingly insignificant local gathering, soon passed beyond mere sectional interest and assumed the proportions of a great national awakening. The idea that gave birth to the congress soon caught the popular imagination because of its inherent merit and ob- vious importance. The country readily grasped the true significance of the purpose which animated the organizers of this congress and its bearing on the future welfare of the nation. The intelligent and effective agitation struck a sympathetic chord, which reacted directly on the national legislature, resulting in the passage of the government re- clamation act of 1902. This act, known as the Newland s bill, committed the federal government to a comprehensive plan of reclaiming by irrigation those vast tracts of arable land otherwise waste and useless. Reclamation by irrigation enlisted the attention of man long before he was confronted by the need of conservation. In fact, we have records of irrigation in certain portions of the globe dating back to the very dawn of history, and in some countries there are evidences of its use in pre-historic times. This aid to agriculture was used by the Chinese forty centuries ago, and has been practiced consistently in that country to the present time. In Egypt, when the pyra- mids were building and the sphinx an uncarved stone, the waters of the Nile were diverted to enrich the soil by rude and primitive methods that are still in use. Irrigation in India can claim equal antiquity to irrigation in Egypt and China. In India this aid to agriculture has been extensively used than in any other country. At the present time, the total irrigated area in the land of the Rajahs is approximately 69,000,000 acres, 43,000,000 acres of which are under control of the state, and 26,000,000 acres controlled privately. Here the constructive statesman- ship of England has performed as magnificent a service as it has in Egypt. British engineers have planned and con- structed vast projects that are enduring monuments to the genius of their country. Great canals, 600 and 600 miles long, carry water from the Indus and the Ganges which is dis- tributed through thousands of miles of laterals to the thirsty acres. In that land of mysticism, where noary custom and ancient precedent crush out initiative and smother progress, where no idea can gain currency unless stamped with the ap- proving seal of age, the husbandman still uses implements and methods of a primordial age. He plows with a stick, treads out the grain with a bullock and winnows with the wind. Irrigation In America is not of modern origin. Spanish explorers in the early part of the 16th century found the Pueblo Indians using the water of the Rio Grande to mature their crops, and there are still extant evidences of irrigation canals in Arizona that were constructed long before Colum- bus crossed the Atlantic. Seventy years before the English established their first permanent colony on this coast, Spanish missionaries irrigated their garden patches along the Rio Grande. The Anglo-Saxon pioneers in irrigation in this country were the Mormons who constructed a project in Utah in 1847. A little later, the Horace Greely colony in Colorado followed the example of the Mortnons. From this small be- ginning, irrigation has been extended in that state until at the present time 1.853.000 acres are being watered; while it is estimated that there are approximately 2,300,000 acres 404 THE IEEIGATION AGE. more that can be reclaimed with the available water supply Immense as is the mineral production of Colorado, the out- put of its mines is equaled in value by the agricultural product of the state. It is estimated that about 13,000,000 acres were Irri- gated last year in the states west of the Mississippi and that there is water which can be utiliied sufficient to reclaim over three times as many acres more. Fully 10,000,000 acres of the total area now watered are under privately owned projects or ditches. For the most part, these have been constructed In such a manner that a great economic waste has been in- volved both in the cost of building and in the application of the water. In this latter particular, a large saving can be effected by the adoption of more scientific and intelligent methods, which would permit of largely extending the area watered. Under irrigation, the tendency is to restrict the size of the farm unit. Experience teaches that in most irrigated sections it is Impracticable to cultivate large single hold- ings. As a consequence, the average farm under ditch will be much smaller than in the humid regions. Thus provision will be made for a greatly Increased farming population, with a corresponding increase in the production of farm products thereby adding immensely to the country's wealth. Since irrigation is an insurance against crop failure, the farming industry will be greatly relieved from the element of chance and become far more stable, which, in Itself, will represent a great economic gain. In 1908, 260,000 acres of land were irrigated in this state. At present there are projects under construction which, when completed, will cover 390,000 acres additional, 327,000 acres of which are under government projects. Owing to the character of the soil in the semi-arid regions of this state, which Is a volcanic ash and disintegrated basalt, and the long growing seasons, irrigated lands in this state produce abundant and highly excellent crops. Practically all of this land is particularly adapted to the growing of the hardier fruits; apples attain a peculiar perfection. This, with our excellent transportation facilities which give ready access to the markets of the country, enable the horticulturist to secure annual profits from irrigated lands. In this respect, Washington is excelled by no other state, and irrigated lands bring values equal to the best prices paid even in California. Depending upon the location rela- tive to transportation and the particular crop grown, these lands bring, when improved, from $100 to $2,000 an acre. These are not speculative prices, but, on the contrary, are based upon the actual returns derived from the land. The amount of land that can be irrigated in this state is limited only by the available water supply, and in time many thousands of acres of this rich land will be reclaimed. Owing to the exceptionally high productive capacity of the land under intensive farming, the farm unit will always re- main small. Five acres are sufficient to produce an excellent competence for a single family, and in the older irrigated districts, devoted to fruit raising, a large part of the farms contain but five acres. This gives a comparatively dense agricultural population, and adds greatly to the attractive- ness of the industry in these communites, a condition not obtainable in regions where a larger farm unit is required for the sustenance of a family. It makes more practicable the building of good roads, tends to add to the construction of interurban electric lines and the extension of the rural post and the telephone, thus giving the farmer all of the ad- vantages of urban life with the healthful conditions of farm life. Tlfese irrigated communities are assured of uniform prosperity since the element of chance in the growing of crops is eliminated. Owing to the peculiar topography of this state, it has a great diversity of climatic and soil conditions. In the eastern and southeastern portions the high plateaus, con- taining a deep, rich soil, peculiarly adapted to the growing of cereals, wheat, oats and barley, are the chief products, and millions of bushels are produced annually. A problem peculiar to the western portion of the state is the reclamation of the arable portions of our logged-off lands. At the present time, there are large areas of fertile acres encumbered with the stumps of giant trees, areas which have been aptly called "The Loggers' Stubble Field." This land in its present state, while capable of producing rich crops, lies waste and unproductive because the expense of clearing and preparing for the plow is beyond the means of the ordinary home builder. The most economical methods of clearing this land now known are too costly to be generally used, even though the land when prepared for cultivation yields large returns on the investment. Some progress in reclaiming these cut-over lands is being made through cooperative efforts on the part of private in- dividuals, similar to the organizations which first undertook the larger irrigation projects in this country. I am convinced that, if these areas are to be generally reclaimed, aid must be received from the state, rendered, possibly, along the lines devised by the federal government in the reclamation of its arid lands. This is a problem with which this congress might well deal and bend Its energies toword working out a practicable solution. At the last regular session of our state legislature, $8,000 was appropriated to be added to a like sum appropriated by the federal conservation for the use by the bureau of plant Industry of the department of agriculture In the United States In furthering the investigation of and experimentation with the various methods of clearing logged-off lands. This is the first practical step taken by this state in the consideration of this problem. After discussing the policy of conservation as ap- plied to the great natural resources of his state, the speaker closed with an expression of hope for further growth of irrigation congress which, he declared, is most potent in the development of the west. Mayor Pratt, of Spokane, spoke briefly in welcoming delegates to the city and urged the congress to seek remedy for existing evils in land laws by greater interest in the election of legislators. In accepting the hospitality of Spokane, President Barstow congratulated the city upon the spirit with which had prepared for the convention and assured its complete success. After reviewing the past work of the congress in preservation of forests and advancing the interest of irrigation, he said, in part: The great cities are the maelstrom of our nation! There citizens, at large, would soon become effeminate and de- cayed save as they can draw upon our country and simple life. We are wisely seeking to protect our natural rivers by safe-guarding their sources of supply. How about that river of human beings who have been created, "a little lower than the angels"? Are we averse to making wholesome pro- visions for its headwaters? There are many evil forces ever at work to drag our nation downward, and these obtain their temporary reward in diverse ways. The great and sublime purpose of the National Irri- gation Congress is to marshal together those forces which will only seek for the betterment and continuity of our nation, and to overthrow those elements in society, which. "Having greed of life "Forget to live." There is too much an unwarranted prejudice by the ma- jority of Americans anent many of the nationalities coming to our shores. There are, no doubt, some of the people of each nationality that are undesirable. But, is this not also true of some of our own people? We are not to judge an entire nation by the overt acts of a few of its members any more than we would have the people of any other country judge us by the Ill-advised or criminal conduct of a few of our citizens. Time has shown to the careful observer con- clusively, that, whether Huns or Slavs or Italians or Chinese or Japanese, they make good citizens and are most productive in their efforts when located upon land. Too little attention has been given by the great con- stituency engaged in our irrigation enterprises of the need of drainage for irrigated lands. The practice of this prin- ciple is of great antiquity. No irrigation plant has reached its highest efficiency until a system of well-planned drainage ditches has been installed within its sphere. I believe this matter to be worthy of the serious attention of this con- gress; and some time could be not better occupied than in a full discussion concerning the drainage of Irrigated lands. One of the most hopeful and cheering signs of the times in accomplishing the work of reclaiming the remainder (or over forty million acres) arid lands in our nation, is, that many of our able and leading financiers and bankers, some of whom come from as far east as Boston, are now real- izing the inherent value of irrigation bonds. Such bonds based upon lands and values that are developed to the high- est point under irrigation, if properly safe-guarded In the legal aspect of the case, and with wholesome commercial conduct, will certainly address themselves favorably to crit- ical financiers. I desire to impress upon the mind of this congress the great importance of taking prompt steps to give the Federal government to understand that the voice of the people of our entire nation demands that the reclamation fund shall be forthwith supplemented by the creation and sale from time to time of gold bonds in the total sum of five hundred million dollars ($500,000,000) in order that much more rapid work may proceed in reclaiming the nation's arid lands. This same principle finds its application as to reclaiming our swamp lands and fmprovement of our natural river-ways. This is no time "to halt and disband. But rather to arouse the people of our country to overthrow any and all those men who .may seek to emasculate the work so wonderfully and auspiciously begun. The great west and southwest needs some of the money of the east with which to push forward with rapid strides the stupendous and far reaching work of irrigation which i this congress primarily advocates. The irrigation states are operating under both national and state laws, which have stood the test of time. When once all these arid lands shall be under cultivation by irrigation, we shall have given op- portunity for about twenty-five million additional population with an annual Increase of agricultural products amounting to six billion and five hundred million dollars. As is the case in all industrial and commercial enter- prises, there are to be found in the promotion of Irrigation projects some that are unworthy. These cases should be constantly looked after and brought to book by our intelli- gent and justice loving people, and the strong arm of the government should be exercised to bring every operation of such a character to a just retribution. Along this and other valuable lines the Fourteenth National Irrigation Congress In session at Boise. Idaho, in 1906, appointed a publicity com- mittee of five, Professor Samuel Fortier being the chairman thereof. This committee has already performed much valu- able service, and I regard its continuance as most important looking toward broadening the Intelligence of all the people, and especially those who are contemplating locating on irri- gated lands. We are gathered here for the discussion of those ques- tions and to take action upon those plans that are not only of national, but of world-wide importance. Their poten- tiality is such as effects the very vitals of our nation. Their THE IRRIGATION AGE. 405 meaning should be heralded to every home and corner of our nation with no uncertain sound. This congress may have a just pride in its past achievements. This fact should inspire us all to a more noble and patriotic purpose in all our future activity. We have so strongly impressed the mind and con- science of the people throughout our country, as to have caused the enactment of important legislation by the states as well as by the National government, the fruits of which are in evidence throughout the great west and southwest parts of our nation. And now the far east and south la rapidly coming to understand the potential principles for , which we stand. Jlay east, west, north and south join in one grand com- mon purpose and effort to bring every noble influence to bear, so that opportunity may be given to the tens of thou- sands in our great cities, and that are yearly coming to our shores, to become home-builders upon the land.s of our na- tion, through and by which we shall be laying strong and deep foundations for the perpetuity of our American people. The price of our success is found In patriotism, sacrifice and sound judgment. Families of wealth fall and others rise In their places. Just so with nations. Let these United States hold and increase their moral force and we shall ride safely through whatever storms may assail us from without or within. At the call for responses from governors of states and territories, ex-Governor Gooding, of Idaho, charac- terized the congress as a convention of home builders as well as irrigators. He insisted that the work must be continued until the congestion of the cities has been relieved and every acre of arable land had been made to produce something to_ feed the pople. Long applause greeted the reading of the following message from President Taft: "I greatly regret that I am not able to be present to hear the discussions and get the benefit of your deliberations. I have the deepest sym- pathy with the general objects of the National Irrigation Congress, and you can count on my earnest endeavor to further the cause of reclamation by irrigation in every part of the country within the jurisdiction of the Federal government." Upon the call for responses from the representatives of foreign countries, Dr. Baeta Neves, of Brazil, spoke of the close relationship between his country and the United States, and elicited applause when he presented a Brazilian flag to the convention. Lieutenant Governor Bulyea, of Alberta, explained tnat in his province attention is gradu- ally turning to irrigation, and that there is promise of great development during the next few years. The report of the executive committee recommended the adoption of a plan whereby, under the direction of the congress, there shall be continuous and effective effort on behalf of irrigation and the irrigated country. It fur- ther recommended the increase of the number of vice- presidents of the organization from three to five in order to take proper charge of the work, and also a provision in the constitution to insure greater continuity and per- manence in the work. The report involving these changes in the constitution was adopted. Following the adoption of a motion to send a mes- sage of regret to Fred. ]. Keisel, of Utah, who nau been unable to attend the congress because of illness, an in- vitation was extended to the United States senatorial committee on irrigation, then touring the west, to meet with the congress and assist in its deliberations. MONDAY AFTERNOON. At the opening of the afternoon session telegrams of regret at their inability to attend were received from Senator W. E. Borah, of Idaho; Isham Randolph, of Chicago; John Farnsworth, secretary Chicago Associa- tion of Commerce. President Barstow then introduced F. H. Newell, director of the reclamation service, who spoke as follows: The present situation in national irrigation is that homes are being provided for thousands of self-supporting citizens at no cost to the taxpayer. Seven years have elapsed since the passage of the reclamation act. Under its operation irrigation works have been built in the thirteen western states and two territories by which waters are conserved and distributed and nearly 700,000 acres already brought under Irrigation, with returns to the fund amounting already to over a million dollars. The success obtained may be said to justify the hopes of the most enthusiastic of the early advocates of the reclamation act. The law signed by President Roosevelt on June 17, 1902, known as the reclamation act, is perhaps the most prominent of the statutes dealing directly with the conservation of natural resources and with the utilization of these in creating opportunities for a large body of citizen* to own land In small quantities sufficient for the support of a family. To quote a well-worn phrase, its object Is to put "the landless man on the manless land" and to enable his family to prosper Dy the use of waters which otherwise flow to waste or are destructive to human life and property. The land which Otherwise is valueless becomes highly productive through the Intelligent application of the water thus conserved and through the labor of the man who otherwise might be unable to employ his energies for the best good of his family and or the commonwealth. The Nation is concerned in this work, not only because or the resulting internal development, but also because of the improvement in citizenship and in stability of American institutions. The nomadic herdsman, the restless miner and the wandering laborer add little to the strength or safety of the community, but let one of these men become attached to the soil, let him own a small farm which Is sufficiently productive to furnish his family with needed subsistence and comfort, and he becomes a citizen who can be depended upon, In season and out of season, to preserve those institutions which we most highly prize. This result of adding to the productive area of the country and the building up of the highest type of citizen- ship is brought about by the expenditure of a fund not created by direct taxation nor taken from the pockets of other farmers. The fund is derived from the proceeds of the disposal of public lands acquired a century or less ago and which have been considered almost valueless. These funds are expended in the construction of reservoirs and canals, the water from which is not given away, but is sold at a rate sufficient to repay the cost and to maintain the fund undiminished. It must not be supposed that the use of this fund alone has brought about a transformation of many parts of the arid region. While the Government has utilized this fund In making homes In localities where otherwise this would not have been done, private capital has also made great advances and possibly at present five or ten times as large an invest- ment in the aggregate is being made by corporations in build- ing irrigation works as is being invested by the Government. Much of this investment, however, has been made possible, or, at least, has been stimulated by the Government work. The fact that the National Government has deemed it wise to take up the matter has been one of the strongest argu- ments appealing to capitalists to do likewise. There is no competition as between national and private funds, but rather an attempt at all times on the part of the Government to stimulate legitimate enterprise through obtain- ing facts upon which investments might be safely made and to avoid taking up such work as could be handled success- fully by others. Looking back, it now seems probable that, If the Government had not begun work in each of the west- ern states, many of the enterprises now successful under private auspices would not have been taken up, but on the other hand some of the enterprises on which the Government is now engaged might, if left dormant for several years, have been entered upon by private capital. The reclamation fund has been larger than was expected, upwards of fifty-two millions of dollars being available to December, 1909. this being twice as much as was foreseen. There have been laid out systems which involve the ultimate reclamation of several million acres. Large works, whose magnitude is such that they have been passed over by private and corporate enterprise, have been built. In all. it may be stated that in round numbers there were ready for Irrigation at the beginning of the Irrigation season of the present year over 5,000 farms, with an aggregate acreage of 700,000 acres. Storage of flood waters had been created and in actual use to the extent of a million acre-feet. Canals and ditches were ready for use of an aggregate length of more than 3.000 miles, a distance equal to that across the United States. Fifty-eight tunnels had been built of a length of 85,000 feet. Many thousands of smaller structures, such as headgates, flumes, bridges, turnouts, etc., were completed; a thousand miles of telephone in operation, and yardages of earth moved compara- ble to that handled in the same time at Panama. More than all this showing of material progress are the excellent results accomplished In carrying out the purpose of the act. namely the making of opportunities for homes. The wise provision of the law restricting acreage has been enforced and there is a well-marked beneficial result in the subdivision of large areas of irrigable land and the placing of this in the hands of men competent to successfully culti- vate the soil and make permanent homes. The speculative element has been largely absent. The works now in hand will reauire all of the reclama- tion fund for several years. Each large work is completed to a point where It has made possible hundreds of homes and where returns are coming to the fund, but it has numerous ramifications, or divisions, each of which requires consider- able more mone^ for completion. There Is no lack of work when these are finished. The opportunities for further con- servation of the waste waters are almost unlimited, especially in localities where attempts have been made on a small scale and complications of such nature have arisen, especially those of vested rights, that successful action can be taken only by following up the matter with infinite tact and patience, coupled with the resources of the reclamation fund. Of course there Is always another side to every large problem. It is not conceivable that the reclamation act could be wholly perfect or that Its administration could be with- out flaw. The very benefits brought about by the act have been a source of criticism. Every great movement and every Improvement brings with it an attendant train of evils. The railroad, so neces- sary to the development of the country, cuts the farmer's land in two. sftmetlmes kills his cow. Tear after year there la a heavy toll of injury and death on Its employees and, to a less extent, on the traveling public. The mine or the factory, addlnsr to the wealth and comfort of some, has Its evils which are a continual sublect of study. No advance of mankind Is made without pain and sorrow to some one. 406 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The main intent of the reclamation act in bringing about beneficial results to the multitude frequently puts the indi- vidual to annoyance and expense. The requirement of resi- dence on the land, or in the neighborhood, is freely criticised as Involving unnecessary hardship, and yet this is one ot the requirements which the majority of Congress considered as being an essential condition for the advancement of Federal funds. The slowness of the work is also criticised and It has come to be a matter of general remark that the Government is always slow. This, like many truisms, is a statement which does not stand close analysis. There are very few corpora- tions which have accomplished with the funds available as much as has been carried on by the Reclamation Service, who forget that the rate of construction is limited by the money available and that the original intent of the frameri; of the act was that large works beyond the reach of private enterprise should be laid out in a comprehensive manner and that portions of these should be built as funds were available, assuming that certain portions or units could be completed well in advance of the demand for homes. This anticipation, however, has not been realized. From the minute that a large project is outlined and results laid before Congress in the annual reports there comes an insistent demand that all parts be pushed forward so as to let every man obtain water at the earliest possible date. The people are impatient, as they are in a western city, for all of the improvements to be carried on at once, forgetting that revenues are not sufficient. It is as thougli the settlers in a new town demand that water, light, sewerage, gas and paved streets be built immediately, ignoring the fact that the execution of plans must await the obtaining of revenues and that because plans are made looking forward to a great municipality, it must not be inferred that there is money on hand to complete them at once. The successful handling of the reclamation fund prob- ably requires as much, if not more, skill and patience than in any industrial enterprise. On the one hand are the set- tlers clamoring for immediate results; on the other hand are engineering problems and complications of vested rights to water and difficult rights of way, with detective land titles, all of which must be patiently worked out under very exact- ing regulations. The Federal employee is regarded by all as a proper target, when joined with this is the fact that the man in control of the ditch is as a matter of course re- garded by everyone as responsible for every evil in the com- munity and you have a combination which requires almost unlimited skill, tact and self-control. The reclamation act Is not a perfect document, but, like most acts of Congress, is the result of compromise of many conflicting ideas. It is purposely very broad and leaves as many details as possible to executive discretion. Wherever it may be defective, these defects can only be remedied in one way, namely by Congress and not by any official. It is worse than uselss, therefore, to attempt to remedy these defects, if they exist, through criticism of the methods adopted by the officials in direct charge. Any needed im- provements should be brought to the attention of the law- making body and particularly to the committees on irrigation of the Senate and House, each of which is seeking for sug- gestions and intelligent advice from practical men. I might add in conclusion that the Senate Committee has now started on its general trip throughout the West and that they will be in Montana during this week and next. I regret that I cannot stay during the deliberations of this body, but must go east to meet the Senate Committee. I hope when that committee visits the localities in which each of you ar* interested you will call to their attention anything which may be needed in the way of additional legislation or of im- provements which may be made in the Act; remembering, however, that one of the dangers of attempting to amend a general law is that you do not know where those amendments will cease, and that to secure the desired result in one way, may result perhaps in overturning some things which you regard as very valuable. I thank you, gentlemen, for your attention. Discussion of Mr. Newell's address follows: Mr. Fairweather: I hear it very frequently, Mr. Newell, that the lands are not being taken up as fast as they should be. How is it? Mr. Newell: I am very glad to answer that ques- tion as to the rate at which land is being taken up. In fact, I would like to do a little advertising of the land. On two or three of our projects we have some land which is available to each of you, and we would be very glad to have you take it. For 'instance, if you would go to Montana, to the Huntley project, where we have about 200 farms, and where the rate of settlement is three or four or five families a week, there are excellent oppor- tunities, and I think the rate at which they are taking those farms is about as rapid as the development can proceed in the best way. In the same way in Northern Wyoming, on the Shoshone Project, we have about 30,000 acres under irrigation this year, and there are several — I believe a hundred farms or so there. But outside of the Huntley Project in Montana, and the Shoshone in Wyoming, and possibly the Truckee-Carson in Nevada, the demand has already exhausted the supply, and there is no more free government land. Mr. Boyd, of California: I would like to ask if those lands that are being irrigated under the government sys- tem are available to those who have exhausted their privilege of taking homesteads. I do not think the public is clear on that point. Mr. Newell: I am very sorry to say that they are open only under the Homestead Act, so that they can only be taken by men who have not exhausted their homestead right. Mr. Fairweather: If I understand you, the land is actually being taken up about as fast as you think it ought to be? Nr. Newell: I think so. I do not think this rapid taking up of land always leads to the best results. Men sometimes take lands that they really do not want, when they can get them. Mr. Fairweather: I understand that the money is not to be paid in according to the contract. Are specu- lators or anybody trying to get land without the work being done on the land? Mr. Newell: I think not. I think they are gen- erally taking these up as bona tide homesteaders, who desire to maintain a home. They have already paid back about a million dollars, and several million dollars is due or will be due in December of this year. Now, like many other classes, the farmer has so many needs for his money that he is not inclined always to pay for his water until he has to, so that many of them wait until the last moment, until they are liable to forfeit their rights, before they make their payments. But, I believe they will practically all come up and make their pay- ments. The speculative item has come up very largely by the fact that a man cannot live on his land, but must pay back his water right rapidly, as, of course, he is forced to by the working of the act; Mr. Fairweather: You say there is money due the government that has not been paid in? Mr. Newell: Yes. Mr. Fairweather: Are the people that are now pay- ing in, holding that land with the idea of selling it to some one else at a higher price? Mr. Newell: It is hard to say what their motives may be, although, I thing most of them intend to culti- vate the land. You know that under the Homestead Act, if it becomes known that a man is holding a homestead with the desire to sell it, the land office may cancel nis entry, so that a man who really wants to sell hardly dares to say so for fear the land office will say, "You are not a bona fide homesteader." So a good many of them are holding, and I think at good advantage to them- selves. But I should hardly say that they were specu- lators as the term is generally, known. Mr. Fairweather: Just one more question. Do you consider that the residence requirement of the act in the law works a hardship on the people? Would you suggest an amendment of the law? Mr. Newell: That is a question which I should be very, glad to have others express an opinion upon. Per- sonally, I believe the homestead requirement is very necessary and desirable. But it does work a hardship, especially where men take up land before the irrigation system is completed. Under the act it has been possible for men to go in and take up homesteads as fast as we make the surveys, and if they are down at the end of a long system they may wait two, three, four and five years for their water, and to those men it is a genuine hard- ship to be called upon to stay there. Sometimes as soon as they see the surveyor there they go in, and it is a hardship that they must have to say. Nevertheless, the result on the whole is good, and I think, as I believe a majority of the congress do. that it does result in the actual settlement of the land. To illustrate your point, it has been asserted to me, and I would be very glad to have it corrected if I am in error, that in our Shoshone project in Wyoming with, I think, 13,000 acres under irrigation this year, we have more actual residents living on the land and cultivating it than there are in all the other Carey projects in the state. If I am not correct, I want to be corrected. But, I think that that 13,000 acres has more people living on it, more citizens of Wyoming, than the 250,000 acres that has been disposed of under the Carey act. Mr. Fairweather: If I understand the law, while the people are living there, they are not required to pay any- THE IRKIGATION AGE. 407 thing in regard to the government, any more than the first filing, until they get water. Mr. Newell: They pay nothing for the filing fees until the water is there, and they have to be two pay- ments back before they are forfeited. That is to say, two annual installments are charged up against them, and that is why one million and a hundred thousand and so is marked up on the government books as due, but not yet collected. They have that leeway in paying for the water. Mr. Fairweather: They say the field work already is being pushed as fast as is consistent with the experi- ence of the government and with the money in hand to complete the work already begun. Mr. Newell: That gets on pretty delicate ground. I do not think, frankly, that we are pushing it as fast as good business would dictate, but we are pushing just as fast as we can get the money. Now, it is up to you, gentlemen, citizens and tax payers and voters, to say how fast we shall get money more than the rate at which we are getting it. We are pushing the work as rapidly as we can, but if we had twice as much money we could go twice as fast and satisfy twice as many people. Now, as it is, at the conference at Portland last week of the reclamation service engineers, each man brought in the claims of his particular part of the country, and those claims aggregated $27,000,000 for work that ought to be taken up right away, and we had to shave that $27,000,000 down into $11,000,000, so that after the conference was over each man individually came to me with a tale of woe that he was absolutely ruined if he could not have what he ought to, and felt that I had some particular grudge against him because I did not give him more money. Of course, I was not the man that was handing it out, but I am the man that gets the blame. So that to answer Judge Fairweather's question, if we had more money, we could, of course, complete more work in quick time. Now, we have large investments made which are practically dormant. In Wyoming it is tied up and only a portion of the water being used now. The Gunnison tunnel is just finished in Colorado, and we cannot utilize that to the fullest extent immediately because more money must be had for extending the system. The condition is exactly as it is in your own private affairs or business, where if you had twice or three times as much money you would use it. Mr. Bennett, of Oregon: Mr. Newell, are we to in- fer that all of the projects are being settled as rapidly as you think they ought to be settled? Mr. Newell: They are going forward with that rapidity that all public lands are taken up. Out of 5,000 farm units we will say, there are less than 500 left, those being in Montana, Wyoming and Nevada. Now, the people are taking those up at the rate of two, three and four families a week, about as many as our men on the ground can conveniently handle and point out a desirable location. Mr. Bennett: One other question, how many of these men that take these lands do you call homesteaders? Do you call a man a homesteader who goes on a piece of arid land — I am talking now about the Hermiston project. Do you call a man who goes on there and pays $350 an acre for the land and $60 more for the water — do you call that man a homesteader? Mr. Newell: If he takes it up for a homestead, he is legally one. He may be anything else in fact, but under the law he is a homesteader. Mr. Bennett: Then from your side of it, you exclude the men who buy the land? Mr. Newell: The private land, of course, that we have nothing to do with. Mr. Bennett: Is it not true that in a good many of these projects more money is put in private land Tike the Hermiston project? Mr. Newell: It is now. Mr. Bennett: Then you do not consider the Hermis- ton project is settled as rapidly as you would like to see? Mr. Newell: We would like to see that private land subdivided and sold and put in the hands of men who will cultivate it in small tracts, but being in private own- ership, of course, we have no control over the disposition of it. Mr. Fairweather: One more question. What is the actual rate that the Government is charging for the land independent of the water, under this plan? Mr. Newell: The government land is given away. That is to say, the government gives it away under the terms of the Homestead Act, and the government simply recovers the estimated cost of the water. Mr. Fairweather: And charges just for the filing? Mr. Newell: Yes. Mr. Fairweather: And that is all there is to it? Mr. Newell. That is all. At the conclusion of this discussion, Prof. E. A. Bryan, of the Washington State College gave an inter- esting paper on the "Irrigation Situation in Washington," in which he drew a word picture of the topographical out- line of the state. Stating that the eastern and western belts had first attracted attention from an agricultural standpoint, he traced the development of other sections of the state and the engineering works now nearing com- pletion for the reclamation of great tracts. The speaker deplored the lack of co-operation be- tween the state and federal governments in the matter of reclamation work, and suggested changes in the ex- isting state laws to protect the rights of those land owners who had by industry and expenditure of money, increased the value of their holdings, and had taken the first great step toward development of hitherto unproductive land. Further, he excoriated the state and national lawmakers .who had refrained from grappling with the problem of providing a legal cure for existing evils. In the dis- cussion following his paper Mr. Bryan declared that an irrigation code for the state of Washington would assist materially in preventing contest and injury to irrigators. Sledge Tatum, topographer of the U. S. Geological Survey, gave an interesting paper on "The Reclamation of Swamp and Overflowed Lands in the United States." His words were listened to with great attention by dele- gates from certain southern states, where drainage is an important factor in the reclamation of wet lands. He asserted that the United States government has given serious consideration to great engineering works for drainage purposes, but as yet there is insufficient or- ganization and system for carrying forward the mam- moth projects outlined. In his discussion of the drainage problems confront- ing South Carolina, E. J. Watson, Commissioner of Agri- culture, Commerce and Industry, for that state, said: We have fertile soils and fine forests, but both are being hourly Irreparably damaged by wanton deforestation. We have magnificent navigable waterways from the heart of our respective states along the Atlantic seaboard, flowing down from the mountain tops and into the Atlantic, but deforesta- tion and lack of proper care are ruining: them for every practical commercial purpose. We have thousands of acres 'of as fertile land as the Valley of the Nile can boast of, which needs only the employment of intelligent drainage methods, to render it habitable and healthy. In the eastern portion of the United States there are 77.000.000 acres of wet lands, an area sufficient to make an empire as large as the British Isles, an area as large as six of the New England States, New York and the upper half of New Jersey: an area, as some one has said, that would make a strip of territory 133 miles wide, reaching from New York to Chicago, and which, if divided into farms of 40 acres each, would provide homes for 1,925,000 families of people. But this Empire, I might call it, for when you consider the richness of the soil it is an Empire, is lying idle and unproductive while American citizens are flocking into Canada to seek homes, at the rate. I believe last year, of over 65.000, and bear in mind when we speak of these lands requiring drainage, that the malarial mosquito is not confined to our south Atlantic coast, but is just as common In the wet sec- tions of Minnesota as in the worst sections of South Carolina or North Carolina or Georgia. TUESDAY MOKNINCr. When the session was rapped to order an unusually large number of delegates were in their seats. The sub- ject of the session had been announced as "Forestry," and through the early morning hours it had been whis- pered openly about the hotels and among delegates that Forester Pinchot, fearing official decapitation unless heroic means be taken to direct suspicion at his chief, and thereby delay investigation of operations in the for- estry bureau, had planned to hurl defiance at Secretary Ballinger. It was averred that, because of the all-night activity of his agents in preparing for the capture of sentiment for the following day, the morning session 408 THE IRKIGATION AGE. must bring the explosion. An eleventh hour attempt to prevent the airing of personal or political feuds on the convention floor, was notably unsuccessful and pure curiosity p:ompted the attendance of many who deplored the prospective fray. In his discussion of the "Taxation of Forest Lands as Affecting Conservation," F. W. Mulkey presented an able paper in which he explained in detail present meth- ods of taxing timber lands and the abuses resulting therefrom. E. T. Allen, United States District Forester, also presented an instructive paper on "Reforestation," but to neither of these numbers could the assemblage give rapt attention because of the unrest and disquiet among conservative delegates, and the exuberance of forestry supporters, over the prospective utterances of the chief forester. When the president introduced Forester Pinchot as the next speaker, there was prolonged and boisterous ap- plause from certain sections of the hall. Throughout his speech it was noted that these sections were ready at all times with vigorous approbation. Mr. Pinchot spoke as follows: The first thing we need in this country, as President Roosevelt so well sot forth in that great message which told what he had been trying to do for the American people, is equality of opportunity for every citizen. No man should have less, and no man ought to ask for any more. Equality of opportunity is the real object of our laws and institutions. Our institutions and our laws are