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THE

With Which Is Merged ''

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS National . NOVEMBER, 191 3

•Land a** Irrigation •
I Journal I

Vol. XXIX

TITLE REGISTERED U.S. PATENT OFFICE

No. 1

The ability of Austin Excavators to dig

perfect ditches has never been equalled

They dig ditches that
deepen most in the exact
center — ditches with per-
fect slope and berm—
ditches that, nc matter
what the soil, defy caving
and deterioration from
frost or erosion. They
duplicate your plans at
lowest cost.

An Austin Drainage Excavator Ditch is dug with sides sloped to templet
and in one operation. The method is described in Catalogue "S"

F. C. Austin Drainage Excavator Company

Agents wanted in open territory Railway Exchange, Chicago, 111.

Morris Machine Works

BALDWINSVILLE, N. Y

Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, de-
signed for any irrigating or dredging prop-
osition. Send details or specifications
of what is wanted and we will recommend
a pumping outfit to supply the need.

New York Office, 39-41 Cortlandt Street

HENION & HUBBELL - - General Agents

223-231 North Jefferson St., Chicago

HARRON, RICKARD & McCOMB - - Agents
San Francisco and Los Angeles, California

H. A. PAINE, Agent

Houston, Texas

Governor Haines
Answers Bohm

Conservation and
Co-operation

'' :
; /:."•.: • '•:•-. : -

Power Pumps

Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc.

PATENTED

The Myers

Bulldozer Power

Working Heads

For Deep Wells

Length of Stroke
5 to 24 inches

Size of Discharge
Up to 6 inches

PATENTED

APRIL30T-M90I,

No. 673,282.
JULY I3"2J, 1909,

No. 928.234
AUGUST 10™ 1909,

No. 930,405.
AUGUST I0t» 1809,

NO. 930,981.

PATENTED

The Myers
Bulldozer

Power Pumps
For

Shallow Wells

Double Acting
Length of

Stroke
5 to 20 inches

Size of

Cylinders

2Yi to 6 inches

Size of

Discharge

Up to 4 inches

1 lie cou»tf uctioti ut ihe_-.e pumps pei nil
double gearing which transmits the power
in two lines — one from each end of the
same shaft, thus insuring perfect align-
ment and reducing all friction and
strain to a minimum.

Capacities

600 to 7200 Gallons

per Hour

ItVlMSM

I4X2-J

F. E. MYERS 4 BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO

ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS

191843

/

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

Come Up Irvto
the NortKern
Pacific Country

This northern tier of states offers a HEALTHFUL and
INVIGORATING CLIMATE, SPLENDID CROP RECORDS,
and in every respect unexcelled opportunities.

Northwestern Crops

are BUMPER this year. Wisconsin and Minnesota lead the United
States in condition of the Corn Crop. The rest of the Northern
Pacific country is at the very height of prosperity.

Low Round-Trip Homeseekers' Excursions

on numerous dates this Fall to practically all points in the north-
western United States and Canada. Low One-Way Spring Colonist
Fares will be in effect daily March 15 to April 15, 1914. Send for
free illustrated literature and information today and plan a trip of
investigation into this fertile territory.

. J. BRICKER, General Immigration Agent

Northern Pacific Building ST. PAUL, MINN.

Northern
Pacific Ry.

When writinf to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

WE SHALL be glad to mail
anyone who wishes same,
our free catalog. We sell our
product through dealers and
jobbers entirely and solicit in-
quiries from all dealers. Our
goods are well and favorably
known. They are standards in
the United States Army and
several other departments of
the government.

Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co.

Racine, Wis., U. S. A.

The field is unlimited and uncrowded; marketing the
product in competition with the clay interests and at clay
tile prices produces a great profit and a glance at the future
spells only success for the factory or business started today .

No existing proposition offers such flattering induce-
ments or such a field of opportunity for the man looking
for a vocation or for the man looking for an investment.
No other business can net you such profits on the amount
of capital involved, and no other business has such an
unlimited future.

Just think of a business paying from 30% to 50% on
the investment the very first season, and subsequently
from 50% to 150%, then ask yourself the question — Is it
worthy of investigation?

Our literature gives you all the details regarding the
merits of cement tile, the cost of manufacture, the amount
of capital required to embark in the business; how to
build your factory and last, but not least, it tells you
how we aid the manufacturer using our machinery and
gives you our full and complete proposition. A short
letter telling that you are interested will bring complete
data.

The Cement Tile Machinery Co,

172 Rath St., Waterloo, Iowa.

Can You Afford to
Support Horses?

THOMAS A. EDISON, the
wizard of inventors, says,
"The horse is the poorest
motor ever built." When you stop to think
of it, the horse is about the most costly and
wasteful thing at work for a farmer. At
best his working time averages only about
six hours a day, eighteen hours he rests, yet
he eats all year round, working or idle. He
eats ten pounds for every hour he works.
One acre out of every five plowed goes to
feed the horse. The best horse may get
sick; when, besides losing his work, you have veterinary
bills to pay. When he dies, you have a heavy loss.
Since McCormick built his first binder, the tendency of
all farming has been away from slow man- and horse-
power and toward time- and money-saving machines.
Thus far, wherever an

I H C Oil Tractor

has been set to work on a farm, no machine has taken,
the place of so many horses, or done so much
laborious work with so large a saving of time and
money. I H C tractors have revolutionized f arm-
•ing. If the owner desires, his tractor will plow
} nearly as much in a day of twenty-four hours as
a team of horses plows in a month. There is effi-
ciency for you!
Whether you use it for pulling field machines,

hauling your produce, threshing, cutting ensilage, baling
hay, or anything else, the I H C tractor will stand up to
the work. In simplicity and strength of construction,
ease of operation, durability, and all-around economy,
you cannot find the equal of I H C tractors. They are
made in all styles and in 6-12, 7-1S, 10-20, 12-25, 15-30,
25-45, and 30-60-horse power. The I H C engine line
also includes general purpose engines, ranging from 1
to 50-horse power and operating on various fuels.

It will be to your advantage to get acquainted with
the I H C tractor. See the local dealer, and write for
facts and information to the nearest branch house.

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helen., Monl.; Port-
land, Ore.; Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Franciico, Cal.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)
Chicago USA

When writing to advertisers olease mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

This splendid 70 gallon verti-
cal suction, centrifugal Buffalo
Pump for only

$28:50

Larger Sizes in
Proportion

"Buffalo" Vertical Suction
Centrifugal Pump— the highest
pump value ever offered at the price

We are prepared to make stock ship-
ments from factory of this highly
recommended and exceedingly popular
irrigation pump, used for heads not
exceeding over 50 feet. It belongs to
the trade-marked "Buffalo" Class M
family, which has won just recognition
as the highest value obtainable in
popular priced centrifugal pumps.
The outfit includes pump, pulley, com-
panion flanges and coupling for both
suction and discharge, as shown. Only
the finest white babbitt metal is used
in the extra long bearings, which are
furnished with brass compression
grease cups. Thrust' bearing is of ball
bearing type. It may be installed by
attaching the suction flange directly
to the well casing, the pump itself be-
ing set between two vertical timbers,
which also carry the shafting, bearings,
etc., and is driven by pulley located
above the ground at top of the well.
Bearings, shaft collars, and steel shaft-
ing can be supplied at a slight extra
cost to suit your individual require-
ments. Being accurately made and
fitted, all parts of the pump are inter-
changeable and can be promptly dup-
licated at any time. Couplings are
bored same size as shaft and bearings.
Larger sizes also made. The price
quoted is f. o. b. our factory.

Send us your order now.

• Ask for Catalog No. 2J7-C.

BUFFALO STEAM PUMP CO.

Buffalo, N. Y.

Agents Wanted for our complete line of
pumps for every purpose

SAMSON TURBINE

When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans-
mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of
the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given
power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER
transmission machinery can be used.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO.

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

316 Lagonda Street

IRRIGATION DITCHES

Cheaply and Properly Made with a

Rural Road Grader and Ditcher

Cutting V-Bottom ditch on Slope of 1^ to 1.

The successful irrigation ditch or lateral must\be cut
clean, with slopes smooth and undisturbed. This ma-
chine was especially designed to meet these requirements.
One horse and wheel traveling in point of ditch, the
other outside the bank of earth. Operated by one or
two men and two or four horses.

If you have an irrigation problem to solve, do not fail
to write for full information concerning this Combined
Grader and Irrigation Ditcher.

Address

C. D. EDWARDS, Albert Lea, Minn.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

This Book Shows How to

Plan a Private Irrigation

Pumping Plant

It also shows all of
the various types of
pumps to meet the
conditions found in
different localities,
tells how to select
the proper pump for
your conditions, how
to determine the
amount of power you

will need and all the other things the

irrigator needs to know.

One will be sent free on request
as long as they last. Write today

WAKSEsir rare.®!?' p>[lJJ $$ p

174 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Branches in All Principal Cities

The Ditchwalker Knows the Red Ball

He knows that it stands for rubber footwear that lasts.
He knows that when he buys "Ball-Band" rubber foot-
wear he is saving money. And he is for the boots with
the Red Ball that will give him bigger dividends in
hard wear, dollar for dollar, than anyotherboot.

He knows that the boots with the Red Ball will
keep his feet dry as he splashes through the
laterals. The icy water in the ditches
comes straight from the mountains
and will send a chill through
your whole system if your
feet are not kept
dry and warm.

"Ball - Band"
Boots will keep
the water out and a short
wool sock on the foot will
keep the heat In.
Look for the boots with the Red Ball. You
can bvy them with the knowledge that they
will give you more days' wear for each dollar
invested than any other boot you can buy.

Ask your dealer for them. If he doesn't keep
them, write us and we'll see that you are sup-
plied. Write anyway for our free illustrated
booklet on "Ball-Band" rubber footwear.

Mishawaka Woolen Mfg. Co.

346 Water Street, MUhawaka Ind.

"The House That Pays Mil-
lions for Quality"

Black mar Rotary Pump

(Interior View)

Large Capacity with
Minimum of Power

One customer writes he
pumped 21,000 gallons
with a fuel consumption
.... of 1 gallon of gasoline.

~~*^ PATENTED

Runs quiet ; is high in efficiency and
durability. Wear automatically
taken up. Few parts, no springs,
no adjustments. Requires little or
no attention.

One customer has 500 in use.
Capacity, 5 to 500 gallons per min.

Tell us about your pumping problems.

Blackmar Pump Power
& Manufacturing Co.

PETOSKEY, MICH., U. S. A.

No matter where you live or what your seed-
ing conditions are, you can get a SUPERIOR
GRAIN DRILL that will fill the bill and do your
work in the best possible manner. Superior
Drills are made in all sizes and every style.
Every Superior Drill is sold under a war-
ranty that absolutely protects the buyer.
Send for catalogue. Read it and go to your
local dealer and insist on seeing, the
Superior Drill.

AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.)

Springfield, Ohio

GRAIN DRILLS

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

Year

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, NOVEMBER, 1913.

No. 1

THE IRRIGATION AGE

Wtth which is Merged

The National Land and Irrigation Journal

MODBKN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL

THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST

ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD

THE ISBIGATOK

D. H. ANDERSON

PUBLISHER,
30 No. Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Old No. 112 Dearborn St.

Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1817. at the
Postofflce at Chicago. 111., under Act of March 3. 187».

D. H. ANDERSON. Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready; Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . il.ot
To Canada and Mexico, ....... !•••

All Other Foreign Countries, ...... l.M

In forwarding remittances please do not send check* on
local banks. Send either postoffice or express money order or
Chicago or New York draft.

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation.
Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago.

Interesting to Advertisers.

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the
only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance
circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo-
rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has
readers in all parti of the world. The Irrigation Age Is 28 yean
old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

We are presenting in this issue a
Chief letter from A. P. Davis, Chief Engi-

Engineer neer, United States Reclamation

Davis Service, concerning the complaints

Talks of the people of the North Platte

Valley. Mr. Davis contends that
so far as they have any basis, they are founded on
claims of riparian rights, which are directly antagon-
istic to irrigation and have long ago been set aside
by the state laws and the state courts. Mr. Davis
goes into the matter very thoroughly and it will be
worth the while of our readers to go over his letter.

We will present in a future issue an
Elephant article on the Elephant Butte Dam,

Butte located in New Mexico, which is the

Dam largest project of the Reclamation

New Mexico Service. This will create the larg-
est artificial lake of the kind in the
world; the project is now nearing completion. The
Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico is the home of
irrigation in the United States. The first white men
who visited that section, as early in its history as
1536, found the country under a high state of cul-
tivation. It is our plan to tell all about this great
project in our December number.

In a recent communication from
Governor Governor John M. Haines of the

Haines State of Idaho, addressed to the ed-

Answers itor of THE IRRIGATION AGE, we are

Bohm requested to publish an open letter

addressed by the governor to Mr.
Edward Bohm, in reply to his open letter written
for the October number of THE AGE. The governor
takes exceptions to statements made by Mr. Bohm
and we are very glad indeed to reproduce his letter
in this issue.

It is only fair to allow Governor Haines space
for his reply to Mr. Bohm and in this way we trust
that the full facts concerning the Idaho situation
may be placed before our readers. It may not be
out of place to say here, however, that Mr. Bohm,
in his studies of Western conditions, has gone over
the various projects more carefully than any one
in the knowledge of the editor of this publication.
He has spent large sums of money in his investiga-
tions, without hope of return ; in fact, is the only •
man in the knowledge of the writer who has spent
much time and money in the study of this subject.
Mr. Bohm is naturally a delver after facts! he has
had some experience in governmental work in the
Census Bureau studying irrigation conditions.

THE IREIGATION AGE.

which no doubt fitted him for some of his later in-
vestigations. Governor Haines takes the attitude
that Mr. Bohm's article is unjust to the officials of
the State of Idaho, who, he states, are attempting
to settle the important questions involved and to
bring order out of chaos. Perhaps the publication
of both sides of the case may be beneficial to all
concerned, and we trust that there may be no de-
sire on the part of either gentleman, other than for
the best good to the greatest number. We shall
be glad at any time in the future to publish other
articles from the pen of either Governor Haines or
Mr. Bohm.

The use to the government of $1,-
Important 000,000 to $2,000,000 the next ten

Trespass years are involved in the case of

Suit the United States against the Utah

Pending Power and Light Company, a $40,-

000,000 merger. The appeal is a
test case, charging the Power Corporation with tres-
pass in constructing a reservoir in the Cache Na-
tional Forest in Utah. Hundreds of similar in-
stances in Mountain and Pacific Coast states await
the determination. This case involves the whole
question of State and Federal control of forests.
THE IRRIGATION AGE hopes the case may be decided
in favor of the United States Government, as it does
not believe that the large power companies through-
out the Inter Mountain and Pacific Coast terri-
tory should be allowed to step in and take over
water power that rightfully belongs to the people.
The AGE has always contended and does still con-
tend that the Forestry Bureau was unfair in its
treatment of small concerns ; in fact, it is well known
that the Forestry Bureau harassed and cramped
small holders and took action against mining con-
cerns with limited capital which hindered their de-
velopment. The AGE is, however, heartily in accord
with any move which will keep the heavy power
companies from taking over what rightfully belongs
to the people. We will watch the result of this case
with much interest.

There were present at the closing: J. S. Den-
nis, assistant to the president and head of the De-
partment of National Resources; W. Nasmythe,
land agent; A. S. Dawson, chief engineer; H. B.
Muckleston, assistant engineer ; H. Sidenius, resi-
dent engineer; and Mr. Fraunhofer, representing the
railway company, and John R. Freeman, consult-
ing engineer, of Providence, R. I.

The Ambursen Hydraulic Construction Com-
pany, of Boston and Montreal, designers and build-
ers of the dam, were represented by W. L. Church,
president ; H. L. Coburn, chief engineer, and G. E.
Heckle, chief engineer of the Canadian Ambursen
Company.

The Ambursen Hydraulic Construction Com-
pany has entered largely into Canadian work and
their success is mainly due to a fine organization of
capable men. The fact that the Canadian Govern-
ment and the leading railways of that country are
employing construction heads and engineers from
the United States speaks well for our schools and
the training of their graduates.

Without announcement or ceremony
American of any kind, at 3 p. m., October 20th,

Engineers the gates were dropped which closed

In the great dam of the Canadian-Pa-

Demand cific Railway on the Bow River at

Bassano, Alberta, completing an irri-
gation system of two million acres, representing
three years' work and many millions of invest-
ment.

The dam is exactly eight thousand feet long
and raises the water fifty-one feet for diversion into
the trunk canal.

The irrigation interests of the San
San Francisco's Joaquin Valley, California, have won
Fight a great victory in the stoppage of

For the Hetch-Hetchey bill in the Sen-

Water ate, where the ways were greased

for its passage. This, as is gener-
ally known, is a San Francisco job pure and simple,
engineered for the power rather than the irrigation
or water rights. San Francisco, it is said, has plenty
of water in sight through extensions of the Spring
Valley Company that must in any event become a
part of its system for the next twenty years. The
real opposition is not the nature lovers ; this is a
blind ; it is the irrigation interests of the Valley.
There are 257,000 acres in the two districts, which
San Francisco agrees to protect, and there is a big
acreage outside which might be irrigated if the
water is not diverted. That is the argument that
no water should be taken from the valley. The
citizens of that district want a special committee
from Congress to go out there and make a personal
inspection before any action is taken. They claim
that the water users of the district are unanimous
against this bill. It is well known that the great
power interests of California and the Pacific coast
generally, are trying to take over all of the water
rights possible to strengthen their position, and
they are doing this regardless of the protests of the
various land holders and ranchmen. It is unreason-
able to expect corporations of this character to
respect the rights of the smaller land holders, but
in the Hetch-Hetchy affair, the settlers are Up in
arms and are ready to fight for their rights and

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

fight to a finish. \Ye will present an article in our
December number from a well known authority
on this subject.

Seventy million dollars have been
Improving expended so far by the Reclamation

Conditions Service since the passage of the law
For in 1902. It is stated that $48,000,000

Settlers additional is now available for use

during the coming four years, every
cent of which will in time be returned to the United
States Treasury. The general supposition is that
this money is to be returned to the Treasury within
a period of ten years. Under recent rulings, how-
ever, that time has been extended to settlers who
have found it difficult to keep up their payments on
certain tracts, and it is hoped that a reasonable ex-
tension may be granted as per the suggestions of
Secretary Lane, after his visit through the West.
There are many farmers who have gone onto land
under Federal projects in the West who have not clear-
ly understood the situation, and who have gone west
with insufficient funds to carry them during the first
two or three years of development oi" their tracts. It is
generally conceded that if these settlers were given
two or three years without payment and allowed to
begin their payments after their land has been put
under cultivation and is producing that it would
be much better for all concerned. This evidently
is the view of Secretary Lane and if it is carried out
on all of the tracts through the West, will meet with
the approval of every one who clearly understands
the situation. It would be much better to give a
settler three years' time in which to get a good start
and then insist on his payments being made regu-
larly thereafter. A man who cannot put his farm in
shape to produce enough to live on and make his
payments at the end of three years, ought not to be
encouraged to remain on the land and should make
way for some one more capable.

Dr. Elwood Mead, the world's fore-
Doctor most irrigation authority, is to be-
Elwood come a member of the University of
Mead California faculty, according to in-
Returns formation received by us recently.

Dr. Mead has been engaged as head
of the irrigation and water divisions of the Victorian
Government in Australia for the past eight or ten
years. His work has been that of installing the
great irrigation system there and he has made good
with the Victorian Government. He left the posi-
tion of Director of the Department of Irrigation In-
vestigations at Washington, to take the position in
Australia, and it is understood that the Victorian
Government has made overtures to retain his serv-

ices, but as Dr. Mead's interests lie mainly in this
country, he decided to accept this honorable posi-
tion with the University of California, and will be-
come active in irrigation affairs immediately upon
his return from the land of the Southern Cross. He
is the author of the World's Standard Volume on
Irrigation, and was formerly connected with the
State University of California and left there to take
the position with the Federal Government at Wash-
ington. His title in the faculty in the University
of California will be Professor of Rural Institutions,
and he will assume his duties, which will deal with
economic and legal aspects of irrigation projects
and systems, as soon as he returns. It would be
difficult to estimate the value of Dr. Mead's knowl-
edge and ability to California and the world. There
are other features about his coming back which
should be especially pleasing to all of us who are
familiar with irrigation history in the United States.
The fact is Dr. Mead should have been the head of
the Reclamation Service, and had it not been for the
manipulations of such men as George H. Maxwell
and a coterie of Bureau heads in Washington, some
of whom have been raised to positions of great
honor since that time, he would have been appointed
as head of the Service. Every one who understands
western conditions will be very glad indeed, to know
that Dr. Mead is returning and will once more be-
come one of us.

General complaint comes to us from
the West that ranchmen and fruit
Is growers are not able to find a market,

To a suitable one, at least, for their

Blame? products. This brought about an in-

vestigation by the editor, while at
St. Paul recently, and a number of the commission
men were visited and an effort made to learn why
fruit raised in Washington, Montana and Idaho
should be allowed to rot upon the ground when
there is such a great demand for it in the central
and eastern states. Commission men, as is usually
the case, tried to place the blame upon the railroads,
but it was explained to them that the railroads
were using every effort to encourage the shipment
of fruit and they are as much opposed to its waste
and the fact that it rots upon the ground, as they
possibly can be, as that naturally holds back freight
and results in loss of money. Discussing the sub-
ject with several of the railway men who are in-
terested, the fact was emphasized that the railroads
are doing everything in their power, under the law,
to encourage the shipments of apples and other
fruit from the West to the East.

In Idaho is was found necessary to go into
foreign countries and develop a market, and Mr.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Ferine of Blue Lakes, Idaho, had a plan in mind,
at one time, of organizing a company of fruit grow-
ers and raising a fund through them to send a man
to the Argentine Republic and Brazil, where it
was thought a fine market could be opened up for
America apples. Whether this was ever carried out
or not the writer is unable to say, but the fact re-
mains that thousands of tons of fine apples rot on
the ground every year throughout Idaho, Montana
and Washington. Why this condition exists when
the people in the middle and eastern states go
hungry for fruit of this kind on account of high
prices, is a question which has not yet been satis-
factorily answered. If the fault lies with the com-
mission men, the only salvation for the producer
is to organize and ship into the eastern states and
sell through local agents in the smaller towns. That
is to say, ship in carload or trainload lots and dis-
tribute in towns of moderate size throughout the
central states, and from there sell either direct to
local merchants or to the individual purchaser. If
the fault lies with the commission merchant and he
is holding up the shipper so that he is not getting
the cost of production from the sales, then the com-
mission merchant is surely to blame and should be
taught a lesson by the adoption of some method as
suggested above. There has been general complaint
for years that farmers living throughout northern
Illinois and Iowa who ship to South Water street,
Chicago, do not get fair treatment from the com-
mission merchants. This has been a long continued
and vigorous protest, but it seems that South Water
street is as well filled with produce now as it was in
the old days. If the farmers were regularly getting,
the worst of it from the commission merchants it
would appear that the shipments would fall off and
some other market found. THE IRRIGATION AGE in-
tends soon to make a general canvas of commission
merchants who handle Western fruit and learn the
details of the business at least sufficiently well to
discuss it and present their side of the case to the
producers. It may then be learned where the fault
lies and perhaps some suggestion may be offered to
remedy present conditions.

With this, our November number,
Twenty- THE IRRIGATION AGE is entering upon

Nine the twenty-ninth year of its exist-

Years ence; in other words the November

Old number is the twenty-ninth birthday

of this publication, and we are glad
to be able to say to our thousands of readers that
the beginning of the twenty-ninth year shows better
conditions in a business way, than the past several
years. The irrigation age was established in 1885
by William E. Smythe and a man of the name Brit-

ton, who conducted it for a time with varied success
and who subsequently turned it over to one of their
assistants, who in turn sold it to J. E. Forrest, from
whom the present publisher purchased it some
fourteen years ago. Prior to that time the AGE had
not been a success in a financial way, although it
had regularly been conducted in a clean manner
both in an editorial way and in its news columns.
The various ups and downs of the irrigation in-
dustry made it impossible to build the paper up
to what was planned by its original publisher,
namely, a circulation in the hundreds of thousands,
and the present publisher has continued along the
line of fighting for circulation with a view to bring
it up if possible to the fifty thousand mark. He has
never been able, in his fourteen years' work, to reach
within thirty per cent of that figure, and judging
from the growth during the past year, it may not
be brought to that figure for many years to come.
It is a remarkable fact, however, that the readers
or subscribers to THE IRRIGATION AGE have been
regularly loyal to it. There are very few discon-
tinuances, and when a reader or subscriber is once
obtained, the rule is to have them continue, so that
we have many thousands of readers in our list who
have been reading the paper regularly for over
twenty-five years. This in itself speaks well for the
editorial conduct of the publication, although from
many directions, as is the case with all classes of
publications, complaints are heard as to our editorial
policy. This was particularly true concerning our
attitude on the mistakes of the Reclamation Service
and the high handed manner in which the affairs of
the Forestry Bureau were conducted.

Naturally, a large number of our subscribers
were connected with one or both of these bureaus,
and did not feel that we were entitled to our opinion
concerning them or if entitled to it, they apparently
concluded that the opinion should not be publically
expressed. By maintaining that attitude a large
number of subscribers were lost. We were very
sorry, of course, to have them withdraw their sup-
port from the publication, but this condition did not
in any sense change the policy of our editorial col-
umns. During the past several years these old read-
ers who became disgruntled and withdrew their
support, have returned to us, so that today we feel
that we have the cream of the active operators under
Government Bureaus, and it would appear that our
attitude toward these bureaus materially strength-
ened us with our general field of subscribers. Dur-
ing the fourteen years that this publication has been
controlled by the present publisher, he has pur-
chased eight other journals, the combined circulation
of which has been merged with that of the AGE. The
last purchase of importance was that of the National

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Land and Irrigation Journal of Chicago, and The
Irrigator of North Yakima, Washington. The Na-
tional Land and Irrigation Journal was by long odds
our strongest competitor and the promoters of that
publication spent about sixty thousand dollars to
establish the paper in this field. Owing to the ex-
pense of putting out their publication the stock-
holders decided, however, to sell out in January
of this year and the paper was purchased by the
owner of THE IRRIGATION AGE and its circulation
merged with that of the AGE. We are therefore,
left entirely alone in the irrigation and drainage
field in the world. Advertisers who are looking for
trade in either of these fields cannot reach them
through any other medium, and we urge upon the
advertisers who peruse this issue to give considera-
tion to these facts in contemplating the placing of
their advertising appropriations. From present ap-
pearances the year beginning November, 1913, will
be the best in point of earnings and circulation
building in the history of the paper. We have at
present ten high grade canvassers who make a
house-to-house canvass through the farming dis-
tricts of the West and who are sending in a large
number of subscribers each day. In conclusion the
publisher wishes to thank the thousands of readers
who have proven loyal to THE AGE and who support
its attitude on public questions.

GOVERNOR HAINES OF IDAHO REPLIES TO
EDWARD BOHM.

ROADS BUILT FROM FOREST RECEIPTS

Over twelve thousand dollars, ten percent of
national forest receipts in Wyoming during the past
fiscal year, is available for expenditure by the secre^
tary of agriculture on roads- and trails within the
state, according to the report of the U. S. forest
service.

Such roads and trails are now being built on
national forests in Wyoming, in accordance with
the provision created by Congress for a "roads and
trails fund," primarily to benefit local communities.
The use of this ten per cent of all national forest re-
ceipts is in addition to the 25 per cent of gross
income which goes by law to the states direct for
schools and roads.

A new road just finished on the Wyoming na-
tional forest in western Wyoming is typical of those
constructed by the forest service under the so-called
"ten per cent road item." This road runs from the
entrance of Cottonwood Creek Canyon, on the
Wyoming national forest, to Cottonwood Lake,
six miles distant.

Cottonwood Lake, three-quarters of a mile long
and a quarter of a mile wide, is 15 miles from Afton,
the chief town of Star Valley, and 6l/2 miles from
Smoot. It is well stocked with trout, but has been
hitherto inaccessible except to persons on horse-
back. The new road opens to the 1,800 residents of
Upper Star Valley a delightful pleasure resort and
auto parties from Kemmerer, Cokeville, or Mont-
pelier can now reach the lake in a few hours.

The following is a letter from Governor Haines of
Idaho relating to a communication which appeared in our
October issue. Following the letter of Governor Haines
appears his reply to Mr. Bohm.

State of Idaho, Governor's Office,

Boise, October 22, 1913.
Mr. D. H. Anderson,

Editor Irrigation Age,

Chicago, 111.

Dear Sir: I am enclosing herewith a
copy of an open letter addressed by me to Mr.
Edward Bohm in reply to the open letter pub-
lished by him in the October number of your
magazine. It appears to me that Mr. Bohm's
article is so unjust to the officials of the state
of Idaho who are now attempting to settle the
important questions involved and to bring
order out of chaos, that you will perhaps be
willing to publish my reply in order that those
who have read this article may have an
opportunity of seeing the other side.
Yours very respectfully,

JOHN M. HAINES,

Governor.

OPEN LETTER

October 21, 1913.
Mr. Edward Bohm,

Care THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.
Sir:

It is evident from your open letter published in THE
IRRIGATION AGE for October, as well as from the references
you append to your signature, that you attempt to qualify
as one having expert knowledge of Carey Act matters, but
it is just as evident that you are entirely lacking in fairness
in your treatment of the question which confronts the
Land Board and the people of Idaho today. This ques-
tion cannot be solved <by bootless discussion of what might
have been, or by railing at the State of Idaho or its
officials, past or present.

Let it be admitted at the outset that serious mistakes
were made in the financing and construction of a small
percentage of our irrigation projects, and that these mis-
takes have been responsible for much loss and suffering
to individuals and for the arrested development of our
irrigation enterprises. The account you give of your rela-
tions to the Big Lost River Project is probably correct, except
your statement that the Land Board announced that it would
hold first payments on this tract in escrow. In this you are
not borne out by the gentlemen to whom you refer, nor by
the Land Board records. Your story does not differ
materially from that of many others, nor does it help the
present situation, nor bring us any nearer to the solution
we are seeking.

Neither will it help at this time to seek to excuse
or palliate admitted errors, nor to condemn the short-
sighted, selfish policy of those who sought to make
political capital out of an unfortunate business situation.
Equally grave mistakes may be expected in any new en-
terprise, operated under untried and perhaps insufficient
laws, administered by inexperienced officials pioneering a
new field.

The great question now confronting us is how to pro-
ceed so as to carry these suspended projects to completion
and to be substantially just to all concerned. As you well
know, action not only by the State Land Board but by the
Legislature has been rendered impossible by the litigation
in which the Big Lost River Project is involved, but out
of this legal maize we hope to emerge in the near future.
We are daily expecting a decision by the Federal Circuit
Court of Appeals which will, we hope, definitely settle ques-
tions of title so that negotiations looking to further con-
struction can be proceeded with. Acting on the best legal
advice obtainable, we have refrained from instituting suit
to recover on the bond pending the decision of the Circuit
Court of Appeals, but the papers have long since been
prepared in the office of the Attorney-General and the
State but awaits the expected decision before filing suit
looking to the recovery of the $175,000 bond.

The present Land Board has gone deeply into all
questions affecting this and other projects and its members
have made numerous personal investigations for the pur-

10

THE IERIGATION AGE.

pose of acquainting themselves with the facts in prepara-
tion for definite action at the earliest possible moment.
We feel that we have done everything that could have
been done in the nine months we have been in office and
we expect to work unremittingly in the future to bring
about a just and satisfactory solution of Idaho's irrigation
problems.

We need honest help, thoughtful suggestions, and con-
structive advice. We do not need sarcasm, inuendo or
bitter reflections upon the mistakes of others.

If you are in position to give us any part of what we
need, we shall be glad to hear further from you at any
time. If your qualifications enable you to offer only what
we do not need, it is perfectly evident not only that we
can expect no help from you, but that we must continue
in our efforts to bring about a proper solution of our
difficulties in spite of you and others who are adepts at
destruction but mere novices at construction.
Yours very respectfully,

(Signed) JOHN M. HAINES,

Governor.

BREEDING ARMY REMOUNTS.

The Bureau of Animal Industry has received re-
ports from its officers in charge of the breeding of
army remounts in co-operation with the War Depart-
ment which show that the Government's plan is very
popular with the owners of mares. At the close of
business on August 16, 1913, 41 stallions were in serv-
ice. These stallions have covered 1,452 mares during
the season, an average of slightly over 35 mares per
stallion. Twenty-seven of the stallions were five years
old or over, and covered 1,097 mares, an average of a
little over 40; ten were four-year-olds and covered
292 mares, an average of better than 29 per head; four
were three-year-olds and covered 63 mares, an average
of more than 15.

The number of mares covered in Vermont and
New Hampshire was 241, an average of over 34 for
seven stallions, including 3 four-year-olds, and one
three-year-old ; 583 mares were bred in Virginia, an
average of over 31 for 18 stallions, including 4 four-
year-olds and 3 three-year-olds ; 208 mares were bred
in West Virginia, an average of 52 for four stallions,
including one four-year-old; 376 mares were bred in
Kentucky, an average of better than 37 for ten stal-
lions, including one four-year-old ; in Tennessee, a
mature stallion and a four-year-old covered 22 mares
each.

The number of mares covered by mature stallions
of different breeds were as follows : Three Morgans
averaged 45 mares ; ten Thoroughbreds averaged 38
mares ; eight Standardbreds averaged 40 mares and six
Saddle stallions averaged 42 mares. All ages by
breeds are as follows: Seven Morgans (including 3
four-year-olds and one three-year-old) averaged 34
mares; 15 Thoroughbreds (including 3 four-year-olds
and two three-year-olds) averaged 32 mares; ten
Standardbreds (including 2 four-year-olds) averaged
39 mares; and 9 Saddle stallions (including 2 four-
year-olds and one three-year-old) averaged 37 mares.

In placing these stallions, care was taken to select
communities in which there was a scarcity of good stal-
lions. Therefore, the mares bred during the past sea-
son, are, to a great extent, mares which would prob-
ably not have been bred in the absence of Government
encouragement.

The number of mares bred in 1913 will be in-
creased somewhat. In New England, breeding con-
tinues until October 1. and in Virginia the fall season
is commonly used. Both conditions will operate to
the advantage of the remount breeding work.

BELLE FOURCHE, SOUTH DAKOTA, IRRIGATED
LANDS OFFER GREAT OPPORTUNITIES

The Belle Fourche irrigation project is located just
north of the Black Hills district in South Dakota adjacent
to the lines of the Chicago and North Western railway.

Over 65,000 acres of land is under water at the pres-
ent time, about BO, 000 acres of which has already been
taken up. This leaves 15,000 acres still to be settled upon,
and new land will be supplied with water privileges as
rapidly as the work progresses until 100,000 acres of irriga-
ble land in this valley is brought under cultivation.
Climate

The climate of the region is temperate and the rains
occur principally in May and June. The summers are
pleasant and the nights always cool. The atmosphere is
very dry and the altitude of from 2,700 to 3,000 feet at
which the valley is situated, makes it most healthful.

Soil

Government engineers hold the soil is exceedingly
fertile — part clay and part sandy loam. The lands art
free from rock, gravel or excessive sand, and vary from
flat to quite rolling.

Crops

The crops that can be profitably grown are grain, hay,
alfalfa, potatoes, sugar beets, hardy fruits and garden
truck. Fifty to seventy-five bushels of grain may be easily
grown on this irrigated land. Apples, plums, and small
fruits may be grown, all of good quality. Sugar beets
are exceedingly profitable. Wheat grass or the native
hay also produces an abundant crop when watered and
sells for a high price. The valley is a natural artesian
basin, and flowing water of the finest quality is secured at
a depth of from 500 to 1,500 feet.
Markets

Belle Fourche has the advantage over most districts
in that it is quite near the principal markets of the West.

Diversion Dam in Belle Fourche River.

including Omaha, Council Bluffs, Sioux City, Des Moine.s,
Peoria, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth.
Superior and Ashland. In addition the settler who comes,
here to establish his home finds particularly advantageous
markets in Deadwood, Lead, Rapid City, Hot Springs,
Belle Fourche, Whitewood, Sturgis, Pierre and other
South Dakota points. All are reached via the direct train
service of the Chicago and North Western railway.
How to Get Lands

Part of these lands belong to the public domain and
part are deeded lands. The public land can be secured
under the terms of the United States Homestead laws.
The deeded or private lands must be purchased, the price
varying according to location and improvements.

Cost

The cost of water for lands under this project is about
$30 per acre, divided into ten annual payments, or about
$3.00 per acre per year, without interest. This is ex-
actly what the improvement costs the government. In
addition a maintenance fee of 40 to 50 cents per acre per
year is charged for its upkeep. The first payment be-
comes due in the fall after the water has been delivered
for the crop. For further particulars call on or address
A. C. Johnson, P. T. M., Chicago and Northwestern Ry.,
Chicago, 111.

THE IEKIGATION AGE.

11

CONSERVATION AND CO-OPERATION
What Oregon and the Federal Government Are
Doing — A New Policy of Joint Action — By Ed-
ward F. Bohm, Author of "The Carey Act
Manual" and "Papers on Irrigation Finance."

Of the far western states, Oregon is, probably, in its
entirety, the least traveled and the least known to the
outside world. Of its eastern half, by far the greater part,
in area approximating the state of Ohio, is still destitute
of railroad facilities.

Into the western border of this domain there have,
only recently, been extended branches of the Hill and
Harriman systems, which, leaving the main lines on the
Columbia river, proceed some 150 miles south to the towns
of Deschutes and Bend, following the course of the Des-
chutes river and affording an outlet for the rich agri-
cultural country of the "Deschutes basin," to whose partial
development under irrigation these towns owe their pres-
ent upbuilding. It is this region, lying just east of the
Cascade range, which has been selected by state and
national authorities as the theatre of the "co-operative
investigation" of irrigation and power possibilities by
virtue of an agreement recently entered into, and in which
it is sought to apply the water of the Deschutes river and
tributaries, draining the eastern slopes of the Cascadss, to
the highest measure of usefulness. Still farther to the east
of this remarkable district lies the vast area of open range
country — the interior "hinterland" — much-vaunted in
"booster" literature as the "Nation's Last West," still to be
traversed, if at all, by wagon or in the saddle and inter-
esting in many ways, but outside the scope of this discus-
sion.

The fact of Oregon's isolation has led, in the past, to
a hazy condition of mind as to the state's natural re-
sources. It has been known, for a long time and in a broad
way, that vast possibilities of usefulness lay dormant in
stream and forest, but as to the real extent and probable
value of these assets no definite determination had been
' made until recently. The co-operative investigations con-
ducted by the state and the United States Geological Sur-
vey during a number of years past have now fixed beyond
all doubt the fact of the existence of irrigation and power
possibilities which in their magnitude transcend anything
heretofore ascertained as to still latent opportunities upon
the public domain — truly a worthy field for the develop-
ment of the new twin theory of conservation and co-
operation. The result of the investigations of the state's
timber resources conducted by the Conservation Commis-
sion are of an equally imposing character, the forested
area being rated at twenty-five million acres, largely under
national control and in private ownership, the timber alone
being valued at $680,000,000.

"Conservation" has come to be regarded as a well-
meaning but much-abused term with its issues pretty well
defined and understood. A discussion of the varying argu-
ments pro and con cannot be entertained in an article such
as this, devoted to a bare consideration of facts, but the
attitude towards the subject, as evidenced in Oregon by
recent legislative enactments, and by the recommendation
of its Conservation Commission and Engineering Office,
deserves emphatic notice as expressing the latest and most
advanced thought and, in that sense, serving as powerful
examples of what the term can .be made to embrace.
"Co-operation," however, in its present application, is a
new term, charged with the expression a new ideal of
thought and effort. In the last analysis, the working out
of broad economic questions can be seen reflected in the
enactment of these recent measures for "conservation and
development of public resources" by the state which,
fittingly enough, was among the pioneers of the initiative
and referendum, and which, in a higher sense, has seen fit
at the same time to go even further — to the extent of
recognition of an ethical principle — a moral obligation.
Reference is intended herein to the action of the Legis-
lature in appropriating $450,000 of state funds for the com-
pletion of the defunct Columbia Southern project "to save
the good name of the state" and for the rescue of numer-
ous settlers who had been led, upon the assumed honor ot
the state and by faith in its control, in this case im-

perfectly exercised, to enter lands under this project, and
who, through its failure, were deprived of the anticipated
supply of water. To make the full meaning of this
measure clear it must be set forth that the state, by opera-
tion of its own laws, had distinctly disclaimed, in advance,
all responsibility for possible failure of its contracting
agents and that the settlers were deemed to be without
legal recourse in this direction. Here are the recom-
mendations submitted to the Legislature at its last session,
by the Conservation Commission — not all of them enacted
into law, viz.: State appropriation for forest perpetuation
and protection; changes in taxation system to encourage
private owners to hold their cut-over timber lands for a
second crop; the acquisition of a state forest through ex-
change of school sections for solid tracts of timber lands;
purchase by the state of cut-over and burned-over lands
for reforestation purposes, and state financial assistance to
settlers upon cut-over lands. This is certainly a far cry
from the operations of the old "Timber and Stone Act"
and a good measure of recognition of present-day and fu-
ture needs.

In all the forested areas of the West the disposition
of these cut-over lands presents one of the most serious
problems of the times on account of the relatively high
cost of stump clearing. To assist in reclaiming these large
areas of otherwise fertile lands, thus burdened, a consti-
tutional amendment authorizing the issuance of state
bonds for "development of cut-over lands" is to be sub-
mitted to popular vote in November, 1914. The other
recommendations offered have 'been deferred for future
consideration.

To the student of western conditions the figures just
published by John H. Lewis, State Engineer, bearing upon
the water resources of the state, appear almost beyond
belief, but upon the testimony of so highly recognized an
authority they are bound to be accepted at their face.
This competent and active official has been, in large meas-
ure, responsible both for the adoption of the advanced
system of water administration now in force (The ''Ore-
gon system") and for the numerous conservation meas-
ures placed upon the statute books. A retrospective glance
over the Oregon water situation will here prove of value.
Prior to the year 1909 the state, in common with some of
the other "arid-land" commonwealths, was almost innocent
of control over its water resources. The doctrines of
"riparian rights" and of "appropriation and beneficial use"
held sway side by side with no state machinery for either
definition or control of such "rights." Logically the cha-
otic condition resulting proved a serious impediment to
bona-fide development and benefited most largely the
speculative "water hog." Years of agitation culminated,
finally, in the adoption in 1909 of the present famous
code, which in its essentials places the control of the
state's waters in the hands of an administrative board, with
the state engineer at its head. The proposed utilization
of these waters, up to that time, had been confined to a
very slight use of water powers — in a large way to the
irrigation of two tracts (Umatilla and Klamath projects)
by the Federal government and to several Carey Act
ventures, only one of which, the Central Oregon project,
in the Deschutes Basin, having so far been completed.
A large area of government lands under this last-named,
and, because of its final success, unique, irrigation project,
has only recently been made accessible to entry by the
completion of the new railroad lines. The fate of the
Columbia Southern project and its proposed redemption
by the state have already been referred to.

It is now conservatively estimated that the unused,
and unappropriated waters of the state are sufficient for
the irrigation of two million acres of land, at a cost of
from forty to sixty dollars per acre and that they are
capable of producing, coincidently with this irrigation,
3,300,000 horsepower of energy. This great national asset
in its scope of ultimate usefulness is almost beyond the
grasp of human thought. The development of only a
fraction of this cheap power — whether by private capital
or by the state — should make possible enormously pro-
ductive manufacturing industries suitable to the conditions
of the Pacific slope and render available the blessings of
cheap electricity for every home, however humble. The
influx of hundreds of thousands of people, deriving suste-
nance from these new-born industries, will create a prolific
market for the product of forest and farm. The irrigation
of two million acres, much of it free government land, will

12

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

provide ultimately 250,000 eighty-acre farms, each capable
of sustaining in generous comfort a family. It remains
only for wise forethought and legislative and adminis-
trative ability to make possible such a splendid drama of
progress and home-building as will be comparable only
with what has been accomplished in a lesser measure in
the Snake river valley of Idaho and the Salt river valley
of Arizona. That the state and Federal agencies
which, owing to the "divided control" over land and
water are both intimately concerned in this matter, are not
derelict in their responsibility towards the future is evi-
denced by the "development program" just enacted and
by the terms of the "co-operative agreement" executed
on May 5, 1913, by the state authorities and Secretary
Lane of the Federal Department of the Interior.

Aside from the measure referred to, for the rehabilita-
tion of the Columbia Southern project, the new policies
embrace: (1) Legislative appropriation of the sum of
$15,000 for the preparation of plans, specifications and
estimates of cost for 536,000 horsepower development on
the Columbia river near The Dalles, on the Oregon side,
co-operation with the state of Washington and the United
States being authorized in the execution of this and future
work. The data procured through these means is to be
made available for the use of private capital upon reim-
bursal of the amount spent in investigation, or for the
use of the state, should it be deemed expedient for it to
engage in construction work directly or should capital
prove reluctant. (2) Submission to a vote of the people
in November, 1914, of a constitutional amendment author,
izing the issuance of state bonds for the construction of
irrigation and power projects and for developing the cut-
over timber lands, the money advanced to be repaid over
a long term of years, and to constitute a lien upon the
lands. (3) The state made a party to all water-rights
litigation before the Water Board. (4) Provision for de-
claring forfeited and abandoned all waters for non-use
during a period of five years or more. (5) Appropriation
of $10,000 annually for the work of the Water Board, in
addition to a standing appropriation of like amount.

No change was made in the regular appropriation
of $25,000 for topographic and hydrographic work. Under
the co-operative agreements heretofore existing between
the United States Geological Survey and a large number
of states, both east and west, the Federal agencies con-
tribute dollar for dollar of this sum. This last-named
work has heretofore marked the limits of co-operation be-
tween the Department of the Interior and the western
states, but the present program has extended the limits
of this work much further, State and Federal govern-
ments under their agreement each appropriating the sum
of $50,000 "for the joint investigation or irrigation and
power projects." This is to be regarded as being as im-
portant a step as the adoption of the original "Reclamation
Act," as it will result in vastly increasing the scope and
efficiency of this measure.

The extent to which efforts under the Carey Act, un-
der "irrigation districts" and by private capital, have thus
far failed of their purpose is rapidly fostering the convic-
tion that if the work of reclamation is to proceed upon a
future stable basis and with a minimum of mistakes the
measure of state and national control over these projects
must needs be greatly augmented. Oregon, as well as the
Federal government, it appears, has absorbed the lessons
taught by ten years of struggle and experiment in whole-
sale reclamation and is preparing to inaugurate a new
condition with the mistakes of the past to guide it. With
the sole exception of Utah (through the operations of its
"Reservoir Land Grant") and of spasmodic eforts in two
other states, Oregon, in the radical departure of providing
funds for direct construction of irrigation or power proj-
ects, is the first of the western states to embark upon a
policy of self-executed effort, and the pioneer in the field
of widened co-operation with the reclamation forces of
the national government. That the idea of co-operation,
however, is taking root is evidenced by the recent recom-
mendations of S. G. Hopkins, State Land Commissioner of
Wyoming, by the agitation for its adoption among prop-
erty owners in the Sacramento valley of California and by
the attitude of the new administration of the Department
of the Interior evidenced by calling into conference at
Washington last May the water users under Federal proj-
ects, for a free discussion of their problems. Justification
for the new plan of co-operation with its suggested bene-

fits is readily to be found in the complexities involving
many large schemes of reclamation. The diversity of
ownership of land, of control of water, and of rights to its
use, ownership of power sites, and control of rights of
way over public lands by the Federal government, all tend
to complicate the situation, at best beset with natural
difficulties. A unique and favorable factor in the case of
Oregon, however, exists in the fact that most of the power
sites are still upon Federal domain, that the waters needed
are still largely unappropriated, and that a great area of
the land to be benefited is of a public character, the situa-
tion, therefore, being such as to lend itself readily to state
and Federal control and to that extent offering a fair
field. By the direct participation of the United States
Reclamation Service there will be rendered available the
services of an organization already perfectly equipped, fa-
miliar with varying conditions, and with a record of suc-
cess. Cooperation with such an agency will eliminate at
the outset the mistakes almost inseparable from a new
department dealing with technical and complicated sub-
jects. It will permit the execution of far-reaching plans
regardless of political changes and operate, perhaps, to
prevent many useless appropriations.

As stated the work under the "joint agreement" will
at the outset, at least, be confined to investigations in the
Deschutes Basin "to ascertain the feasibility of irrigation
projects," etc., "to determine ways and means whereby
the public waters, lakes and reservoir sites, state and
public lands may be used, reserved, or disposed of in con-
nection with such projects to the highest public advantage,
also to determine what power may be developed inci-
dentally to the construction of such projects and the value
and possible use thereof."

The Secretary of the Interior is bound "to prevent the
attachment of all right to public lands which would inter-
fere with the development of the project," while the State
Engineer is "to withdraw and withhold from appropria-
tion all necessary unappropriated waters." When the
investigation is completed its results are to be submitted
as a report "with appropriate recommendations as to
further policies to be adopted by state and nation for the
reclamation and development of the areas investigated."

IRRIGATION PROJECT FOR SOUTH DAKOTA.

Within a short time the report on the preliminary
work on the next big irrigation project for South Dakota,
will be out, showing the practicability of irrigating 60,000
acres of Cheyenne river valley lands in Fall River county.
The work so far as carried out shows that this project can
be put in at a much less cost than was the Belle Fourche
project, and will spread water over a large acreage of
land, reducing the cost per acre on the land to be bene-
fited. The proposition is for a stone and concrete dam
150 feet high, and at the place selected for this part of
the project, the dam would need be but 980 feet long
which would hold a water supply up to 165,000 acre feet
per year. This is in strong contrast to the big Belle
Fourche dam which is a mile and a half in length, and
which impounds but little more water than would the
much smaller dam on the southern fork of the Cheyenne.
The appropriation of the state for the carrying on of
preliminary work has been exhausted before the survey
had been completed and business men of Fall River
county donated $1,000 to the work to get it carried
through this fall, and in shape to present the matter in
the coming congress for consideration, and the attempted
preliminary steps toward making the project a reality.