not valuable in themselves. They are valuable only because they secure equality of oppor- tunity for hapniness and welfare for our citizens. An insti- tution or a law is a means, not an end, a means to be used for the public good, to be modified for the public good, and to be interpreted for the public good. One of the great rea- sons why President Roosevelt's administration was of such enormous value to the plain American was that he understood what St. Paul meant when he said: "The letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life." To follow blindly the letter of the law, or the form of an institution, without intelligent regard both for its spirit and for the public welfare, is very nearly as dangerous as to disregard the law altogether. What w« need is the use of the law for the public good, and the con- struction of it for the public welfare. It goes without saying that the law is supreme and must be obeyed. Our civilization rests on obedience to law. But the law is not absolute. It requires to be construed. Rigid construction of the law works, and must work, in the vast majority of cases, for the benefit of the man who can hire the best lawyers and who have the sources of influence in lawmaking at their command. Strict construction necessarily favors the great interests as against the people, and in the long run can not do otherwise. Wise execution of the law must consider what the law ought to accomplish for the general good. The great oppressive trusts exist because of subservient lawmakers and adroit legal constructions. Here is the central stronghold of the money power in the everlast- ing conflict of the few to grab, and the many to keep or win the rights they were born with. Legal technicalities seldom help the people. The people, not the law, should have the benefit of every doubt. Equality of opportunity, a square deal for every man, the protection of the citizen against the great concentrations of capital, the intelligent use of laws and institutions for the public good, and the conservation of our natural resources,' not for the trusts, but for the people, these real issues and real problems. Upon such things as these the perpetuity of this country as a nation of homes really depends. We are coming to see that the simple things are the things to work for. More than that, we are coming to see that the plain American citizen is the man to work for. The imagination is staggered by the magnitude of the prize for which we work. If we succeed, there will exist upon this continent a sane, strong people, living through the centuries in a land sub- dued and controlled for the service of the people, its right- ful masters, owned by many and not by the few. If we fail, the great interests, Increasing their control of our natural re- sources, will thereby control the country more and more, and the rights of the people will fade into the privileges of concentrated wealth. There could be no better illustration of the eager, rapid unwearied absorption by capital of the rights which belong to all the people than the water power trust, not yet formed, but in rapid process of formation. This statement is true, but not unchallenged. We are met at every turn by the indignant denial of the water power interests. They tell us that there is no community of interest among them, and yet they appear year after year at these congresses by their paid attorneys, asking for your influence to help them remove the few remaining obstacles to their perpetual and complete absorption of the remaining water powers. They tell us it has no significance that the General Electric inter- ests are acquiring great groups of water powers in various parts of the United States, and dominating the power market in the region of each group. And whoever dominates power, dominates all industry. Have you ever seen a few drops of oil scattered on the water spreading until they formed a con- tinuous film, which put an end at once to all agitation of the surface? The time for us to agitate this question is now, before the separate circles of centralized control spread into the uniform, unbroken, nation-wide covering of a single gi- gantic trust. There will be little chance for mere agitation after that. No man at all familiar with the situation can doubt that the time for effective protest is very short. If we do not use it to protect ourselves now, we may be very sure that the trust will give hereafter small consideration to the welfare of the average citizen when in conflict with its own. The man who really counts is the plain American cit- izen. This is the man for whom the Roosevelt policies were created, and his welfare in the end to which the Roosevelt policies lead. As a nation we are fortunate at this time in this fact above all others, that the great man who gave his name to these policies has for his successor another great president whose administration is most solemnly pledged to the support of them. I stand for the Roosevelt policies because they set the common good of all of us above the private gain of some of us; because they recognize the livelihood of the small man as more important to the nation than the profit of the big man; because they oppose all useless waste at present at the cost of robbing the future; because they demand the complete, sane and orderly development of all our natural re- sources, not forgetting our rivers; because they insist upon equality of opportunity and denounce monopoly and special privilege; because discarding false issues, they deal directly with the vital questions that really make a difference with the welfare of us all; and most of all, because in them the plain American always and everywhere holds the first place. And I propose to stand for them while I have the strength to stand for anything. Before the prolonged and tumultuous applause had subsided, ex-Governor Pardee, of California, was upon his feet declaring that there could be no criticism of the admirable papers just read, and asserting that praise "would be absolutely supererogation." He then hurried the convention into consideration of the time for limit- ing the presentation of resolutions, thus preventing dis- cussion on the paper presented by the chief forester. Following the disposition of this question R. E. Campbell, of the Forestry Branch of the Department of the Interior, Canada, presented a paper on "The Forests of Canada and Their Relation to the Water Supply." Nikola Kaumanns, Imperial German Agricul- tural Attache to the United States, gave an address on "The Importance of Forestry in General," and Mr. George S. Long followed with "The Attitude of Lumbermen Toward Forestry." E. M. Griffith, State Forester of Wisconsin, told of the effects of deforestation in that state, and related the steps now being taken by Wiscon- sin toward reforestation. TUESDAY AFTERNOON1. The Bay State Glee Club gave several selections, after which J. E. Chilberg, president of the Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition spoke a few words, extending an in- vitation for irrigators to visit the exposition. Dr. W. J. McGee, Secretary of the Inland Waterways Commission, gave an address on "Water as the Basis of National Prosperity," and was followed by J. N. Teal, of the Joint Conservation Committee, who spoke on the subject "Deep Waterways for the Pacific Coast." Alex. McPherson, Secretary of the Idaho State Board of Horticultural In- spection, addressing the convention on the topic "The Duty of Water," insisted that the proper use and dis- tribution of the available supply would increase the Idaho acreage under cultivation by fully 100 per cent. TUESDAY EVENING. This session was given to the discussion of good roads by Samuel Hill, president of the Washington Good Roads Association, and a stereopticon lecture by Samuel C. Lancaster, Professor of Highway Engineering of the University of Washington. WEDNESDAY MORNING. Varying from the program as previously outlined, the congress received a number of addresses on widely di- vergent subjects during the morning session. E. H. Libby, president of the Washington Conservation Asso- ciation, told of the wealth of his state and its growing importance as a wheat raising district. President Howard Elliott, of the Northern Pacific, held the attention of his audience during a concise, yet comprehensive, review of the development of the northwest, and the effects of railroad construction and operation in furthering its great industrial and agricultural growth. Ralph S. Hosmer, territorial forester and chairman of the Territorial Con- servation Commission of Hawaii, created great interest by his description of the ancient methods employed for THE IRRIGATION AGE. 409 the irrigation of certain districts in this territory, and the possibilities of development in the future. After announcing that the constitution as newly adopt- ed by the congress provided for the employment of a permanent secretary to further the interests of irrigation, the president introduced George Otis Smith, director of the U. S. Geological Survey who indicated that much de- pended upon proper classification of public lands in order to provide for proper conservation of the public resources. He explained briefly the work of the survey in making these classifications. In his address on "Irrigation in South Dakota," Sam- uel H. Lea, State Engineer, told of the progress of the work and its results, asserting that present plans, involv- ing no storage reservoirs, must soon give place to more improved methods. In his address on the "Message of the West to the East." F. H. Griswold said: Suggestions have been made, from time to time, that we ought to find a way to stimulate the movement of foreign- ers into the irrigated areas, but the larger cities of this country offer splendid fields for such propaganda work, and there is no reason why we should cross the Atlantic. In a city like, Chicago, for instance, hundreds of thousands of prospective land-buyers can be reached. The cream of American lands, namely those in the rich Irrigated areas of the west, should be in the possession of our own people. Given the right sort of inhabitants and every fertile valley that is blessed with water will be de- veloped to the utmost. The future of the irrigated areas depends on the class of inhabitants who settle there. The cities are filled with people who would be far better off, both financially and physically, if they were in the country, and they can be awakened easily to that fact. Today these people are following the customary traditions of city life. The chances are that they live in a rented flat and work in a stuffy office, and the man who, under such conditions, can earn more than he spends is rare. In both places air and sunshine are at a premium. These people could not be per- suaded to take up life on a regulation old-time farm, but they could be induced to go into the irrigated sections where the benefits of modern improvements are open to them. The message of the west to the east is that freedom, health, long life and homes where the necessities of later years can be provided for are to be found in the new coun- try. But, gentlemen, it will be necessary for you to carry your message to Chicago if you want to take advantage of the opportunities that await you there. If you wish to reach the people no way can be more effective than to show them what you have to offer and the opportunity to do this will present itself when the doors of the Chicago Coliseum are opened November 20 for the United States Land and Irriga- tion Exposition. This will be the only exposition of its kind that has ever taken place. The displays are to be educa- tional, and it is believed that fully half a million people will view them. In conclusion, I can only urge upon you once more that Chicago is both ready and anxious to heat what you have to say. The movement toward the west is only fairly begun, and it will continue, if vou give your assistance, until all of your fields are filled. Following Mr. Griswold's address the congress gave unanimous endorsement to the United States Land & Irrigation congress to be held at Chicago, Nov. 20 to Dec. 4, in the Coliseum. William L. Finley, field agent of the National Association of Audobon societies then gave an address on "The Value of Wild Birds to Forest and Field.'' WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON. After announcing that Secretary Ballinger has been de- tained but would be present to give his address later in the afternoon, the president called upon D. C. Henny, Con- sulting Engineer for the Reclamation service, who gave a brief review of the irrigation work prosecuted under di- rection of the government. He stated that government operations had resulted in greater activity on the part of private interests in the reclamation of arid lands. In discussing new projects, advanced for consideration of government experts, he said that because of the lack of funds, it will be necessary for the government to pro- ceed with the work now in progress in order to secure return of moneys invested and thereby prepare for new projects. Secretary Ballinger, who had entered the hall during Mr. Henry's address and who was now introduced to the convention, prefaced his address as follows: Ladies and gentlemen and delegates of this convention, I have just heard read with pleasure the expressions of my chief, the President of the United States. Before leaving the city of Washington, he said to me, "Mr. Secretary, I have sent Secretary Dickinson to Panama to learn the con- ditions under which the Government is constructing that great international waterway, the great connection of the two oceans, so that he might be the better equipped to admin- ister that feature of his department. I will also ask you to go into the west and become intimately acquainted with the conditions of the Reclamation Service in the reclaiming of the public lands with the moneys in the reclamation fund, and to otherwise learn what is necessary in the proper administra- tion under the law of the functions of your department." This Is my excuse for being in the west. It is not, however, my only excuse, because it was over six months since 1 have seen my family, which I had to leave under circumstances which were somewhat distasteful to me, to hold an office which I was not seeking. Continuing with his prepared address, he said: 1 believe nothing has done so much to stimulate and bring about the development of the west and its settlements as tne policy of the government in connection with free homesteads for landless settlers and the encouragement of exploration in the mineral regions. It is true the great land grants were productive of railroad construction, linking the Atlantic with the Pacific and the construction of these rail- roads was an almost indispensable element in the progress of settlement west of the Mississippi river. Since the adop- tion of the homestead and mineral laws the public lands have been considered less of a direct national asset than as a means for the advancement of our people and the encour- agement of agricultural, industrial and commercial growth. Up to the last decade it was not fully apparent that the vast resources of the government in the public domain were rapidly disappearing, and that for settlement nothing but arid and semi-arid lands would be left; that the forests and streams and coal deposits were beginning to be the prey of speculators, and the government's title therein divested by fraud and criminal devices. The necessity for the con- servation of public utilities had not ripened into a convic- tion that the government owed any responsibility either to the present or to future generations. In reference to the forests particularly, tremendous loss existed, not only from fires, but from the wasteful methods of logging and of manufacturing. Under pioneer conditions wastefulness on account (3f the necessity for existence may have its excuses. The pioneer could not eat the timber, and what may now appear to have been reckless prodigality may have been at the time abject' necessity: nevertheless, waste is always to be deplored, and true conservation of all our natural resources means the elimination of wants so far as possible, and the production of the greatest utility for the greatest number. The protection of the great watersheds of the mountain ranges from being denuded of their forests so that the streams may flow through their courses and carry water to the arid lands of the plains is of vital neces- sity in the reclamation of these lands. The nation is therefore to be congratulated that even if not seasonably undertaken, we have now entered upon a period of rational protection and of saving of its resources in the public domain. You may be assured that all the energies of the government will be put forward to make ef- fective the means necessary to accomplish this result. Appreciating the necessity of further development in encouraging the settlement of the west upon lands which without irrigation were uninhabitable and fit only for graz- ing (and that to a very limited extent) congress in 1902 adopted the method of appropriating the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain states and ter- ritories to the construction of irrigation works for the re- clamation of arid and semi-arid lands. The wisdom of this measure could hardly have been fully recognized by those who were responsible for its enactment. It not only com- mitted the government to the great work of irrigating the arid lands, but it furnished an example and stimulant to private capital and enterprise to enter upon this develop- ment wherever capital could be secured. While the government has invested over fifty million dollars in irrigation works, many times that amount has been invested since the passage of the reclamation act by private enterprise, and it is safe to say that a large portion of these private investments have resulted from govern- mental example and encouragement; and let me say here that it has not been and is not the policy of the national government in the administration of this act to hinder or interfere with the investment of private capital in the con- struction of irrigation works, but rather to lend it encour- agement. This is particularly true in reference to irrigation under the Carey act in the various states. I am not a believer in the government entering into competition with legitimate private enterprise. Its func- tions under the reclamation act are not of this character, and I am sure that when private enterprise has done what It can there will still be thousands upon thousands of acres of public lands reclaimable only by government aid. The western states should therefore be very jealous of the per- petuity of the reclamation fund and of its constant increase. The purpose of the reclamation act is to undertake the irrigation of arid and semi-arid lands where a considerable portion thereof belongs to the public domain, and by the Installation of the storage and diversion of available waters to irrigate the largest possible area within a given terri- tory at the least cost to the entrymen and land owners for construction, maintenance and operation, always keeping in view the matter of the settlement of these lands, and render- ing them capable of supporting the greatest number of families. While It is a reclamation act, it is also a settle- ment act, and the public lands which are proposed to be irrigated by means of the contemplated works have been rendered subject to entry only under the homestead laws in small tracts capable of supporting a family. It is declared by the act that only the cost of construction and mainte- nance shall be repaid to the government. No consideration of profit or direct advantage to the government is intended, and in this the statute does not trench upon the rights of 410 THE IRRIGATION AGE. private enterprise, particularly so long as the reclamation of public land is the main object of the government. The law is a beneficent one; it is another evidence of the broad and liberal policy which has ever actuated our national government in the disposition of its public lands. It differs, however, from the simple homestead law in that it holds out inducements only to men of sufficient industry and ca- pacity to carry the added burdens of construction, mainte- nance and operation, which is the cost of the lands. While it is possible that persons of limited means may success- fully enter and acquire irrigated lands, it will generally be found that it is not a poor man's proposition, unless coupled with intelligent industry in agriculture. The whole scheme of the act is based upon the appro- priation of the proceeds of the sales of public lands in cer- tain states and territories for the construction of irrigation Works for the reclamation of arid and semi-arid lands therein. No further appropriation by the government is intended, or can be inferred from the act, and the responsibility for the disbursement of the funds and the construction of the works is placed upon the Secretary of the Interior. It must be recognized that the government Is acting in the nature of a trustee for the people in the disbursement of this fund; that It must construct the works for the settlers and turn TKem over at cost, and has no right to recklessly or im- providently waste the fund; that cost means the cost which is incurred in the exercise of common business prudence, and this is likewise true of the expense of maintenance and operation. It is also the declared purpose of this law that the Sec- retary of the Interior in carrying out its provisions shall proceed in conformity with the laws of the states and terri- tories wherein the irrigation works are situated and Is bound by these laws in respect To the appropriation and use of the waters therein. The government, as I have said, has invested fifty mil- lions of dollars in reclamation works, and by such invest- ment has succeeded in irrigating over a million acres of arid lands; and it may be likewise stated with fairness that more than fifty million dollars have been added to the value of these lands. With the additions which are contemplated in the completion of irrigation works now under construction and those contemplated, the increase of values will more than proportionately continue and the consummation of the revolving fund brought about by the return of the cost of construction of present works will enable the government in the course of years, where feasible projects exist, to in- crease beyond calculation the wealth of the irrigable regions and the continued expansion of opportunities for settlement and for homes; the end to be reached only when irrigable lands cease to be available. Lands that may be considered under cresent methods non-irrigable, in the development of mechanical and electrical capacity for raising water onto higher levels may be econom- ically irrigable in years to come, so that no one can today define the limits of possibility, as they are not the limits of conceivability. This fact has been well illustrated in the history of the public domain, as it has not been many years since the arid and semi-arid lands of the west were con- sidered worthless and denominated "desert lands." Thousands of acres of these lands, considered non-irriga- ble, and valuable only for grazing, are now being entered and utilized for dry farming as authorized by the act of congress known as the "enlarged homestead act." Any one who has visited one or more of the reclamation projects now in operation and sees on the one hand the desert covered with sage brush, and barrenness, and on the other, the water flowing over the fertile soil producing heavy crops of grain, or orchards in fruit, appreciates to the full- est extent the benefits of irrigation. The people of the west, therefore, who are familiar with these wonderful results In irrigation are highly appre- ciative of the importance of the reclamation service, but the great difficulty which that service encounters is in finishing the projects now undertaken as against the clamor for a diversion of the funds to new fields. In this respect the service has suffered in not carrying to completion a less number of projects than it is now engaged In constructing. I cannot conceive of anything which will contribute more to the permanent wealth and piosperity of the reclama- tion states and territories than the continued construction on the broadest possible scale of irrigation works. The danger, which the government Is undertaking to overcome, is the establishment of small irrigation projects in localities where by such establishment the larger oppor- tunities are destroyed, thus preventing enormous areas of lands from ever acquiring the use of water. It is quite true that many small projects capable of being financed by men of limited means can be carved out of larger possibilities, but to encourage them means the loss of the larger possi- bilities. For lack of funds the government is at present often required to surrender possibilities in water appropriation which means an enormous loss in future development of irrigation works, and I fear this is not fully appreciated. It is for this reason that at times private enterprises are disposed to contend that the government is obstructing their interests, while from the larger view their interests are ob- structing greater possibilities for larger areas of irrigable land. I may mention here what has frequently occurred to me as a source of advantage both to the states and the federal government, and that is the securing from the vari- ous states of uniform legislation in the matter of the appro- priation of water and its beneficial use, and also legislation looking to the control and conservation of all available water power. This congress could accomplish no greater work beyond the stimulation of Interest In the development of irrigation than to secure uniform water regulations in the states, and also uniform legislation affecting interstate waters. Ours is a nation of busy people, a nation of great re- sources and possibilities, and most favorably situated for trade and commerce. Its wealth is greater than that of any single country, even of France and Germany combined, and this wealth is increasing at a fabulous rate. Much of it has been accumulated by the destruction, by the sacrifice and waste of nature's gifts, and it is a fortuitous circumstance that the country has been brought to understand the im- portance of utilizing and saving our natural wealth and making It possible for the nation to continue to prosper, and for the generations that are to come to have some share in that prosperity, especially' since no element of the nation's wealth is greater than that contained in the soil. For this reason, if for no other, the work of reclamation of the arid and semi-arid lands of the west is worthy of first impor- tance in the development of the nation's resources. Every acre of irrigable land will be needed in the nation's economy. In a century we have passed from a purely agricultural country to an industrial and commercial country, but we have not outgrown the necessity for agriculture. We have, of necessity, maintained agriculture, and have added to our national activities, industrial and commercial progress to a wonderful degree. The wealth of the nation embraces every product of labor which contributes to the needs of man. The dormant wealth In national resources means only resources available to create wealth by intelligent effort, and I trust our people will never be called upon to look with fear upon the couplet of Goldsmith: "111 fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates, and men decay." Mr. Fairweather o.f California : Mr. President, I would like to ask Mr. Secretary one question. Mr. Secretary, if I understood you right in your address, you spoke as if the taking of a homestead under the Reclamation Serv- ice was not a poor man's job. Secretary Ballinger: The thought I intended to convey to you was that ordinarily speaking, it is not a poor man's job, as the cost of construction, maintenance and operation is sometimes beyond the capacity of the poor man to carry unless he couples with that industry and the power of agricultural development. After the reading of a message from J. J. Hill, of the Great Northern, congratulating the congress and advising that the next gathering be held at Chicago or St. Louis, A. C. Campbell, of the U. S. Department of Justice, gave a talk on the legal view of water rights. Ex-Governor Pardee, of California, followed with an arraignment of railroads, which, by refusing sale of lands granted by the government had impeded the progress of agriculture in the west. It is known that the speaker, by the publica- tion of interviews in the Spokane papers, had prepared for an attack upon Secretary Ballinger and his release of government lands, and much interest centered in these parts of his address: I am one of those rather old-fashioned people who be- lieve with Roosevelt that the time to do things is now and let us talk about them afterwards, I believe with him that to withdraw, for instance, from entry those lands which take with them power sites and to hold them for the benefit of the people, is a thing for the government of this country to do. Much to the surprise of the people who were Interested in those things in this country, almost immediately after his introduction into office as secretary of the interior, Mr. Ballinger put back into public entry those various parcels of land which embraced a water site, and within eight days, or within a very few days after the order had been made, most, if not all of those sites had been grabbed, by whom? By the people who will use them for the future bene- fit of the people of the United States? I am informed that he did this because there was no spe- cific law by which the secretary of the interior could do those things; but Garfield did them. The then president of the United States patted Garfleld on the back for having done that, and the present president of the United States, fortun- ately after the damage had been done, ordered the secrtary of the interior, Mr. Ballinger, to withdraw again from pub- lic entry those lands which were left and had not been grabbed because they did not contain power sites — and let me say that Mr. Taft, before he became president of the United States, had quite a reputation among the common, every-day, ordinary people of the country as being quite a lawyer. In rendering these decisions, the present secretary of the interior, Mr. Ballinger, has reversed his predecessor, Mr. Garfield, whose loyalty to the principles of government reclamation has never been questioned. It is true that Secretary Ballinger made his ruling on the ground that there was no specific law which permitted his predecessor. Secre- tary Garfield, to thus withdraw from entry public lands. But It is not to be denied that Secretary Garfleld and his legal advisers thought he was acting within the law, and that the president, Mr. Taft, has ordered that no more of the lands Mr. Garfleld withdrew from entry shall be restored to entry until an executive order to that effect has been made. And Mr. Taft, before he became president, had quite a reputa- tion as a lawyer. THE IERIGAT10N AGE. 411 At the conclusion of Mr. Pardee's address, ex-United States Senator Turner took the floor: Mr. President and gentlemen of the convention, I have very rarely heard an address in a public assemblage of this kind which seemed to be in such questionable taste as that just delivered by Governor Pardee of California. To come here immediately after the delivery of the address by Mr. Ballinger, and criticise him for acts done by him under the sanction of his oath of office seems to me to be unworthy of this great gathering and of the position which Governor Pardee has heretofore occupied in the public life of the nation. Governor Pardee's address follows the lines of his inter- view in the morning paper, and a free translation of that interview is that it is the duty of the public officials of this country to act first and then investigate the law afterwards. He says that was the policy of the officials under the Roose- velt administration. Governor Pardee, I respectfully deny that that is true. I do not yield to anybody in my admira- tion for Theodore Roosevelt. I followed his administration and approved of every act which he ever performed, but I do not believe that President Roosevelt ever consciously acted upon the proposition that he would do something first and then look into the law and the constitution afterwards for the purpose of seeing whether it could be justified ; and I say that Governor Pardee in advocating any such a proposi- tion as that is advocating something that is wholly and totally incompatible with free constitutional American government. When one of the members of the cabinet of the presi- dent of the United States is called on to act officially I say that it is due to him to look at the constitution and the law first and act afterwards, instead of acting first and looking at the constitution and the law afterwards. It was not until the Thursday session that this con- troversy was again thrown into the convention hall. At that time, Director Smith, of the Geological Survey, submitted a statement bearing upon the discussion, declar- ing that he did not intend to discuss the motives of his superior nor to inquire into the motives that had brought about wholesale publication of misstatements on this sub- ject. In his statement he further declared that wherever lands had been restored to entry in April of this year by Secretary Ballinger, in the following month withdrawals were made amounting to 154,126 acres, and that this re- duction in acreage was inspired solely to exclude from the power site withdrawals, patented lands and all areas not essential or useful to power development. In answering the statement that "most, if not all, of these power sites had been grabbed," he showed that the press story declaring that 15,868 acres had been entered had shrunk to 158 acres when investigated. He submitted conclusive evidence that there had been but one filing in the Bozeman land office between the date of the restoration and withdrawal order by the secretary of the interior. Desultory discussion resulted after this authorative statemeint had been made. Mr. Pardee en- deavored vainly to fortify his position made untenable by the facts as presented. After Gov. Pardee had intimated that his information as to filings appeared more reliable than the statement of the government expert, he was subjected to the fol- lowing questions: A. C. Campbell : Governor Pardee, I understand, from your remarks that you make the innuendo that the Land Office records of Bozeman have been altered or falsified? Gov. Pardee: I made no such innuendo. Mr. Campbell: Did you, Governor Pardee? Gov. Pardee: I did not. Mr. Campbell : What did you mean by saying at that time that the records showed so and so? Did you mean that the records were falsified? Gov. Pardee: I mean to say that my informant, who is here and is ready to back up that word to you to this Congress, that he informed me that at that time the rec- ords of the Bozeman office, Land Office, did state what I have stated. Mr. Campbell: Then, sir, you should take that evi- dence to the United States attorney of Montana or you should withdraw your charge. Gov. Pardee: At the present time, Mr. Campbell, I have made no charge. If you consider that I have made a charge, I do now at this time withdraw it. Mr. Ray of Washington: I would like to put a cate- gorical question to the honorable director of the Geo- logical Survey. Has there been any power sites lost since the honorable secretary of the interior went into office? That is the question. Mr. Smith: I think the question is very well put as to how many, if any, power sites have been taken up in the period between restoration and the subsequent with- drawals. I believe that dates are essential in this proposi- tion. The disputed filings on three or four forties in Montana were or were not made on June 11. They were not made between the time of the restoration on April 10, and the subsequent withdrawal of all the power sites that existed within those areas, to the best of our knowledge, and we took this matter up with great care. You understand that the restoration was made on April 10, and the withdrawal was made on May 29. So I think it is a question of dates. Therefore, the entries or filings under the law — under the order by the secretary of the interior — could not be made if those areas were included in the subsequent withdrawal. If they were not in- cluded in the subsequent withdrawal, it was done for no other purpose than on the belief on the part of the ex- perts of the geological survey that were called into this matter, that they in no wise had to do with any power sites. Further, I wish to say to my good friend from Cali- fornia that when the time comes that the issue arises, between obedience of orders from my superior, and my duty to the American people, in whose service I am, I do not obey those orders. I need not assure you that that issue never arose during my service under Secretary Garfield, and I will also state most positively that that issue has never arisen under Secretary Ballinger, but whenever that issue does arise it will be announced at jeast in the local press of the capital city of Washington in the form of my resignation. I owe my chief allegiance to the American people and I welcome their criticism. Following the Wednesday discussion over Secretary Ballinger's official acts, John H. Lewis, state engineer of Oregon, gave an address on "Oregon's New Water Law," showing that the statute had been adopted in February, 1909 and had for its object the settlement of water titles through the offices of the state engineer and the divi- sion superintendents of the two sections of the state. The speaker showed that the new code has met with pop- ular favor and is accomplishing its object. THURSDAY MORNING. Three addresses given at the morning session were of special interest to delegates and both were freely dis- cussed while numerous queries indicated that there were many who desired more detailed information. Dr. A. C. True gave a comprehensive review of the scope and pur- pose of the irrigation investigations of the United States office of experiment stations. Inquiries developed the fact that stations are maintained in every western state with a view to investigating conditions in the irrigated sections. Delegates from eastern states were interested in the address by Samuel Fortier, chief of the irrigation investi- gations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, on the subject "The Proper Use of Water in Irrigation." He was occupied for some time, at the close of his address in making explanations and answering inquiries. He ex- plained, in his address, that much importance attached to the use of water after it had been supplied to the fields, and that, in his opinion, about two-thirds of that now used in irrigation is wasted in various ways. O. L. Waller, U. S. irrigation expert, told of the pres- sent laws governing water filings in Washington. He suggested that the state should make careful surveys of all available water supplies within its boundaries and by a careful record of filings would thereby be enabled to protect present holders of rights and prevent the en- croachment of new claimants. Other addresses given at this session were: L. H. Bailey, director of the New York College of Agriculture, on "The Farm Community" ; Mrs. Emma Crocker, "What Women are Doing for Conservation." THURSDAY AFTERNOON. John Henry Smith, of Utah, who was introduced as a veteran in the cause of irrigation, gave the opening ad- dress for the afternoon and after naming Brigham Young as the originator of irrigation in the west, told of the great natural resources of Utah and its rapid progress in irri- gation work. Paul Clagstone, speaker of the Idaho house of representatives, spoke of the submerged lands of north- 412 THE IRRIGATION AGE. ern Idaho, and was followed by W. W. Farrell, of St. Joe, Idaho, who told of his troubles when a water power company had flooded his land by the construction of a dam. During his talk, an effort was made to proceed with the outlined program, but there was immediate objection and Mr. Farrell was allowed to continue at length. Interest centered in the address by ex-Governor Good- ing of Idaho on "The Development of Idaho Under the Carey Act." The speaker averred that much of the pres- ent irrigation work in his state had resulted from this law, and through it there had been interested such aggressive investors and builders as Frank Buhl, of Sharon, Pa., Kuhn Bros., of Pittsburgh, J. G. White & Co., of New York, and Trowbridge & Never, of Chicago, to whom he gave high commendation for their activity. The tone of the inquiry, at the conclusion of his paper, indicated the interest that it had awakened. Mr. Fairweather, California: If I understood you right, Governor, the water rights cost $25 to $55. Mr. Gooding: $55 per acre. Mr. Fairweather: And the owner has ten years to pay for it? Mr. Gooding: Ten years to pay for it. Mr. Fairweather: What is the actual annual tax outside of that and the running expense? You did not give any figures on that. Mr. Gooding: I should be very glad if I had a little more time to tell you something about the Carey Act. The success of the Carey Act lies in the fact that every acre under the Carey Act proposition must pay its share of the burden of the development of the project; that is, building the canal, reservoirs and all other expenses con- nected with it. Every acre must pay its share of maintenance. And also, whether it is in cultivation or not, it must pay its share of maintenance for the operation of the canal. The conditions of the contracts have been that only that land that was in cultivation bore the expense. But in the last four years all new contracts made state that every acre bears its share of the burden of operation, and that is at the rate of thirty-five cents an acre; that is the price. Mr. Ross, Washington: I want to ask the Governor if in the irrigation of these lands, they require the pay- ment of this tax that is not under irrigation. For in- stance, if one files on 160 acres of land and only has eighty acres of it under cultivation, if he expects to pay pro rata, or is the annual maintenance put on the entire tract? Mr. Gooding: If I understand, the question you asked me is whether he pays if it is too high to be irrigated. Mr. Ross: No, if it is under the project. Mr. Gooding: If it is under the project and can be irrigated, every acre must pay its share of maintenance. So far as possible, we have to shut out speculation under the Carey Act in Idaho. Mr. Bond, Ohio : Governor, as a seeker for informa- tion, I would like to inquire upon what the different charges of construction upon the various projects is based; if it is computed on their construction charge or upon the desirability of the land? Mr. Gooding: No, on the construction alone. The engineer is ordered by the State Land Board to make an exhaustive report showing the cost of construction, water supply and all those things, nad upon that and other in- formation which the Land Board can gather the price per acre charged. That is the basis upon which these companies take up the work and agree to furnish water, putting it within half a mile, making it available within half a mile of any legal subdivision and it is upon that that the Board and the company agree upon the price, upon a thorough investigation and report by the state engineer. I will say that our Carey Act projects as a whole have been built upon this plan. Mr. Fairweather: One thing further, as to the ad- ministration. I understand that final proof can be made within six months after water is there. Mr. Gooding: Yes, when the water is available the company notifies the state when the water will be avail- able in its ditches. The state in turn notifies the settler The company also notifies him, as far as it is concerned, but the settler then must make settlement in six months. He can make final proof and get a patent for the land in thirty days. The state has not required any long residence, be- cause we found it was not needed. I think nothing demon- strates that better than the fact of the great development that we have had in Idaho under the Carey Act. I think I am safe in saying — although I do not like to make com- parisons— that on the south side, the Twin Falls project, we have more people and more values in dollars and cents than the general government has got on all its irrigation projects in every state of the union where they required five years residence. I have not overdrawn it very much, and we may have the best of it by considerable. I have underestimated when I have said that on the Twin Falls tract, where there was not a dollar of taxable property four or five years ago, they have a valuation here now, of $25,000,000. I have underestimated it. They have a foundation for values of more than $100,000,000. Mr. Fairweather: After the settler has received his patent from the state, subject to the lien of the water company, can he secure a loan upon his entry secured by second mortgage? Mr. Gooding: Yes, we are doing that. He has an equity in the land, of course. It may be all the way from $10 up to $100 and as high as $300 or $400 "dollars an acre. They are loaning a great deal of money on all the old irrigation projects, that is, on the Idaho Carey Act projects. The Idaho work commenced about the same time as that of the general government. R. H. Thompson, city engineer of Seattle, gave a technical address on "Pumping for Irrigation" and was followed by J. S. Dennis, of the Canadian-Pacific railroad on "Irrigation and Irrigation Development in Canada." FRIDAY MORNING-. E. B. Kienz, secretary of the Niles Chamber of Com- merce, Niles, Cal., opened the session with a well pre- pared paper on "Irrigation by Deep Well Pumping," the plan now in operation in this section of the state. In his discussion, he indicated the problems confronting deep well plan and gave instructive facts concerning mod- ern methods. Other addresses relating to deep waterways were given by Col. John I. Martin, of St. Louis and Prof. W. D. Lyman, Whitman College, Wash., and John L. Mathews. Discussion resulted from the report of the com- mittee on resolution but there were no changes from the document as submitted as follows: Resolved, That the homestead law should be amended so that the entryman upon public land under a government project shall not be required to establish residence thereon before the government is prepared to furnish him water: and that the Honorable Secretary of the Interior be re- quested to recommend such an amendment in his forthcom- ing annual report. Whereas, The amount of money now available or likely hereafter to become available under the reclamation act is inadequate to reclaim the arid lands of the Union, Resolved, That the president of this congress is author- ized to memorialize the congress and the President of the United States to augment the reclamation fund by an annual appropriation of ten million dollars ($10,000,000) for the period of five years, for use under the provisions of the re- clamation act. to be converted back into the national treasury in due time by the home builders. We urge legislation to the end that mortgagees who in good faith have been compelled to foreclose their liens on lands within the limits of such irrigation projects may have a reasonable time after acquiring title to such lands under foreclosure proceedings to dispose of the same to qualified person?, under the reclamation act. Resolved, That we memorialize the Federal government immediately to inaugurate drainage measures for the re- clamation of the swamp land and overflow lands of the Union in the interest of public health and the creation of homes, and we urge the co-operation of the state and Federal govern- ment to this end. Resolved, That the better utilization of our waters for water supply, irrigation, navigation and power, demands a unification of the various administrative agencies of the government having charge of the federal regulation and con- trol of water and waterways into a single agency; there- fore, we urge upon the congress of the United States legis- lation looking to the early creation of such agency. Resolved, That the congress be requested to enact a law providing for the immediate survey and estimates of the cost of reclamation of submerged lands, where the work is International in character, or where part of the territory has been withdrawn from sale by the Federal government, or lies along the banks of navigable lakes and streams. Resolved, That the National Irrigation Congress co-oper- ate with the several sections interested to bring about broad, comprehensive, yet conservative legislation whereby drainage, deep waterways, and forest conservation, together with the pressing needs of irrigation may be provided during the coming session of congress by bond issue; such bonds to be issued in small denominations bearing a low rate of Inter- THE IRRIGATION AGE. 413 est, in order that they may find their way into the Bands of the people. We urge the congress of the United States to extend the reclamation act to the Territory of Hawaii. We approve of the honest, intelligent and efficient man- ner in which the work of the Forest Service and Reclamation Service has been carried on, and we are convinced that the work of these bureaus has been to the interest of the small land owner and settler. We indorse the work of the irrigation investigation branch of the Department of Agriculture, and urge that the states and the Federal government contribute liberally to its support, in order that the water supplies that have been and are being provided for arid lands may be wisely used. We favor the enactment of laws by the states to regu- late the cutting of timber on state and private lands, and laws reforming taxation on timber lands, cutover lands and reforested lands, in order that the perpetuity of the forests may be assured and the flow of the streams be preserved. We commend, and strongly urge the continuation of the work of the United States Geological Survey, and recommend that more liberal appropriations be made by the Federal. Congress for the prosecution of the work of the hydrographic and topographic branches. Resolved, That there should be no political divisional lines with reference to the right to use water for irrigation or other beneficial purpose in the United States. We approve the enactment of the water laws by the states along the lines pursued in several western states dur- ing recent years. We adhere to the principle incorporated in these recent statutes that the waters belong to the people, and hold that this right of the people is inherent and in- defensible. Recognizing the necessity for administering this invaluable possession of the people by state and federal agencies, we deny the right of state or Federal governments to alienate or convey water by granting franchises for the use thereof in perpetuity or without just compensation in the interests of the people. We recognize the immeasurable importance of the de- velopment of navigation throughout the rivers and lakes of the United States in accordance with the comprehensive plan beginning with the 14-foot waterway through the Illi- nois and Mississippi rivers from the Great Lakes to the Gulf as the main artery of our inland waterway system; and we urgently recommend to the Congress of the United States prompt action toward carrying out this and other great projects for the promotion of commerce. We hold that there is no more important subject now before the American people than that of irrigation by pri- vate enterprise in the several states of the Union; that the industries connected therewith have risen to the first im- portance among the classes of industries recognized by statisticians, statesmen and the people generally: that definite information, at once comprehensive and detailed, is not now available in any state or branch of the Federal government; and we urgently request that the census office be directed to take account of the industries connected with private irrigation, in order that the people may fully profit by our growing experience. We reiterate the declaration of the Irrigation Congresses of 1907 and 1908 in favor of establishing national forests in the southern Appalachian and White mountains, and urge legislation for that purpose, preferably through the WTeeks bill in the amended form, as it now stands before the Sixty- first congress. We recommend to the legislature of the several states and to the congress of the United States appropriate legisla- tion to secure forest planting, and the reforestation of lands denuded of timber. We recommend the work of the Audubon Society; and recognizing the value and utility of birds and wild animals we recommend their careful and adequate protection. Resolved, That the congress extends its sincere thanks to the State of Washington and the city of Spokane, includ- ing its commercial and other organizations, and its citizens, for the hearty welcome and generous hospitality which have been extended to the members of this congress. Also to Governor Hay and other officials of the state and the mayor and other officials of the city for their cour- tesy, attention and care for the welfare and comfort of the delegates. We also express our appreciation and thanks to the governments of Dominion of Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Russia, Germany, Brazil, Chile, Argentine, Japan and China for their interest shown in this congress in the appointments and attendance of delegates to this session. Also to the press of the city of Spokane and the state of Washington for the consideration and ability shown in the reports of the proceedings. Also to George E. Barstow for the able and impartial manner in which he has presided over the deliberations of this congress. To B. A. Fowler for his efficient work as secretary. To R. Insinger and Arthur Hooker, chairman and secre- tary, respectively, of the Board of Control, for their untiring and successful efforts in perfecting the arrangements for this congress. To the Spokane Choral Society and others who have furnished the delightful musical program for this congress. To the Fourteenth United States Cavalry Band, the Boise High School Band, the North Yaklma Juvenile Band, the Glee Club of Worcester, Mass., and the Kennewick Band for their attendance and entertainment they have furnished the congress. Also the various railway companies and their officials having connections with Spokane for their cordial co-opera- tion, contributing to the success of this congress. There was no discussion on the report from the com- mittee on permanent organization, it being adopted as presented: Your committee submits the following nominations for permanent officers of the 18th National Irrigation Con- gress and recommends their election: For President — B. A. Fowler of Arizona. For 1st Vice-President—Ralph E. Twitchell, New Mexico. For 3d Vice-President — R. W. Young of Utah. For 3d Vice-President — L. Newman of Montana. For 4th Vice-President — W. Jones, Fleming, New Mexico. For 5th Vice-President— E. J. Watson, South Carolina. For Secretary- — Arthur E. Hooker, Washington. Your committee unanimously recommends Pueblo, Colorado, as the place of meeting of the Eighteenth Na- tional Irrigation Congress. THE LAND OF TAGS. In some of our recent articles on the Taos Valley in New Mexico, we have mentioned in connection with the agri- cultural development of that territory some of the attractive features to be found in the valley. The most important of these is the Pueblo of Taps. Some writer has said that they are simply American Pyramids, and about one ten-hundredth as well known to the Americans as is the sepulcher of Cheops. They are prehis- toric, but still in use; they are not tombs of fabulous kings, nor impenetrable secrets of what a world has forgotten more than it ever knew ; they are just monuments to human love of home and the human ingenuity of making a safe retreat even in the childhood of the race. In a word, they are the two great communal houses in which the Pueblo Indians of the northermost valley in New Mexico have been making their simple history for probably more than five hundred years. These Pueblos of Taos stand (as they did sixty-nine years before there was an English speaking resident in the new world) on the two sides of a chuckling trout stream in the lovely valley along a spur of the Rocky Mountains. On the west the great canon of the Rio Grande splits the valley from the timbered uplands to the southern extremity. It is one of the finest landscapes in America and one of the fairest valleys. The Pueblo Indians, as stated in former articles, have been tilling the soil for hundreds of years with- out replenishing it in any manner, and it is apparently as productive today as in the early history of that tribe. The Ranches Orchard & Land Company, of which Mr. Joe B. Warner, Taps, New Mexico, is manager, has made wonderful strides this year in the matter of developing crops. Construction Camp of the Ranches Orchard & Land Company, near Taos, New Mexico. A large force of skilled workmen have had charge of this development and they have been assisted by Indians of the local tribe who are familiar with primitive irrigation, and are fully capable of handling laterals and doing general irri- gation of fields. We are showing herewith one of the camps which was established early in the year. In the rear of the tent may be seen the virgin sage brush, which is first cleared and burned before breaking of the ground is started. In the dis- tance may be seen the mountain range which is at least twenty-five miles distant from the camp, possibly double that distance. The Ranches Orchard & Land Company is desirous of getting in communication with prospective settlers, and offer opportunities in the way of home building seldom equalled. Address A. L. Barker, president, Hopkinton, Iowa. 414 THE IRRIGATION AGE. BASIC VALUE OF IRRIGATION BONDS The accompanying article — the clearest explanation of the basic value of irrigation bonds — is reproduced from the proof sheets of a book which will soon be issued by the well known bond house of Trowbridge & Niver Co., First National Bank Building, Chicago. Copyright by Trowbridge & Niver Co., and Published by Permission. In discussing with our customers one particular class of securities we seek simply to give information. We are dealing here with bonds which are not well understood. Irrigation, on a broad scale, is rather a new subject of popular interest. It deals with lands which are arid and yet so fertile that the artificial application of water makes farming immensely profitable. And in- vestors in general are awakening to the fact that the maturity. So one may secure either long or short-time bonds. And the issues are frequently in denominations as low as $100. This opens the way to the small in- vestors in a manner not usual with other good issues of bonds. As a result, the best selling bonds that we handle today are Irrigation Bonds. A very large percentage of our business is done in them. With the spread of edu- Palisade, Colorado, Grand Valley. Full bearing orchards in this district sell at $2,000 per acre and upwards. They produce from $500 to $1,200 per acre in a season. Eight hundred cars of fruit valued at $3,200,000 were shipped from here in the season of 1908. securities based on these projects are of the most desira- ble class. With those who know, Irrigation Bonds are already popular. The security behind them is a first lien on the most productive farm lands in America. The interest return is liberal, and higher than it will be when the bonds become better known. The bonds are generally issued in serial form, with widely different dates of cation regarding these bonds, the demand is increasing — fairly by leaps and bounds. And we feel that we are doing our customers a service in contributing to that education. But it should be remembered that our attitude always is that of unbiased advisers. We have little reason for urging investors into any particular channels. Our province, as a bond house, is to follow the trend of in- THE IRRIGATION AGE. 415 vestment — to supply what our customers want. Our success depends, and has always depended, on supplying the best securities of the classes in widest demand. The enormous business of Trowbridge & Niver Co. was originally built up by the sale of Municipal Bonds. In those days, bonds issued by cities, counties, districts and states were in widest demand. These, of course, re- main a standard of security. But the popularity of Mu- nicipal Bonds gradually lessened the interest rate. Then a very large class of investors sought for a larger return. For many years we have been among the largest dealers in Public Utility Bonds. These include Railroad, Water, Gas and Electric Light Bonds, Water Power bonds are sold mainly to Banks, to Trust Companies, to Trustees, and to individuals who are careful and expe- rienced investors of money. This fact makes it impossible for any trend of our business to take other than con- servative lines. We suggest these facts to make clear the point that we are not making a plea for any one class of bonds. Our purpose is simply to extend information. If Irri- gation Bonds appeal to you, when you know the facts, we shall be very glad to supply them. But, if your preference lies in another direction, we shall be equally glad to meet it. Nor does this book deal with any particular project. It will merely explain Irrigation projects in general. The A field of Sugar Bests in the Denver-Greeiey District. The farmer gets $5.00 per ton, delivered at the railroad track, and raises from 15 to 23 tons to the acre. Bonds, Telephone Bonds and bonds on Electric Railways. These, for a time, were our most popular securities, and they still retain popularity. But the very popularity of these bonds, as always, served to lessen the interest rate. We still handle all these classes of bonds, and in a very large way. We are just as glad to supply them, when wanted, as we are Irrigation Bonds. The fact that Irrigation Bonds form the major part of our busi- ness today is due to our customers' preference. There seems to be no large class of bonds giving equal security and bearing so liberal an interest rate. And this, as with other bonds, will adjust it elf as the bonds become better known. It should also be remembered that our business is done with ' a very conservative class of investors. Our facts about any particular bond will be given in separate circulars upon application. FIFTEEN YEA.KS OF EXPERIENCE SELLING EECLA.MA- TION BONDS. We have had fifteen years of experience in selling Drainage and Irrigation Bonds. These two classes of bonds are essentially similar. One is issued to drain wet land, the other to water dry land. The purpose of both is to supply the funds for reclaiming or improving barren or unproductive lands. And both are secured by a first lien on the .land which they serve to improve. During those fifteen years, we have handled sixty- nine separate reclamation issues in eleven states. Not a dollar has been lost by any investor in them. Again and again we have seen these barren lands 416 THE IKRIGATION AGE. flourish into fertility. We have seen many lands, al- most wholly unpopulated, become dotted with comfort- able homes and prosperous towns and cities. In scores of reclamation projects we have watched swamps or des- erts change, by drainage or irrigation, into productive lands. We have seen arid lands covered with sage brush and cacti. And we have seen the same land, one or two years later, bearing the finest products which are grown in America. Every project of this kind for which we sell bonds is made the subject of minute investigation. The officers of our Company have tramped every piece of bonded land on which we have sold securities. We have watched every project through to fulfillment. In this way we fall, run-off, flood periods, slopes, soil analysis and stream gaugings covering a period of years. We have in our library the laws of the various states and everything of importance, both legal and physical, pertaining to the reclamation of agricultural lands. Thus we have built up, in the course of years, a perfect organization capable of passing intelligently upon the merits or demerits of any project, and if accepted by us, to formulate contracts, mortgages and tax liens so as to secure the best pro- tection to ourselves and our customers. The large number of issues handled by this house has established our pre-eminence in the purchase and sale of Reclamation Bonds. Our experience, our prestige and our wide acquain- Dam on the Snake River near Idaho Falls, Binghara County, Idaho, Municipal Irrigation District. have learned, in the course of years, to distinguish be- tween the certain and the uncertain. We have also learned where new laws were needed for the protection of the investor. And numerous laws of this class have been passed through our influence. We have learned what amount of loan is safe on each separate class of land. We have learned the form of Mortgage or Trust Deed or Contract best suited to protect that loan. Much of this, for a time, was pioneer work. We were blazing new trails. For instance, when Congress passed the "Carey Act," we spent thousands of dollars to have attorneys work out the best form of Trust Deed. And this form has been employed as a model, by us and by others, for nearly all the projects since. Thus we have secured our own education and have compiled and tabulated in our office files reliable infor- mation, including elevations, temperatures, annual rain- tance in the irrigation sections command for us first con- sideration when an issue of bonds is to be marketed. In almost every instance, any proposed issue of Ir- rigation Bonds is submitted to us before being offered elsewhere. Thus we are able to secure for our customers the cream of the bonds of this class. Only such as afford absolute protection to the bond- holder are accepted by us. The facts in this book, therefore, relate to selected issues. They should not be applied to irrigation projects in general. We mean no reflection on general bonds of this class. Many very good issues have been sold through other channels. But in this, as in all other classes of bonds, some are better than others. The worth of an Irrigation Bond depends on many things, the measuring of which requires training, experience and judgment. It is desirable, therefore, to buy such bonds from a house THE IRRIGATION AGE. 417 which has wide experience and ample facilities in this particular line of investment. THREE GENERAL CLASSES. Irrigation Bonds may be broadly divided into three gen- eral classes : Municipal District Bonds, Corporation Bonds on lands in private ownership and Corporation Bonds, issued against lands under the provisions of the Federal law known as the "Carey Act." Of these three classes of Irrigation Bonds, differing according to the laws in the various states in which the projects are located, each has its special attractions. But all form a first lien on fertile and tillable land. And all, if properly issued, afford the investor more than ample se- curity. paid through the County Treasurer's office, by a tax, levied in the regular way. This tax is usually levied for about 15 per cent in excess of requirements, so as to provide for possible delinquencies. The value of such bonds, as with all Municipal securi- ties, depends on the population of the district and on the value of the property subject to the tax lien. Many of them belong among the highest grades of Municipal securi- ties. CORPORATION "CARET ACT" BONDS. These bonds are issued by Corporations to reclaim lands segregated from the public domain for the purpose of irri- gation and development under the provisions of the Federal Law introduced by Senator Carey, of Wyoming, commonly '•'I' IHIIIIIMIIMI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tff tTTTTTTT 1 T Tf T f \ \\ f f JJT J J View of a portion of the Milner Dam on the Snake River, Idaho — Twin Falls project (South Side). We will deal with the classes separately. MUNICIPAL IRRIGATION DISTRICT BONDS. These Irrigation (Bonds are issued by organized dis- tricts, very similar to school districts, for the purpose of purchasing or constructing irrigation systems for their own use. The bond issue must be approved by a majority of the resident free-holders in the district who have paid taxes the preceding year. The procedure is quite similar to that of a school district issuing bonds to construct a school house, or a municipality issuing bonds to purchase or con- struct a City Water Plant. The bonds then become a mu- nicipal obligation, constituting a first lien on all town and farm properties included in the district. The interest on the bonds, and the maturing bonds, are known as the "Carey Act." The segregation is made by the United States Department of the Interior after re- quest made to the State Land Board and certification of their approval to the Secretary. Bonds issued on such projects are usually made to mature in ten annual install- ments— one to ten — or two to twelve years. After these lands have been segregated, the prospective settler must make a contract with the Corporation for a water right before entering upon his land. Supervision of the system of irrigation is maintained by the state engineers and State Land Board until the entire construction is satisfactorily completed and the system turned over to the settlers. In this way the settler is guaranteed a perpetual water right with good title. The settler pays 10 per cent of the purchase price of his water right and in his contract gives 418 THE IRRIGATION AGE. a mortgage on the water right purchased, and on his equity in the land to secure the deferred payments. These deferred payment contracts, which mature serially in from one to ten years, are deposited usually on the basis of one and one-half to one, or $1,500 in such contracts to each $1,000 of bonds so issued. These mortgages and con- tracts are deposited in escrow with some responsible Bank or Trust Company, designated by us, which acts as Trustee under the issue. CORPORATION BONDS OK LANDS IN PRIVATE OWNER- SHIP. This class of Irrigation Bonds is issued by a Corpora- tion for the purpose of acquiring or constructing water rights and irrigation systems. The bonds are a mortgage lien on all of the property means that for each $1,000 bond the trustee holds farm mortgages to the value of $1,500. And those mortgages cover farms worth three times as much. Then back of each $1,000 bond will be First Mortgages on land worth $4,500. That would seem to be ample security. Yet the bonds are additionally secured by a first mortgage on all the prop- erty owned by the Irrigation Company which issues them. As the proceeds of bond issues go into the property, this mortgage on the Company's property is a material consid- eration. These farm mortgages are not usually given by owners of large tracts of land. In these irrigated regions, farm land is exceedingly fertile, and small farms intensively cul- tivated are the rule. A few owners may give mortgages on 160 acres, but far more are owners of 10 and 20-acre tracts. Dam, Head-gates and (.'anal of Canyon Canal Company, Payette River Valley, Idaho. This system furnishes water to the Emmet Bench destined to become one of the best fruit sections of the irrigated west. owned by the Company. In addition, they are secured by mortgages on the land to be irrigated. These mortgages or trust deeds are given by the farmers owning land subject to irrigation, to secure deferred payments on water rights purchased. Such mortgages are usually in serial form, and they are deposited with a Trust Company, which acts as trustee for the bondholders. For each $1,000 bond issue there usually is deposited with the trustee $1,500 in these mortgages on fertile agricultural lands. For illustration — Suppose (he owners of farms mortgage their land for one-third of its value to obtain a water right. Then these mortgages are deposited with the trustee at the rate of one and one-half to one, to secure the bonds. That In buying a water right for his land, a farmer is re- quired to pay 10 per cent cash. He agrees to pay the balance in nine annual payments, with interest. The mortgage on his land is given to secure this agreement. That is why Irrigation Bonds are usually issued with serial dates of ma- turity. The payments made by the farmers are used to retire the bonds as they fall due. This is a far better plan than the accumulation of a redemption or sinking fund as employed in some other forms of bond issues. The propor- tion of security in the hands of the Trustee is always main- tained until the last bond is paid. As the early bond maturities are paid, the security be- hind the balance of course becomes more and more ample, THE IRRIGATION AGE. 419 for the reason that the mortgage is not released until the entire debt is paid. SUPERIOR TO FARM MORTGAGE SECURITY. It will be noted from the above facts that an Irrigation Bond has the strength and security of a conservatively mar- gined farm mortgage combined with all the advantages of corporate responsibility. It would be hard to conceive of a more attractive form of investment than well selected bonds of this class. Farm mortgages, issued not to exceed 40 per cent of the value of farm land, are rightly considered a first-class security. When such farm mortgages are placed with a trus- tee, and bonds issued against them to not more than two- in a humid locality. And here is the main need for an edu- cation. Previous to irrigation it is true that this arid land has grown nothing but sage brush and cacti. Its barrenness is quite uninviting. The value of the land is due solely to its grazing possibilities, or to the probability of future irriga- tion. But this same arid land, when the water is applied, be- comes the most productive farm land in America. Colorado, which has the largest irrigated area of any state, will serve as an illustration of the productive power of irrigated lands. It should be remembered that all the arable land in Colorado, save that used for "dry farming," is irri- gated land. And the farm products of Colorado last year Cabbages, Melons, Squash, Sugar Beets, Onions, Turnips, Egg Plant, Cauliflower, Grain and Alfalfa — all these grow in the Denver-Greeley district, and find a market right at farmer's door at top prices. thirds of their value, the security is considerably increased. And when such bonds are further secured by a mortgage on the vast properties of an Irrigation Company, it will be seen that the protection is fully as ample as the most care- ful investor desires. Such is the security lying back of our Irrigation Bonds. It will vary slightly with different projects, but not in a way to greatly affect the security. The next point to consider is the value and earning power of the land on which the security is based. THE VALUE OP IRRIGATED LAND. A mortgage on arid land, to the average investor, ap- pears very different from a mortgage on farm land located were valued at $143,688,577. Rocky Ford cantaloupes, grown on irrigated land south of Denver, are famous almost the world over. They sell for $2.50 per crate, while other melons on the same market, grown from the same seed, sell for 30 cents per crate. Peaches from the Grand Junction District bring from four to six times as much as Middle West peaches. Fruit lands in the Denver-Greeley District often yield more than $1,000 per acre. Colorado potatoes are the highest standard everywhere. They are dry and mealy, thin-skinned, free from hollow centers, and they are also enormous yielders. Colorado stands first in the production of beet sugar. There are nine sugar factories north of Denver and about 420 THE IRRIGATION AGE. an equal number south. Last year Colorado farmers received for their sugar beets over $10,000,000. Colorado has the greatest canning works in the United States. Colorado pea- fed pork commands in every market a higher price than any corn-fed pork. According to statistics of the Colorado State Agricultural College, the Denver-Greeley District — the largest body of ir- rigated land in the country — produces highest value per acre of any land in the world devoted to general farming. In California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming and Montana, the irrigated land is among the most valuable and most productive farm land in America. REASONS FOR FERTILITY. The marvelous fertility of this arid land is largely due to its richness in mineral salts. Potash, sulphur, lime and phosphorous are found in the soil in abundance. It is esti- mated that good land in the irrigated districts is ten times as rich in nourishing salts as good land in Illinois. In humid districts, the rains of ages have washed out a large part of these mineral salts. And millions of crops of vegetation have served to disintegrate the soil. This arid land, on the contrary, is in a virgin state of fertility. Another reason for large crops and fine flavor is the perpetual sunshine. Arid districts have very few cloudy days. The sunshine and the dry air increases the evaporation from the plant foliage. This increases the circulation of sap, has- tens its chemical changes, and increases the nutriment fed to the plant. But the main reason, perhaps, for abundant and un- failing crops, and crops of the highest grade, is control of the water supply. Every farmer is his own weather-man, and is able to give to each crop just the water it needs at the time when it is needed. He gives little or much water, with- holds or applies it, according to the crop or conditions. In rainfall districts this is impossible. The farmer must take the moisture sent him, and when it is sent. Some crops require little moisture, some require much; yet all of his crops are watered alike. Sometimes he has a drought ; some- times a long rainy season. Thus every crop is full of uncertainties. The farmer, to be safe, must plant a variety of crops. He must provide for both a dry and wet season, else take very long chances. And the crop failures, due to unregulated rainfall, greatly reduce his average production. CERTAINTY OF CROPS. On irrigated land, the farmer may raise such products as he wishes, and know that the crops are certain. He has control of his water supply. He can apply it or stop it, give little or much, as the crop or conditions require. This certainty of crops, and of maximum yield, is one of the great- est factors of value in irrigated land. Another factor is the depth of the soil. Another the freedom from insect pests. Another the ease with which the land can be cultivated. Another is the higher value of the crops which the land is fitted to raise. An acre of irrigated land planted in sugar beets will net the farmer four times as much as an acre of Illinois planted in corn. Land planted in potatoes will bring all the way from $100 to $300 per acre. Strawberries often yield from $400 to $700 per acre. Orchard lands often return $1,000 per acre and more. One tract of 100,000 acres in Colorado on which we are selling bonds at this writing is located close to Denver. It extends from five to twenty-five miles from this growing city of 208,000 population. This fact makes the land par- ticularly valuable for suburban homes and for truck farming. For all of these reasons, the value of irrigated land, well located, is exceedingly high. Very often one year's crop is sufficient to pay for the land and water. And the value of this land is advancing at a tremendous pace. It is safe to say that good irrigated land is worth from three to five times as much as the best rainfall land, meas- ured by production. Therefore, the liens on farm lands which are back of ir- rigation bonds are, as a class, more valuable than any that we have in America. And the value of this land, because of its restricted area, often multiplies itself several times over under cultivation. IRRIGATION BONOS ARE AMONG- THE SAFEST INVEST- MENTS. As drainage and irrigation bonds have formed an increas- ingly large part of our business, the officers of Trowbridge & Niver Co. have spent sufficient of their time in the west- ern and middle western states to closely study irrigation and local conditions generally, and more particularly the projects in which we have been interested. Again and again we have watched these projects begun, carried out and completed. We have seen the barren land blossom into fertility. We have seen it multiply in value, over and over, until some of it has grown to be the most valuable farm land in America. Some of this land could not now be bought for one hun- dred times the amount of the original bonded indebtedness. As a result of this experience, we are prepared to state that Irrigation Bonds, of the right classes, are among the safest investments we know. They are loans on farm land which is productive and valuable — some of the very best farm land in America. The loans are made, in the right sort of projects, at a very conservative rate. They are repaid by the land owners, usually, at the rate of ten per cent a year. And the bonds, being in serial form, are gradually retired. The security back of the remaining bonds increases with every payment. Bonds of this class now pay a higher interest rate than one can secure on any large class of securities equally safe. One reason is that the bonds are a comparatively new form of investment. They have only come into wide popularity in recent years. Our Irrigation Bonds are issued in denominations of $100, $500 and $1,000. This opens the field to the small in- vestor, as well as to Banks and to Capitalists. We know of no class of bonds which, at present, offer equal security combined with equally attractive income. And it is difficult to imagine, when Irrigation Bonds are gone, what other class of security can be found which embraces so many desirable features. Still, the purpose of this book is merely to give informa- tion. It is not a plea for any one class of securities. We supply what our customers want. But we feel that we owe to our patrons this statement of the facts as we know them. For here is an opportunity, which cannot last many years, to secure an unusual rate of return on an ideal class of security. IRRIGATION BONDS ARE PAID NOT REFUNDED. Unlike the vast majority of bonds, irrigation securities are paid, and not simply refunded at maturity by substituting new issues. Each series is retired as fast as it falfs due, by the payment of actual cash. The great earning power of the lands, and irrigation systems behind them, provides vastly more money than is ever needed to meet both principal and interest. They are not affected by panics or periods of financial depression. The manner in which our Irrigation Bonds went through the recent panic has called world-wide attention to them as an attractive form of investment. To those who are interested, we shall be glad to send circulars and quotations on current issues. TROWBRIDGE & NIVER Co. WONDERFUL WATER. Available water is at times worth its weight In good coin. The farmer, the gardener and the worker everywhere need it. For artifical irrigation as well as for pumping and for sinking deep wells and for mineral prospecting, the ma- chinery and equipment of the American Well Works, Aurora. 111., is second to none. For handling water on a large scale, their centrifugal pumps are unequaled. Parties Interested should write for special particulars suggesting the name of this paper as advising it, the American Well Works, Aurora, 111., who will furnish free a large illustrated catalogue of well and pump supplies. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation THE IRRIGATION AGE. 431 Government RECLAMATION NOTES Private Under this heading, THE IRRIGATION AGE will hereafter run reports and news relating to irrigation projects— both government and private — gathered from the various sources at its command. Readers of the AGE are requested to assist the editor by sending re- ports of local projects, new organizations or progress of outlined work in their vicinities. • COLORADO- It is reported by officials that the Colorado Reservoir & Canal Company and the Mutual Irrigation Company now constructing a system to reclaim about 7,000 acres in the Plateau valley, Mesa county, has nearly completed its operations and will be prepared to supply water for the season of 1910. About $100,000 has been expended by the company, and it is claimed that the land is well suited to fruit and orchard culture. With a capital of $2,000,000, the White River Trappers Lake & Routt County Irrigation Company has filed articles of incorporation. It is proposed to construct reservoirs in Garfield and Rio Blanco counties and thereby to reclaim more than 200,000 acres in Routt and Rio Blanco counties. The water in the following lakes and streams will be con- served by the new company: Trappers' lake, Marvine lake, Lost lake, Big and Little Beaver creeks, Fawn creek, Shell creek, Milk creek, Spring creek, Hewlett creek and Coal creek. Two corps of engineers already are in the county and have completed their work at Trappers and Marvin lakes. They will move on to the creeks and to Lost lake, completing their work in the course of a few months. The Thompson-Olmsted Investment Company has completed plans for the irrigation of about 4,000 acres near Hayden in Routt county. Water will be carried by 1,500 feet of steel syphon from Elkhead creek. Having prepared plans for the irrigation of 30,000 acres near Browns Park in the western part of Routt county, the Browns Park Water Company has been or- ganized with a capital of $500,000. Water will be taken from Beaver creek. Fred T. Henry, F. B. Davis of Denver and Clinton E. Bivens of Steamboat Spring are incorpora- tors. Sen. Chas. D. Griffith of Denver and E. W. Jackson have purchased 25,000 acres of land about thirty miles east of Denver and are planning the construction of reservoirs. Water will be diverted from Running creek into Dry creek and thence into the system of five reservoirs. William A. Havemeyer is said to be investigating the Badito Reservoir, Irrigation & Land Company in Huerfano county with a view to becoming interested in the $1,000,000 project. If constructed, the dam will supply water for about 60,000 acres in this county. Attempts to consolidate the Antlers Orchard Develop- ment Company and the Farmers' Irrigation Company at Antlers has met with opposition. Litigation is expected as a result of efforts of stockholders in the latter company to prevent the merging of the two companies. The South Palisade Heights Irrigation Company has been formed at Palisade and a pumping plant capable of supplying water to 1,000 acres will be installed. Dr. J. W. Gothard is president. Land owners in the vicinity of Watkins are investi- gating the advisability of employing pumps to lift the un- derflow for irrigation purposes. On August 12 the postal department barred from .the mails the matter circulated by the San Louis Valley Land & Irrigation Company. Officers of this company assert in- nocence of wrongdoing and declare their willingness to submit to investigation by federal officials. Commissioners of Adams county yesterday made the final order for the creation of a new irrigation district embracing about 40,000 acres of land lying west of the Platte river, which is to be irrigated by the Standley Lake irrigating system, under the direction of the Denver Reser- voir Irrigation Company. About 20,000 acres probably will be included in the new water rights. The directorate of the Two Buttes Irrigation & Reser- voir Company, which has a project in southern Powers and northern Baca counties, was recently changed. A. N. Parrish, W. C. Gould and S. L. Harris have purchased the interests of W. D. Purse, H. H. Eberle and Lincoln Ban- croft. Surveys for the work as outlined have been com- pleted and the company will proceed with active work. Commissioners of Adams county are reported to have passed favorably on the application for the formation of the Denver Suburban Irrigation district. It is proposed to issue bonds to the amount of $2,500,000 to complete the work as projected. About 55,000 acres are involved and the election over bonds will probably be held in November. T. C. Henry and George Henry of Denver have filed at Grand Junction plans for an irrigation system extend- ing from Palisade through Grand Junction to Fruita, which will water 100,000 acres of land. The project will cost about $2,000,000. The North Poudre Irrigation Company has sold 2,305 shares of the North Poudre Reservoir Company stock to the Uaramie-Poudre Reservoir & Irrigation Company for $175,000. The sale carried with it the control of the com- pany and possession of a number of reservoirs. The com- bined system will irrigate 125,000 acres of land. Articles of incorporation of the Pueblo & Rocky Ford Irrigation Company were filed with the secretary of state at Denver recently. The incorporators are W. N. Cox, W. J. Lester and Fred Harris and the company is capital- ized at $2,000,000. The company proposes to irrigate 100,- 000 acres of land south of Pueblo and the Orlando ditch and the irrigation ditches and canals of the Amburson com- pany will be controlled by the new company. A reser- voir will be constructed in the bed of the Arkansas river. A million dollars are to be expended by the Denver Reservoir Irrigation Company to reclaim about 80,000 ad- ditional acres in the Greely district, about forty miles northeast of Denver. This will include the purchase of the rights of the Platte valley ditch, the purchase and en- largement of the Milton reservoir, as well as the recon- struction and enlargement of the Gilmore reservoir. This new move by the Denver Reservoir Irrigation Company is to be financed under the direction of the Trowbridge- Niver Bond Company of Chicago. Preliminary survey has just been completed for the proposed new pipe line to convey water from the Sangre de Cristo range to the San Luis lake, a distance of twenty miles. Ditches from the lake will furnish water for about 30,000 acres of land north of this city. The Kinney & Warner Investment Company are reported to be the finan- cial backers of the proposition. The formation of the Florida-Mesa irrigation district, adjoining the city of Durango on the south, has just been completed. This district comprises 20,000 acres of fruit and agricultural lands, which are to be irrigated from the waters of the Florida river, a tributary of the Rio Grande. In the organization of the new district the holdings of the old Enterprise Ditch Company have been taken over, and the present water supply will be augmented by the build- ing of a large reservoir up the Florida river, about nine miles east of Durango. The reservoir is to be built of concrete, and will have a storage capacity of about 32,000 acre feet, and will cost between $200,000 and $300,000. The entire project is to be paid for in bonds of the district at $30 per acre, payable in 20 years, and the total cost is to be $600,000. Louisiana and Illinois capitalists are said to be inter- ested in a plan to carry water from the north fork of the Gunnison river, a distance of about 100 miles from a point near Hothckiss around the Battlement mountains to Grand Junction. Three reservoirs are under consideration. It is estimated that $1,000,000 will be required and that the 422 THE IRRIGATION AGE. work cannot be completed within four years. J. A. Wright, formerly of Colorado Springs, was reported to be promoting the project. Th state land board recently approved the contract of the Toltec Canal Company of Conejos county, providing for the irrigation of 15,000 acres in that