The new $6,000,000 dam at Bassano, Alberta, will be
opened soon, according to official announcement coming
from the Canadian Pacific railway in regard to the proj-
ect of checking the Bow river, western Canada.

By the system of irrigation which the opening of the
dam inaugurates, 1,000,000 more acres of land will be
opened up and the settlers will be insured against all
possibilities of a dry season, says the Star. At present
8,000 acres of the territory affected belongs to the estate
of the late Duke of Sutherland.

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION AGE and bound copy of THE PRIMER OF IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of The Primer of Hy-
draulics add $2.50 to above price.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

13

THE NORTHERN PACIFIC COUNTRY

Some Observations of That Territory

Discussing the northwest country traversed by the
Northern Pacific recently with Mr. A. M. Cleland, general
passenger agent, it was leaned that conditions were all
that could be asked in the way 9f crop production, satis-
faction of settlers on the land, prices for the products sold
and other features which go to make up the ranchman's
life. It was stated, however, that there must be some
arrangement made whereby the producers of large quan-
tities of apples and other fruits may .be able to market
them at a profit in the middle and eastern states. When
asked what was the cause of so much fruit going to waste
in the west, Mr. Cleland was apparently reluctant to
answer. He finally stated, however, that in the opinion
of the producers the commission men throughout the mid-
dle and eastern states are largely to blame for the condi-
tions which now exist. He stated that on a recent trip
through the Northwest over the Northern Pacific lines
which was taken with a train load of general passenger
agents of the various railroads of the United States who
were visiting Yellowstone Park and other points of
interest along that line, large quantities of fruit were
found upon the ground unpicked and unmarketed. He
stated that some way of getting these fruits onto the mar-
ket must be devised whereby, when they are marketed
and sold the producer will obtain his share of the profits.

His idea is that the cider industry has not been properly
developed and he believes much more may be made by
turning all his apples into cider. His experiment may
offer a suggestion to some of our Western producers.
They of course are not as near the market centers but a
half dozen or fifty of them could join together and ship
their products to some central city in Illinois, Iowa, Wis-
consin, Michigan or Indiana and distribute from there
and rent a modest priced storeroom from which to retail
the fruit.

The foregoing is preliminary to a general discussion
of conditions along the line of the Northern Pacific Rail-
way, and the following data was secured from officials of
that system.

Prosperity and contentment are the words which best
describe the recent marvelous achievements in the North-
west, where the pioneers and those who followed them
have, seemingly, made something out of nothing. This
one time sagebrush country only, long looked upon as an
absolutely worthless desert, has become a crop-producing,
home-supporting area of inexhaustible fertility, greater
in extent than the cultivated lands in New England and
capable of supporting a larger rural population.

Out of the old arid wastes have sprung wonderful
orchards, vineyards, berry fields, truck gardens, and fields
of golden grain and waving grasses. Towns and villages
peopled with a happy, optimistic population, and com-
fortable homes in the country inhabited by a satisfied
yet energetic husbandry, dot the landscape. Banks, liter-

A Barley Field in Lower Yellowstone Valley, Montana.

In discussing this matter later with commission men in
Chicago the writer learned that they are exceedingly re-
luctant to express an opinion on the subject. They were
inclined to criticise the railways and said the freignt
rates had to do with this condition. It had been learned
previously, however, through investigation at other points
that the railways are offering every inducement in the
way of freight rates, and it may eventually simmer down
to a condition where the fruit producers must open up
their own market in the Eastern and Central States and
have the product of their ranches handled by some com-
petent man. This brings to mind the fact that a farmer
in Southern Illinois who is interested in business in Chi-
cago has adopted a method which could be adopted by
Western ranchmen who are large producers. Mr. George
B. Cogdal, a well known merchant of Chicago, owns
three farms, two in Michigan and one in Southern Illinois.
The Southern Illinois farm has on it an orchard of hiurh
grade apples. Jonathan and Ben Davis varieties, and
he had adopted the system of renting stores in such towns
in Illinois as Elgin, Aurora. Oak Park and elsewhere, and
selling the product of his orchard at retail. He informed
the writer recently that he is getting twice as much for
the apples as he would have gotten through a commission
house and in many instances, four times what he could
have sold for when the apples were made into cider.

ally bulging with the wealth of their depositors, and rail-
roads and commercial and industrial enterprises are con-
vincing exponents of the march of progress in what was
the desert wilds less than two decades ago.

This wonderful but actual transformation is due to
irrigation, the bringing to the soil the waters from streams
which, constantly eating away the mountains and foot-
hills, supply new life principles in the form of rich al-
luvium from the decaying rocks and vegetation of the
uplands.

Irrigation has been practiced from the very earliest
days of Egyptian civilization to the present time. It is
only, however, in comparatively recent years that any
particular attention has been paid to it in this country.
The reason for this is obvious. In the eastern and middle
states it is not absolutely necessary. It was only when
the pioneers, traveling west in search of unoccupied terri-
tory, reached a region where without the application of
water to the soil nothing could be grown, that irrigating
streams were turned upon the desert, which readily re-
sponding to the beneficent influence soon began to blos-
som like a veritable garden. From this period up to the
present time the work has been spreading and increasing
until now vast tracts of what was once known as the Great
American Desert have been brought under cultivation.

Irrigation invariably means intensive cultivation. Many

14

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

a man today is making a far better living on ten acres
of irrigated land, than can be secured by an equal amount
of hard work on a quarter or even a half section of
ordinary farming land, while, as a matter of fact, those
best posted on the subject insist that twenty acres of ir-
rigated land is about all that one family can properly
look after, even with a reasonable amount of help.

The economic value of irrigation, whether by national
projects or private enterprise, cannot be measured in dol-
lars and cents. It is no longer an experiment in this
growing western country; it is a confirmed success from
commercial and financial viewpoints, and the influence of
its far-flung horizons and its true perspective are potential
in character-molding and building. There is inspiration
in the vastness of this westerness, where men and women
.and children breathe optimism and grow mental breadth
and strength in contemplating scenery, declared by sea-
soned travelers to have no counterpart in the world. The
development of the country will provide a safety valve
against the impending dangers of congestion in the cities
of the east.

It has been demonstrated that under irrigation western
land will produce paying crops of anything which grows
in the temperate zone. The products are noted for their
brilliant coloring, unusual size and excellent flavor, and
they command the markets of the world. Vegetables in

Spokane county, while Yakima county planted 358,477 and
Clielan county, which includes the Wenatchee district,
planted 301,784.

Yakima county leads with 2,115,695 apple, 667,704 pear,
857,300 peach, 179,166 cherry and 24,081 plum and prune
trees. Chelan county has 1,138,012 apple, 77,407 pear,
338,073 peach, 54,565 cherry and 18,212 plum trees, and
Spokane county has 967,197 apple, 54,707 pear, 154,323
peach, 163,324 cherry and 40,943 plum trees. The dis-
tribution of apple trees in six other counties in eastern
Washington is as follows: Asotin, 87,415; Benton, 188,-
187; Okanogan, 27,670; Stevens, 251,839; Walla Walla,
84,429; Whitman, 266,133.

In addition to the foregoing there are in eastern
Washington approximately 2,500 acres of grapes, 2,400
acres of raspberries, 2,000 acres of blackberries, 9,000 acres
of strawberries, 675 acres of currants and gooseberies.
350 acres of cranberries and thousands of acres of lands
devoted to garden truck farming, besides 2,500,000 acres
devoted to wheat and other grains, which do not require
irrigation.

The extent of operations on irrigated lands in the
Northwest will be better understood when it is known that
the value of apple and other fruit crops in the Inland
Empire amounted to $14,000,000 in one year. It will be
better than $60.000,000 in 1914, by which time several

*"!

Second Year from Sagebrush. Huntley Project, Oats Yielded 120 Bushels an Acre.

almost endless variety and the choicest vine and tree
fruits follow each other in rotation and fill out the sea-
sons. There is courage born of conviction and fostered
by hope in the superabundant life which springs from the
broad desert when moisture is applied, and this gives a
constant inspiration to industry and stimulus to greater
things.

Five to ten acres of land in the irrigated districts will
provide shelter, food and raiment for a family and enable
its owner to put aside from $500 to $1,000 a year. Scores
of hundreds of men and women, many of whom came
from the crowded cities in the east and south, are doing
that much or better in the Inland Empire today. The
home making instinct, characteristic of the true American,
won out and as a result they are independent and able to
dictate the prices of their products.

Statistics compiled by the State Commissioner of
Horticulture show that approximately 227,500 acres of
lands in the state of Washington are devoted to fruit
culture. A census of the trees shows 7,677,072 apple,
2,126,222 peach, 1,313,290 pear, 1,238,491 plum and prune,
938,744 cherry, and several million nectarine, quince, al-
mond and English walnut trees. The plantings in one
year amounted to 2,067,853 trees, as follows: Apple,
1,169,989; peach, 366,731; pear, 230,719; cherry, 190,535;
plum and prune, 70,200; miscellaneous, 39,679. Of these
399,553 or 20 per cent of the grand total were planted in

million trees set out in the last two years will come into
bearing.

This is only the beginning of the fruit industry in this
part of the country, where millions of acres of land, now
flecked with the dusty green of sage brush, are awaiting
the refreshing moisture to make them blossom like the
proverbial rose. Irrigation will supplement the rainfall
and do much more for the growing crops than rain, as
the natural element gives nothing except moisture, while
the waters diverted from the mountain sides bring with
them new fertility. Much of this land, now not worth
more than a few dollars an acre, will then be readily
salable at from $250 to $500 an acre, according to loca-
tion and the character of the soil. That is the history of
lands in the now famous Bitterroot, Yakima, Wenatchee,
Lewiston-Clarkston and Spokane valleys, where the in-
comes from fruit range from $450 to $2,000 an acre.

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION AGE and bound copy of THE PRIMER OF IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of The Primer of Hy-
draulics add $2.50 to above price.

THE IERIGATION AGE.

15

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

To Be a Feature at Panama-International
Exposition.

Agriculture, that vast contributor to the sup-
port and wealth of nations, is to be one of the most
important departments of the Panama-Pacific Inter-
national Exposition, now in the making at San
Francisco and whose gates will open in February,
1915. Two magnificent exhibit palaces, devoted to
agriculture and to food products, are among the
fourteen that are being erected by the exposition
company, and a most comprehensive classification
of exhibits has been prepared by Captain Asher
Carter Baker, director of this important feature of
the fair.

In Captain Baker's classification of agricultural
exhibits the subject of irrigation has been given
ample representation. In the grouping of farm
equipment and methods of improving lands will be

and beverages, inedible agricultural products such
as the textile plants, useful insects and their prod-
ucts, injurious insects and plant diseases. A com-
plete exhibit of forestry and forest products is
also included, as are numerous special features men-
tioned which space forbids.

In connection with the general agricultural ex-
hibit there will be the most comprehensive exhibit
of live stock ever made at any previous exposition.
This department is under the supervision of D. O.
Lively, organizer and manager of the Pacific North-
west Live Stock Association, and one of the fore-
most authorities in his line. He is assisted by Chas.
F. Mills, of Springfield, 111., who is chairman of the
advisory committee to the live stock department.
Prize cattle from all parts of the world will be on
view, together with horses and mules, sheep, goats,
swine, dogs, cats, ferrets, rabbits, birds and poultry.
Methods of breeding and raising, breed milk con-
tests, running and harness races and many other

Truck Garden, Huntley Project, Montana, Showing Potatoes, Corn, Cabbage, Tomatoes, Beans, Peas, Carrots, Melons and Cucumbers.

found a complete exposition of material and appli-
ances used in agricultural engineering, for the re-
claiming of marshes, for irrigation and drainage.
Another important group is constituted by exhibits
relating to the theory of agriculture — to studies
bearing upon soil and water from an agricultural
point of view. The up-to-date methods and appli-
ances will afford an unequalled educational oppor-
tunity to the farmer from any part of the world.

In this educational connection, a determined
effort is being made by the exposition authorities to
secure the 1915 meeting of the National Irrigation
Congress for San Francisco.

Besides the groups above mentioned, the depart-
ments of Agriculture will comprise detailed displays of
agricultural implements and farm machinery, fertiliz-
ers, appliances and methods used in agricultural indus-
tries, agricultural statistics, animal and vegetable food
products and vegetable seeds, appliances for gather-
ing wild crops and the products obtained, equipment
and methods employed in the preparation of foods

features will be embodied in the exhibits and dis-
plays of this department.

NOTES.

M. Z. King, of Oklahoma, wants to end drouths in
the arid regions of the Southwest by darning the Grand
Canyon of the Colorado with rock and concrete. He
says that a lake of 4,000 square miles could be made and
that this amount of water, distributed at will, would in-
sure crops.

King has progressed so far in his scheme that he has.
had an oil painting made of the Grand Canyon as he
proposes that it shall be. This painting was on exhibi-
tion at the fair at Oklahoma City and King lectured about
it daily. He will take it to the Dry Farming Congress
at Tulsa and after his lectures there will donate it to
the historical society.

"Rhubarb king of Oklahoma" is the title by which
J. W. LaGrange of Yukon is known. Even a casual visit
to his farm would serve to establish the merit of the
claim. It stood four and five feet high and was yielding
from ten to fifteen tons an acre and selling for 6 to 12J4
cents a pound. Mr. LaGrange leases the farm from A.
S. Perry, who for years was a successful irrigation truck
grower of central Oklahoma.

16

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

VARIOUS PROJECTS ALONG GREAT NORTHERN
RAILWAY LINES

Valuable Information for Prospective Settlers

Montana, the third largest state in the Union, offers
the landseeker an unlimited number of opportuniites for
home making. At the present time the homeseeker may
acquire a tract of good farming land by purchase or by
exercising his homestead right and commence to lay the
foundation for a career of independence, comfort and per-
haps wealth. Every day, knowledge of the opportunities
which exist in this wonderful state is spreading and every
day new settlers are moving into the state and establish-
ing themselves on the fertile land. Land values are in-
creasing rapidly, in fact, the last five years have witnessed
an increase in value of land from $5.00 to $25.00 per acre.
They who investigate and take advantage of the oppor-
tunities now will profit by the increase in land values as
well as receive the benefit in the meantime of the produc-
tivity of the soil.

Montana Irrigation Projects

In addition to the free homestead land and land in
private ownership, the homeseeker may acquire land on
the irrigation projects in this state by complying with the
homestead laws. The United States Reclamation Act of
June 17, 1902, provides for the creation of a fund from
each state in the so-called semi-arid belt for the construe-

thereof, to get water from the government project, must
sell down his holdings to the unit acre prescribed by the
government, and pay his share per acre of the cost of
construction; also, be a bona-fide resident of the land.

An annual charge for maintenance is made, in addition
to the cost of construction. This is usually about fifty cents
per acre the first year, and may be reduced somewhat for
subsequent years. The occupant of the land is required to
cultivate at least one-half of the irrigable area in his
farm, and the charges for maintenance are apportioned
upon the actual amount of land in his holdings, irre-
spective of the acreage under cultivation.

To assist the landholder who is not familiar with irri-
gation, the government — and, in some cases, the Water-
Users' Association — maintains experimental farms for the
purpose of instructing the farmers in the best methods of
treating the soil.

Water-Users' Association

Immediately upon the opening of an irrigated tract to
settlement, a Water-Users' Association is formed. The
Government Reclamation Service operates the irrigation
system until the greater part of the cost of constructing
the works is paid up by the settlers, after which title to
same passes over to the association. Shares in the Water-
Users' Association are issued to the members in amounts
corresponding with the acres of land they own in the
project. The water-rights are, of course, inseparably as-
sociated with the land.

Farm Home in Lower Yellowstone Valley, Montana.

tion of irrigation projects on a large scale within those states.
The fund for prosecuting this great work is accumulated
from the sale and disposal of public lands.

Methods of United States Reclamation Service

Briefly told, the United States Reclamation Act, ol
Tune 17, 1902, provides for the creation of a fund from each
state in the so-called semi-arid belt for the construction of
irrigation projects on a large scale within those states.
The fund for prosecuting this great work is accumulated
from the sale and disposal of public lands.

The United States Reclamation Service constructs the
projects and puts the settlers on the land when it is ready
for crops. The land is divided up into farm units, ranging
from 40 to 160 acres in size. The settler files on the land
in accordance with the homestead laws of the United
States, paying the government his proportion of the actual
cost of constructing the irrigation system. This construc-
tion cost varies, ranging from $30.00 to $35.00 per acre, and
up. Ten years are granted the settler in which to pay
this cost, payment being made in ten annual installments,
the first installment being paid when filing on the land.
No interest is charged on the unpaid cost. Frequently,
some of the land under a government project is in private
ownership, in which case, of course, none of the pro-
visions of the homestead laws apply, except that the owner

Carey Act Projects

The Carey Act, passed by the United States Congress
in 1894, is another potent factor in the irrigation and peo-
pling of vast stretches of rich agricultural land in Montana.
Its purpose was to induce the western states affected
thereby to inaugurate systems of irrigation on unappro-
priated government land through contracts with private
corporations or individuals. One million acres are available
in Montana for this purpose. Practically, 500,000 acres arc
now being developed. The state has effective laws for the
administration of this work, and its Carey Act Land Board
has direct supervision of the projects. Not more than 160
acres of irrigated land can be taken up by a single settler
under the Carey Act. Any citigen of the United States, or
anyone who has declared his intention to become a citizen,
is entitled to avail himself of this opportunity. Many
decided advantages are enjoyed by the settler in the work-
ing out of this law.

The corporations constructing the projects contract
with the state for the irrigation of a certain tract of land,
the price to be charged to the settler by the company for
his water-right being agreed upon between the state offi-
cials and the construction company. Upon the completion
of the project, the government issues a patent to the state
for the land as it is settled upon, and, in turn, patent is

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

17

issued to the settler by the state upon the payment of fifty
cents per acre, and the filing of contract between the con-
struction company and settler showing payment of first
installment on the cost of the water-right of the company.
Proof of residence and cultivation must also be made.
Under the advantageous administration of this act in Mon-
tana, it is possible for the settler to secure patent from
the state within thirty days from date of filing, provided
one-eighth of the land taken is put under cultivation and
other requirements are observed. After patent to the land
is obtained by the settler, the matter of residence thereon
is optional.

Lower Yellowstone Irrigation Project
The lower Yellowstone irrigation canal, constructed
by the United States Reclamation Service, will reclaim
about 40,000 acres of land along the west bank of the Yel-
lowstone river, including a territory starting south ol
Mondak, on the main line of the Great Northern, to a few
miles north of Glendive, about 55 miles long and from one
to five miles wide, in eastern Dawson county.

The complete canals will irrigate about 40,000 acres,
the water being supplied by the Yellowstone river, whose
minimum discharge at the point of diversion is 1,000 sec-
ond-feet, this minimum occurring during January and
February.

There is some public land open to entry under the
project, but the majority of farms are under private owner-
ship. The public lands are divided into units of from 40 to
80 acres and may be homesteaded by any one who has not
previousliy exercised his homestead right. At the time
filing is made the homestead entryman must pay the first
installment upon the cost of his water-right, which is $6.50
for 40 acres and $8.00 for 80 acres.

Land under private ownership ranges from $20.00 to
$30.00 per acre, and the extra charge for water-right under
the project is $45.00 an acre, without interest payable as
follows:

December 1, 1913 $2.00 per acre

December 1, 1914 4.50 per acre

December 1, 1915 4.50 per acre

December 1, 1916 4.50 per acre

December 1, 1917 4.50 per acre

December 1, 1918 4.50 per acre

December 1, 1919 4.50 per acre

December 1, 1920 4.50 per acre

December 1, 1921 4.50 per acre

December 1, 1922 7.00 per acre

The cost of maintaining and operating the canals will
be from $1.00 to $2.50 for each irrigable acre extra.

Considering the assurance of crops under this project
and the opportunity for securing good land either by
homesteading or by purchase at a low price, the ultimate
cost of the land, including water-right, will amount to from
$65.00 to $80.00 per acre.

The soil throughput the entire project possesses al-
most exhaustless fertility. It is of a loam, or clay loam,
of a rich brown color due to a high percentage of organic
matter.

The principal crops are oats, barley, flax, wheat, vege-
tables, sugar beets, alfalfa, etc. The average yield of
alfalfa is five tons per acre. Oats have averaged as high
as 120 bushels, potatoes 400 bushels, barley GO bushels,
flax 17 bushels to the acre, etc.

Stock raising, dairying, etc., are carried on extensively,
netting profitable returns to the farmer.

With the construction of the new Great Northern
line through Fairview, Sidney. Newton, etc., additional
transportation facilities will be afforded, making the Yel-
lowstone project one of the most attractive localities of
the Northwest for the farmer desiring to secure an irri-
gated farm.

The Milk River Irrigation Project

The government has withdrawn from entry over
1,000.000 acres of fertile land in Teton. Hill, Elaine and
Valley counties, with a view of establishing an enormous
irrigation project, known as the Milk River project.

The magnitude of the work is shown by the extent of
territory that is embraced within the plan of reclamation.
The Great Northern follows the Milk river through this
part of Montana and in addition to transportation numer-
ous large and small towns are already established.

This project, which is about 16 per cent completed,
•consists of two large engineering schemes. First, the

storage of the water in St.- Marys Lakes in the north-
western part of Teton county, on the eastern slope of the
Rocky Mountains, and the carrying of the water by means
of a canal 27 miles to the north fork of the Milk river.
Second, the utilization of these stored mountain waters on
the irrigable lands of the lower Milk river valley, extend-
ing from Havre, in Hill county, to Glasgow in Valley
county, a distance of 155 miles.

The Milk river has its source in Teton county, tribu-
tary to St. Marys lake, and its two forks flow norhteast
into Canada, where they unite, thence continuing as Milk
river proper in an easterly direction for about 100 miles,
re-entering into Montana in Hill county, finally emptying
into the Missouri river in Valley county, east of Glasgow.
In the Milk river valley and vicinity at the present
time there are close to 90,000 acres of land under irriga-
tion, producing the usual bountiful yield of practically all
crops. The soil throughout the entire valley is of suffi-
cient depth and character to grow crops at present without
irrigation; however, with the completion of this mammoth
project, and in view of the fact that the land is near
transportation, many settlers will, without doubt, quickly
occupy the lands, build up thriving communities and add
to the wealth and population' of the state.

The Milk river project, as originally designated, con-
templates the reclaiming of about 250,000 acres of land in
two divisions. First, 100,000 acres near Dobson, Chinook,
etc. Second, 150,000 acres extending from the Dobson
diversion dam, eastward to Glasgow. The canal lines nec-
essary for watering these lands will approximate 380 miles
m length.

The first unit under the Dodson canal, near Dodson,
on the Great Northern, is nearly completed. About 10,000
acres are contained under this unit and the water is being
supplied on a rental basis at the price of about $1.00 per
acre foot. The land under the constructed canal is divided
into 87 farm units of various sizes.

In 1908 the Lower Milk River Water-Users' Associa-
tion was formed, and in 1910 it entered into a contract
with the government guaranteeing the paying to the
United States of the cost of the irrigation works as as-
sessed by the Secretary of the Interior against the lands
of the shareholders of the association.

With the agreement arranged with Canada as regards
the use of water flowing across the boundary line and an
appropriation for the Reclamation Service to carry on the
work of the Milk river project, the same will, no doubt, be
completed as rapidly as possible.

The Valier Irrigation Project

In October, 1909, the Carey Act Board of the State of
Montana threw open for settlement 70,000 acres of irri-
gated land in Teton county, near the town of Conrad on
the Great Northern. Since then additional land has been
acquired until at the present time there are about 116,000
acres of irrigable land under the project, about 40,000
acres of which are now under cultivation.

Any citizen of the United States can file upon 40, 80,
120 or 160 acres of land under this project, and own the
land and perpetual water-rights by paying $40.50 per acre
on 14 years' time. The terms upon which the settler may
enter a claim on these lands are, the payment of fifty
cents per acre as an entrance fee to the State of Montana,
and $40.00 per acre, which pays back to the construction
company the charge per acre for the installation of the
irrigation system. The sum of $5.50 per acre must accom-
pany the application at the time filing is made. The bal-
ance is payable in 14 equal annual installments, with in-
terest at six per cent on deferred payments, beginning with
the delivery of water.

The land is covered with native grass, ready for the
plow. The climate is very favorable, and coal is mined
on the tract. Flax yields of 24 bushels per acre, 100
bushels of oats, 40 bushels of wheat, 40 bushels of barley
and proportionate yields of other grains as well as vege-
tables are reported from the farmers on the project. The
average yield of wheat for 1912 on the project was 38.5
bushels, 75.1 bushels of oats and 57 bushels of barley per
acre. Potatoes yield weil and sugar beets grow easily.
Garden truck thrives under the long days of sunshine,
and two or three cuttings of alfalfa are received each
season. Timothy, clover and other cultivated grasses grow
luxuriantly either for meadow or pasture.

The soil is uniform in character, running from a choc-
olate to a clay loam. The sod works up mellow and fine

18

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

after backsetting. The surface of the land is gently
rolling, draining well, and the soil lends itself readily to
irrigation.

Dairying and stock raising are carried on extensively
by the farmers on the project, at a profit. The local con-
sumption of Conrad and Valier, both thriving towns on
the project, can hardly be met for butter, eggs, meats, etc.,
and considerable produce is also shipped to Great Falls.
Valier has grown very rapidly since the establishment of
the project, as has Conrad, on the eastern boundary of the
tract, and connected by the Montana Western railroad
with Valier. The Great Northern traverses the eastern
and northern sections of the project, and Williams and
Manson are new towns recently established and on the
Montana Western railway.

The Sun River Irrigation Project

The irrigation plan for the Sun river project provides
for the storage of water in the Warm Springs reservoir,
of the north fork of the Sun river — in the Willow Creek
reservoir on Willow creek — in Pishkun reservoir north of
Sun river and in Benton Lake reservoir, near Great Falls.
There are 13 reservoirs in all and it is estimated that
276,000 acres will be reclaimed in all.

The first portion of the project, viz.: The Fort Shaw
unit, is completed and nearly all the irrigable land has
been appropriated under this unit, although there are a
few 40 and 80 tracts left. The charge per acre is $30.00.
including water-rights, payable in ten annual installments,
without interest. The annual operation and maintenance
charge is fifty cents per irrigable acre.

The new line of the Great Northern to Augusta fur-
nishes transportation for this fertile and productive region
and practically all crops, as well as small fruits, do well.
Three cuttings of alfalfa per season is reported and yields
about five tons to the acre.

The Fort Shaw unit consists of about 16,000 acres, and
the Reclamation Service are working another unit at the
present time, to be completed soon. As only about 9.5
per cent of the entire project is completed there will be
available homes for thousands of farmers to secure fertile
land when water is furnished the balance of the proposed
project.

The Flathead Irrigation Project

The Flathead project has for its plan the irrigation of
about 150,000 acres, in various parts of the former Flathead
Indian Reservation, which was opened to white settlement
in 1909.

The water is to be taken by simple diversion works
from several rivers and creeks, having their source in the
Mission Mountains near by. The stream flow is to be con-
served by storage in twelve reservoirs, and is supple-
mented by pumping from the Flathead river by water
power.

Irrigable tracts in Jocko and Mission valleys and near
Poison have been selected for the first development, and
the system is sufficiently advanced and is supplying water
at present for several thousand acres.

All the cereals usually yield a big crop without irriga-
tion, as the land is very fertile without being artificially
watered, when properly farmed, but with irrigation, the
crop will not only be a sure one but the yields increased.
Alfalfa is becoming one of the principal crops; also vege-
tables, small fruits, etc., do exceptionally well.

The irrigated area in the Flathead project is lands which
have been allotted to the Indians, and land filed on by
those successful in receiving a lucky number when the
reservation was opened. These farmers are not able to
care for a large tract when irrigated, therefore they are
disposing of a potion of their holdings at reasonable
prices, and there are numerous opportunities for secur-
ing fertile irrigated farms in an ideal section for general
farming.

The Fort Peck Irrigation Project

The Fort Peck project has for its purpose the irriga-
tion of about 132,000 acres in the Fort Peck Reservation,
as follows: 8,000 acres in the vicinity of Milk River sta-
tion, with water supply from Big Porcupine creek con-
served by storage; 2,000 acres in the vicinity of Frazier,
with water supply from Little Porcupine creek by storage:
20,000 acres in the vicinity of Poplar and extending along
the Poplar river 35 miles, with water supply from that
river conserved by storage; 15,000 acres lying along the
west side of Big Muddy creek, with water supply from that

creek conserved by storage at the mouth of Wolf creek;
50,000 acres of clear bench lands and approximately 25,000
a.cres of brush and timber land extending along the Mis-
souri river with water supply from that river by a gravity
canal. Two tracts of 6,000 acres each, adjacent to and
above the gravity canal that can be irrigated by pumping
from the Fort Peck canal with lifts of from 12 to 20 feet.

In July, 1908, investigations and surveys were begun
by the government and in September, 1909, construction
on the Little Porcupine unit was commenced, which is
about 90 per cent completed at present.

The Poplar river unit is about 8.5 per cent completed
and the entire project 5.1 per cent completed.

THE VIKING ROTARY PUMP

•The accompanying illustration shows the principles of
an interesting rotary pump manufactured by the Viking
Pump Company of Cedar Falls, Iowa, which has recently
been tested at the Engineering Experiment Station of the
Iowa State College and is described in the Iowa Engineer.
As will be seen in the illustration, the pump has but two
moving parts, an outside annular gear, and an inside spur
gear. The large gear has a shaft at the back which extends

Viking Rotary Pump

through the pump casing and carries the driving pulley.
The spur gear is mounted on a stud extending from the
opposite side of casing, which also has a crescent shaped
projection on one side, dividing the space between the two
gears as shown. Either pipe may be used for the intake,
depending upon the direction of rotation. The action of
the pump is evident. After the water enters the punn>,
it is carried around in the pockets formed by the teeth
in the large gear and the teeth of the spur gear and the
crescent shaped projection. When the gears come into
mesh on the opposite side, all water is forced into the
outlet port.

Tests have been made with heads varying from 30 to 150
feet of water and at speeds from 200 to 450 R. P. M.
At 215 R. P. M. the efficiency was 48.6 per cent. At 400
R. P. M. the efficiency was 76.3 per cent. The average
efficiency of all tests was 64.8 per cent, the average speed
being 360 R. P. M. At the higher velocities, the average
efficiency was practically 70 per cent. The comparatively
positive action of the pump is shown by the discharge per
revolution. At the lowest efficiency this discharge was
0.209 gallon, and at the highest 0.235 gallon, which shows
that even at the lowest efficiency the leakage was slight.
The volume of water discharged per revolution, if there
was no leakage, would be 0.259 gallon.

The advantage of the pump is that it requires no
packing, it is said to have a positive force that can put
water to a greater height than any other rotary or cen-
trifugal single pump with less power. The speed being
slow, there is less wear and each gear carries its own
weight. — Advt.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

19

IRRIGATING THE SMALL FARMS

The unusual dry growing seasons the past two or
three years followed by this summer's drought has helped
to impress the fact in the mind of the average farmer
located out of the irrigation districts, that supplemental
irrigation is desirable and necessary in other places out-
side of the arid regions.

Many small farmers and orchardists who depend
entirely upon the rainfall during the growing season find
that a period of drought will often ruin their prospects,
resulting in money losses which may often exceed the
first cost of a simple gasoline or kerosene engine driven
pumping equipment with its necessary distributing pip-
ing. Such a device will not only insure the safety of a
crop but it has been demonstrated beyond question both
by practical experience and by systematic experiment
that growth and production can be profitably pushed by
irrigation even when the natural moisture seems ample,
and in this respect irrigation aligns itself with fertilization
and cultivation as a factor in intensive culture.

The impression prevails that considerable capital and
engineering skill are necessary to success, but as a matter
of fact profitable irrigation is easily attainable by small
effort and moderate expenditure. It is the ignorance of
the ease and cheapness with which a farm water supply
can be stored and distributed, that has debarred the aver-
age small farmer from the wonderful benefits derived
from irrigation. With few exceptions water is readily
available for pumping from perennial streams, brooks or
lakes. Otherwise, wells either open or of the driven

acres will therefore require in 100 days (24x27150x50)
equals 32,580,000 gallons or 325,800 gallons per day. As-
suming that the gas engine driven pump will operate
eleven hours per day, 325,800 divided (11x60) equals 494
gallons per minute. Allowing say twenty per cent for
evaporation and seepage the pump must have a capacity
of about 600 gallons per 'minute. Assuming that water
must be raised say twenty feet from level of source of
supply to point of discharge, we will have 600x20 equals
12.000 foot gallons, which, divided by the constant 4,000
will give three water horse power. Allowing an effi-
ciency of fifty per cent for the pump, a six-horse power
gasoline engine would be about right for the service.
The initial cost of a six-horse power Ingeco engine and
600 gallon centrifugal pump with five-inch discharge will
be approximately $300. Such an engine would use about
\Zl/z cents worth of gasoline or kerosene per hour based
on a cost of 18 cents per gallon for gasoline or 7 cents
for kerosene, which would cost $40

A few words regarding the Ingeco engine may not be
amiss. The engine is built vertical or horizontal in all
sizes from \yz to 350 horse power, suited for all kinds ot
light oils and gaseous fuels such as distillates, gasoline,
kerosene, also artificial or natural gases. Large size
engines are also running successfully with light and heavy
crude oils, giving wonderful efficient service with low
cost of maintenance.

The I. G. E. Co. are fully prepared and pleased to
give full particulars of their engines and pumps and on
receipt of detailed information will make up estimates
and recommendations.

Deep Well Head Attached to Ingeco Gas Engine.

type can be used and fitted with moderate cost pumping
apparatus direct belted to gasoline or kerosene engines.

The Ingeco Farm Engine operating a low lift Worth-
ington centrifugal pump as illustrated herewith has been
very successfully used on many small farms during the
growing season. The apparatus is self-contained and runs
continuously without the aid of a constant attendant.
The economy of operation will appeal to the user, and
also the fact that the portability permits its use for other
farm usages, if desired.

Where water is obtained from wells this same engine
is used in connection with belt driven deep well pumps
which are furnished complete with the outfit. Naturally
the lay of the land will determine the advisability of
distributing the water either through earthenware tile,
ditches, or open flumes.

The small farmer being impressed with the impor-
tance of irrigation will naturally be interested to know
the size of pumping equipment, first cost, and also cost
of operation. Therefore, assuming that water may be
advantageously applied to the land when less than one
inch of rain falls, say in a fifteen-day period of drought,
we would advise an average of eight acre inches per
month during the irrigating season of three months.
This amount is considered very ample and is equivalent
to a quantity of water which will cover one acre eight
inches deep.

Let us therefore base our figures on irrigating a fifty-
acre tract during the irrigation season lasting say 100 days
and demanding twenty-four acre inches during this per-
iod. Now one acre inch equals 27,150 gallons. The fifty

GOLD MEDAL CAMP FURNITURE.

On another page of this issue will be found an adver-
tisement of the Gold Medal Camp Furniture Manufactur-
ing Company, of Racine, Wisconsin. The product of this
firm is well known by all military men and by all campers
throughout the United States; in fact, goods manufactured

CAMP BED.

by this firm are shipped all over the world in large quan-
tities. They comprise a large variety of articles, many of

20

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

which are equally useful for the house and porch as well as
for the camp.

Shortly after the Spanish-American War, many of the
articles manufactured by the Gold Medal Camp Furniture
Manufacturing Company were adopted as standards in the
United States army and navy; namely, their cot, one of

CAMP blOOL.

their chairs, one of their stools, and their mosquito bar
frames and nettings, and even their portable bath tub is
the standard of the United States Medical Department of
the army.

This firm sells its product entirely, where possible,
through dealers and jobbers in this line, and the demand
for their goods is continually increasing.

Their catalogue is free to all who may request it.

CONCRETE CELLAR STEPS AND HATCHWAY.

old cellars are very similar. With an allowance for a
three-foot landing at the bottom of the stairs, excavate the'
opening to the width of steps desired plus one foot. This
extra width is for a six-inch thickness of concVete wall on
each side. The steps themselves have a rise of six and a
tread of nine inches. Beneath the steps proper is a four-
inch thickness of concrete. Therefore provide for this
thickness in sloping the ground upward from the landing
to the top of the stairs. Extend the trenches for the side

and end walls one foot below the concrete of the steps.
As forms choose two 1 by 12-inch boards and notch them
as though they -were to be used as "horses" to support
wooden steps of the same dimensions as those of concrete.
Place the notched edges down with the ends fixed at the
top and bottom of the stairs. To mold the rise of the con-
crete steps, use 1 by 6-inch boards 3 feet 10 inches long,
which are secured to the forms by means of nails and
wooden cleats.

With the forms firmly fixed in position, fill the mold
for the bottom step, and the space back of it, with con-
crete proportioned 1 bag of Portland cement to 2 cubic
feet of sand to 4 cubic feet of crushed rock. If ban'i
gravel is used, mix the concrete 1 part cement to 4 parts
gravel. Bring the concrete in each step to the top of the
riser and finish the surface with merely a wooden float.
Continue the work upward until all the steps are finished.
At the top of the stairs tie the apron foundation to the
side walls by means of old iron rods imbedded in the
concrete and extending around the corners. This will
prevent possible heaving and cracking by frost.

The side forms of the six inch walls are then erected
and are thoroughly cross-braced against each other. Fo.-
these forms use 1-inch siding on 2 by 4-inch studding
spaced two feet apart. The walls can be carried to any
height desired so as to give the cellar doors sufficient slope
for shedding rain-water. Above ground line, outside forms
must be provided. Fill the walls with concrete mushy wet.
Before the concrete sets, bolts are placed (heads down
and washered) in the top of the side walls for holding the
wooden sills to which the cellar doors are hinged. After
two or four days the forms can be removed. Connect up
the drain in the landing and lay the landing floor.

The eight cellar steps of the hatchway shown in the

Construction of Permanent Steps and Watertight Walls. •==« ^

A damp cellar under a dwelling is frequently the un-
suspected cause of many a case of sickness. Often this
dampness is the fault of a poorly built entrance-way. If
water gains access by means of leaky hatchway walls, the
cellar becomes unsanitary and the health of the entire
family is endangered. This peril can be dispelled by mak-
ing the walls and steps of concrete.

The methods of building hatchways for either new or

plan have a tread of nine inches, a rise of six inches and a
length of four feet. The clear height of the door-way m
the cellar wall is six feet six inches. The landing at the
foot of the steps is three by four feet and has a four-
inch concrete floor. This same thickness of concrete lies
under the steps proper. The side walls were built as de-
scribed above. For this improvement there were required
the following materials:

Bill of Materials

Crushed Rock 2J/2 cubic yards

Sand 1J4 cubic yards

Portland Cement 12 bags

For improving old cellar hatchways it is frequently
necessary to fill with earth and gravel so as to provide
the earthen slope for the concrete steps. Such filling must
be thoroughly tamped into place and should be water-
soaked and allowed to settle before the steps are built.

Concrete steps, unlike other kinds, become stronger
with age. They are perfectly safe under the heaviest of
loads. Moreover, besides being water-tight, they keep
out rats, mice and other obnoxious vermin.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

21

CORRESPONDENCE

Washington, D. C, October 11, 1913.
Editor, IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.

Dear Sir: I note in your last issue an article criti-
cizing the operations of the Government on the North
Platte project for constructing and using the Pathfinder
reservoir. The statement is made that this is "apparently
another illustration of the carelessness of the reclamation
officials for the welfare of the old-time settler."

The water rights of the North Platte river have been
adjudicated by the courts of the State of Nebraska. The
reclamation service has rigidly respected all rights defined
by the court, and these decrees have been accepted by
the canals on the North Platte river which have recog-
nized the insufficiency of the natural flow of the river in
the months of July, August and September, and have to a
considerable number made contracts with the United States
to furnish from the Pathfinder reservoir water which is
stored in the winter and spring and is to be turned down
in the summer and fall to supply those rights when the
river would be dry were it not for this reservoir. When
numerous irrigation districts have entered into contacts,
paying hundeds of thousands of dollars for such supple-
mental water rights, it can hardly be questioned that the
need existed.

The North Platte river had been known to be dry at
the Wyoming-Nebraska state line before the Pathfinder
reservoir was constructed or any water diverted by the
United States, and every normal year in that vicinity the
river was very low during the months of August and Sep-
tember. The courts of Nebraska have adjudicated rights
to the Tri-State canal amounting to 1,142 cubic feet per
second and this is the second priority on the river. Other
priorities antedating the advent of the government in the
field bring this amount up to more than 3,000 cubic feet
per second. Every one of these priorities, except No. 1,
which is very small, is short of water every normal year
during July, August and September. The Tri-State canal,
heading just below the state line, has a prior right to far
more water than the river normally carries during the
months of July, August and September, so that if the
reservoir had never been built the river would be dry
during those months below the head of this canal. Obvi-
ously, the government could not make this condition any
worse.

On the contrary, the government stores the water in
the winter, spring and early summer, when the river is
in flood, and during the later summer and fall allows as
much water to flow through the reservoir, without storage,
as flows in at the upper end, and in addition thereto re-
leases stored water to an amount sufficient to supply the
needs of its own canals, and of those canals with which
it has contracts to furnish storage water. In addition to
this, pains have always been taken to release an additional
quantity of storage water beyond all legal requirements
so as to utterly prevent any shadow of truthful claim that
the United States has interfered with prior rights. There
is considerable return seepage from the water used by the
United States through the Interstate canal and from the
storage water which it delivers to eight canals holding
contracts for storage water. Such return waters, of
course, increase the volume of the river above what it
would be in the absence of the reservoir and are quickly
diverted by the private canals needing the water. The
distribution of the water in the State of Nebraska is super-
vised by the State Engineer, who doubtless makes this
distribution in accordance with the court decree. If any
criticism is in order it is upon the court and not upon the
United States.

It is not believed that any responsible person ac-
quainted with the facts will dispute any of the statements
above. The complaint really is from people who claim
riparian rights along the river and have no canals and no
adjudicated water rights. The riparian doctrine requires
that any one using water from the river must return it to
the channel undiminished in quantity. This, of course, is
directly antagonistic to irrigation uses, and has been set
aside in all irrigation states. Will THE IRRIGATION AGE
claim that the riparian doctrine should prevail and all

diversion of river water for irrigation should cease? Even
if this claim is made, it cannot be said that the United
States is a party guilty of overthrowing the riparian doc-
trine; this was done by the State Legislature, Board of
Control, and the courts when the right to divert water for
irrigation was granted and adjudicated. The United States
is simply respecting the laws and decrees of the state gov-
ernment. If these are wrong, the campaign should be
carried on against the legislature and the state courts and
not against the reclamation service, which, as shown
above, has positively benefited the late summer and fall
condition in the North Platte valley.

Very respectfully,

A .P. DAVIS,
Chief Engineer.

Letter From the Editor of Financial World
to Mr. Edward Bohm.

New York City, October 16, 1913.
Dear Mr. Bohm:

I am in receipt of recent copies of THE IRRIGATION AGE
containing your correspondence and articles relating your
reasons for the disasters which have overtaken so many
irrigation enterprises. I thank you for forwarding these
articles, as no doubt I shall find in them some valuable
sug5»estion and ideas on which to comment in early issues
of the Financial World.

It is, indeed, regrettable that the majority of these
enterprises have found their way to failure rather than to
success. Fundamentally, in my opinion, there is no class
of enterprises having a sounder basis upon which to estab-
lish themselves solidly than irrigation projects, for where
they arc reduced to a simple conclusion the only require-
ments they needed to prosper were 'land, water and in-
telligent and conservative financing to develop them, and
yet, through the operations of greedy finance and inex-
perienced engineering work, the majority of them have
been forced to the wall — involving in their disaster losses
upon the small investor and the homeseeker — persons who
least of all could afford to jeopardize their savings.

As the different states through their Carey acts are
more or less morally responsible for the prevailing de-
moralization of the irrigation development in their state,
they should for the general good of their reputation, do
something for the settlers and the bondholders, in re-
pairing the damage.

The fight that you are putting up to awaken the con-
science of the officials of these different states should, and
I know will, bring to you the approval of all honest think-
ing people.

With kindest regards, I am

Very truly yours,

LOUIS GUENTHER.

Cleveland, Ohio. Oct. 17, 1913.
Editor IRRIGATION AGE,
Chicago.

Dear Sir: I am very much interested in the timely article appear-
ing in the October AGE from the pen of Mr. C. J. Blanchard under
caption "Cost of Water Per Acre."

The figures given are authentic, but the statement does not go
far enough, nor does it do sufficient justice to the cause of govern-
ment reclamation.

The important point omitted in Mr. Blanchard's discussion is as
to the character of the "Water Rights" listed. I have always con-
tended that the disputants in these matters failed to take cognizance,
not only of the added element of 6 per cent interest charge upon
"private," District and Carey Act Projects (which feature is empha
sized in the article referred to), but of the tremendous chasm sepa
rating many of these from government projects when the element ot
safety is considered.

It would be interesting to have the history of some of these ven-
tures set forth — how much has been lost by purchasers of lands,
"ephemeral water rights" and still more visionary "securities.'* How
about the Denver Reservoir & Irrigation Company and others in the
list of Colorado projects, the failure of the "Conrad" project in Mon-
tana, the "French" project in New Mexico, of the Carey Act projects,
the Colorado Land & Water Supply Company, the Toltes canal, thr
Big Lost river, the King Hill? I am mentioning only the most con
spicuous failures. Many of the projects listed have never been built and
some never will be.

It would be interesting to have the history of these ninety odl*
projects disclosed by some competent authority so that some fair basis
for comparison could be arrived at. Such a discussion should include,
also, the many "districts," defunct and otherwise.
Sincerely yours,

EDWARD BOHM.

22-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Reclamation Notes

ARIZONA.

George H. Smalley, a business man of Pheonix, Ariz.,
has been telling Western newspaper men that before long
the farmers in the Salt River valley will be raising large
quantities of cotton. He states that 3,500 acres of land
have already been planted with Egyptian cotton seed in
an effort to see if cotton can be raised in that state, and
from the present outlook it appears as though an en-
couraging crop will be reached when the time for pick-
ing arrives.

Andrew Kimball, president of the St. Joseph stake
of the Mormon church, who resides at Thatcher, Ariz.,
stated recently that the present year has been one of
prosperity for his state. Mr. Kimball is chairman of
the Arizona commission of agriculture and horticulture
and is at the present time at Tulsa, Okla., where he is
attending the meeting of the International Dry Farm Con-
gress. Mr. Kimball was one of the first Mormons to
locate in Arizona and has been very successful in all
his undertakings. He is a leader in the Mormon Church
and is considered one of the best organizers and coloniza-
tion men in the church.

C. M. Wells, special representative of the United
States Land Office at Washington, has been in Arizona
and made a thorough examination of the San Carlos dam
and the Casa Grande Valley's irrigation project. Mr.
Wells has made a careful study of the watersheds, dam
sites and the diversion dam sites, the lands to be irrigated,
the work of constructing a canal by the Casa Grande
Water Users Association, into which the flood waters will
be diverted prior to the construction of the San Carlos
dam.

The manager of the Cuyamaca water system has issued
orders that no more water be used for irrigation purposes.
There is a shortage of water in Cuyamaca Lake and
suffering would result, it is feared, if the supply becomes
much lower, hence the irrigationist will have to go with-
out for the time being.

The third load of irrigation plants delivered since
the first of the year for Valley Oaks, Cal., was recently
received by Stine and Kendrick. These plants driven
by electric motors are the centrifugal pump type with
a capacity of 24,000 gallons an hour. About fifty plants
have already been intsalled in this new farm land sub-
division which joins Gait.

CALIFORNIA.

Congressman Raker, of California, recently took up
a plan for a new California reclamation project with
Secretary Lane and the Acting Secretary Davis of the
Reclamation Service. The proposed project is located
near Montague, Siskiyou county, and when in operation
will irrigate 100,000 acres of semi-arid land. The plan
has been favorably recommended by Supervising Engineer
E. G. Hobson, and the Montague Commercial Club is
pushing the project. Mr. Raker has been advised by the
Interior Department and Reclamation Service that they
are agreeable to the project, but the Reclamation Service
has not the necessary funds at this time. Mr. Raker will
endeavor to get the necessary appropriation at the Decem-
ber session of Congress.

The States of the West in which are located some of
the largest Carey Act and private irrigation projects in
the world in which are millions of acres of land awaiting
the fructifying influence of the hand of the reclamer, are
particularly interested in the irrigation exhibit at the San
Diego Exposition. A reclamation section will be a fea-
ture at the exposition. As land has been allotted for this
exhibit, the Association is ready to do its full share in
co-operation in order that the reclamation section shall
be the one and only great exhibit of history.

Colonel W. H. Holabird, receiver of the California
Development Company, returned to Los Angeles recently
from Calexico, where he has teen personally superintend-
ing the work being done by the Irrigation Company, and
announced plans for extensive work of development on
the great project to meet the increasing demands of the
Imperial Valley district. The latest contemplated work
of improvement is the building of a great dam over the
New River in Mexican territory were the Encena flume
carrying the supply of water from the main canal to the
west side main crosses the great canyon. The estimated
cost of the project is $50,000, and Colonel Holabird
states that he intends to go before the court and ask
for an order, in the near future, permitting this expen-
diture.

H. H. Whitmore, formerly secretary of the Madera
County Chamber of Commerce, visited San Francisco re-
cently from El Centro Imperial Valley, where he is
establishing an up-to-date scientific dairy. He is in part-
nership with a gentleman of the name of Stearns of New
York City.

One of the largest agricultural projects of the Clovis,
Cal., district is the International Land Company. This
concern superintended by W. T. Hamilton, introduced the
proper cultivation of the fig industry. The consulting
expert, George C. Roeding, is well known through that
valley where stretching away through the foot hill belt,
5,920 acres flourish with figs, oranges and grapes. This
land receives its irrigation through the pumping system.
All this section is in the foot hill district and above the
irrigation canal.

Secretary Lane has authorized the Reclamation Serv-
ice to execute a contract with the Iron Canon Irrigation
Association under which the Government will make sur-
veys and a preliminary investigation to determine the
feasibility of the project and prepare designs and es-
timates of cost. The lands embraced within the project
are mainly below Red Bluff.

J. B. Hill is carrying on an experiment in the reclama-
tion by drainage of alkali land lying near Fresno. He
believes that the reclaiming of this character of land will
be a success, and he bases his opinion on former efforts
along that line.