county. The recent opening of the Gunnison tunnel. Uncom- pahgre irrigation project, Colorado, and the proposed celebration of the event in September at which President Taft has promisd to be present, has been widely noted in the public press throughout the country. An erroneous impression that there is to be a land drawing at the time of the celebration has been given to newspaper dealers. The fact is that all of the land for which water will now be available is already in private ownership, or has been entered. north side of the Feather river have been secured. Reclamation district No. 1 of which C. R. Body, of Yuba City is director, is planning to issue bonds to the amount of $100,000, making a total bond issue of $400,- 000 or $9 per acre. Owners of 10,000 acres of land in Paradise, Magalia and vicinity are planning the organization of an irrigation district with a view to securing a reservoir site from the Pacific Gas & Electric Company and having that company supply water for irrigation. It is reported that Eugene De Sabla, representing the Natomas Consolidated Company, has interested capitalists in his projects, and that he will shortly return to Sacra- mento to begin active work in reclaiming lands within the properties to be consolidated. Land lies largely in the Sacramento and Sutler districts. CALIFORNIA -NEW MEXICO - Edward N. Prouty, of Berkeley, who represents the Honey Lake Land & Irrigation Company has filed on 060,000 miners' inches of water in the streams near Susan- ville. Water is to be used in irrigating Honey Lake val- ley lands. Land owners at Nogales and Paradise are organizing an irrigation company. A special election in the Turlock Irrigation district, called for the purpose of voting on a special assessment of $89,000 for care, repairs and maintenance of previously constructed works, resulted in a negative decision. The recently incorporated Solano-Yolo Land & Water Company, capital stock of $500,000, proposes to construct a power dam at Hell's Gate, west of Winters, and to divert water at the same point by means of ditches, canals and laterals for irrigation purposes in Solano and Yolo. Di- rectors are C. M. Wooster, of San Jose, Harvey S. Love- land, H. H. Sanborn, F. H. Gould, S. R. Chappell, of San Francisco. The Putah Creek Ditch Company of Dixon is survey- ing for an extensive system to supply waters to lands in the northern part of Solano county. A. L. Darrow, of Sacramento, and R. E. L. Stevenson, of Dixon, are the principal incorporators. John J. Mooney, of Tehama county is planning work to reclaim about 3,500 'acres of land, which he recently pur- chased from the Canadian Trust Company. The Mutual Water Company of Escondido has begun the work of replacing 7,000 feet of wooden flume with rock. Other repairs and reconstruction on this company's system will be undertaken in the near future. New York capitalists are said to be interesting them- selves in a project to carry the waters of the Yuba river from a point six miles above Marysville to a point near Wheatland for the purpose of watering land between these points. It is claimed that work will be begun within a few weeks. With an authorized capital of $10,000,000, the Sacra- mento Valley Irrigation Company, an auxiliary of the Delaware Trust Company, has filed articles of incorpora- tion. Incorporators are R. E. Robertson, F. M. Shive and Harry M. Davis, of Wilmington, and it is said that these three own all but fifty of the 100,000 shares of stock. It it said that the company proposes to construct a dam at Clear Lake and irrigate vast tracts of land in Glenn and Yolo counties. Existing and abandoned reclamation pro- jects in these counties and also in Lake county will be combined and revived. Already the company has made ex- tensive purchases of land. It proposes to develop this entire section and is empowered by law to engage in various lines of development work. It is proposed to extend the Oakdale Irrigation dis- trict into San Joaquin county, thus placing water on about ten sections of land not included in the original plan. Land owners in the northern part of San Joaquin county and the southern part of Stanislaus county are planning to organize an irrigation company to water about 63,000 acres, Engineer H. S. Crow, of Stockton is handling the survey. Proposing to reclaim 80.000 acres north of Sacramento in SuttT county, R. G Hanford is organizing a com- pany with local stockholders. Options on land on the The Ft. Sumner Land Company, of Ft. Sumner, has begun work on a new seven-mile canal to reclaim several hundreds of acres. A pumping plant will be installed and the company will build other canals in future. Engineers have made surveys for the sixty-five mile canal extending from the Pecos river to the Banajon Mesa and which, with its related reservoirs and laterals will irri gate about 125,000 acres. The project is headed by A. A. Jones and is known as the Jones Irrigation Project. About $1,000,000 will be required to fully complete the work as outlined. Engineers working under direction of D. A. Camfield, of Greely, Colo., have completed their surveys for irriga- tion work on the Las Vegas land grant near Las Vegas by which 10,000 acres will be put under water. Mr. Cam- field has 'said to have reached a decision to accept the land grant several weeks ago and to be prepared to begin operations at once. S. R. Edwards, of Willard, is planning to install pump- ing plants to irrigate about 2,000 acres. Reports from Galveston, Tex., state that local capi- talists have closed a deal whereby they will invest about $500,000 in a townsite and water rights at Alamogordo. N. M. The water supply will be developed for irrigation purposes. The Rio Mimbres Irrigation Company, with a capital stock of $300,000, proposes to reclaim thousands of acres of fertile land in Luna county by the building of a reser- voir on the Mimbres river, thirty-five miles northwest of Deming, the stored waters to be conveyed down the val- ley in a great system of canals. The stockholders of the company are A. G. Shalding, Point Loma, Cal.: L. G. Fisher, Frederick Ullman and Walter Page of Chicago, and E. H. Bickford of Lake Valley, N. M. An irrigation company is being formed at Portales for the purpose of entering into a contract for the con- struction of a pumping plant to take water from the un- derflow and reclaim about 12,000 acres. A committee has investigated conditions at Garden City, Kansas, and Phoe- nix, Arizona. ARIZONA It is reported that attempts on the part of the Ari- zona-Eastern railroad to secure a right of way through the San Carlos reservoir site have been thwarted and that this project will now be pushed to completion. Sligh & Clark are planning work to reclaim about 25,000 acres. An association has been formed at Phoenix to drill wells for irrigation purposes in the Paradise Valley. By this method, it is proposed to revive the old Verde Land & Power company and water several thousands of acres. Judge Kibbey, of Phoenix, recently addressed farmers in the Rellito county, giving information about the forma- tion of a water users' association. It is proposed to or- ganize this district to make use cf the waters of the Rel- lito in irrigating about 10,000 acres. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 423 • WASHINGTON Atwood & Webb, of Kettle Falls, are planning to con- struct a dam for irrigation purposes at a cost of about $35,000. Reports from Kennewich state that J. M. Spencer, of Plains, Mont., has arranged for surveys to reclaim 550,000 acres of sagebrush land in Grant county. A pipe line to tap the Columbia and reach into the southeastern part of the county via Marcus is proposed. It is said that $5,000,- 000 will be required to complete the underaking, and that if completed it will be the longest gravity system in ex- istence. Farmers have agreed to a levy of two and one- half cents for the survey. With a prospect of securing water at $20 per acre, it is believed that the project may be bonded for a large sum. Officers of the Indian bureau are said to be negotiat- ing with Indians who have delayed the government's re- clamation work by refusing to sell their lands in the Yakima reservation, and success seems probable. Settlers living near Moses Lake have formed an or- ganization for irrigation purposes and have adopted the name Moses Lake Development Company with E. T. Guf- fin as president. For several years crops have been light because of lack of moisture and settlers now propose to construct an irrigation system. Private enterprise will develop the irrigation project on the John Day and Deschutes river, which the govern- ment several years ago abandoned, after having spent thou- sands of dollars and several years' time, according to a statement made by Dr. N. G. Blalock in connection with the filing of incorporation papers for the John Day Power Company. The papers state that the company is incor- porated at $500,000 to generate water and electric power and to supply water for irrigation and power purposes. The land covered lies almost wholly in Oregon and em- braces parts of Umatilla, Morrow, Gilliam, Wasco and Sherman counties and part of Benton county. As soon as owners of 30,000 acres in the Horse Heaven country west of Spokane agree to pay $60 per acre for water rights, it is announced the Klickitat Irrigation Com- pany is prepared to start work on the construction of reservoirs to store water for 600,000 acres in this vicinity. It is claimed that an expenditure of $15,000,000 will be re- quired for the work and that the government has aban- doned the project as too expensive. H. A. Hollenbeck, secretary of the irrigation company, is interesting owners of the 30,000 acres in question. Articles of incorporation for the Hutchinson Irrigation & Land Company, with a capital of $160,000, have been filed with the county auditor at Spokane. Supplemental articles of incorporation, changing the purposes and intentions of the company, .have been filed at Tacoma by the White Bluffs Irrigation Company. By constructing a dam on the Mad river, J. P. Shot- well, of Cashmere, proposed to water several thousand acres near this place. He has arranged filings on water and is now arranging for the formation of an irrigation company. Surveys of the extension of the Sunnyside canal so as to furnish irrigation water for the vast tract of land be- tween the Rattlesnake hills and Yakima river, to its rnouth and along the Columbia river, have been started by a corps of government engineers detailed from the reclama- tion service office at Sunnyside, Zilich and North Yakima. Thirty-three thousand acres of land near the Tieton project in the Yakima valley, Wash., west of Spokane, will be thrown open to homestead entry on December 9. All but 4,OCO acres of this tract is school or railroad land and the plan for the entry is such as to indicate that there will be another rush. It was first supposed that the land would come under the Tieton ditch, but has been found to be above the canal. It is valuable, but not irrigable by- gravity. Advices from Washington, D. C., are that no settlement can be made after July 29 until November 9, but that on that date settlement can be made on the land with entry on December 9. This is identical with the ar- rangement of the Columbia river lands, which will be open for settlement September 7. Steps are being taken at Coeur d'Alene and other points in the panhandle of Idaho to secure the reclamation of 60,000 acres of agricultural lands along the Coeur d'Alene river. Paul Clagstone, speaker of the Idaho house of representatives, is at the head of the movement. A contract for the construction of a lined section of Sulphur Creek Wasteway, Yakima irrigation project, Washington, has been awarded to George Cooke & Sons of Minneapolis, Minn. This work involves the excavation of about 13,300 cubic yards of material and the placing of about 2,100 cubic yards of concrete and 130 cubic yards of paving. The contract price is $26,248.06. - IDAHO • Homesteaders on the northside of the Payette project, acting under advice of government officials, have made tilings on the waters of the Payette river to aggregate 5,000 feet per second and on Boise river of 2,000 feet. A filing was also made on the Payette lakes as a reservoir site. It is claimed that the new filings involve about 50,- 000 acres in addition to the 72,000 originally planned for irrigation by the government. Filings were placed in the names of the executive committee of the northsiders and is to protect land holders in their water rights providing the government cannot proceed at once with the Payette portion of the project. The executive committee is as follows: Walter R. Cupp, W. B. Compton, W. S. Hawkes, W. B. Sawyer, H. E. Peterson, A. H. Albertson and L. E. Bebb. It is reported that the North Side district will pre- pare to issue bonds. Under the direction of the J. G. White Company, the Dubois project will be revived. H. D. Mason, a New York attorney, who represents this company, has filed an application at the Blackfoot land office for the segregation of 350,000 acres under the Carey act. It is proposed to reclaim the land bv the flood waters from the Snake river. The application has been approved by the land board. Three propositions for land irrigation have been pre- sented to the board of directors of the Gem Irrigation district near Caldwell and are now under consideration. Engineer Edward Hedden proposes the construction of a dam across the Snake river above Nampa ferry at a cost of $506,000 with earthwork and other incidentals, costing .a total of $908,000. The second was presented by Tro- bridge & Niver, of Chicago, and specified the conditions under which this company will become interested in the project, and construct a gravity system. The third propo- sition involved a pumping plant on the river and its operation by electricity transmitted from the Thousand Springs. No decision as to these three plans had been reached before August 15. OREGON A new pumping plant has been installed near Tolo for the purpose of supplying water to about 3,000 acres of land. Water is lifted ^rom the Roque river and driven through steel pipes. The Jordan Valley Irrigation Company has filed on a reservoir site of 1,800 acres at the head of the Jordan valley and is preparing reclamation of land in eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho. This project will cover land in the proposed government Owyhee project. Con- struction work will be started this fall. Articles of incorporation for the Umatilla Irrigation Land Company have been filed at Pendleton. The com- pany proposes to take over the holdings of the Maxwell Land Company at Hermiston. Judge Bradshaw, of the Dallas, has handed down a decision sustaining the demurrers of the Deschutes Irri- gation & Development Company in the three suits against it as instituted by A. M. Drake, Florence Drake and the Pilot Butte Development Company. Suit was instituted to prevent the Deschutes company from using a greater quantity of water than 169 cubic feet per second. Under the Carey act, the Deschutes company has agreed to water 240.000 acres, and the court held that suit to enjoin the company from taking the required amount of water for this purpose was faulty, inasmuch as the state of Oregon was not made a party to the action. A. M. Crawford, member of the newly formed state land board, has investigated complaints of land owners against the Deschutes Irrigation & Power Company, and 424 THE IRRIGATION AGE. is reported to have declared that the grievances are slight and that the company is conducting its operations in a manner satisfactory to the state. It is reported that after an inspection and investiga- tion by the state land board, the defunct Columbia South- ern project will soon be turned over to a new company recently organized. The old company controlled about 27,000 acres in the vicinity of Laidlow. Legal matters are now being arranged for this transfer. Projects are being developed for the irrigation of be- tween 25,000 and 30,000 acres of agricultural land in Lane county. Farmers residing on the west side of the Willa- mette river, between Eugene and Junction City, propose by banding together to irrigate between 15,000 and 20,000 acres while owners of land surrounding Springfield on the cast side of the Willamette are preparing to resort to ir- rigation on an additional 10,000 acres. Evans, Almirall & Co., of New York, are said to have surveying parties in the field making estimates on the construction of a dam in the Thief valley about twenty miles north of Baker City. It is also proposed to con- struct a dam on the Balm creek and by these two reser- voirs to reclaim about 55,000 acres. UTAH Under direction of its board of directors, the Weber Reservoir Power & Irrigation Company has issued a book outlining the project and calculated to instruct land owners in the formation of the proposed irrigation dis- trict. It is stated that money is available and that the work can be begun as soon as there is proper incorpora- tion. Davis and Weber county settlers are said to be favorable to incorporation. For the purpose of financing irrigation projects, a company known as the Irrigation Industrial Investment Company has been formed at Salt Lake with a capital of $500,000. Incorporators are H. S. Woolley, H. P. Clark, Henry Sherman, W. E. Hubbard, Abraham Hanauer and E. R. Woolley. The Provo Reservoir Company of Heber City has filed an application for sixty feet of water between March and December from the Jordan river. Water will be con- ducted through the channel of the river to the point of diversion, where a pumping plant will be constructed. It is reported that 32,000 acres will be watered. Officers of the company are as follows: Joseph R. Murdock, presi- dent; Joseph B. Keeler, vice-president; Earl J. Glade, sec- retary; James C. Jensen, treasurer, and Stephen L. Chip- man, J. William Knight, Edward D. Clyde, George H. Brimhall, A. J. Evans and David Broadbent, all directors. The North Branch of the Western Irrigation Com- pany has filed articles of incorporation at Ogden and pro- poses to extend the canal to the Farr West district at a cost of about $10,000. E. D. Rawson, of Farr West, is president. The Mosida Irrigation Company, a companion com- pany to the Mesida Fruit Lands Company, has filed ar- ticles of incorporation with a capital stock of $12,000. Ap- plication is made to take 12,800 acre feet of water from Utah Lake. Settlers in Emery county are planning to organize a new irrigation district. Porter B. Fitzgerald and the Fitzgerald Brothers Land Company of Salt Lake have instituted suit against the Irrigated Lands Company and its directors, the Price River Irrigation Company and directors, the Spalding Living- ston Investment Company and directors and the Utah Banking Company, to throw the Irrigated Lands Com- pany into the hands of a receiver. Since the muddle in the affairs of the company, work has been suspended on the projects. The Fitzgeralds say that the company is insolvent and want matters adjusted before anything fur- ther is done. county, is organizing an irrigation company to divert water from the river and irrigate several thousands of acres. Plans for an irrigation system for San Saba have been prepared and it is proposed to let contracts for work in the near future. The Rio Grande Reservoir & Irrigation Company is planning construction of a reservoir near Hidalgo to store water for the reclamation of about 15,000 acres. George E. Barstow, promoter of the Barstow Irri- gation Company, has instituted suit against the company to recover $50,000 in bonds. The head office of the com- pany is at Barstow and it is interested in about 13,000 acres of land in Ward and Reeves counties. Mr. Barstow asks damages of $5,000, the amount the bonds were bid in for by the plaintiff. The properties of the Gravity Irrigation Company and of the Gravity Canal Company have been sold, the first for $22,605.23, subject to a mortgage of about $45,000; the second for $35,921.60, making a total of $58,526.83 for both properties. Both canals are fed by the same pumping plant and are commonly referred to as the Gravity CanaU These canals have 6,000 acres of land under a contract water rent of $6 an acre. T. J. Poole was the lone bidder and is supposed to represent a syndicate for taking over the property. DRY FARMS OF MONTANA. -TEXAS A certificate of dissolution has been filed by the Al- godon Land & Irrigation Company of Kingsville. Pelvo, a town located on the Rio Grande in Presidio miles from Billings on high bench land, T. J. Bouton of that city, has demonstrated the profitable re- sults of applying dry farming principles in raising grain, says the Dry Farming Congress Bulletin. Mr. Bouton has a number of fields of grain in which the harvesters are at work, one of which is representative of the entire ranch. This particular field was planted April 20 to durum wheat. The sod was broken only four inches deep, horses being used for plowing and that being the limit of depth to which the plow could be forced without a traction out- fit. Mr. Bouton employed a Missourian to take care of this field, a man who had been accustomed to old fash- ioned methods of farming in the east and middle west. The grain came up with an unusually thrifty appearance. Mr. Bouton instructed the Missourian to keep right on harrowing and the easterner in astonishment told his em- ployer that he would ruin the finest field of grain in Yel- lowstone county if he attempted to run a harrow over it, but Mr. Bouton, having faith in dry farming methods, or- dered the harrowing to continue. The field was harrowed three times after the grain came up, once being after it had headed out. To the astonishment of the Missourian, instead of ruining the field the grain grew more prosper- ously and promisingly than anything he had ever seen. An ordinary spike harrow was used. "I endeavored to follow out the suggestions made at the Dry Farming Congress at Cheyenne." said Mr. Bou- ton, "and I am fully convinced that the so-called dry farmers are right. I believe if I had been able to plow deeper I would have gotten even better results. The sam- ples of this wheat which I am exhibiting were picked at random from the field of 92 acres. The heads are 3^ to 7 inches long, well filled and the kernels are plump and solid. I believe the result will be at least 25 bushels an acre. My other fields of grain show an equally thrifty condition and are proof to me that the only way to suc- cessfully raise grain on these bench lands is by conscien- tiously following dry farming methods." Secretary Burns of the Dry Farming Congress visited the field described and said that judging from the appear- ance of the grain it was his impression that Mr. Bouton was very conservative in his estimate of the yield. A sample of this grain has been sent to Prof. B. C. Buffum of the Wyoming Plant & Seed Breeding Company, Wor- land, Wyoming, for analysis. Samples of Mr. Bouton's crops, including some of the above described wheat will be displayed at the International Dry Farm Exposition at Billings during the Fourth Dry Farming Congress, Octo- ber 26-28, 1909. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 425 BLUEWATER \&LLEY :•:—:•: NEW MEXICO :•:—:•: Worker Gives His Opinion of Land in this Valley — Is a Homeseeker, Not a Speculator — Says "Climate Is Fine, Great Field for Fruit Culture, Poultry Products Bring Fancy Figures, Settlers Speak Highly of Land Com- pany." The following letter, written by Mr. J. H. Fowls of Mendota, 111., to a friend regarding the Bluewater Valley, New Mexico, containing his impressions after a thorough investigation, is interesting as giving the unbiased views of a careful, intelligent man who is looking for a home for himself and family. Mr. Fowls is an engineer on one of the western railroads running out of Chicago. He is 'evi- dently a homeseeker and not a speculator and looks at the proposition with an eye single to the future and what it contains for himself and family. There are thousands of men — the workers in our rail- roads and other industrial institutions, drawing good sal- aries— who are situated exactly as is Mr. Fowls. They ex- pect some day to quit their present jobs and get a home of their own on the earth and are looking for the best place. To all such this letter will be of particular interest. Mendota, Illinois, June 30, 1909. Mr. Richard A. Haste: As I told you, I will give you a report of what I found in the Bluewater Valley. I made a thorough inves- tigation and the following is from my notes made on the ground: First: The climate is fine. It gets quite warm in the sun but is cool in the shade. At night it is very cool. A person needs covers to be comfortable. The coldest it gets here is about 10 above zero and the warmest about 94; the nights are from 50 to 55. You ask, Does the climate undermine a man's ambi- tion? No, no, no! The soil is a reddish sandy loam, in some places vol- canic ash with here and there spots of adobe. The products are what you will find in similar climates. Alfalfa will go about 1J4 tons to the acre per cutting — can raise three crops, but sure of two. The hay brings $15.00 per ton, and that is a conservative estimate. Al- falfa seed costs from 15c to 18c per pound and it re- quires about 15 Ibs. to the acre. Potatoes dp well. There are no potato bugs here. Potatoes will yield 150 sacks per acre. The price ranges from 2 to 2j4c per lb. They are easy to raise; so are turnips and carrots. Cabbage sells from 1 to 2c per lb. It is planted 2J4 feet by 18 inches apart. It takes 7,000 plants for an acre. One man can plant an acre in three days. They are raising 15,000 Ibs. of onions on an acre and get about 3c per lb. Celery retails at Albuquerque at 40c to 75c per bunch. I should judge celery to be the best crop here for profit. They are trying asparagus and it seems to be doing well. Tomatoes yield about 20,000 Ibs. per acre. Thev sell for 5c per lb. Corn is not a favorite crop, but some kinds grow fairly well. They get $1.50 per hundred Ibs. Wheat does well and yields from 40 to 50 bushels per acre. Oats will yield from 60 to 100 bushels. It can be cut green for hay and in that way two cuttings can be had and will run about \l/2 tons to an acre at each cutting. They sow from 50 to 60 Ibs. to an acre. I have seen a great many men from different parts of the country and talked with them about fruits here. They all agree that this will be a fine valley for fruits. They know the valley and seem to know what they are talking about, as they come from the apple countries of Wash- ington, Montana and Colorado. I am told that in the San Mateo Valley, 25 miles to the northeast of here, the finest kinds of fruits are raised. Poultry is the best thing in the valley. Eggs sell as high as 60c per dozen at Albuquerque. At present, June iiOth, 1909, they are selling for 35c per dozen. A pullet weighing 2 Ibs. will sell for $1.00. They are easily raised, the climate seems to suit them. To make a long story short, it is the best place to raise poultry that I have seen in the United States, and I know somehing about chicken- raising. The Mexican and Indian ponies that are good enough for light work can be had for from $40 to $60; unbroken for from $15 to $20. Sheep, goats, hogs and cattle all do well. There is still an abundance of free range for the cattle. The spring work opens about the 1st of April. One important thing is the labor, which can be ob- tained for about $1.00 per lay. This is Indian labor, which is very faithful and abundant. You can get it when you want it by simply notifying one of the chiefs. This is im- portant in a fruit country or where sugar beets are raised, and this will eventually be a good sugar beet country. The settlers are honest, industrious Americans of good class. At present only five months of school has been held, but the settlers are asking for nine months and no doubt they will get it. The cost of living is about the same as in Illinois. Price of ham, 14c per lb., lard loc. Range beef can be had in the fall for 6c per lb. It is delivered to your house, wrapped in cloth and can be hung up in the air, remain- ing fresh all winter. Building material is cheap. There are lumber mills within 10 miles of Bluewater station and lime kilns 1% miles away. Lime sells from 40c to 60c per bbl. An abun- dance of building rock can be had for the hauling. As for fire wood, all that you have to do is to drive a few miles to the foothills and cut it. Threshing machines, mowers and binders are owned by the irrigation company, and I am told by the settlers that they will cut and thresh at reasonable rates. The land must be fenced against cattle. You can get cedar fence posts at 5c each. Rough lumber sells from $16 to $20 per M; matched flooring, $25 per M. Water for domestic use can be had at a depth of about 130 feet by drilling. The water is very fine and reminds me of Rockford water. The most important thing about the Bluewater Irrigation proposition is the reservoir. The dam is a massive construction, the lake behind-it is a beautiful sheet 9f water, into which the coun- try drains for miles and miles up into the Zuni moun- tains. In conclusion, will say that after looking the Blue- water Valley over thoroughly and talking with the set- tlers, I came to the conclusion that this is the best place I know for the man of small means and I have traveled over a large portion of the United States, but more espe- cially, the northwest, west and south. In talking with the settlers, I notice that they all spoke highly of the land company and its method of doing business. The reason, as I have told you for investigating this valley so closely, is that I want a home for myself and family (wife and five children). (Mr. Fowls is a locomo- tive engineer employed on one of the western lines run- ning out of Chicago.) I have a good job, but I am getting older every day and after a while the railroad company may not want me; then if I have a home in a place like the Bluewater Valley. I will be all right. I bought 40 acres within three-quarters of a mile of the station. I expect to stay on the road for some time yet, but my intentions now are to move my family to New Mexico this fall or next spring1. If any of your friends wish any further information, if they will come to see me, I will be glad to talk with them, or answer any letters which they may write. Respectfully yours. South Seventh Avenue. J. H. FOWLS, To afford readers of the Age more comprehensive in- formation about the Gunnison Reclamation project, and the lands to be watered by this work, arrangements have been made to secure special reports of the opening of this tunnel in September. A staff representative will visit the section and will contribute a special article for the October issue of the journal. 426 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Lewiston — Clarkston Valley Four Acres Is the Average Farm — Intensive Culture Brings Heavy Orchard Crops — Water System Is Unique — Competent Experts Instruct in Orchard Cul- ture— Dahlhjelm Company Pushing Land Sales in Eastern Markets. Irrigation is the wonder of the west. What it has done is beyond the conception of those who have not studied it closely. Every place where water has been given to arid or semi-arid ground the agricultural possi- bilities have been multiplied by four. The Lewiston-Clarkston Valley is an ancient lake bed, at the class of homes which the residents have been able to build. While, of course, there are a few shacks and unpainted cottages, many are the two story houses and low lying bungalows. If by chance the house is a ppor house, it is evident in the appearance of the surrounding orchard that unthrift, and not unproductive soil, is the cause. We all know that intensive cultivation will produce great profits from small acreages, but intensive cultivation has been in no great manner responsible for the condi- tions in the Lewiston-Clarkston country for the land is no more extensively cultivated than any other orchard dis- trict. The trees look like trees everywhere which are properly handled in a horticultural way. They would ap- pear to be set no closer together nor to be larger than in any well handled commercial orchard in the West, yet the profits must be exceedingly great to allow a four acre tract, to say nothing of those of lesser size, to give a good living to the owner. Peach and Apple Orchard, Lewiston Orchards, Photo, July 4, 1909. lying 2,500 feet below the general level of the country surrounding it. Before the time of irrigation the valley grew wheat, and wheat only, but the wheat it produced was double in quantity of that grown in the grain areas of the middle west. With irrigation the land became . fruit land, and instead of the gold of the grain fields came the green of the vineyards and orchards. The first section at Lewiston and Clarkston to be put in irrigation has now been producing fruit crops for many years. In this body of land are 2,000 acres, and in the houses and cottages built thereon there live 3,000 persons. The average holding of each family is less than 4 acres. Many there be, plutocrats among the rest, who have ten and a few that have fifteen and twenty acres. If the aver- age be four and there be those who have more, then there must be many who have very much less than four. Indeed, there are scores who crop but two acres. There is at least one family which gets its living from one acre. The visitor to this district having been told of the small units into which this land is divided is amazed About four years since, a company of capitalists in Portland, Oregon, conceived the idea of irrigating a large body of land immediately suburban to the city of Lewiston itself. They studied the conditions of the already produc- ing orchards and vineyards most carefully, and decided that with land so rich and in a locality so favored by na- ture they could afford to do exceptional things in the de- velopment of a fruit enterprise. They studied the evils connected with orcharding and endeavored in their plans to remedy them. The regular methods of irrigation with open flumes and ditches they would not accept, but in or- der to provide water for domestic purposes, as well as for the thirsty soil, they laid down a city water system. Water under pressure in buried pipes marked a radical step forward in irrigation; something never attempted before, on a large scale, in the world. A semi-technical description of the water system at Lewiston will certainly not be without interest in the Irri- gation Age, particularly as the idea of serving agricultural lands with a pipe system of water is unique to this pro- THE IERIGATION AGE. 427 ject. In order that the water supply should be pure for domestic uses, the company sought a water shed on the streams that feed the Clearwater River. The drainage area from which the water is taken is un- contaminated by habitation. The company has not as yet used all the water available in its drainage area, but for the purposes of present cultivation they take their water from the Sweetwater, a name exactly descriptive of the water served. Up in the mountains near the timber line they have placed the head gates from whence the water is brought in flumes and ditches down to the great reservoir. The course taken by the flumes and ditches was barred by engineering difficulties of the most obstinate kind. The canyon of the Sweetwater is deep and precipitous, its side walls rocky for the most part, dropping abruptly from summit to base. In some cases it was necessary to hang the flumes on the side walls and in others to blast the ditches from the solid rock itself. At one point an inverted syphon was installed to carry the water across the canyon. The present great reservoir has a capacity of 6,000 acre feet of water. It is a natural depression in the hills, and is more than four hundred feet above and ten miles dis- tant from the land it serves. The front wall dam of the reservoir is of earth construction laid down in water and is approximately one mile long. It is one of the largest pieces of construction of its kind in the world. The water is drawn from the reservoir at its base in main line pipes and carried down to the orchard tracts. These have been laid off in streets and alleys, each five acre tract facing a Irrigating with Pressure Water, Lewiston-Clarkston Project. street and abutting upon an alley, and in the alleys -the water pipes lay buried three feet underground. It required on the part of the company much inquiry and careful in- vestigation before they finally decided the class of mater- ial to be used in their pipe construction. They found that wooden stave pipes which had been saturated had borne the brunt of time in some cases for more than a hundred years. Inasmuch as they propose to serve their properties with domestic water at all times, the pipes would be con- stantly filled with water. They therefore have used wooden stave pipes as the most permanent material that could be found. In order to remove excessive pressure it was found necessary to construct a relief reservoir in the center of the district. They availed themselves of the opportunity and have laid out an artificial lake with a surrounding park system for the beautification of the district. The park will contain 25 acres of land and will be planted to shade trees and lawn. It is to be the home of the Lew- iston Country Club. Very early in their operations they discovered the buy- ers to whom they sold property were for the most part impractical, drawn, as they were, from social classes a gen- oration at least removed from agriculture. It seemed necessary to provide the district with competent advice and to that end a horticultural department was organized and for its head E. H. Twight, Professor of Horticulture in the University of California, was engaged. Much of their land is being sold to buyers who do not wish to become residents until the orchards are in a state of bearing. Work on such properties is supervised by Prof. Twight, and the experience of three years has demonstrated that Onion Crop between Apple Trees, Lewiston Orchards. they have made a growth equal to those handled by resi- dents. This company has also developed a fruit sales system in order that the grower may secure as high a price for his crop as the markets of his country afford. Sufficient has been said to give the reader an idea of the distinguishing characteristics of the Lewiston district and with the early introduction of these lands to the east- ern public a great influx of settlers can be assured, just now the Lewiston Land and Water Co., the company men- tioned above, has made an arrangement with the Dahlhjelm Co., which has been immensely successful in handling ir- rigated lands in the eastern markets and the eastern public will be asked to interest itself in the Lewiston District. THE APPLE EXPOSITION. In the present days of science it is entirely wrong for the producers of any of the soil products to allow anything to waste. On the contrary every effort should be put forth to take care of every portion of a crop to . the end that the greatest amount of money may be real- ized from it. There is no fruit produced that offers so many in- ducements to care for the by-product as does the apple: It is exceedingly strange that more growers have not taken advantage of the opportunities that are offered to glean a large reward for their labors. There are so many by-products that will bring a big price that an investiga- tion should be made by every producer and to help this investigation along the managers of the coming Colorado National Apple Exposition will have a department wherein the factory-made by-products will be displayed and ele- gant prizes offered for the exhibits. There will also be exhibits of machinery used in producing these by-products and representatives of the firms selling this machinery will be on hand to explain all about the methods used in handling the apples through their machinery to produce the finished by-product so valuable to the growers, and which will help so much in building up their account of receipts for the season. 428 THE IKRIGATION AGE. A TEN THOUSAND ACRE APPLE ORCHARD Located twenty-two miles north from the city of Spokane, Washington, in a valley surrounded by moun- tains, lies the property of Arcadia Orchards Company. The land lies beautifully with a slight slope to the south- east. The company is now developing in this valley one of the largest, if not the largest, commercial orchard in the entire west. Water for irrigation is supplied by gravity, and is taken from Deer and Loon Lakes, located about twelve miles north and covering 2,700 acres of land. The elevation of these lakes is about 300 feet above the land owned by the company, and by tapping the south end the process of diverting the water is very simple, as it can be conducted the greater part of the way through a creek bed which runs directly through the land of the Arcadia Orchards Company. The water is delivered upon the land in open ditches, thus avoiding the expense of a pumping plant. The soil is a sandy loam, and good crops are raised even without irrigation. The company is developing its tracts into one vast orchard, and the land is being sold in five and ten acre tracts to homeseekers and investors. The company has rather a novel proposition, as it plants the land to orchard, irrigates and cares for it for four years, and turns over to the purchaser a bearing or- chard at the expiration of that time. The company makes no charge for water, and pays taxes for five years from date of contract. Under this plan non-residents and persons engaged in other occu- pations are able to secure an irrigated orchard, and have it brought to bearing by the company. It is estimated that by the fall of 1910, over 2,000 acres of this land will be planted to orchard and the entire tract under irrigation. The land is about 2,000 feet above sea level, and surrounding orchards indicate the splen- did adaptability for orchard-raising. Deer Park, a city of one thousand inhabitants, is located about the center of the company's property on the Spokane Falls & Northern Railroad. The head office of the company is in the Hyde Block, Spokane, Wash. THE LIME-SULPHUR WASH. For controlling the San Jose scale there is no solu- tion that can approach the Lime-Sulphur wash. In fact, it is the only sure remedy for this orchard destroyer. While it may not absolutely exterminate the San Jose scale, it is so effective that one thorough treatment late each winter is sufficient to keep the trees in good condition. And again, it has the advantage of being a very cheap solution. Treatment can be made in the fall after the leaves are off, when trees are very badly infested, at first dis- covery of the scale. The Lime-Sulphur wash is mainly a winter remedy and the later it is applied, the better it is, just so the treatment is given before the buds open, as it at that time would be very injurious to the foliage. If delays necessitated its use after the buds are open, care should be taken to see that the wash is directed to the branches and trunk only, leaving the twigs and blossoms untouched. When trees have been sprayed with the Lime-Sul- phur wash in late winter, there is no need to spray with' Bordeaux mixture until after the blossoms fall. In other words, a late application of Lime-Sulphur wash takes the place of the late winter application of Bordeaux mixture. It is a very good practice to spray with Lime- Sulphur every two or three years, even if there be no scale present, as it has an excellent general effect on the tree in removing moss, dead bark, etc. This would also check the scale if it should get started and would entirely prevent it from killing hundred of trees before its discovery, as is so often the case. The Lime-Sulphur wash, like everything else in the spray mixture class, has its disadvantages. It is dis- agreeable to prepare, destructive to spray pumps and very difficult to store, but its advantages are sufficient to war- rant its use time and time again. No spray pump with- out brass working parts should be used in its application. For preparing one barrel of the wash, the following formula is cosidered as a standard: Stone lime 15 Ibs. Sulphur (flowers) 15 Ibs. Water to make 50 gallons. Heat from four to six gallons of water to boiling over fire in large iron or brass kettle. Mix the sulphur with enough hot water to make a thin paste and pour it into the kettle with the hot water. Then add the lime and as it slakes, dash in a little cold water as needed, to keep it from boiling over or becoming dry. As the slaking ceases, keep it boiling from the fire for half an hour longer, then dilute with water (cold is all right) to make the 50 gal- lons; strain through a fine wire screen or cloth to remove all sediment, and spray. The Lime-Sulphur wash not only kills the scales with which it actually comes in contact, but it forms a thin firm coating over the twigs upon which the young insects seem to find difficulty in settling down to feed and grow. As this coating gradually wears off by rains or by growth of the tree, it is important that the wash be applied as late in the winter as possible, so that the coating shall be present when the insects begin to breed in the spring. The best time to treat the trees therefore, is in the late winter — as late as possible — so the work is completed before the buds have opened. Trees that are badly in- fested may be given two treatments; the first in late No- vember or December, and the second as late as possible (usually in March) but once the scale is subdued, one ap- plication late each winter is sufficient. INTERIOR SECTIONAL VIEW A First-Class Pump for Applying Lime-Sulphur Wash. Made by the Deming Company, Salem. Oh.io. THE IRKIGATION AGE. 429 (Continued from page 402) Eleventh. — What are your present transportation facil- ities and are they adequate and satisfactory? Twelfth. — What is the reasonable present average value per acre of land in your project, exclusive of water right, the value being computed on the basis of productive capacity, interest being computed at 6 per cent, per an- num, and what was the value thereof, exclusive of water right, prior to the construction of the reclamation works? Thirteenth. — Are nonirrigable public lands valuable for pasture contiguous to or in the vicinity of your project, and if so, to what extent and under what conditions are the same now available for the stock owned by water users? Fourteenth. — What suggestion have you to offer for legislation to make public pasture lands in the vicinity of your project available for the use of those cultivating the irrigated lands? Fifteenth. — Is the farm unit of your project, as estab- lished by the Secretary of the Interior, satisfactory, and if not would the objection be removed by the addition of pas- turage rights as suggested by the foregoing question? In answering the foregoing it is desirable that you take into consideration the cost of wages incident to the cultivation of a larger tract and the increased expense con- nected with the initial cost and the cost of improvements. Sixteenth. — What is your source of supply for fuel and building materials and the average cost thereof? Seventeenth. — To what extent have yon been aided in your farming operations by information acquired from the work of agriculture experiment stations, and demonstra- tion farms established on the irrigation projects? Eighteenth.— What are your school facilities and how are school funds provided? Ninteenth. — How, in your opinion, can Congress best promote the general welfare of the water users and carry out the purposes of the Reclamation Act? Reports from the various points visited by the com- mittee indicate that much good resulted from the hearing HEAVY LAND SALES IN FECOS VALLEY \\ ith a railroad rapidly Hearing completion, a delightful ill mate, reports of bounteous crops, and an unlimited reser- voir supply of water for irrigation purposes, many home- makers are being attracted to the Pecos Palisades, the sec- tion now exploited by the United States & Mexican company of Kansas City. Until within the last few weeks, the many advantages of this district were unknown to other than the builders of the irrigation system. Distant from either railroads or fre- quently traveled trails, the superior qualities of the soil and the use with which a permanent supply of water may be stored, escaped the eye of exploring capitalists. Discovery of the Pecos Palisades was in the nature of a "find." Because of the immensity of the proposition, and the decision of its flnders to expect greater returns from rail- road traffic than from the sale of lands, the tracts are now being placed on the market at a price of $60 per acre. Little exploitation has been required from the United States & Mexican Trust company after the first hundred tracts were sold. Settlers, convinced by proof of harvests and the near approach of the railroad work, that land values must rise rapidly in the near future, have Induced their eastern friends and relatives to make" purchases and it is reported by the company in charge, that sales have reached enormous figures within the last four weeks. As a part of its exploitation program, the company pre- pared a souvenir booklet, indicating the many values of the land and the liability to rapid advances in the price per acre as soon as the new railroad had been opened for traffic. In many respects, this booklet is unique and its chief sugges- tion is that buyers "get there ahead of the railroad." Letters from buyers of prominence in various parts of the country are exhibited as proof that the conservative homeseeker has been interested. Photographs give an excellent portrayal of the beauty of the scenery and the bountiful harvests. The latter is proven conclusively by authorative reports of yields and harvests. Finding that the demand for land in the Pecos Palisades exceeded all expectations and promised complete sale within a few months without dependence upon the costly and troublesome publicity campaign, the company now refuses to distribute its costly souvenir unless it is apparent that the applicant is a bona fide land seeker and is not requesting the book merely out of curiosity. Aside from detailed information as to location of land, climate, soil, railroad construction work and many other facts in which the land seeker is interested, the company sub- You Must Level Irrigated Land And slightly slope it from water supply if your farm is to earn good profits. The simple, quick, cheap way is to purchase a 20th Century Grader and get the most money out of your land. The cuts (from pages 21 and23of our catalog) show machine leveling land and cutting ditches. Has reversible blade with which to throw up borders. Has combination blade for cutting laterals and open ditches. Has sage-brush cutter for grubbing out this trouble- some growth. Thus this grader is adaptable not only to road grading but to many other purposes. You ought to buy one. Send now for free catalog and Special Irrigation Folder entitled "Dollars in the Ditch." Baker Mfg. 726 Fisher Building CHICAGO, ILL. Sage Brush Cutter on 20th Century. Knives two inches below surface. Leveling Seed Beds n (Mr. Bluher) This ditch is 24 in. deep • nd 30 in. wide. It carries 88 to 245 miner's inches of water, according to slope. 430 THE IRRIGATION AGE. mils a proposition whereby the buyer may purchase ten, twenty and forty acre tracts by small cash payments each year. The book is published by the Land Department of the United States & Mexican Trust company, of 950 Baltimore ave., Kansas City, Mo. This company is the fiscal agent of the Kansas City. Mexico & Orient Ry., known as the "Orient" way. A personal letter from the land commissioner, Mr. Hornbeck, to the editor, states that a copy of the book will be sent free to any person who may be in the market for irrigated land. The book is too expensive, he e»ys, for promiscuous distribution among the merely cnrioui" It is announced that the Aberdeen Potato Growers' Association, including in its membership about 150 farm- ers near American Falls, Idaho, is planning to ship a car- load of the finest spuds grown in that territory, to an east- ern market with the object of advertising its project ami the creation of an eastern market. Until the present time potatoes grown in this section have been sold under the Greely, Colorado, brand, but inasmuch as the Aberdeen product is of a superior grade, it is now proposed to estab- lish a special brand. NEW INCORPORATIONS. CALIFORNIA. — Sacramento Valley West Side Canal Company; capital, $250,000; Glen and Colusa counties. Incorporators : Fentress Hill, San Francisco; D. W. Ross, Piedmont; J. L. Slater, Berkeley. COLORADO. — Colorado & Texas Land & Irrigation Company. Directors are F. R. Park, Charles Cheney, H. B. Holmes, H. Bitner, H. P. Gamble, M. S. Ketchem, P. A. Hankins, George M. Teal, H. Evans and L. O. Hawkins, all of Boulder. Capital, $100,000, and the principal place of business McAllen, Hidalgo county, Texas. Twin Reservoir Irrigation Company; T. M. Morrow, J. A. Bentley and E. J. Burns; $250,000; Grand Junction. West Paradox Mutual Irrigation Com- pany; Caldwell Yeaman, Frank E. Gove, S. I. Heyn; $50,000; Paradox, Colo. The Stark-Hagadorn Irrigation Com- pany, Denver; $600,000 capital; Edwin R. Stark, Aaron G. Hagadorn, James D. Hagadorn, J. E. Boas and R. H. Stark. Denver Irrigated Farm Company; Cornelius J. Ton, Gustave Nelson, James A. Donnelly; $10,000. Riverview Land and Irrigation Com- pany; Z. X. Snyder, S. Milo Hadden, Victor E. Sayres; $100,000; Greeley. IDAHO. — Sunnyside Irrigation Com- pany, Weiser; capital, $25,000; incor- porators, G. M. Waterhouse, August Backman and A. A. Record. Big Lost River Irrigation Company; capital, $1,000,000; incorporators, J. E. Clinton, Jr., A. L. Tucker, C. B. Hurtt, Boise; A. McPherson, Twin Falls; N. M. Ruick, Boise, one share. NEW MEXICO.— La Plata Land & Irrigation Company, Aztec, San Juan county, Durango, Colo., and Cheyenne, Wyo. ; capital, $250,000; incorporators and directors are George W. Piper, Thomas C. Graden. William C. Henry, William C. Ferguson and Joe Prewitt. Rio Mimbres Irrigation Company, Deming, Luna county. Capital, $300,- 000. OREGON.— Umatilla Irrigation Lands Company; Hermiston; capital, $20,000; incorporators, J. S. Green, P. C. Hol- land and G. F. Kaufman. TEXAS. — A permit to do business in Texas was granted the Texas Shallow Well Irrigation Company • of Council Bluffs, Iowa. Principal Texas office, Louise, Wharton county; capital stock, $50.000. The Old River Rice Irrigation Com- pany of Wallisville, Chambers county, filed an amendment to its charter chang- ing its principal office to Mount Belvieu, same county. B OSTROM'S $15.00 With Magnifying Lenses, Enabling You to Read the Target Over 400 Yards Away, FARM LEVELSTELESCOPE Shipping Weight 15 Ibs. Complete Outfit. with full instructions, Shipped *ni.her« C. 0. 0. 515.00 and express (•barges subject to eiammalion And IB being welcomed by land owners from tbe Atlantic to the Pacific, for Draining, Irrigating, Terracing, Ditching, Grading, Road Building, Run- ning Fences, Setting Out Orchards, Levelling Buildings and Foundation*. Getting Angles, and every sort of work requiring a Level. With this out lit, which Includes Level with TELESCOPE and Plumb-Bob In neat wood box, also Tripod, Graduated Rod and Target, no man needs a Surveyor or Civil Engineer. Simplicity. Accuracy, Durability, GUARANTEED. ORDER TODAY, direct from this offer— or. If more complete information is desired, write today. Address, BOSTROM-BRADY MANUFACTURING CO., 111O Pine Street, St. Louis, Ho. You Should Know This Reliable,, Economical Car For All Service Call and See It Demonstrated by the International Agent In Your Own Town You are not interested in the highly luxurious cars costing many thousands o£ dollars that are built for paved streets and fine roads. You want the car that will go anywhere at any time. The International Auto Buggy Is designed to meet country conditions. It is built to travel alike over good roads, average roads and poor roads. You go up and down steep hills without danger of being stuck in deep roads and with a guarantee of getting safely to your journey's end. It is a car that any member of the family old enough to drive a horse can quickly learn to operate. No car, no matter how high-priced, has a more perfect control 1 1 is the car that has come to take tbe place of the carriage and runabout on the farm. You must appreciate its advantages: Always ready. No bother about hitching up. No need to keep an extra driving team. No need to take a horse from farm work to make an urgent trip to town. No worry to horses when the roads are bad or the trip a long one. You go quickly and in comfort in the Auto Buggy. Speed as you like, two to twenty miles an hour. The seven gallons of gasoline which the tank holds will last through a trip of 75 miles. See the International local agent. He will demonstrate this car and supply you with catalogues giving all particulars; or, if you prefer, write nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Colo.; Helena. Mont.: Portland, Ore.; Spokane, Wain.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Franciico, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, U.S.A. ( Incorporated) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 431 SWINDLERS AT WORK. The proposed opening of lands on the Yuma Indian Reservation in southeastern California under the Yuma irrigation project, which is expected to take place soon, has aroused the activities of a band of swindlers who seem to be operating principally in the southwest. These sharpers have selected as their victims prospective home- seekers who are attracted by the opportunities for secur- ing desirable tracts of the fast diminishing public lands. By means of advertisements cleverly worded, they claim to be able to locate settlers — for a consideration — on choice tracts of the reservation, and to furnish application blanks and information concerning the details of the opening. Judging from complaints being received at the office of the Reclamation Service in Washington, these swindlers are reaping a rich harvest. The time and method of opening these lands have not yet been decided upon by the Secretary of the In- terior. When tne matter has been settled by the depart- ment, due notice will be given through the public press, and all necessary blanks can be obtained at that time with- out charge until and after such announcement all requests for information should be made to the office of the Recla- mation Service, Washington, D. C., or to the Project En- gineer at Yuma, Arizona. DO YOU USE Wooden Plows THEN WHY USE WOODEN HEADGATES Farm implements are made principally of iron and steel. Why not the headgates in your irrigating reservoirs and ditches? If a headgate leaks, you lose water. Water lost means crops and money lost. A water-tight gate cannot be made of wood, because wood swells and warps. Northwestern Iron Headgates do not leak because all bearings are machined to water-tight joints. Wooden gates stick and are hard to regulate. You lose time. During the irrigating season time is as valuable as water. Northwestern Iron Headgates do not stick, and they operate easily and quickly even after years of service. Wood decays, and repairs on wooden gates are a constant trouble and expense. North- western Iron Headgates cost more, but being much more durable, they are worth more. The repairs on a wooden gate amount to more than the differ- ence in the cost. Instead of repairing wooden gates, it will pay you to replace them with water-tight, handy, and durable iron headgates. Making a specialty of iron head- gates, I can save you money on them, and furnish gates espe- cially adapted to your needs. My new catalogue shows headgates for almost any purpose, any pressure, any size and any price. C. D. BUTCHART 501 Mercantile Bldg. Denver, Col. IRRIGATED LAND Open to Settlement Some of the richest and most productive farm land in the world lies along the Shoshone and the Big Horn Rivers in the "Big Horn Basin" of Wyoming. Over ten million dollars is being spent by the United States Government and by private enterprise in building great concrete dams and ditches in order to lead an inexhaustible supply of water to irrigate some of the best of these lands and make them independent of rainfall. A great portion of this work is completed, and these lands, with a perpetual supply of water for irrigating them, are now offered you on reasonable terms. This is an Unusual Opportunity to get a wonderfully productive farm, with water whenever you want it, regardless of rainfall; in a country where a single crop can be made to pay for the land; where 50 bushels of wheat or barley, and 75 bushels of oats are commonly grown to the acre; where fruits grow luxuriously and where the glorious air and sunshine, summer and winter, make life a joyous thing. This wonderful country is developing fast. Churches and schools abound. The population is intelligent. Godfearing and law-abiding, and any man out there who is half a man has the opportunity to make himself independent. Land in this great country is going fast. If you have any thought for the welfare of yourself or children, find out all about this opportunity to-day. Send for our new folder with large map, and also folders issued by the private irrigation companies and by the United States Government Reclamation Service giving all information about these lands, terms, etc. Free for the asking. Study these folders and then come with me on my next excursion to the Big Horn Basin and see for yourself. My excursions, which I personally conduct, leave Omaha on the 1st and 3d Tuesday each month, on which days reduced railroad rates are .in effect* My services are free to you. Burlington D. CLEM DEAVER, General Agent Landseekers' Information Bureau, 69 Q Building, OMAHA, NEB. N. B.— The winter weather in the Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter, 432 THE IKRIGATION AGE. iDOUBLIif JWEB $1.000 Reward for iis equal. Wind power | doubled. Two 14 ft. wheels I work on same pinion; sec* ond wheel gives more pow- j er than first. A Governor That Governs I In all winds. Develops 10 full h. p. In 20 mile wind. All power needed for farm, shop. Irrigating, etc. Ask about our self oiling, selfgoverned, single wheel pumper — also Armsaver Husker. Ask for book no DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. Applet on, Wi- ., U. S. A. $60 __ «ILSON MFG. CO. GOES LIKE SIXTY SILLS LIKE SIXTY? BELLS FOR SIXTY GILSON fe GASOLENE ENGINE or Pumping . Cream ura.etc. n'll TSIAL A«k for catalog-all siza , Wl» Buckeye Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Designed especially for pumping large quantities of water from deep wells. The frame is hinged to the base and can be thrown back out of the way for convenience in renewing the valves. Range of stroke, 6 in. to 20 in. Size of cylinder can be varied to suit requirements. Write Us To-day Must. Foos Springfield Co. Ohio Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation Don't Buy Any Fence at Any Price until you get my "Leader Fence Book" and learn how to secure the cheap- est and best all-wire field and yard fence made. Fay no royalty to trusts or factory combinations. I challenge any and all fence makers to equal the "Leader Fence" In strength, durability and price. I make the Leader Fence In the most economically run fence factory In this country, of the very best galvanized steel wire, and sell It direct to you at world-beating prices. Or. I will sell you the wire and all materials at wholesale prices and furnish you the Perfection Fence Machine, with which you can build the fence right on the posts at home. 1 am the AH -Round Leader Fence Man. Write today for my FREE fence book. H. L. FAHRNEY. MANAGER. LEADER FENCE CO., Dept. 3D, ST. CHARLES, ILL. ABSOLUTELY THE BEST Cutters Planters, Sprayers, Z)i0deiw, Sorters. 00 Write for free Booklet. "Potato Culture" ASPINWALL MF'G. CO, JACKSON. M.CH.U.S.A. IRRIGATE FROM YOUR OWN RESERVOIR A reservoir on your own land makes you independent on the water question. You will have no trouble in filling the reservoir during the spring rains, when all the streams, little and big are flooded. Then you will not be at the mercy of ditch owners and other water users when the dry season comes. The few acres you will require for the reservoir will not be wasted. They will serve to make all your other lands vastly more valuable. Raise the Water With An I. H. C. Gasoline Engine Of course you cannot have your reservoir on your high ground. Locate it on the bottom land where it is easiest made and certain to be filled with drainage waters. Then pump the water wherever you need it with an I. H. C. gasoline engine. These engines, always powerful and reliable, have been found to be excel- lently adapted to irrigation pumping. They are operated with little expense. They require but little attention. They enable you to utilize the waste waters such as deep streams, sloughs and ponds upon your own land. The farmer who has a water supply of his own, so that he may irrigate a few hours now and again, without regard to whether the water is flowing in the company ditch, is the independent farmer. A reservoir on your own land and an I. H. C. gasoline engine to give you the — to run grinder, sheller, separator, fanning mill, washing machine, churn, grind- stone, etc. The I.H.C. line includes besides Famous pumping engines and jacks, the following: Stationary engines, from 1 to 25 horse-power; Portable engines, from 2 to 20 horse-power; Skidded engines, from 2 to 8-horse-power; Tractors, 12, 15 and 20- horse-power, and Sawing and Spraying outfits. Call on the International local agent for catalogs and all particulars in regard to these engines, or write nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Dearer, Colo.; Portland Ore.; Salt Lake City, Utah; Helena; Montana; Spokane, Waih.; San Francisco, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA (Incorporated) CHICAGO, u. s. A. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 433 YOU EVER USE PRESS CLIPPINGS Do you want everything printed in the newspaper, magazine and trade press of the United States and Canada on any particular subject? Send us your order describing what you want us to clip, enclose $3.00, and we will send you our service for one month, mailing you daily or weekly all clippings found on your topic. We read and clip about 25,000 publica- tions each month MANUFACTURERS can learn where there is a market for their goods, and how best to reach it. ..... BUSINESS MEN can obtain reliable tips which lead to business brought in on the follow-up plan. ANYONE can gather all that is printed about matters of immediate interest, the latest and best thought from many sources. UNITED STATES PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU Chicago, U. S. A. Send for our booklet. 1309-1312, 153 LaSalle St. WANTED -To correspond with some young married man who has a thorough understanding of truck farming who would like to go to the state of Oregon or Washington with a gentleman of means to develop an irrigated farm. A good salary will be paid to the man who is a hustler, and who can give highest reference as to character and ability. AddYoss, G R.W., Room 621 Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass. noon IRRIGATION trUULF LSC.PCTWER,- i the first step in preparing for bountiful crops. Don't depend on weather, wind or streams but us ! WITTE GASOLINE OR KEROSENE ENGINE! . It makes you independent and ilants sold under ND GUARANTEE , ecial proposition to introduce in new localities. State size I engine wanted or quantity and lift of I water when writing:. WITTE IRON WORKS CO. 6O6West 5th Street, c*. KANSAS CITY, MIS Money Furnished To develop meritorious irriga- tion projects. Give full particulars. L. W JULLEYS UON C°»F<™S A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Humphryes' Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- Stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why ~ spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tells you all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request. jHE HUMPHRYES MFG. CO., MANSFIELD, OHIO The BUCKEYE FOUR-CYCLE GAS ENGINE l^^Btai SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICAL IN OPERATION - RELIABLE CATALOG ON APPLICATION BUCKEYE ENGINE COMPANY, Salem, Ohio When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 434 THE IERIGATION AGE. "Where to Find It" AN INDEX TO Sources of Information on all Subjects of General Interest Compiled by Henry Jacobs Designed to make accessible all the material on any particular subject of investigation or study. Indispensable to writers, teachers, students, librarians, business and professional men. Price, SI ceati, postpaid Henry Jacobs, BOO Prospect Ave., NewYork Head Gate Hoists in all sizes and types for use in connection with timber or cast iron Head Gates and Waste Gates also a complete line of Cast Iron Gates Catalog No. 25 is devoted exclusively to Gate Hoists. We also build the New American Turbine The Dayton Globe Iron Works Co. Dayton, - - - Ohio »I.M, HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR -AND- SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLATE, or ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., 242 Lawler Street, Charles City, Iowa -M-M-M-M-M-I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I HI I I I I I i-H-M-l I I I I I M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SAMSON TURBINES When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. Write Department K-2 for Catalog. I I I I I I II II III III I II I I I I II When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 435 Extensible Irrigation Flumes - AND WATER TROUGHS — The illustration presented herewith shows a double line, No. 168 Maginnis Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flume, fur- nished the well known firm of Trowbridge & Niver Company, Chicago, Illinois, for use on a canal at Emmett, Idaho. This flume carries about 300 cubic feet per second, and is erected around a bluff, alongside of the Payette River. The water flowing through the flume irrigates about 30,000 acres of very high grade fruit land in the Upper Payette Valley, around Emmett, Idaho. These flumes are manufactured of galvanized steel and are generally recognized as the most durable and service- able method of conveying water over depressions, streams and around side hills where ditches would require extra- ordinary care and high cost in construction. The Maginnis flumes are used very largely by all of the large irriga- tion projects as well as many of the smaller ones, ani have given universal satisfaction. I I!uuble Line Maginnis Flume Emmett, Idaho (Trowbridge & Xiver Company Project). We present herewith a letter from Mr. Fred A. Wilkie, engineer in charge of the Emmett project, which speaks very highly of the efficiency and working qualities of this particular job: Maginnis Flume Mnfg. Co., Kimball, Nebraska. Emmett, Idaho, July 19, 1909. Gentlemen — Yours of the 16th received. I will forward photographs in about three days. All flumes are work- ing splendidly and giving good satisfaction. Trusting this will find you well, I remain, Very respectfully yours, FRED A. WILKIE For Full Particulars, Estimates, etc.. Address P. MAGINNIS - - Kimball, Nebraska When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 436 THE IKKIGATION AGE. HERE IS A DEEP WELL INSTALLATION FOR IRRIGATION AMES DEEP WELL PUMP TWENTY HORSE POWER KNOINE 12-INCH WELL 2OO FEET DEEP PUMP ISO FEET LONG DELIVERS AT SURFACE 400 GALLONS PER MINUTE WE MANUFACTURE PUMPS FOR EVERY SERVICE CUP LEATHERS in all sizes and shapes from one- half inch (o thirty-six inches, made of the best Oak Tanned California Leather A. T. AMES MANUFACTURING CO. r.,c.,.,.. Niles, Cal. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 437 UNION MACHINES WITH PUG MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO, QALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 438 THE IRBIGATION AGE. Centennial Auger Machine Mascot Auger Machine Soft Mud Machines, H and Steam Power Clay Working Machinery ••BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Hand Power Screw Press Disintegrate)™ Hone Power Plunger Machine Products of our Auger Machines When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 439 KENNEWICK, WASHINGTON The GATEWAY to the Yakima Valley ON THE LINE OF THE Northern Pacific Railway KENNEWICK is a Settlement of Money Makers TEN ACRES of Irrigated Land is All You Need, as Mr. Ingwall Smith's Letter Proves. PLENTY OF SUNSHINE PRODUCTIVE SOIL PERMANENT WATER SUPPLY Think it over quick. Are YOU doing as well as Mr. Smith and others are doing on so small an investment, with an absolute cer- tainty of a permanent income ? For Printed Matter and Information, write to C. W. MOTT, Cen. Emig. Agt., Nor. Pac. Ry., St. Paul, Minn. For information regarding Fares, Train Service, etc., write to A. M. CLELAND, Gen. Pass. Agent St. Paul, Minn. The Scenic Highway through the Land of Fortune Kennewick, Wash., Feb. 17, '09. Mr. C. W. MCott, Q.E.A.,N. P. Ry., St. Paul, Minn. Dear Sir: I have done fine. I came from Iowa here. In July, 1 894, 1 bought 10 acres, 2 miles from Kennewick. Have 5 acres in alfalfa, 5 acres in fruit. After the second year my income has averaged $ 1 200 a year from the 1 0 acres, also the cost of my liv- ing. Have a family of five. We have a good climate, good neighbors, schools and churches. Yours truly, INGWALL SMITH. Smith's Ranch on Columbia River, Kennewick Home of Mr. Smiih, 10 acres, avpraee income $!200peryeai Apricot Tree. $20 worth of Fruit in 1908 FRUIT FROM MR. SMITH'S RANCH. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 440 THE IRRIGATION AGE. 100,000 Acres of Rich Land in the Eden Valley SOUTHERN WYOMING. ALREADY UNDER WATER ARC BEING RECLAIMED AND FOR SALE UNDER THE CAREY ACT This gift of the Federal Government in the State of WYOMING, is the greatest opportunity ever offered those seeking PERMANENT HOMES. Any person who is fortunate enough to obtain a claim in the EDEN VALLEY will soon find himself possessing an income-producing invest- ment far surpassing his most sanguine expectations. Filing on a claim in EDEN VALLEY may be done without leaving your HOME TOWN. Of the many large Irrigation Projects the EDEN VALLEY is the one in which water has been delivered at a fixed date. The dams, lower storage reservoirs, mam canals, laterals, etc., are practically completed and land is already under water. SFTTLERS ARC COMING IN RAPIDLY AND BUILDING SUBSTANTIAL HOMES. A large area is already under cultivation and many of the settlers have produced abundant crops this season. Virgin soil seeded in Alfalfa the latter part of May has produced two full cuttings and a feed growth, which indicates that the soil in the EDEN VALLEY will produce three full cuttings of Alfalfa a season. HEADWATERS OF BIG SANDY RIVER Wheat of best quality yields abundantly. Oats produce for first yield on raw soil 40 to 83 bushels per acre. Our settlers claim that, while the seeding was done late in the season on raw soil, and with rather late water application, the yield of the EDEN VALLEY is greater than that of Nebraska or Kansas lands. The railroad question is practically solved. The Union Pacific is about to construct a branch line from Rock Springs north to the new coal mines about twenty-one miles distant in the direction of Eden Valley. Don't miss this opportunity to get an irrigated farm with perpetual water rights under the CAREY ACT. The farms in the EDEN VALLEY are the cheapest CAREY ACT lands on the market today. Look for our exhibition of crops produced in Eden Valley both before and after irrigation, with Photos, at the U. S. Land and Irrigation Exposition to be held at the Coliseum, Chicago, November 20th to Becember 4th, 1909. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND PRICES ADDRESS EDEN IRRIGATION & LAND COMPANY Branch Office, Rock Springs, Wyoming PARSON, SON & COMPANY, Fiscal Agents, Chicago and New York When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. From Chicago To Portland $ 33 This low one way Colonist rate is effective from Sept. 15 to Oct. 15, 1909 inclusive, via Union Pacific "The Safe Road to Travel" Make a Good Living— Put Money in the Bank A farm in the Pacific Northwest yields big returns. Ten acres in fruit is often as profit- able as 160 acres in the Mississippi Valley. Go while good lands can be obtained at a moderate price. For literature and information, call on or address E. L. Lomax, G. P. A., Omaha, Neb. RELIABLE LINE Dempster" That's The Name High Class Gasoline Engines 2 to 12 Horse Power For Gasoline Kerosene e.nd Alcohol Four Cycle Economical Powerful Will Run Anything Anywhere Irrigating' and Water Works Pumping Plants our Specialty OUR LINE: WIND MILLS ALL KINDS OF PUMPS WOOD AND STEEL TANKS WELL MACHINERY GASOLINE ENGINES CULTIVATORS FEED MILLS GRAIN DRILLS IRON PIPE AND CASING COCKS AND VALVES WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS FARM AND RANCH WATER, SUPPLIES BEST TO BUY BEST TO WORK Look Carefully at the Best Windmill Head Ever Made See that Extra Bearing on the Wheel Shaft and the Center Lift Crank Roller Rim Gears and other good things DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO. FACTORY: BEATRICE. NEBRASKA Branch Houses : Omaha. Neb. Kansas City. Mo. Sioux Falls. S. D. Mention Department "A" whan you write VOL. xxiv [] TITLE REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE ^CHICAGO, OCTOBER^1909 N9 12 EXPERT INFORMATION AND SKILL The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Bailder The Austin Drag Line Excavator OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES: The Austin Side Hill Djtcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher Send for Catalogue "S" are at the service of every user of an AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR. Because we have for many years operated these and other Austin earth work machine on lease, when the contractor has preferred this plan 10 outright purchase, we have devel- oped a mass of records and a staff of experts which enable us to advise and aid you in practically every diffi- culty which will be encountered in drainage and irrigation earthwork. Add to this expert service a machine which digs a ditch of any ordinary cross-section to templet complete in one operation, and the user of an Austin Drainage Excava- tor has a^ombination so strong that success is as certain as anything can be. WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE IN. B. Atfents Wanted in unoccu- pied territory The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO., Railway Exchange Chicago, 111. Morris Machine Works Baldwinsville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of what ia wanted and we •will recorrmend a pumping outfit to supply the need. N«w York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood (sf Willow Sts .Texas Henion & Huobell. Afenta. 61 N. Jefferson S .. Chicago. 111. Harron. Rickard 6? McComb. Agnti 21 Fremont St., S. Francisco. Cal, THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY United States Land and Irrigation Exposition PUBLISHERS, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Nov. 20 to Dec. 4, 1909 Coliseum, Chicago Deep Well Working Heads These Working Heads Can be Operated by Electric [Motor, Gas or Gasoline Engine, Steam Engine or Belt Driven — the Motors and Engines being Direct Connected iff Desired. The chief advantage to the possessor of a Deming Deep Well Working Head is in the immense saving of power money in direct proportion to the great depths from which the water can be pumped. Then, too, our working heads have differential or double acting cylinders — discharging water at each stroke. Anyone desirous of securing water from deep wells for private estates, farms, etc. , could purchase one of the smaller sizes and use it to excellent advantage . Of course we make other larger sizes for irrigating — those in the illustrations having 24 inch stroke. If you expect to install a private irrigating plant, or need a pump of any kind, we should be glad to have you write us, giving conditions under which the pump would have to work. Our engineering department would then give you full information. THE DEMIWG COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HAND AND POWER PUMPS FOR ALL USES Including Spray Pumps, Nozzles and Accessories ; HENION AND HUBBELL, Chicago, HI., General Western Agents Other Agencies in All Principal Cities THE IKRIGATION AGE. 441 The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economicaland Certain Means of LiftingWater 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators —The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Four Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follows: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel. On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III.. U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 442 THE IRRIGATION AGE. 'ERIOR SUPCII9I DXII.I.S are Ihed «nd Appreciated by Good farmeri Ih^ World Dyer SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITpRY: Dean & Co., ... Minneapolis, Minn. Kingman & Co., • Peorla, III. Klngman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Klngman-Moorelmp. Co., • Kansas City, Mo. Kingman-Moore Imp. Co., • Oklahoma, Okla. Kingmin Implement Co., • • Omaha, Neb. Parlin & Orendorff Imp. Co., Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., - Denver, Colo. The T. C. Powers Co., - - Helena, Mont. Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co , Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co., - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO.. (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS % SAVED OF THE EXPENSE OF IRRIGATION Send for our booklet, "COST OF IRRIGATION." It will save you money in irrigating. We guarantee 25£ more water with the same power, or the same amount of water with 25;t less power than other make of pumping machinery. We have proved this greater efficiency by hundredi of tests and we are ready to prove it again. Bulletin No. 104 illustrates and describes irrigation machinery THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS AURORA. ILLINOIS. I . S. A. Chicago Office, First National Bank Building. Morse Bros. Machinery & Supply Co., Denver, Colo. Zimmerman- Wells Brown Company, Portland, Ore. Cal. Hydraulic, Engineering & Supply Co., San Francisco, Call'. The Greatest Dairying Proposition Land of the Jail Grass, the?BigJled Clover and the Home of the Gow We offer better opportunities for the farmer of small means to get into successful dairying than is offered in any other part of the United States. With a cash "capital of $1,000 any industrious farmer can become well-to-do in eight years on our Dairy Farm Land in Beltrami and Clearwater Counties, Minnesota. Read WKat Experts Say of Our Land "Destined to be the Greatest Dairy Country in the World." — W. M. HAYS, Asst. Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. "The Almighty has set it apart for a Dairy Coun- try."— Ex-Gov. HOARD, Editor Hoard's Dairyman. "There is no section of our State or Country that is better suited for dairying and the raising of diversi- fied crops than the Northern part of Minnesota." — C. P. BULL Professor of Agronomy, University of Minnesota. "The Agricultural capabilities of this area (Northern Minnesota) is away beyond the popular estimate * * * The ability of the soil to produce good crops need not be questioned." — THOS. SHAW, N. W. Editor Orange Judd Farmer, and formerly Professor of Agriculture, University of Minnesota "In no other portion of the United States can Dai- rying be so profitably carried on." — R. A. MOORE, Pro- fessor of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin. Write Us for Prices of Land and Further Particulars Northern Minnesota Dairy-Farm Land Co. Tenney Block, Madison, Wis. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 443 Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length of Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size o! Discharge Up to 6 inches Fig. 813 'LING NUT I ."BRASS BOD PATENTED APRIL30T-M90I, No. 673,282. JULY I3TS, 1909. No. 928,234 AUGUST I(n»l909, NO. 930,405. AUGUST 10™ 1909. NO. 930,981. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders 2 ' -j to 6 inches Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches Capacities 600 to 7200 Gallons per Hour Fig. 1321 The construction of these pumps permits double gearing which transmits the pow in two lines — one from each end of th same shaft, thus insuring perfect align ment and reducing all friction and si strain to a minimum. Write for Catalogue and Prices F. E. MYERS 4 BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 444 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Troughs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL. NEB. -OR- T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bldg., Denver, Colo. TRUMP TURBINES When used for driving centrifugal pumps for irrigating purposes, either direct con- nected horizontally or verticall , or for furnishing power through other types of transmission, will be found to be the most economical and highest grade type of water wheel machinery manulactured in this country. These turbines are adaptable to the severest of conditions. We build all water power appur- tenances, such asHeadGaes, Head Gate Hoists, Piping, Etc. Send your inquiries direct to us. Our illustrated catalog for the asking. THE TRUMP MFG. CO. Greenmount St., Springfield, Ohio DON'T TRY TO IRRIGATE THE SHUART THE OHIO ROAD MACHINERY COMPANY unless you have care- fully graded and ditch ed your lapdwithorteof our machines. This cut only shows one style but we have many more. Send for our catalog and find out about them. Box F OBERLIN, OHIO ENGINES Are doing the work of the world and doing it well. j| 100,000 of them are making money for 100,000 sat- isfied users. You can become a profit sharer by sending for a catalogue and telling us your needs. THE OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, PHILSHIA- The Ghas, T, Manning Realty Co,, Ltd. SOLE 'SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS. Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved. GOODING, IDAHO. HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND., V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments May Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXIV CHICAGO, OCTOBER, 1909. No. 12 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered u Moond-clui Batter October (. 1897. at the Chicago, 111., tinder Act of March 8. 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1 .50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid *1.00 To Canada and Mexico . l.M All Other Foreign Countries 1.80 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local back,*. Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is th« only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 24 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. With the cool, unbiased decision of a Taft's judge upon the bench, yet with all the Report force of his office as chief executive of the Upholds nation, President Taft has exonerated his Secretary. Secretary of the Interior from censure in connection with the restoration and with- drawal of lands from settlement during April and May of this year. The text of his letter, presented elsewhere in this journal, clears the atmosphere surrounding this con- troversy and by statement of fact disproves the asser- tion, as advanced before the irrigation congress, that the department of the interior had favored the alleged water power trust. Coming from the mouth of the President, before whom records and evidence had been submitted, the statement of facts is unequivocal and positive. Even his enemies must give him commendation for his thorough and prompt investigation and decision. The following excerpt from his letter is of espe- cial interest to delegates and others who are conversant with the proceedings of the Seventeenth National Irri- gation Congress: "The inference which was sought to have drawn and which was drawn by newspapers hostile to you, was that you had brought about the restoration to settlement of the land upon which were the water power sites for the purpose of enabling private water power companies to acquire vested interests; and after doing so you had then withdrawn what remained of the public settlement, and that you took this course because you were out of sympathy with that policy of conservation of national resources and were in favor of the corporate control of such water power sites. When the facts are examined in this regard it will be found that the persons responsi- ble for the circulation of these charges have done you a cruel injustice." Those delegates to the irrigation congress who were involved in or responsible for this controversy should pause to consider the effect of their work. In courteous language the President has declared that falsehoods were uttered upon the floor of that congress. Indirectly he has charged that certain accredited delegates were en- abled to so hoodwink their fellows that the congress be- came a judicial tribunal and passed decision on the policies of the present chief executive. Following the session of this congress in August THE IRRIGATION AGE asserted that as a convention of irrigators the National Irrigation Congress had outlived its usefulness. In view of the outcome of the water power trust investigation, a matter that ought not to have found place in the irrigation congress, this view is fully vindicated. Pueblo has doubtless absorbed a valued lesson from Spokane's experience. Government officials who seize upon the irrigation congress for the play of petty and 446 THE IERIGATION AGE. despicable political intrigue, benefiting neither them- selves nor the assemblage, should be rigidly excluded from participation. The break in the ranks is already wide — preparations for the Pueblo congress will be watched with interest and if a certain discredited gov- ernment employe is allowed a place on next year's pro- gram it may be predicted that the congress as a gather- ing for the exchange of ideas relating to irrigation must be permanently destroyed. Seizing upon the alarming news from Water Spokane that Forester Pinchot has de- Power clared a "water power trust" to be in Trust process of formation, numerous newspa- Bogey. pers and periodicals hitherto conservative and sagacious, yielded to the excitement of the moment and hurried their editorial pens into tragic attacks upon this new found peril. Even while President Taft was dictating the letter in complete vindication of his Secretary of the Interior from the charge against him in connection with the alleged operations of the water power trust, Collier's Weekly as well as a score of other publications were using frenzied terms in attack of Secretary Ballinger and in proclaiming Forester Pinchot as the savior of the nation's resources. It is comical to watch the editorial cannon belch forth its flame and shot and to know that great tracts of at- mosphere have been torn to shreds. But it is equally enjoyable to note that the big noise is harmless. And now that these warlike editors know that their guns have exploded without cause, may they be ex- pected to retract, to censure Pinchot the Magnifier, or commend Secretary Ballinger? The Forester's pub- licity bureau must exert itself to soften the effect of the returning boomerang. Toward Forester Pinchot this paper must Charge continue its attitude of hostility. To be Refuted: sure, his conservative utterances and his Pinchot somewhat circumspect mention of the Disgraced. water power trust, of which he is the sole creator and sponsor, leave no avenue for condemnation. Yet every delegate to the irrigation con- gree is fully aware that it was Gifford Pinchot and no other who incited less intelligent members of the body to open an despicable attack upon his superior, Secre- tary Ballinger. By law the commonwealth often inflicts greater punishment upon the inciter of a crime than upon the actual perpetrator. Were that law applied to the attack upon the Secretary of the Interior, Gifford Pinchot would today be the object of the President's excoriation, and ex-Governor Pardee would not be the "goat." But for the seriousness of the offense, Mr. Pinchot might be commended for the smoothness with which his intrigue was executed. A well organized press bureau, similar to that conducted by the Forester for the ex- ploitation primarily of his personal achievement and, secondarily, for the spread of the doctrine of forestry conservation, might easily produce a grossly exaggerated press dispatch from Bozeman, Mont. If this dispatch flashed over the wires at a moment when the Forester was uttering veiled charges against his superior, the incident might still awaken no suspicion. But if there is added to this mixture a known enmity on the part of the Forester against his chief, and a desire to inflate a third term boom for a former patron, then the coincidents become matters of calcula- tion and the motive for the full intrigue stands clearly revealed. Forester Pinchot is guilty of a puerile attempt to promote a third term boom for his former chief. For the motive he may not be criticised ; but for the method he merits naught but condemnation. The exposure has come and instead of casting discredit upon his superior and upon the present administration he has promoted public confidence and respect in both. Yet he appears to be still basking in the confidence of the President. And Pardee suffers. With every engineer in charge of a gov- Counsels eminent reclamation project clamoring Heavy for additional funds with which to bring Bond his work to speedy conclusion, and with Issue. only half enough money with which to satisfy these requests, the position of Sec- retary Ballinger as chief of the reclamation bureau is not to be envied. Whether the service attempted to prosecute work faster than moneys became available, or whether esti- mates of cost must be largely increased over the orig- inal figures, it is certain that one dollar cannot be made to do the work of two and the secretary is in a quan- dary. Senator Borah, of Idaho, is authority for the state- ment that the secretary is looking with growing favor upon the plan to ask Congress for the issuance of bonds to the sum of $10,000,000, to be expended in hurrying engineering work. The stringency in funds has resulted to a large extent from the recent ruling to allow the issuance of no more scrip for labor performed by set- tlers, and it is foreseen that the bond issue will solve the trouble. Owners of land in these government projects are devoutly praying for favorable action. Many have now worried through several lean years waiting for the com- pletion of the government's work and the turning of THE IEEIGATION AGE. -147 water into their fields. Deprived of the relief resulting from the old scrip issue and with the prospect of still further delay in the arrival of water, they see only starvation or departure from the lands on which they had hoped to make homes. While Secretary Ballinger is rightfully guarded in his statements as to the course he wishes to pursue, until such time as he has made a thorough investigation of conditions in all districts, it can he predicted that he will finally reach a decision to take prompt steps toward the solution of the problem. It is claimed that the economy in construction would more than balance the interest on these bonds, while the government loses none of its security in the final liquidation of the indebtedness. Senator Borah predicts that a recommendation from the Secretary of the Interior will result in early authorization for the bond issue. Convinced that the United States Land and Irrigation Exposition, to be held at Age Plans the chicago Coliseum, November 20 to Exposition December 4, must wield a mighty influ- Number. ence on ^e fu^ure history of the west, THE IRRIGATION AGE has heartily joined in the work of making this exhibition awaken the east and the middle west from the lethargy of the last decade. The eyes of a continent are already turning toward the blue hills, the sheltered valleys, the pure air and the bright sunshine of a vast empire of plenty between the Eockies and the coast Sierras. Capital, restless and penetrative in its search for Increase, is flowing in golden streams into every state from Texas to Washing- ton and Montana to California. Earth, stone, cement, steel, supplemented with modern day mechanics and calculations, have entrapped the rushing waters that for centuries have dashed recklessly down canon and valley, and within a season have turned their tide, sub- dued and tractable, upon parched lands that shall blos- som forevermore into waving fields and smiling gardens. Yet the work is but half finished. People are needed. The skilled hand of man must direct the plow, the seeder and the reaper. There is an earnest call for the pomologist, the fruit grower, the produce raiser, the artisan, the mechanic and the retail merchant. A new country, a grand country is opened and the vanguard of freedom lovers and home builders is already beyond the snow-capped Eockies. Eealizing the peculiarities of human nature, and the demand for reliable information relating to the various projects now in process of development in the west, THE IRRIGATION AGE is preparing the issu- ance of a November number which shall be distributed liberally at the United States Land and Irrigation Ex- position and shall direct the attention of visitors to those districts where the publisher has confidence in the management and the ultimate success of the under- taking. Aside from special articles and illustrations, calcu- lated to make this issue the greatest ever attempted by any journal exploiting the value of western irrigation land, there will be interesting facts and information for all readers who have heretofore taken no interest in reclamation work. It can be predicted that visitors who secure a copy of this issue will carry it to their homes for careful perusal. In outlining this work THE IRRIGATION AGE be- speaks for itself the support and co-operation of all irri- gated land sellers. More than 25,000 extra copies of this edition will be placed with visitors at the exposition, and because of the reputation already established by THE IRRIGATION AGE for cleanness of both its advertis- ing and news columns, it can be predicted that patrons of its "exposition" number must reap gratifying returns. One of the most consistent and frequent Settlers complaints by settlers as filed with the Complain Senate Committee on Irrigation and Eec- Against lamation of Public Lands during its re- Abuses, cent trip through the West, is that in con- nection with the liability of large increase in the water cost between the time when the government begins work and the final distribution of water to the farms. Notices of these increases, as published in THE IRRIGATION AGE, have not been infrequent and have tended to discourage settlers. It was to be expected that land owners would not allow the Senate committee to pass their districts without making protest over this objectionable feature of the reclamation bureau's work. Of the many resolutions presented to the Senate committee, the following is typical : "Appreciating the intent of the honorable secretary of the interior and the United States senate committee on irrigation, to verse themselves on the actual conditions ex- isting in the construction of the various government rec- lamation projects, by personally inspecting the works, and hearing complaints by personal meeting with the settlers interested; "Therefore, the representatives of the following project: The Klamath, North Platte valley, Strawberry valley, Gadren City, Milk river, Williston, Truckee-Carson, Orland-Unit, Buford-Trenton, Uncompahgre valley, in meeting assembled in Salt Lake City this eighth day of September, 1909, present these urging needs of the people connected with the foregoing projects; "We heartily indorse the reclamation law and appre- ciate the beneficial results obtained from the reclamation of the arid lands by the government. "But, whereas, the people who accepted the govern- ment proposition to construct irrigation systems under the act of congress of June 17, 1902, did so assuming that the law as passed was mandatory in its provisions and con- clusive in statement. "And, whereas, relying upon the act and statements made by the government engineers as the source of our information on what we were to receive; "And, whereas, relying upon the law, and estimates furnished us by the government engineers, we voluntarily 448 THE IRRIGATION AGE. signed contracts for water and pledged our land and homes for the payment thereof; "And, whereas, after these contracts had been secured, based on the estimated cost of the engineers, the reclama- tion law has been so interpreted that the actual cost in- stead of the estimated cost of construction is charged against the land. "And, whereas, these liens on the land and homes were given on the estimated cost furnished by the govern- ment engineers. "And, whereas, section 4 of the reclamation law specifies that the said charges shall be determined with a view of returning to the reclamation fund the estimated cost of construction and that only; "Therefore, be it Resolved, That the estimated cost of projects on which these liens were secured be the amount the settlers and water users should be required to pay. General resolutions similar to the following have also been presented by the representatives of several reclamation projects : "We further beg to recommend the following changes in the reclamation law: "First — That the time of payments for construction charges be extended from ten to twenty payments, or in lieu thereof, that the water users be given the use of water for three or five years without charge, or a form of grad- uated payments be adopted to enable the settlers to get the land under cultivation, and on a paying basis and mak- ing it possible for them to meet their obligations. "Second- — That the first clause of section No. 6 of the irrigation act be interpreted as mandatory, that operating and maintenance charge be paid from the reclamation fund as provided in said section 6. "Third — That the engineers themselves of reclamation projects be required to make a statement quarterly of the amount expended and for what purpose. "Fourth — We recommend that the residence restric- tion as imposed by section 5 of the irrigation act be re- moved. "Fifth- — That the operation of the homestead law be restored, so that final proof may be made either by com- mutation or by settlement, and when so made patents shall be issued therefor, subject to the government lien for con- struction charges. "Sixth — That the co-operative plan of construction, as heretofore in operation, be legalized and operated under government supervision. "Seventh — We beg to submit to your honorable body that these recommendations are based on actual experi- ence, and by men who are actual water users and owners of land pledged to the government for the payment of construction charges, and therefore, we trust that these will be given due consideration." While the commitee has doubtless been assailed by many improper and unfounded complaints, yet there are involved in the above resolutions problems of vital importance to settlers. Under former administrations they have found no opportunity to make united protest over conditions, and it is to be hoped that the senate committee will take all steps within its power to change the status of affairs where settlers are subjected to heavy expense and impediment in their attempts at home- building. TAFT TO OPEN DAIRY SHOW. President William H. Taft has accepted the invitation of the National Dairy Show Association and will open the big ten-day exposition of the allied dairy interests in the Audi- torium, Milwaukee, Wis., Thursday evening, October 14, by pressing a button in the El Toro Hotel, Grand Canyon, Colo., which will set the machinery in motion. Accompany- ing the signal which will open the Fourth Annual Dairy Show will come a message to the dairy farmers of the United States by telegraph which will probably be delivered by Colon C. Lillie, president of the National Dairy Show Association. HITS BALLINGER'S ACCUSERS. President Taft Absolves Secretary of Interior from All Blame — Shows that There Was no Loss of Power Cities. For the benefit of those readers of THE IRRIGATION AGE who have not access to publications submitting the full text of the President's letter relative to the alleged water-power trust, and the veiled charges against Secretary Ballinger's policy, as suggested by Pinchot, Pardee and others at the National Irrigation Congress in Spokane, there is herewith presented the full text of this section of his letter : "I cannot close this letter without referring to certain other matters connected with your conduct of the Interior Department which have been unfairly used in the public press to support a general charge that you are out of sympathy with the declared policy of this administration, following that of President Roosevelt, in favor of the conservation of na- tional resources, especially in connection with coal lands, with water power sites and with the system of reclamation of arid lands, which are all within the jurisdiction of the Interior Department. "In the first place, it was charged on the floor of the irrigation convention at Spokane by former Governor Par- dee of California that you had restored to the public domain for settlement certain lands which had been withdrawn by the last administration for the purpose of conserving water power sites, and that after complaint made thereof you had subsequently withdrawn some of the lands again from set- tlement ; but that meantime, between the one act and the other, an opportunity had been given to the so-called 'water- power trust' to file entries and obtain vested rights in valu- able water-power sites in the state of Montana. "At the same time that this charge was made by Gover- nor Pardee there appeared in the public press, in a telegram which seems to have had the widest circulation, a statement quoted from a Montana paper that a water-power company with a capital of $10,000,000 had in the interval between the order of restoration and the order of withdrawal located and obtained vested rights in 15,000 acres of land in Mon- tana, which absorbed for the comoany all the valuable water- power sites in that state, and the statement was accompa- nied by detailed reference to the particular land office and the particular agent through whom this result was accom- plished. "The inference which it was sought to have drawn, and which was drawn by newspapers hostile to you, was that you had brought about the restoration to settlement of the land upon which were the water-power sites for the purpose of enabling private water-power companies to acquire vested interests ; that after doing so you had then withdrawn what remained of the public settlement, and that you took this course because you were out of sympathy with that policy of conservation of national resources and were in favor of the corporate control of such water-power sites. "When the facts are examined in this regard it will be found that the persons responsible for the circulation of these charges have done you a cruel injust:ce. The fact was that in January, 1909, in the last administration, executive or- ders were made withdrawing from public settlement 1,500,000 acres at the instance of the reclamation service for conserva- tion of water-power sites. "Soon after you became secretary of the interior you brought this order to my attention and said that it included a great deal of land that had no water-power sites on it, runnine back many miles from the rivers, and that included much land which ought to be opened to public settlement; that you had applied to the reclamation bureau to know whether it was desired for reclamation purposes and what their recommendation was in the premises, -"'and that they recommended that it be returned to the publ^ domain. "You also advised me that it was possible to secure from the geological survey an accurate statement of the water-power sites which were available, and which might be subjected to private ownership, and that you would direct THE IRRIGATION AGE. 449 the geological survey to make such statements, and that then there could be made temporary withdrawals of the land needed to preserve these water-power sites until Congress could act. "The order revoking the withdrawal of 1,500,000 acres was made in April. Sufficient information was procured from the geological survey to permit an order withdrawing the land upon which were water-power sites in May, and this withdrawal covered about 300,000 acres, instead of 1,500,000. "The form of the new order of withdrawal was such that it set aside all filings and entries of any kind which had been made prior to its going into effect, and, as a matter of fact, not one single filing has been attempted on any of the water-power sites since the original order of withdrawal in January, 1909. "The story as to the 15,000 acres in Montana circulated bv publication in the newspapers, when presented by Gover- nor Pardee, was reduced to 158 acres near the Missouri river in Montana, or four tracts of forty acres each, and now turns out, from examination of the records, that these filings were refilings of entries made ten vears before ; that the re- filings were made on the llth of June, 1909, more than two weeks after the withdrawal of the water-power sites in Montana, and that the four tracts of forty acres each filed upon have no water-power sites on them at all. "It further appears from a report of the director of the geological survey that the order of withdrawal of January, 1909, was hastily made by townships and by reference to in- adequate maps ; that it included large areas not within miles of any river or stream, and that it failed to include many valuable water-power sites in the immediate vicinity. "From the same reliable source it is learned that under the withdrawals made by your department from time to time, beginnin" in May last, there are now withheld from set- tlement awaiting the action of Congress, fifty per cent more water-power sites than under previous withdrawals, and that this has been effected by a withdrawal from settlement of only one-fifth of the amount of the land. "In connection with the same charge, weight has been given to the fact that you have declined to carry out the contracts made by the reclamation service with homesteaders and entrymen by which certificates were issued to entrymen for work done and material furnished with a view to enlarge the projects of the reclamation bureau. You brought up the question of the legality of such certificates in a cabinet meeting, and were directed to submit it to the attorney- general. That officer has, very properly in my judgment, de- cided that it is at variance with an explicit prohibition in the reclamation law to issue such certificates. The fundamental mandate of that law is that no project shall be entered upon until there is money enough in the reclamation fund to pay for the project or the part thereof contracted for. "The certificate system is in fact a system for borrowing labor and material and making the government a debtor to intending settlers — a system that is inhibited by law and can- not but result ultimately in disaster. Of course, those who have accepted such certificates for labor and material in good faith oueht to be recompensed, and I shall ask from Con- gress at the next session especial relief for them. Meantime, the work of reclamation should be carried on wherever funds are available with all the dispatch possible, and I am assured that this is being done. "I hope that after you have made personal investiga- tion of all the reclamation work and looked into the finances of the undertakings, you will be able to make a report to Congress showing exactly what has been done, what ought to be done, and what additional legislation, if any, is needed and oueht to be passed to further this great and important work." PLEA FOR NEW MEXICO. Speaker at First National Conservation Congress Awakens Interest in its Boundless Resources. FARMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS. Announcement and preliminary program for the Twenty- ninth session of the Farmers' National Congress, to be held at Raleigh, N. C, indicate that many able speakers will be present and that visitors may expect instruction and wide information from the addresses. Sessions will be held No- vember 3-9. Information as to accommodations, etc., will be secured bv writing B. Cameron, President, Stagville, or George M. Whitaker, Secretary, 1404 Harvard St.. Wash- ington, D. C. Called upon for an extemporaneous address before the Seattle Conservation Congress, W. A. Fleming Jones, sec- retary of the New Mexico Conservation Commission, spoke briefly but glowingly of the historical as well as the future commercial interest that must center in the southwest. In part he said : "There is probably no section of the United States, Mr. Chairman, that is less known, in the east, and in other sec- tions of the country, than the territory of New Mexico, and certainly none that is more frequently misrepresented. "A feature of New Mexico that is much misunderstood and misrepresented is the character of our native popula- tion. We have practically none of the peon class and a very large number of our native citizens own their own farms and ranches that have been in the same family for generations. They are scrupulously honest, and a courteous, peaceful and law-abiding people, and much better fitted to enjoy full citi- zenship than many of the imported denizens of the slums of our great cities. "We have vast areas of irrigable land, and with our 347 days of sunshine in every year and the most equable cli- mate in the world we can and do produce every crop in abundance that can be produced in our latitude. Our al- falfa fields cut from four to six crops in a single season, running from eight to ten tons to the acre. The reclama- tion service is engaged in constructing in the Rio Grande valley one of its largest projects at a cost of upwards of $8,000,000. The reservoir when completed will store a four years' supply of water and will reclaim 210,000 acres of land — 140,000 acres in New Mexico, 45,000 acres in the state of Texas, and 25,000 acres in the Republic of Mexico, the whole cost to be repaid by the owners of the lands. "The history of our commonwealth is one of which all New Mexicans — both of Spanish and Saxon blood — are justly proud. Before the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth Rock the padres had traversed the deserts of the southwest and olanted missions in the towns of the various tribes of Indians, and before a Saxon had set foot in New England, Juan de Onate had firmly established European civilization at Santa Fe. The whole territory is rich in memories of great names and heroic deeds; in relics of the Conquistadores— of the American nioneers ; the Santa Fe trail and the Indian wars. Back of all these stretches a prehistory in which the imagi- nation is lost. In Pajarito Park, some thirty miles from Santa Fe, are thousands of ruined homes of the forgotten people whom we call, for lack of a more descriptive and scientific name, the Cliff Dwellers." MEASURING WATER. The following, credited to the Pelton Water Wheel Com- pany, gives a simple explanation of a method by which any one of ordinary intelligence can easily and accurately measure the water of a stream or ditch. Select a stretch on a stream or ditch which will afford as straight and uniform a course as possible, avoiding pools and obstructions to the normal flow. If the water is at any point carried in a flume it is better to measure at this point. Lay off a distance of, say, 100 feet; measure the width of flowing water at about six different places in this distance, and obtain the average width ; likewise at these same points measure the depth of the water at three or four places across the stream, and obtain the average depth. Next drop a float in the water, noting the number of seconds it takes to travel the given distance. From this can be calculated the velocity of the water in feet per second. The cubic quantity is the product obtained by multiplying the average width in feet by the average depth in feet by the velocity, which (in feet per second) will give the flow of the stream in cubic feet per second. From the figures so obtained it is advisable to de- duct about twenty-five per cent, as the surface velocity of water is in excess of the actual speed velocity. Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age 1 Year, and the Primer of Irrigation. 450 THE IRRIGATION AGE. President Taft Opens Gunnison Tunnel of Colorado Surrounded by a brilliant assemblage of officials from the state of Colorado, and representatives of the United States government, President Taft pressed the button on September 23, and by electric signal to work- men stationed at the distant end of the completed under- ground waterway, opened for operation the greatest irri- gation project of the present day — the Gunnison tunnel of Colorado. The scene was picturesque. On a temporary platform high above the opening of the Uncompahgre end of the tunnel stood the president with hand upon a miniature bell, the gift of Montrose citizens and the means by which the signal must be flashed across the mountain. As the president placed this bell on a copper disc, establishing electrical connection, and the workmen began the destruc- tion of the board barrier to the waters, several thousands of citizens gathered along the big ditch near the 'presi- dent's stand broke into hearty cheers and other expressions of delight. Uncompahgre Project, South Canal Division, Showing Series of Drops. Previous to the brief ceremonies connected with the opening, the president had passed the day in the fertile valley. Almost the whole population of the district had gathered to celebrate his arrival. Many opportunities were given him of viewing the valley and learning of the marvelous productiveness of the fields under proper irri- gation. Briefly reviewed, the Gunnison tunnel is approximately 30,000 feet in length, has an average cross section of I0y2x Iiy2 feet, and will carry a stream of 1,300 cubic feet of water per second. The head is in the bed of the Gunnison river, from which there is a descending entrance, thus insuring a maximum flow of water so long as the Gun- nison river shall carry the volume in its bed. On the Uncompahgre side is a series of falls between the level of the tunnel and that of the ground to be supplied with water. These falls will supply power for commercial purposes at cities and villages in the valley. While there are at present no government lands to be opened for public entry in the Uncompahgre valley, yet the government has secured control of all previously ex- isting ditches and laterals and settlers are required to buy water rights at a figure that must return to the govern- ment the whole cost of the engineering work, named by the president as about $6,000,000. In length the valley of the Uncompahgre is about forty miles long and twenty miles wide. It is claimed that about 40,000 acres will be supplied with water at once and that when the system is complete nearly 150,000 acres will have been reclaimed. For several years settlers placed dependence upon the Uncompahgre river for their supply and an imperfect system of laterals and ditches was maintained. The river failed several years ago, and be- cause of the lack of rainfall settlers were gradually aban- doning their homes and moving to other sections. The Gunnison river is said to be a never-failing supply and it is anticipated that water for Uncompa'hgre lands is now assured for all time. Lands of the Uncompahgre valley are reported to be among the most fertile in the west. Because of the early effort at irrigation farming, their productiveness has already been demonstrated. Fruit growing is the most profitable work, but because of the distance from selling markets greatest attention has thus far been given to apples and peaches. Large shipments are made each year to Texas, California and eastern markets. It is said that the smudge pot has never been used in the valley and that the only fruit crop failure was in 1907. In small fruits, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries and blackberries are most profitable and it is claimed that remarkable yields can be anticipated. The vicinity about Montrose is particularly adaptable to berry crops. One Shown on Richardson Ranch, near Montrose. Alfalfa Just Harvested Shown Right. Orchard in Background. Spring Creek Mesa in Distance. grower sold $1,350 worth of berries from one and three- fourths acres last year. Land also seems adapted for alfalfa and grains. Un- til the present time there has been no beet sugar factory in the valley, but negotiations are now pending and it is predicted that a plant will be in operation before the 1910 crop has been gathered. Potatoes do well and 400 bushels to the acre is said to be an average yield. In climate the valley enjoys the delightful sunshine and warmth without chill in winter or extreme heat in summer. No cyclone has yet been chronicled. Hail- (Continued on page 462.) THE IERIGATION AGE. 451 Some Fundamental Principles of Irrigation Law Clarence T. Johnstou, Stale Engineer o! Wyoming For over forty years the Anglo-Saxon of America has given his time and energy to the reclamation of the arid lands of the West by means of irrigation. As he has conquered Nature wherever his lot has been cast through- out the world, so has he succeeded in building canals and reservoirs and in bringing water to lands that only need -moisture to be productive. His success In a material way has been marked. Unlike his brethren of Egypt, India and Australia, he has not protected the fruits of his con- •quest by the enactment of laws and regulations which in- sure perpetual stability and guarantee the peace and pros- perity of the individual water user. We have built wisely •on the ground, but we have failed to take those precau- tions which insure lasting security to a rural population. Under the general government, the control of non- navigable streams is reserved to the states and terri- tories. It would be presumed that these states and terri- tories would accept this responsibility in a way that would guarantee protection to all who use water beneficially. The Englishman, the German and the Frenchman natur- ally know but little concerning irrigation and irrigation principles when they are sent by their own governments to restore peace and order commercially in new territory gained by conquest. Wherever irrigation has been neces- sary under the flags of any of these nations, the wisest laws and regulations have been put into effect contempo- raneously with the commencement of irrigation develop- ment on the ground. Italy and Spain have been visited t>y agents of these nations in order that the experience gained in these older irrigated countries might be applied for the protection of the citizens whose livelihood depends upon a wise and just distribution of the available water supply. As a result of this policy, countries that have been irrigated for thousands of years under native rule are, under these new conditions, making remarkable prog- ress. India, Egypt and Australia, as well as the provinces of South Africa, are examples of this kind. All foreign countries which have developed along irrigation lines pro- vide a special administration for determining rights to use water and for protecting such rights after they have been defined. Before it is possible to provide an efficient irrigation administration, it is necessary to understand what prin- ciples must be recognized in the law to bring order out of chaos and to furnish the relief sought. After forty years of practical experience in the field, the states and territories of the West have not thus far attempted to come to an understanding or agreement as to a single important principle that should be generally accepted. We attend the Irrigation Congress annually. This is the seventeenth such session. Much of the time of the con- gress is consumed by paid moulders of public sentiment, advertisers and politicians. The majority of the resolu- tions adopted each year by the congress have no direct bearing on the vital questions we should consider. We have been tangled up with the Natinal Irrigation Asso- ciation and with forestry organizations in a way that is inexcusable. Neither have anything to do with irrigation. The members of none of these organizations can help us to arrive at conclusions which will benefit the water users. The congress has been used to some extent as a catspaw by those who are employed to attack the public land laws. While such a campaign is based wholly on selfish, mercenary grounds, yet the agents who appear before the congress submit data, evidently having some sanction of government officials, which would lead the uninformed to believe that our land laws are not suited to western conditions. The argument they make is that our public lands are going into private control too rapidly. The truth is that progress along these lines is entirely too "slow. It is possible that a campaign which would result in the restriction of the land laws by rules and regu- lations would add to the value of land scrip held by some of the great corporations of the country. It is possible that those who hold such land scrip are farseeing enough to recognize that it will repay them many fold to hire agents to work up a public sentiment against the land laws. This probably explains the presence of some dele- gates from the east and makes clear the reason for their activity and their great concern in the disposition of the public domain. We will be more or less bothered by those who be- lieve that the resources of the country have been nearly exhausted. This class .should be assigned as perpetual delegates and life members of some sanitarium rather than be classed as representing those principles for which the Irrigation Congress should stand. This cry for conserva- tion is as foolish and childlike as are many of the theories of those who have led in movements of the kind. The government employs men to study geology and to ascer- tain as to the visible supply of material on which com- merce and prosperity must, in a large measure, depend. Those who have traveled and have studied extensively in the field are satisfied that the estimates of these compilers of data are as far from the truth as it is possible to be.. The effect of the widespread advertising as to shortage of one commodity or another has been injurious to the nation at large. There is nothing gained by employing men simply to scare the people. Some dependence should be placed on government reports. Many of those issued relative to the conservation movement are nothing but danger signals, without tangible evidence of real danger. Adam could have spent his time worrying as to the water supply. The Pilgrim Fathers could have wasted their energies in campaigns of conservation. It is fortunate that those who have gone before us have given their time to development work, rather than in day dreaming. It is certain that Mother Earth will supply our tables and clothe our children for generations to come. We must be up and doing. Let us conquer the obstacles that Na- ture has imposed, and make ready for a greater popula- tion and a higher civilization. Let us have confidence in the wisdom of the Creator. Let us believe that to date we have just touched the surface of the ground here and there, and that the vast wealth of the Earth lies yet un- known in extent or character. It is remarkable that our scientists have discovered enough coal already to last us for several hundred years. They should not induce a panic, because through their puny efforts the Earth has not been more fully explored. Departments of the gov- ernment, which have time to advertise impending catastrophes and preach conservation only, should be weeded out and bu- 452 THE IRRIGATION AGE reaus having some practical aim should be substituted for them. We have had more senseless matter published relative to forests than we need. Every man loves trees. No department of the government should take advantage of this natural sentiment to advertise all kinds of ap- proaching calamities because some trees are being de- stroyed each year. No department of the government pre- suming to stand for scientific attainments can be excused for attributing benefits from forests which science must deny. When it becomes profitable for the land owner to grow trees on a commercial scale, he will do so. The peo- ple of the west are planting more trees than they arc- destroying. Let the government protect the public forests from, fires and careless cutting and encourage a lumber commerce. Allow the settler all rights in the pniblic forests that he has enjoyed from the earliest days of the Republic. The Irrigation Congress should not concern itself in supporting any department of the government or of the state which tends to restrict progress and develop- ment. If the Irrigation Congress does not have for its ob- ject some educational purpose along irrigation lines, its value to the west is not great. The congress should at least consider questions of development, if it is not dis- posed to take up the broader problems relating to colon- ization and the principles of irrigation law and adminis- tration. The average delegate delights in generalities. Pretty phrases commending the reclamation and forest services appeal to him. What definite ideas has he rela- tive to policies that should be embraced to further the work of the Reclamation Service? Does he believe that this work should be so conducted that projects will be taken up in less number and those actually exploited be hastened to completion? Has he any idea as to the wis- dom of restricting settlers to 40, 80 and 120- acre tracts instead of allowing all to select the limit of a homestead entry, 160 acres? Does he believe that the government should greatly concern itself in irrigation development where private capital promises equally good work and equally cheap water rights? If the Irrigation Congress can not assist the Reclama- tion Service in its work except by passing meaningless resolutions, its place as a factor in such development is a blank. If we can not help private enterprise in all legitimate development, we have but little reason for main- taining an organization. In my judgement, we should go further. There are more important matters for us to consider. The construction of irrigation works and the reclamation of lands are strictly engineering problems on the ground. The national government and each state administration should bend every effort to direct settle- ment, to the end that the best people may be brought to occupy our irrigated lands in the shortest possible time after water is ready for them. The future greatness of the west depends on the character of the rural population that we secure now. We should do something to assist the water user who, without a stable state or territorial administration, is left defenseless after the Reclamation Service and private enterprise retire from their phys- ical labors. Those interested in irrigation fluestions have been meeting annually for seventeen years. During all of that time this congress has not accepted a single fundamental principle relating to colonization or to the control of streams. We leave all of these questions, which should be studied from the broadest standpoint and applied gen- erally, when found, to furnish the relief sought, to the courts of the various states and territories. This is an injustice. It is a burden on our tribunals of justice that should never be imposed. Courts can and will do every- thing possible to settle controversies among the people of the states and territories. The courts can receive testi- mony relating to appendicitis and issue decrees of a med- ical nature. The courts can take the place of our boards of health, when properly informed by competent testi- mony. All questions might be brought to our depart- ments of justice. As the race has grown in wisdom, it has been found best to trust special and technical ques- tions and administration to specialists. This brings prompt relief to those who demand it, and enables the public to protect the individual as the individual deserves at the hands of the public. The arid states and territories were fully represented at the Irrigation Congress. We assemble to discuss irri- gation. Regardless of the pride we take in the history of our congress, we have accomplished so little. We have no settled policy as to the best method for carrying on the construction of irrigation works. We have no well defined ideas as to colonization. We can not say in unison that water belongs to the states and territories in perpetuity, or even that it belongs to the public. One state or territory may complicate the use of water for irriga- tion with the claims of riparian proprietors. Another will allow its citizens to claim all the water in sight and hold it as personal property, thus robbing individuals and communities that might make a beneficial use of the same. Nearly all of the states and territories provide what is called an irrigation administration. By cunning manipu- lation in the law-making bodies, many of these officers who should be active and of some service to the water users, are robbed of executive authority. This is done at the instance of those who wish to continue an uninter- rupted traffic in water and water rights, regardless of the presumed riehts of the actual water user or the com- munity in which they operate. The courts have naturally found irrigation questions to be trying ones. It is natural that court decrees, even in the supreme court of a single state, are conflicting. The reason for this is that the fundamentally important principles are not embraced in the law. The courts have considered and decided the question as to the ownership of water until the deepest irrigation student is in a dazed condition when he re- views the various decisions relating thereto. Practically all other problems of utmost importance to water users are in the same condition of uncertainty. It must be admitted that the signs of the times point to a growth of some sentiment which promises, in time, a solution of these problems. This change has not been brought about or encouraged by the Irrigation Congress or by those who should stand for what is right in our law-making bodies. Thought along these lines is being crystalized by demands from the water user, himself, and by those who are leading in the development of the west through private enterprise. Unlimited traffic in water to suit the personal and financial interests of a few has been detrimental to the large body of water users. We should recognize this. We place ourselves on record should we say that water always belongs to the state or territory in which it is used, and that the right to use should be limited to the extent of beneficial application of the water that is made (Continued on page 461.) THE IERIQATION AGE. 453 Reclamation Notes Under this heading, THE IRRIGATION AGE will hereafter run reports and news relating to irrigation projects — both government and private — gathered from the various sources at its command. Headers of the AGE are requested to assist the editor by sending re- ports of local projects, new organizations or progress of outlined work in their vicinities. COLORADO. The board of directors of the Otero irrigation district arc planning extensive improvements. The Boyd Lake irrigation district is investigating the advisability of including within its system a part of the lands in Weld county. Articles of incorporation for the Kingsbury Reservoir & Land Company have recently been filed. Headquarters of the company are at Greeley, and it is proposed to irrigate about 3,000 acres in Elbert county. A trust deed to cover a bond issue of $350,000 was re- cently filed at Pueblo by the Teller Reservoir & Irrigation Company. It is proposed to construct ditches for distribut- ing water to the lands held by the company. The Northern Colorado Power Company reports suc- cess in its experiment of supplying power for pumping pur- poses. It is claimed that farmers near Greeley are arrang- ing for the installation of pumps to irrigate. Directors of the Bent and Power irrigation district arc said to be considering the advisability of issuing bonds in order to construct a system of irrigation. Engineers em- ployed by the district submitted a favorable report. Greeley capitalists are reported to be investigating the old Lincoln county canal built years ago by E. E. Baker, with a view to investing about $300,000 in a complete and comprehensive irrigation project involving the constructing of reservoirs on the Big Sandy to water 10,000 acres. Thomas Daley and W. H. Moore have filed application for 30,000 acres of land in Pueblo county for irrigating pur- poses. Daley wishes to have the land sold to him, when he and Moore will erect an irrigating ditch. A tract of 40,000 acres was sold by the land board recently on the same terms as Daley wishes. On petition of thirty or forty applicants, apparently working in behalf of parties whose identity was not re- vealed, the state land board recently ordered the sale of 12,000 acres of desert land in Pueblo county. The land brought from $7 to $12 an acre. An effort will be made to irrigate the area and settle it with colonists. The project known as the North Sterling irrigation dis- trict is said to be financed and now ready to proceed with the work of building the system to irrigate 80,000 acres in Logan county. The land lies on the north side of the Platte river. Parson Son & Co., of New York, are reported to have purchased bonds to the amount of $2,080,000. Articles of incorporation of the Riverview Land & Irri- gation Company have been filed with the county clerk at Greeley. The incorporators are : Z. X. Snyder, president of the State Normal school ; F. M. Hadden, a member of the faculty; Victor Keyes and William E. Day. The company will undertake the development of a 1,500-acre tract which includes the town site of Sublette, 30 miles east of Greeley. John Gaffy and John A. Keefe, of Denver, and James Hosier, of Park county, have filed maps and plats for the construction of a 190 foot dam across Tarryall creek for the irrigation of a tract of 81,000 acres in eastern Park county. Water will be carried down the Tarryall and through the Platte to a point of diversion to be determined later. It is claimed that $1,000,000 will be required to re- claim the tract. The Garden Park Irrigation Company and the Park Center Land & Water Company will begin work at once on a storage reservoir and dam nine miles northwest of Cripple Creek, which is to irrigate the Park Center and Garden Park ranch districts. Water will be furnished from Four-Mile creek. The dam will be eighty-four feet high and the lake half a mile by one and a half miles in dimensions. The work is to be completed about March 1, 1910. It is reported that the Costilla State Development Com- pany, in which Denver caoitalists are interested, is planning to place on sale the 300,000 acres composing this grant. It is claimed that the company has planned the expenditure of $1,000,000 on irrigation works and that other large sums will be spent in developing mines and water power. D. H. Moffatt, of Denver, is heavily interested in the three com- panies formed to develop resources of the Costilla grant. Twenty thousand additional acres of land will be watered by the Dallas Divide & Reservoir Company, a corporation which has been formed by local men. John I. Nowland of Paonia is the president and J. V. Lathrop, a hardware mer- chant of Montrose, is the secretary and treasurer. Nowland recently organized another company known as the Nowland- Thomas Ditch Company which will water 12,000 acres. All of the land is situated on the high mesa between Montrose and Ridgway. Eastern capitalists under the name of the Great North- ern Irrigation & Power Company are said to be planning the construction of a dam one mile wide and about 250 feet in height in Routt county. Preliminary maps and surveys have been filed with the county clerk at Denver but it is stated that final plans cannot be outlined until engineers have presented full reports. L. M. Hughes is attorney and G. G. Anderson is consulting engineer for the new company. The company proposes to generate water power and irrigate about 100,000 acres. On September 2 the Pueblo-Rocky Ford Irrigation Com- pany filed in the office of the county clerk at Pueblo, a mort- gage for $2,000,000 made to the Chicago Title & Trust Com- pany and Harrison B. Riley. It is stated that this sum will be required to construct an irrigation system for use in the Orland and Ambursen dirtricts. This land lies to the south and east of Pueblo. W. N. Cox, W. J. Lester and Fred Harris are interested. The company has recently concluded the purchase of 23,000 acres of land from the state at a cost of $12 per acre. The Fox Smith Construction Company of Florence has secured the contract for the completion of the Sheafer dam for the Beaver Land & Irrigation Company at Penrose. The contract is for $125,000 and is one of the largest ever let in Fremont county. The work will be started by October 1 and must be completed by June 1, 1910. When finished the dam will be ninety-two feet high, 400 feet wide at the bottom and 1,050 feet wide at the top and 100 feet thick at the base and twenty feet thick at the top. It will have an impounding capacity of 5,000 acre-feet, sufficient to irrigate the company's entire holdings in Beaver park. J. Q. Mac- Donald has resigned as general manager of the company, to take effect October 1. He will be succeeded by J. J. Cogan of Penrose, manager of the Beaver, Penrose & Northern Railroad. By the signing of a contract between the Laramie-Poudre Reservoir & Irrigation Company and the Greeley-Poudre Irrigation district, organized last April, final arrangements have been made for the construction of a system to irrigate nearly 125,000 acres lying north and east of Greeley and including the towns of Ault, Nunn and Pierce. By the agree- ment the irrigation company will construct the reservoir and canals and guarantee completion before Dec. 1, 1911, and; the district agrees to the purchase of the plant for $5,000,000 for which it proposes to issue bonds. The irrigation com- pany proposes to use a series of reservoirs in the Laramie and Poudre rivers and along the main line of the canal. About 300 miles of ditch will distribute the water. From the Laramie the water will be sent through a tunnel two miles long into a branch of the Cache la Poudre and will be taken up by ditches at the north end of the canon. To store water there will be constructed a 200-foot dam in the Laramie river and this will be supplemented by a series of large reservoirs. Five concrete storage basins will be built on the plains. It is anticipated that the forthcoming vote of property holders will be favorable to this agreement. 