W. E. Bush & Company have been awarded the con-
tract for the colonization of the Kuhn, California, proj-
ect, a tract of land consisting of 400 square miles or
260,000 acres of farm land in the north part of the Sacra-
mento Valley.

An important business deal has been consummated
whereby F. A. Cleveland becomes an equal partner with
C. W. Gates in the development of 6,000 acres of lake land
southwest of Corcoran, Cal.

The University of California has announced the es-
tablishment of a new Division of Rural Institutions. This
new department will study and aid all the rural forces
which have for their aim the making of life in the open
country successful and satisfactory.

Elwood Mead has been calle^ to the headship of this
new division. He was formerly chief of the United States
Bureau of Irrigation Investigations. He is now in Aus-
tralia where, as chairman of the Rivers and Water Sup-
ply Commission of the state of Victoria and chief en-
gineer thereof, he has demonstrated his high qualities of
statesmanship. His work in the University of California
will be to deal with questions of farm credits, irrigation
and drainage institutions, co-operation, and all the varied
political, economic, educational, social and religious in-
stitutions which affect rural life.

The establishment of this professorship of rural in-
stitutions was forecasted by Dean Thomas F. Hunt when
he announced recently that the College of Agriculture
of the university was ready to co-operate with any agency,
federal, state or private, which had for its main purpose
the creation of a successful family life.

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

23

COLORADO.

The Irrigation Committee of the Denver Chamber of
Commerce will write a letter to Secretary of the Interior
Lane asking him to define more clearly his attitude toward
the appointment of a commission to settle contentions
.^is to water supply and rights of way in this state between
the federal government and the state and private irrigation
projects.

Secretary Lane told State Engineer Field in Denver
last week that he was willing to leave the facts in the
cases in dispute to the decision of a commission con-
stituted of experts. Thousands of acres of land in the
state remain undeveloped and unproductive on account of
existing differences.

J. C. Ulrich, the engineer who was engaged by the
committee to inspect the proposed reservoir site on the
Conejos river has returned from a trip to the site. He
went carefully over the ground and formed conclusions
from comparisons of the site with that of the Farmers'
Union reservoir on the Rio Grande which enterprise he
engineered. He made no tests to determine the charac-
ter of the formation and consequently was not prepared
to make a definite report but from surface observations
he pronounced the proposition substantially the same as
the Farmers' Union reservoir site, with the exception that
R is much larger.

A farmer in this irrigation country has ten advan-
tages for making money where the farmer of twenty-five
years ago had one. It is no uncommon thing for a single
acre of land with the present methods of cultivation and
present markets and market prices to be made to produce
net profits of from $100 to $200. The farmer of the pass-
ing generation never dreamed of such possibilities and
it is difficult for eastern folks to believe that it can be
done.— Denver Field and Farm.

A Montrose, Colo., paper says: According to a
decision of H. C. Getty, irrigation engineer, the primary
rights of the Government to water from one point in a
stream hold good farther down the stream if any of the
water originally taken is returned through ditches and
canals to the stream. This, however, with the proviso
that the Government must establish the actual amount
flowing back into the stream, and retake that and no
more. In other words, the primary rights to waters fol-
low that water wherever it may be found.

The ruling came in the case of the Government's
claim for return waters from the Gunnison river. A por-
tion of the Gunnison is diverted into the Ironstone ditch.
Farther down some of this water returns to the Gunni-
son. and the Government contended this flow could again
be diverted, holding that if it was entitled to it once it
was entitled to it for all time. The decision upholds the
claim as against those holding decrees to the natural flow
farther down the stream from the point where the irri-
gation waters return.

Action looking toward a reversal of the attitude of
the Department of the Interior unfavorable to the with-
drawal from public entry about 35,000 acres adjacent to
Denver's mountain park system, is promised by John
Truesdell of the national reclamation service, after being
taken through the district by President Macbeth of the
park board. An immediate decision is necessary, accord-
ing to Macbeth.

"Now that good roads are assured, if these lands
are left open they will soon fall into the hands of private
individuals the wooded parts denuded of trees and 75 per
cent of the attractiveness of the park system will be lost.
Then much of our labor and money so far expended will
have gone to naught." he says.

The interior department was asked to withdraw 35,000
acres deemed essential to the beauty of the parks.

Plans are under way for the erection of a big plant
here to distill oil from the boulders around Kimball creek.
Discoveries made by J. G. Harrington, a rancher, has
demonstrated that that section is rich in both lubricating
and illuminating oils.

Irrigation Company against State Engineer John E. Field
to determine the right of Kansas irrigators to the water
of the Republican river it was held that the state line
should not determine the right of people to take water
from a stream. If Judge Lewis should continue this
holding in the final decision and if it should be upheld
it would be quite a reverse to the position taken by the
irrigators of Colorado.

Investigations with the intention of devising some
means whereby thousands of acres in Montezuma county
and the San Luis valley lying idle may be cultivated
and brought to settlement are to be begun next week by
John E. Field, state engineer, and Volney T. Hoggatt,
register of the state land board. The two are to make a
trip of inspection to see how water may be put on state
land in the two sections.

Field says there are 250,000 acres idle. The register
has particularly in mind 10,000 acres in Montezuma county
and 9,000 in the San Luis valley affected by contracts with
the state land board. Many persons are said to have
purchased land and others to have leased it merely for
the purpose of speculation.

A contract will be let in October for the construction
of the Moffat irrigating system in Saguache county. The
project will cost about $400,000 and place under water
more than 50,000 acres of excellent agricultural lands.

In addition to the many miles of laterals there will
be built 100 miles of main canals. The country is nearly
level and the dirt that will be excavated will be used for
the rounding up and surfacing of highways to parallel
the ditches. The water for the system will be developed
from surface flow in the creeks and rivers and from
pumping plants scattered over the district.

The plans, which have been prepared by Engineer
Whiting of Denver, call for twenty electrical pumping
plants. Wells will be dug at specified places and the pump-
ing plants erected over them. The power will be sup-
plied from the main power house to generate 400 horse-
power. Seven sub-transformer stations will be built.

IDAHO.

The King Hill Irrigation Company controversy,
which has dragged in courts of Idaho for years, is to be
tried out on its merits in the Federal Court, Boise, be-
fore Judge Dietrich. Close to $1,000,000 is involved, to-
gether with securities, including bonds and one of the im-
portant irrigation projects in the southern part of the
state, now in the hands of a receiver.

The American Trust & Savings Bank of Chicago is
trustee for the bondholders. The Continental & Com-
mercial Trust & Savings Company of Chicago is financially
interested in the outcome of the litigation, as is the
Craster Farm & Orchard Company, the Pacific Coast Pipe
Company, the Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Company,
the C. R. Shaw Lumber Company of Boise and other
concerns.

Governor Haines, in company with other members of
the state land board, passed through Blackfoot, Idaho,
recently, en route to Mackay and other points on the Big
Lost River irrigation project, which they plan to give
a thorough inspection. If possible, some effective solu-
tion to the problem will be settled upon.

The Secretary of the Interior has directed the re-
clamation service to execute a contract with the Minne-
apolis Steel and Machinery Company of Minneapolis,
Minn., for furnishing semi-steel discharge pipe for bal-
anced valves for the Arrowrock dam, Boise irrigation
project. The contract price is $19,420.42.

In a preliminary opinion given by Judge Lewis of
the Federal Court, who is hearing the suit of the Pioneer

MONTANA.

One hundred thousand acres of arid land in the Milk
river valley in Montana are to be turned into a garden
spot by a vast irrigation project undertaken by the United
States Government. The work has just commenced.
Water from the continental watershed is to be stored in
two reservoirs in Glacier National Park, which will be
drained through canals into the Milk river during the
dry summer months.

Upper and Lower St. Mary's lakes are to be made
into a reservoir by a steel and concrete dam which will

24

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

raise the water level thirty feet. The two Sherburne
lakes will be raised seventy-five feet.

From the reservoirs the water will be carried through
a canal into the North Fork river and thence into the
Milk river, a distance of 200 miles. The work will re-
quire at least two years for its completion.

The United States reclamation service will start ship-
ments of cement to be used at the various reclamation
projects next week and Montana cement will be used in
all the Montana projects according to instructions of
Supervising Engineer H. N. Savage, in Great Falls. The
Trident Cement Company of Three Forks has been given
a contract to start the shipment of 1,600 carloads of
•cement for use on the Huntley project, the Milk rivet
project, the Flathead project and the Sun river project.
The cement to be used on the latter project will not be
started in large quantities yet because of the fact the work
has not reached a stage when it is needed in large quan-
tities.

A correspondent in Bozeman states that three real
estate transfers, involved a total of $114,000, were announced
recently by the Buell Land Company, as having been just com-
pleted. Edward A. Knowles ,a Gallatin Valley farmer, who
came to the valley, it is said, only ten years ago, with a capital
of $300, purchased the 3,280 acre ranch of the Avalanche
Land Company, on the Missouri river bench, near Helena.
D. H. Patterson and Benton Norris of Boseman, bought
640 acres on the Spokane bench near Hauser lake, ad-
joining a former purchase of 800 acres. A. Schlechten
bought 480 acres in the same tract. Both the last pur-
chases are under second unit of the Montana Reservoir
and Irrigation Company's Helena valley irrigation proj-
ect. The average price of the lands involved in these
sales is $26 per acre, and most of the land is under irri-
gation.

NEW MEXICO.

The Roswell Irrigated Land and Orchard Company, a
Maine corporation, has entered the state, and has notified
the state corporation commission that A. Seagrist, of
Roswell is the agent for the concern. It is a $400,000
corporation with $35,000 paid in.

Sir L. M. Cockrell, representing English capitalists,
and who is a member of the select Isthmian club, Picca-
dilly, London, -has recently been looking into conditions
in the Mimbres valley and making exhaustive research in
the interest of himself and other capitalists. After seeing
the big irrigation pumps at work, noting the mammoth
crops and climatic conditions, he expressed himself as
being very much pleased with the country, and agreed
with Colonel Roosevelt that it is truly a marvelous region
just coming into its own. Sir Cockrell was accompanied
by C. H. Kearney, of San Antonio, Texas.

A. G. Spalding, of Point Loma, Cal., the multi-million-
aire sporting goods man, and head of the Rio Mimbres
Irrigation Company, has been at Deming conferring with
General Manager Bickford and Colonization Agent E. P.
York, who are developing the first 5,000 acre unit of their
100,000 acre tract northwest of Deming. The company
will .build an ideal village at Spalding.

OREGON.

A co-operative scheme for the development of the
Willamette Valley in particular, but a movement that is
certain to be of much benefit to the entire State of Ore-
gon has been started.

President Strahorn, of the Willamette Valley line,
has undertaken to finance an investigation of the various
organizations and institutions of the states of Washington
and California, through which the farmer and producer
find markets for the products of the soil.

It is believed that methods will be found in use in
adjoining states that may be adopted to the communities
of Oregon to accomplish a profitable use of those products
which are now allowed to waste and by which process
hundreds of thousands of dollars are lost to the farmers
of Oregon each season.

The investigation is in charge of Mark Woodruff,
publicity agent for the Portland, Eugene & Eastern Rail-

way Company, who has gone to Tacoma and Puyallup,
Wash. At the latter place, Senator W. H. Paulhamus
will be interviewed as to the methods used in organizing
the co-operative association, which has brought much
profit to the growers of that section. Individuals will be
hunted up to find out exactly in what degree they have
profited or lost by the establishment of marketing or-
ganizations, and the truth will be told concerning or-
ganizations that have failed.

UTAH.

A movement is on foot in the state of Nevada to
utilize the surplus waters of the Humboldt river for irri-
gation and power developments. The Humboldt river
is one of the unique rivers of the arid west, and condi-
tions along it are in a large measure parallel to those of
the Sevier river in Utah. By constructing storage reser-
voirs on the headwater streams of the river system and
securing the return waters from irrigation, a vast amount
of arid lands can be cultivated, thereby making additional
homes for several thousand people.

J. R. Murdock, head of the Utah Lake Irrigation
Company, recently addressed the Utah Electric Club on
"The Use of Electricity in the Reclamation of Arid
Lands." The meeting was attended by a good represen-
tation of the Electric Club.

In his address Mr. Murdock called attention to the
increased transportation facilities to the southern part of
Utah county, because of the interurban line soon to be
completed, and suggested that therefore Salt Lakers could
easily and profitably become farmers in that part of the
state. He mentioned the vast amount of reclamation work
now being done by means of electric power and said that
that power could be used to raise water to such a level as
would largely increase the irrigated area of the Utah and
Salt Lake valleys. Club members showed great interest
in the address, as they were made aware of the possibili-
ties for local widening of their field of achievement.

Notice has been received .by the state land board of
Utah from the Government land office of approval of the
state's temporary withdrawal of 124,000 acres of the land
under the Carey Act for the Deseret Irrigation Company.
The land is near the Millard-Juab county line, a short dis-
tance from Lynn.

WASHINGTON.

The Secretary of the Interior has announced a draw-
ing for valuable farms under the Sunnyside unit of the
Yakima irrigation project, Washington, applications for
which may be filed on November 21, 1913.

All applications must be accompanied by payment of
the first installment of the water right charges for build-
ing, operation and maintenance, amounting to $6.15 per
acre of irrigable land included in the farm unit selected,
plus the land office fees and commissions. Full informa-
tion and copies of the public notice may be obtained at
the local land offices and at the office of the reclamation
service at North Yakima, Wash.

A Bellingham paper says : The drouth which has pre-
vailed in many parts of the east this season has caused
a large demand on the Department of Agriculture for in-
formation as to the cost and possibilities of irrigation.
The irrigation investigations of the office of experiment
stations employs two men in the east, whose time is de-
voted to advising farmers and truckers as to the kind of
equipment needed, the cost of installation and operation,
and the methods of applying water to crops.

The supreme court has sent back for modification the
case of Carl A. Sanders and wife against Charles Bull
and others, appellants. The decision directs that testi-
mony be taken relative to the land being irrigated by
the waters of Wilson and Nanum creeks and also in re-
gard to riparian right claims of the different parties and
that then the waters of the two streams be apportioned
among the different contestants all of whom live in the
Kittitas valley, Washington. The case was appealed from
the Kittitas county superior court.

THE IREIGATION AGE.

25

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"MATCHLESS" CLOVER and ALFALFA HULLER

That's just what you will do if you use a "Matchless" Huller on the job. It's the one huller that will hull all the Clover or Alfalfa you

adjustment to meet the various conditions of clover. The Patented Steel Scrapers attached to the bottom of these troughs thoroughly scrape the
separator bottom and insure a steady and positive delivery of the pods to the nulling cylinder, regaidless of the condition of the clover. This con-
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evening than with any other— this insures a longer day, thus increasing your earning power. Give us an opportunity to piove to you right
on your own farm that the "Matchless" is thespeediesc and cleanest huller on t.ie market. WRITE FOR CATALOG TODAY, or call at our nearest

Branch House.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

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Sole Builders of Aultman-Taylor "Starved Rooster" Line of Machinery.
BRANCHES: Minneapolis, Minn.; Portland, Ore.; Lincoln. Nebr.; Kansas City. Mo.; Wichita, Kan.; Decatur, 111,; Indianapolis, Ind.

Four Heights: Three, Four, Five and Six Feet.

These styles are especially adapted to use
in fruit growing countries where rabbits are
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so they cannot crawl through when snow banks
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These fences, when properly stretched, will
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Send for prices and complete Ca'alog.

oo.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

26

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

UNDERFLOW IN ARKANSAS VALLEY.

The Arkansas Valley, from Hutchinson west to the
Colorado state line, should be under irrigation, pumping
water from the underflow, declared H. B. Walker, state
irrigation engineer, who was in Hutchinson, Kansas,
recently.

This water which, comparatively speaking, is right
at the grass roots, is found at from 6 to 30 feet below
the surface.

"There is no danger of exhausting the underflow by
over-irrigating," said Mr. Walker. "Up to the present
time neither the water plane nor the supply of ground
water has been affected visibly by the numerous pumping
plants which are now scattered throughout the shallow
water area. The supply is inexhaustible."

Portable Folding Steel Dam

Simple in construction and
easy to manufacture.
Light, durable and easily
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Easily and quickly adjusted
to any ditch. A four-foot
dam will fit any ditch up
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With one or more extensions
will fit as wide a ditch as
desired, or enable the irri-
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different directions.

Practical, efficient and con-
venient time and labor
saver.

Can be manufactured and
Portable Steel Dam Is a Boon to Irngators so^ at a iow p/ice and will

last for many years. There is a large demand in irrigated States for this
Dam. Thousands of irrigated tracts are being added annually to the large
number already under irrigation. Parties interested in tne manufacture and
sale of this dam can secure U. S. or State Rignts by writing tne inventor.

W. A. LINKLETTER BOULDER, COLORADO

THE WINNER

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WATERLOO, IOWA

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AULTMAN-TAYLOR 30-60
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They're built with the complete knowledge of
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WRITE FOR CATALOG AND FURTHER INFORMATION TODAY.

We aie also builders of the Famous "New Century" Separator, "Matchless" Clover and Alfalfa Huller, Steam Traction and Portable Engines.

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BRANCHES:

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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

27

Farmers Beware

Protect yourselves against drought next sum-
mer and insure your crops and orchards with
an "INGECO' gas engine and pump.

We build and supply any size engine suited for all
kinds of light oil fuels, such as distillates, gasolene,
kerosene, also artificial or natural gases.

For the average small farm use the "INGECO"
Kerosene Engine, operating with plain, everyday
kerosene oil Full line of sizes in stock.

Centrifugal pumps, deep well pumps and other
types of irrigating pumps always on hand.

"INGECO" Line 1^-350 Horse Power

Virtical and Horizontal

Write for catalog.

International Gas Engine Co., 1 38 Holthoff Place, Cudahy, Wisconsin.

(Suburb of Milwaukee)

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

28

THE I E R I G A T I 0 N AGE.

I
I

i

HOMESTEADS FREE

Your Choice of Trtenty Million
Acres Free in Montana

An exceptional opportunity for the homeseeker is open RIGHT
NOW! Out in Montana are twenty million acres of government
land awaiting the settler. Thousands of settlers have established
homesteads in this wonderfully productive country and are reaping
splendid profits.
These free homesteads will soon be a matter of history so investigate at once.

NEW HOMESTEAD LAW-Full Title to 320 Acres in Three Years

New Homestead Law gives you full title to 320 or 160 acres of this fertile land
absolutely free in three years. Go and see this land. Low
Round Trip Homeseekers Fares to Montana in effect on
certain dates throughout the year.

i

E. C. LEEDY. General Immigration Agent,

Dept. I. A., Great Northern Ry., St. Paul, Minn.

5 Homestead Law and opportunities in Montana, free.

•
•

Name

MONTANA IRRIGATION PROJECTS

Lower Yellowstone Irrigation Project — Milk River Irrigation Project —
Valier Irrigation Project — Flathead Irrigation Project — Fort Peck
Irrigation Project — Blackfeet Irrigation Project — Sun River
Irrigation Project, all located in the State of Montana, offer
the homeseeker, or man of moderate means, a splendid oppor-
tunity for home-making. Land on some of these irrigation projects
may be filed on in accordance with the U. S. Homestead Laws.
Write for full particulars regarding requirements for taking up
this land.

SEND THE COUPON FOR INFORMATION

Let us give you all the facts about these free homesteads and irrigation projects
— let us tell you of the possibilities for home-making in Montana — the profits to
be made. Fill out and mail coupon today and we will send you complete de-
tails free.

E. C. LEEDY

General Immigration Agent
Dept. I. A., Great Northern Ry., St. Paul, Minn.

Please send booklets and full information regarding Homeseeker 's Fares, the New S

i
|

|
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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

Panama-Pacific International Exposition
San Francisco, 1

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

29

Use KEROSENE Engine Free!

Amazing "DETROIT" KeroMneEngine
flapped OQ 15 days* FREE Trial, proves
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Gasoline Going Up!

Gasoline is 9c to 15c higher than
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:

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Don't Dread Droughts

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Engirn

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of reliability, simplicity and economy Posi-
tively the only engine with the famous Chilled
Cylinder, the strongest and most durable cyl-
inder ever made. The best for farm, shop, and
construction work. The Ideal engine for
the Irrigation farmer. Combined with this
cylinder is the multiple compression, se-
cured by use of four piston rintre instead of
three, and the patented Never-Failing; Lubri-
cating Device. These remarkable en-
Bines are fully guaranteed tor five years.
Every engine undergoes the severest tests be-
fore it is shipped. It gives full power and more.

Kerosene Attachment

Now Ready! y°ndefrful

K^UUJ • device for using
kerosene and distillate. Cuts your fuel bill in
half. Runs your engine on common, ordinary
kerosene such as you can get in any store, or
distillate. More powerful than gasoline. A
tremendous advance. Send coupon today for
description of this great cheap fuel attachment.

And You Keep

This Great Engine

An offer absolutely unparalleled in the
engine industry. The superiority of the Chilled
Cylinder Engine enables us to make it to you.
Only $15.50 as a first payment — then the rest in
Easy Monthly Installments. You get the
factory price. No go-between profits to pay.
You deal direct with the manufacturer, not with
an agent whose only idea is to sell you an engine.

30 Days Free Trial

We want to send you this jrreat engine
for a free trial of SO days. We want to prove to
you that it is the peer of all engines. We want
you to be thoroughly convinced. If you are not
satisfied with its performance send it back at
our expense.

Free Book "How to Use Power"

A valuable hook on engines which contains in-
formation which every up-to-date farmer and t hop
owner should have. It comes to you absolutely free
and prepaid. It is written so tnat anycae can under-
stand it. This edition is limited. ••••«*

Send Free Coupon Sa^nt

or write today to Ben Schmidt. presi-^*_ **

Dept.3706

Davenport, la. ^

Ind

,*<)U may send me your

'WTOUSE POWER."

•nd full details of your free trial offer,
•ith easy payments, on your Chilled Cyl-

Address

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

30 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

There are Five Great

Irrigated Valleys in

the country served by

the SantaFe, where men
who know how can find

Golden Opportunity

These valleys are, all of them, blessed with a
soil of unusual fertility. The range of crops
is wide and all have been demonstrated
successes.

If you are looking for a farm for yourself, or
a larger acreage to develop and subdivide, I
can be of real service to you.

You are urged to use the facilities of this de=
partment to investigate any phase of the San=
ta Fe Southwest.

C. L. Seagraves, General Colonization Agent

A., T. & S. F. Ry. System, 1115 I Railway Exchange

Chicago

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

31

FLEXIBLE

Aric

direct

earth Flexible

posts. Stiff corners. — ^ -^
No concrete and no special too

CARBO STEEL POST COMPA"
179 loth Street, Chicago Heights

COMPANY
III.

FREE
Booklet

Special Land Seekers' Excursion Next

November to Victoria, Australia
Early reservation of berths desired.

Reduced steamship passages and free rail travel In
\ ictoria for inspection. Government of Victoria
wants settlers and offers unusual opportunities.
Lands snitable all requirements exceptional terms.
Free particulars from F. T. A. FKK'KK. government
Representative (from Victoria) 687 Market St. San
Francisco. Cal.

Fairbanks-Morse Pumping
Machinery

For Irrigation
or Drainage

600 to 600,000
Gallons per hour.

Oil Engines

Electric Motors

Centrifugal

Pumps

Let us figure on /
pumping equip- {
merit to meet your \
conditions. Send for
Catalog 650. P10. — - ' .-—

Fairbanks, Morse & Co.,900AsV(>*ua()b"h Chicago, III.

-

GALVANIZED METAL

Made entirely of rust -proof, galvanized iron.

<NP— ™b

Section of Flume

IRRIGATION FLUME

No bolts or rivets used in construction. This flume is
considered by experts to be the most service-
able equipment for the purpose on the market.
A careful examination of the construction as
shown herewith will convince those who are
acquainted with irrigation conditions of its
lasting quality and the ease with which it may
be put together. Complete information, with
prices, will be furnished on application to the

KLAUER MFG. COMPANY,

strain that causes it is hard on the wagon.

The Farm Burden Bearer

OU and your farm wagon spend a great deal of time to-
gether. Of all farm tools it is your standby. Its wheel? bear the
burden of big loads — towering racks of hay and grain, sacks of produce,
loads of sand and gravel, anything that needs moving, over miles of roads
to market. It takes solid strength to stand up long under that. When
next you ride on a load, listen to the constant racking, creaking, groan-
ing sound of the wagon box, wheels and running gear as the load pitches
- — . back and forth over the road ruts. Not an unpleasant sound, but the

I H C wagons —

Weber

Columbus

New Bettendorf

Steel King

give the buyer the most he can get for his money because they defy hard usage for the longest time, and are easiest on the horses.

This makes I H C wagon reputation: Selection of the finest grades of lumber, oak, hickory and pine, and of the best
quality steel and iron; many months of toughening air-drying for every piece of wood; skilled assembling of parts, fitting of bolts
and rivets, and perfect shaping and ironing; application of the purest paint to act as wood preservative and to prevent shrinking

and warping of the wood. When the wagon is ready for the farmer, it
is pratically perfect in every detail and thoroughly up to the I H C
standard.

And there are many other reasons we
have not room for here why I H C Wagons
are the best to buy. Weber and Columbus
wagons have wood gears; New Bettendorf and
Steel King have steel gears. A visit and a
talk at your local dealer's, where the wagons
may be seen and studied, will soon convince
you as to the wagon you want. Get cata-
logues from the dealer, or, write the nearest
branch house.

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena. Mont.; Portland.
Ore.; Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco. Cal.

(Incorporated)

International Harvester Company of America

USA

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

32

THE IRRIGATION AGE.
o«c««oc«<3«cc«««««c«««e«« <

UNION MACHINES

WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED

FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES

Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building
and Paving Brick and other Clay Products

If interested write us for particulars and estimates.

E. M. FREESE & CO.

GALION, OHIO

•••••••••••••••••••••••O C C*»»»«»»» A*»»

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigrtion Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

33

IRRIGATION FROM WELLS

An Arkansas Installation. Laym

i Line Shaft Centrifugal Pump.

With the twenty-three hundred successful working plants using oui system of irrigation, which inoculates and
energizes the dormant forces, there is now being produced in previously non-productive districts throughout the
United States and in portions of Europe and Asia over eleven million dollars worth of FOOD PRODUCTS
ANNUALLY. That our system is not an experiment is forcibly demonstrated by the fact that much of thisjpro-
duction Is from localities which were arid and barren previous to the introduction of our system.

Write for new
catalog.

Houston, Texas

LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY

The World's Largest Water Development Company

Address nearest

office.

Memphis, Tennessee

Welsh, Louisiana

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Plainview, Texas

Jackson, Mississippi

Can You Afford to
Support Horses?

THOMAS A. EDISON, the
wizard of inventors, says,
"The horse is the poorest
motor ever built." When you stop to think
of it, the horse is about the most costly and
wasteful thing at work for a farmer. At
best his working time averages only about
six hours a day, eighteen hours he rests, yet
he eats all year round, working or idle. He
eats ten pounds for every hour he works.
One acre out of every five plowed goes to
feed the horse. The best horse may get
sick; when, besides losing his work, you have veterinary
bills to pay. When he dies, you have a heavy loss.
Since McCormick built his first binder, the tendency of
all farming has been away from slow man- and horse-
power and toward time- and money-saving machines.
Thus far, wherever an

I H C Oil Tractor

has been set to work on a farm, no machine has taken
the place of so many horses, or done so much
laborious work with so large a saving of time and
money. I H C tractors have revolutionized farm-
ing. If the owner desires, his tractor will plow
| nearly as much in a day of twenty-four hours as
a team of horses plows in a month. There is effi-
ciency for you!
Whether you use it for pulling field machines,

hauling your produce, threshing, cutting ensilage, baling
hay, or anything else, the I H C tractor will stand up to
the work. In simplicity and strength of construction,
ease of operation, durability, and all-around economy,
you cannot find the equal of I H C tractors. They are
made in all styles and in 6-12, 7-15, 10-20, 12-25, 15-30,
25-45, and 30-60-horse power. The I H C engine line
also includes general purpose engines, ranging from 1
to SO-horse power and operating on various fuels.

It will be to your advantage to get acquainted with
the I H C tractor. See the local dealer, and write for
facts and information to the nearest branch house.

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver. Col.; Helena, Mont.; Port-
land, Ore.; Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San FrancUco, Cat

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)
Chicago USA

When writing to advertiser! please mention The Irrigation Age.

34

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

W7E SHALL be glad to mail
*» anyone who wishes same,
our free catalog. We sell our
product through dealers and
jobbers entirely and solicit in-
quiries from all dealers. Our
goods are well and favorably
known. They are standards in
the United States Army and
several other departments of
the government.

Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co.

Racine, Wis., U. S. A.

The field is unlimited and uncrowded; marketing the
product in competition with the clay interests and at clay
tile prices produces a great profit and a glance at the future
spells only success for the factory or business started today .

No existing proposition offers such flattering induce-
ments or such a field of opportunity for the man looking
for a vocation or for the man looking for an investment.
No other business can net you such profits on the amount
of capital involved, and no other business has such an
unlimited future.

Just think of a business paying from 30% to 50% on
the investment the very first season, and subsequently
from 50% to 150%, then ask yourself the question — Is it
worthy of investigation?

Our literature gives you all the details regarding the
merits of cement tile, the cost of manufacture, the amount
of capital required to embark in the business; how to
build your factory and last, but not least, it tells you
how we aid the manufacturer using our machinery and
gives you our full and complete proposition. A short
letter telling that you are interested will bring complete
data.

The Cement Tile Machinery Co.

172 Rath St., Waterloo, Iowa.

The Lennon Metal Flume

(Patented)

Represents the last word in flume
perfection. Every feature that tends
to simplify,
make more
efficient and
e conomize
has been at-
tended to. No
cross bars in
small and
medium sizes, few on larger ones.
Expansion and contraction at

every joint the only practical
method of taking care of

such, and
made from

G e n u i n e
American
Ingot Iron

the purest
metaleverused
in metal flumes and high grade gal-
vanized steeel sheets.

Write for catalogs and other information

THE LENNON FLUME COMPANY

THE LENNON FLUME CO.

Colorado, Springs, Colo.
THE WESTERN METAL MFG. CO.
Houston, Tex.

THE CALIFORNIA CORRUGATED CULVERT CO. THE COAST CULVERT 4 FLUME CO.

Los Angeles, Cal., West Berkley Portland, Oregon

SIOUX FALLS METAL CULVERT CO. NEBRASKA CULVERT & MFG. CO. THE UTAH CULVERT CO.

Sioux Falls, South Dakota Wahoo. Nebr. Woods Cross, Utah

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

35

39

50

For this large

270-GaIlon

pump.

Other sizes in
porportion. ,

Without

comparison the biggest

pump value ever offered—the

"BUFFALO" CLASS M SIDE-
SUCTION CENTRIFUGAL

For general drainage and irrigation
purposes not exceeding 50 feet total head
the Buffalo Class M Centrifugal Pumps
represent the highest manufacturing
achievement in producing, at a popular
price, a pump of astonishing quality — low
power consumption, smooth operation,
extraordinary strength and freedom from
repairs.

The large pulley is supported on either
side by extra long bearings furnished with
brass grease cups. The bearings are lined
with genuine white babbitt metal only.
To insure operation without attention, a
very long packing gland is provided on
the shaft. Companion flanges, both for
suction and discharge opening, are fur-
nished without extra charge. All parts
of these pumps, being accurately made,
are interchangeable and can be promptly
duplicated at any time.

Our class M pumps are a' so furnished in verti-
cal suction type and for submerged service. Ask
for our catalog. Tight and loose pulleys, foot
valves, flap valves, primers and other accessories
can be furnished at a small extra cost.

The prices are f. o. b. works for iron pumps.
Brass or brass fitted pumps also furnished.

Ask for Catalog No. 237 -C

BUFFALO STEAM PUMP CO.

BUFFALO, N.Y.

Agents Wanted for our complete line of pumps for
every purpose.

SAMSON TURBINE

When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans-
mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of
the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given
power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER
transmission machinery can be used.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO.

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

316 Lagonda Street

IRRIGATION DITCHES

Cheaply and Properly Made with a

Rural Road Grader and Ditcher

Cutting V-Bottom ditch on Slope of 1'.2 to 1.

The successful irrigation ditch or lateral must be cut
clean, with slopes smooth and undisturbed. This ma-
chine was especially designed to meet these requirements.
One horse and wheel traveling in point of ditch, the
other outside the bank of earth. Operated by one or
two men and two or four horses.

If you have an irrigation problem to solve, do not fail
to write for full information concerning this Combined
Grader and Irrigation Ditcher.

Address

C. D. EDWARDS, Albert Lea, Minn.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

36

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

This Book Shows How to

Plan a Private Irrigation

Pumping Plant

It also shows all of
the various types of
pumps to meet the
conditions found in
different localities,
tells how to select
the proper pump for
your conditions, how
to determine the
amount of power you
need and all the other things the

will

irrigator needs to know.

One will be sent free on request
as long as they last. Write today

TH1E ©(OXySLiB)!!) MF©»©©.

tARSEST Wra.©F p>(Uj ffi\ p)g F©K. EVERY SERVICE

174 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Branches in All Principal Cities

The Red Ball on the Ranch
is a Money Saver

When you wear "Ball-Band" rubber footwear,
vwhich always ' bears the Red Ball trade-mark,
you are wearing the best rubber
footwear money will buy. On the
ranch, boots get the hardest kind
of hard wear and a weak, slazy
boot is a very poor investment.

BALL @ BAND

rubber footwear is built to stand the
strain of the roughest kind of hard
work. "Ball Band" boots
are shaped over natural lasts
and they offer foot-comfcrt.
Wear a short wool sock in
them and your feet will be
kept warm as well as dry.
Look for the Red Ball Sign in your local store and ask
for "Ball-Band" rubber footwear. If your dealer can't
supply you, write to us and we will see that you get
what you want. Write anyway for our Free Illustrated
Booklet about "Ball-Band" rubber footwear.

Mishawaka Woolen Mfg. Co

346 Water SI., Mishawaka, Ind.
"The House Thai Pays Millions for Quality"

'KRIDR

No, matter where you live or what your seed-
ing;; conditions are, you can get a SUPERIOR
GRAIN DRILL that will fill the bill and do your
work in the best possible manner. Superior
Drills are made in all sizes and every style.
Every Superior Drill is sold under a war-
ranty that absolutely protects the buyer.
Send for catalogue. Read it and go to your
local dealer and insist on seeing the
Superior Diill.

AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.)

Springfield, Ohio

GRAIN DRILLS

Blackmar Rotary Pump

(Interior View)

Large Capacity with
Minimum of Power

One customer writes he
pumped 21,000 gallons
with a fuel consumption
of 1 gallon of gasoline.

Runs quiet ; is high in efficiency and
durability. Wear automatically
taken up. Few parts, no springs,
no adjustments. Requires little or
no attention.

One customer has 500 in use.
Capacity, 5 to 500 gallons per min.

Tell us about your pumping problems.

Blackmar Pump Power
& Manufacturing Co.

PETOSKEY, MICH., U. S. A.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation A-;.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, DECEMBER, 1913.

No. 2

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged

The National Land and Irrigation Journal

MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL

THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST

ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD

THE IRKIGATOR

D. H. ANDERSON

PUBLISHER,
30 No. Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Old No. 112 Dearborn St

Entered as second-class matter October Z, 1887. at the
Fostofflce at Chicago. 111., under Act of March 3. 187».

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready; Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

ll.Ot

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, .

To Canada and Mexico, ....... •

All Other Foreign Countries, . . • . . . . l.M

In forwarding remittances please do not send check* on
local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or
Chicago or New Tork draft.

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation.
Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago.

Interesting to Advertisers.

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age it the
only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance
circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo-
rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and hai
readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 28 yean
old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

We learn that the total amount of
Improved money remitted to growers in Idaho

Method and the Northwest, by the North

Fruit Pacific Fruit Distributers for the

Distribution 1913 crop, passed the one million dol-
lar mark with the close of October.
It is stated, however, that many of the growers who
have shared in the one million dollar distribution for
the year 1913 are still awaiting payment on their
1912 crop shipped under a different regime and
before the organization of the North Pacific Fruit
Distributers. It would appear therefore, that this
organization will develop into a very good thing for
the growers of fruit and other crops, and it should
be supported by all of the substantial fruit-pro-
ducers throughout the Northwest.

We are presenting in this issue an
Graves on article prepared by Henry S. Graves,

Federal forester in charge of the Federal

Forest Forest Service, which will be of in-

Service terest to all of our readers. Much

good work has been done in the For-
estry Bureau since it has been under the control of
Mr. Graves and we note that there is not as much
friction throughout the West as existed during the
Pinchot regime. It is presumed that Mr. Graves

is broader in his views than was Mr. Pinchot, at
any rate, under the agitation which existed during
the time Mr. Pinchot was in charge and for a time
following his retirement, the criticism against his
policy was extreme and this criticism no doubt re-
sulted in bettering conditions. Mr. Graves has
profited by the experience of Mr. Pinchot and by
getting in closer contact with the people affected
by the old time forest policy, has changed matters
so that there is greater harmony and a better feeling
all around.

"Bleeding
Kansas"
A
Misnomer

The severe drought throughout
Kansas during the summer of 1913
may prove a blessing in disguise.
Reports from that state tell won-
derful stories of crops raised under
irrigation by pumping, details of
which are given on another page in this issue.

Owing to the unreliability of the surface flow
of the Arkansas river in Eastern Colorado and
Western Kansas many of the stockmen and
farmers found it necessary to sink wells to augment
the supply of water for stock and domestic uses :
it was soon demonstrated that an inexhaustible
supply of water could be obtained at a moderate
depth and cost from the underflow. This led to an

38

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

investigation of all of the lands carrying the under-
flow and resulted in the bringing in of experienced
men to study conditions and the subsequent instal-
lation of numerous pumping plants that will event-
ually revolutionize the system of farming through-
out the entire area where water bearing gravel is
found.

Land on which plants have been erected that
would not have sold two years ago for over $25.00
per acre, produced crops of alfalfa during the season
of 1913 that shows a gross value of $105 per acre,
over four times the former selling price of the land.

There wowlcl appear to be a great future ahead
for the farmers in Central and Western Kansas and
under the new system the term "Bleeding Kansas"
will prove a misnonier. There is evidently a splen-
did field through this vast region for manufacturers
of engines, pumping machinery and farm imple-
ments.

The farmer who can show a net earning of from
$80 to $95 per acre each year is in our opinion a
good man for the dealers in, and manufacturers
of this class of machinery to cultivate.

Dakota
Bankers
Assist
Farmers

The Bankers of South Dakota have
taken a long step ahead by voting
a fund of $7,000, to be used by the
Better Farming Association of that
State for the purchase of dry land
alfalfa seed.

This seed is purchased from farmers living in
the dry part of the State and will be sold at cost
to the members of the Cooperative Farmers Asso-
ciation.

This action of the bankers will permit the
farmers to get dry land seed at first cost. If bankers
in other sections of the West would act along this
line it would do much toward educating the farmers
in the matter of securing high grade home grown
seed.

The fact that southern grown seed has been
purchased by seedsmen and sold to northern
farmers, has led to many of the failures encountered
by well meaning individuals who have known of
the value of alfalfa as a fodder crop, but who have
not been sufficiently careful to learn that southern
grown seed is much more apt to winter kill than
seed raised in the north. This fact has been re-
peatedly demonstrated in the dairy sections of Illi-
nois, Wisconsin and Iowa, where southern seed has
been planted.

The subject should have been more carefully
studied by the seedsmen, as a failure where a hard
winter, following the first seeding, has killed entire
fields, discouraged the farmers and the result is that
many will not make a second attempt.

Our advice to farmers in these states is to get
in touch with some Association, similar to that
organized in South Dakota, and secure northern
grown seed for a new trial which would be likely
to prove successful.

It may be well to state also that a study of soil
conditions is as equally important as the seed, and
for information in this direction the farmers should
communicate with the Soil Division of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture at Washington, or the head of
the Agricultural Department of their State Univer-
sity.

During a conversation recently with
Save a leading dairyman of Northern Illi-

Your nois, who has a herd of 65 cows, the

Heifer subject was discussed of purchasing

Calves new milch cows to replenish the

herd, when at a certain season a
fair percentage of them "go dry," he stated that
the present price for good cows ranges from $100
upward and that he frequently paid as high as
$125.00 for a good animal.

This gentleman is conducting his farm of 205
acres on the old fashioned plan of leasing on shares,
he furnishes the dairy herd, power to run all ma-
chinery for shredding, grinding and silo filling, while
the tenant supplies all other machinery such as har-
vesters, harrows, plows, manure spreaders, also
horses, wagons, etc.

The tenant gets one-half of the net profits from
the milk and young stock, the major part of the
products of the farm being used for feed. In the
contract for a lease it is specified that the tenant is
to pay one-half the cost of new cattle to replace
those who die or become useless from age, or other
causes ; on the other hand he (the tenant) is given
a half interest in all the young stock, half of what
the calves bring when sold or an undivided one-half
of all calves raised to replenish the herd.

In talking generally on this subject the writer
suggested that this heavy outlay for milch cows
could be obviated by raising the heifer calves and
our informant stated that at the present prices for
milk this was a rather expensive plan. He stated
further, however, that if the tenant is a man with
a good knowledge of dairying and stock raising,
that the calves could be given the milk from the
cow during the first week or ten days and then
switched to some other food, thereby doing away
with the loss entailed by feeding milk for a long
period.

Our informant stated that the average tenant
who works on a "half the profit plan base," rarely
cares to go to the trouble of raising calves as his
share of the selling price was a source of ready

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

39

money and that he does not take the interest in
building up a herd such as does the owner who is
located on and working the farm himself.

The fact remains, however, that with the in-
creasing value of dairy cows, the owner will find it
necessary to insist on the tenant raising the better
heifer calves, in order to get the best returns from
his investment. Thousands of calves are being sold
in our central markets daily which would, if raised
on the plan outlined, materially reduce the cost of
dairy catle and it is our impression that this plan
would also tend to reduce the present price of beef.

We are publishing in this issue an
Dynamite article on subsoiling with dynamite

For by J. M. Smith of Fort Gibson, Ok-

Sub- lahoma, which contains some very

Soiling good suggestions for farmers who

are troubled with hard-pan and who
have difficulty in breaking up the subsoil with the
ordinary plow. Mr. Smith states that there is no
question but that dynamite has solved the farmers'
problem of how to plow deeply and get all the benefit
therefrom while in time they escape the bad effect
arising from the use of deep tilling machines, which
he thinks, are the cause of blending the subsoil with
the top soil and in that way prove ruinous to the
field for years. We are inclined to take exception to
this 'statement of Mr. Smith, in view of the experi-
ence of those who have used such machines as the
Spalding Deep Tilling Machine and other plows of
that character. It is a well known fact that where-
ever a plow such as the Spalding has been used,
the crops have been materially increased and there
has been much less trouble in the way of holding
moisture in the lower soils for the plant roots during
the dry season. While there is no doubt that plows,
such as the Spalding. bring the subsoil to the sur-
face, if the plowing is done before the Fall rains
the hard-pan and other hard soils disintegrate
and mingle with the soil in such proportions as not
to prove deleterious to crops. It is, of course, ac-
knowledged that where large quantities of hard-pan
or the harder subsoils are brought to the surface,
that unless this soil is fined by rain or atmospheric
action, the seeds as they germinate find difficulty
in taking root, but where the plowing is done prior
to the Fall or Winter rains, this trouble would be
almost if not entirely eliminated. We would like to
have an expression of opinion from others who are
acquainted with this subject, for publication. Any
of our readers who are familiar with the use of
deep tilling outfits and the results obtained there-
from, are asked to correspond with us so that we
may give the information to our readers throughout
the country.

Our article on the Big Lost River
Idaho project of Idaho by Mr. Bohm, and

In his open letter addressed to Gover-

Lime nor Haines in our October number.

Light which was replied to in our issue of

November, by Governor Haines,
stirred up much controversy throughout Idaho and
the West, and has resulted in Governor Haines
making a special trip over the Big Lost River Irri-
gation Company's project, accompanied by mem-
bers of the State Land Board, when a research and
study of the problem was made. We note by a
Twin Falls exchange that Governor Haines has
addressed a letter to J. E. Clinton, receiver of the
Big Lost River Irrigation Company, and has made it
clear to Mr. Clinton and others that it must now be
apparent to all that further delay is not to be looked
upon with favor from any source. The Governor
states that the members of the present Land Board
hope that the expected decision will be accepted as
final by all concerned, and he states further that him-
self and the Board realize that because of the legal diffi-
culties which have heretofore stood in the way, it
has doubtless been impossible for the receiver or
anyone else to effect a reorganization of the Com-
pany, and to proceed- with the work of supplying
water to the settlers on the project; this delay the
Governor states has resulted in great suffering and
hardships to many of the entrymen, particularly
those who have moved to the project and begun the
improvement of their entries, and it is stated that
this condition must not be allowed to continue a
moment longer than is absolutely necessary. The
Land Board, the Governor states, stands ready to
lend any reasonable and proper aid in the matter of
the reorganization, which should be proceeded with
at once.

In this connection our attention has been called
to a publication under the title, The Carey Act
Farmer, with publication office at Jerome, Idaho.
Officers of this organization are W. P. Stafford,
president, Gooding; S. S. King, first vice president,
Deitrich ; A. R. Wells, second vice president, King
Hill ; and L. T. Alexander, secretary-treasurer, Je-
rome. Nothing appears in the editorial head of this
publication to indicate which one of the gentle-
men fills the position of editor, it is presumed, how-
ever, that Mr. Alexander of Jerome, the point from
which the paper is issued, is the responsible party.

In an issue of this publication for October
under the heading, The Lost River Controversy, it
is stated that it has been decided to try The Lost
River case in the newspapers instead of the courts.
The Farmer goes on to say that "THE IRRIGATION
AGE, a paper published in Chicago a thousand miles
from the project, has taken it upon themselves to

40

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

apprise the people of Idaho as to their condition and
to prescribe a remedy, and that in this process THE
AGE has incidentally taken a fall out of the Land
Board's past and present of that State" ; continuing
the editor says, "this discussion was brought on
by the appointment of a Commission to look into
the matter and report to the Governor. THE IRRI-
GATION AGE by virtue of its name, has seen fit to
deal itself a hand, and there will be a merry war
from now on. "We think," says the Farmer, "THE
AGE has no talk coming unless they represent the
bondholders, as they certainly do not represent the
settlers."

The editor of THE AGE takes exception to these
statements made by the Carey Act Farmer, and
wishes to emphasize the fact that it has never at
any period, during the 14 years it has been under
his control taken sides with the bondholders. It has
regularly and forcibly stood for the settler in every
instance, and if the gentleman who edits the Carey
Act Farmer had followed our columns carefully,
statements of the character above quoted would not
have been made. It may not be out of place to
state here to the editor of the Carey Act Farmer,
that the editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE covered the
entire Twin Falls territory many, many times before
the sage brush was removed from any of that land
now so largely exploited throughout the United
States. He visited that section as far back as 1891
and has gone into the territory several times a year
since that time. Hence, the statement of the Carey
Act Farmer's editor is unfair in so far as his state-
ment goes that THE AGE "certainly does not repre-
sent the settler." We are inclined also to take ex-
ception to their statement that THE AGE certainly
should, if it had any suggestions to make, have
made them in private, and not through its columns.
It appears to us that this is rather a peculiar position
for the publisher of a paper to take, and places the
editor of the Carey Act Farmer in a rediculous light.
It was our impression that the Carey Act Farmer
was fair in its editorial conduct, but we are not in-
clined to take that view since going over the article
mentioned. It is safe to say that the editor of THE
IRRIGATION AGE has covered the Twin Falls tract
as thoroughly as any man outside of old time set-
tlers in the State, and perhaps it would not be a bad
plan to learn the personnel of the publishers of the
Carey Act Farmer and obtain, if possible, some defi-
nite knowledge as to their wide experience in irriga-
tion affairs, locally or otherwise. It may be possible
later on to learn something about the gentlemen
whose names head the editorial column of this pub-
lication and give our readers some idea of their
experience along irrigation and reclamation lines.

IRRIGATION IN OREGON.

By John H. Lewis, State Engineer.

In the State of Oregon, we have but recently
passed from the pioneer stage of irrigation develop-
ment into the more complicated stage of expensive
works, shortage in water, and numerous contro-
versies. With only seven people to the square
mile (over 500 to the square mile in one county) it
is apparent that there is yet much room for develop-
ment. We expect in the near future to reach that
stage of irrigation development where the ordinary
summer flow of our streams will be augmented
many fold through the release of stored water, as
is the case in a number of the older irrigation
states.

This transition from the pioneer period of un-
regulated diversions to that of strict public con-
trol of all diversions is not easy of accomplishment.
The entire thought and life of the water user must
be adjusted to the new order. He must abandon
the indefinite miner's inch and think of water in
second feet and acre feet. He must respect public
and private rights to water and suffer the penalty
for violating law. Until the water user, the courts,
and public generally, understand the reasons for
each feature of the new system and appreciate the
general benefits to be derived from a strict en-
forcement of its provisions, it will be difficult for
the administrative officers to attain the best results.

Irrigation is necessary in eastern and southern
Oregon, but until recently has not been' considered
necessary in the northwestern, or more densely
populated section of the state. The annual pre-
cipitation is unevenly distributed, as illustrated by
the government record : at Glenora, 135 inches ;
Portland, 45 inches; Government Camp, 90 inches;
The Dalles, 15 inches, and Umatilla, 8 inches; each
point being approximately 50 miles east of the one
preceding.

In the extensive and fertile Willamette Valley
only three inches out of the 45 inches of annual pre-
cipitation falls during the summer months, while
about 20 inches fall during the winter months.
Already several irrigation projects are being con-
structed with a view to supplement this summer
deficiency.

Throughout much of central Oregon, which
ranges in elevation from three to four thousand feet
above sea level, the precipitation varies from about
eight to fifteen inches. This district which has long
been famous as being the largest area in the United
States without railway transportation, is now being
rapidly settled, due in part to the active railway
construction now under way, to the reduction of
from five to three years' residence required for
homestead entry, to the increase from 160 to 320
acres allowed to each entryman, on non-irrigable
land, and primarily to the fact that the precipita-
tion in this vast empire is believed to be ample for
dry farming purposes.

With only 686,129 acres of land irrigated out
of a total of 61,200,000 acres, and with about 4,000,-
000 acres susceptible of irrigation, the public has
become aroused to the importance of irrigation de-
velopment in Oregon. It is apparent that from six
to ten times the population can be supported on

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

41

irrigated lands in comparison with an equal dry
farming area. As the land to be irrigated is well
scattered throughout the dry farming and grazing
districts, it is also apparent that the value of such
lands will be somewhat enhanced through the irri-
gation of adjoining tracts.

The courts are becoming educated to the value
of water and are now less willing than formerly
to grant extravagant claims in water adjudications.
If twice the amount of water necessary to produce
crops is allowed, it is readily apparent that the ulti-
mate area to be irrigated will be reduced approxi-
mately one-half. For this reason the public is
vitally concerned as to the duty of water. Public
funds have accordingly been appropriated for the
making of accurate stream measurements extending
over long series of years, for the making of topo-
graphic surveys and river profiles, and for determin-
ing the quality of the public waters. There is thus
a general awakening among all classes as to the
importance of irrigation.

The value of dry farming lands ranges from
about $5 to $30 per acre. Irrigated, this land would
sell from $40 to $100 or more per acre. Improved
irrigated land has been known to sell at from $500
to $1,000 per acre, and over. Water has, therefore,
considerable value, and water rights and titles are
now receiving careful consideration. In some sec-
tions one cubic foot per second of water, flowing
continuously during the irrigation season is esti-
mated to be worth approximately $10,000.

The cost of irrigation works has increased from
$5 per acre in 1900 to an average of $15 in 1910,
according to the government census and systems
are now planned or are under construction esti-
mated to cost $40 to $100 per acre. The amount of
water and record evidence of water titles are there-
fore important matters, which are now given serious
consideration by the investor, the water user, and
the public.

In 1909, Oregon adopted a water law which is
similar in many respects to that now in force in
the Province of British Columbia. It has in gen-
eral been found satisfactory to both the water user
and the prospective investor, and is not burdensome
to the public, as the fees, collected and paid into the
state treasury, have gone far towards meeting the
appropriations for its maintenance.

The law deals primarily with (1) the adjudica-
tion and recording of rights to water which were
initiated prior to its adoption ; (2) the granting of
new rights after proper application and record, and
(3) the protection of all recorded rights, as well
as of the public interest in unappropriated waters.
Its administration is in the hands of the state en-
gineer and the superintendents of the two water
divisions into which the state has been divided, each
of whom has special duties to perform. All im-
portant grants or decisions are made by these
officers sitting as a board.

This law declares all water within the state to
be the property of the public, and makes beneficial
use the basis of rights to its use. In the water right
certificate, which is record evidence of title, this
basis is qualified by a definite statement as to (1)
the priority, (2) the purpose, (3) the period, (4)
and the place of use of water; also by (5) the maxi-
mum rate of flow or quantity of water. Such cer-

tificate gives also the name and address of the
owner of the right, and the stream from which the
water is diverted.

Owing to the peculiarities of climate and soil,
and to the necessity for diverting water for irriga-
tion and other uses, the strict common law doc-
trine of riparian rights established by early court
decisions has been so modified in recent cases that
only the faintest shadow of this conflicting doctrine
remains to cloud the horizon of the investor in
water projects. In some of our states the common
law doctrine still prevails in modified form and is a
serious handicap to the adoption of modern admin-
istrative water codes. The Canadian provinces
should be congratulated upon the freedom with
which they can adopt laws suited to their condi-
tions, without a long period of turmoil and expen-
sive litigation by those who wish for some per-
sonal or financial benefit, to have the streams flow
undiminished to the ocean.

Although our water code has been in effect four
years, we are just reaching the point where its prac-
tical operation can be observed by the irrigator.
All rights to water on a number of streams have
been adjudicated and recorded, and water masters
have been in charge of distribution. These water
masters are appointed by the water board, but are
paid by the county court. They are thus not as
responsive to orders of the superintendent and the
board as if paid directly by such board, and sub-
ject to dismissal for cause. Another difficulty has
been the requirement of law that water masters
should be residents of the district from which they
are appointed. This prevents the promotion of ex-
perienced men to the more complicated districts.

In defining water rights in Oregon, the water
board has generally specified a particular rate of
flow for a definite irrigation season. When the
amount of water thus decreed was too small to fur-
nish an adequate irrigation head, rotation was au-
thorized. In this way each man could at any time
ascertain whether or not his neighbor was taking
more than his share. In case of rotation among a
group of neighbors, the total quantity of water used
by any one, should not exceed the sum of that
allotted to each. Self interest will cause each man
in such rotation group to see that he gets the total
quantity of water his full share of the time. Such
a decree is almost self-executing, as the average
water user is honest and will not take more than he
is entitled to, if he knows the water supply is not
sufficient for all. In Wyoming, where they have
had long experience in distributing water, it is the
exception rather than the rule to call out the water
master to administer such decrees.

For old rights, one cubic foot per second is
usually allowed for 50 to 80 acres, depending upon
local conditions. All new grants for irrigation pur-
poses have been restricted to the rate of one cubic
foot per second to 80 acres. The average irrigation
season, or time between the last killing frost in the
spring and first in the fall, has been carefully esti-
mated from official records, at 120 days. The above
rate of flow will deliver during such period three
acre feet of water on each acre of land. This in
general is sufficient for alfalfa, the ordinary crop
requiring the greatest amounts of water.

Much difficulty is encountered in defining and

42

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

protecting rights on flood water streams. On such
the floods run off early in the spring, leaving the
stream practically dry during the summer months.
Rather than build expensive reservoirs, the pioneer
settlers flooded their lands by means of ditches or
temporary diversion dams, thus storing water in the
soil itself. In most cases but one crop of wild
hay yielding about one ton to the acre is produced,
but under favorable conditions one to two cuttings
of alfalfa have been produced.

In such cases, a larger rate of flow is allowed
and the total quantity of water for the irrigation
season limited to 2.5 to 4 acre-feet per acre. The
volume limitation in certain cases has been further
qualified by defining the amount in acre feet which
can be diverted within any period of, say, thirty
days. Such a decree is difficult to enforce. No re-
liable and inexpensive instrument has yet been de-
vised for automatically recording acre feet. The
water master must be employed whether a contro-
versy exists or not, and no water user will know
whether or not he is getting the amount of water
decreed him, unless he keep an independent record
throughout the entire season.

Many water masters will thus have to be em-
ployed as each ditch will have to be measured one
or more times each day. If the water master is not
present when water is being run, his records will be
incomplete.

Under such system it will be difficult to con-
vict one of stealing water. It will also be difficult
to convince each water user that he has received
his full share of water. Such system of defining
water in acre feet is more suited to large canal
systems where numerous ditch riders are necessary
to distribute the water, and where but little addi-
tional expense would be entailed in keeping accu-
rate ditch records of the volume of water used each
day.

Gravity irrigation under large ditch systems did
not become a complete success until the common
carrier canal was abolished, and water was made
by law appurtenant to the land. Those planning
to pump water have not forgotten the early experi-
ences of the water user under such canals where
the charge for water, after the expiration of the
original short-time contract, was increased by the
company in accordance with the settler's ability to
pay. It is believed that pumping for irrigation pur-
poses will not reach its fullest development until
both the power and the water are made appurtenant
to the land benefited, either through district or state
ownership and distribution of power.

This question is of particular interest to Ore-
gon for the reason that we have a considerable area
which cannot be economically supplied by gravity
canals, but which may be irrigated by pumping
from adjoining streams, or from underground
sources.

Along Snake River in eastern Oregon, a pump-
ing plant was recently installed for the irrigation
of 6,000 acres where the maximum lift was over
100 feet. An irrigation district has been formed
for the irrigation of 20,000 acres adjoining the above
project where the lift will be 200 to 300 feet, and
the land about 2,300 feet above sea level.

In central Oregon there are great interior

basins, each containing several hundred thousand
acres of level land, where the rainfall does not ex-
ceed the evaporation. In most of these basins a
limited supply of water is found from 20 to 40
feet below the surface. \\ ith a permanent supply
of cheap power this water could be pumped for at
least partial irrigation of these districts.

It is the duty of the state engineer to refer to
the state water board any application wherein the
proposed use conflicts with determined rights, or is
a menace to the safety or the welfare of the public.
This board can direct the refusal of such applica-
tion after full hearing, if public interest demands.
This feature of the law has recently been upheld by
our Supreme court (Cookingham vs. Lewis, 114
Pac. 88) and marks a distinct advance in water legis-
lation.

In Oregon we have a number of large irrigation
projects which can be developed at reasonable cost.
Unfortunately, the early settlement in these dis-
tricts has occurred along the streams, and there is
a strong natural tendency to complicate and delay
the construction of the larger projects through the
construction of power plants in the stream channels,
or the building of railway lines through available
storage basins. If the entire stream basin were
owned by an individual, he would compel the power
plants to locate a few miles distant on some tribu-
tary of the stream, where the water could be used
for irrigation after passing through the power
wheels, although such construction would be per-
haps a little more expensive. He would also com-
pel the railroads to locate their lines around and
above feasible power and reservoir sites, in order
that the large projects which must be eventually
built will not be unnecessarily encumbered, and
their construction correspondingly delayed.

The state is endeavoring to look somewhat to
the future in these matters as indicated by the above
authority granted to its administrative officers for
the protection of the public interest.

Recently a further step in this direction was
taken by our legislators. The sum of $50,000 W7as
appropriated for the making of detailed plans and
estimates of cost of a number of these projects, and
authorizes cooperation with the United States. The
Government has allotted an equal amount from the
Reclamation fund and the investigations are now
being carried on jointly. The necessary land and
water rights are withdrawn so as to prevent further
complications, and it is the intent to assign such
plans, and rights to the people forming themselves
as a district for the construction of the project, or
to private capital, who will undertake to carry out
the public plans on terms satisfactory to the people.
Failing in this, the legislature has submitted a con-
stitutional amendment for vote of the people in
1914, authorizing the issuance of bonds equal to two
per cent of the assessed valuation of the state for
the construction of irrigation and power projects,
and for developing the cut-over timber and other
lands of the state.

In other words, the state is now authorized to
make water filings, and to gather all necessary in-
formation relative to these large irrigation and
power projects, which may be necessary in promot-
ing their construction by either private or public

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

43

funds. It has also taken the first step looking
towards construction with public funds if such
action is found necessary.

The "wild cat" irrigation project has seriously
retarded development in the west. The financier
has become skeptical of all irrigation projects, and
the settler without the ability or means to investi-
gate every feature of a complicated project, refuses
to invest. Those who have purchased dry ditches
write letters warning their friends against western
investments. A few such failures can easily offset
an expensive development campaign.

The western people are responsible for these
conditions and not the administrative officers. Some
of our states have not as yet undertaken public
supervision of their water resources, others refuse
to give their administrative officers the necessary
power to deal with the situation effectively, and all
refuse to make adequate appropriations for stream
measurements and records of water supply, so that
the situation could be handled if the laws were
adequate.

If a public officer insists on delay while he is
securing water supply records, he is accused of
blocking progress by red tape methods. Not even
the land owners in whose interest he is laboring will
support his action. It is generally assumed that
an engineer should be able to measure the water
in a stream, and make a complicated water supply
report in about the same time and for about the
same cost as for a land survey.

For an expensive project where it is planned
to utilize practically all the surplus waters of a
stream, daily records for a period of ten years are
sometimes insufficient as a basis for an accurate
estimate of the avalible supply.

The remedy for the ''wild cat" evil lies first in
more liberal appropriations for stream gaging work ;
second, more authority for the administrative offi-
cers in passing upon questions of water supply,
cost and financial ability, before allowing a large
project to proceed ; and third, stronger support by
the people benefited, in case a project is turned down.

Water is of more value than land in the wes.t.
It is highly important that the people be aroused
to the value of public water surveys, and the ne-
cessity of securing more complete information as
to the duty of water.

SEEPAGE WATER

An interesting decision on the right to seepage
water is that of Comstock vs. Ramsay (Colorado),
133 Pac., 1107. It appears that the natural flow of
the stream had all been appropriated ; that owing
to the building of irrigation ditches and a reservoir
some distance form the stream, certain waters
seeped back into the stream through the gravel and
sand underlying the soil sufficient to supply certain
appropriations prior in time to upper appropriations
which took the natural flow. On the basis that the
seepage water was part of the supply of the stream
which had been wholly appropriated by prior ap-
propriators, the court reversed a judgment in favor
of a claimant who had constructed a ditch, caught
the seepage water before it reached the stream and
sought to acquire a right to use the stream as a
carrier of this seepage water so caught in his ditch.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE "BIG LOST RIVER"
SITUATION

To the Editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago.

Sir: — His Excellency, Governor John M.
Haines, of Idaho, in the November number of your
publication, replying to the "Upen Letter" addressed
to him by me, appearing in your October issue, has
taken me to task upon the broad general grounds of
"unfairness." In the issue containing the Gov-
ernor's reply you have, editorially, extended to his
Excellency and to myself, the courtesy of further
use of your columns.

Since the point of ethics may be raised, permit
me, in advance, to offer that in my opinion the
Governor's communication calls for a reply as pub-
lic as the previous correspondence — not because it
is at all essential that your readers should be bur-
dened with any attempted vindication of myself
from the charges and insinuations of the Governor,
but because the broad questions at stake appeal to
me as transcending the limits of any personal con-
troversy.

Of tremendous public importance is the cor-
rect solution of the Big Lost River- — the issues pre-
sented within the project itself are grave enough,
and I approach their discussion with a full measure
of appreciation of the fact — but in its broader as-
pects, is it too much to say that the entire funda-
mental subject of reclamation under the "Carey
Act," through the intervention of private capital is
upon trial? There are not wanting critics — men
whose utterances we listened to with respect, and
who from their official connections, would be pre-
sumed to resent any reflections upon the ability of
the states to cope with their problems — who are
ready to pronounce the "Carey Act", measured by
past achievements, a failure.

Under the circumstances, I feel justified in ad-
dressing this communication to yourself, and
through you to the general public. I trust that in
so doing, I will not appear to be acting in disregard
of the conventions and that His Excellency will
accept my explanation as sufficient grounds for so
acting.

Although this question should be approached
from the standpoint of public policy and interest, I
find myself unable to frame an apparently fitting
reply to the Governor's communication without a
free intermingling of references of both "public"
and private nature. I am loath to do this, but see
no way to avoid it, as there is no time at my dis-
posal for the production of a finished document. In
the high esteem in which I hold the high office oc-
cupied by his Excellency, I yield to no man, and
nothing is further from my intention than to make
a public issue of a private controversy. The Gov-
ernor, through his personal references, however,
calls into question the sincerity not only of myself,
but of practically all the great number who, from
interest in the project or from the standpoint of
principle, have protested against the apparent inert-
ness of the state officials.

I would say to the Governor that I have a deep
appreciation of the difficulties attaching to his of-
ficial position as Governor and chairman of the
State Board of Land Commissioners. I realize bet-
ter than the average reader, perhaps, the difficulties

44

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

which have confronted "Land Boards" of the va-
rious "Carey Act" states generally — constituted as
they are of already overworked officials, whose time
is absorbed by the routine duties of their permanent
offices. The intricate questions of water rights,
construction and financing would constitute in
themselves a sufficient burden for a corps of of-
ficials not otherwise engaged. These facts are not
generally understood outside of the "Carey Act"
states themselves, and should be mentioned in jus-
tice to their officials, but their mere recital does not
furnish justification for the situation. In only one
state, so far as my knowledge extends, has the land
department been established upon a permanent and
sound basis — in Colorado. Efforts in the same di-
rection in other states have met with failure. In
assuming to criticize the apathy of the states in this
matter, it is only fair to say further, that I am one
of those who have consistently protested, through
the press and otherwise, against the injustice and
inadequacy of the old system. I am aware that
public officials are often — and unjustly — subjected
to criticism. It is too often the case of being
"damned if they do and damned if they don't'' ;
but this condition is unfortunately one of the pen-
alties of high office. If any remarks contained in
my "Open Letter" can fairly be construed in the
light of prejudice or as an intimation that I held the
present state land board responsible for the "Big
Lost River" failure, I assure you they were not of-
fered with that intent, and can call forth only regret
upon my part and a sincere desire to make repara-
tion. Let us look at the matter from an unbiased
standpoint, however, and will any one deny myself
or any other entryman the right to utter public pro-
test to the officials now clothed with responsibility,
or can the unprejudiced observer find anything to
justify the unwarranted reflections upon myself and
others? Whatever view may prevail as to the
merits of the contention or as to questions of good
taste, it is my sincere belief that no public official
is placed beyond the bounds of criticism — all the
more so when the issue is one of such grievous
wrongs as those of numerous settlers upon the Big
Lost River segregation.

His Excellency, in his opening paragraph, con-
veys the idea that I am "attempting to qualify as
one having expert knowledge," etc. Let us dispose
of this contention in a few sentences : The issue
presented has nothing to do with the subject; it is
the conduct of "Big Lost River" that is upon trial.
The editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE knows, and so
do many others — at the national capital and at the
seats of government of many "Western" states —
that I have spent years of my own time, and as a
corollary, some little of my substance, in a study
of the subject of the reclamation of our arid lands.
Some of these gentlemen, in tight places, have felt
themselves justified, upon occasion, in expressing
some measure of esteem for the writer, and these
testimonials he cherishes highly, regarding them as
some measure of compensation for what little pub-
lic service he may have been permitted .to render.
In any event I have "paid the shot" for whatever
"expert" knowledge I may possess and with its
payment I assume, goes the right to be heard. His
Excellency states that I am unfair in my treatment

of the case, "and, by implication, that all others,
who, from time to time, have protested upon the
same grounds, are unfair." I could borrow a few
similes, more or less exaggerated, that might be
fitting but do not care to indulge in persiflage, at
this time. As to what is "fair" or "unfair," I dare
say the Governor will agree with me, that the ulti-
mate meaning of these terms hinge, largely, upon
the point of view. However, lest anyone may, mis-
takenly, assume that I entertain any prejudice
against the magnificent State of Idaho, its officials
or its good citizens generally, permit me to offer
that I have, since my first glimpse of Idaho, upon
several occasions, repeated my visits to the State,
attracted by its many features of interest, its "glo-
rious" climate, its superb scenery, and delightful
capital city. When I made entry upon the "Big
Lost River" tract, I did so with the full intent of
becoming a citizen of the State — need I say more?
I have several good friends in Idaho whom I cherish
highly — and I can not say too much in praise of the
never-failing courtesy extended to me by the pres-
ent Registrar and Assistant Registrar of the "Land
Board." I recall, with gratification, the courtesy
shown me by numerous State officials upon the
occasion of my last visit some eighteen months
ago. Upon purely personal grounds, there is
every reason, therefore, why I should harbor
a friendly feeling for the State of Idaho. Permit me
to quote to the Governor from a lengthy article
contributed by myself to the conservative Idaho
Statesman, under date of June 24, 1912. The ar-
ticle opens with a eulogy of the State and of the
Capital City which should satisfy the cravings of
the most ardent "booster." After tribute to the
"Land Board" and a brief discussion of the State's
water problems I disposed of the Big Lost River
matter with the following sentences — I challenge
any ''unfairness" in them — "As to the Big Lost River
it would be improper at this juncture to say much
(the case was then, as I recall it, being argued in
the Federal District Court), but it is 'up to' the
State to 'make good' to the entrymen — for, at least,
the amount of their first payments. The State ap-
proved the project, threw the lands open to entry
and allowed the company to retain all moneys, with-
out any protection to the entrymen." The issue
of the AGE in which appeared the Governor's letter
contained, also, a contribution from myself in which
I referred to the splendid work accomplished in the
Snake River Valley, comparing it only with the
achievements in the Salt River Valley of Arizona.
Let the facts speak for themselves.

"It will not help, at this time, to seek to excuse
or palliate admitted errors," as the Governor rightly
says, "nor to condemn the selfish policy of those
who sought to make political capital out of an
unfortunate business situation" (the italics are mine).
Quite right, but who are those "who sought to make
political capital"? I do not assume to speak for
anyone but myself, but I feel safe in saying that
there are many entrymen — and small bondbuyers,
as well, who would appreciate a more concrete ref-
erence. Are they the victims of the "admitted
errors," who have sought, through such means as
were permitted them, to protest and to secure the
protection tacitly guaranteed by the State, in 1909,

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

45

and, which a federal court, by recent decision, has
given them legal grounds to expect, or does the
Governor intend his reference to those citizens ot
the State and to that portion of the press who,
from motives of public policy or principle, have like-
wise condemned the "Lost River'' fiasco and who
have held up to the State its paramount duty to
right the wrongs of the entrymen — at whatever
cost? Personally, I know nothing of the "politics"
of the State — as the word is generally understood,
and would consider it bad taste to inject myself into
such, but no entryman who takes an intelligent in-
terest in the subject can be blind to the fact thai
the demand upon the part of the people and press
of Idaho itself, for full reparation has been growing
more insistent day by day. Lest anyone should be
tempted to regard this as "poetic license" and to
show that my own often-repeated views as to the
State's moral liability — regardless of any "saving
clause" in the statutes, were shared by both
classes let me quote a few of numerous instances.
The conservative Idaho Statesman (October 25,
1912), under caption "Big Lost River Settlers Get
Attention" has this to say : Quoting a letter from
Mr. Benjamin P. Shawhan of the Carey Act Land
Department (in part) : "There are a number of
entrymen who desire such use" (of the water as
previously discussed) "while the laws protect the
State from responsibility, it can not, in my opinion,
be relieved from the moral obligation to use every
endeavor to protect those who have bought land
from the State under the Carey Act and who relied
upon it for a proper supervision which they had
some reason, at least, to believe was a protection."
Lincoln County Times (November 13), re-
ferring to the Governor's letter of November 5 to
the receiver (for which I wish to afford him full
credit and approbation) : "We are glad to see the
Governor acknowledge that the State has, at least,
a moral obligation to the settlers it has brought
here, and upon the success of the settlers depends
the ultimate success of every Carey Act project
in the State. This has always been the contention
of the Times and if former Land Boards had shown
a little more interest in the settlers and less atten-
tion given to the appeals of the irrigation companies,
Carey Act Projects of Idaho would not be looked
upon with distrust as they are today by the people
of the east." Statesman again commenting upon
the Governor's letters (in part) : "The responsi-
bility of the contractor's bond would then be
brought into question, raising a point that goes clear
to the heart of our Carey Act plan and which many
regard as one of its weakest features — inadequate
protection to the settlers in case of failure after the
first payment has been made." These cover the
very points for which I have contended for years —
publicly and privately ; the legislators of 'the State
can hardly plead lack of information upon this point.
If the statement contained in the Capital News of
August 21 (which journal appears to have taken the
initiative in the present 'agitation') be correct, the
Governor has expressed himself emphatically as
being in accord with these views. It is needless to
go further along these lines of argument. But what
shall be said of the attitude of mind implied by the
use of the term "unfortunate business situation?"
Can the Governor reconcile this conception of the

matter with his public utterances indicating his ad-
herence to a doctrine directly at variance with this
thought? A "business situation." The events of
recent years have brought about a newer and better
conception of the relation of States and Nation to-
wards public land and water resources. It is not
occupying too advanced ground to say that the "busi-
ness" conceptions, are responsible, almost entirely,
for the lamentable crash of the irrigation campaign
of a few short years ago — the reverberations of
which still resound in the ears of the people. That
reclamation, down to a certain point, is essentially
a Government function, is becoming more evident
daily, to how large an extent to be effected by the
States, through Carey Act or "district" laws, will
depend upon the alacrity of the States, themselves,
to meet the demands of the situation. Truly, I must
regard the Governor's characterization as a remark-
ably unfortunate one. The Governor sets forth, as
ground for failure to bring suit against the "Con-
struction Bond," the fact that the Federal Appel-
late Court had withheld its long-expected decision
in the Corey Brothers' suit. Happily, as I write,
this obstacle has been removed and nothing short of
an appeal to the Federal Supreme Court should
interfere in this direction now. I will not say that
the contention of His Excellency, at the time of this
writing, was not well founded, for I have no views
as to the legal merits of that problem worth ex-
pounding. It is of interest to note, in this connec-
tion, however, that there has existed in Idaho, more
than qne view upon this matter and that the State
did not put the question to the test by bringing ac-
tion. Instead, it was left to one of the entrymen (a
woman, in this case) to bring suit against the bond,
upon her own initiative and the attorneys retained
by her did not appear to entertain the views ad-
vanced by the Governor. This information was con-
veyed in the Capital News of October 23d. It is
far from my desire to distort matters or to assume
a prejudiced attitude, but the fact remains that the
Governor, according to the files of the Statesman
in my possession, did not address his famous "Get
Busy or Get Out" letter (I am quoting the head-
lines of an Idaho paper) to Receiver Clinton until
November 5th subsequent to action of Hazel Sauve
(entrywoman) and some time prior to the decision
of the Federal Appellate Court. I trust the Gover-
nor will advance a sufficient reason for failure to
adopt this aggressive attitude sooner. It would be
useless to refer to the subject at all, but since His
Excellency has seen fit to charge me with "utter
unfairness" I will be "fair" enough to call his atten-
tion to this matter of some importance, when viewed
from this distance. Back of what may appear like
a hair-splitting contention, what about the ethics of
the entire matter? What can the State officials
expect of entrymen who see their investment lost in
a shadowy enterprise and from whom all informa-
tion is withheld by their "Trustee" except as it may
be gathered through unofficial channels or by im-
posing unnecessary burdens upon individual mem-
bers of the Land Board in reply to letters of in-
quiry? Surely the Governor must be aware that the
great majority of entrymen reside outside of his
State — many of these thousands of miles distant —
and that these are not only "out of touch" intimately
with the affairs of the State, but are deprived of

46

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

all means of participating in them? I do not know
what the experience of others may have been, but
personally I have received, in the three years suc-
ceeding the "Big Lost River" failure, but one docu-
ment bearing upon the situation — -that one a
letter from the receiver under date of February 1,
1912. For such information as I have received I
am indebted to officials of the Land Board, in reply
to personal letters of inquiry and to the press of Idaho.
If the "Big Lost" is nothing more than a ''business
transaction" — of "caveat emptor" import — then lei
business ethics prevail and let the State, which has
sold its land with the implied guarantee that its con-
tractor would perform certain acts necessary to give
this property value, assume ( ?) liability towards
its vendee for its failure to enforce the provisions
of its contract. Thus might one argue from the
narrow standpoint.

It is my conception, however, that a broader
view should prevail. The Governor asks for
thoughtful suggestions and constructive advice and
I firmly believe that every man interested should
contribute his quota of helpfulness towards any
constructive measures undertaken in the future. I
cannot, along this line, do much more than offer
the very general suggestions advanced in my letter
of October.

As a broad proposition, every one in touch
with irrigation development would be disposed to
regard financing with private capital as a hopeless
undertaking, at this time, but the affairs of "Big
Lost River" are so involved and its problems so
peculiarly its own that I feel incapable of more
than a repetition of the admonition to collect on the
construction bond to complete the project with
State funds, directly,, or to assist whatever private
parties are finally, awarded the equities left, with
the State's credit, as suggested by Mr. Guen-
ther in the Financial World. Barring these avenues,
there is yet one other road to travel — cooperation
with the Federal Government. The new policy has
been adopted in the sister State of Oregon in the
investigation of irrigation and power projects and
Director Newell is quoted (Capital News, October
23), as saying that "Washington is doing the same
thing to complete some of the projects in that State
and California is to join with the "Service" in com
pleting some of the projects."

There are not wanting advocates of the adop-
tion of the "cooperative policy" in Idaho. In its
issue of August 21, the Capital News makes a
strong plea for its adoption. It has its advocates
among land officials of other States as well. The
recent agreement between the department of the
interior and the administration of Oregon was
referred to at length in my article appearing in
the ovember AGE entitled "Conservation and Co-
operation." In that State (under chapter 87,
laws of 1913) the sum of $50,000 was appropri-
ated by the State, and like amount allotted by
the secretary of the interior for cooperative in-
vestigation. The sum of $450,000.00 was appropri-
ated (chapter 119, laws of 1913), for the construc-
tion of the aforementioned "Tumalo project"
where water rights were sold by promoters under
the Carey Act to 275 settlers "with the apparent
backing of the State," and the supply found inade-

quate for even the thirty-five settlers who moved
upon their land. The secretary of the interior, I am
informed, has offered to contribute an equal amount,
"which will be sufficient properly to care for all the
land in this vicinity of this Carey Act Project." 1
commend the legislation upon this subject to the
earnest attention of the Governor. In Washington,
as I am advised, the legislature at its last session
also adopted a law providing for cooperation with
the Federal Government in the "Palouse" project.

To quote the Governor further, "equally grave
mistakes may be expected in any new enterprise
operated under untried and perhaps insufficient
laws, administered by inexperienced officials pio-
neering a new field." All very true, and because of
the demonstrated failure of some of the States to
rise to the demands of the situation, the gospel of
"cooperation" with the stable reclamation forces of
the National Government is, everywhere, gaining
ground. But let us analyze the Governor's apology
for the sins of a former administration and with
the prefatory remark that the present administra-
tion should be held responsible for the former
failure only to the extent that its personnel are
heirs-at-law, in the natural evolution of biennial
changes, to the consequences of former mistakes
and misdeeds and must live up to the obligations
those imposed upon it. As to Carey Act operations,
in 1909 being new enterprises, I cull from the third
annual report of the State Land Department (1909)
the following: (Page 1): "The last congress
granted to Idaho an additional 2,000,000 acres of
land under the Carey Act, making a total of 3,000,-
000 acres. Up to the time of passing said act, appli-
cations had been made to the land board for the
segregation of 940,000 acres. Since its passage,
additional applications have been filed, making a
total of more than 2,300,000 acres. From present
indications, balance of the land will be asked to be
segregated soon. These projects which have caused
more immigration to the State than any other one
thing (the italics are mine) are located in the follow-
ing counties." "Idaho is far ahead of any other
State in the Union in the development of Carey
Act lands." Follows the annual report, as required
by statute, of twelve Carey Act companies; a list
of 22 companies to whom segregations amounting
to 1,155,056 acres were granted, a list of 7,857 "en-
tries" of 3,316 "final proofs" and of 13 applications
for segregation for a total of 1,117,190 acres. This
report does not convey the idea of a "new field"-
especially in view of the number of "entries" and
"final proofs." The very "Big Lost River Irrigation
Company" of 1909 was built upon the ruins of the
"Big Lost River Land and Irrigation Company."
which had contracted with the State in 1907 and had
met financial shipwreck — all the more reason for
safeguarding the reorganized enterprise. Is there
any excuse in the face of long-preceding, over-
whelming, "development" for either "untried and
insufficient laws" or for the "inexperience of offi-
cials." The Federal "Carey Act" was adopted in
1894 and its two principal amendments in 1896 and
1901 respectively. The act whereby the State of
Idaho adopted its provisions was passed in 1899.
There was no lack of experience or of able counsel
to point out legislative amendments prior to 1909.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

47

Rather does the situation not argue for a consider-
able degree of recklessness in the handling of the
problems attaching to the administration of the
princely domain of 3,000,000 acres? What ground
existed in 1909 for placing these tremendously im-
portant matters, involving the destinies of many
people — even their very lives — into the hands of in-
experienced officials? The Governor fails "to make
a case." One of the contributing factors to the
"Big Lost River" failure was the faulty construction
of the dam which jeopardized the property and lives
of the people of Mackay. The reports rendered by
eminent engineers, and accepted, are matters of
record. If the Carey Act Code was "insufficient"
the General Irrigation Code is specific enough. I
refer to Political Code, chapter 10. Section 154a
provides that "any person (etc.), desiring to con-
struct any dam for storing water, more than 10 feet
high, shall submit plans and drawings to the State
Engineer, who shall examine them and. if approved,
so indicate, or in case of disapproval return them
for amendments — in case of works of great impor-
tance shall make test excavations, etc., and extends
his authority still further. In view of the con-
demnation of both plans and construction of the
dam, by the engineers who examined it, are apolo-
gies based upon the "inexperience" of officials, at
this time, to be taken seriously? Here are the
\v< irds of the engineering commission : "It, there-
fore, appears to us that the fatal defects in the work
are due to plans and specifications, rather than to
the construction." "That the filled reservoir would
in my opinion be a serious menace to the town of
Mackay and to the Lost River Valley." We are of
the same opinion, but go further and believe that it
would inevitably lead to disaster. (Arco Adrer-
tiser, September 15, 1910.)

Xow, I have permitted myself only the briefest
reference to the history of the project and only to
the extent that the '''incidents mentioned were ger-
mane to the discussion in hand. A volume of in-
terest and pathos could no doubt, be worked out
from the material at hand. The Federal Court of
Appeals has, at last, been heard from and it is now
squarely "up to" the Land Board to show its hand.
I have dealt with the case entirely from the stand-
point of the entryman — the plight of the bondhold-
ers is, no doubt, an unfortunate one, but these
people are represented by able counsel and must
rind their own spokesman. The Governor has seen
fit to characterize myself "and others" as "adepts
at destruction, but mere novices at construction."
Such tirades mean nothing and, in the interests of
harmony, I will overlook the remark, whatever its
rather obscure meaning. I have attempted to "stick
to the text" in full confidence of the inherent jus-
tice of my contentions. If any animus has crept
into the discussion, I trust the gentlemen of the
Land Board, from the Governor down, will accept
my apology for such and beg them to consider that
ftnir \cars — not to complete but to get ready to com-
plete— covers a considerable period of an average
lifetime. I can assure His Excellency that, in any
proper measure of rehabilitation, I shall, if called
upon, attempt to do all that is possible to assist in
the work of reconstruction.

Sincerely,

E. F. ROHM.

FOR THE GOOD OF IRRIGATION.

Movement to Induce Interested States to Finish
Some of the Uncompleted Projects.

An earnest movement is in progress in the West
which seeks to interest the states to complete irri-
gation projects which have gone to the wall. Most
of these schemes failed through ignorance in con-
struction work and faulty engineering and the greed
of promoters, who sought all the profits.

Much of the capital raised throughout the coun-
try to finance these irrigation works was turned
over by investors in the belief that they were fully
protected under the Carey Act. It would have been
impossible to have raised anywhere near the amount
of money that was secured by promoters had the
case been otherwise. Nearly every one who bought
an irrigation bond did so under the impression that
the states, through the authority vested in them by
the Carey Act, were overseeing all work and that
it was being done honestly. The many disasters
in irrigation have proven this act to have been
worthless as far as it safeguarded investors. It
saved none of them.

The states are in a measure bound to give what
legitimate aid they may extend to investors who
have lost their money in these projects, and in ad-
dition to developing the resources of these states,
state aid would prove a very good business stroke
for the states which found it feasible to complete
such projects.

State aid may be given without bringing any
new debt upon the states, for we are quite sure
that the bondholders would willingly subordinate
their liens to whatever loans the state might grant
in order to save these half-built properties. This
money the states would eventually get back, with
interest. More important would be the great profit
which would come to these commonwealths through
the increase in the prices of productive land and
from the larger population which would be bound
to come. Another asset would be found in the
re-establishment of the states in public confidence.

Oregon has already taken a step in this direction
by advancing $400,000 to complete the Columbia
Southern project. Idaho, Wyoming, the latter the
mother of the Carey Act, and Montana and Colo-
rado, however, are backward and have done little
or nothing.

Under present conditions it is impossible to
raise any capital for irrigation enterprises. So many
persons have lost money in this class of securities
that it is only necessary to mention them to an in-
vestor and he is frightened away. How could it be
otherwise? Money must be obtained from some-
where.

This situation is to be deplored since funda-
mentally irrigation is an industry having vast pos-
sibilities for profitable investment. There are many
communities in the West which have demonstrated
that by irrigation springs of unhidden riches have
been uncovered. Irrigation will eventually solve
our agrarian problem, which is to find enough land
to maintain our rapidly increasing population, since
the greater part of our arable land is already under
cultivation. — Financial U'orld. X. Y.

48

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE NATIONAL LESSON AT TULSA.

The Dry Fanning Congress Was Not a Congress
of Dry Farmers.

By Douglas Malcolm of the I. H. C. Service Bureau.

Omitting the brass bands, the military display,
the fireworks both pyrotechnical and verbal, the
Eighth International Dry Farming Congress which
was held at Tulsa, Okla., from October 22 to 31,
inclusive, marked another milestone of that progress
which should be the goal of every farmer and
farmers' wife of the Northern Hemisphere. It was
the most stupendous testimony to the modern the-
ory of agriculture, that head work plus hand work
means success, that the writer ever witnessed.
From origins which as recently as ten years ago
were considered leagues beyond the dead line came
wheat weighing 62l/2 pounds to the bushel and 38
bushels to the acre, potatoes weighing over 5
pounds each, squashes over 3 feet long, alfalfa
making 5 tons to the acre ; and corn that would
make the average corn belt farmer envious and sad.

Five large buildings were required to furnish
sufficient room for the exhibits which poured in,

the long rows of soil products, was an indirect but
deadly protest against American carelessness in
farm methods. It was shown at Tulsa that to a man
who is familiar with the general farming from
Florida to the Dakotas, dry farming is nothing more
nor less than applying, to land which suffers from
lack of rain, principles which produce the best re-
sults when applied to land enjoying plenty of rain.
It was a nation-wide lesson on good farming.
It proved that the successful rules of good farming
were the good rules of successful farming. The
pioneer settlers on practically desert land were left
to demonstrate by practical results what farm jour-
nals, government schools and the service bureaus
of the big machine companies have tried to teach,
that the fundamentals of farming are deeper plow-
ing, better cultivation, more animal fertilizer, and
better seed selection. It was claimed by those who
had experimented for years that in breaking up the
sod it is more profitable to turn it under from 10 to
12 inches than from 4 to 8, which is the popular
depth. By actual experiment between two acres in
the same field, land treated by deep tillage yielded
$100 more in produce in 10 years than a similar
acre plowed only 6 inches. In another case in

J. W. Lough & Mark Co.'s Irrigation Farm, Scott County, Kansas. Irrigated from Underflow by Layne & Bowler Pumps. Some of this
Land Sown to Alfalfa Shows a Clear Profit of $80.78 per Acre. This Land was Valued at $25.00 per Acre before It was Irrigated.

not only from states and counties, but from indi-
vidual farmers. Many thousand dollars, much farm
machinery, and several cups were awarded as prizes
to the various exhibitors. But these awards and
prizes were merely symbols — badges of recognition.
The real winners, as shown by the Congress, were
the two nations, Canada and the United States —
winners in that the food problem was being solved
within their borders, and winners in the possession
of a rural population with the spirit to brave un-
friendly natural conditions and the brains to con-
quer them.

The American farmer, since first he stretched
his hand out to McCormick for his reaper, has stood
apart from other nations because of his progressive-
ness. He has stood apart, also, because of his in-
gratitude to the soil upon which he depended. Land
which in England or France has been yielding boun-
tifully for a thousand years would have been hope-
lessly depleted in a generation by the average
methods followed in this country.

The Dry Farming Congress, from the speeches
of the illustrious agriculturists who were there, to

bringing out the value of humus as a factor in in-
creasing the water holding power of soils, it was
found that in 100 pounds of ordinary sandy soil
there was 19 pounds of water, while on the other
hand, the same amount of garden soil, well filled
with humus, contained 53 pounds of water, or nearly
three times as much. By deep plowing before the
rains, followed by good cultivation to save the
stored water, the amount of water available for
plants can be increased nearly fifty per cent. With
such an increase there should never, even in the
driest sections, be such a scarcity of water as to
cause a loss of the crop. The best insurance against
drouth next summer is deep plowing this winter
and early spring. Turn the land, if possible, to a
depth of at least eight inches, and then follow this
plowing with some implement in each furrow that
will stir the soil at least another four or six inches.
With such preparation before the rains come, such
soil should and will absorb enough water to insure
a crop next summer.

Another significant event which characterized
the Tulsa Congress was the assembling of the third

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

49

annual meeting of the International Congress of
Farm Women. It was one of the strongest and best
organized women's gatherings the country has ever
seen. It was in session five days and many women
of national note were present and addressed the
delegates on matters of especial interest to the
housewives on the farm. The keynote of this
event was contained in an address by Mrs. Belle
v'D Harbert, Manzanola, Colorado, who presented
the life's duties of the home-building mother in a
brilliant speech characterized by one of her auditors
as "almost pathetic in its challenge and almost
challenging in its pathos." She said :

"The International Congress of Farm Women
organized at Colorado Springs in October, 1911, is
a woman's movement toward the goal of social
justice.

"The world has absolutely failed to appreciate
the economic value of the farmer's wife, and she
has now stepped upon the stage of social progress
and offered to help in the solution of the world's
great problems. Her experience as the keeper of
the rural home from which so many great men
of all nations have come, her knowledge of the bur-
dens and care which have driven so many thou-
sands of her sisters from the farm to take refuge
in the cities, and her unselfish desire to be of real
service to humanity, have prompted this organiza-
tion. Results most important to the future of all
nations are sure to follow.

"It is the beginning of a new era in country life.
There is no doubt as to the responsibility for the
wholesale movement toward the city during the
past decade. Women become tired of the drudgery
caused by lack of convenience in the rural homes,
but which are furnished in the cities. In the city
she has water in the house, fuel for cooking, lights,
and often heat. The sewerage problem is solved
and there are a thousand other conveniences which
she could not have under present existing circum-
stances in the rural communities. She becomes
tired of the monotony and isolation she has to
endure and naturally turns to the city as a means
of relief.

"Farm women have hitherto labored and died
as individuals. They have never been recognized as
a class or factor in the world's work. Other great
industries have always had ample consideration at
the hands of the government, the state and by the
student of social problems ; so have the wage
earners, but she who has given to the world it's
recruits of brain and brawn has had no fitting rec-
ognition.

"Much has been said of late about the popu-
larity of the 'Back to the Farm' movement on ac-
count of modern methods of soil tillage, up-to-date
machinery and a better knowledge of farm manage-
ment; but practically nothing has been said in re-
gard to power for household use. best methods of
securing a plentiful water supply for the house,
the most sanitary methods of disposing of sewerage,
and up-to-date methods of furnishing light and heat
for the farm home.

"These household problems must be solved be-
fore the 'Back to the Farm' movement will ever be
popular.

TO DETERMINE THE WATER REQUIRED
BY VARIOUS STANDARD CROPS.

Practical Results of Cooperative Experiments in
Irrigation at California University.

The office of experiment stations has been co-
operating with the department of engineering of
the State of California and the University of Cali-
fornia for several years in irrigation investigations
to determine the water required by various stand-
ard crops. Some of the practical results of this
work are published in bulletin No. 10 of the United
States Department of Agriculture, which shows at
what stage of growth alfalfa should be irrigated,
when irrigation of barley should pay, how Indian
and Egyptian corn responded to irrigation, and the
effect of irrigation on grain (wheat and oats) in
rotation with alfalfa. The experiments were made
at Davis in the Sacramento Valley, where the nor-
mal annual rainfall is about 16.5 inches, occurring
mainly from December to March.

The results of the experiments with alfalfa
point to the following facts :

(1) In the open, well-drained soil, typical
of that found in the floor of the Sacramento
Valley, the general tendency is toward an in-
crease in yield of alfalfa with the increased
amounts of water applied up to at least 48
inches.

(2) There is a limit beyond which the in-
crease in yield will not pay for increased cost
of applying the .water, and for such conditions
as are found on the University farm this limit
is in the neighborhood of 30 inches applied as
a total for the season.

In applying these conclusions to other
localities, it is well to remember that local con-
ditions are always the controlling factors. The
character and condition of the soil, the climate,
the rainfall, the length of the growing season,
and the age of the alfalfa, all have their effect
upon the yield, and each general locality will
show different results and a different economic
duty of water.

In the experiments with the small grains there
was not one instance where the increase due to irri-
gation did not more than pay for the cost of the
water that produced it, the yield increasing with the
increased amounts of water applied. With sugar
beets "in general the sugar percentage decreased
with the increased amounts of water added, although
in every case this decrease was overbalanced by the
increase in yield." The results obtained, however,
must not be interpreted as justifying an indefinite
increase in the use of water in the case of small
grains and sugar beets.

Regarding corn, one of the main conclusions
reached was that the time of applying water is of
as great importance as the quantity of water ap-
plied. These factors will always vary with the
season, and the intelligence of the irrigator along
these lines has much to do with his profit or loss,
which is also true regarding the other crops experi-
mented with.

50

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY EXPAND

A deal was consummated recently by which the
Layne & Bowler Company of Houston, Texas, ac-
quired possession of the property of the Allen Engi-
neering Company.

The Layne & Bowler Company is recognized
in the irrigation world as among the leaders in the

Herding Turkeys on J. W. Lough's Farm, Scott County, Kansas.

manufacture of irrigation pumps for deep and shal-
low wells and as irrigation well contractors. They
operate large shops at Houston, Texas; Los An-
geles, California; and Stuttgart, Arkansas, besides
operating branch offices at Welsh, Louisiana, and
Jackson, Mississippi. With the acquisition of the
property of the Allen Engineering Company, they
will be in better position to take care of the irriga-
tion needs of Kansas, Colorado, and Northern
Texas, where there is a very rapid development of
irrigation work. The officials of the company have
had their eyes on Memphis for some time, as a log-
ical point for establishing a factory and, after a
careful study of the transportation facilities and
central location as compared with that of several
other cities, they decided in favor of Memphis.

J. W. Lough's Fourth Crop of Alfalfa. Total Yield for 1913, Seven
Tons per Acre. Scott County, Kansas.

The Houston factory will now devote their
energies to supplying the export trade and local
demands from the Gulf Coast fields. Besides the
manufacture of water screen and pumps, the com-
pany is a large manufacturer of oil well strainers.

The property of the Allen Engineering Com-

pany consists of ten acres of ground located on the
Memphis Belt Railroad, on which are located large
foundry, machine shops, pattern shop, and ware-
house. This is practically a new shop of the latest
design, well equipped with late models, and direct
motor-driven machines. It is valued at $125,000.00
and will prove a valuable acquisition for this rapidly
growing company. It is the intention of the com-
pany to erect modern dwelling houses for their ma-
chine men on the vacant acreage.

ALFALFA BIG EARNER

The past dry season, cheaper fuel oil and the
discovery that an inexhaustible supply of water
may be had throughout western Kansas from the
underflow has stimulated great interest in irriga-
tion in that section. Results for the past season
show wonderful profits. The greatest progress is
being made along the Arkansas Valley and in the
shallow water districts in Scott and Meade counties.

An extensive irrigation pumping plant has been
in operation for a year on the Laugh-Marks ranch
in Scott county. On land which was not worth
over $25.00 an acre before the installation of the

Irrigation Well on Lough Ranch, Scott County, Kansas.

pumping plant a crop of alfalfa has been harvested
this year that shows a net earning per acre of
$80.78, on a gross earning $105.00 or over four times
the value of the land before the pumping plant was
put in.

On this ranch is a pump operated by fuel oil
installed by the Layne & Bowler Company. Stutt-
gart, Arkansas, and Memphis, Tennessee, which lifts
1,600 gallons of water per minute. A recent test
run was made, the pump flooding 4]/2 acres of alfalfa
in 3j4 hours. The pumping cost was $305 for this
run, including 40 gallons of fuel oil at 4l/2 cents per
gallon, one pint of lubricating oil, 20 cents per hour
for engine man and 15 cents per hour for water
distribution.

Another ranch man claims that he realized
$95.00 net an acre under the same system.

The accompanying half tones will give a fairly
good idea of the crops and country.

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION ACE and bound copy of THE PRIMER or IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of The Primer of Hy-
draulics add $2.50 to above price.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

51

GOVERNOR HAINES SERVES NOTICE ON
RECEIVER OF BIG LOST-RIVER PROJECT

The following is a letter addressed by Governor
Haines of Idaho to J. E. Clinton, receiver of the
Big Lost River Irrigation Company. This letter
was written after Governor Haines and the State
Land Board had visited the project when they inter-
viewed a large number of the settlers and entry-
men. Governor Haines is showing a disposition
to go thoroughly into this matter and we look for
good results from his recent visit to the project.

November 5, 1913.
J. E. Clinton, Receiver, Big Lost River Irrigation

Company, Boise, Idaho.
Dear Sir: —

The members of the state land board have here-
tofore believed that they should await the decision
of the circuit court of appeals in the case of the
Corey Brothers Construction company vs. the Big
Lost River Irrigation Company before taking any
steps which would serve to indicate the attitude of
the state in the settlement of this most important
question. The time consumed in the settlement of
the legal questions involved has been much greater
than was anticipated, however, and it must now be
apparent to all that further delay should not be
looked upon with favor from any source.

The members of the present land board accord-
ingly hope that the expected decision will be
accepted as final by all concerned and we say this
prior to the decision so that it may apply alike to
both parties to the controversy.

We realize that because of the legal difficulties
which have heretofore stood in the way it has doubt-
less been impossible for you or anyone else to effect
a reorganization of the company and to proceed
with the work of supplying water to the settlers on
the project. This delay has resulted in great suffer-
ing and hardship to many of the entrymen, partic-
ularly those who have moved to the project and
begun the improvement of their entries, and must
not be allowed to continue a moment longer than
absolutely necessary.

We have been given to understand by the
attorneys for the several litigants that there is no
likelihood of an appeal from the decision of the
court of appeals. We propose, however, to fore-
stall further appeal if within our power to do so,
because such appeal can only result in delay in
the reorganization of the company and still further
delay in the doing of justice to the entrymen under
the project. Our reasons for this conclusion must
be sufficiently obvious to all who have given any
thought to this matter and we desire you, as re-
ceiver of the company, to notify the different liti-
gants that they cannot expect further inaction on
the part of the state land board. Should further
appeal be attempted we shall be compelled to at
once bring action to cancel the contract existing be-
tween the company and the state.

On the other hand the land board will lend
any reasonable and proper aid in the matter of the
reorganization which should be proceeded with at
once. Those who may have charge of the new

company must be made to realize the sufferings and
hardships of the settlers and must so shape their
plans as to fully protect them in the future. The
moral obligation resting on the state in this matter,
enjoins the members of the land board to insist
upon : First, early reorganization of the company
and actively looking to the resuscitation of the
project, and, second, such reorganization as will
provide primarily for the welfare of the settlers,
upon whose success depends ultimately not only the
physical and financial success of this project but
of all other Carey act projects within the state.
Yours respectfully,

JOHN M. HAINES,

Governor.