454 THE IRRIGATION AGE. NEW MEXICO. Work has commenced on the dams and reservoirs of the Arroyo Honda, five miles south of Santa Fe, for the reclama- tion of 10,000 acres at an estimated cost of $350,000. Three concrete and steel dams will be built. Mimbres valley farmers have entered into a contract with an Ohio gas engine company for a modern pumping plant sufficient to irrigate 12,000 acres. It is reported that other farmers in Luna county are planning similar irrigation. O. A. Meinzer of the United States Geological Survey has expressed the opinion after careful investigation that nearly the entire Estancia valley may be irrigated by pump- ing. Great interest has centered in his work, and it is re- ported that farmers are busy in perfecting business organiza- tions to install pumping plants. The Springer Ditch Company recently secured a tem- porary injunction against the French Land and Irrigation Company at Las Vegas, preventing the latter from taking water from the Cimmarron and Ponil rivers and Carizozo creek. The Springer company complained that the defend- ant had appropriated all the water from these streams in vio- lation of its prior rights. Land owners in the Portales valley have arranged for the installation of a pumping plant sufficient to irrigate 12,- 000 acres at once and to be doubled in capacity when de- sired. It is claimed that nearly 150,000 acres in this section of the state may be irrigated by the deep-well system, and that the success of work at Portales will result in similar installations in adjoining counties. Unprecedented floods in the northwestern part of the state resulted in immense damaee to two irrigation projects early in the present month. The Black Rock dam of the government's Zuni irrigation system was damaged, and H. F. Robinson, a reclamation official, states that $100,000 will be reouired to reoair the damage. The dam of the Bluewater Development Comnany was also partly destroyed. Resulting floods caused great loss of property to settlers on both projects. WASHINGTON. Farmers in the hill lands of Cowiche valley are ex- perimenting with pumps for irrigation purposes and it is claimed that about 2,000 acres will be reclaimed by this method if experiments are successful. > The second filiner this year has been made on the Big Klickitat river and tributary streams for irrigating the Horse Heaven country in Klickitat, Benton and Yakima counties. J. E. Blackmore of Seattle filed on over 2,000 cubic feet. Inasmuch as the government has postponed work on the Big Bank reclamation project, land owners are planning to irrigate by pumping. F. B. Keighy is sinking a 295 foot well and if successful his example will be followed by numerous other settlers. It is reported that a syndicate of New York bankers has taken a large part of the $500,000 bond issue of the Burbank Power & Water Company, of Seattle, and that the company is now in a position to prosecute its outlined work near the junction of the Snake and Columbia rivers in eastern Wash- ington. Contract has been awarded to Mr. D. H. Traphagen, of Seattle, Washington, for the construction of that portion of the distribution system under the Tieton project on Naches Ridge,, Washington. The work involves the excavation of 117,700 cubic yards of material. The estimated contract price was $31,500. The affairs of the Adrian Irrigation Company, in which H. W. Mangold and fellow Socialists, of Spokane, planned to open a colony on the Rochdale plan, have been thrown into the superior court in a suit in which Mangold charged bad faith on the part of his associates and asks the court for a judgment of $100,000 damages against the company. Reports from Spokane announce that the Arcadia Irri- gation Company is defendant in a suit instituted by Andrew Thompson in which he asks return of money paid on a five- acre tract because the company has failed to keep its agree- ment. The Arcadia Irrigation Company is successor to the Arcadia Orchard Company. The Republic Orchard Land Company of Minneapolis, under the management of Colonel I. R. Beery, will soon make improvements on its large tract of land near Goldendale. A camp will be established and a corps of workmen will develop and plat the lands. Power will be obtained from the Little Klickitat, by which water will be pumped on the upper lands. Engineer Walter H. Graves, of Portland, in charge of the Pasco irrigation project, is making preliminary plans for the system which will deliver water to many arid acres at the lower end of the valley. So far 5,000 acres have been secured and water will be pumped to them from the Columbia and Snake rivers. It will be on the land, according to the promoters, in time for the spring planting next year. Contract has been awarded by the Secretary of the Interior to Mr. H. W. Hawley, of Seattle, Wash., for the construction of Sulphur creek wasteway channel and struc- tures in connection with the Sunnyside irrigation project, Washington. The work includes the construction of 4J4 miles of channel involving about 225,000 cubic yards of excavation, and the placing of about 1,600 cubic yards of rip rap. The contract amounts to $65,062. Since the commencement of the Arcadia Irrigation Com- pany's ditch, which will irrigate lands between Loon Lake and Spokane, all farmers having ditches running out of the lake have closed them. It is supposed that all bog land owners will oppose the present move, as they claim that as Judge Hanford ruled they must close their ditches they have a right to open up if the Arcadia company does. The ques- tion will undoubtedly be put up to the courts. Frank McKean, general manager of the Rainier Power Company of Seattle, has secured control of power plants along the Columbia river from which 45,000 horespower will be developed. He has secured a contract on the lower 160 feet on the Chelan river at the Chelan Falls, paying $150.000. It is estimated that 15,000 horsepower can be developed at this point. A large body of land is also included in the contract, which will be put under irrigation. The Tieton water users are considering the advisability of assessing a tax of $20 per acre to raise $400,000 for the purpose of aiding the government in prosecuting work on the Bumping Lake dam. It is reported that Secy. Ballinger advises that this money will be accepted if raised in this way and that work will proceed with rapidity whereas present funds will not allow the completion of the dam for many months. The government expects to complete Unit No. 1 of this project this year. L. M. Rice, chief engineer and general manager of the Klickitat Irrigation & Power Company, announced that the sum of $2,000,000 has been pledged for the immediate com- pletion of the project on which his company has been work- ing for the past five years. This sum will allow the con- struction of vast reservoirs on the Klickitat river at the base of Mt. Adams, the erection of an electric power plant near Mabton and the erection of smaller pumping plants at Pasco and Coyote. It is predicted that within a year water will be supplied to more than 200,000 acres and that when the system is complete an aggregate of 500,000 acres will receive water from this project. Water will be carried through ninety-one miles of main canal and pipe line. Workmen in the employ of the government are building a large dredge at the Sunnyside canal in the Yakima valley, west of Spokane, on the lines of a special design prepared by the Bucyrus Company of Milwaukee, which sent one of its head men to Sunnyside, Wash., to examine the work before submitting a bid. The present water supply is inadequate for the irrigation of the rapidly growing Sunnyside project and it was decided to increase the capacity of the canal, which is now 600 second-feet, to a maximum of 1,080 second- feet, and increase of 70 per cent. An excavator was put to work on the upper bank of the canal just above the Harvey place. Below this point the canal is sufficiently narrow to permit the use of one which travels the bank because the boom can reach across and dump the dirt on the lower side. It is a slow process, because a road has to be made for the machine, the capacity of which is only 500 cubic yards per eight-hour shift. Many important advantages could be gained by a floating dredge, so the construction of one was com- menced two months ago. Twenty-one men are now at work on it, and it will require six engines to operate it. Steam will be provided by two large boilers. This work will in- crease the irrigated area from Parket to Prosser and beyond, THE IRRIGATION AGE. 453 which means many new homes, new orchards and fields and many millions of dollars to be taken from the soil. IDAHO. Because of failure to supply water as agreed, the Idaho Irrigation Company, of Richfield, has released settlers from payment for principal, interest or maintenance for water fur nished this year. Active work has been begun on the construction of a dam in the Council valley to reclaim about 25,000 acres. J. J. Allison is promoter of the company, known as the Lost River Irrigation project. The Kuhn interests are said to be preparing a project for the reclamation of 54,000 acres in the Raft River valley in Cassia county. Filings have been made on the flood waters of Raft river and it is proposed to construct a dam 107 feet high and 1,500 feet long. The project was said to be dependent on the construction of the Utah-Burley rail- road, now assured. Land owners in the Gem Irrigation district, near Cald- well, voted to adopt the Trowbridge & Niver proposition for a gravity system for the irrigation of their lands. Water will be stored at a reservoir located on Jordan creek and carried twenty miles in the Owyee river to a point of diver- sion about twenty miles above Nyssa, from whence it will be conveyed in open ditches. Engineering crews have started work on permanent sur- veys for the Kings Hill Extension Irrigation Company, which proposes to construct an irrigation system to reclaim about 20,000 acres lyine along the Snake river bottoms be- tween Glenn's Ferry and Medbury. Two great siphons will be constructed to carry water across the canyons of the Snake river for a distance of about fifty miles. Storage res- ervoirs will hold flood waters of the five creeks draining the Bennett mountains. CALIFORNIA. Francis Cutting, of Red Bluff, has filed on water rights in the Sacramento river and proposes to irrigate a large tract by pumping. Eight hundred men will be put at work on canals and laterals for the irrigating system being established by Pitts- burg capitalists in Colusa and Glenn counties. Final surveys for the government's irrigation project at Iron canyon, near Red Bluff, have been completed and it is said that active work will be begun this year. Orchardists in the vicinity of Yuba City have turned their attention to deep well irrigation and it is said that more than forty wells have already been sunk while many others are in contemplation. Engineers are now working on plans to straighten the mouth of the Sacramento river and thus reclaim nearly a half million acres. Work to reclaim a 10,000-acre tract in the Egbert district has been begun. It is reported that the Lassen Irrigation Company, of Johnstonville, is purchasing land at the head of Baxter Creek and proposes to construct a dam to form a large reservoir for waters of Baxter Creek and other small streams. The meeting of property owners in Paradise, scheduled for last month, has been postponed. The Pacific Gas ft Electric Company is promoting the formation of a district to which it proposes to supply power for irrigation purposes. Directors of the Bend Colony Irrigation Company held a meeting at Red Bluff recently and decided to clear reser- voirs and expend a considerable sum in improvements. Thos. Williams was chosen president and B. F. Stone was elected director. Water Company No. 7 of Holtville has accepted what is known locally as the Schenck proposition. This will ex- tend the water for irrigation to between 6.000 and 7.000 acres lying- west of the Alamo river considered top high to be reached bv the canals of water district No. 1, in which it is located. The construction of flumes, ditches, etc., will be undertaken this fall. Congressman Needham and Dr. W. E. Clapp, of Los Angeles, are said to be interesting themselves in the forma- tion of a Wright irrigation district in the West Side country near Modesto. Preliminary surveys are now being made and it is claimed that several sources of water are available. I: is said that ranchers are willing to organize providing sur- veys indicate that a project is feasible. Reports from Woodland, Yolo county, indicate a warm fight between the Putah Creek Irrigation Company and the Yolo-Solano Land and Water Company for possession of water rights in this vicinity. The latest move is a decision on the part of the former company to change its point of diversion to Cannonball rock on Putah creek about one mile from Winters. An amended application shows this change in plans. In reply to the charge of landowners in the Turlock irrigation district that the sum of $89,000 is not needed for improvement and maintenance, the board of directors has issued a statement declaring that unless the vote on the special assessment is affirmative it will be necessary to col- lect in advance for water. They further assert that unless the special tax is authorized there may be litigation which will involve the district for several years before settlement. It is reported that the sentiment for the special tax is favorable. Land owners in the vicinity of Oakdale have presented a petition to the county board for the formation of an irriga- tion district under the Wright law. The date of the election has been set for October 23. About 63,000 acres will com- prise the district, two-thirds of which lies on the south side of the Stanislaus river. Messrs. Rodden, Gilbert and Crowe have made filings on the Stanislaus, Tuolumne and Cal- veras rivers. It is said that local sentiment is decidedly favorable to the formation of the district. In conjunction with the South San Joaquin district, already formed, it is proposed to purchase the water rights, canals and surveys of the San Joaquin Canal & Irrigation Company. The latter company is said to name a figure of $700,000 as its selling price. \ UTAH. Officers of the upper irrigation district at Theadore are offering bonds to the amount of $225,000 to complete the system. Acting as trustee for the Buckhorn Irrigation Company, George A. Snow of Chicago has applied for the segregation under the Carey Act of about 30,000 acres in Emery county. The company proposes to expend about 300,000 in the con- struction of irrigation works to reclaim 40,000 acres, provid- ing action by the government is favorable. Frank Lott of Denver and several associates have recently succeeded in segregating about 35,000 acres in Wasatch and Uintak counties, to be reclaimed under the Carey Act. By constructing a canal about twenty-eight miles long from the junction of the Duchesne and Strawberry rivers, the com- pany expects to expend about $500,000. Aside from the 35. 000 acres involved in the segregation, the company intends to water about 15,000 acres now under private ownership. Application has been made by the New Castle Reclama- tion Company for the necessary water to irrigate 16.'640 acres of land in Washington county, the water to be taken from Pine Vallev creek. The quantity requested is 3,000 acre feet, the flow being ten cubic feet per second. The point of diversion will be on the north fork of Pine Valley creek. The works will consist of a dam and canal, the latter to be 25,000 feet long, fifteen feet wide at the top and seven feet wide at the bottom. At West Portage a company has been organized which will be known as the Portage Irrigation, Reservoir & Power Company, with headquarters at West Portaee. Arrange- ments are now completed whereby the company takes over the irrigation systems in Sections 6, 10, 9, 2 and 17, Town- ship 14 north. Ranee 4 west. Salt Lake meridian. C. W. Hall is president; William H. Gibbs, vice-president; R.. C. Harris, secretary and treasurer. These officers, with J. F. Conley and John Heaton, form the board of directors. The North Branch of the Western Irrigation Company, an association of twenty-five residents of the precinct of Farr West, Weber county, to operate an irrigation canal connect- ing with the canal of the Western Irrigation Company near a point on the line of the Southern Pacific in Weber county, has filed articles with the secretary of state. S. D. Rawson is president ; Charles F. Larkins. secretary and treasurer, and these, with E. O. Williams and Jacob Thomas, are the di- 456 THE IRRIGATION AGE. rectors. The capital is $10,000 in dollar shares fully paid up by the taking over of rights in the canal. Articles of incorporation of the Mountain-Tunnel Irri- gation Company of Mt. Pleasant, Sanpete county, have been tiled with the Secretary of State, placing the capitalization at $16,800 in shares of $20 each. Officers of the company are: Alex- ander H. Poulson, president; John E. Madsen, vice-president; George Brown, secretary and treasurer, and these, with James W. McClenahan and N. F. Madsen, form the board of directors. The stock is fully paid up in taking over water rights owned by Alexander H. Poulson, Edmund C. John- son and Asa Coates in Bacon Rind and Boulder canyons, east of Spring City. Application has been filed in the office of the State Engi- neer by J. M. Lauritzen of Richfield for 500 cubic feet of water a second to be taken from the Virgin river. This ap- plication makes a total of 100,000 acre feet of water to be used and stored from January 1 to December 31. This water will irrigate 60,000 acres of rich land on the Virgin river. The point of diversion is four miles above Shonesburg, Washington county. The work includes a dam and canal, the latter with a diverting channel 10,000 feet in length, forty feet in width at the top and twenty feet in width at the bot- tom, with a grade of two per cent. After a mass meeting at which the advisability of con- structing a comprehensive irrigation system was exploited at length, land owners in Weber and Davis counties de- cided early in September to petition for the creation of an irrigation district to comprise about 56,000 acres in these two counties. It is reported that Chicago capitalists are ready to accept the district's bonds and to construct a system at a cost of between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000. The main canal will begin four miles west of Morgan, on the Weber river, and will extend to the extreme Davis county line, a dis- tance of fifty-two miles, with a carrying capacity of six hun- dred second-feet or a capacity four times greater than the Davis and Weber county canal now in operation. Part of this water will be distributed at a point where the Weber river goes into the Uintah valley, the canal dividing intr> the north and south branches. The north canal will ex- tend eight miles north, irrigating 6,000 acres in Weber county on what is known as the Burch Creek Bench, and extend- ing as far north as Twenty-fourth street in Ogden City, to which point the canal has been surveyed. The south branch of the canal will terminate at the old White farm at Bonne- ville, giving the south branch a length of thirty-two miles and carrying the water to a point within four miles of Salt Lake City, irrigating 50,000 acres of land. It will take two years to complete the project. OREGON. To reclaim about 10,000 acres near Spray,' Carl Wagner and Charles Royse have arranged to take water from the John Day river near the Spray dam. They propose to invest $10,000 in work and machinery. Active work on the dam for the irrigation project in the Grande Rounde valley will be begun soon. The south ditch line has been surveyed and the north ditch is now being sur- veyed. About 20,000 acres will be watered by this project. D. M. Brogan, of Seattle, reports excellent success in his preliminary work toward the development of a project on Willow creek, about twenty-four miles from Vale. This [jioject was abandoned by the government for lack of fund-> and involves about 30,000 acres. Charles M. Lanning, Joseph G. Houston and George Broughton have filed articles of incorporation of the Odin Falls Irrigation & Power Company. The capital stock is $90,000, with $30,000 of preferred stock. The papers cover general development work, as indicated by the name of the company. The John Day Power Company, composed of Oregon and Washington irrigation enthusiasts, is preparing to develop the immense water power of John Day river, about 14 miles west of Arlington. The energy of this water, which has been idling away its strength for ages, will be converted into electricity and distributed over three or four counties. In the Federal court at Portland the suit brought against the Three Sisters Irrigation Company, seeking to have its filing on a tract of 27,000 acres set aside, Justice Bean has handed down a decision favorable to the defendant. The court held that charges of misappropriation of moneys col- lected and failure to complete the irrigation system were not substantiated. The reclamation of 20,000 acres on Quincy flat, near \Venatchee, is under consideration by people who have Hol- land capitalists interested, and engineers are working on the project with a view of giving the estimated cost of the work. Preliminary examinations of the water in the Columbia river have been made, and it is estimated that water can be thrown over all of the 20,000 acres. Umatilla county capitalists are said to be interested in a project for the reclamation of about 12,000 acres near Weston. It is proposed to construct a storage reservoir on Pine creek about three miles above Weston, at a point known as Rocky Ford. By the construction of a dam 200 feet in height it is claimed that water for the irrigation of 1,800 acres may be stored. A power station will be installed and it is estimated that the total cost will reach $250,000. Application for the appointment of a receiver for the Deschutes Irrigation & Power Company has been made by John G. Deshler, of Columbus, Ohio, but has been refused by Judge Bean, of Portland. It was alleged that the officials of the company are guilty of conspiracy, misman- agement, and breach of trust. To these charges the present officers of the company entered denial and in. detail explained the financial operations of the concern and its prospect of meeting all obligations. Will R. King, of Portland, is heading a group of capi- talists who propose to construct a dam for power and irriga tion purposes on the upper Klickitat river under the name of the Klickitat Valley Development Company. The point of diversion is about ten miles above Glenwood and water will be sent about eighty miles through flumes, to the Camas Prairie district where a tract of about forty-five square miles will be available for irrigation. It is claimed that the com- pany has a paid up capital of $730,000. MONTANA. R. M. Calkins has recently purchased a tract of 22,000 acres of land lying about fifteen miles south of Harlowtown. He proooses to construct a system to irrigate about 4,000 acres of this tract. It is reported that the irrigation project being constructed by W. B. Jordan and Hi. Gilmore on the Little Dry river is nearlv completed, and that water will soon be turned on the 6.000 acres to be reclaimed by the work. Edward Donlan of Thompson Falls has brought injunc- tion suit against the Montana Copper Mining & Milling Company to prevent the latter company from using water from the Thompson river. Mr. Donlan proposes to use the supply for the irrigation of several thousand acres of land and claims a prior right. WYOMING. The Medicine Wheel Irrigation project, east of Lovell, has comoleted its preliminary surveys and will soon start active work. Denver capitalists are said to be backing Pro- moter Gregory. A reorganization of the Shoshone River Canal Company with the .expenditure of $2,000,000 for the development of the Oregon basin reservoir project, abandoned some years ago, is being considered by capitalists from Chicago, who are consulting with the state officials. It is proposed to re- claim 250,000 acres of land. The Lake Hattie Water Company has been incorporated at Laramie by F. W. Mowen, N. E. Corthell and W. R. Smith, who are also the trustees for the first year. The com- pany will have a capital of $150,000, and will engage in build- ing the irrigation system now in course of construction at Lake Hattie to reclaim a large amount of Laramie valley lands. Eastern capital is said to be interested in an irrigation project of magnitude in the Big Horn valley, Big Horn county. Land located on Chapman's Bench, known as the Sand Coule countrv. and aggregating about 40,000 acres, is available for irrigation. Water will be taken from Cla.rk's THE IRRIGATION AGE. 451 Fork river and carried through ditches to the distributing point. George E. Milligan of Rochester, N. Y., and Judge John Knapp of Canandaigua, N. Y., are said to be interested The Secretary of the Interior is asking for proposals for building the Pathfinder dike in connection with the North Platte irrigation project, Nebraska- Wyoming. This dike will close a low place in the rim of the reservoir created by the Pathfinder dam. It is located about forty-five miles southwest of Casper, Wyo., and the work involves approxi- mately 160,000 cubic yards of earth excavation, 8,000 cubic yards of pavement, and 2,000 cubic yards of concrete masonry. The bids will be opened at Denver, Colo., at the office of the Reclamation Service, on October 28, 1909. MISCELLANEOUS. Farmers ori Muscatine Island, at Muscatine, Iowa, are becoming interested in irrigation by pumping owing to the drouth( of the present year. Numerous wells will be sunk in the near future to insure a water supply next year. Morton county, Kan., is now under investigation to de- termine whether or not water 'for irrigation can be supplied from artesian wells. It is represented that many thousands of acres of worthless land might be reclaimed through a system of deep wells similar to that at Garden City. Because of the season's drouth, the Agricultural Ex- periment Station of Maryland is pursuing investigations as to the feasibility of using utilizing wells for irrigation. It is claimed that many thousands of acres in both Maryland and Virginia might be supplied with water to insure crops. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded contract to the Chas. F. Elmes Company of Chicago for furnishing three 58-inch balanced valves for use in connection with the dis- charge pipes in Roosevelt Dam, Salt River project, Arizona. The valves are to be shipped in fifty-five, sixty and seventy days. The contract price is $13,890. In response to requests from farmers in the vicinity of Rochester, N. Y., the Rochester Railway and Light Com- pany is supplying power for experiments with deep-well irri- gation. It is claimed that thus far the tests have been suc- cessful and that many land owners are planning to use its power in irrigating for farm crops. J. N. Pharr of New Iberia, La., is said to be prime mover in a company now in process of formation and having for its object the irrigation of about 12,000 acres in the Brownsville district, about 300 miles west of Houston. It is proposed to name the company the Rio Grande Irrigation Company, and to capitalize at $4.000,000. After investigation of the Keystone Irrigation Company and various other concerns operating in Keith and other western counties, State Engineer Simmons of Nebraska, has announced that the sale of water rights has far exceeded that available supply given the companies under the law. He has therefore taken steps to prohibit further sale of rights. English capitalists are said to be supplying funds for the work necessary to complete for use the old Soule irrigation ditch, extending from Ingalls to Speakville in western Kan- sas. Taylor & Gilberts, engineers, are in charge of the work of dredging and extending the canal. When completed this ditch will supply water to 50,000 acres in Gray and Ford counties. Stockholders of the recently organized Chapala Hydro- Electric and Irrigation Company of Guadalajara, Mexico, held a meeting and decided to issue bonds to the amount of 2.000,000 pesos in addition to the 3,000,000 pesos already au- thorized by the government. Additional funds will be used for the construction of a dike along the eastern edge of Lake Chapala. Asking that George E. Barstow be enjoined from enter- ing other suits against them, T. W. Crouch and others of St. Louis and A. N. Edwards of Kirkwood, Mo., have filed a petition in the federal court at El Paso, Texas. They fur- ther ask that a receiver be appointed for the Hillsdale Irri- gation Company, the Pecos Land and Irrigation Company and the Barstow Irrigation Company. To determine the status of water rights on the North Platte river, there has been instituted at Gering, Neb., a suit against the Tri-State Land Company. The Enterprise Irri- gation district is the plaintiff, but it is understood that sev- eral districts have contributed to a fund to enter this suit. It is alleged that the Tri-State Company has no priority of water right except that necessary to supply about 2,000 acres. The latter company is of the opinion that it has rights suffi- cient to water about 80,000 acres. It is predicted that the legal battle will be fought with great bitterness by both sides. Owners of rice lands in Arkansas have become inter- ested in irrigation as applied to growing rice crops and nu- merous inquiries have been made as to the right to pump water from streams into irrigation ditches. Along the White river, where drouth is to be feared, there has been unusually large inquiry, and government experts declare that if only a small part of the projects under consideration is brought to maturity, there will be a material decrease in the volume of this stream. Prairie county rice growers are said to have be- come discouraged over the prospect and have turned to other methods for a water supply. SHOPS SWAMPED WITH ORDERS. Trump Company and Foos Gas Engine Company Compelled to Work Kate Sours. "We are simply swamped with orders," said Fuller Trump, Jr., of the Trump Manufacturing Company, makers of hy- draulic and steam engines at Springfield, Ohio. "Our orders for the last three months exceed those of the entire previous year. The outlook for business is very promising." Mr. Trump said that they had just made a big shipment to the west coast of Africa. Business seems to have taken a sudden spurt in all of the European countries, he said. This is an encouraging condition of affairs. The Trump company is making shipments to many of the foreign countries as well as to various points In this country. The scarcity of men has handicapped the company some. It is employing three shifts now and working until 10 o'clock at night so that it can get out its orders on time. For the last two months the factory has been running until 10 o'clock. More men are needed and the company has placed advertisements in the different newspapers announcing that workmen are needed at this plant. The company makes a specialty of designing turbines for water power plants and its catalog will prove of interest to those who contemplate the development of water power. SOLD 10,000 GASOLINE ENGINES. That would be a record which would be worthy of the ambition of the most enterprising gas engine company in the country. A plan whereby that many engines may be dis- tributed necessitates some special inducement, not only in price, but in sending out an engine of quality, that will insure the purchaser of good work on an economical basis, without expensive repairs, troubles or delays. The Witte Iron Works Company of Kansas City, Mo., have a new way of advertising their engines. While having advertised extensively in newspapers for years with good re- sults, they have developed a plan which has particular refer- ence to the sale of engines, in new localities, where at the present time the gas engine needs introduction. They state that experience has demonstrated the fact that one engine in operation will sell additional engines. As the returns of this kind of advertising depend altogether on the satisfactory services of the engine, their plan is one that will no doubt work out exceptionally well in the sale of high-grade engines. They have only recently issued new catalogs, giving the history of their plant from the time when the firm flrst started in 1870 up to the present time, showing the progress that has been made and what has been gained by each engine advertising for itself. Their large new plant was recently completed and equipped, with an investment of over one quar- ter million dollars, and will enable them to turn out more than three times the number of engines per year than in the past. They build all sizes, from 2 h. p. to 35 h. p., making a specialty of horizontal type engines in these sizes. Being ex- clusive manufacturers, who have devoted many years to the one line, it would indicate that they have attained a perfec- tion in the engine, which every purchaser will appreciate. The details of their introductory proposition to introduce their engines in new localities will be forwarded to anyone who will write them, stating the size engine they want, or the class of work which they desire the engine to do. • Will pay for the IRRIGATION AGE $2.50 one year and the PRIMER OF IRRIGATION. 458 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases ADVERSE USER OF DITCH RIGHT. — Adverse user of a ditch right of way over land for one year would not be sufficient to establish an easement therein. — Oliver v. Burnett. Court of Appeal, First District, Cali- fornia. 102 Pacific 223. CONTROL OF WATER BY STATE. — The constitution of this state reserves to the state the right to regulate and control the manner and means of ap- propriating the unappropriated waters of the state. — Speer v. Stephenson, State Engineer. Supreme Court of Idaho. 102 Pacific 365. DUTY OF CANAL COMPANY. — It is the duty of a canal company to turn the water for the consumer out of it's main canal of lateral at such place as will be most convenient for the consumer, and will cause least waste by seepage and evaporation. — Niday v. Barker. Supreme Court of Idaho. 101 Pacific 254. PRIORITIES.— The order in which the names of the claimants were re- cited in the decree did not denote a determination of pri- ority among them, especially as Mills' Ann. St. Sec. 2403, expressly allows the statement of claim required to be made by any one of the owners. — Park v. Park. Supreme Court of Colorado. 101 Pacific 403. LANDLORD'S DUTY TO FURNISH WATER. — Where a lease provided that the landlord should furnish water to irrigate the tenant's crops at a price to be hereafter agreed upon, and the price was agreed on for the years 1904 and 1905, the landlord's obligation to furnish water during those years was complete. — Dunbar v. Montgomery. Court of Civil Appeals of Texas. 119 Southwestern 907. APPROPRIATION OF WATER. — At such times as an appropriator is not using the water under his appropriation, and is not applying the water to a beneficial use, such water must be considered and treated as unappropriated public water of the state, and for such period of time is subject to appropriation and use by others. — Hutchinson v. Watson Slough Ditch Co., Ltd. Supreme Court of Idaho, 101 Pacific, 1059. COSTS OF SURVEY BY STATE ENGINEER. — The expenses incurred in making surveys, maps, and plats by the state engineer under the irrigation law and in obedience to an order of the trial court is a proper expense to be taxed up against the appropriators and claimants of water who are litigants in the case, and this may be done even though the maps, plats, and report be not introduced in evidence — Farm- ers' Co-operative Ditch Co. v. Riverside Irrigating Dist., Ltd., Supreme Court of Idaho. 102 Pacific 481. ACTION OF STATE ENGINEER. — The action of the state engineer in deciding to cancel or in refusing to cancel a permit is not conclusive upon the parties, and may be reviewed in the district court upon appeal or may be questioned in a direct proceeding in the district court, and the court in considering such matter is in no way controlled or concluded by the action of the state engineer. — Speer v. Stephenson, State Engineer. Supreme Court of Idaho. 102 Pacific 365. OLD AND NEW WATER. — Under the apportionment of benefits, by reason of the purchase of said canal system, to the lands under it, the bene- fits were classified under two heads : One of "old water," and the other of "new water." The term "old water" refers to existing water rights at the time of the purchase of the canal, and "new water" refers to rights yet to be acquired by the enlargement of the canal, and no benefits under the head of "old water" were apportioned to respondent's land, and it appears that the canal has not been enlarged so as to acquire any "new water" ; and, until such enlargement occurs, or it is made to appear that the canal company has water sufficient to supply the demands of respondent without interfering with the rights of prior users, he can not acquire a perpetual water right by the temporary use of water from said canal at times when prior users are not demanding the full amount of water to which they are entitled. — Gerber v. Napa &• Meridian Irr. Dist. Supreme Court of Idaho. 100 Pacific 80. CONTRACT FOR USE OF WATER. — A contract for the use of water made for a valuable consideration organized for the purpose of supplying water for irrigating land that did not when made contravene the laws or policy of the state may, as between the parties or their successors in interest, be enforced, subject to all reasonable regulations, provided that the rights of other water users are not thereby unlawfully curtailed. — Ctague v. Tri-State Land Co. Supreme Court of Nebraska. 121 Northwestern 570. TITLE TO WATER BY USER. — If the owner, by his agreement with his brother, or by making his statement of claim for the later water only, waived his right to any earlier water, the agreement with his brother that he was to have half of all water secured by both, fol- lowed by his open and notorious possession and use of it for over thirteen years thereafter for irrigation of his lands, vested the title therein in him, and caused it to go to his grantees with his land ; oral agreements concerning priorities and title to water rights followed by change of possession and application of the water for irrigation by a claimant being valid. — Park v. Park. Supreme Court of Colorado. 101 Pacific 403. USE OF STREAM FOR MECHANICAL PURPOSES. — The owner of riparian land has the right to use the water in its natural course on the land for generating elec- tric power, though the power is carried away and used on non- riparian land of others ; and he has also the right, if it is more convenient and effective so to do, to turn the water out of its natural channel at the upper ends of his posses- sions, carry it in an artificial channel over the land, use it for generating such power, and turn it all back into the stream within his lands, provided such interference with natural conditions does not unduly injure those who have rights in the water, including the underflow. — Mentone Irrigation Co. v. Redlands Electric Light & Power Co. Supreme Court of California. 100 Pacific 1082. DITCH RIGHT OF WAY ACROSS HOMESTEAD. — Under Rev. St. TJ. S. sees. 2339, 2340 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1437), providing that when, by priority of possession, rights to the use of water for agricultural purposes have vested, the owner thereof shall be protected, and confirming the right of way for the construction of ditches, etc., and pro- viding that homesteads allowed shall be subject to any vested and accrued water rights to ditches in connection therewith, etc., one who completes a ditch across public lands for irriga- tion purposes, and who is in possession thereof at the time another makes his homestead entry on the lands, acquires a right of way across the lands, and the homesteader takes his homestead subject to such right of way. — Cottonwood Ditch Co. v. Thorn. Supreme Court of Montana. 