SUBSOILING WITH DYNAMITE.

By J. M. Smith.

Although devoid of humus, practically all sub-
soils are rich in mineral plant foods necessary to
promote the growth of vegetation. Many varieties
of subsoils are so physically constituted that plants
are unable to send their roots down into them to
gather the mineral elements required for their
growth. This is due to what is known as tight soil
conditions, as hardpan beneath the top soil.

The advantage gained by subsoiling with dyna-
mite is that the subsoil is not only fully broken up.
thus releasing and making available for plant food
the sustaining mineral elements contained in it, but
this subsoil is not thrown on top of the ground with
the exception of probably a shovelful from each
hole that is tossed out by the blast. As subsoiling
holes are spaced about fifteen feet apart, it is readily
seen that the mixing of this very small quantity
of subsoil will in no way injure the top soil.

By doing the subsoiling with dynamite at any
time between harvest and the advent of hard
freezes, the soil thus mellowed and made porous
is put into prime condition for the storage of water,
and in the spring is in the best possible condition
for planting, because of the additional moisture
stored in the soil from the fall rains and the thaw-
ing snows of winter and spring. Water thus con-
served is where it is needed instead of on the sur-
face, where it will speedily run off or evaporate, and
in the spring the crops are likely to have the benefit
of sufficient moisture to carry them through even an
extraordinary dry growing season.

There is no question but that dynamite has
solved the farmer's problem of how to plow deeply
and get all the benefits therefrom, while at the same
time escaping the deleterious effects arising from
the use of the deep tilling machine which so con-
spicuously blended the subsoil with the topsoil and
often proved ruinous to the field for years.

There is no necessity for a single crop failure
where suitable cultivation is practiced on land that
has been properly subsoiled with dynamite.

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION AGE and bound copy of THE PRIMER OF IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of The Primer of Hy-
draulics, add $2.50 to above price.

52

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

CONCRETE GARBAGE BURNERS.

An Effective and Durable Device for the Destruc-
tion of Trash and Debris.

The best way to get rid of garbage and all com
bustible trash is to burn it, and the most satisfac
tory way to burn it is to construct a con-
crete stove or trash burner of the type
shown in the accompanying illustrations.

Concrete stoves of this character may
be placed at any convenient location and
if it is found necessary to build them in
some conspicuous spot, they may be deco-
rated with some simple design if con-
structed in the urn-like form shown in
Fig. 1.

These concrete stoves may be used
with open top and kettle for heating or
cooking food for poultry and live stock
as well as for burning garbage and other
trash. They are most convenient to have
about the home or on the farm.

To build a garbage burner of the
type shown in Fig. 1, dig out the dirt to
the depth of six inches. For forms
choose two barrels, one of which will set
within the other with a clearance on all
sides of six inches. Adjust the height by
cutting off their butts. Make an opening
through which a metal ash box can be in-
serted or over which an iron door can be
hung. Fill the foundation hole and the
forms with 1 :2 :4 concrete. Remove the
outside form after two weeks. The fire
will later take care of the inner form.
After three weeks the burner may be
used. Briefly described, this furnace is
a cone-shaped structure 5 feet in diame-
ter, 4 feet high, with 8-inch walls and 24-
inch screened openings. The fire-box or
ash-box is 12 by 14 inches.

Another type of burner is shown in
Fig. 2. This furnace, in a word, consists
of an old grate, a second-hand iron door
and a length of terra cotta drain pipe for
a chimney or pipe. It is cheap and will
last forever, s in the case of the first
burner described, it may be constructed
with a flat top and opening therein for a
large coking kettle. With the front door
and grate at a higher level it would make
an excellent outdoor grill for a permanent
camp or country estate.

To the man of mechanical turn, work-
ing in concrete is play. Given a quantity
of Portland cement, he merely adds
thereto twice as much sand and four or
five times as much crushed stone or
gravel. When the mass is thoroughly
mixed and wet to the consistency of mor-
tar, or to the degree that it can be poured
into a mold, he has a plastic material
which becomes as hard as iron when it
has thoroughly set and seasoned. As a
humorist expressed it, "the tooth of time
goes to the dentist when it tackles con-
crete," the latter being the name of the
above mixture.

To make anything of concrete, molds of wood,
plaster or iron are used, the wet mixture being
poured or tamped into the forms or molds.

As stated, this convenient device, with its
water-shedding nature, is indestructible. Rain and
frost do not affect it, and it will never rust, disinte-
grate or decay. It is so simple that any person of
mechanical bent should be able to build one.

Figure 1.

Figure 8.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

53

Reclamation Notes

ARIZONA.

The appointment of a survey board to outline the
area of the Salt river reclamation project has been an-
nounced. A representative each from the United States
reclamation service, Washington and the United States
reclamation service at Phoenix and one from the Water
Users' association, comprise the survey board. The work
will begin at once.

There has been quite a little complaint this fall about
road-flooding, and if there is any one evil in connection
with irrigation that justifies almost any means of pre-
vention, it is that one. The loss of water in this way is
deplorable, while the damage to roads and to ditches is
no small matter. All of us know that no farmer would
intentionally waste water, let his ditches break, or flood
a road. However, the frequent occurrence of flooding in
certain districts indicates a most careless neglect and a
failure to realize what a loss this entails, not only on the
farms directly affected, but on the community generally.
The cost of proper upkeep of dirt ditches is, of
course, quite an item, but is practically nothing compared
with the benefits therefrom. The clean ditch, with banks
in good condition, tends to greater velocity in the flow of
water, helps to do away with the weed nuisance, and is
not continually breaking out with a big loss of water and
the resulting damage to roads and crops. Of course, the
cement ditch will largely do away with this, but all
ranchers, of course, cannot afford to install them now.
All the more reason, then, for their giving greater care and
attention to the upkeep of their dirt ditches.— Arizona
Republican.

The Chandler- Walker syndicate who for the last two
months have been seeking to obtain signatures of land
owners in that section southeast of Chandler across the
Consolidated canal on which they purposed to install an
up-to-date system of pumping plants whereby they would
reclaim about ten thousand acres of fine land have about
obtained the required amount of land, work will begin in
a short time. Only such lands as are signed up when the
allotment of water is made will enjoy the benefits of the
system to be installed as it would be impossible to allot
water to the other lands that come in later as the amount
developed will be one second foot per quarter section.
It is the intention of the promoters to install a plant and
then test the water supply and allot it as far as it will
go and then put in another plant and so on. The average
lift of water in the project is about 45 feet and it is not
expected that the expense of pumping will be very much
higher than the charges under the gravity system.

CALIFORNIA.

At the annual meeting of the Monte Vista Irrigation
Company, held at the offices of Emit Firth, in Los Ange-
les recently, the land owners took over from Mr. Firth
the water company interests, consisting of four high power
pumping plants, ten miles of pipe line, supplies, and other
property. The company, it is stated, has no bonded in-
debtedness and has money in its treasury. This is the
final step in the organization on a working basis by Mr.
Firth of another of several large co-operative water com-
panies.

The following officers were elected: Frank Banks,
president; C. A. Marks, vice-president and Perry R. Skeen,
secretar3' and treasurer.

Plans for the formation of an extensive irrigation
district in parts of Calaveras and San Joaquin counties
in order to secure unity of action for the proposed im-
pounding of the waters of the Calaveras river above Jenny
Lind were threshed out at a meeting of those interested
in the proposition at the Chamber of Commerce.

A motion providing for necessary steps toward the
organization of a district was made by Mayor Reibenstein
of Stockton, but it was decided that no vote be taken

until the next meeting in order that all phases of the
matter might be thoroughly investigated. Congressman
C. F. Curry, who is here familiarizing himself with the
needs of his constituents, told what has been done and
what is being done in the national capital in regard to
the plan, and also gave his opinion on the best way to
proceed.

Officers of the La Mesa, Lemon Grove and Spring
Valley irrigation district were formally declared elected
by the county supervisors at San Diego recently after
a canvass of the votes had shown the formation of the
irrigation district by a vote of 397 for the proposition to
o against it.

The directors who were declared duly elected are
Charles Samson, S. C. Grable, J. H. Halley, J. A. Thomp-
son, J. H. Barry, Tax Collector T. P. Jenkins, Assessor
R. A. Smith and Treasurer L. Sperbeck.

It is the declared purpose of the district to secure a
water supply for the district from the San Diego river
valley. But one other irrigation district has ever been
formed in the county in the twenty years the law provid-
ing for such districts has been on the statute books. The
first district was the San Ysidro.

Burton Smith recently tendered his resignation as
engineer of the Turlock irrigation district, requesting the
board of directors to take action on it before January 1,
]914. Smith states that his resignation is due to impaired
health and also to the fact that most of the engineering
in connection with construction and improvement of the
Turlock irrigation district has been done.

Because not furnished with water for irrigation, P. H.
Shirley of Fresno, who owns three farm lots in the Syca-
mgre Ranch tract, has brought suit against the Fresna
Canal and Irrigation Company, claiming damages for loss-
of this season's labor and outlay.

The ranch tract is held under a water right of the
canal company with the Occidental Land and Improve-
ment company to furnish water.

Relying upon the promise to be furnished water,
Shirley says he planted vines and figs, and prepared and
checked twenty acres for alfalfa, but that no water was
provided, despite repeated demands. The vines and trees
died and he could not sow alfalfa.

All his labor, he says, went for naught, and before
he can again sow he will again have to cultivate, plow,
harrow and check. He figures his total loss and cost at
$402.

COLORADO.

An aftermath of the crash of the George H. Paul
Orchard company, an extensive horticultural undertak-
ing near Pueblo, was recorded in the district court at
Pueblo recently when suit was filed by the Arkansas Val-
ley Construction company for $4,112.65 which it claims is
due on a construction contract by the orchard company.

Incidentally, the suit brings up an involved question.
It asks for judgment in the form of a lien on the Teller
reservoir which the plaintiff claims was in possession of
the orchard company when the contract was signed and
completed. The contract was to construct concrete con-
duits and laterals from the reservoir through the orchard
company's property and to repair old laterals.

J. C. Ulrich, the engineer who was engaged by the
committee to inspect the proposed reservoir site on the
Conejos river has returned from a trip to the site. He
went carefully over the ground and formed conclusions
from comparisons of the site with that of the Farmers'
Union reservoir on the Rio Grande which enterprise he
engineered. He made no tests to determine the charac-
ter of the formation and consequently was not prepared
to make a definite report but from surface observations
he pronounced the proposition substantially the same as
the Farmers' Union reservoir site, with the exception that
it is much larger. From what he could see he believes
the site feasible and if the capacity of the reservoir should
prove to be what certain previous estimates have placed
it at he regards it as one of the comparatively least ex-
pensive storage propositions in the west. A former sur-
vey by other parties estimates that a dam 135 feet high

54

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

will impound 100,000 acre-feet of water and that the length
of the dam would be 1,200 feet at the top. Providing
these figures are correct, Mr. Ulrich is of the opinion that
the structure would cost from $750,000 to $1,000,000 or
from $7.50 to $10 per acre foot of water, impounded.

Test wells are being sunk by the Otero Canal com-
pany near Fowler, Colorado, and if the experiments prove
successful a number of irrigation wells will be developed
along the canal to supply the ditch with water when the
river is low.

"We are making preliminary experiments at this time,
hoping to develop wells of sufficient capacity to use five
second feet of water," said J. D. Craighead of that com-
pany. "If this can be done we will develop as many as
fifteen wells at points along the ditch and turn the water
into the Otero canal for use on the several thousand
acres under the ditch. The first test well was sunk at a
point near the west gate just east of Fowler, and we
were unfortunate when we struck shale at a depth of
thirteen feet, a few days ago. We will probe the nearby
ground for a more favorable location and sink another
well immediately. We are hoping to have better luck
next time."

Before the Colorado road builders' convention at
Pueblo recently Prof. E. B. House, head of the irrigation
engineering department of the State Agricultural college,
amused the audience in prefacing his address with a touch
of humor on the advantages of the engineer who is famil-
iar with the irrigation terms, for instance the words,
"dam" and "damsite," thereby enabling him to give vent
to his perturbed feelings at times without violating any
of the rules of eitquette.

He stated that an occasion of this sort came to him
personally recently in corresponding with a very original
sister-in-law. Mrs. House had not been maintaining her
end of the correspondence with her sister, so the sister
remitted a brief and businesslike lettter in the form of so
many question, like this: Please answer the following
questions in the enclosed stamped envelope. Are the chil-
dren sick? If so what with? Are you sick? If so, what
with?" etc.

Professor House was delegated the honor of making
reply, and he did so in an equally technical manner. The
sister-in-law returned the questions and answers, the only
comment being at the bottom of the page, a conspicuous
"Dam" then a parenthetical explanation: "An obstruction
to bank up a stream."

The professor in reply informed the sister-in-law that
she was mistaken and that bank wasn't an obstruction
in a stream "by a dam site," but however, her "dam let-
ter" had been received and contents noted.

"I may not be fully apprised as to the dam informa-
ttion you impart," came back the reply, "but I will admit
that your abbreviated letter is a dam site better than
none."

IDAHO.

Hazel Sauve of Iron River, Wis., an entrywoman on
the Lost River irrigation project, has begun a suit against
the Title Guaranty and Surety Company of Scranton, Pa.,
for $23,160 damages due to the irrigation company's fail-
ure to supply water. The Scranton company is the surety
for the irrigation company in a bond for $175,000 and it
is for that reason that the suit is against the surety, as the
irrigation company is insolvent.

If Mrs. Sauve wins her suit there will be many others
against the same company. Indeed other suits are pre-
paring.

The state will probably have to intervene in these
suits because it is morally and equitably if not legally
bound to protect the entrymen who were deceived by the
irrigation company to their heavy loss.

KANSAS.

Winston G. Churchill, who has invented an irrigation
pump that will lift water to any desired height, at a min-
imum cost of operation, will give a demonstration at
Modoc, Kan., which will be witnessed by a large number
of people. His pump will lift 800 gallons of water per
minute from a depth of 128 feet, using an 18-horse power
engine. Mr. Churchill is one of the leaders in western
Kansas for developing a pump for irrigation and will give

a talk on pump irrigation, showing how the farmers of
western Kansas can irrigate at a normal cost. He claims
that a system similar to that used by him is the only
thing that will remedy the situation in the western part
of Kansas. The cost of placing the Churchill pump is
from $12 to $25 per acre for 160 acres, depending upon
the depth necessary to go for a sufficient supply of water.
Upon a basis of 160 acres the cost of a ditch and for its
maintenance is from $80 to $160 per year. Figuring a lift
of 35 feet with an 8-inch pump, a flow of 1,000 gallons per
minute can be readily obtained.

At the forum last week there was demonstrated in
Wichita a most unique system of irrigation. It is a seep-
age system and the inventor, Mr. Jas. A. Wilson of Ar-
kansas City, says that it is just as near perfect as possible.
The system consists of tile pipe laid underground, just deep
enough to clear the plow, and the water seeps through the
pipes. By peculiar construction of air chambers this sys-
tem keeps the air underground, allowing the ground to
remain sweet. The inventor claims that this system will
irrigate ten times as much ground as other systems, with
the same amount of water.

A great many people gave the system their hearty
approval after investigating it and Mr. Mueller, the Wich-
ita greenhouse man, is going to put the system in and
give it a thorough tryout. Mr. Page House, just north of
Wichita, now has the system in use and speaks very highly
of it. It is probable that Mr. Wilson has figured out the
principle that we have all been working for. If he has he
deserves the support of all.

A local company has been formed at Plains, in Meade
county, Kansas, to engage in sub-irrigation, as a demon-
stration. Fifteen acres have been leased adjoining the
town of Plains for the purpose.

At Leoti the State Board of Irrigation accepted the
irrigation plant from the contractors who have just in-
stalled it. The reservoir is 150x50 feet. It is filled by six
windmills pumping from separate wells. If necessary
more wells will be added.

The mills are twelve feet in diameter with a direct
stroke and are of the latest pattern. This is the first plant
to be installed under the irrigation act of the last legisla-
ture.

Work is starting this week at Dighton. This will be
followed by the plants at Tribune and Sharon Springs.
The ground will be irrigated this winter and sown to
crops and trees in the spring. In Wichita county the set-
tlers are taking considerable interest in windmill irrigation
and a number of them are already installing private plants.

T. J. Crist, a Hamilton county, Kansas, farmer, is now
harvesting a good crop as the result of one of the most
unique and cheapest irrigating experiments used this year.
Mr. Crist had a large field on a side hill, with a large pas-
ture on the hill above it. He did his irrigating by con-
serving the storm water that fell on the side hill. He
plowed furrows diagonally across the pasture land, hav-
ing them terminate at a point at the upper entrance to the
cultivated field. A deeper furrow through the middle of
the field carried the water that was gathered by the
ditches in the prairie land, and this water fed into the
furrows on either side, which contained milo maize.
There were few rains this summer, but one good one in
the spring soaked up the entire field and gave Mr. Crist
the most profitable milo crop in his county.

Five farmers near Great Bend, Kansas, are entering
into a co-operative scheme whereby they will be able to
irrigate some 750 acres of their farms in dry times. They
propose to get water for this purpose by damming \\ est
Walnut creek, which flows through their land. Frank P.
Wood, who is fathering the project, expects to irrigate
300 acres; W. S. Hill. 125 acres: Sam Dorfshaffer, 100
acres; John Wood. 150 acres, and E. B. Kellam. 100 acres.
W. S. Gearhart. state engineer at the agricultural col-
lege, is preparing the plans for the dam.

Engineer M. K. Ellison of California irrigation dis-
tricts, will survey the Lombard ranch near Syracuse,
Kans.. for irrigation purposes. He will install three sta-
tions equipped with a 30-horsepower gas engine and

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

55

pumps capable of watering 160 acres each. Capacity of
each pump, 2,500 gallons per minute. Mr. Lombard and
Mr. Ellison went to Kansas City this week to purchase
the machinery. This ranch lies south of the river across
from Kendall.

Wichita, Arkansas City, Hutchinson. Muskogee, Tulsa
and other towns of the lower Arkansas Valley have
gained in the formation of an Arkansas Valley irrigation
association. Delegates from each of these cities met in
Arkansas City recently to organize.

Wichita was represented by the following men who
have either tried irrigation by the pump system or have
made a study of the question: Schuyler Jones, C. S. Drake,
Harry W. Stanley, T. H. Nimon and R. H. Faxon.

The establishment of several irrigation plants in the
lower Arkansas Valley during the last two or three years
has opened new possibilities to farmers who own lands
within the underflow district of the valley. It is believed
by those who have already put in pumping plants that
thousands of them will be established within the next few
years. The meeting at Arkansas City was for the purpose
of stimulating work in the direction of irrigation and
intensive farming.

MONTANA.

The reclamation service is asking for proposals for
the construction work on the Pishkun reservoir supply
canal and Sun river slope canal on the Sun river irriga-
tion project. The work to be done is on the north side
of the Sun river from 25 to 75 miles west of Great Falls.

The Sun River valley in Montana is now entering
upon an era of electrical development which is to hasten
the occupation of one of the government's huge irrigation
projects.

Seventy miles of transmission line have been built,
extending from the Rainbow falls hydro-electric plant of
the Great Falls Power Company on the Missouri river
westerly through the entire length of the valley to the
base of the mountains where the principal diversion dam
is now under construction across Sun River. The elec-
trical energy, transmitted at a voltage of 110,000, is
stepped down at three transformer stations, from which
it will be distributed to the principal features of the work.
It is now being used at the Sun river diversion dam oper-
ating pumps and air compressors, concrete mixers, der-
ricks, and in lighting the construction camp and the site
of the work. The government is constructing a distribu-
tion transmission line along the Pishkun reservoir and the
Sun river slope canals, a distance of 4 miles.

Philip Mockel, who ranks as one of the largest indi-
vidual farmers in Broadwater county, was over from his
Warm Spring creek ranch the first of the week. Mr.
Mockel. who is farming upwards of 1,200 acres of grain,
both irrigated and dry land, has several hundred acres of
alfalfa and feeds hundreds of head of stock, both cattle
and hogs. He has a large ranch home with all modern
conveniences, including a gas lighting system, water sys-
tem and plumbing. Although himself and family live 12
miles from a railroad, Mr. Mockel believes in living. —
Townsend (Mont.) Star.

Missoula county has decided to quit building plank
bridges over irrigation ditches where they cross the pub-
lic highways. Steel bridges will be used from now on, with
concrete abutments. These structures are sairl to be
practically indestructible, while the county has had to
replace the wooden bridges every few years.

Supervising Engineer Savage has recently completed
a tour of the reclamation work in progress in northern
Montana and repo-ts excellent conditions. The work will
be continued this season as long as the frost will permit.

If the Sun river irrigation project is carried out in
its entirety there will be P.0.000 country people within a
radius of .">0 miles of Great Falls in twelve yea-s.

direct all \vork of the reclamation service. If Mr. O'Don-
nell accepts he will be made irrigation manager.

NEW MEXICO.

The Hope Community Irrigation Company filed a
dissolution notice with the State Corporation Commission.
This company organized about two years ago, but never
commenced business.

Agua Xegra grant, in Guadalupe county, recently
changed hands at a price said to be in the neighborhood
of $50,000, J. O. Janes of Janes. Tex., being the purchaser,
who will stock it with graded cattle and may place a por-
tion under irrigation.

Secretary of the Interior Lane is enthusiastic for the
development of the western states and says that ten mil-
lion dollars a year can be used to advantage in irrigation
and drainage projects during the next ten years.

It is fortunate for the country that we have a man
like Mr. Lane, who understands the West and the needs of
the whole country, at the head of the department which
must deal with the public land problems. It is equally
fortunate for the country that Mr. Lane has for his first
assistant Hon. A. A. Jones, of New Mexico, who has put
in most of his life studying the very questions with which
the department must deal.

Properly handled, Secretary Lane is of opinion that
enough land, now vacant in the western states, can be
reclaimed to supply the grain and meat demands of the
country.

OREGON.

Regarding a Washington dispatch in The Orcgonian
that Secretary of the Interior Lane favored state and fed-
eral co-operation in Carey irrigation projects, Governor
West sent the Secretary the following telegram:

"Dispatch reports your favoring state and federal co-
operation completion Carey act projects. Wish to con-
gratulate you upon your stand. Oregon so anxious to com-
plete these projects has declared willingness to go it alone
till federal aid arrives. Our efforts meeting with success.
Our showing will go far to support your contention."

It is probable that the Governor will communicate
further with the Secretary of the Interior in regard to
the proposition of state and federal co-operation.

During the past quarter 150 permits for the appropri-
ation of water have been issued by the state engineer, of
which number eleven are for the construction of reser-
voirs. According to these permits it is proposed to irri-
gate 18,690 acres, develop 21,716 horsepower, as well as
for municipal and domestic purposes.

The construction of the works described in these per-
mits would cost approximately $2,300,000, of which amount
$550,000 is estimated the cost of constructing reservoirs.

Settlers on the Tumalo irrigation project in Crook
county will be relieved of water payments to the amount

T. D. O'Donnell of Billings has been asked by Secre-
tnrv of the Interior Lane to accept a membership on the
reclamation commission of five, which will supervise and

FOR SALE

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for stock ranch. This property
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Address DANIEL GELDER,

Care Irrigation Age

56

THE IERIGATION AGE.

of $18,805 if they sign their land under the new state
project within 30 days, because of the action taken by
the desert land board at a melting recently. This action
was taken at the request of Vernon A. Forbes of Bend,
who appeared before the board as a representative of the
settlers, and upon the approval of Project Engineer O.
Lauergaard. It will be a readjustment of the liens and
will result in the $18,805 being taken from the liens on
the lands of old settlers and adding the amount to the
unreclaimed land.

reclaiming the land from date of entry. Later an act gave
three additional years under certain conditions, and the
latest act adds three more, or ten in all, in Franklin and
Grant counties, where satisfactory showing is made.

The federal government has set aside $15,000 to be
used with an equal sum appropriated by the 1913 Oregon
legislature for a survey and study of Five Mile Rapids
near The Dalles. The feasibility of developing a power
project on this spot will be investigated thoroughly. The
State Engineer has received word of the action of the
federal government in a lettter from Secretary of the
Interior Lane.

Two army engineers and two from the reclamation
service will act as United States representatives on the
investigation commission. The Oregon members were
named some time ago. They have organized and held
a meeting in which the general features of the work were
gone over.

Telegraphic instructions were received recently by
Register McDonald, of the United States Land Office,
that a special act of Congress is in effect for relief of
desert land entrymen in Franklin and Grant counties.
The act provides for further extensions of time in all cases
where entrymen have been unable on account of "un-
avoidable delay in the construction and operation of irri-
gation works intended to convey water to the land" to
reclaim the land within the time allowed by existing stat-
utes. The act adds three years of life to practically every
unperfected entry.

Private projects near Pasco also are benefited, as
they are allowed additional time to fulfill agreements with
entrymen to get water on the land.

The original desert entry act allowed four years for

An unusual freak in the way of an apple was brought
into Hood River recently by F. C. Sexton of the Odell
district. One half of the apple was a perfect Spitzenberg
and the other half was a perfect Ortley in both color and
flavor. One half was red and the other half was a golden
yellow. The apple was grown on a Spitzenberg tree that
stood beside an Ortley. The peculiar result is traced to
the pollenization from the Ortley.

UTAH.

State Fish and Game Commissioner Fred W. Cham-
bers of Utah has ordered the prosecution of the North
Ogden Irrigation Company for its alleged failure to give
five days' notice before letting the water out of its canal.
It is said that thousands of trout in the stream were killed
when the drawing out of the water left them lying on the
banks and in the bed of the canal.

Articles of incorporation for the New Era Irrigation
Company, composed of farmers residing in trie northwest
section of Weber county, were filed with County Clerk
S. G. Dye at Ogden. The new company is incorporated
for a period of 100 years, with a capitalization not to ex-
ceed $10,000. The first officers are Lyman Skeen, presi-
dent; James M. Wade, vice-president; W. J. Coy, secre-
tary, and Joseph Skeen, treasurer.

The incorporators, together with their place of resi-
dence and number of $10 shares of stock held by each, are
as follows: Stephen Knight, Plain City, 5; James M.
Wade, Warren, 25; W. J. Coy, Plain City, 10; Lyman
Skeen, Plain City, 250; M. W. Wade, Warren, 10; Charles
Skeen, Plain City, 25; Joseph Skeen, Warren, 100; D. A.
Skeen, Salt Lake, 50.

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The Crocodile Wrench is drop forged from the finest tool steel and scien-
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long and weighs ten ounces.

A pipe wrench, a nut wrench, a screw driver and three dies for cleaning up
and re- threading rusted and battered threads; also for cutting new threads on
blank bolts. Dies will fit all bolts used on standard farm machinery.

Teeth and dies are case-hardened in bone-black, making them hard and keen.

The dies on this wrench alone would cost $1.50, and would be worth more
than that to every fanner, as they would often save valuable time, besides an
extra trip to town for repairs.

Sent free with each order for Irrigation Age for one year— price for both
$l .00; also sent to old subscribers who renew their subscription for one year,

Address: IRRIGATION AGE, 30 No. Dearborn St., Chicago

FACTS ABOUT HENS AND
EGGS.

Michael K. Boyer,
Hammonton, N. J.

While heavy laying is as a rule de-
sirable, phenomenal egg records are
not a guarantee of strong, rugged off-
spring. There must be a limit.

The hen that lays 150 eggs in a
year is doing mighty good laying, and
she is not so apt to break down early
in life as is the one which is trying
to "break the record."

Pullets and yearling hens that have
done such remarkable work in their
first season, are not so apt to do
heavy work in the second year.

As a rule, hens that lay steadily
during cold weather are indifferent
hot weather layers.

Extreme cold and extreme hot
weather affect hens alike.

The regular layers give the best
sized eggs, while the spasmodic lay-
ers generally produce an assortment
of sizes.

The size of the egg becomes
smaller as the hen increases the num-
ber of her product. So also does the
color gradually change from a dark
brown to a light color towards the
close of the litter.

The majority of eggs are laid be-
tween the hours of 9 o'clock in the
morning and 3 o'clock in the after-
noon.

There is not very strong fertility
in the eggs laid by a hen that will
produce from 30 to 50 egs in suc-
cession.

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

57

HULL YOUR SEED QUICKLY, PERFECTLY and ECONOMICALLY With a
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That's just what you will do if you use a "Matchless" Huller on the job. It's the one huller that will hull all the Clover or Alfalfa you
can get to it without sacrificing the quality of the work. Here's the reason! We use square steel brads in our hulling cylinder. This construction
has every advantage over rasps of spikes, because no set of spikes will knock the seed out of the damp pods. Rasps gum up and are easily destroyed.
Our system of separation is unique and effective. This consists of a series of rotating troughs with perforation in the bottom, with provision for
adjustment to meet the various conditions of clover. The Patented Steel Scrapers attached to the bottom of these troughs thoroughly scrape the
separator bottom and insure a steady and positive delivery of the pods to the hulling cylinder, regardless of the condition of the clover. This con-
struction enables you to hull seed under conditions in which no other huller can operate; enables you to hull earlier in the morning and later in the
evening than with any other — this insures a longer day, thus increasing your earning power. Give us an opportunity to piove to you right
on your own farm that the "Matchless" is the speediest and cleanest huller on tae market. WRITE FOR CATALOG TODAY, or call at our nearest
Branch House.

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Sluiced Earth Dams and

Other Earth Emplacements

The undersigned beg to announce an
Agreement of Association under which the
moving of earth by sluicing will be jointly un-
dertaken in any part of the United States
and Canada. This will cover not only

HYDRAULIC FILLS FOR DAMS AND
EMBANKMENTS,

but the cutting down of hills, filling of bad
ground, tidal flats, etc., and all the applica-
tions of moving earth by the hydraulic process.

The established reputation of the Ambur-
sen organization as Engineers, and the im-
portance and magnitude of the work with
which the Lewis organization has been con-
nected— as for example, the regrading of
Seattle, Washington, the Westover Terraces
in Portland, Oregon, and others scarcely less
important — assures to our clients the last
word in engineering responsibility and practi-
cal experience.

Address at convenience.

Ambursen Hydraulic Construction Co.

88 Pearl St., Boston, Mass.

822 New Birks Bldg., Montreal, P. Q.

Colorado Bldg., Denver, Colo.

LEWIS, WILEY & MORSE, Inc., Seattle, Wash.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

58

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

WASHINGTON.

Following the decision of Comptroller of the Treasury
Downey that the reclamation service can not use United
States funds for the resurvey of the Palouse irrigation
project in Washington and accept repayment in part from
the state of Washington, #new form of contract is being
drawn to avoid delay in work.

The new contract is to follow the form already ap-
proved for the East Umatilla project made with the
state of Oregon, and Acting Director Davis said today he
hopes for a satisfactory conclusion within a few days.

vember 1, 191J, and waived all fines, fees and costs for
restoring the severed pipes.

"Secretary of the Interior Lane must have decided
that the water rights of the Indians on the Yakima reser-
vation is a matter for judicial settlement and to go ahead
in spite of the fact that the matter is before Congress
now," said United States Senator Jones, after receiving
from Secretary Lane a telegram confirming the news dis-
patch that he had asked the judicial department to begin
such a suit.

"The secretary does not need to threaten suit to bring
about a compromise. It is all in his hands. He repre-
sents the Indians and the reclamation service. If he will
say what he wants and what he thinks ought to be done
I will get behind. If it meets the approval of the con-
gressional committee, I have no doubt of its passage."

United States Senator Brady of Idaho has given a
mortgage of $275,000 to the Zion Savings and Trust Bank
of Salt Lake to secure a loan of that amount, the mort-
gage covering practically all his personal property in this
state, valued at several times that sum. The mortgage is
made of record in the county and in several other coun-
ties in this state, including Kootenai, where Senator Brady
has property.

The greatest part of the loan is believed to have gone
into the former Great Western Beet Sugar Company's
irrigation project at Mountain Home, after Senator Brady
purchased it from the receiver. He is rapidly developing
it into a high state of efficiency, reclaiming about 70,000-
acres of rich sage brush land. The loan is also probably
for developing other large business enterprises the junior
senator has in this state.

The mortgage covers the American Falls electric light
plant at American Falls, the Mountain Home project, se-
curities held by Senator Brady in a local newspaper, local
bank stock and other property.

The hearing before State Public Service Commis-
sioner Arthur A. Lewis of Washington, in the complaint
of Pinecroft ranchers against the Pinecroft Orchard Com-
pany, involving a water supply for the Pinecroft district,
was terminated yesterday by a mutually satisfactory com-
promise, after the statements of both sides had been heard.

Mr. and Mrs. James Strang, Mr. and Mrs. J. W.
Briggs, Mrs. J. J. Kelly, J. A. Woodbury, Mr. and Mrs. W.
A. Reeves and O. U. Adams were the complainants.

The company agreed to make all water connections
between its mains and users' mains free of charge by No-

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Light, durable and 'easily
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With one or more extensions
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Portable Steel Dam Is a Boon to Irngators sold ?t a low p.-ice and will
last for many years. There is a large demand in irrigated States for this
Dam. Thousands of irrigated tracts are being added annually to the large
number already under irrigation. Panics interested in the manufacture and
sale of this dam can secure U. S. or State Rignts by writing t.ie inventor.

W. A. LINKLETTER BOULDER, COLORADO

Governor Ernest Lister is now in central Washington
making an inspection of the Quincy Valley irrigation proj-
ect as provided for by a measure passed by the last :-e>-
sion of the legislature and to which was attached a ref-
erendum clause that brings the bill before the people at
the next general election one year from November. The
governor is accompanied by State Geologist Henry Lan-
des, who is to be a member of the board that will be
appointed by the governor under the law if it is adopted
by the people next fall.

The Secretary of the Interior has directed the rec-
lamation service to prepare a form of excess land con-
tract and trust 'deed to submit to certain landowners on
the Sunnyside unit of the Yakima irrigation project in
Washington.

The land affected lies above the gravity canals sys-
tem and can be irrigated only by the installation of pump-
ing plants to be located along the main canal. In order
to insure an early subdivision and sale to bona fide set-
tlers of all holdings in excess of 40 acres, a contract is to
be entered into between the government and the land-
holders, under the terms of which the government will
have power to force such subdivision and proposal.

Almost thirteen years of agitation are at an end and
the reclamation of Sumas prairie is in sight if present
indications of activity may be taken as conclusive. The
L. M. Rice Company of Seattle, which has the contract
for dyking the Fraser river, has called for bids on a sub-
contract for dredging. If any of these bids are accepted,
work, it is stated, will begin as soon as dredges can be
placed on the land and in the streams.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

No one interested in Irrigation can afford to be with-
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THE IRRIGATION AGE.

59

ALFALFA SEED AND BANKERS.

H. F. Patterson, Superintendent Better Farming
Association, Aberdeen, So. Dakota.

The bankers of Aberdeen, South Dakota, re-
cently voted to set aside $7,000 to be used by the
Better Farming Association of South Dakota at
Aberdeen in the purchase of dry land alfalfa seed.
The seed was secured from farmers living in the
dry part of the state, and will be sold at cost to
the cooperative farmers of the association. The
cooperation of the Aberdeen banks at this time will
go a long way toward increasing the alfalfa acre-
age in that locality. It permits the farmers to get
hardy dry land seed at first cost.

Last season the Better Farming Association
was instrumental in putting in about 2,500 acres of
alfalfa in Brown county, about 75 per cent of which
made a successful catch. The plan that has been
adopted for the coming season it is estimated will
more than double this acreage. One car of the
seed purchased by the Better Farming Association
with money furnished by the Aberdeen banks was
raised on dry land between the Bad and Cheyenne
rivers fifty miles west of the Missouri. The field
is between 20 and 25 years old and the original seed
came from Russia. The flowers are variegated .in
color and the root system is spreading, which are
indications of hardiness. This particular lot of seed
has been recorded in the county and state record
books as South Dakota Dry Land Alfalfa No. 1.

The second car was raised fifty miles further

west, and has been growing under arid conditions
for about 20 years. This alfalfa has the spreading
root system, and is recorded as South Dakota Dry
Land Alfalfa No. 2. The recorded alfalfa enables
farmers in the future to secure additional lots ot
seed from the same field.

If bankers in other localities would follow this
lead it would have a tremendous bearing on the
alfalfa acreage in the United States. The past sea-
son was especially good for alfalfa seed produc-
tion and seed is plentiful for next year's planting.
People everywhere are rapidly realizing the value
of this most important crop and are planning upon
increasing the acreage. The large seed supply is
especially pleasing because it will materially assist
farmers in securing seed.

Some of the southern states, too, have a big
crop of alfalfa seed, even larger than was at first
thought. The large supply will have a tendency to
keep the prices down and there will be a tempta-
tion to send the southern seed north. In fact, much
will be sold to a few northern seed men, and they
will in turn pass it out to northern farmers. If
southern seed is sown on northern soil many will
be discouraged with alfalfa growing and both the
north and the south will suffer. In view of this
the southern alfalfa farmers should see that their
seed is sold to the south rather than to the north of
them, and northern farmers should know the source
of their seed and secure only that which is grown
under hardy conditions. Too much attention can-
not be given to this fact if permanent success with
alfalfa is wanted,

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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

60

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Ex-Governor W. J. Fitzgerald, of Kansas, is having
a survey made on his ranch near Dodge City, for the pur-
pose of establishing an irrigation plant, or plants, if the
surveyor considers two plants a better investment. The
Fitzgerald ranches already yield fine alfalfa, but increased
tonnage is the thing sought by the owner and for that
reason, the plants are to be installed.

at cost of $150,000; will make available for cultivation
6,000 additional acres.

Sam A. Johnson, of New York City, who has a lot
of land in Ford county, Kansas, north of Bucklin, in the
river valley, was in Hutchinson recently getting some
pointers regarding irrigating from the underflow.

"We have a lot of alfalfa, and believe that by irri-
gating it will increase the yield," said Mr. Johnson. "I
have been interested in what is being done in this part of
the valley. We will install some such plant."

Pumping waters from wells 52 feet deep, Dennis
Doty, of Finney county, Kansas, irrigated his seventy-
acre alfalfa tract from the underflow this year, and sold
$4,000 worth of alfalfa, with another crop about ready
to cut.

Mr. Doty cut four crops of alfalfa from his tract,
each making more than a ton to the acre.

He has twelve wells 52 feet deep and the water stands
within twelve feet of the surface. They are large wells
and cost about $2 a foot. The pump is driven by a 60
horse power tractor engine. With this plant he is able
to cover an acre of land with four inches of water every
hour.

H. E. Murdock, Government Engineer at Garden City,
Kansas, who is conducting investigations into irrigation
by pumping from the underflow of the Arkansas valley,
says great progress is being made from Hutchinson to
Coolidge.

"There is a great development of irrigation in the
Arkansas valley in Finney and Kearny counties," said Mr.
Murdock. "The sugar company is irrigating about 3,000
acres. Besides this there are 55 individual pumping plants
operating supplying water to 6,000 acres more.

"In the bottom land the depth to water is from 10
to 20 feet, but wells in the upland go down 300 to 400 feet.
Cheap fuel makes it possible to pump from these deep
wells profitably.

"Take an average lift of 125 feet," said Mr. Murdock,
"and the cost of the plant per acre served is $39. The
average cost of the plants in the shallow wells is $20 per
acre.

"The cost of irrigation itself, including the pumping
cost ranges from $6.25 on the bottom lands to $11.50 per
acre on the uplands in the Garden City country."

The Bowling Green, Kentucky, Times-Journal tells-
about irrigation in Warren county during the drouth
season. Dr. E. D. Rose, of that county, began experi-
menting two years ago with irrigation of the crops on his
farm. It was purely an experimental venture with him
and he was also placed at a disadvantage by reason of
the fact that he was practically ignorant as to what was
really required in his new undertaking. He uses a six
horse power gasoline engine for pumping water from a
creek which runs alongside his land, and wooden sluices
are used for distributing the water. He now has twelve
acres well irrigated, and on these twelve acres he is cer-
tain of a fine crop of anything adapted to the soil.
Drouths do not cause crop failure. The greatest expense
was in preparing the land for the distribution of water,
after which the cost of irrigation and maintenance is but
little more than the cost of gasoline to operate the en-
gine.

At a mass meeting of the farmers held at Harlington,
Texas, recently, sufficient money was subscribed to defray
all the expenses of forming an irrigation district under the
new Texas law. It is the intention of the farmers to
take over the holdings and plant of the Harlingen Land
and Water Company. Considerable work has already
been done in its formation.

Owing to the water level being so near the surface,
in San Joaquin county, California, it has been found very
cheap to raise the water and use it for irrigation by means
of electrically operated pumps.

As a result of this more than 300 pumping plants
driven by electric motors have been installed in the adja-
cent territory.

The Reclamation Service is asking for proposals for
earthwork and structures, Vandalia, South Canal, Milk
River irrigation project, Montana. The work involves the
excavation of about 480,000 cubic yards of material, 2,600
cubic yards of reinforced concrete, the placing of 250,000
pounds of steel reinforcement, the placing in wooden
structures of about 130,000 feet board measure of lumber.
The work is situated on the south side of Milk River adja-
cent to the main line of the Great Northern Railway in the
vicinity of Vandalia, Tampico, and Glascow. The bids
will be opened on November 12th, in Malta, Montana.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the
Reclamation Service to construct Tunnel No. 3 on the
highline canal of the Grand Valley Irrigation Project,
Colorado. Tunnel No. 1 is practically completed and the
force and equipment will be transferred to Tunnel No. 3.
This tunnel will be 7,280 feet in length, 11 feet, 6 inches
wide, and 11 feet high. An allotment of $445,000 has been
made for the work.

From recent investigations in connection with the
Minidoka irrigation project in Idaho it has been ascer-
tained that certain lands that were temporarily with-
drawn from all forms of disposition no longer appear
necessary to the interests of the project. The Secretary
of the Interior, therefore, has restored about 29,300 acres
to the public domain to be subject to settlement and
entry at such time as may be fixed by the Commissoner
of the General Land Office. The lands lie between 43 and
47 N., ranges 113 and 117 W., sixth principal meridian,
Wyoming. The lands were withdrawn in connection
with storage works on the headwaters of the Snake river
in Wyoming, and involve no power possibilities.

The Klamath Basin in Oregon is rapidly coming into
its own. No better criterion of growth and progress is
needed than the monthly statement of the railroad ship-
ments for October. During that month, with the harvest
only partly gathered, the outgoing freight was as follows:

Cattle, 97; sheep, 46; and horses, 3 carloads; wheat,
33; barley, 23; oats, 4; potatoes, 18, and mixed products,
2 cars, a total of 226 cars. Prevailing prices were as fol-
lows: Wheat, $1.25 per cwt.; oats, $1.10 per cwt; barley,
$1 per cwt.; hay in stack, $8 to $10 per ton; potatoes, 80
cents per cwt.; cattle, 5l/2 and 6 cents, and hogs 7 cents
per pound live weight.

The Klamath Falls creamery produced 14,000 pounds
of butter during the month, which was marketed at 38
cents per pound. Klamath Falls is preparing to take care
of all pork products through its local packing house, and
this industry promises to prove very profitable, owing to
the extremely favorable climate and freedom from disease.

The stock raiser will find conditions to his liking in
this region with its abundance of water and forage crops.

Jackson lake dam, built on the headwaters of Snake
river in Wyoming, will store 400,000 acre feet of water
primarily for use on the Minidoka irrigation project in
southern Idaho, assuring an ample supply at all times.
By an arrangement with the Carey Act project at Twin
Falls, water stored in this reservoir is now also used to
supplement the original supply of that project.

Mission Canal Company, Mission, Tex., is having
plans prepared to extend and improve irrigation system

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION AGE and bound copy of THE PRIMER OF IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of The Primer of Hy-
draulics add $2.50 to above price.

THE IERIQATION AGE.

61

Use KEROSENE Engine Free

FOR THE "LAND'S SAKE"

Amazing "DETROIT" Kero»en« Engine
•hipped on 15 days' FREE Trial, proves
kerosene cheapest, safest, most power-
ful fuel. If satisfied, pay lowest price
ever given on reliable farm engine; if
not, pay nothing. No waste, no e
ration, no explosion from coal oil.

BUY A

BOSTROM IMPROVED

Gasoline Going Up!

Gasoline is 9c to 15c higher than
eo»l oil. Still going up. Two
pints of coal oil do work of three
pints gasoline.

Amazing "DETROIT"

— only engine running on coal
Oil successf ully , uses alcohol, gas-

gears— no valves— the utmost in simplicity, power and strength.
Mounted on skids. All sizes, 2 to 20 h. p., in stock ready to
§hip. Engine tested before crating. Cornea all ready to run.
Pumps, saws, threshes, churns, separates milk, grinds feed,
shells corn, runs home electric lightingplant. Prices (stripped),
»39.5Onp. Sent any place on 15 days' Free Trial. Don*
tray an enziuetillyou investigate the money-saving, power-sav-
ing "DETROIT." Thousands in use. Costs only postal to find
out If you are first in your neighborhood to write, you ret
Special Extra-Low Introductory price. Write!
Detroit Engine Works, 301 Bellevue Ave.. Detroit. Mich.

SEND $1.00 FOR THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE ONE YEAR AND
THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION,
PAPER BOUND.

$15

which has TELESCOPE enabling you to read tha
Target over 400 yards away, and

TERRACE, DITCH, TILE DRAIN, IRRIGATE

your land properly, and save surveyor's fees. It is
sold by up-to-date hardware and general merchant!
everywhere, and guaranteed to be the most

SIMPLE, ACCURATE, DURABLE AND COMPLETE

outfit ever made for all farm work. If your deaK
er hasn't one in stock, he will order for you from
a nearby hardware jobber.

Write today for description of Level, and details
of our MONEY BACK GUARANTEE.

BOSTROM -BRADY MANUFACTURING CO.

1 1 9 Madison Ave., Atlanta, Ga.

Don't Dread Droughts

WHEN you arrange to get rid of drought and to
turn water on your thirsty soil whenever it needs it,
the most important thing is that you get, for y9ur
power, an absolutely reliable and efficient engine. When the dry time
comes you must have water. Make the very safest selection and buy an

I H C Oil and Gas Engine

An I H C outfit is the most reliable, and the most economical you
can buy. It delivers the most power on the least fuel. Always ready
to go when needed, it costs nothing when not in use.

Besides, an I H C engine can be used for all sorts of work about the
yard and barns. In running a saw, cream separator, feed grinder, hay
press, and many other machines, it will easily pay for itself. I H C
engines are made in every style — air and water cooled; horizontal
and vertical; stationary, portable and skidded; to operate on gas,
gasoline, kerosene, naphtha, distillate or alcohol. Size 1 to 50-horse
power. Tractors range from 6-12 to 30-60-horse power, for plowing,
sawing, hauling, etc.

You will find your right I H C engine at the dealer's. Get catalogues
from the dealer or write to the nearest branch house.

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver. Col.; Helen.. Mont.; Port-
land. Ore.; Spokane, Wath.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco. Cal.

International Harvester Company of America ;

(Incorporated)

Chicago USA

Kerosene!

Gasoline !

Distillate!

The Genuine

Chilled Cylinder Engine

The Engine Sensation of 1913

The engine that, during the past few
months, has revolutionized the engine
industry. Pronounced by experts to be a marvel
of reliability, simplicity and economy Posi-
tively the only engine with the famous Chilled
Cylinder, the strongest nnd most durable cyl-
inder ever made. The best for farm, shop, and
construction work. The Ideal engine for
the Irrigation farmer. Combined with this
cylinder is the multiple compression, se-
cured by use of four piston rings instead of
three, and the patented Never-Falling Lubri-
cating Device. These remarkable en-
gines are fully guaranteed for five years.
Every engine undergoes the severest tests be-
fore it is shipped. It gives full power and more.

Kerosene Attachment

Doaffvf Wonderful new
nCaUj. device for using
kerosene and distillate. Cuts your fuel bill in
half. Runs your engine on common, ordinary
kerosene such as you can get in any store, or
distillate. More powerful than gasoline. A
tremendous advance. Send coupon today for
description of this great cheap fuel attachment

And You Keep

This Great Engine

An offer absolutely unparalleled in the
engine industry. The superiority of the Chilled
Cylinder Engine enables us to make it to you.
Only $15.50 as a first payment— then the rest in
Easy Monthly Installments. You get the
factory price. No go-between profits to pay.
You deal direct with the manufacturer, not with
an agent whose only idea is to sell you an engine.

30 Days Free Trial

We want to send you this great engine
for a free trial of 80 days. We want to prove to
you that it is the peer of all engines. We want
you to be thoroughly convinced. If you are not
satisfied with its performance send it back at
our expense.

Free Book "How to Use Power'

A valuable book on engines which contains in-
formation which every up-to-date farmer and ehop
owner should have. It comes to you absolutely free
and prepaid. It is written so that anycae can under-
stand it. This edition is limited. -—

Send Free

C o u pon

jat send this coupon today and the - -~-— _

Book will reach you by return trail. ^* Schmidt Bros. Co.

Ben. L. Schmidt, Pre.. / ^'iavwport^u'.3™
Schmidt BrOS. CO. >*With. the umierHtandmK that I

62 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Don't Dread Drought!

Why depend upon the
uncertainties of nature?

The prospect of rainfall is a gamble.

Your crops need water— a certain
quantity of it. BUT MORE,
they need it at certain particular
periods; if they do not get it,
YOU LOSE!

Take Out Insurance on Your Rainfall!

"THE DEANE OF HOLYOKE"

Irrigation Pumping Equipment

Will give you one less thing about
which to worry — an unfailing
water supply makes crops more
sure.

Bulletin D230-89 tells more
about it.

Write us for a Copy.

The Deane Steam Pump Company

115 Broadway, New York :: :: Works: — Holyoke, Mass.

Branch Offices in Principal Cities. 0272-8

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IEKIGATION AGE.

63

FLEXIBLE

direct

earth. Flexible

posts. Stiff corners. ' ,

No concrete and no special

CARBO STEEL POST COMPANY
179 loth Street, Chicago Heights, III.

FREE
Booklet

Send $2.50 for The Irriga-
tion Age 1 ye<vr. and the
Primer of Irrigation

Fairbanks-Morse Pumping
Machinery

For Irrigation
or Drainage

600 to 600,000
Gallons per hour.

Oil Engines

Electric Motors

Centrifugal

Pumps

Let us figure on '
pumping equip- :
ment to meet your '.
conditions. Send for
Catalog 650 P10.

Fairbanks, Morse &

Co.,90Yven'uarh Chicago, III.

GALVANIZED METAL IRRIGATION FLUME *%£&

Made entirely of rust-proof, galvanized iron. No bolts or rivets used in construction. This flume is

considered by experts to be the most service-
able equipment for the purpose on the market.
A careful examination of the construction as
shown herewith will convince those who are
acquainted with irrigation conditions of its
lasting quality and the ease with which it may
be put together. Complete information, with
prices, will be furnished on application to the

KLAUER MFG. COMPANY, "-ft*-

Section of Flume

strain that causes it is hard en the wagon.

The Farm Burden Bearer

V"OU and your farm wagon spend a great deal of time to-
gether. Of all farm tools it is your standby. Its wheels bear the
burden of big loads — towering racks of hay and grain, sacks of produce,
loads of sand and gravel, anything that needs moving, over miles of roads
to market. It takes solid strength to stand up long under that. When
next you ride on a load, listen to the constant racking, creaking, groan-
ing sound of the wagon box, wheels and running gear as the load pitches
back and forth over the road ruts. Not an unpleasant sound, but the
I H C wagons —

Weber

Columbus

New Bettendorf

Steel King

give the buyer the most he can get for his money because they defy hard usage for the longest time, and are easiest on the horses.

This makes I H C wagon reputation: Selection of the finest grades of lumber, oak, hickory and pine, and of the best
quality steel and iron; many months of toughening air-drying for every piece of wood; skilled assembling of parts, fitting of bolts
and rivets, and perfect shaping and ironing; application of the purest paint to act as wood preservative and to prevent shrinking

and warping of the wood. When the wagon is ready for the farmer, it
is pratically perfect in every detail and thoroughly up to the I H C
standard.

And there are many other reasons we
have not room for here why I H C Wagons
are the best to buy. Weber and Columbus
wagons have wood gears; New Bettendorf and
Steel King have steel gears. A visit and a
talk at your local dealer's, where the wagons
may be seen and studied, will soon convince
you as to the wagon you want. Get cata-
logues from the dealer, or, write the nearest
branch house.

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena, Mont.; Portland.
Ore.; Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cat

International Harvester Company of America

CHICAGO

(Incorporated)

USA

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

64

THE IERIGATION AGE.

UNION MACHINES

WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED

FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES

Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building
and Paving Brick and other Clay Products

If interested write us for particulars and estimates.

E. M. FREESE & CO.

GALION, OHIO

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••O r :

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION A G K .

IRRIGATION FROM WELLS

65

An Arkansas Installation. Layne Patent Screen and Patent Enclosed Line Shaft Centrifugal Pump.
With the twenty-three hundred successful working plants using oui system of irrigation, which inoculates and
United States

energizes the dormant forces, there is now being produced in previously non-productive districts throughout the
and in portions of Europe and Asia over eleven million dollars worth of FOOD PRODUCTS

___ portions ot Europe

ANNUALLY. That our system is not an experiment is forcibly demonstrated by the fact that much of this pro-
duction is from localities which were arid and barren previous to the introduction of our system.

Write for new
catalog.

Houston, Texas

LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY

The World's Largest Water Development Company

Address nearest
office.

Memphis, Tennessee

Welsh, Louisiana

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Plainview, Texas

Jackson, Mississippi

'Can You Afford to
Support Horses?

THOMAS A. EDISON, the
wizard of inventors, says,
"The horse is the poorest
motor ever built." When you stop to think
of it, the horse is about the most costly and
wasteful thing at work for a farmer. At
best his working time averages only about
six hours a day, eighteen hours he rests, yet
he eats all year round, working or idle. He
eats ten pounds for every hour he works.
One acre out of every five plowed goes to
feed the horse. The best horse may get
sick; when, besides losing his work, you have veterinary
bills to pay. When he dies, you have a heavy loss.
Since McCormick built his first binder, the tendency of
all farming has been away from slow man- and horse-
power and toward time- and money-saving machines.
Thus far, wherever an

I H C Oil Tractor

has been set to work on a farm, no machine has taken
the place of so many horses, or done so much
laborious work with so large a saving of time and
money. I H C tractors have revolutionized farm-
ing. If the owner desires, his tractor will plow
| nearly as much in a day of twenty-four hours as
a team of horses plows in a month. There is effi-
ciency for you!

Whether you use it for pulling field machines,

hauling your produce, threshing, cutting ensilage, baling
hay, or anything else, the I H C tractor will stand up to
the work. In simplicity and strength of construction,
ease of operation, durability, and all-around economy,
you cannot find the equal of I H C tractors. They are
made in all styles and in 6-12, 7-15, 10-20, 12-25, 15-30,
25-45, and 30-60-horse power. The I H C engine line
also includes general purpose engines, ranging from 1
to 50-horse power and operating on various fuels.

It will be to your advantage to get acquainted with
the I H C tractor. See the local dealer, and write for
facts and information to the nearest branch house.

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.: Helena, Mont.; Port-
land, Ore.; Spokane. Wasb.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal.

International Harvester Company of America/

(Incorporated)
Chicago USA

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

66

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

VV7E SHALL be glad to mail
VV anyone who wishes same,
our free catalog. We sell our
product through dealers and
jobbers entirely and solicit in-
quiries from all dealers. Our
goods are well and favorably
known. They are standards in
the United States Army and
several other departments of
the government.

Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co.

Racine, Wis., U. S. A.

3 K HI OR

No, matter where you live or what your seed-
ing conditions are, you can get a SUPERIOR
GRAIN DRILL that will fill the bill and do your
work in the best possible manner. Superior
Drills are made in all sizes and every style.
Every Superior Drill is sold under a war-
ranty that absolutely protects the buyer.
Send for catalogue. Read it and go to your
local dealer and insist on seeing the
Superior Dt ill.

AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.)

Springfield, Ohio

GRAIN DRILLS

PAYS FOR ITSELF IN ONE MONTH

and Keeps on Saving You Money at the Same
Rate Thereafter.

THE RECLAMATION DITCHER

Cuts Canals and Laterals for less than any other
machinery — because it plows the dirt out with One
Continuous Sweeping Motion.

We guarantee the cost per yard and prove it before
you buy.

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co.

Indianapolis, Ind.

Delays Pay No Dividends. Mail This Coupon Today.

_ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __________ _(

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind. •

Below are descriptions of our proposed ditches. What will it cost per
cubic yard to make them with the Reclamation Ditcher? I

Length

Width in
Bottom

Average
Depth

Maximum
Depth

Minimum
Depth

Slope of
Sides

Character of Soil

Name

Address-

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Sluiced Earth Dams and

Other Earth Emplacements

The undersigned beg to announce an
Agreement of Association under which the
moving of earth by sluicing will be jointly un-
dertaken in any part of the United States
and Canada. This will cover not only

HYDRAULIC FILLS FOR DAMS AND
EMBANKMENTS,

but the cutting down of hills, filling of bad
ground, tidal flats, etc., and all the applica-
tions of moving earth by the hydraulic process.

The established reputation of the Ambur-
sen organization as Engineers, and the im-
portance and magnitude of the work with
which the Lewis organization has been con-
nected— as for example, the regrading of
Seattle, Washington, the Westover Terraces
in Portland, Oregon, and others scarcely less
important — assures to our clients the last
word in engineering responsibility and practi-
cal experience.

Address at convenience.

Ambursen Hydraulic Construction Co.

88 Pearl St., Boston, Mass.

822 New Birks BIdg., Montreal, P. Q.

Colorado BIdg., Denver, Colo.

LEWIS, WILEY & MORSE, Inc., Seattle, Wash.

SAMSON TURBINE

When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans-
mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of
the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given
power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER
transmission machinery can be used.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO,

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

316 Lagonda Street

-THE-

Inferior Surf ace

Inttrvenry space
filled mm Mineral
Kubber

Lennon
Metal
Flume

(Patented)
MADE FROM

American Ingot Iron

Is the Easiest and Quickest to Erect «J Perfectly Water-Tight and Efficient,
and, by reason of the Unequaled Purity of its material, of the Longest
Service Life. <J The illustrations give an idea of the perfect simplicity and
effectiveness of the construction. 9 No Cross Bars are necessary on the
small and medium sizes, and but few on the larger.

R.od3. ^- — x Half Round Kod.

Cross Section of the Lemon Mefal Hume Joint
~ Actual -Size. —

Write for Full Information to

THE LENNON FLUME COMPANY

California — Los Angeles and West Berkeley N ebraska — Wahoo

California Corrugated Culvert Co.

Colorado — Colorado Springs
Lennon Flume Company

Nebraska Culvert & Mfg. Co.

Oregon— Portland
Coast Culvert & Flume Co.

Montana— M issoula
Montana Culvert Co.

Teias— El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.

Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.

South Dakota— Sioux Falls
Sioux Falls Metal CulverCo.

Utah— Woods Cross
Utah Culvert Co.

Washington— Spokane
Spokane Corrugated Culvert & Tank Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

68

TIIK IRRIGATION AGE.

This Book Shows How to

Plan a Private Irrigation

Pumping Plant

It also shows all of
the various types of
pumps to meet the
conditions found in
different localities,
tells how to select
the proper pump for
your conditions, how
to determine the
amount of power you

will need and all the other things the

irrigator needs to know.

One will be sent free on request
as long as they last. Write today

U&IR©EST WFIR.®F GP(]JJ [pvt] jp>

174 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Branches in All Principal Cities

BALL® BAND

The Only Way to Save Money
on Rubber Footwear is to Buy
the Best in the First Place

To find out what boots are the best, figure
the number of days' wear you get out of a
pair. Don't judge by price
till you find out how much
wear and service that price
stands for.

Eight million men who
wcvir rubber footwear buv

" Ball - Band "
because it gives
them more days'
wear for dollars
invested than
they can get
from any other make.

Look for the Red Ball on
the knee of "Ball -Band"
Boots. If the Red Ball is not then
you are not getting "Ball-Band"
Quality. 45.000 dealers sell ••Ball-
Band" Rubber Footwear.

Write for Free Illuttrat-
ed Book about "Ball-
Band" Rubber Footwear

Mishawaka Woolen Mfg. Company

346 Water St., Mishawaka, Indian

"Tfie House That Pay :'
Millions for Quality"

IRRIGATION DITCHES

Cheaply and Properly Made with a

Rural Road Grader and Ditcher

Cutting V-Bottom ditch on Slope of Ha to 1.

The successful irrigation ditch or lateral must be cut
clean, with slopes smooth and undisturbed. This ma-
chine was especially designed to meet these requirements.
One horse and wheel traveling in point of ditch, the
other outside the bank of earth. Operated by one or
two men and two or four horses.

If you have an irrigation problem to solve, do not fail
to write for full information concerning this Combined
Grader and Irrigation Ditcher.

Address

C. D. EDWARDS, Albert Lea, Minn.

Black mar Rotary Pump

(Interior View)

Large Capacity with
Minimum of Power

One customer writes he
pumped 21,000 gallons
with a fuel consumption
of 1 gallon of gasoline.

Runs quiet ; is high in efficiency and
durability. Wear automatically
taken up. Few parts, no springs,
no adjustments. Requires little or
no attention.

One customer has 500 in use.
Capacity, 5 to 500 gallons per min.

Tell us about your pumping problems.

Blackmar Pump Power
& Manufacturing Co.

PETOSKEY, MICH., U.S.A.

When •vHtins; to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, JANUARY, 1914.

No. 3

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which i« Merged

The National Land and Irrigation Journal

MODEKN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL

THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST

ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD

THE IREIGATOK

D. H. ANDERSON

PUBLISHER,
30 No. Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Old No 112 Dearborn St

Kntered as second-class matter October S, 18(7, at the
"natofflcc at Chicago. 111., under Act of March 3. 187».

D. H. ANDERSON. Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready; Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE
To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid. . . ll.ot

To Canada and Mexico l.M

All Other Foreign Countries, . . ... i.il

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks OB

local banks. Send either postoffice or express money order or

Chicago or New York draft.

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs o)
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation.
Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago.

Interesting to Advertisers.

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is tht
only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance
circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation cotco-
rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and ha;
readers in all parti of the world. The Irrigation Age is 28 year*
old and K the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

\\e are presenting below a copy of
Beneficial the resolution adopted at the Salt

Use Lake Conference of Reclamation

Of Engineers and members of the new

Water Reclamation Commission, who met

to discuss topics of general interest
to irrigators and others who are interested in the
best means to bring about a clearer understanding
of questions which daily confront the irrigator.

The laws of most of the Western states make
beneficial use the "basis, the measure and the limit"
of water rights, but do not define beneficial use,
and this resolution is an effort on the part of the
Reclamation Service to define it.

This meeting was held in Salt Lake City, No-
vember 12-15, and those present were the project
managers of the U. S. Reclamation Service and
representatives of the Department of Agriculture,
who attended the meeting on the invitation of the
director of the reclamation service. Mr. Newell
presided, and Mr. I. D. O'Donnell, the new member
of the Reclamation Commission, was present, and
talked on numerous occasions, on the relations be-
tween the service and the settlers and on credit for
the settlers. The meetings were entirely informal,
and the subjects discussed were all of the questions
which came in the management of irrigation proj-

ects, such as systems of distribution, continuous
flow or rotation, measurement of water to con-
sumers, qualifications of ditch-riders, collection of
crop statistics, experimental and demonstration
farms, agricultural advisers for settlers, collection
of charges for water, extension of time payments,
etc.

It is understood that Mr. Newell will send out
an official report of the conference, and it is our in-
tention to reproduce this in a future issue of THE
IRRIGATION AGE, for the benefit of our readers.

Following is a copy of the resolution passed :

BENEFICIAL USE OF WATER— A water user
with a vested right limited to beneficial use is entitled to
that amount of water that will render him a reasonable
maximum amount of good with a reasonably economic
handling of the water. Since he has acquired his vested
right from the laws of his state, he is entitled to protec-
tion of that right by the state; but it is his duty to the
state, and the state has the right to demand of him that
he use every reasonable method to reduce the amount of
water required to a minimum. This demand requires the
water user to make reasonable preparation of the ground
surface for irrigation; to use good judgment in selecting
appropriate methods of applying the water to the ground:
to prepare reasonably efficient dikes, ditches and struc-
tures to get the water over the land in such a way as to
reduce the underground losses to a minimum, to irrigate
the ground with such a head and at such intervals as to
require a minimum use of water for proper irrigation;
to cultivate the irrigated ground when practicable to pre-
vent undue losses from evaporation; in some cases possi-
bly to govern the character of crops to be grown. It is
evident that the reasonable degree of perfection of each

70

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

of these requirements will vary with the locality and with
different and changing conditions in each locality, so
that the beneficial use of water is variable.

ECONOMICAL USE OF WATER— Since the water
supply available for irrigation in the western states is ade-
quate for only a relatively small percentage of the entire
irrigable acreage, the fundamental standard of economical
use must be the financial results accomplished per acre-
foot of water applied rather than the yield per acre irri-
gated. It, therefore, becomes both necessary and desir-
able to impress irrigators with the fact that in general the
largest net profits per acre-foot of water applied are ob-
tained, not from using excessive quantities, but from more
careful use of relatively small quantities. In developing
a more economical standard for the use of water, it should
not be presumed that established rights can be limited
to less water than they would carry under the accepted
rule of beneficial use; yet by constantly bearing in mind
that the ideal ultimately necessary must be the highest
net profit per unit of water applied, irrigators may grad-
ually be induced in many instances to obtain for them-
selves those results, and those undertaking the constru-
tion of new projects may be induced to so design their
systems as to provide a liberal water supply during the
development period with a view to ultimate development
based on economic use.

In the history of irrigation in this country, there has
been evident a gradual but very definite evolution in the
ideas of what constitutes proper use of water. While the
use of water for irrigation was at first a relatively unim-
portant one, its importance now overshadows all other
uses, save that of domestic supply. In the course of this
evolution, the doctrine of beneficial use has become estab-
lished, but in future development this doctrine must in
many cases merge into, or be supplemented by that of
economic use. The doctrine of beneficial use looks to in-
dividual interest; that of economic use to the general wel-
fare of society as a whole. So far as possible, water
charges, systems of distribution, and regulations should
be so adjusted as to make the interest of the individual
water user coincide with this public interest.

Professor F. K. Knorr, in charge of
Practical the demonstration farm on the North

Suggestions Platte project in Nebraska, is fur-
To nishing helpful hints to irrigators
Irrigators which will prove valuable to farm-
ers on any project. He states that
it is a common fallacy among farmers that grains
should well shade the ground before the first irri-
gation is attempted, in order to prevent baking of
the soil. His experience and experiments have
shown that whenever the soil shows that it is get-
ting dry, the crop should be irrigated, regardless of
its stage of growth. When soil will not adhere in
a lump when pressed in the hand, irrigation should
be applied.

Professor Knorr says further, that barley
should never be allowed to get dry, as it is a crop
which shows the effect of drouth more quickly and
has less power to recover, than any of the small
grains ; it should, therefore, be carefully watched
for indications of lack of moisture. A few men
like Professor Knorr scattered over the various
Federal and Carey Act projects, would do much
toward leading farmers in the right direction, and
their suggestions would eventually prove of in-
calculable benefit to the West at large.

Owing to the crowded condition of
Graves' our reading columns in the Decem-

Article her number, it was found necessary

On to omit the article on Federal For-

Forestry estry by Henry S. Graves, forester

in charge of the federal forest serv-
ice. This article is being given space in this issue
and should be read by all who are interested in this
important subject.

In this issue will be found an article
Alfalfa by Dr. Allison Smith of Saskatche-

In wan, on alfalfa culture in that north-

Southern west country. Dr. Smith gives

Saskatchewan many important facts concerning

this well known stock food product,
how to sow the seed, and other facts that cover
the subjects of how to get a good strong growth,
points about the nurse crop and inoculation, all of
which is instructive and interesting.

An Arizona exchange recently con-
Why tained an article with the heading
Not "Why Not a Creamery?" in which
A it is stated that the Florence-Casa
Creamery? Grande Valley in that state is placed
in the peculiar position of having
every condition favorable for a creamery and but-
ter factory, while practically every pound of but-
ter consumed in that district — which amounts to
many tons each year — is imported. This necessi-
tates the expenditure of thousands of dollars that
could otherwise be kept at home.

This money finds its way to the pockets of
outside manufacturers and dairymen of the central
states.

Another feature that should be considered by
these people is that of freight rates, which brings
the price much higher than is paid in states nearer
the dairy centers.

In this section of Arizona alfalfa, a wonder-
fully good dairy food, is raised in abundance, and
under the new federal system of irrigation, good
water is furnished in abundance ; thus these people
are ignoring two prime requisites to the successful
development of an industry which would not only
do away with the necessity of sending money away
for dairy products, but if properly developed, would
turn the tide of money in their direction, as there
is a fine market for this class of goods in the great
mining sections of Arizona, New Mexico and Cali-
fornia.

This same lesson applies as forcibly to a hun-
dred other sections throughout the irrigated West.
Why not a creamery? and thereby bring money into
your section, rather than send it away for food
products which may be produced at a much less
cost, near home.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

71

The United States Government has
The shown great activity in its prosecu-

Question tion of so-called trusts, which has

Of no doubt resulted in great good to

Monopoly the people generally, and under the

sane, cautious guidance of our high-
minded President, we may safely look for legislative
action that will be far-reaching and beneficial to all.

The farmers of the country seem to be as free
from the baneful influences of money combinations
as any class, notwithstanding the cry that various
combinations of manufacturers of agricultural im-
plements is an ever growing menace.

There has been no time, in the recollection of
the writer, when farmers and ranchmen were more
prosperous or happy.

This brings to mind the litigation against the
International Harvester Company of America, a
large organization which has taken over many con-
cerns in its line. Our observation leads to the be-
lief that so far this centering of interests has been
a benefit, rather than a detriment to those who use
its products, not to the farmer alone, but to the
dealers in implements and accessory lines as well.

If the harvester concern is a trust, it is as-
suredly a clean one, and very little has been brought
out that would indicate that it is burdensome to the
people. On the contrary, the general trend of evi-
dence presented against it would indicate that the
users and dealers in this class of goods have been
treated with the utmost fairness, and in the majority
of instances, the dealers have made larger profits
and easier progress than under the old system
when intense competition apparently compelled the
slaughtering of prices and an attendant loss of
profits.

The writer speaks on this subject with a fair
knowledge of past conditions in the farm imple-
ment field, as he has been connected as an employe
of, and later as publisher of an implement journal
which covered that entire field. In this experience,
dating back to the early eighties, it was possible to
gain information from the three bends of this
triangle, the farmer, the dealer and the manufac-
turer, hence in justice to the bend of the triangle
against which the fight is being forced, it is only
fair to state that there is one of the so-called trusts
which has been of clearly defined benefit to farmers
and dealers alike.

look after reclamation affairs, by Secretary Lane,
we hear very little about Mr. Newell, director of
the reclamation service, or his chief lieutenant, C. J.
Blanchard, who is listed in the roster as "statis-
tician."

It is difficult to judge, without being on the
ground at Washington, the exact status of affairs,
nor do we hear much from the outlying country
concerning the movements of the new commission.

It is presumed from now on all complaints
against the reclamation service will be investigated
by the commission, hence the usefulness of our
friend Blanchard, as a peacemaker, will diminish.

This brings to mind the fact that the reclama-
tion service would often have been placed in diffi-
cult positions, had it not been for Mr. Blanchard.
\Yhen any severe criticisms appeared in publica-
tions throughout the country, Charles Blanchard
was usually on the ground to explain away the
"seeming difficulty," and as Blanchard was cut out
for the diplomatic service, he usually left the im-
pression with the average publisher — who was not
familiar with the inner workings of the service —
that he (the publisher) had been "bunked"' by some
over zealous correspondent, and these interviews
frequently resulted in making the editor a friend
of the service, and precluded the possibility of
further investigation of the subject, which in many
instances would have placed the affair in an entirely
different light.

It is hoped that under the new commission
plan, a new era has dawned and that the settler may
be given a fair hearing when complaints are regis-
tered.

It may be well to suggest here, however, for
the benefit of Secretary Lane and members of the
new commission, that a large number of western
publishers are awake to the real situation, and if
the "star chamber" method is adopted in connec-
tion with their work, they may keep a keen lookout
for rocks ahead.

Affairs in the Interior Department
The and its subordinate branch, the

New Reclamation Service, appear to be

Reclamation moving along noiselessly, and so far
Commission as the general public is concerned,

everything is apparently satisfac-
tory. Since the appointment of a commission to

The year 1914 opens with the in-
Industrial dustrial and financial condition of
And the country not quite so buoyant as
Financial it was a year ago, yet far from being
Outlook discouraging to those who look

beyond the hour's perplexity. In-
deed, when we consider that within the past six
months there has been enacted by congress a new-
tariff law and a new currency law, both of which
have compelled a country-wide adjustment of busi-
ness to their requirements, the wonder is that so
little real disturbance has resulted.

It is one of the most cheering aspects of the
business conditions of the entire country that they

THB.IRBIGATION AGE.

have weathered these revolutionary changes with-
out a trace of panicky feeling. The effort in con-
gress and out of it to create the impression, for
partisan purposes, that the country is on the verge
of a panic found no general response from the busi-
ness interests, and proved futile. There has been
a very noticeable slowing down in all the industries
throughout the country, and there are more idle
men in every state than there were at this time last
year. But this would have been the case if neither
of the important measures referred to had been
passed, or if there had been no change of adminis-
tration at Washington.

The fact is that we are entering upon a period
of adjustment which prudent men two or three
years ago foresaw must come inevitably before
long. The high cost of living is but a phase or
symptom of social and economic conditions that the
rather extravagant pace at which the people have
traveled for ten years has produced. An adjusting
time was due. It had to come. It has come, and
the country is meeting it sanely and calmly.

We shall all be the better for the adjustment,
and though the process may chafe us a little we
may cheer ourselves the while with the thought that
we are ministering to the world's betterment. The
world is growing better. Business is conducted
upon a sounder basis than ever before. Men and
women place a higher value upon life, and are seek-
ing more and more to cultivate those finer human
relations which alone make life worth the living.
And so we may start the year with abundance of
good cheer, and with increased faith and courage.

Mr. Edward Bohm, a student of con-
Bohm ditions surrounding irrigation de-

On velopment in the United States, pre-

Irrigation sents his views in this issue, under

Situation the heading, "The Truth About the

Irrigation Situation." In this article
Mr. Bohm offers pointed suggestions and asks
questions which show him to be generally familiar
with his subject.

As stated in previous issues, THE IRRIGATION
AGE has much confidence in the opinions of this
gentleman, and while the publisher agrees with his
various attitudes on important questions, he is in-
clined to the belief that Mr. Bohm may now and
then become over pessimistic, or in other words,
attempt to convince his readers that irrigation af-
fairs generally are going to the everlasting "bow-
wows."

•^

The latter position is surely not true, as our
various sources of information lead us to the
opinion that this industry is in much better condi-
tion than ever before : this is particularly true con-

cerning work of this character in such states as
Kansas, Utah, Montana, Oregon and Washington.
California has also made rapid strides in opening
up new projects, each one having the appearance
of a well planned and strongly financed organi-
zation.

It is safe to say that the drouth in Kansas in
1913, while disastrous to many, will result in won-
derful development in the form of irrigation from
wells which will tap the underflow ; there will no
doubt be a marked increase in acreage under cul-
tivation by this system during 1914, and this will
continue so long as the great underground stream
— which, while slow, is distinct in its flow — may be
profitably lifted to the surface.

If the movement started in Kansas is carried
on, it will result in the reclamation of thousands
of acres for which water could not have been ob-
tained through any other means, and it will, more-
over, do much to increase crops — perhaps double
them — in territory where small crops have been
the rule, where farmers have heretofore depended
on the clouds for their supply.

Taken all in all, it is the impression of the
writer that irrigation is again becoming a live sub-
ject, and the most gratifying feature of this new
movement is the absence of wildcat schemes, and
the tendency of capital to reenter the field.

So far as our information goes no well founded
project is begging for money for its completion, as
was the case a few years ago.

The new Public Utilities Commis-
Illinois' sion of Illinois entered upon its

New duties January 1st, this year. This

Rate commission, which has a different

Commission name, is very similar in its purpose

and similar in the character of the
duties which the law imposes upon it, to the Wis-
consin Railroad Commission. The latter was cre-
ated in 1905, specifically as a railroad rate com-
mission, but two years later its jurisdiction was
enlarged to cover all forms of public utilities oper-
ating in the state, whether privately or municipally
owned. This body now has under regulation nearly
1,200 corporations serving the public in one capacity
or another. As the new Illinois law covers nearly
the same field as the Wisconsin law, and the effect
of its administration by the new commission will
doubtless be similar, it will interest the readers of
THE IRRIGATION AGE to learn something about what
the Wisconsin law has done and is doing

As already stated, the Wisconsin commission
has direct supervision over about 1,200 corpora-
tions, including telephone, telegraph, gas, electric
light, water supply, heat, power, street and inter-

THE IKK I GAT I ON AGE.

73

urban railway and railroad companies. Since it
began its work it has considered and disposed ot
over 7,000 cases of complaints as to service, rates,
etc. Thirty of its orders or rulings have been taken
into the courts, but the commission has not once
been reversed. It has reduced freight rates within
the state to the amount of $1,200,000 a year; pas-
senger rates about $800,000 a year; rates of water
supply, gas and electric light companies over
$550,000 a year ; telephones, street railways and
interurban rates, several hundred thousand dollars
more — making a total annual saving to the people
of the state of nearly $3,000,000. Besides this it
has standardized service, so that in all lines the
utilities companies are compelled in every city in
the state to furnish a just standard of service. In
the nearly nine years of its existence this commis-
sion has cost the state a total of about $700,000, or
an average of less than $80,000 a year, so that the
annual saving to the people of the state (to say
nothing of the doing away with unjust discrimina-
tion and other unfair practices) is nearly forty times
more than the commission with its big force of ex-
pert engineers, statisticians and accountants costs
the state annually.

The Wisconsin commission does not now have
to wait for complaints against utilities before it
undertakes to regulate them. For example, it re-
cently issued an order reducing the rates charged
for electricity in the capital city of the state, about
20 per cent. It made the investigation on its own
initiative and found that at the rates charged the
company was making an unreasonable profit (some-
thing over 12 per cent on its investment), and so
ordered the reduction. It cuts off about $40,000 a
year from the revenues of the company and saves
the consumers of the capital city the same amount.
The week in which the commission ordered the re-
duction in Madison, it gave permission to a gas
company in one city in the northeastern part of the
state, and an electric light company in a city in the
southern part of the state to increase their rates.
In both of the latter cases the companies were not
getting enough to pay interest on their bonds.

The Wisconsin commission also has control of
the capitalization of public utilities, and by this
means prevents the exploiting of the public through
padded capitalization. When it undertakes to make
or change a rate, or increase the scope, or improve
the standard of service, the first thing done is to
make a scientific valuation of the particular utility.
Its engineers, accountants and statisticians go to
work upon it, and each department submits to the
commission its findings. No matter whether the
utility is capitalized for twice its actual value, the
rates are determined upon the actual value of the

capital actually used or useful in furnishing the
service. Thus the gas company spoken of above
as having been given permission to increase its
rates, was capitalized for $450,000. The commis-
sion's experts, after two or three months' careful
investigation and valuation of the plant, reported
its actual value to be $196,000. The increased rate
permitted by the commission was what would bring
a reasonable return upon the $196,000, not a return
upon the $450,000. This illustrates briefly the
method by which the commission protects the pub-
lic from extortion.

A volume might be written about the work of
the Wisconsin commission, but sufficient has been
given to show what the people of Illinois may ex-
pect from the administration of the new public
utilities law by the able and trustworthy men whom
Governor Dunne has appointed upon the com-
mission.

"THE MILLS OF THE GODS"

A single man will often have more power in
working a reform than is accomplished by an asso-
ciation or a convention, and it is remarkable how
such things work out when the ball is set in motion.
Four years ago a farmer named E. Sundberg, of
Kennedy, Michigan, received by express a casting
for a piece of farm machinery. It was worth only
$2.50, but the express charges were $32. The ex-
press company was ugly about it, and Sundberg got
very little satisfaction. He started proceedings to
have the Interstate Commerce Commission look
into the matter of express rates. His lawyer
lawyered around for awhile and the case was finally
removed from Minneapolis, where it began, to New
York. Ordinarily a change across the continent
would have discouraged a litigant, but not Sund-
berg, who by this time was beginning to fight. He
went east with his lawyer and saw Franklin K. Lane,
then one of the members of the Interstate Com-
merce Commission, and things began to move when
subpoenas were issued for the officials of the Wells
Fargo, Adams, United States and other express
companies. It was shown on examination, that the
robber express companies had a community of in-
terest, the directorates were interlocking, and the
rates charged were confiscatory and unreasonable.
The inquiry was pursued further by the commis-
sion, with the result that Mr. Sundberg's $2.50
casting cost the three companies $26,000,000 a year
in reduced revenues. The commission has revised
the tariffs of the companies and reduced them to the
extent that the people will save this much annually.
And here, too, is the parcel post. If the express
companies had been less grasping for profits and
more considerate of their patrons, the parcel post
would still be slumbering among the dead archives
of congress. As it is, the parcel post is of some
benefit on small packages and for short distances
and the people will not let it rest until we are get-
ting the full rates such as European countries have
had for years. — Ex.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

ALFALFA CULTURE IN SOUTHERN SAS-
KATCHEWAN.

Marking an Advance in Agricultural Development
and Irrigation.

(Paper by Dr. Allison Smith of the Cypress
Hills Water Users' Association, Maple Creek, Sas-
katchewan, read before the Seventh Western Can-
ada Irrigation Convention at Lethbridge, August
7, 1913.)

Irrigation is a subject which has interested in-
dividuals in every nation where food and forage is
produced. The Nile Delta might be cited as an
irrigation classic, the records of whch extend to
remotest antiquity. Its fruitful soil saved the lives
of the starving Israelites and was for years the gran-
ary from which Rome at the height of her power
drew her supplies which were distributed free to
her people.

Gibbon in his "Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire" mentions the fact that alfalfa was exten-
sively grown on the plains of Greece and when that
part of the Empire was overrun by barbarians, the
latter brought with them their flocks and herds, and
their prolonged stay was made possible by the al-
falfa growing in that favored clime.

In order that we may have a prosperous and
contented people we must have a generous supply
of food. It must be of good quality and cheap
enough to be within the reach of everyone in order
to bring about the highest development of the race.

Foodstuffs are divided into three classes, pro-
teids, carbo-hydrates and fats. Proteids are food-
stuffs which contain from 15 per cent to 18 per
cent of nitrogen and they enter largely into the de-
velopment of the muscular, nerve and glandular
tissues of the body as well as being present in force
in the blood. Proteids also contain the same ele-
ments which enter into the formation of carbo-
hydrates and fats but in different chemical combi-
nation.

As you are aware, it is impossible for an ani-
mal to take into itself substances such as nitrogen
and lime salts in their inorganic state and digest
and assimilate them. We must then of necessity look
for some plant which has in its composition the ele-
ments necessary for the production of food that can
be easily and cheaply grown and when fed to an
animal be readily assimilated and digested. Al-
falfa has proved to be such a plant and this plant
is of vital importance to every man, woman and
child in Canada today.

It has the power through bacteria attached to
its roots to take into itself nitrogen from the air
and also store it in the soil. But it can do more
than that. Under the influence of solar light and
heat it has the power to extract from the earth cer-
tain lime salts which enter into the formation of
bone, so that we have a plant which when fed to
an animal furnishes us with a bony framework be-
sides giving us the necessary tissues wherewith to
clothe it, and from which we derive our steak, chop,
or cutlet, as the case may be. But beforev we can
enjoy that steak we must have grown the alfalfa
and feed it, and in order to do that your land must
undergo certain preparation.

We assume that your land is of a quality which
when sown to grain will, under ordinary circum-
stances, produce a crop, that it has been surveyed
and leveled, and of sufficient slope that when water
is applied the water will not lie on it and become
stagnant and that any underlying water is not closer
than five feet to the surface of the soil.

To get a good stand of alfalfa our method has
been to summer-fallow, making sure that all grass
and weeds have been disposed of and by frequent
harrowing retain all the moisture possible. The
following spring, when all danger of frost is over,
we drill in one bushel of oats per acre as a nurse
crop, inserting it about three inches deep, and on
top of that we broadcast our alfalfa seed at the
rate of twelve pounds per acre and harrow lightly.
If conditions are favorable, the alfalfa should be six
inches high ; before overtaken by the alfalfa is a
heavy clay loam, and a nurse crop does not hurt
the alfalfa. The nurse crop, besides furnishing a
quantity of green feed, can be cut with a binder,
leaving a stiff stubble to act as a barrier to retain
any snow that may fall and so prevent winter
killing.

We have sown the seed with and without a
nurse crop and both methods appeared to be success-
ful until this year, that without a nurse crop winter
killing very badly. The seed without a nurse crop
was sow,n at the same time and under the same
conditions as that with a nurse crop. We cut the
crop when the weeds came strong, using a mower.
After cutting twice a dry spell followed, and the
growth of alfalfa was retarded. On this piece win-
ter killing was much in evidence, the snow having
blown off, leaving the alfalfa exposed to the ele-
ments.

The seed used came from four different places,
namely : Colorado, Idaho, Nebraska, and some
Turkistan seed from the seed house. They all ap-
peared to do equally well.

If you have any foxtail near your alfalfa field
get rid of it if possible, for once it gains a foot-
hold it is almost impossible to get rid of, and
eventually it will take possession of your field.

The question is often asked, "Is it necessary
to inoculate alfalfa?" By all means, if alfalfa has
not been grown in your neighborhood send to your
department of agriculture for nitro-culture or your
experimental farm for earth from an alfalfa field.

Our alfalfa existed for two years without in-
oculation. Each spring it would make a brave
stand for a month or more, and after it has at-
tained a height of six or eight inches it seemed to
receive a setback. It lost its fresh, healthy green
color and turned sickly and drooped. The following
year we sent to Edmonton for nitro-culture and
received sufficient for one acre. That nitro-culture
worked a miracle. On the part that was treated
the plants stood three feet high, strong and robust ;
the line of demarcation between it and the re-
mainder of the field being as sharply defined as if
cut out with a knife. The rest of the field we
treated with earth taken from that acre, and the
results were equally satisfactory.

By sowing twelve pounds per acre the output

(Continued on page po)

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

75

THE TRUTH ABOUT THE IRRIGATION
SITUATION.

Why Irrigation Investments Are at Low Ebb.

Real, Instead of Perfunctory, Control,

Demanded.

By Edward F. Bohm.

Everyone at all familiar with irrigation prac-
tice throughout the seventeen arid-land States is
well, and, in many cases, painfully aware of the
fact that irrigation "enterprises," so-called, have
fallen into general disrepute. Not that the subject
of irrigation, per se, is at all discredited — as well
attempt to deny the value of rainfall — but that the
laxity of the States in the administration of their
water resources — with some exceptions — and in the
control of the organized and capitalized irrigation
enterprises — with no exceptions, — has led in the
recent past to a veritable orgy of promotions and
flotations which, when weighed in the balance, have
been found wanting. Events identified with the
wholesale disruption of these schemes are of occur-

irrigation administration, throughout the arid land
States, the writer must confess that it is difficult to
explain the attitude of some of the States, except
upon the theory that "the nearer to Rome the fur-
ther from the Pope." The bare fact of the matter
is that the average man from the East and Middle
\\est has heard so much of spurious irrigation ven-
tures— so much of the troubles experienced by the
purchaser of "paper water rights" — here with Carey
Act Projects, there with irrigation districts, or "pri-
vate" ventures — that the bottom has fallen out oi
the whole strucure of confidence. It is only neces-
sary to compare conditions of today with those of
three or four years ago when the irrigation cam-
paign had assumed the proportions of an acute
mania.

Irrigation securities, as is well known, are today
so thoroughly discredited that, to use the terms of
a leading Chicago banker, "all that is necessary to
insure ostracism in Chicago financial circles is to
broach the subject of irrigation."

What is the Remedy? Not more perfervid
boosting or exploitation but a sane process of house-
cleaning.

An Unusually Fine Section of Flume Work Erected by the Lennon Metal Flume Co., Colorado Springs, Colo.

rence so recent that they require no narrating. As
a corollary, confidence upon the part of the investor
in irrigation securities has been destroyed and the
tide of immigration stemmed to an enormous degree.

The big question deals with problems that arc
not confined to any one State. The great majority
of Western States is feeling the need of more liberal
investment of capital — of more rapid influx of set-
tlers.

The situation may well be characterized as
acute when the director of the United States Recla-
mation Service finds it necessary, as has been the
case in the past, to call into conference immigration
officials of the arid-land States and colonization
agents of the trans-continental railroads, to discuss
ways and means to further the settlement of
irrigated lands — whether under Federal projects or
others — and to curb the operations of "wildcat" land
and water promoters and dealers.

In view of the activities of "bureaus of immi-

§ ration," it is pertinent to inquire "What are the
tates doing to safeguard the interests of the home-
seeker after he arrives?" Speaking as one who has
devoted a large part of his career, in an official, as
well as a private capacity, to an intimate study of

Some of the States are seeing the light — Idaho,
which has suffered much from Carey Act maladmin-
istration, has recently revised its entire system of
Carey Act regulations to conform to modern re-
quirements. Oregon in 1909 adopted a code of
water laws based upon the "Wyoming System" and
conceded, with its amendments, to be, in its practical
results, the last word upon the subject. It has also
revised its Carey Act laws with a consequent enor-
mous increase in activity in this direction, and the
subject of reclamation by the State, directly, with
its own funds, being seriously considered. Wyom-
ing has thrown additional safeguards around the
Carey Act entrymen and is agitating for a better
administration of irrigation districts.

A former State engineer of Wyoming hit the
nail squarely upon the head when he recommended
that "development cease unless it could proceed
without scandal."

Nevada has adopted a Carey Act Code which
goes so far as to provide for States' control of
financing of these projects, while the legislature oi
California, in its last session, placed the control of
irrigation districts in the hands of a commission to
consist of the State engineer, the attorney general

:G

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

and the State superintendent of banks, and made
the bonds of districts approved by this commission
legal investments for State funds. It is true that
this measure has not been put into practical execu-
tion as yet, but not on account of any inherent defect
of the law. These facts are cited as instances of
what can and is being accomplished.

In Utah one project has been successfully exe-
cuted with State funds — the so-called "Reserve
Land Grant fund."

In Colorado there are still many who regard
the — largely court-made — system of water adminis-
tration as perfect, and who, in the language of the
legislative committee of 1909, advise "hands off."
The argument is advanced that "it is dangerous to
vest judicial powers in administrative officials or
boards."

To such people should be commended a study
of the "Wyoming System" — so-called, as shown by
its results. The State of Wyoming wisely incor-
porated its present effective system in its constitu-
tion about 20 years ago, with the result that, today,
every "water right" in the State is well defined, and
that without friction or litigation. Compare the
effectiveness of this system as exemplified by the
experiences of the Dakotas, Nebraska, Wyoming,
Utah, New Mexico and Oregon, with that of Col-
orado or California.

Whether power be vested in one man or a
board, the results are the same. Idaho has
attempted an application of a mixture of the Colo-
rado and Wyoming systems and has attempted
to cure this defect by remedial legislation to be
referred to later. To apply a remedy it is neces-
sary to begin at the seat of the trouble — unre-
stricted filings. The experience of the States that
have adopted the Wyoming doctrine demonstrates
amply the superiority of a system permitting the
State engineer or a State board of division engineers
— under whatever name — to exercise discretionary
powers as to the granting of permits to appropriate-
— with an appeal to the courts as in all other States.
Work under this system must be initiated and com-
pleted within certain statutory limitations of time —
proof of beneficial application, with issuance of cer-
tificate of license to follow — also within a prescribed
period. This, with compulsory adjudication by the
board of all old rights, may within a few years result
in a complete record of all "rights" in the State and
at once vastly simplify procedure and tend to re-
store a measure of confidence. The Colorado filing
law of 1911 is a tremendous improvement over the
old system, which was simply a pawn in the hands
of unscrupulous promoters, tut it still regards the
primal resource of the State — its waters — as being
free as air and as concerning the State only as con-
troversies may arise. This theory may have been
correct twenty-five years ago, but economic condi-
tions have changed. A "water right" — in Colorado
especially — is such an obstruse affair that the engi-
neers can hardly "sense" it. It is a fundamental
obligation of the States which are spending thou-
sands to bring people upon their vacant lands, to
spend a little time, money and thought, towards
protecting these same people from the machinations
of unscrupulous land and water promoters after
their arrival.

The Colorado Carey Act administration as at
present constituted is good because in this instance
authority is vested in the State officials, the State
engineer and the State land board, but what of her
irrigation districts? To find out, go to Eastern
financial centers. Colorado is the only State where
irrigation districts "cut any figure," in which there
is a complete absence of State's control.

Idaho has many such districts. They have been
almost uniformly successful and that because there
is a complete system of State supervision. The
advanced legislation in California has already been
referred to. It is not enough to go this far and no
further.

All irrigation projects selling water rights
should be brought under the supervision of State
authorities — to the end that the purchaser of water
rights — yes, even of irrigation securities, may know
he is buying something possessing tangible value.
This recommendation applies to all the States.

Idaho in 1909 adopted a law providing that no
water right could be sold by any person or corpora-
tion, except upon approval of the State land board,
based upon examination and approval by the State
engineer; providing for a record of all transfers of
this character and a stiff penalty for non-observ-
ance of the law.

It is true that this law was designed as a pal-
.liative for that part of the Colorado System provid-
ing for approval by the State engineer of all filings
— even though obviously spurious — but it is a good
law and a step in the right direction.

With reference to initiation and perfecting of
so-called "rights," the States that still cling to the
antiquated system of "posting and filing of notices"
no doubt will in the near future adopt an orderly
system of procedure based upon the "Wyoming sys-
tem."

Of these States Texas, California and Washing-
ton have taken steps in the right direction by the
appointment of commissions to study the subjects
involved and to submit appropriate recommenda-
tions. In California some measures may be ex-
pected to engage the attention of the next legisla-
ture in Texas, likewise, in Montana and Arizona
there have been, so far, no active steps in this direc-
tion in Washington, the model "code" suggested
was rejected by the legislature in 1911; but efforts
in this direction will not cease that account.

One thing, further, I wish to recommend to take
appeals from the decisions of State officials to the
Supreme Court, directly, thus obviating intermin-
able delays.

At Pueblo in 1910 and at Chicago in 1911 at
the irrigation congresses, resolutions calling for effi-
cient States' control were unanimously carried.

At Salt Lake City in 1912, the congress adopted
a resolution endorsing a procedure whereby the con-
trol of all irrigation projects would be placed in the
hands of a commission consisting of experts in their
lines — to pass upon water supply, engineering, soil
conditions and financing and thus to introduce an
element of stability, into these ventures. It is easy
to see that the leaven is working and in which direc-
tion events are trending. Whether these matters
be passed upon by the State engineers and State

(Continued on page 88)

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

FEDERAL FORESTRY.

Address Delivered by Henry S. Graves, Forester in

Charge of the Federal Forest Service, at the

Fifth National Conservation Congress,

Washington, D. C., November 19, 1913.

The part played by the nation in forestry must
always be large. Here as in all other countries, the
real development of forestry began when the gov-
ernment took up its practice. Even today some
persons would leave the forests entirely to private
owners ; others insist that the public phases of for-
estry are altogether a state function, and federal

No. 1 — Bumper Crops Are Assured by This System for Truck Farms,
by Courtesy Henry R. Worthington Hydraulic Works, New York.

activities in this field uncalled for. Those who hold
this view are usually either lukewarm concerning
the need for forest conservation or opposed to re-
stricting private activities.

National responsibility in for-
estry is perfectly clear-cut. There
need be no confusion with an equally
clear-cut responsibility of the states.
And as to private forestry, little of
value has so far been done that has
not been an outcome of gublic action
through state or federal agencies, or
both. It was the work of the fed-
eral government in placing its own
fnrests under administration, its
demonstration of fire protection and
of conservative lumbering, its expe-
rimental and educational work, and
its stimulus to our educational insti-
tutions to train and turn out a large
body of foresters, which created the
present wide interest in forestry and
brought the efforts of other agencies
into successful play. I do not mean
in any way to overlook the splendid
work of certain individual states like
Pennsylvania and Xew York, which
dates back many years. But that
was localized in a few states. It required the
nation itself to set in motion a national movement.
The national work will always be the backbone of
American forestry, not trenching on or interfering
with state work or individual efforts, but serving
as a demonstration of forest management on its

own lands, a center of leadership, cooperation and
assistance to state and private work, a means to
handle interstate problems and coordinate the work
of neighboring states, a guarantee that national
needs which individual states can not meet will be
provided for on a national scale.

Underlying the forestry problem are two
fundamental considerations which should be em-
phasized and reiterated until thoroughly driven
home. One is the public character of forestry. The
public has a peculiar interest in the benefits of for-
estry. Both in the matter of a continued supply
of forest products and in that of the conservation of
water resources the public welfare is at stake. In
each case purposes vital to the pros-
perity of the country can be accom-
plished only with the direct partici-
pation of the public. Private owners
will secure results only on a limited
scale in the long run on their own
initiative. It takes too long, 50 to
200 years, to grow a crop of timber
trees. Most private owners in face
of fire risk, bad tax laws, and uncer-
tain future markets will not make
the necessary investments. Most
lumbermen have bought their lands
either to log or to speculate in the
standing timber, not to grow trees
for later generations. ,Nor will pri-
vate owners make investments for
general public benefits, as in water-
shed protection. If the public is to secure the bene-
fits of forestry it must take the measures necessary
to guarantee these results, and it must bear the cost

Reproduced by

No. 2 — Main Check, Redwood Canal, Near Holtville, Imperial County, California.
Courtesy Henry R. Worthington Hydraulic Works, New York.

of what it receives.

Closely related to the fact that forestry is in
many aspects a public problem is the second of the
fundamental considerations I wish to emphasize.
Forestry requires stability of administrative policy
and such permanence of ownership as will ensure

78

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

it. Herein lies the difficulty of private forestry on
a large scale. Timber land owners are interested in
the protection of their standing timber merely as
insurance. Most of them are not interested in for-
est production, or in protecting cut-over lands if
that involves substantial annual charges and is not
necessary in order to protect their remaining stand-
ing timber. As yet the problem of cut-over private
lands is unsolved. It is now devolving on the state
to aid in their protection from fire in the interest
of its own citizens. It will require the utmost re-
sources of state and federal government together
to handle this problem of getting reasonable pro-
tection of private forests and permanent produc-
tion of timber on cut-over lands. Stability of policy
and permanence of ownership are essential to any
successful attack on this great conservation
problem.

This principle of stability of policy of admin-
istration is a large factor in successful handling of
public property and has been consistently con-
sidered in the national forest work. I am frequently
asked as I travel about the country whether I am
going to make important changes in the forestry
policy. I was asked that very often in 1910, when
I first took office. I am asked it often this year. My
answer is that what we are seeking is not changes
but the development of a permanent public enter-
prise with consistent and stable policies. The na-
tional forests were set aside in the recognition that
the bulk of these lands should be handlel perma-
nently under public protection and control. Pro-
vision was made for the acquisition of agricultural
lands that might best be developed under private
ownership, and such areas are now being classified
and segregated from the forests very rapidly. The
successful handling of the national forests requires
annual expenditures in administration and protec-
tion and in development of roads, trails, telephones,
buildings, and other improvements necessary for
proper administration. We seek, therefore, as fast
as possible to develop through classification the
permanent boundaries of the forest land, and the
management of it according to definite far-sighted
plans that will make for the best results of all ex-
penditures in the long run. The result sought is an
efficient business administration, a proper and ade-
quate forestry practice, and development of the
public property in the interests of the people who
own it. These simple principles have been kept in
mind since the first organization of the work by
Mr. Pinchot, who was more than any other one man
responsible for what has been accomplished in for-
estry in this country.