100 Pacific 825. GRANT OF DESERT LANDS TO STATE FOR RECLAMATION. — Act Aug. 18, 1894, c. 301, Sec. 4, 28 Stat. 422, as amended by Act June 11, 1896, Sec. 1, c. 420, 29 Stat. 413, and Act March 3, 1901, c. 853, Sec. 3, 31 Stat. 11.88 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, pp. 1554, 1556, 1557), for the purpose of aiding the public land states in the reclamation of desert lands therein and the sale thereof to actual settlers in tracts not exceeding 160 acres each, authorized the Secretary of the Interior, upon proper application of a state, and the filing of a map and ap- proved plan of irrigation, to contract with it to donate and patent to such state not exceeding 1,000,000 acres as the state shall cause the same to be irrigated, reclaimed, and occu- pied. The state is authorized to enter into contracts to cause the lands to be irrigated and induce their settlement, to provide for a lien thereon for the actual cost and necessary expense of irrigation, but is required to hold any surplus money derived from their sale, in excess of the cost of re- clamation, as a trust fund, and apply the same to the re- clamation of other desert lands therein. Rev. St. Wyo. 1899, (Continued on page 466.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 459 Land Values in Northwestern States There are but three conditions which are making fruit land values throughout the northwestern states. They are climate and soil, irrigation, and expert horticultural super- vision. In the northwestern states by no means every section can count itself as being included in these three conditions. That fruit may properly develop and mature the conditions must be exactly favorable, and favorable conditions are not to be found except between certain degrees of altitude. Were the most perfect soil in the Northwest to be located above western country, the land which would appear to be exactly adaptable to fruit culture is comparatively limited. Many of the developed fruit projects, while having the proper soil and climatic conditions, have still not realized the extreme importance of the horticultural end, and perhaps none of them has so fully realized its importance as the Lewiston district, at Lewiston, Idaho. The men who have done most at Lewiston for the pro- motion of fruit culture realized that success, or the lack of it, would be entirely due to the agricultural end. They were not unknowing of the fact that they had land of excep- tional fertility, in the proper zone, and properly irrigated with a pressure system of water, and they turned their at- tention to the one other feature it would make for the success. The Lewiston district scoured the West for the proper expert to put in charge of the horticultural problem, and from the University of California they engaged Prof. E. H. Grape Cuttings in District Nursery. the 2,500-foot level, that soil would not be adapted to the proper cultivating of the apple or other deciduous fruits. It is true that trees, particularly the apple, will grow at that levdlf and it is true also that in many years a profitable crop can be produced, but at this altitude the hazard from frost is far too great to warrant the hope of great crops. This statement removes from consideration probably ninety per cent of all the land in the three states of the Northwest. Of the ten per cent remaining which lay at a favorable altitude, another percentage must be deducted for soils not properly adapted to fruit culture. Still other per- centages must be eliminated because of faulty planting and faulty care, due to lack of expert horticultural supervision. It is therefore a safe statement to make that, of the north- Twight, who, by years of experience, practical and theoretical, had made his name known in the West wherever fruit was mentioned. Prof. Twight organized at Lewiston a system of horticultural supervision, whereby no orchard is grown there except by his supervision and no work done except by his order. The resident owners of young properties have at their command his advice and the advice of his subordinates and the non-resident property owner has his property cared for under his supervision. During the three years which this plan has been operative, every orchard at Lewiston has been as completely cared for as the best individual orchards in other districts. Horticulturists from all the northwestern country look 460 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Two Years and Six Months from Planting. to the Lewiston district for their models of fruit culture. The last three years has demonstrated that it is possible to creat a fruit district where every orchard is horticulturally perfect. THE DECADE BEFORE US. Water Is Delivered Under Pressure to Each Five-Acre Tract. We are more given to contemplating the past and trying to lift the veil that obscures the future than in actively solv- ing the problems of the present hour. It is not strange that we should look with confidence toward the morrow; the past is gone forever, the present is measured by a heart beat, while the future is unlimited, stretching forward to eternity. While, as Dr. Johnson pointed out, it is not logical to "expect the promises of tomorrow to atone for the failures of today," it Is wise to take roseate, if reasonable, views of the future, else present burdens and embarrassments might prove too heavy to be borne. In its July circular, a prominent investment house, with no end of statistics at its disposal, and controlled, it must be admitted, by a decidedly optimistic spirit, undertakes to fore- cast the financial and economic conditions that may well pre- vail in this country in 1920. The following estimates, thus made, are of interest, though we may have to wait ten years to find out how far some of them are wrong. According to this financial prophet, our population, in 1920, will amount to a hundred million souls; our banking power will be thirty billion dollars; our bank clearings 193 billion dollars; our cur- rency circulation four and one-fourth billion dollars; coal production 660 million tons; the pig iron output forty-six mil- lion dollars; gold production, 100 million dollars; imports of merchandise, one and one-half and exports of the same, two and one-fifth billion dollars; agricultural products, fourteen billion dollars; total wealth of the country, 175 billion dollars. While usually more pleasing, foresight is by no means so reliable as "hindsight," as many have learned when balancing their books at the close of a year's business; yet, without dis- cussing the "guesses" in detail, they may well turn out not exaggerations, considered as a whole. Conditions in this country are not only more favorable to advancement than ever before, but they are better than ever prevailed in any country on earth in the long stretch of time covered by au- thentic history. We possess a vast territory, rich In every blessing within the power of nature to bestow; a free govern- ment that places no restrictions on ambition and advance- ment; an ability to perfect labor-saving machinery perhaps unequaled in the world; isolation from other great nations, thus largely insuring peace; and, most important, perhaps, of all, the most ambitious, industrious and progressive people on earth. The federal government has adopted, and Is fast developing, a system of reclaiming arid plains that, within the passing of the next decade, will enormously add to our national wealth, while broadening and enriching the field of human endeavor. This will, doubtlessly, be soon extended to include the drainage of rich swamp lands, ot which we possess a sufficient area to form a European empire. Private corpora- tions are already in the reclamation field ana great states will soon heartily Join in the movement destined to subdue and render fruitful the entire of our broad land. We stand at the threshold of prosperity and development. The past was but the prologue, the curtain is rising for the commencement of the real play. — [From The Banking World, July-Aug., 1909.] They who live In the Empire of the West are, after all, in the very advance guard of progress. Nowhere else, per- haps, in this country, does the door of opportunity swing open so wide. There are, along the lines of the Union Pacific Rail- road, chances for joining in the greatest enterprises known in the history of this country. Without disparaging other sec- tions, it is safe to say that the west, todny. Is the land of opportunity and fortune for rich and poor alike. THE IEKIGATION AGE. 461 (Continued from page 452.) under the law. We must, then, go a step further and hold that the right to use water belongs to the user and not to the individual or association. We must agree, at some time, as to the facts that must be secured to establish a right to use, and then provide an administration to pro- tect such a right when it is denned. But few states and territories have assumed to accept such a responsibility in even a small way, yet I can say from an experience of nearly twenty years in such administrative work, that it is no more difficult than are many other branches of execu- tive work that have been assumed by the public and which are accepted without question as a proper responsibility of the public. The history of the west during the past ten years is a sad commentary on the adequacy of state government in so far as the administration of our streams is concerned. The states and territories are not altogether to blame for this condition. Petty jealousies among those in high places, and the advice of men who have never had a day's experience in irrigation construction, the management of irrigation works or the administration of study of proper legal principles, have joined to complicate all attempts at reform in many legislatures. A propaganda was organ- ized eight or ten years ago. which evidently had the sup- port of the Reclamation Service, which has done more to defeat good irrigation legislation than any one other movement. Evidently the object of this crusade was to leave the states and territories at the mercy of the offi- cers of the government. Threats were made that if cer- tain laws were not enacted, but little would be done by the Reclamation Service. A general code was prepared and issued under the authority of the government, as an outline for the states and territories to follow. Under this, the director of the Geological Survey, then the head of the Reclamation Service, could dictate the appointment of state and territorial officers who were to be charged with the irrigation administration. The code recommended, was and is, in my judgment, of but little practical value. It has not worked successfully where it has been in oper- ation. It does not define important principles, but pro- vides for procedures which are complicated and, in many cases, impossible in practice. We have done nothing, thus far, to encourage set- tlement along lines that will insure continued prosperity and build up great states. This is a work that we could with profit undertake. Let us outline some plan of action. Let us not claim that irrigation is to make homes on the land for the destitute of our great cities. We know that the best eastern farmer has trouble enough to maintain himself on a new farm in the west. How can we expect that a destitute family, without knowledge of agriculture of any kind, can succeed. Is it not time that the National Irrigation Congress awake from its slumber? Should we not study fundamental principles and agree upon a platform setting forth their relative importance and their intrinsic value? Have we not had enough experience with moulders of public sentiment and with those who spend their time and energy before the doors of congress, when their real duty lies in the fields of the west? If we have no work and no responsibility, let us muster the congress out of service. If we recognize that the water user needs laws and regulations which embrace only a few important principles, we can no longer spend our time and energy in promoting the personal interests of men who come here for selfish purposes and who have other objects than the protection of the irrigator at heart. THE BROTHEN LEVEL. In explanation of its device for determining the lay of the land, in making laterals and running lines for ditches, dams and canals, the Brothen Manufacturing Co., Ltd., of Mountain Home, Idaho, has recently placed on the press a booklet calculated to exploit the value of Mr. Brothen's ap- paratus. It is claimed that the Brothen level is a simple contrivance but of inestimable value for irrigators or others who wish to accurately determine levels. IRRIGATION MADE EASY with the BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL. Gives automatically the level or any grade desired, and will verify the correctness of its own work from where it is operated. PRICE $10.00; WITH TRIPOD $12.00 For further Information address A. A. BROTHEN, Idaho Falls, Idaho New American Turbines will improve your water power because they are EFFICIENT, POWERFUL and DURABLE. Our line of » HEAD GATES and HOISTS is the "most complete on the market, and we have patterns for all sizes and types. Don't forget that a reliable Head Gate is one of the important parts of any power plant. Send for Catalogue 25. The Dayton Globe Iron Works Go, Dayton Ohio 402 THE IRRIGATION AGE. BILLINGS IN GALA ATTIRE. Green and white have been selected as the official colors of the Fourth Dry Farming Congress, which will meet at Billings, Mont., October 26-28. The entire scheme of deco- ration of the city as planned by the committee is designed to show combinations of these colors which have been selected as symbolical of the Congress and its work. The decora- tions will include numerous electric lights, fifty extra arc lamps being provided for the exposition hall and the princi- pal streets. Hundreds of incandescent lamps will be strung across and along the centers of the streets and the buildings in the business district will be illuminated with extra lights. When the buildings are hung with green and white drapery, topped, as many will be, with the Stars and Stripes, and the lights are turned on, Billings will present a scene of bril- liancy eclipsing all previous attempts to enhance its natural beauty. "We will be there with the goods to surprise them" writes W. S. Pershing, an active members of the Congress, who lives at Limon, Colo., in the heart of a large dry farm- ing district. Mr. Pershing has informed Prof. W. H. Olin, vice-president of the Congress, and superintendent of ex- hibits for the International Dry Farming Exposition, which will be held at Billings, Mont., October 25-29, that eastern Colorado will be well represented with exhibits which will show wonderful progress in the agricultural development of that state. He also assures large attendance of delegates from his section. Mr. Pershing has attended a number of county fairs this fall in Colorado and reports that the exhibits there are un- usually pood. A number of these exhibits are expected to be brought to Billings, but there are many dry farmers who are preparing special exhibits exclusively for the Dry Farm- ing Exposition, being inspired to extra effort by the offer of three trophy cups by the Denver Chamber of Commerce for Colorado exhibits. Mr. Pershing himself has been very suc- cessful this year, especially with his Silver Mine white oats, raised without irrigation on the eastern Colorado plains. (Continued from page 450.) storms are unknown and the disagreeable east wind is seldom experienced. Hunting and fishing are to be enjoyed at their best in the valley and the mountains. Bear and wildcats furnish sport for the more daring, but feathered game is plenty and hunting bags are usually well filled. Streams in the valley abound in fish and brief excursions into the mountains usually bring a full basket of trout. A matter of special interest to our readers is the announcement that the Bostrom-Brady Manufacturing Company, Manufacturers of the Bostrom Farm Level with Telescope, are now permanently located in St. Louis, Mo., a move made necessary by the unprecedented de- mand in this section of the country for an instrument of the unques- tioned efficiency of the Bostrom Level, and we believe every land owner w.ho has draining, ditching, irrigating, terracing, grading, road building to do, orchards to set out, fences to build, buildings and foundations to level, etc., etc., cannot possibly invest the amount at which this instrument is sold to better advantage. Read the manu- facturer's card elsewhere in this issue and you will see their offer to ship c. o. d. subject to examination is a most liberal one, and the very best evidence that the manufacturers know to an absolute cer- tainty their instrument fills to complete satisfaction a long felt want of hundreds of thousands of land owners who need equipment of this kind. Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR •AND SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLATE, or ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., 242 Lawler Street, Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 403 JERSEY CALVES AS PREMIUMS. President Colon C. Lillie of the National Dairy Show, to be held in Milwaukee, October 14 to 24, announces that he will give a Jersey bull calf to the creamery patron who sends in the best sample of milk, and a Jersey heifer calf to the hand separator cream patron who sends in the best sample of hand separator cream. Samples are to be taken by the regular man who receives the milk and cream at the creamery, the amount of the milk or cream delivered to be up to the usual amount. Applications for entry blank should be mailed to the National Dairy Show Association, Room 148, Plankinton House, Milwaukee, immediately. REFORM BY LYING AND SLANDER. President Taft's letter to Ballinger has hit hard the unco guid and rigidly righteous, who think that the proper way of reform is to lie about a public officer and stick to it. Our inestimable contemporary, The Enquirer, is one caught with the goods. At the irrigation congress where the Ballinger-Pinchpt controversy broke out with great virulence, Dr. Pardee did more than shy his castor in the ring. His mouth got its tail over the lines and ran away. This catastrophe, for it is al- ways a catastrophe when the Doctor's mouth gets errant, was caused as stated by him, by the restoration to the public do- main of lands in Montana previously withdrawn as a na- tional reserve. He charged that this restoration was done by Secretary Ballinger for the purpose of enabling a water-power trust to grab all the water powers in Montana, and that after such grab was grabbed, the Secretary renewed the with- drawal. This charge was specific, circumstantial, and in detail. When it was made, a concerted howl went up from the chemically pure newspaper organs of what they themselves call "reform." Of course, in this chorus the inestimable En- quirer took a leading part, and notified the President to this effect: "If Taft stands by Secretary Ballinger, so much the worse for Taft." Well, the President stands by Secretary Ballinger. He gives proof that not a single filing was made on a water pow- er in the area restored to the public domain by the Secretary; that there were no water powers there to be grabbed ; that in- stead of 15,000 acres it was charged the water-power trust had filed on to grab water power, there were filings on just 160 acres, on which there was no water power, and that these were not original but were refilings. In other words, the President submits indisputable proof that the charges made by D_r. Pardee had not a shred, raveling, lint or fuzz of truth in them. Thereupon, our interrogatory contemporary, The En- quirer, sticks to the exploded slander and says : "Mr. Taft may be a pacifier, but he cannot make peace by attempting to silence the independent Argus-eyed American press. Neither can he silence men like Dr. Pardee." Wow! who said he could, or that he wants to? He can, as he has, prove their charges false, their statements per- verted, their activity pernicious, their personality offensive, their methods malignant, their language venomous, their pur- poses venal ; but silence them, no. Only one way was found to silence Ananias. — Oakland (Cal.) Tribune. IRRIdATORS', ENGINEERS', PROSPECTORS' and MINERS' HIGH CUT BOOTS Expressly adapted for irrigation work. Made of the highest quality and stock. Strong, comfortable and dependable. Many styles. Protect the feet and keep them dry. Can be secured through shoe dealers. If not obtainable, write to us. For a dress shoe, wear "HONORBUILT" F, Mayer Boot &SboeCouan7 Milwaukee, Wisconsin Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.00 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. * 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SAMSON TURBINE! When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. Write Department K-2 for Catalog. I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 464 THE IRRIGATION AGE. SENATORS PLAN SECOND TRIP Committee from United States Sen- ate Will Make Journey to South- western Projects. It is announced that the senatorial committee on irrigation and recla- mation of public lands is planning to meet for its second trip at Denver on October 31. On the following day they will visit the Gunnison tun- nel and after making an investiga- tion as to conditions will go to Grand Junction. Several of the members of this com- mittee were unable to make the trip during August, because of personal business or matters that compelled them to remain in the East. From present indications, it is stated, nearly the full committee will meet at Den- ver for the inspection of projects in Colorado, Utah, California and New Mexico. As at present outlined, the itiner- ary of the November tour is as fol- lows: Gunnison project, Nov. 1; Grand Junction, Nov. 2; Salt Lake, Nov. 3; Nevada, Nov. 4 and 5; Cali- fornia and Sacremento Valley proj- ects, Nov 7 and 8; Klamath, Ore., Nov. 9; San Francisco, Nov. 10; Los Angeles, Nov. 11; Imperial Valley, Cal., Nov. 12; Yuma, Nov. 13; Roose- velt Dam project, Ariz., Nov. 14; El Paso, Nov. 16; Santa Fe, N. M., Nov. 18. The committee will return to Chi- cago on Nov. 20. REPORT ON BELLE FOURCHE. Supervising Engineer I. W. Mc- Connell, who has charge of Govern- ment reclamation in South Dakota, states that about 25,000 acres of land under the Belle Fourche project were irrigated this year. The storage reser- voir has not yet reached a stage where it can be utilized. The Belle Fourche dam, which will be the larg- est earthen dam in existence, is about 60 per cent completed, and at the end of the present year the gap in the embankment at Owl Creek will prob- ably be closed. Next year stored water will doubtless be available for all the lands which are at present under canals. Under the Outlet ca- nal there are 12,000 acres at the pres- ent time; under the South canal about 16,000 acres; and under the Indian Creek lateral of the North canal there will be 16,000 acres. The irri- gation carried on this year was by direct diversions from the Belle Fourche river, and the supply was sufficient. The Northwestern Railroad has se- cured a right of way for a line to ex- tend from Belle Fourche to Pierre, which will give transportation for all points in the project, with no haul exceeding ten miles. The company promises to complete this road within a year. A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Hnmphryes' Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- Stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tells you all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request. THE HUMPHRYES MFG. CO., MANSFIELD. OHIO PUMP WATER PUHnP 1000 GALLONS OF WATER FOR ONE GENll Every farm should have one of our pumping: plants. Un- 1 like a windmill it always works, wind/jr no wind, and | :osts less for repairs. Plenty of water in a minutes time. WITTE GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINES I Suitable for wells, any depth, and for irrigation. Guaranteed 5 years. Write stating siie wanted. WITTE IRON WORKS CO. 505 W. fifth Street KANSAS CITY, ^CHINEI ABSOLUTELY THE BEST Cutters Planters, Sprayers, ZJi&denr, Sorters. 0 * Write for free Booklet. "Potato Culture" ASPINWALL MF'G. CO. JACKSON. M.CH.U.SA. WANTED —To correspond with some young married man who has a thorough understanding of truck farming who would like to go to the state of Oregon or Washington with a gentleman of means to develop an irrigated farm. A good salary will be paid to the man who is a hustler, and who can give highest reference as to character and ability. Address, G.R.W., Room 621 Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass. YOU EVER USE PRESS CLIPPINGS Do you want everything printed in the newspaper, magazine and trade press of the United States and Canada on any particular subject? Send us your order describing what you want us to clip, enclose $3.00, and we will send you our service for one month, mailing you daily or weekly all clippings found on your topic. We read and clip about 25,000 publica- tions each month MANUFACTURERS can learn where there is a market for their goods, and how best to reach it. ... . . BUSINESS MEN can obtain reliable tips which lead to business brought in on the follow-up plan ANYONE can gather all that is printed about matters of immediate interest, the latest and best thought from many sources. UNITED STATES PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU Chicago, U. S. A. Send for our booklet. 1309-1312, 153 LaSalle St. $122 a Year will keep you posted on Nevada Mines Get the Facts Reliable information weekly from every mining district in Nevada What the mines are Where they are Who is behind them and What they are doing SEND $1.00 NOW FOR THE Weekly Mining Edition of the NEVADA STATE JOURNAL RENO. NEVADA When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 465 DISCUSSES RECLAMATION. President Taft Indorses $10,000,000 Bond Issue for Comnletion of Works. Reclamation of the arid and semi- arid lands by irrigation was discussed at length by President Taft, on Sept. 28. He unreservedly indorsed the work of Richard A. Ballinger, Secre- tary of the Interior. In discussing problems before the Reclamation Department, he said in part: "The reclamation act provides for the expenditure of funds made up of the proceeds of the sale of public lands and reimbursed from time to time by the installments to be paid by the settlers who take up the irri- gated land, and it also provides that no part of a project is to be contract- ed for or begun until the money for the completion of that part of the project contracted for shall be in the reclamation fund. "Now, it appears that it will take $10,000,000 or more, which is not avail- able in the reclamation fund at pres- ent, fully to complete the projects, and it also appears that a great num- ber of persons by reason of the be- ginning of the projects have been led into the making of settlements, the expenditure of time and labor, with the hope and upon the reliance that such reclamation enterprises would be carried through in reasona- ble time. "I think there is no doubt that it was the intention of Congress that projects should not be multiplied in such a way that they could not be completed within a reasonable time out of the reclamation funds provid- ed by the sale of public lands, and it would probably have been wiser to adhere strictly to the limitation thus construed, even though the language of the act, by dividing up the proj- ects into parts in terms seemed to permit the beginning of more proj- ects than there was likely to be money enough to complete within a reasonable time. "The pressure was doubtless very great, and the reclamation service yielded to the pressure within the letter of the law, and now find them- selves in the situation described. "But something must be done to relieve the present situation, which .is one of disappointed hopes to many settlers upon the arid lands who, counting upon an early completion of the projects undertaken, have in- vested their money and spent their time and seemed to be no nearer the goal of satisfactory irrigation than they were whi&i' the projects were begun. "I think it wise to apply to Con- gress for relief by urging passage of an enabling act which shall permit the Secretary of the Interior to issue bonds in the sum of $10,000,000 or more, to complete all the projects now projected. B OSTROM'S $15. OO FARM LEVELiTELESCOPE With Magnifying Lenses, Enabling You to Read the Target Over 400 Yards Away, Shipping Weight Complete Oullit. with full Instructions, Shipped Anynhere C. 0. D. 515.00 and express charges lubji to examination. And Is being welcomed by land owners from the Atlantic to the Pacific, for Draining, Irrigating. Terracing, Ditching. Grading, Road Building, Run- ning Fences. Setting Out Orchards. Levelling Buildings and Foundations, Getting Angles, and every sort of work requiring a Level. With this outfit, which Includes Level with TELESCOPE and Plumb-Bob In neat wood box, alto Tripod, Graduated Rod and Target, no man needs a Surveyor or Civil Engineer. Simplicity, Accuracy. Durability, GUARANTEED. ORDER TODAY, direct from this offer— or. If more complete Information is desired, write today. Address, BOSTROM-BRADY MANUFACTURING CO., 1119 Pine Street, St. l.ouix, Ho. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 vea.r, a.nd the Primer of Irrigation You Can Make All Your Land Productive by Pump Irrigation THERE will be no knolls and high spots that you cannot reach if you irrigate by pumping. And your garden truck, small fruits, grasses and grains will not suffer if the ditch breaks or if the water is not running when you want to use it. Radical changes have been made in irrigating methods since the perfecting of the powerful I. H. C. gasoline engines. They have made irrigation by pumping possible and profitable. I. H. C. Gasoline Engines Pump Water Economically They cost little for fuel and they require but little of your time to look after them. Best of all, they give you the great advantage of an independent water supply. You can have your own reservoir and irrigate from it whenever you like. Or you can pump the water when you want it and just where you want it from ponds or wells on your own land or from the waste and seepage waters in the running streams. One of these powerful and ever ready engines may afford you a perfect solution of your irrigating problem. Is it not worth investigating? For general purposes there are many styles and sizes of I. H. C. gasoline engines : Vertical 2, 3 and 25-horse power. Horizontal (stationary and portable) 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 20- horse-power. Gasoline tractors 12, 15 and 20-horse power. Famous air-cooled 1 and 2-horse power. Famous skidded engines 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8-horse power. Also a complete line of Famous mounting engines from 4 to 20- horse-power, and sawing, spraying and pumping outfits and jacks. See the International local agent in your town about it. Very likely he will have an engine to show you and will supply you with catalogues illustrating and describing the many different styles and sizes. Catalogues and full particulars are also furnished on appli- cation to '.he home office or nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helen.. Mont.; Portland, Ore.; Spokane, Walk.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA ( Incorporated) Chicago, U. S. A. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 466 THE IRKIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 458.) Sec. 934 et seq., provide for the acceptance of such grant, and vest the selection, management, and disposal of the lands in a State Board of Land Commissioners, and authorize the board to enter into .contracts with any person or corporation proposing to reclaim lands, which contracts shall contain com- plete specifications of the proposed irrigation work, and its estimated cost, and the price and terms per acre at which such works with perpetual water rights shall be sold to settlers, with the price and terms on which the land will be sold by the state to settlers, "provided that such price and terms for irrigation works, water rights and for lands to be disposed of by the state to settlers shall in all cases be reasonable and just." They require the board immediately on the commencement of work by a contractor to give notice by publication in the county in which the land is situated that said land is open for settlement, the price at which it will be sold to settlers by the state, and the contract price at which settlers can purchase perpetual water rights, field, that a contract made by a cornpany which intended to, and afterward did, obtain a license from the board to construct irrigation works covering certain lands, by which it gave to a third person the exclusive right to make contracts with settlers on such lands on its behalf for perpetual water rights, at not less than $19 nor more than $30 per acre, in his discretion, and to give him all that was obtained above $19 per acre, was contrary to the intent of the law and to public policy, and would not be enforced in equity, since it not only violated the requirement of the law that the charge should in all cases be just and reasonable, but made it impossible for the board to give the required notice of the price at which such water rights would be sold to settlers, and disenabled the company from performing the function contemplated by the grant from the state by contracting with settlers, leaving such function to be exercised arbitrarily by the other party to the contract. — McKinney v. Big Horn Basin Development Co. U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals. 167 Federal 770. •USE A- PRESS [| CLIPPING BUREAU To get AHEAD of your competitors and be FIRST to [find [out [about and get NEW CUSTOMERS or about [CONTRACTS to be let and where MA- TERIAL is wanted. To gather the very LATEST information on any subjectj of interest to you. TO WIN your Debate, or enrich your Essay, or Club paper, OUR drag net is WORLD WIDE. You get RESULTS quickly, cheaply. DO NOT WAIT A MINUTE but write for information and handsome booklet showing how you can MAKE MONEY and SAVE TIME by patronizing America's greatest news- paper reading organization. THE CONSOLIDATED PRESS CLIPPING CO. 1207 North American Building CHICAGO, U. S. A. IRRIGATED LAND Open to Settlement Some of the richest and most productive farm land in the world lies along the Shoshone and the Big Horn Rivers in the "Big Horn Basin" of Wyoming. Over ten million dollars is being spent by the United States Government and by private enterprise in building great concrete dams and ditches in order to lead an inexhaustible supply of water to irrigate some of the best of these lands and make them independent of rainfall. A great portion of this work is completed, and these lands, with a perpetual supply of water for irrigating them, are now offered you on reasonable terms. This is an Unusual Opportunity to get a wonderfully productive farm, with water whenever you want it, regardless of rainfall; in a country where a single crop can be made to pay for the land; where 50 bushels of wheat or barley, and 75 bushels of oats are commonly grown to the acre; where fruits grow luxuriously and where the glorious air and sunshine, summer and winter, make life a joyous thing. This wonderful country is developing fast. Churches and schools abound. The population is intelligent, Godfearing and law-abiding, and any man out there who is half a man has the opportunity to make himself independent. Land in this great country is going fast. If you have any thought for the welfare of yourself or children, find out all about this opportunity to -day. Send for our new folder with large map, and also folders issued by the private irrigation companies and by the United States Government Reclamation Service giving all information about these lands, terms, etc. Free for the asking. Study these folders and then come with me on my next excursion to the Big Horn Basin and see for yourself. My excursions, which I personally conduct, leave Omaha on the 1st and 3d Tuesday each month, on which days reduced railroad rates are in effect* My services are free to you. Burlington D. CLEM DEAVER, General Agent Landseekers' Information Bureau, 69 Q Building, OMAHA, NEB. N. B. — The winter weather in the Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter, When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 467 MANY STATES INTERESTED. Many of the states are taking an interest in the Colorado National Apple Exposition. This interest will mean a very lively competition for the prizes that are to be offered and assures the success of the show from an exhibition stand- point. The various states that are contemplating making ex- hibits at the big national show are now reserving space. Every consideration and concession possible will be offered to those sections by the Colorado people, as the larger the competi- tion the more valuable will be the demonstration of what can be done in apple growing in America. Free storage has been provided for all exhibits in less than carload classes, but in consideration of the large prizes for these exhibits and the commercial value to the exhibitor of having a show at the time of the Western Fruit Jobbers' Convention, it was deemed advisable not to store the. car loads free, because of the immense amount of space that would be taken by growers who had in mind the increase they were to get in the price of their product more than the exhibition feature. NOTICE TO IRRIGATION MEN. Every irrigator, irrigation engineer and those who find It necessary to purchase supplies for irrigation enterprises, should write to C. D. Butchart, 501 Mercantile Bldg., Denver, Colorado, for a copy of his new catalogue describing North- western Iron Headgates, which aret made in all sizes to suit all conditions. The day of the wooden headgate is over, and when the time comes that you want to order headgates, or specify the ones that have given the best satisfaction, you should know the reasons why Northwestern Iron Headgates are so popular among those who consider quality and satis- faction when they put in headgates. Wooden Gates Waste Water They always swell and warp, cannot be made water tight and are hard to operate. When you waste your water, your crops suffer. That means an actual money loss greater than the cost of iron gates. Investigate the merits of the Northwestern Iron Headgates THEY NEVER LEAK LAST A LIFE TIME Easy to operate and will save you more than their cost in time and trouble. Used by large private irrigation projects alloverthe country. Send for New Catalog Showing gates for any purpose, any pressure, any size and any price. Every irrigator and irrigation engineer should have one. Write today. C. r>. 5O1 Mercantile Bldd., DENVER, COLO. Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation The Engine of Reliable Records Getting the most engine for your money does not mean buying the cheapest — it Is a matter of securing an engine that will give reliable results year in, ye.tr out — one that consumes practi- cally no water — that is easily moved from one well to another — that starts the pump instantly. Every requirement of any irrigation proposition requiring a simple, reliable, powerful engine U met by the Weber Gas or Gasoline Engine We make a specialty of heavy duty, ditttllate, or producer gas engines, in a great variety of sizes up to 400 h.p., peculia.-ly adapted for irriga- tion propositions, operating at a very low cost — having fewer working parts than any other engine of the same general type. The design and work- manship are of the very highest ortJer. Weber Heavy Duty Engines are mak- ing records for reliability at the following irrigation plants : Bltlock Islind Irriqation Co.. Coyote, Ore.— 100 H.P. Doumheller Development Co., Irriqon. Ore.— 100 H.P. Inter-State Irrigating Co., Hayden Lake, Ida.— 250 H.P. Pehin 5 La Marsh Drainage Com.. Pekm, III.— 100 H.P. State Irrigating Co., Patterson. Wash. -250 H.P. U. S. Government 'Distillate) Rupert, Idaho.— 100 H.P. U.S. Government ( Distillate) Minidoka, Idaho.— 125 H.P. Write today, telling us your power needs, and we will send you our new handsomely illustrated catalog fully describing the Weber Engine beat suited to your requirements, Sheffield Gas Power Co. let it Furnish Power for >bu When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 468 THE IERIGATION AGE. NEW CORPORATIONS. WASHINGTON— Douglas County Irrigation Company; $100,000; F. W. Scheble, Gunther Carlberg and J. W. Spencer; Wenatchee. UTAH— The Mountain-Tunnel Ir- rigation Company; $16,800; Alexander Poulson, John K. Madsen, George Brown, J. W. McClenahan and N. F. Madsen, Mt. Pleasant. The Portage Irrigation, Reservoir and Power Company; $10,000; Chas. W. Hall, William H. Gibbs Robert C. Harris, John Heaton and John F, Conley; West Portage. TEXAS— Red Bluff Irrigating Com- pany; $10,000; Alfred C. Owens, John H. Wilson, David M. White and oth- •rs: Midland. *.rno Co-operative Irrigation Com- uany; $100,000; Carl H. Pugh, G. A. rranklin and J. A. Buck; Arno. IDAHO— The Southern Irrigation Company; $100,000; Joseph H. Peter- son, John R. Smead and Dana E. Brinck; Boise. COLORADO— Larimer & Weld Ir- rigation Company; James Duff, Ben jamin H. Eaton, Thomas Dunbar and Aaron J. Eaton. Bookcliffs Land and Irrigation Company; $100,000; F. V. Bodfish, James Owen, A. A. Rollenstone; Cripple Creek. Hargie Irrigation Company; $250,- 000; Raleigh R. Holmes, William Dickson, James H. Holmes; Denver. Riverview Land and Irrigation Company; $100,000; Z. X. Snyder, S. Milo Hadden, William E. Day and Victor E. Keyes; Greeley. for iis equal. Wind power doubled. Two 14 ft. wheels work on same pinion; sec- ond -wheel frlTM more pow- er thau first. A Governor That Governs In all winds. Develops 10 full h. p. in 20 mile wind. All Kwer needed for farm, shop, leating.etc. Ask about our self oiling, self governed, single wheel pumper— also Armsaver Husker. Ask for book tVl DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. Applelon, W!*.. U. S. A. $60 GOES L:KC SIXTY •ILLS LIKE SIXTYj ~| SELLS ro* SIXTY GILSON I GASOLINE 'ENGINE For Pumping, Cream ators, Chunu, Wash Ma- lines, etc. nil TSIAIi . A«kfor catalog-all size« 4ILSON MFG. CO. 74 P»* St PWt WMhiagfcB, Wl* Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation Buckeye Power Pumps For All Purposes Brass Valve Seals Poppet Valves All valves can be removed for cleaning or repair by unscrewing the caps on either side of air chamber. Illustration shows pump for shallow well, but we make a com- plete line for deep well use. Mast, Foos (Si Co. Springfield, 0. The BUCKEYE FOUR-CYCLE GAS ENGINE SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICAL IN OPERATION CATALOG ON APPLICATION - RELIABLE BUCKEYE ENGINE COMPANY, Salem, Ohio When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 469 Artesian Water has just been discovered in Southeastern Nevada A New Town is starting right on the Railroad. Climate and Soil the very best. -:- -:- Alfalfa Pays Over $3OO per Acre Send us your name and address and we will tell you of the un- usual opportunities awaiting you there. Address Nevada Irrigated Lands Co, Room 211 and 212, 112 Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILLINOIS When writing to advertisers please mention Th« Irrigation Age. 470 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Centennial Auger Machine Mascot Auuer Machine Soft Mud Machine*, Horse and Steam Power Clay Working 'BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Hand Power Screw Press Disintegrator! Horse Power Plunger Machine Products of our Auger Machines When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 471 UNION MACHINES WITH PUG MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO. QALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 472 HE IKRIGATION AGE. Electric Driven Pumps E2E IRRIGATION This pump delivers a constant stream from lower end of cylinder in well to point of discharge. Our pumps when properly installed will run day and night without care or attention except to oil. They pump from DEEP BORED WELLS of small diameter, beyond the reach of Centrifugal Pumps, and at half the cost of operation and maintenance. Write for particulars A. T. Ames Manufacturing Co. Niles, Alameda Co., California When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Visit San Francisco "Portola Week" San Francisco will hold her first celebration of the dis- covery of San Francisco Bay to show to the world that she has been rebuilt and made more charming than ever. President Taft has signified his intention of being pres- ent on the opening day. The superior climatic conditions of San Francisco, and the extensive amusement program that is being prepared, insure a good time to all visitors. Go Via Union Pacific -- Southern Pacific "The Safe Road to Travel" The route is through the richest and most interesting part of the West. Everything that contributes to ease of mind, bodily comfort and economy of time. Electric Block Signals Dining Car Meals and Service "Best in the World" Dustless Roadbed—Perfect Track Get our "Portola" Folder. For information relative to rates, routes, etc., call on or address E. L. LOM AX, General Passenger Aden t, : Omaha, Nebraska i5he RELIABLE: LINE "Dempster" That's The Name High Class Gasoline Engines 2 to 12 Horse Power For Gasoline Kerosene »nd Alcohol Four Cycle Economical Powerful Will Run Anything Anywhere Irrigating and Water Works Pumping Plants our Specialty OUR LINE: WIND MILLS ALL KINDS OF PUMPS WOOD AND STEEL TANKS WELL MACHINERY GASOLINE ENGINES CULTIVATORS FEED MILLS GRAIN DRILLS IRON PIPE AND CASING COCKS AND VALVES WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS FARM AND RANCH WATER SUPPLIES BEST TO BUY BEST TO WORK Look Carefully at the Best Windmill Head Ever Made See that Extra Bearing on the Wheel Shaft and the Center Lift Crank Roller Rim Gears and other good things DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO. FACTORY: BEATRICE. NEBRASKA Branch' Houses : Omaha, Neb. Kansas City. Mo. Sioux Falls. S. D. Mention Department "A" when you write