The national forests have now been under ad-
ministration fifteen years, and under the Forest
Service for eight years. The aim of the present
administration is not to overturn, but to take every
possible step to increase efficiency of the organiza-
tion, to adjust difficulties, and advance as fast as
possible the purposes for which the national forests
were established. Secretary Houston recently said
to me regarding the national forests :

"Establish permanent boundaries. Classify
your lands ; segregate the agricultural land and fix
right limits for what is needed as protective and
productive forests. Develop permanent policies

based on full recognition of lasting public interests,
and settled forestry practice fitted to the individual
needs of each forest and locality. Study efficiency ;
make any changes necessary for this purpose, but
make no changes that are not clearly called for in
the public interest. Carry out your plans for the
development and increasing use of the forests, but
above all, make each forest work for community
upbuilding and local as well as general welfare. We
must always have in mind the men and women
who are building up a new country and laying the
foundations for prosperous, thriving common-
wealths. We must try to study their needs and
see where and how the forests can help them. But
we must not cease to guard effectively against the
evils of private privilege and monopolistic control
of resources now the property of the public."

The first important result of national forestry
is a demonstration that the forests can be protected
from fire. It was only a few years ago that many
asserted this to be impossible. In the northwest the
smoke season was as inevitable as the rainy season
of winter, and this was not merely the result of
clearing land, but from forest fires. It is only re-
cently that our own forest officers have regarded
lookout stations as feasible in certain places ; for
lookout stations are useless if smoke hides the
view. This year has been the worst in many re-
spects of all years in California because of the fre-
quency of lightning fires. Yet the lookout 'sta-
tions on only two forests, and then only for a short
time, were out of commission because of smoke ;
and the smoke came from fires on private lands. This
year in California there were over 1,100 fires on the
timbered areas. These were kept down to an aver-
age of a little over 20 acres per fire. This was done
by an effective fire organization and through the
means of the trails, telephones, and lookout system.
In one storm lightning set over twenty fires on
one forest. It takes swift and efficient work to
handle such a situation. The results so far attained
show that fires can be mastered. But it is necessary
first to put the forest in a condition to enable the
force to prevent fires, to detect those which start
promptly, and to reach them quickly. The Forest
Service is developing a system of lookout stations,
fire lines, trails, and telephone lines that ultimately
will make the forests secure. Already the force is
able to save every year property valued at many
million dollars through the improvements so far
built, although as yet only a beginning has been
made. This work is carried on according to a
definite plan, already projected in detail. Each
year's work adds 2,500 miles of trails, 3,500 miles
of telephones, and many lookouts and other im-
provements, progressing toward the final scheme.
Until that is completed the forests can not be made
entirely secure. With that development the forest
fires can be handled even in that exceptionally dry
year that occasionally comes to every region.

This protection not only saves the trees from
destruction or injury, but already the effect is
shown in the restocking of many areas where the
old fires had prevented reproduction. Personally, I
had hardly expected that there would be so quick
(Continued on page 86)

THE IRRIGATION" AGE.

79

THE FEDERAL WATER USERS

A Department Devoted to the Interests of the Farmers in the

Government Irrigation Projects

Edited by Geo. J. Scharschug

Why I Have Created This Department.

Four years ago as a newspaper correspondent
and an unbiased observer, I accompanied the Irri-
gation committee of the United States Senate on a
trip of inspection of the Federal Reclamation proj-
ects. I had visited most of the projects prior to that
time and have been on many of them since, but on
that trip I had an opportunity to get in close touch
with the real backbone of the projects — the settlers.
I was permitted to attend the meetings of the Water
Users' association ; to hear the actual settlers' side
of the government irrigation problem ; to hear from
his own lips his story of struggle to make desert
sands bloom and produce ; to learn at first hand of
his treatment by and his dealings with the agents
of Uncle Sam.

It was then that the idea of this department,
devoted to the interests of the water users on the
federal projects, for which the editor of THE IRRI-
GATION AGE has given me space, was born. It was
then that I decided that I wanted to have a part in
working out the great human problem, which con-
fronts both the government and the settlers in mak-
ing a success of the great engineering projects, on
which the United States has already spent more
than $100,000,000. For unless the 1,000,000 persons,
who now live in and are developing these projects,
all of them clean, sturdy, honest, hardy men, women
and children, born with the blood of pioneers and
the desire to create homes from the breast of nature,
itself, are not treated fairly, given all that was prom-
ised to them by our government and in turn they
fulfilled all their obligations to the United States,
the great monuments of irrigation engineering will
be as naught — and more costly, too, this nation will
have lost the confidence of a million of its best citi-
zens.

Two years ago I had opportunity to help the
water users of a number of projects organize their
national body — the National Federation of Water
Users' association. My part in the work was small,
but its success has pleased me greatly. The ben-
efits that the national organization have already
obtained for the water users are manifold and are
but new proof of the old saying: "In union there is
strength."

There is much yet to be done. There has been
government repudiation of contracts with the set-
tlers, which in all fairness must be righted. There
have been mistakes by government engineers, some
innocent, some deliberate — yes, almost criminal —
for which the homesteaders are now being asked to
pay. This is not fair. There are other interests
seeking, I think without any just grounds, to get a
finger into the government funds, devoted by con-
gressional act to irrigation. This vast fund came
from the sale of public lands in the states where it
is being used. The outside interests seeking it must
be fought. There are other interests, credited by

some with being very high in administration coun-
cils, who threaten to overthrow the entire present
organization of government reclamation as it con-
cerns the settler. Such moves must be inquired into
very carefully and scrutinized minutely before con-
gress is permitted to act upon them favorably.

The most potent remedy is the light of publicity.
Publicity will make the government officials re-
spect the rights of the homesteader. Publicity will
keep the homesteader from evading in any manner
his obligations and his duties to the government.
Such publicity cannot be hailed with anything but
approval by any patriotic citizen.

To make this department of THE IRRIGATION AGE
a success, I must have the co operation of the' water
users. I want it. I want the aid of the country
editors on the projects. They have been the back-
bone of the many fights which the settlers have al-
ready made and will be in the future. It is unfortu-
nate that. their circulation is not national. If it were,
there would be no need for such a department as
mine. Members of the executive committee of the
Federation of Water Users have assured me of their
aid. If the water users will also help, this depart-
ment cannot but succeed and it will accomplish
much good.

RECLAMATION REORGANIZATION.

What It Means to the Project Settlers.

Secretary of the Interior Lane's reorganization
of the administrative organization of the Reclama-
tion Service bears every indication of success.

Although it was late in December when the
secretary issued his order formally creating the
Reclamation Commission of five members, settlers
on the various projects state they are already begin-
ning to feel the benefits of the reorganization. They
believe it will result in more attention in Washing-
ton and by the subordinate officers on the various
projects to the human problems of developing the
projects ; in more business-like expenditure of the
funds for construction and in greater justice to the
claims of the homesteaders and water users.

It is certain that it has pretty thoroughly de-
seroyed the bure'acracy of scientific gentlemen and
their hangers-on, who long ruled with a hand of
iron the Reclamation Service and the 1,000,000 per-
sons, living on the government projects. And it has
done so without destroying the efficiency or use-
fulness of the engineers, to whom great credit is
due for the vast irrigation works they have con-
structed. These engineers can now continue their
constructive work, for which they are fitted. Men
better trained in business and human affairs will
care for the other features of the reclamation work
which the engineers have striven to do in the past,

80

T II H IRRIGATION AGE.

no doubt to the best of their ability, but of which
in many cases they made almost total failure.

Secretary Lane made this reorganization only
after a very careful study of the entire 'situation. He
is a western .man and knows many of the problems
of the pioneer. He gave a very extended hearing to
the officers of the National Federation of Water
Users' association, to representatives of -the various
project organizations, to individuals acquainted with
irrigation and to the reclamation officials. When
he had thoroughly digested all this information, he
acted. He divided the Reclamation Service into five
divisions, as follows:

Scientific, Statistical and Historical division, in
charge of F. H. Newell, as director.

Engineering and Technical division, in charge
of Arthur P. Davis, as chief engineer.

Law division, in charge of Will R. King, chief
counsel.

Fiscal and Accounts division, in charge of W.
A. Ryan, comptroller.

Operation and Maintenance division, in charge
of I. D. O'Donnell, supervisor of irrigation.

The engineering and technical features of the
service thus remain in the hands of Director Newell
and Chief Engineer Davis. This is proper. While
these two men have made mistakes and many
enemies, they have long been the directing heads of
the construction work of the irrigation projects and
have done work that will stand for centuries as
monuments to their engineering ability. There is
still millions of dollars worth of work to be done
and their supervision and counsel will be of vast
value to the government and to the project settlers.

Although the five division chiefs will act as a
board, the real business management of the projects
and of new construction work falls on the shoulders
of Comptroller Ryan, it is understood in Washing-
ton.

Mr. Ryan is the personal appointee and rep-
resentative of Secretary Lane. He was employed
on some big investigations for the Interstate Com-
merce Commission, when Mr. Lane was a member
of that body, and the secretary thinks very highly
of him.

Organizing ability and business acumen are de-
clared to be prominent attributes of Mr. Ryan's
make-up, and he has already shown something of
these in the short time he has been on the Reclama-
tion Commission. He has expressed some rather re-
markable ideas about the reorganization of the
water users. Some of these ideas will no doubt
prove of value ; others are so revolutionary that the
settlers' interests might be jeopardized, should he
succeed in carrying them out.

It is worth a great deal to the settlers to know
that he has the full confidence of Secretary Lane
and through the secretary, of the administration.

Supervisor O'Donnell comes from Billings,
Mont., adjacent to the Huntley project. Secretary
Lane is reported to have called him "the ideal man
for the place."

The duties of Mr. O'Donnell, if carried out fully
as outlined, may make him a man of immense value
to the water users. He is the adviser of the Recla-
mation Commission on all matters concerning irri-
gated lands. He directs and conducts the manage-

ment of all the irrigation systems on the govern-
ment projects. He will advise with water users and
their associations concerning the best methods of
irrigation and cultivation of their lands, the develop-
ment of their markets and upon other problems af-
fecting the welfare of the settlers and the projects.
All project managers and maintenance employes are
under Mr. O'Donnell's supervision.

One of the first acts of the new commission
was to cause a reiteration by Secretary Lane of his
order of June 23, 1913. And this time he spoke in
language so plain that every project employe could
understand it well enough to let the settlers know
about it. Under this order, slightly modified, no ac-
tion will be taken for the cancellation of entries for
non-payment of building or operation and main-
tenance charges before March 1, 1914.

The Commission has also made a very impor-
tant concession to the settlers, as the result of a
request of the Elephant Butte Water Users' associa-
tion on the Rio Grande project. This association
has been given permission to employ an engineer,
empowered to check all plans and specifications and
estimates of cost prepared by engineers of the
Reclamation Service. Secretary Lane directed the
Commission to grant the same right to any other
water users' association that may apply for it. This
is an important reform and will, no doubt, prevent
in the future many extravagances, useless expendi-
tures and foolhardy pieces of engineering, such as
have cropped out in the past on practically every
project and cost the settlers millions of dollars.
Some of these mistakes have been matters of pub-
lic scandal and efforts are now being made by con-
gressmen and others to work out some way by
which the settlers, entirely innocent, can be relieved
of paying for them, and yet not violate their solemn
obligations to pay back to the government every
cent put into the construction of the projects.

The' new method of administering the projects
will be considerably more expensive, so far as the
payroll is concerned, and, of course, the settlers
must ultimately pay these bills. All in all, however,
the extra cost now looks like money well invested.

CORRECTION.

An explanation is necessary in item which ap-
peared on page 54 of our December number, under
the subhead, "Kansas" in Reclamation Notes, about
a well near Modoc, Kan., in which it was stated
that a Mr. Churchill had invented an irrigation
pump that would lift 800 gallons of water per min-
ute and from a depth of 128 feet. It should have read
300 gallons as per the copy prepared, which allows
for a more reasonable efficiency. The fault was with
the proofreader and not with the one who prepared
the copy.

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION AGE and bound copy of THE PRIMER OF IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of THE PRIMER OF HY-
DRAULICS add $2.50 to above price.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

81

SMALL FIREPROOF GARAGES

To keep the automobile safely and in the most
efficient order and to preserve its appearance, there
should be provided a permanent, fireproof garage.
Concrete is the most suitable material for this pur-
pose. A concrete building is warm in winter and
cool in summer — very important considerations for
the motorist who likes to "tinker" on his machine —
and its fireproof qualities are self-evident and of
the utmost importance where gasoline is so freely
used.

The garage should not be planned of too small
dimensions. It is desirable to provide space for a
work bench fitted with a good machinist's vise and
rack for tools, and allowance made for room to
store oil, gasoline, extra tires and other supplies.
For a single car a size of 18 feet long by 14 feet wide
b\- <» feet high (inside measurements) will be ample.
Method of Construction

The foundations should be 12 inches wide by 3
feet deep, and should extend 5 inches above ground
level to provide for a concrete floor of this thick-
ness. The concrete for the foundation should be
made in the proportion of 1 part Portland cement
• _ _. parts sand to 5 parts screened gravel or

crushed rock. Upon the foundations the 6-inch wall
will be placed. Make the walls of 1 to 2 to 4 con-
crete. The walls are reinforced with %-inch round
steel rods, spaced 14 inches apart, and running both
horizontally and vertically. The forms for the
walls can be built the full height, or movable forms
of a height of about 3 feet can be used. Forms are
made of 1-inch siding, well supported by 2x4 lumber
to prevent bulging when concrete is placed. The
movable forms are filled and raised each day until
the entire 9 feet is completed. In order that the
car can be easily run in and out of the garage, it is
well to leave the entire entrance side open and fitted
with large swinging doors. In the sides of the door-
way imbed bolts with heads in the concrete. These
bolts will be used later for fastening the wooden
door jamb which carries the hinges for the doors.
Provide a good sized window in each of the three
walls so that there will be plenty of light on the
car when it is to be repaired or washed.

The concrete floor will be 5 inches thick, made
of 1 to 2y2 to 5 concrete, and rests directly on the
ground. The ground should be scraped and well
rolled or tamped to secure a good foundation for

the floor, which is laid after the walls are finished.
Where the car will stand the floor should be sloped
to a drain at the center to carry off the water used
in washing. If running water is obtainable the
pipes should be laid before the foundation and floor
are started. It is a good plan to provide for an
underground gasoline storage tank with a pump ex-
tending up through the concrete floor.

The roof can be made either peaked or flat.
The flat form is much easier for the average person
to build. Such a roof should be constructed with a
slope of about 4 inches toward the back of the
building to drain off water. Make the roof 6 inches
thick, of 1 :2:4 concrete, and reinforced with ^-inch
round steel rods spaced 5 inches apart for the short
lengths and 9 inches for the long lengths. These
rods are located 1 inch from the bottom of the roof.
Where the rods cross, wire them together to pre-
vent shifting when the concrete is placed. Over the
doorway, where there is no wall to support the roof,
the weight is carried by a concrete beam 6 inches
wide by 14 inches deep, including the thickness of
the roof. Both beam and roof are built at the

ff B**J ~ to*f ff^-.

' 9~ - J**s* O*rj

same time. Two inches from the bottom of the
beam place two ^4-inch square twisted steel rods.
The form for the roof consists of a flat platform of
1-inch boards on joists supported by upright stud-
ding. Be sure that the forms are strongly made
and well supported so as to safely hold the weight
of the wet concrete. This form should remain in
place for a week or two after placing the concrete.
Make provision through the roof for a concrete
chimney or sheet iron smoke pipe for a small coal
or gas stove. The garage should be heated in win-
ter to prevent freezing of the water in the cylinders
and radiator of the car.

Materials Needed

For a garage of the size given there will be re-
quired : 38^2 barrels of Portland cement, 12 cubic
yards sand and 24 cubic yards stone or gravel.

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION AGE and bound copy of THE PRIMER OF IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of The Primer of Hy-
draulics add $2.50 to above price.

82

THE IREIGATION AGE.

PRACTICAL AND INDEPENDENT IRRIGA-
GATION DEVELOPMENT

Progressive agriculturists are realizing that
irrigation properly applied is as valuable an asset
in New England and Florida as it is in the arid
regions of the West. Irrigation in the so-called
"wet belt" is beyond the experimental stage; New
England is showing results almost marvelous in
market garden, tobacco field and orchard. Reports
are frequently made in Massachusetts and Connec-
ticut of lands yielding under irrigation from three
to four-fold greater than exactly similar areas de-
pendent for moisture upon the vagaries of the
weather.

The net work of electric power lines rapidly
spreading over the country, the perfection of the
internal combustion engine and the design of highly
efficient and low-cost pumping machinery make
practicable the independent irrigation development.
In all parts of the country the land owner with his
own pumping plant to supply irrigation for his acre-
age has an insurance on his crops against freezing
and against a possible dry season that is infinitely
more valuable than fire insurance on his buildings.
No anxious watching of the sky for rain on the hot
summer days of drought when other crops are dry-
ing up for lack of water. No rueful contemplation
of a partial crop that is hardly sufficient to pay
expenses. Sunshine, warmth and water are essen-
tial to plant growth, and to the man with an irriga-
tion system the continuance of clear, hot days is
most welcome. As when the ground is rich with
moisture in the springtime the first bright warm
days bring to life all vegetation, so the hot days of
summer need but the assistance of moisture to bring
the crops to sure and full fruition.

Although the farmer has a choice of several
different methods of distributing water to the
crops, a great deal has to be taken into consideration
as to which is the most economical and satisfactory
method. The topography of the land, the kind of
soil, the character of the crop to be irrigated, the
labor required and the ease of cultivation are among
the factors which are instrumental in this determ-
ination. In the Western states it is usually found
{hat surface irrigation can best be done by means
of ditches, furrows or flooding.

In the East, however, surface irrigation is fre-
quently impractical, as the necessary levelling of the
land might destroy the productiveness of the shal -
low soil. Furthermore, most forms of surface irri-
gation would demand that regularly shaped fields
with long rows be broken up into irregular ones to
conform to the varying levels of the land. The
system generally used is spraying from overhead
pipes, parallel lines of pipe being suspended forty
to sixty feet apart. The pipes are fitted with special
nozzles every few feet, these nozzles throwing a
fine stream which breaks into spray. Means are
provided for turning the pipes so that the inclination
of the streams varies and thus a practically even
distribution of water over the whola. field is
obtained.

Among the large variety of pumping equipment
used for supplying water for irrigation projects none
has created such a great interest on the market as

that shown in the illustration herewith. This pump
is a special horizontal double acting single cylinder
power pump built by The Deane Steam Pump Com-
pany of Holyoke, Mass. It undoubtedly represents
the most highly efficient piece of pumping ma-
chinery on the market designed especially to meet
the needs of the individual irrigator.

The same care has been expended in the design
of this type of pump to prevent the transgression
of hydraulic laws as is usual in the layout of the
plans of the most important large city water works
pumping engines. In consequence, there is a total
absence of air pockets to decrease the volumetric
efficiency and cause pounding and valve troubles.
The waterways are short, direct and of large area.
The valves themselves are identically the same as
are used in pumping engines, and the valve areas
and flow velocities are computed on the same basis.
Though obviously more costly than the up-flow
type, the cylinder of the Deane "Model A" pump
has been made of the submerged piston type to
facilitate starting up without priming and after
protracted periods of disuse. Every part of the
pump, including the valve service, is accessible
without disconnection of either the suction or the
discharge pipe — which, in itself, is a material ad-
vantage where pipe tools are difficult to obtain. All
gearing is accurately cut on automatic machinery
from solid blanks, insuring high mechanical effi-
ciency and smooth, quiet operation. A large num-
ber of these pumps are used in irrigation pumping
from rivers, brooks, ditches or lakes to heights de-
pending upon the particular farm on which they
are used. Irrigation pumping is an especially severe
service but these pumps are entirely suitable for
driving by any power.

The Model "A" pump is exceptionally service-
able for operation from small internal-combustion
engines. It is arranged for belt drive, both tight
and loose pulleys being furnished. This arrange-
ment is in general most satisfactory — being quiet,
efficient and flexible. In this way gear noises are
practically eliminated. The engine may be used
either for pumping or for any of the other purposes
for which it may be needed on the farm. The econ-
omy of the internal-combustion engine is so well
known as to require little comment, yet it will be
of interest to know that by the use of one of these
model "A" pumps and a gasoline or kerosene engine
(such as that manufactured by the International Gas
Engine Company, Cudahy, Wis.), 20.000 gallons of
water can be lifted approximately 50 feet by the use
of about one gallon of gasoline or oil. In addition
to this very economical operation, the whole outfit
is so simple that it can easily be operated by ordi-
nary labor.

Among the many points of superiority in the
Model "A" pump can be mentioned the simplicity
of design which involves the fewest possible number
of parts consistent with efficient and successful
operation. The base and the cylinders are of excep-
tionally heavy and rigid construction. The cylinder
is brass-lined, thus preventing rusting, and this lining
can be replaced in case of wear, making an inexpen-
sive cylinder renewal. The crank and pinionshaft
bearings are long, and perfect alignment is assured
by heavily ribbing the casting containing them.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

83

Reclamation Notes

CALIFORNIA.

The sale of approximately 47,000 acres of land in
the Imperial Valley by the Southern Pacific Land Com-
pany to the California Land and Water Company at a
price stated to be close to $2,000,000 was announced
recently. Irrigation canals from the main Imperial Val-
ley system have been nearly completed, and it is expected
that the deal will open up some 90,000 acres for reclama-
tion, as the railroad held only alternate sections, govern-
ment entrymen owning the rest.

The formation, of an irrigation district near Oroville
to comprise 60,000 acres is being pushed rapidly forward.
It is planned to take water from the middle fork of
Feather River and distribute it over the land by means
of pipe lines and ditches. The acreage included in the
district is all valuable orange and olive land.

Articles of incorporation have been filed by the
Cudahy Mutual Water Company, with the principal office
located at Los Angeles. The company is capitalized for
$75,000. The incorporators of the company are L. W.
Sale, L. M. Cole, Marco H. Hellman, V. C. Kleinberger
and F. H. Edwards.

The first steps looking to the organization of an
irrigation district embracing 18,000 acres of land on the
west side of the river between Redding and Cottonwood
were taken at a meeting held recently in Anderson, j. C.
Brown, of Cottonwood, presided, and W. C. Barkloo
acted as secretary.

A company of Los Angeles capitalists, headed by
Mrs. E. A. Wantworth, has purchased 400 acres of land
in Santa Ana, Wash., on Church street, and will start
an ostrich farm. There is a well 149 feet deep on the
property and it is thought that 500 inches of water can
be developed. A pump will soon be installed.

United States Collector of Internal Revenue Joseph
J. Scott of San Francisco directed to the Secretary of the
Treasury a request for an opinion as to whether or not
the irrigation and reclamation sections of his district are
liable to taxation. There is a clause in the tariff law that
exempts the bonds of a state, or a political subdivision
of a state, from taxation, and the question is if the irri-
gation and reclamation districts fall under this clause. As
there are millions of acres of reclamation and irrigation
lands in Collector Scott's district, the question is an im-
portant one.

A. D. Lewis, a mem'ber of the engineering corps of
the English government engaged in irrigation work in
South Africa, is investigating the system of management,
the plan of water distribution and other matters con-
nected with the operation of the Modesto irrigation dis-
trict. He has made a study already of a number of other
irrigation districts and will continue his study in the
United States for some time before reporting to his gov-
ernment. Mr. Lewis has been in the United States since
last July.

Plans for the creation of an American Holland, with
an area 2,000 square miles greater than the Netherlands,
by means of a system of irrigation canals, have been
formed by A. L. Shinn, of San Francisco. He submitted
them recently to the State Realty Federation at its meet-
ing at Del Monte, telling in detail how the State and
National Governments could combine to create a region
of almost illimitable fertility in the Sacramento and San
Joaquin Valleys, where 8,000,000 acres net might support
a population greater than the 5,000,000 owing allegiance
to Queen Wilhelmina. In the valley of the Sacramento
alone the land could be increased in value to $500,000,000
by canals along its sides, and these might be made to
furnish immense electric power as well.

In describing his plans Mr. Shinn pointed out that more

water than would be required to irrigate all of northern
California goes to waste through the floods of the Sacra-
mento River. There are storage facilities in the moun-
tains sufficient to meet the requirements, which can be
economically employed. The principal and most eco-
nomical reservoir sites lie at the comparatively high ele-
vation, probably above 3,000 feet. By utilizing 2,000 feet
of the drop for power purposes the water could be de-
livered at the head of the Sacramento Valley, near Red-
ding, at an elevation of 1,000 feet, to be thence distributed
for irrigation.

COLORADO.

The Reclamation Service is asking for proposals for
furnishing 250,000 barrels of Portland cement, f. o. b. cars
at the works of the bidder, for use in connection with
government irrigation projects. The bids will be opened
on January 15, at the office of the Reclamation Service,
408 Commonwealth building, Denver, Colo.

Almost 16,000 acres of land will be placed under
irrigation next spring, twenty-four miles from Fort Mor-
gan, by the San Arroya Irrigation District, which has
recently completed its reservoir. The inauguration of the
district's system will mean the active utilization of one
of the largest irrigation projects in the eastern part of
the state of Colorado. The reservoir covers 373 acres
and will contain 22,000 acre feet of water.

Control of the Orchard Mesa Irrigation Ditsrict was
taken from the Magenheimer interests in the ditch elec-
tion held early in December, 1913, and the largest land
owners and heaviest tax payers on the Mesa are now cut
off from all representation on the board. The election
was of the highest importance because of the fight which
was started some time ago against the Magenheimers
over alleged extravagances in the construction of the
million dollar ditch.

The Grand Valley Irrigation Company of Grand Junc-
tion went through the past year with smaller expenses
than for five years previous, according to the recent
report of its secretary, A. O. Peery. The expenditures
for the year were $29,382.59; resources reported as $18,-
429.22, and liabilities $5,352.42. In the twenty years that
the company has been in 'existence the ditch has practi-
cally been rebuilt, and the total average expense has been
a little less than 90 cents per acre. The company's
original charter was for twenty years and it will be
necessary to obtain a new one this year. It is expected
that the organization will be the same as heretofore.

A number of enterprising farmers of the May Valley
region are organizing a reclamation district. It will be
one of the big projects of the near future for Lamar and
vicinity. This district will reclaim twenty sections of
land. As this land has already been developed under
irrigation and its value established, the bonds of the
district will find a ready sale, and it is expected that the
preliminary work of organization will soon be completed,
and the district ready for work.

The bondholders' committee of the North Sterling
Irrigation District has cancelled the interest and taxes
on the district bonds for a period of five years, i. e., they
have eliminated the payment of a half million dollars
interest. This action was taken recently at a meeting
held in Chicago after a committee representing land
owners under the district had informed them that the
farmers were experiencing much difficulty in developing
their land because of the lack of capital, inasmuch as
they had no opportunity to mature crops, the water from
the reservoir having only been placed on portions of the
land last July.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the
Reclamation Service to execute contract with the Orman
Construction Company of Pueblo for excavating a por-
tion of the Selig Extension Canal, a part of the Uncom-
pahgre project. The work involves the excavation of
26,200 cubic yards of material and 4,000 cubic yards of
overhaul. The contract price is $7,199.

84

THE 1 11 R I G A T I 0 X A G E .

The great need for Colorado's agricultural develop-
ment, in the opinion of many men most familiar with
local conditions, is for a better class of tenants and owners
of small ranches. Because of the superiority of Colorado's
soil, climate, irrigation systems and other advantages, this
state has not been forced into the measures of systematic
development that have become established in other re-
gions. The local promoters and others interested in
development work are beginning to understand that they
are being left behind in the march of progress, when they
are really entitled to a foremost place at the head of the
procession.

portion of the region where farmers heretofore have
depended on irregular rainfall.

One of the biggest irrigation projects completed in
Colorado in recent years is almost finished on the North
fork of the Poudre river. The project involved the drill-
ing of a tunnel, almost a mile long, through a mountain.
The tunnel is the property of the North Poudre Irriga-
tion company and was drilled to take the place of an old
wooden flume, several miles in length, which heretofore
has been used.

The two bores met recently and the big hole through
the mountain was completed. The tunnel is 4,891 feet
long, is eight and one-half feet high by six and one-half
feet wide, and has an average grade of Ifi feet to the mile.
It has a carrying capacity of 400 cubic feet of water per
second.

Just what has been done near Las Animas is what
is needed throughout the Arkansas Valley. It is what is
needed to a certain extent throughout the country if our
agricultural production is to keep pace with the con-
sumption.

A large tract of land there has been cut up into forty-
acre tracts which are to be colonized by truck gardeners.
The land lies in what is known as the bottoms, but it is
underlaid with water-bearing sand and a pumping plant
is to be installed and thus a large body of land reclaimed.

The farmers near La Junta are taking quite an inter-
est in the dairy business, and are seeking a better breed
of milch cows. Gay Ecton has a fine bred Guernsey cow
which supplies milk and butter for a family of seven, and
they sell about $20 worth of milk every month.

Sam Hoeman who has just \tYi acres of land not
far from Canon City has demonstrated this year that any
man in this section of the west who will properly handle
a small acreage can lay up money and enjoy the very
best of living. In Park Center he has two small tracts
totalling 17^2 acres.

This land has just commenced to bear fruit yet this
year he took off nearly 1,200 boxes of apples which aver-
aged him $1.12 a box. meaning about $1,400 in real money.

One thousand baskets of grapes averaged around 27
cents, making $270. This was an off year on grapes.
Last year he got 1,500 baskets with about the same aver-
age price.

Five hundred crates of cherries brought an average
of $1.75, $875 realized from cherries. Raspberries, both
kinds, make a total of over 250 crates and brought at an
average of $2.00. That means $500 for a little time and
trouble. In all Mr. Hoeman pulled in over $3,000 for the
year's work.

Of course he had some expenses. But he did the
greater share of the work himself and about all the money
he was out was for his water tax and box and crating
materials. One thousand dollars will easily cover these
expenditures and it is plain to see the splendid profit.

IDAHO.

The Reclamation Service is asking for proposals for
about 490,000 pounds of reinforcement bars for use on
the Boise irrigation project. The bids will be opened at
the office of the United States Reclamation Service at
Boise. Idaho, January 20, 1914.

KANSAS.

During the Kansas Irrigation Congress herd at Good-
land late in December, Prof. E. Haworth, of the Uni-
versity of Kansas, made the statement that there is more
water in western Kansas than the people can ever use.
He states that inexhaustible underground streams that
may be tapped for irrigation are to be found over a great

Five farmers near Great Bend have entered into a
co-operative scheme whereby they will be able to irrigate
some 750 acres of their farms in dry seasons. They pro-
pose to get water for this purpose by damming Wet
Walnut Creek, which flows through their land. W. S.
Gearhart, state engineer at the agricultural college, is
preparing the plans for the dam.

The big irrigation wells and the reservoir being
erected by the state board of irrigation, north of Tribune,
are almost completed, and water will soon be turned into
the reservoir for the purpose of irrigating eighty acres
of land.

MONTANA.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized award
of contract to Messrs. R. P. and C. B. Murrill of Gilman,
Mont., for performing feight hauling sevices in connec-
tion with the Sun River project. The total estimated
quantity of material to be delivered embraces about
4,000,000 pounds of miscellaneous freight matter, the total
cost of transporting which will be about $13,500.

F. F. Lyon, an attorney of Butte, H. R. Albion of
Custer and A. W. McConnell of Chicago, 111., are inter-
ested in an irrigation project embracing some 25,000
acres of land lying on the north side of the Little Missouri
River, about 12 miles below Alzada, Mont. The project
is to be put under the provision of the Carey act. Bonds
have been issued and offered for sale in the east, and it
is expected that the initial amount raised will be about
$300,000, which will be available some time during the
winter, and work on the project will start early in the
spring.

Work on the Fort Peck irrigation project has been
suspended for the season.

Six hundred thousand acres of land in Montana were
thrown open to entry by the government on December 0.
The land is known as the Lake Basin irrigation project.
and ten years ago was withdrawn from entry by the
Government Reclamation Service.

The United States Reclamation Service is asking for
proposals for furnishing about 750,000 pounds of steel
reinforcement bars for use on the Montana irrigation
projects. The bids will be opened at the office of the
United States Reclamation Service at Great Falls, Mont.,
on January 20, 1914.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the
Reclamation Service to award contracts for the con-
struction of earthwork and structures in connection with
the Yandalia South Canal, Milk River irrigation project.
Montana, as follows: To Tebbs. Taggart, Jurgens &
Knipe, Glascow, Mont., schedule 1. 2 and 3, involving
the excavation of 470,180 cubic yards of material and
70,000 cubic yards of overhaul, contract price, $74,093.80.
To Threet Bros. & Jolley, of Lowell, Wyoming, schedule
4, consisting of 17,000 cubic yards of excavation, the
placing of reinforcing steel. 250,000 pounds, laying 342
linear feet of corrugated iron pipe and 2,858 linear feet
of vitrified pipe, erecting 1,085 linear feet of steel flumes,
furnishing lumber for turnouts and bridges, etc., con-
tract price, $42.120.95.

A report has been submitted by the engineers of the
Musselshell Valley irrigation project to the Board of
Commissioners, outlining in a general way, the proposed
work, and including a detailed estimate of the probable
cost of the work. The district to lie irrigated is located
entirely in Musselshell County, extending along the
Musselshell River valley from near the town of Barber
on the west for a length of approximately 100 miles to
Melstone on the east. The land along the proposed
canal is practically all in private ownership in tracts of
from 160 acres up to 1,200 acres. It is proposed to irri-
gate something over 19,000 acres. 60 per cent of which
is at present under cultivation. A few miles from the

THE 1 KH I G A TI 0 X AGE.

85

town of Barber is a natural reservoir site, called "Dead
Man's Basin," which was reserved by the United States
Reclamation Service a few years ago. This will be used
in this project. It covers an area of about 2,000 acres
and will hold 20 to 30 feet of water without additional
diking on the edge. The estimated cost of the project is
$208,139. If a supply canal should be found necessary
the cost will be increased by $54,000.

John L. B. Mayer of Augusta has been awarded the
contract for manufacturing 250,000 feet of lumber to be
used on the structures of the Sun River irrigation project.

NEBRASKA.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the
Reclamation Service to execute contract with the Pitts-
burg Valve and Construction Company of Pittsburgh,
for furnishing needle regulating valves for the Mini-
tare dam, North Platte irrigation project, Nebraska.
The contract price is $4,528.

The irrigation plan of the North Platte project pro-
vides for the storage of the flood waters of North Platte
River by the Pathfinder dam about three miles below the
junction of the North Platte and Sweetwater rivers in
Wyoming, and in smaller reservoirs along the canal lines.
Minitare dam, which impounds the waters in one of these
small reservoirs, is a structure Go feet high, 3,370 feet
long along its crest and will have a volume of 570,000
cubic yards. The North Platte project includes 129,270
acres of irrigable land, the greater part of which is in
Nebraska.

C. N. Philbrick of Fullerton recently applied to the
State Board of Irrigation for water rights lor power pur-
poses from the Cedar River at Belgrade. Patterson &
Patterson, attorneys for the Hoard Cattle Company,
protested against the granting of the petititon on the
grounds that the ditch will cut through the cattle yards
of the company. The petition was denied.

The Lodge Pole Irrigation Company, combining sev-
eral smaller irrigation projects in western Nebraska, have
incorporated with a capitalization of $250,000. The in-
corporators are M. M. Bennett, R. P. Fuller and Samuel
Corson. The headquarters of the company will be at
Kimball.

The Dawson County Irrigation Company, with a
capital stock of $30,000, has filed its articles of incor-
poration with the Secretary of State. The men behind
the project are Roy Stuckey, F. L. Temple, C. G. Wallace,
Roy Haas, P. J. Hewett. Headquarters of the company
will be at Lexington.

NEW MEXICO.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the
Elephant Butte Water Users' Association, Rio Grande
irrigation project. New Mexico, to receive subscriptions
to an amount not exceeding 110,000 acres of irrigable
land, with the proviso that if a larger acreage offers,
preference shall be given to that owned in the small
holdings. The association is required to make the receipt
of additional subscriptions conditional upon all excess
holdings, entering into the usual contract to subdivide
the tracts into holdings not exceeding 80 acres. Addi-
tional subscriptions will be conditional upon all assess-
ments heretofore levied by the Elephant Butte Water
Users' Association being paid by the lands subscribed.

When the Rio Grande project was taken up it was
estimated that the water supply would be sufficient for
180,000 acres, ^5.000 of which would be in Mexico under
the provisions of the appropriation of Congress for this
purpose, 4.">,000 in Texas and 110,000 in New Mexico.

The allotment of 110,000 acres was subscribed in
Xi-w Mexico to the Elephant Butte Water L'sers' Asso-
ciation, but subsequent surveys have shown that a large
amount of the land so subscrbied is non-irrigable, either
from its physical character, or by its location above
gravity service, and this authorization to allow the asso-
ciation to receive additional subscriptions is to make up
the original allotment of 110.000 acres of irrigable land.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the
Reclamation Service to execute contract with the Coffin
Valve Company of Neponset, Mass., for furnishing serv-
ice gates for the Elephant Butte dam, Rio Grande irriga-
tion project, New Mexico. The contract price is $23,248.

The Elephant Butte dam is one of the largest struc-
tures of the Reclamation Service, having a height of 300
feet and a length on top of 1,600 feet. The reservoir
created by this dam wil cover 67% square miles, an
average depth of 66 feet, and will contain 860,000,000,000
gallons of water when full. It will be the largest storage
reservoir in the world, with a storage capacity nearly a
third greater than that of the Assuan dam in Egypt. The
structure will cost nearly $5,000,000 and will provide
water for 180,000 acres of land in the Rio Grande Valley.
A considerable portion of this land has been under irriga-
tion for several hundred years, and some of the old
ditches of the Pueblo Indians are still in use.

OREGON.

Articles of incorporation have been filed by the
Northwest Company of Portland, Ore. The purpose
of the company is to operate reservoirs for irrigation pur-
poses and do a general irrigation business. The company
is capitalized for $200,000. A. F. Jones of Portland is
president of the company, and T. L. Croetau of that city
is the treasurer. The principal place of business is Port-
land.

The suit of the Maxwell Land and Irrigation Com-
pany against the Hermiston Bank and Trust Company
to prevent the sale of plaintiff's lands under the Umatilla
project, by which an injunction had been secured which
was afterwards set aside on demurrer, has been appealed.
The sale of the lands was fixed for December 27, 1913,
but in view of the appeal of the case to the Oregon Su-
preme Court, which now has the matter under considera-
tion, the sale did not take place on that date, as advertised,
but must await the decision of the Supreme Court of the
state relative to the validity of the deed of trust given
by the Maxwell Company to the Hermiston Bank and
Trust Company.

The Umatilla project in Northern Oregon is one of
the smaller of the Government irrigation projects, but by
reason of an extremely fortunate combination of soil,
climate, and market facilities, it embraces land which
would eventually take its place among the most valuable
farm land in the United States. Already a large propor-
tion of the area is devoted to fruit and truck, and the
first shipment of peaches was made this year.

During the season just closed 4,994 acres were irri-
gated, and 3,033 acres cropped. The remainder was in
young non-bearing orchards, new alfalfa, etc. The total
crop yield was $84,078, or an average of $27.72 per acre.
This is a most gratifying report in comparison with the
yields in other sections, especially in view of the fact that
five years ago the Umatilla project was raw desert land.
In 1909 the value per acre for the United States of land
irrigated and cropped was $25.08.

Following is a record of some of the season's yield
on the Umatilla project: Alfalfa hay, $31.66 per acre:
clover hay, $12.50; Indian corn, $16.32; Small fruits, $55.33;
garden, $48.05; potatoes, $58.12; and miscellaneous crops,
$64.71 per acre.

WASHINGTON.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized award
of contract to the Roslyn Fuel Company of North Yakima
for furnishing approximately 3,000 tons of coal for the use
of the Reclamation Service on the North Yakima storage
project for a period ending November 30, 1914. The price
of coal under the accepted bid is $2.75 per ton.

Governor Lister recently signed for the state a con-
tract with the federal government for the expenditure of
the state's $10,000 appropriation for the survey of the pro-
posed Palouse irrigation project. This appropriation was
made by the last session of the legislature, and the action
of executing the contract is but a formal carrying out
of the provision of the law, the state and the federal
government to share alike in the expenses for the survey.

86

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

MISCELLANEOUS

The Sun River Valley in Montana is now entering
upon an era of electrical development which is to hasten
the completion of one of the government's huge irrigation
projects.

Seventy miles of transmisspn line have been built,
extending from the Rainbow Falls hydro-electric plant
of the Great Falls Power Company on the Missouri river,
westerly through the entire length of the valley to the
base of the mountains where the principal diversion dam
is now under construction across Sun River. The elec-
trical energy, transmitted at a voltage of 110,000, is
stepped down at three transformer stations, from which
it will be distributed to the principal features of the work.
It is now being used at the Sun River diversion dam,
operating pumps and air compressors, concrete mixers.
derricks, and in lighting the construction camp and the
site of the work. The government is constructing a dis-
tribution transmission line along the Piehkun reservoir
and the Sun River Slope canals, a distance of 44 miles.

The contract for the excavation of the main canals
and laterals has been awarded and the contracting com-
pany is having special power shovels and drag line scrap-
ers designed and constructed for the work. All power
machinery on the work will be actuated by electrical en-
ergy, including the air compressors on the tunnel work.

The exclusye use of electrical energy in the con-
struction of an irrigation project, including the excavating
of the canals, marks a radical departure from the old
order of things and a new epoch in construction work.
It is believed that a considerable reduction of cost and
time will be accomplished.

The power company is bound by the contract to
extend the present trunk transmission line 30 miles when
required by the United States, at right angles entirely
across the project. This will make available at the outset
electrical energy for each of the towns already projected
along the three new lines of railway which are being con-
structed across the project, giving them cheap light and
power for manufacturing and allied uses. They may also
follow the example of the towns on the Minidoke project
in southern Idaho, where many of the homes, business
houses, and public buildings, are heated as well as lighted
by electricity from the government power plant.

The Sun River project involves some of the largest
features of construction work yet undertaken by the rec-
lamation service, and the results obtained by settlers on
the Fort Shaw unit justify the expectation that this will
be one of the most satisfactory of the northern projects.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the
expenditure of $70,000 in the extension of the canal and
lateral system, Yuma irrigation project, Arizona-Califor-
nia. This work will bring a considerable additional area
under ditch for which the main canals have already been
constructed. The land which will be served by the new
ditches has all been filed upon.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the
Reclamation Service to execute contract with the Hinman
Hydraulic Mfg. Co., of Denver, Colorado, for furnishing
regular gates for the Grand river dam in connection with
the Grand Valley irrigation project, Colorado. The con-
tract price is $6,079.

Actual construction on this project commenced one
year ago, and progress has been most satisfactory. A
tunnel 3,725 feet in length has been completed, more
than a thousand linear feet of the second tunnel has been
excavated, and work has commenced on the third tunnel.
Construction work on the high, line canal itself is well
under way and the diversion dam site in Grand river is
progressing rapidly.

This dam will be unique in American engineering, the
only other structure of its type in this country having
been built in connection with the Boise irrigation project
in southern Idaho. It will be provided with movable
crest consisting of large steel rolls. During the low water
period this rolling crest will be in place to force the
water into the canals, but in times of flood it rolls up on
the abutment, allowing the high water to pass. It is es-
timated that it will require two years for the construc-
tion of this dam, as work can be carried on only during
the low water period.

(Continued from page 78)

a response. But the results are now apparent to
even a casual observer. More specifically, while
previously the forests were going backward be-
cause of fires, there is now an annual gain through
growth. This increase translated into dollars and
cents is much greater than the total cost of pro-
duction and all other expenses of the forests.

The necessity to take immediate steps to pre-
vent the public forests from being destroyed by
fire has placed a large emphasis on the protective
feature of the administration. The wise use of the
forest resources in the development of industries
and in building up the country is essentially the
real aim of maintaining the forests. Protection
from destruction is a first essential ; otherwise there
would be no resources to use. But the purpose of
the administration is not merely protective, but
constructive. It is a favorite theme of the oppo-
nents of the national forest system to represent the
forests as a separate federal domain, held for the
use of future generations or for persons other than
those now living in the region in which the forests
are situated. Such statements are not only con-
trary to the spirit of the administration of the
forests, but are disproved by the results already
being secured. The aim is to make the forests
count in the highest possible measure in the indus-
trial upbuilding of the local communities, at the
same time that they serve their broader public func-
tions. In classifying the agricultural lands the aim
is to get people to make permanent homes in the
, forests. Every consideration in the development
of the states and in the upbuilding of the forests
themselves makes for the encouragement of a
greater local population. When there are people
to create a demand for the timber and other re-
sources, the real development of the forest becomes
possible, and the forest begins to render its greatest
service.

To encourage this development the Forest
Service is promoting the sale of its ripe timber to
build up local lumber industries of a permanent
character ; it is opening to entry land chiefly
adapted to agriculture; it is further helping the
settler by providing free such timber as he needs
and protecting him in the use of the range needed
for his stock; and in every way it undertakes to
make the forests of public service and the country
in the long run a better place for men and women
to live in.

That a long step has already been taken toward
this end is indicated by the very extraordinary
change in sentiment in the West in the last few
years. I have this year been able to analyze in detail
the sentiment on the individual forests and now
know just where opposition in each case exists and
the extent to which the work of the federal govern-
ment is valued. I have been astonished at the over-
whelming preponderance of sentiment among the lo-
cal communities in favor of the forest system. Fre-
quently there are objections to certain regulations,
or difficulty and friction in specific transactions.
But every year these local troubles are being ad-
justed on the ground. There is still definite oppo-
sition to the forest system and the principles of

THE IERIGATION AGE.

87

our administration from certain groups, and certain
interests. There are still certain water power inter-
ests which are carrying on a fight against the Forest
Service. Many speculative interests oppose the
forest system because the resources are not open
to private acquisition under the general land laws.
Certain men are opposed to the national forests be-
cause they can not secure privileges that would
be possible if the forests were unprotected. For
example, in the southwest I find a well defined
opposition among those who desire to run herds
of goats on the forests without restriction. The
desire to secure valuable timber for speculation is
now, and always will be, a source of opposition to
the public control of our forests.

One proof of the present favorable sentiment

is the fact that there are now relatively few breaches
of the regulations. For example, in the Fourth
Administrative District which includes Utah, Ne-
vada, northern Arizona, southern Idaho and south-
western Wyoming; over 11,000 permits were issued
last year, each involving some regulation. There
were only thirty-five cases of trespass, about half
of which were innocent and the majority of the
remainder not very important. Such a record would
be absolutely impossible if the people themselves
were not rig_ht behind the regulations. In other
words, it was public sentiment that made it possible
to carry out the procedure with such success.

In the national forest districts it is now seen
that the aim is to make the national forests service-
able at present as well as in the future, and people

FORESTRY NOTES

Canada cuts about 2 million cords
of pulp wood annually, about half of
which is exported for manufacture in
the United States.

It is claimed that some of the
eucalypts of Australia are taller than
the California redwoods, hitherto con-
sidered the highest trees in the world.

There are fifty-five oaks in the
United States, about evenly divided
between the east and the west. The
eastern species and particularly white
oaks are the most valuable.

The bureau of forestry of the Phil-
ippine Islands will send tropical tim-
bers to the United States forest serv-
ice so that their suitability for fine
furniture veneers may be ascertained.

Wood block paving, tried and dis-
carded in many cities of the United
States thirty years ago, is now com-
ing back into marked favor, due to
improved methods of treating and
handling the blocks.

German foresters are experimenting
with Douglas fir from the United
States trying to find a variety which
will combine the fast-growing quality
of the Pacific coast form and the
hardiness of the Rocky mountain
form.

There are about 37 pines native to
the United States, of which 25 are
western species, and 12 eastern.

Paraguay 'has valuable forest re-
sources, the most important of which
is quebracho, particularly rich in tan-
nin.

Much of the cork used throughout
the world comes from Portugal, which
harvests about 50,000 tons a year.

Germany is said to have an over-
supply of foresters; so that well-edu-
cated men have 'hard work to secure
even inferior positions.

One of the largest forest nurseries
in the United States is conducted by
the forest service near Haugen, Mon-
tana. It is known as the Savenac nur-
sery and has a capacity of 4,000,000
young trees a year.

Resthaven — Elgin, Illinois

An ideal place for rest and complete relaxation, with modern appliances
for treating Rheumatism, Nervous and Digestive Disorders. Radiant Light,
Neuheim, Steam, Vapor, Needle Baths, etc. Electricity, Osteopathy, Hydro-
theraphy, Vibrasage, Massage, Medical Gymnastics, Diet.

This is a delightful place to recuperate from the nervous-trouble resultant
from long residence in high altitudes. Write for particulars and terms.

RESTHAVEN SANITARIUM

Villa and Liberty Sts. ELGIN, ILLINOIS

88

THE IRRIGATION A (4 K .

are cooperating more and more with the govern-
ment to make the local administration successful.

In the East the work of the federal government
is today far more effective than ever before. The
establishment of national forests under the pro-
visions of the Weeks law is accomplishing many
results not anticipated • even by its most earnest
advocates. The purchase of lands on important
watersheds in the White Mountains and southern
Appalachians is steadily progressing. Already con-
tracts for over 700,000 acres have been approved
by the National Forest Reservation Commission.
These lands are located on the most important
watersheds and have been secured at prices repre-
senting their actual value, the average being $5.07
per acre. It has already been demonstrated that
the building up of national forests by purchase and
at reasonable prices is practicable.

The first effect of these purchases has been an
educational one.

(Continued from paye J6)

land boards or an entirely new tribunal is immaenai
— -although in some cases the official bodies named
should be abundantly able to cope with the situ-
ation. Take the office of the State engineer out of
politics, attach to it a decent salary and a respect-
able lease of life, restrict the practice of engineering
to those qualified, as is done in Wyoming, introduce
official censorship of all irrigation literature, as Col-
orado now censors that of Carey Act Companies —
let the world know that the States stands back of
their irrigated lands and irrigation securities, — let
the local banks and financiers interest themselves
in their irrigation schemes, institute a few whole-
some prosecutions of "land and water sharks" and
the abuses of the past will tend, in course of time,
to be eliminated and to be forgotten.

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION AGE and bound copy of THE PRIMER OF IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of The Primer of Hy-
draulics, add $2.50 to above price.

HE attention of
our readers is
directed to the
numerous pre-
mium offers in
this issue. We will pre-
sent to new subscribers,
postage paid, who send
in $ 1 .00 for 1 year's sub-
scription to IRRIGA-
TION AGE, either one
paper bound copy of

THE PRIMER OF

IRRIGATION, or one
Crocodile Wrench. (See
advertisement elsewhere)
This offer applies also to
all old subscribers who
pay for the current year
and one year in advance.

THE IRRIGATION
AGE

30 North Dearborn Street
CHICAGO

Clear Fir Silo

at 4O% to 60% Saving

Buy your silo of us, and you buy direct, not only from
the maker but from the lumber producer as well.

We own forests, railroads and six big mills

There are thousands of acres of timber in cur tracts. The fir is
the finest in the land. Tall, straight and close of grain. Only the
choicest goes into Seattle Silo Staves. They show no knots, sap or
other defects. Do not warp, shrink or swell. The toughest, best
wearing wood in existence. All the cutting, logging and manufac-
turingof this timber ishandled by us. One continuous operation. One overhead
expense. Hence the big saving that we effect in producing cost — and why we
save you 40% to 60% on a silo of better quality. Mail the coupon for catalog.

Seattle Silos

Save 40% to 60%

on Lumber and Millwork

have patented swinging doors

These are far the best silo
doors ever devised.

Quick detachable with special
iron cross-bar or hoop connec-
tion. The steel bars on the
door provide a | solid ladder
from which hoops can be tight-
ened— the result of a new in-
vention. They close absolutely
air-tight. Can not stick or
bind — never have to be lifted.
They swing in or out readily on
their hinges.

Mail the coupon today

We are preparing to furnish
• you with seasoned red cedar for
flume building purposes.

"Machine banded wood stave
pipe for irrigation system."

HEWITT-LEA-FUNCK

471 Crary Bldg., Seattle, Wash.

Kindly send the following, quoting prices delivered my station.

[ ] Catalog of lumber and millwork. [ ] Special ailo folder.

Be sure to write plainly

Name

I am planning to build as follows:_

THE IRRIGATION AC E.

89

FOREST NOTES.

The Automobile Club of America,
through its bureau of tours, is urging
automobilists to use care with fire in
timbered regions.

Oils distilled from the needles of
spruce and fir trees are being used to
scent petroleum floor oils which are
sometimes objectionable on account
of their odor.

The governor of Iowa has set aside
a fire-prevention day, urging that the
citizens discuss conditions and create
a sentiment against forest fires and
other conflagrations.

The average area administered by
a ranger on the federal forests of the
United States is about 100,000 acres.
In Germany the area administered by
a man of equivalent rank is about 700
acres.

The republic of Colombia is said to
have excellent regulations for its na-
tional forests. Lumbermen who take
cedar and mahogany are required to
plant young trees of the same species
in the cut-over spaces.

The forests of Norway are mostly
in private or municipal ownership,
the nation owning 28.5 per cent of the
total forest area. The national for-
ests of the United States occupy only
about twenty per cent of the total for-
est area of the country.

The CROCODILE WRENCH

THREADING
BLANK BOLT

PIPE WRENCH

MONKEY WRENCH

BEFORE AFTER

Six Handy Farm Tools in One

The Crocodile Wrench is drop forged from the finest tool steel and scien-
tifically tempered. Every wrench guaranteed against breakage. It is 8}^ inches
long and weighs ten ounces.

A pipe wrench, a nut wrench, a screw driver and three dies for cleaning up
and re- threading rusted and battered threads; also for cutting new threads on
blank bolts. Dies will fit all bolts used on standard farm machinery.

Teeth and dies are case-hardened in bone-black, making them hard and keen.

The dies on this wrench alone would cost $1.50, and would be worth more
than that to every fanner, as they would often save valuable time, besides an
extra trip to town for repairs.

Sent free with each order for Irrigation Age for one year — price for both
$1.00; also sent to old subscribers who renew their subscription fvr one year.

Address: IRRIGATION AGE, 30 No. Dearborn St., Chicago

HULL YOUR SEED QUICKLY. PERFECTLY and ECONOMICALLY With a
"MATCHLESS" CLOVER and ALFALFA HULLER

That's just what you will do if you use a "Matchless" Huller on the job. It's the one huller that will hull all the Clover or Alfalfa you
can get to it without sacrificing the quality of the work. Here's the reason! We use square steel brads in our hulling cylinder. This construction
has every advantage over rasps of spikes, because no set of spikes will knock the seed out of the damp pods. Rasps gum up and are easily destroyed.
Our system of separation is unique and effective. This consists of a series of rotating troughs with perforation in the bottom, with provision for
adjustment to meet the various conditions of clover. The Patented Steel Scrapers attached to the bottom of these troughs thoroughly scrape the

- — — .,— — ,, „ j ng power. Give us an opportunity to piove to you right

on your, own farm that the "Matchless" is thespeedies; and cleanest huller on t.ie market. WRITE FOR CATALOG TODAY, or call at our nearest
Branch House.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY,

Sole Builders of Aultman-Taylor "Starved Rooster" Line of Machinery.
BRANCHES: Minneapolis. Minn.; Portland, Ore.; Lincoln. Nebr.; Kansas City. Mo.; Wichita, Kan.; Decatur, 111,; Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

90

THE IRRIGATION A G K .

(Continued from page 77)

may be lessened, but the hay is not so coarse as
when a less quantity is used. A certain number
of plants are killed every year by frost, mechanical
means, etc., so that we prefer it thick rather than
thin.

Alfalfa will grow and give a high return any
ordinary year without irrigation, but it attains its
greatest perfection when supplied with a liberal
amount of water — water taken preferably from a
reservoir, the contents of which have been warmed

by the genial rays of Old Sol. But we do not give
it too much water, or you may overdo it. Let me
illustrate. It is related in Japan that there is a
spring which when bathed in, one sheds the years as
one would shed a garment. A lady hearing of it
was directed there by a passing shepherd. The
next morning on passing the spring the shepherd
found a young babe — she had overdone it. Do not
put too much water on your alfalfa, otherwise you
will retard the growth of your next cutting, and it
will possibly kill some of the plants.

POULTRY NOTES

New York will take poultry either
scalded or dry-picked. Boston wants
only dry-picked stock. Chicago wants,
for its own trade, only scalded stock
in chickens, ducks and geese, but pre-
fers turkeys dry-picked.

Frozen eggs are sold by weight,
and are in demand in cities with the
large bakers and cracker makers. In
certain classes of restaurants frozen
eggs are used for scrambled eggs and
omelets.

In testing eggs by lamplight the
object is to discern the size of the air
space in the eggs. When the egg is
perfectly fresh, the space is very
small and can just be seen at the
broad end. Each day this space in-
creases in size, and when it becomes
very large the egg is ranked second-
class. Cloudy eggs, or those which
rattle, are suitable only for cheap
cookery or manufacturing purposes. '

A very successful egg farmer once
said that in winter he always had
something in his coops for his hens
to pick at — scattered grain, a cab-
bage hanging up, and even bones with
a little meat on them, always some-
thing to find in order that his flock
should not contract lazy habits. In
this he was humoring the natural in-
stinct of the animal. A hen let run at
large is almost always hunting, pick-
ing and scratching — first at a blade of
grass, then a bug, then a worm, and
next a seed.

Experiments have proved that
yarded hens are more prolific layers
than those allowed free range. It
costs more to keep them, but the re-
turns in eggs are larger. Yarded
hens are fed on food that will make
eggs, and naturally this food is con-
verted into the object for which it is
intended. - On the other hand, the
same food fed to fowls that are on a
range, is more apt to go to the mak-
ing of flesh, bone and muscfe, rather
than to the making of eggs.

There is very little difference in
weight of chicks of any of the breeds
as compared with the others, for the
first six weeks. This is so even in
comparing the weight of Leghorn
chicks with Brahma chicks. There is
a gradual increase, however, after that
time, although not so very much until
after eight weeks of age. Naturally,
from then on the heavier breed chicks
show the greatest gain.

T /taSSf Irrigation Sprinkler

Solves the "Irrigation Problem" and affords rain when you want it, and
like you want it. at the minimum cost of installation and operation
Sample postpaid $3.00. Money back if you want it. Descriptive literature
on request.

J. P. CAMPBELL.

Saves Seed
Increases Yield
Improves Grade

Monitor Double Disc Drill

"The Drill That Pays for Itself"

Dropa
in front
of
bearin

Bigger Profits from Grain Crops. You are not mak-
ing near all the money you can from your grain
crops — if you are not using the Monitor Double
Disc Drill. For example — with wheat it saves
one-fifth the seed and increases the yield 3 to
7 bushels per acre. The increase with other
grains is in the same proportion. Can you af-
ford to lose that much on every acre every year?

Deposits Seed at an Even Depth. The Monitor sows
in front of the bearing. Other drills sow behind
the bearing. This particular feature of the
Monitor gives it a very great advantage. The
downward turn of the discs carries the grain in-
to the ground and deposits it at the bottom of
a clean, wide furrow, in two rows, one inch apart.
Every grain is covered wni/orm/ywithmoistsoil.

Every Grain Grows. None of the seed is dragged
to the surface to shrivel in the sun, or be eaten
by the birds. Every seed germinates. Sow
one-fifth less and still get a better stand than
with the old style drills.

All Come Up at the Same Time. The proper placing of seed and uniform cover-
ing with moist soil causes the grain to come up and ripen evenly— increases
the yield and improves the grade.

Write for Free Booklet containing Valuable Information on
Small Grain Crops and Monitor Drill*

Moline Plow Company

Moline, Illinois

AND ALL BRANCH HOUSES

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

91

Do not let your land become flooded in the
winter. Through an oversight the gate in our dam
was left open, and a chinook happening at that time,
snow water poured into the ditches and on to the
land on which a coating of ice formed and killed
every plant so covered.

Ordinarily two cuttings for the season may be
had with an average of four tons per acre.

Alfalfa is relished by young stock of all kinds,
and is especially good for cattle, sheep and pigs.
If work horses are fed on it the oat ration should
be cut down fully one-half. A convenient though
somewhat wasteful way to feed it is to make a V-
shaped feeder capable of holding two or three tons.
If you have plenty of water and salt in addition
to your hay, your stock will come through the
winter in excellent condition and be ready for the
block in the spring.

The burden of alfalfa growing should not fall
altogether on the shoulders of the farmer. On the
back part of the lot of the average householder,
there is often an unsightly and unsanitary piece of
ground which could be made to produce sufficient
alfalfa when cured to cause the hens of that man
to sing songs of praise, and in the winter add to
his wealth eggs at the rate of 60 cents the dozen.

If every farmer and stockman in Canada would
grow ten acres of alfalfa — and it will grow in every
province from the Atlantic to the Pacific — in place
of importers, we should be exporters of meats, and
add thereby to the country's wealth, besides plac-
ing within the reach of everyone cheap and good
food. What if there is considerable work in grow-
ing alfalfa, and one is tired after a day's work?

PATENTS FOR SALE!

AUSTRALIAN, MEXICAN and CANADIAN patents
on a new principle of water measurement. Rivers or
small pipe flows. Furnishes a record in gallous, cubic or acre feet.
^J No machinery or moving parts. fl The principle covered is the
only one in existence which furnishes a perfectly accurate record of flow-
ing water, and when intioduced, will become the universal method of
measuring irrigation water throughout the world <I For particulars
and price, apply to

W. H. TUCKER or W. H. GILMORE

VERNON, B. C., CANADA

Portable Folding Steel Dam

Simple in construction and
easy to manufacture.
Light, durable and easily
carried about

Easily and quickly adjusted
to any ditch. A four-foot
dam will fit any ditch up
to four feet wide.
With one or more extensions
will fit as wide a ditch as
desired, or enable the irri-
gator to turn the water in
different directions.

Practical, efficient and con-
venient time and labor
saver.

Can be manufactured and

Portable Steel Dam Is a Boon to Irngators sold ^ a low price and will
last for many years. There is a large demand in irrigated States for this
Dam. Thousands of irrigated tracts are being added annually to the large
number already under irrigation. Parties interested in the manufacture and
sale of this dam can secure U. S. or State Rignts by writing tne inventor.

W. A. LINKLETTER BOULDER, COLORADO

rPHINK what it means
to you! To have at
your service — day and
night if desired — the com-
bined power of 30 to 35
horses and 10 to 15 men-
ready at a moment's notice to
plow, disc, harrow, seed, har-
vest, build roads, irrigate,

thresh and do numerous other power jobs, all
at the minimum expense for fuel and main-
tenance. That's what you get when you
buy a time-tried and time-proven

AULTMAN-TAYLOR 30-60
GAS TRACTOR

They're built with the complete knowledge of
the requirements of a tractor of the first quality.
They're built right here in our own shop, under
our own supervision. We know they're right and
we stand back 'of every tractor. The Aultman-
Taylor 30-60 burns either gasoline, kerosene or

distillate with unequaled economy. The Aultman-Taylor 30-60 is not an experiment. Theii real worth has been demonstrated on thousands of
farms throughout North America. Let us explain to you why you should own and operate one of these money-making and labor-saving tractors^
WRITE FOR CATALOG AND FURTHER INFORMATION TODAY.

We ale also builders of the Famous "New Century" Separator, "Matchless" Clover and Alfalfa Huller, Steam Traction and Portable Engines,
Bean Threshers and Saw Mills. Catalog frae upon request.

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY

BRANCHES:

Minneapolis, Minn.

Wichita, Kan.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Portland, Ore.

Decatur, 111.

Lincoln, Nebr. Kansas City, Mo.

Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

92

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

GIVE ME LAND
By Minnie C. D. Smith

Little care I just where my honu-

may be

But give me land.
If not of rich, black loam; then give

me sand;
Land I demand.
Droughts may destroy the crops on

fertile loam

Where rains should fall.
Water to irrigate my desert land

Comes at my call.
Work must accompany the call, 'tis

true ;

Rain must be stored;
And ditches dug to carry to my land

This precious hoard.
This system once established, I'm

equipped;
The fight begun.
Unconquered yet, he who can claim

as aids,

Water and sun.
Winner I, in duel with fate, because

I shall demand;

That, as I have the choice of weap-
ons, we
Be given land.

POULTRY POINTERS

The price is not fixed by the com-
mission merchant. He can only ob-
tain what his customers will pay.
When the market is well supplied the
customers have a large stock from
which to select, and they always
choose the best, leaving the second-
class stock to be sold at hazardous
prices.

The most important egg foods —
mixed with exercise — are grit, bran,
charcoal, cornmeal, middlings, pure
water, clover or alfalfa hay, vegeta-
bles, green cut bone, cracked oyster
shell, ground oats, scalded oats,
sprouted oats, linseed meal, meat
scrap or meat meal.

Study conditions. Don't feed too
rich a mash. Feed according to appe-
tites. Active fowls are always hun-
gry. It is just as important how you
feed as what you feed. Wholesome
food is always a source of economy.
A very important point in feeding
poultry for market is to feed regu-
larly.

The hardest task in maintaining a
constant and continuous egg yield is
to keep the laying stock in prime
condition, says Col. E. O. Roussle.
This means such a condition of per-
fect health that the eggs will not
only be laid regularly, but that they
will be uniform in size, according
to the breed laying them. Under
such conditions we should have
large eggs from Minorcas, White and
Buff Leghorns. Plymouth Rocks and
Brahmas. When such breeds lay
small eggs, abnormally large eggs,
with perhaps double yolks, or soft-
shelled eggs, the stock is out of con-
dition and usually overfat. The eggs
will thus be laid irregularly, and many
times laying will stop entirely. Lav-
ers should be kept active, and activ-
ity is induced by short feeding. A
hungry hen is usually a good layer.

Use KEROSENE Engine Free!

^••^^VHM^^H
Amazing "DETROIT" Kerosene Engine
•hipped on 15 days' FREE Trial, proves
kerosene cheapest, safest, most power-
ful fuel. If satisfied, pay lowest price
ever given on reliable farm engine; if
not, pay nothing. No waste, no evapo-
ration, no explosion from coal oil.

Gasoline Going Up!

Gasoline is 9cto 15c higher than

pints of coal oil do work of three
pints gasoline.

Amazing "DETROIT

— only engine running on coal 1
oil successfully, uses alcohol, gas- ^^_
oline and benzine, too. Starts with- */S •waJB"5'*'^ Cyl-
outcranking. Only threemovin.- uB*^XW inden can-
parts— nocams— nosprocke'-j— no ^•^^gg^no
gears — no valves — the almost In simplicity, power and strength.
Mounted on skids. All sizes, 2 to 20 b. p., in stock readv to
ship. Engine tested before crating. Comes all ready to run.
Pumps, saws, threshes, churns, separates milk, grinds feed,
shells corn, runs home electriclightingplant. Prices(stripped).
$29.50 up. Sent any place on 15 days' Free Trial. Don't
buy an eneiuetillyon investigate the money-saving, power-sav-
ing DETROIT.'' Thousands in use. Costs only postal to find
oat. If you are first in your neighborhood to write, you (te»
Special Extra-Low Introductory price. Write! (13»<

Detroit Engine Works, 301 Bellevue Ave., Detroit. Mich.

SEND $1.00 FOR THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE ONE YEAR AND
THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION,
PAPER BOUND.

FOR THE "LAND'S SAKE"

BUY A

BOSTROM IMPROVED V

Price $15

which has TELESCOPE enabling you to read the
Target over 400 yards away, and

TERRACE, DITCH, TILE DRAIN, IRRIGATE

your land properly, and save surveyor's fees. It is
sold by up-to-date hardware and general merchant*
everywhere, and guaranteed to be the most

SIMPLE, ACCURATE, DURABLE AND COMPLETE

outfit ever made for all farm work. If your deal-
er hasn't one in stock, he will order for you from
a nearby hardware jobber.

Write today for description of Level, and details
of our MONEY BACK GUARANTEE.

BOSTROM -BRADY MANUFACTURING CO.

1 1 9 Madison Ave., Atlanta, Ga.

International Harvester Oil
and Gas Engines

THE I H C LINE

GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES

Binders. Reapers
Headers, Mowers
Rakes, Stackers
Hay Loaders
Ha; Presses

CORN MACHINES
Planters, Pickers
Binders, Cultivators
Ensilage Cutters
Shellers. Shredder*

TILLAGE
Combination,
Peg and Spring-Tooth,
and Disk Harrows
Cultivators

GENERAL LINE

Oil and Gas Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Trucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

"LJAVE you a washing machine and
•'•-*• a churn at your house ? Do you
pump water, saw wood, grind feed, run a
cream separator?

Do you do this work by hand? If so, you will be
able to save yourself much time for other work by
letting an International oil or gas engine do this
drudgery for you.

An International engine will last many years work-
ing for you economically and without trouble be-
cause of such features as these : Accurately ground
piston and lapped rings, offset cylinder head, large
valves, detachable valve guides, fuel pump, etc.
The engines are of all styles — vertical, horizontal,
stationary and portable; air and water-cooled —
sizes from 1 to 60- H. P. They operate on the
cheapest or most convenient fuel.

Learn all about them at the local dealer's. If
he does not sell International engines, write us for
interesting catalogues and full information. Drop
us a postal card to-day.

International Harvester Company of America

flncorooraterl)

Denver Helena Portlo.nd Spokane Salt Like City San Francisco
Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

AMERICAN"

American Ingot Iron

Corrugated Culverts
And Inverted Siphons

are of immense assistance in the
work of the Irrigation Engineer.

The development of irrigation pro-
jects very often includes the build-
ing and maintaining of streets and
roads, and the unequalled Con-
venience, Effectiveness and Dura-
bility of this type of culvert make
it the logical choice of energetic
and far-seeing men.

In the form of the Inverted Siphon,
Corrugated American Ingot Iron
Pipe is ideal for the purpose of
carrying the water of an irrigation
canal or natural stream under a
highway or railroad. The corru-
gations raise a ripple in running
water which serves to keep silt in

suspension, and corrugated pipe is consequently more easily kept free

from sediment than a smooth construction.

American Ingot Iron (Armco Brand) is the Purest and therefore the most
Durable in all exposed situations.

Write the nearest manufacturer for particulars and prices on American Ingot Iron Culverts, Flumes,

Sheets, Plates, Roofing and Formed Products:

Arkansas — Little Rock

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
California— Los Angeles

California Cor. Culvert Co.
California— West Berkeley

California Cor. Culverc Co.
Colorado — Colorado Springs

Col. Ingot Iron Pipe & Fl. Co
Delaware — Clayton

Delaware Metal Culvert Co.
Florida — Jacksonville

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Georgia — Atlanta

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Illinois — Bloomington

Illinois Corrugated Metal Co.
Indiana— Crawfordsville

W. Q. O'Neall Co.
Indiana — Princeton

W.Q. O'N'eall Co.
Iowa — Des Moines

Iowa Pure Iron Culvert Co.

Iowa — Independence

Independence Cor. Culvert Co.
Kansas— Topeka

The Road Supply & Metal Co.
Kentucky— Buechel

Kentucky Culvert Co.
Louisiana — New Orleans

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Maryland— Havre de Grace

J. N. Spencer.
M assachusetts— Palmer

New England Metal Cul. Co.
Michigan — Bark River

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Michigan — Lansing

Michigan Bridge & Pipe Co.
Minnesota — Minneapolis

Lyle Corrugated Culvert Co.
Minnesota — Lyle

Lyle Corrugated Culvert Co.
Missouri — Moberly

Corrugated Culvert Co.

Montana— Missoula

Montana Culvert Co.
14 ebraska — Lincoln

Lee Amett Co.
Nebraska— Wahoo

Nebraska Culvert & Mfg. Co.
N evada— Reno

Nevada Metal Mfg. Co.
New Hampshire — Nashua

North East Metal Culvert Co.
New Jersey — Flemington

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Ca.
N ew York — Auburn

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
North Carolina— Greensboro

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
North Dakota— Wahpeton

Northwestern Sheet & Iron Wks.
Ohio— Middletown

American Rolling Mill Co.

Ohio Corrugated Culvert Co.
Oklahoma— Shawnee

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.

Oregon— Portland

Coast Culvert & Flume Co.
Pennsylvania— Warren

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
South Dakota— Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Metal Culvert Co.
Tennessee— N ashville

Tennessee Metal Cuvert Co.
Texas— Dallas

Atlas Metal Works.
Texas— El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.
Texas— Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.
Utah— Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Co.
Virginia — Roanoke

Virginia Metal & Culvert Co.
Washington— Spokane

Spokane Cor. Cul. & Tank Co.
Wisconsin— Eau Claire

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Wisconsin — Madison

Wisconsin Culvert Co.

\Vlu-n writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

94 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Don't Dread Drought!

Why depend upon the
uncertainties of nature?

The prospect of rainfall is a gamble.

Your crops need water — a certain
quantity of it. BUT MORE,
they need it at certain particular
periods; if they do not get it,
YOU LOSE!

Take Out Insurance on Your Rainfall!

"THE DEANE OF HOLYOKE"

Irrigation Pumping Equipment

Will give you one less thing about
which to worry — an unfailing
•water supply makes crops more
sure.

Bulletin D230-89 tells more
about it.

Write us for a Copy.

The Deane Steam Pump Company

115 Broadway, New York ^ :: :: Works: — Holyoke, Mass.

Branch Offices in Principal Cities. D 272-8

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

95

(FLEXIBLE

.STEEL

direct

earth Flexible

posts Stiff corners. '

No concrete and no special

CARBO STEEL POST COMPANY
179 10th Street, Chicago Heights. III.

FREE

Booklet

Send $2.50 for The Irriga-
tion Age I yea.r, and the
Primer of Irrigation

Fairbanks -Morse

Irrigation Machinery

TO MEET ALL CONDITIONS

Oil Engines, Electric Motors,
Windmills, Power Pumps,

Centrifugal Pumps,
Deep Well Pumping Outfits

WRITE us fully stating size of track, kind Irrigating Alfalfa with an 8 H.P. Fairbanks-Morse
of crops and depth at which water can Oil Engine and Centrifugal Pump

be had. We will submit proposition and
specifications on Outfit best adapted for the service. Irrigation Catalog No. IN650 will be sent on

request.

NEW YORK

FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO.

CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO

GALVANIZED METAL IRRIGATION FLUME <>%£?

Made entirely of rust-proof, galvanized iron. No bolts or rivets used in construction. This flume is

considered by experts to be the most service-
able equipment for the purpose on the market.
A careful examination of the construction as
shown herewith will convince those who are
acquainted with irrigation conditions of its
lasting quality and the ease with which it may
be put together. Complete information, with
prices, will be furnished on application to the

KLAUER MFG. COMPANY, Du,bouwq.ue>

Section of Flume

The Farm Burden Bearer

V"OU and your farm wagon spend a great deal of time to-
' gether. Of all farm tools it is your standby. Its wheel? bear the
burden of big loads — towering racks of hay and grain, sacks of produce,
loads of sand and gravel, anything that needs moving, over miles of roads
to market. It takes solid strength to stand up long under that. When
next you ride on a load, listen to the constant racking, creaking, groan-
ing sound of the wagon box, wheels and running gear as the load pitches
back and forth over the road ruts. Not an unpleasant sound, but the

strain that causes it is hard on the wagon. I H C wagons —

Weber

Columbus

New Bettendorf

Steel King

give the buyer the most he can get for his money because they defy hard usage for the longest time, and are easiest on the horses.

This makes I H C wagon reputation: Selection of the finest grades of lumber, oak, hickory and pine, and of the best
quality steel and iron; many months of toughening air-drying for every piece of wood; skilled assembling of parts, fitting of bolts
and rivets, and perfect shaping and ironing; application of the purest paint to act as wood preservative and to prevent shrinking

and warping of the wood. When the wagon is ready for the fanner, it
is pratically perfect in every detail and thoroughly up to the I H C
standard.

And there are many other reasons we
have not room for here why I H C Wagons
are the best to buy. Weber and Columbus
wagons have wood gears; New Bettendorf and
Steel King have steel gears. A visit and a
talk at your local dealer's, where the wagons
may be seen and studied, will soon convince
you as to the wagon you want. Get cata-
logues from the dealer, or, write the nearest
branch house.

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena. Mont.; Portland,
Ore.; Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco. Cal.

International Harvester Company of America

CHICAGO

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

96

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

»••••••••« ••••••••••••••••••••••«••••••••••••• • ••••«*«•<

UNION MACHINES

WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED

FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES

Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building
and Paving Brick and other Clay Products

If interested write us for particulars and estimates.

E. M. FREESE & CO,

G ALIGN, OHIO

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

97

IRRIGATION FROM WELLS

An Arkansas Installation. Layne Patent Screen and Patent Enclosed Line Shaft

1 Pump.

With the twenty-three hundred successful working plants using oui system of irrigation, which inoculates and
energizes the dormant forces, there is now being produced in previously non-productive districts throughout the
United States and in portions of Europe and Asia over eleven million dollars worth of FOOD PRODUCTS
ANNUALLY. That our system is not an experiment is forcibly demonstrated by the fact that much of this pro-
duction is from localities which were arid and barren previous to the introduction of our system.

LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY

The World's Largest Water Development Company

Houston, Texas

Memphis, Tennessee

Welsh, Louisiana

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Plainview, Texas

Jackson, Mississippi

Can You Afford to
Support Horses?

THOMAS A. EDISON, the
wizard of inventors, says,
"The horse is the poorest
motor ever built. " When you stop to think
of it, the horse is about the most costly and
wasteful thing at work for a farmer. At
best his working time averages only about
six hours a day, eighteen hours he rests, yet
he eats all year round, working or idle. He
eats ten pounds for every hour he works.
One acre out of every five plowed goes to
feed the horse. The best horse may get
sick; when, besides losing his work, you have veterinary
bills to pay. When he dies, you have a heavy loss.
Since McCormick built his first binder, the tendency of
all farming has been away from slow man- and horse-
power and toward time- and money-saving machines.
Thus far, wherever an

I H C Oil Tractor

has been set to work on a farm, no machine has taken
the place of so many horses, or done so much
laborious work with so large a saving of time and
money. I H C tractors have revolutionized farm-
ing. If the owner desires, his tractor will plow
| nearly as much in a day of twenty- four hours as
a team of horses plows in a month. There is effi-
ciency for you!

Whether you use it for pulling field machines,

hauling your produce, threshing, cutting ensilage, baling
hay, or anything else, the I H C tractor will stand up to
the work. In simplicity and strength of construction,
ease of operation, durability, and all-around economy,
you cannot find the equal of I H C tractors. They are
made in all styles and in 6-12, 7-15, 10-20, 12-25, 15-30,
25-45, and 30-60-horse power. The I H C engine line
also includes general purpose engines, ranging from 1
to 50-horse power and operating on various fuels.

It will be to your advantage to get acquainted with
the I H C tractor. See the local dealer, and write for
facts and information to the nearest branch house.

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena, MOD!.; Port-
land, Ore.; Spokane, Wa.h.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cat

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)
Chicago USA

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

98

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

WE SHALL be glad to mail
anyone who wishes same,
our free catalog. We sell our
product through dealers and
jobbers entirely and solicit in-
quiries from all dealers. Our
goods are well and favorably
known. They are standards in
the United States Army and
several other departments of
the government.

Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co.

Racine, Wis., U. S. A.

'ERIOR

No, matter where you live or what your seed-
ing conditions are, you can get a SUPERIOR
GRAIN DRILL that will fill the bill and do your
work in the best possible manner. Superior
Drills are made in all sizes and every style.
Every Superior Drill is sold under a war-
ranty that absolutely protects the buyer.
Send for catalogue. Read it and go to your
local dealer and insist on seeing the
Superior Drill.

AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.>

Springfield, Ohio

GRAIN DRILLS

PAYS FOR ITSELF IN ONE MONTH

• •.

Delays Pay No Dividends. Mail This Coupon Today.
_ _ _ _ __ _ _ ^ __________ _,

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind.

Below are descriptions of our proposed ditches. What will it cost per
cubic yard to make them with the Reclamation Ditcher?

Length

Width in
Bottom

Average
Depth

Maximum
Depth

Minimum
Depth

Slope of
Sides

Character of Soil

V

Name

Address-

and Keeps on Saving You Money at the Same
Rate Thereafter.

THE RECLAMATION DITCHER

Cuts Canals and Laterals for less than any other
machinery — because it plows the dirt out with One
Continuous Sweeping Motion.

We guarantee the cost per yard and prove it before
you buy.

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co.

Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION. AGE.

99

You Need

R eliable
Footwear

Why not get the best your money
canbuy? You save in the long run

Cutter's

Cruiser's and Sportman's

Boots

will meet your service require-
ments. <I This is our No. 106
16" Chocolate Chrome Sporting
Boot — Hand made throughout.

Send today for illustrated
booklet describing the Cut-
ter line of Driving, Cruis-
ing and Sporting Boots.

It

Will Pay
You

A. A. Cutter Company

Eau Claire, Wisconsin

SAMSON TURBINE

When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans-
mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of
the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given
power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER
transmission machinery can be used.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO,

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

316 [.agenda Street

-THE-

Interior Surface

Inftrrenry apace
filled trim Mineral
Kubber

Lennon
Metal
Flume

(Patented)

MADE FROM

American Ingot Iron

Is the Easiest and Quickest to Erect 9 Perfectly Water-Tight and Efficient,
and, by "reason of the Unequaled Purity of its material, of the Longest
Service Life. <I The illustrations give an idea of the perfect simplicity and
effectiveness of the construction. <I No Cross Bars are necessary on, the
small and medium sizes, and but few on the larger.

Cross -Section of the Lennon Metal Hume Joint ~
~ Actual -Size —

Write for Full Information to

THE LENNON FLUME COMPANY

Calif ornia— Los Angeles and West Berkeley N ebraska— Wahoo

California Corrugated Culvert Co.

Colorado — Colorado Springs
Lennon Flume Company

Nebraska Culvert & Mfg. Co.

Oregon— Portland

Coast Culvert & Flume Co.

Montana — Missoula
Montana Culvert Co.

Texas— El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.

Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.

South Dakota— Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Metal CulverCo.

Utah— Woods Cross
Utah Culvert Co.

Washington — Spokane
Spokane Corrugated Culvert & Tank Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

100

THE IERIGATION AGE.

This Book Shows How to

Plan a Private Irrigation

Pumping Plant

It also shows all of
the various types of
pumps to meet the
conditions found in
different localities,
tells how to select
the proper pump for
your conditions, how
to determine the
amount of power you

will need and ' all the other things the

irrigator needs to know.

One will be sent free on request
as long as they last. Write today

LATEST MFSL©F p>(U) [f^j] p><

174 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Branches in All Principal Cities

That Red Ball on the Knee of a Rubber
Boot Means Dry Feet for Days and Days

Days' Wear — that's the way to
judge the worth of Rubber Foot-
wear. The number of days' wear
and not the price is the true test
of a boot.
We say this
fearlessly be-
cause we
know that
"Ball-Band"
Rubber Foot-

BALL • BAND

wear gives more days' wear for dollars invested. ll
Eight million men wear "Ball-Band" Rubber Foot-
wear. Look for the Red Ball in buying. If it is not
on the goods you are not getting "Ball-Band" quality.
45,000 dealers sell "Ball-Band." If your dealer can't
supply you, write us. Write anyway for Free Illus-
trated Booklet about "Ball-Band" Rubber Footwear.

Mi*hawaka Woolen Mfg. Co., 346 Water Street, Mishawaka, Ind.

"The House That Pays Millions for Quality"

IRRIGATION DITCHES

Cheaply and Properly Made with a

Rural Road Grader and Ditcher

Cutting V-Bottom ditch on Slope of VA to 1.

The successful irrigation ditch or lateral must be cut
clean, with slopes smooth and undisturbed. This ma-
chine was especially designed to meet these requirements.
One horse and wheel traveling in point of ditch, the
other outside the bank of earth. Operated by one or
two men and two or four horses.

If you have an irrigation problem to solve, do not fail
to write for full information concerning this Combined
Grader and Irrigation Ditcher.

Address

C. D. EDWARDS, Albert Lea, Minn.

The Faithful Friend

Do not be contented until you have the
best, as these pumps have a good suction
Hft, with capacities of 12 to 500 gallons
per minute, automatic cake-up for wear,
and free from springs or small parts
that cause trouble.

SEND us your pumping proposition today,
and let us quote you on the best pump made

Blackmer Rotary
Pump Power & Mfg. Co.

PETOSKEY, MICHIGAN

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, FEBRUARY, 1914.

No. 4

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged
The National Land and Irrigation Journal

MOOBKN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL

THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST

ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD

THE IERICATOR

D. H. ANDERSON
PUBLISHER,

30 No. Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

'Old No. 1 12 Dearborn St

Entered as second-class matter October S. 1897, at the
Pottofflce at Chicago. 111., under Act of March 3. 1879.

D. H. ANDERSON. Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready! Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE
To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid. . . Sl.tt

To Canada and Mexico Lit

All Other Foreign Countries, . . ... l.M

In forwarding remittances please do not send check* on
local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or
Chicago or New York draft.

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation.
Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago.

Interesting to Advertisers.

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the
only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance
circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo-
rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and haa
readers in all parti of the world. The Irrigation Age is 28 yean
old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

The inauguration of the department
The of THE IRRIGATION AGE devoted to the

First interests of the Federal Water Users

Big has already brought one very im-

Victory portant result for the project farm-

ers. The Reclamation Record will
de belivered free of charge in the future to all Water
Users who may apply for it.

This is just. It should have been done from
the beginning. The Water Users have to pay for the
publication of this document, and the bill is no small
item at the end of each year ; therefore they should
obtain some benefit from it.

Statistician Blanchard, who has drawn a hand-
some salary for many years as publicity agent of the
Reclamation Service, having failed to arouse much
enthusiasm, the entire Reclamation Commission has
now joined in trying to induce the Water Users'
associations to become interested in this publication,
for which they are forced to pay the bills. They
have asked all the organizations to contribute news
and views each month to the Record and have even
created an "Open Forum." No personalities in the
latter department, however, will be permitted. That
is wise.

Except for highly enlightening boosts for F. H.
Newell, A. P. Davis or some other prominent pay-

roller, the Record has long been our most popular
publication for dry reading. Under the reformed
editorial policy, Hints for the Lovesick, fashion
notes and highly exciting continued stories may be
expected in the campaign to make it popular with
the farmers. We favor all this and more. If the
project settlers have to pay the bills of this publica-
tion, why not make it a paper in which every mem-
ber of the family can find something interesting.

Increasing
Scarcity
of
Land

It is not surprising that out of the
very general discussion of the past
few years of the conservation of
natural resources there has come to
be a clear recognition on the part of
the public that this is no longer a
country with an unlimited supply of land. What
is surprising is that the demand for land so heavy
for thirty-five years or more, the growing scarcity
of it should not have been earlier recognized. The
fact is that there is no longer a large area of home-
stead land worth the taking, and there is no longer
any very cheap land worth the buying. Land has
finally come into its own.

More and more agricultural intelligence is be-
ing directed, not to the exploitation of new lands,
but to the wise development of those now under cul-

102

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

tivation. In all the great agricultural colleges, and
in the innumerable county agricultural schools that
are springing up, especially in the middle west,
teaching centers around the conservation of soil
properties chiefly. In other words there seems now
to be a general recognition of the fact that in the
future agricultural development means intensive
and scientific cultivation rather than increase in
acreage.

This attitude of the country toward agriculture
means more to those of us who are interested chiefly
in irrigation than at first appears. It means among
other things that irrigation having passed the spec-
ulative and promotive stage, is now to have the
opportunity to make good. Because of the failure
of several unworthy ventures, there has been a feel-
ing among those away from the irrigated sections
that there was something unreal and uncertain
about a good many big irrigation enterprises, and
the high values placed upon irrigated properties
seemed unreasonable. But with land in the Illinois
corn belt selling at $250 an acre and many dairy
farms in Southern Wisconsin bringing $200 an acre,
it is made clear to the average mind that land is
land, if it can raise big crops.

There never has been a time when western irri-
gated lands, connected with reliable irrigation proj-
ects, could attract the attention of well-to-do and
intelligent farmers in non-irrigated sections as effect-
ively as they can now. The more men study in-
tensive farming and soil possibilities the more
clearly will they see that in the irrigated sections of
this country these have been brought to their high-
est perfection.

So far as the western members of
Can Lane Congress are concerned, it looks as

Swing if they are almost unanimously in

Enough favor of extending the payments for

Votes water on the Federal irrigation proj-

ects so as to cover a period of
twenty years. Senator Wesley L. Jones, one of
the real leaders of the Republican minority in the
senate, declares in an interview in this issue of the
AGE that he thinks such a bill can be passed, if
Secretary of the Interior Lane and the Congres-
sional committees can agree upon some measure.

The votes of the west will not, however, pass
this bill, so important to the water users — a bill
which if drawn in a fair and equitable manner as-
sures almost to a certainty the success of the indi-
vidual farmers and of the great projects, in which
more than $100,000,000 of government^ funds have
already been invested. It is, therefore, up to Secre-
tary Lane and the administration leaders to swing
enough votes to pass this bill. Will Mr. Lane do

this? Will he offer arguments sufficiently convinc-
ing to induce the President to whip enough Eastern
and Southern Democrats into line to pass a bill
such as the settlers want? This will be no easy
task, for in Washington today, the east and the
south are aligned against the west. Witness the
tariff bill. Upon careful analysis it is asserted that
eighty percent of the products of Xew Jersey are
still to be found on the dutiable list, whereas but
nine percent of the products of Arizona and twelve
percent of those of Nevada are so favored.

But no matter how hard the task, we do not
believe Mr. Lane will falter. We believe he will
staunchly and vigorously demand that justice be
done to the Federal Water Users, and despite some
ill-advised plans he is now advocating in the Smith
bill, that he will win the relief measures for them.
With the aid of such men as Senator Jones of the
opposition party he should not fail.

Secretary Lane has already shown a far greater
interest than some of his predecessors in the human
side of this vast problem. He has shown strong
inclinations to aid the settlers in every way pos-
sible and has already done so in many ways. He is
a western man ; he knows the difficulties of pioneer-
ing and his word should carry unusual weight with
Congress.

And he has the backing and well wishes of
every Federal Water User in this fight.

THE IRRIGATION- AGE has battled
Federal fearlessly for years for justice for

Water the fanners on the Government irri-

Users' gation projects. It has made some

Department bitter enemies in high places in the

Reclamation Service because it has
dared to tell the truth and because it has vigorously
demanded competent men to supervise and handle
this great work. THE AGE intends to continue this
policy with even more vigor. In the January issue
of THE AGE we presented to our readers a depart-
ment devoted exclusively to the interests of the
Federal Water Users. This department is edited by
George J. Scharschug, who for many years has
been a close student of Federal reclamation matters.
As a newspaper correspondent Mr. Scharschug has
traveled over the West from end to end, visiting
every Government project at least once, thus gain-
ing at first hand knowledge of those matters of
which he writes. He is already widely known as a
writer on these topics, his articles having appeared
in various magazines and newspapers. He was also
formerly editor of the Country Land Department of
the Chicago Record-Herald. Mr. Scharschug has
been placed in charge of this department with but
one admonition — tell the truth. We are confident

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

103

because of our long acquaintance and friendship
with him and of our knowledge of his past work,
that he will tell the truth and in good, plain English.
He will permit no soft-tongued publicity man or
statistician of the Reclamation Service to bunko
him; he will not be bulldozed by any high and
mighty official of Washington ; he will not be
swayed by those who throw discretion to the winds
and demand foolish things of the United States
Government, but he will write without fear and
without favor, hoping only to benefit those hardy
men and women who are struggling to build up
homes for themselves out in the desert West,
through the aid of Government irrigation. THE AGE
believes this department will prove of real help to
the Water Users.

The farmers and water users under
Secretary . reclamation projects, judging from
Lane's a declaration of policy made by Sec-

Difficult retary Lane during the hearing at

Position Washington, also at the meeting of

governors in Colorado, and a reitera-
tion on his return to Washington, following a visit
to nearly all of the projects, were of the opinion that
under this administration a plan would develop
which would allow them such leniency in payments
as to make it possible, with reasonable endeavor, for
each settler to live comfortably and come "into the
clear" before old age and its attendant infirmities
precluded the possibility of the peaceful enjoyment
of the results of his efforts. They expected that a
fixed and definite policy would be adopted in the
interpretation of the Reclamation Law whereby un-
certainty, which is retarding the development of
the projects, would be avoided.

The settlers expected also a curtailment of the

large number of officials and office help employed,

• in many of the cities throughout the West, whose

salaries eventually come from the labor of these

settlers.

It was also hoped that there would be fewer
of the bureaucratic red tape methods employed.

THE IRRIGATION* AGE has fought for years in an
effort to protect the settler, particularly in the mat-
ter of methods used in the organization of water
users' associations, and its editor is heartily in sym-
pathy with the effort of these associations to obtain
the powers they seek, to have a defined purpose and
to avoid being treated as a whole like departmental
nuisances by that branch of the Government that
compelled their organization.

It was the opinion of members that each asso-
ciation would be given power to make their collec-
tions for the Government not only for charges due
the Government, but for its own expenses as well ; it

was the opinion of the officers of each association
that they would be given some voice in the opera-
tion and maintenance of their projects, and that
their recommendations would have the weight to
which they are entitled.

The settlers have believed that their Water
Users' associations would be encouraged and given
authority to operate and maintain marketing estab-
lishments, that they would in some way be enabled
to utilize their almost perfect organization to carry
out some scheme of farm credits, adopted after some
of the European systems, Americanized to suit their
particular conditions. They expected in this man-
ner to be enabled to develop their water power and
other public utilities, and have hoped that the Gov-
ernment, by doing these things, would be relieved of
the unrest and criticism of bureaucratic rule, as it
would place nearly all these matters of operation in
the hands of those who are paying for the works,
thus placing the burden upon the people, where it
belongs.

They also expected a constructive administra-
tion in these matters, in so far as it was in the
power of the secretary to grant, and when he did
not have this power they had expected his aid and
the aid of the administration in the enactment of
such laws as would make these things possible.

When the settlers and land owners of Federal
projects conveyed their lands to the Water Users'
associations in trust to be sold in accordance with
the terms of the act, and subscribed for stock, and
when those corporations entered into solemn con-
tracts, agreeing to guarantee the payment of the
estimated cost of the project, and when the private
land owners and entrymen made application for
water and were issued water right certificates upon
the payment of a specified sum, being their pro rata
portion of the estimated cost, they had confidence in
their Government, and believed that the people
would see that its obligations were carried out.

Gradually it began to appear by public notices
and orders issued by the successive secretaries of
the interior that these contracts, obligations and rep-
resentations on the part of the Government were
considered as naught, and no order, public notice or
the law itself has ever been interpreted, in the com-
mon acceptation of the meaning of the English lan-
guage. Consequently it is not strange that the air
has been charged with unrest and dissension in re-
gard to the service, it being expressed in open
declarations that engineers were not fit for opera-
tion after the works were completed.

With all these things in mind, the settlers have
been patiently waiting, full of hope for the future,
that in the new administration they would now
realize the dreams expressed in the spirit of the

104

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Reclamation Act;' that it would be demonstrated
that this class of constructive legislation was a suc-
cess.

In this state of mind it can easily be imagined
how the settlers will feel when they are asked to
surrender their present contracts and consent to the
payment of an uncertain sum for their water, which
they know will be largely in excess of the present
water charge. Secretary Lane, with great beauty of
language, filled with sympathetic notes, has ex-
plained how he expects his plans to work out as
shown in his letter, to be found in another portion
of this issue. While at this time he has the un-
shaken confidence of all water users, and could he
remain as secretary of the interior for all time there
is no doubt that justice would eventually be done, it,
however, is the general opinion that it will be long
delayed. We fear he will have a hard time to ex-
plain the actual situation through sympathetic let-
ters or otherwise.

Facts
About
Rural
Credits

President Wilson has asked Con-
gress to follow up the passage of
the currency bill with early legisla-
tion on rural credits. The President
seeks a law by which the farmers of
the nation can obtain money with
which to handle their crops more easily than at
present. President Taft inaugurated along prac-
tical lines this movement for rural credits by the
appointment of a special commission to investi-
gate the various systems now in use in Europe, and
congress will have a wealth of information upon
which to work once it takes up the farmer's financ-
ing.

There is no legislation contemplated of more
importance to the nation than the rural credit law,
and it stands out as of utmost importance to the
settlers on the national irrigation projects. One of
the biggest handicaps of the homestead irrigators,
nearly all of them men and women with little cap-
ital, has been inability to borrow money with which
to carry on the development of their lands. The
government project settlers are particularly handi-
capped because they cannot obtain title to their
lands until they have paid in full to the government
for their water rights. Therefore, their real estate
is of no value as security for loans.

The executive committee of the National Fed-
eration of Water Users' Associations has devoted
a great deal of time to the study of rural credits
as means of helping the government project irriga-
tors. There are several plans in operation in Eu-
rope, which are successful, but the one which now
seems most feasible to some members of the ex-
ecutive committee is that of "farmers' banks."

Under this system, a national law provides for
the organization of "farmers' banks" with five or
more members in a community or district. The
membership is upon a copartnership liability basis.
That is, each member becomes responsible to the
full extent of his property holdings for the acts of
his fellow members. Such a bank can loan money,

under the law, only to its own members. All farm-
ers in the district, which it serves, can, however,
apply and under proper conditions obtain member-
ship, thereby getting the right to borrow money.
The rate of interest is limited and the conditions of
each loan are stringent. Loans are made only for
specific and creative purposes. The borrower must
state fully in his application for a loan for what he
desires to use the money — leveling a new piece of
land, additional ditching, seeding, harvesting a crop
or constructing new buildings. Any diversion of
the borrowed money to any other purpose than that
stated in the application for the loan makes the loan
due immediately and its payment can be enforced
by process of law.

The "farmers' banks" are authorized to receive
deposits from any person. These deposits are se-
cured by the partnership liability of the bank mem-
bers and are backed by the government. Sectional
government banks or depositories receive and care
for the surplus deposits of "farmers' banks," and all
are under the supervision and control of the national
banking department.

Careful investigation has convinced the officials
of the water users' federation that a plan along this
line can be worked out on the government projects,
if the "banks" are made a part of the various water
users' associations. The various projects are rich in
latent wealth. In addition to the vast bodies of land
under cultivation and being brought into develop-
ment annually, the water users of nearly every proj-
ect own equities in valuable water power, telephone
lines, roads, machinery and other improvements
worth millions of dollars. The wealth, now unavail-
able as security for loans for the individuals of each
project is sufficient to finance all the federal irriga-
tion settlers many times over, once' it can be put to
work.

It is also figured that the note of the borrower,
backed by the endorsements of the members of the
farmers' bank, as it would be if offered in the
market, would be a most salable security. If it was
short-time paper, that is for six months or less, it
would be of the highest class of security under the
new federal currency law. If the' note was for a
long time, it, with other similar notes, would, say
those who have studied the subject carefully, fur-
nish proper and suitable backing for bond issues,
paying a rate of interest which would make them
attractive on the various exchanges.

When it is realized what has been accomplished
toward creating easier loans for the farmers in other
nations and when it is fully recognized that no
farmers in the world are more certain of their crops
each year than those on the government irrigation
projects, a solution of this big problem seems quite
easy. It will be easy, once congress is thoroughly
aroused to its necessity and its possibilities.

It is a subject to which every water users' as-
sociation should give closest attention. Several bills,
including one introduced by Senator Fletcher of
Florida, which may be the administration measure.
The western congressmen must be stirred to action
to a man. They should be thoroughly awakened so
that the Federal project settler will be taken care of
in this rural credit legislation.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

105

THE FEDERAL WATER USERS

A Department Devoted to the Interests of the Farmers on the

Government Irrigation Projects

Edited by Geo. J. Scharschug

THE RECLAMATION EXTENSION BILL.

Every Federal Water User Should Study This

Bill.

Secretary of the Interior Lane's new Reclama-
tion bill has been introduced in Congress. It is
known as H. R. 11906 and is sponsored by Repre-
sentative William R. Smith of Texas.

The bill proposes to extend the period in which
water right charges on the government irrigation
projects may be paid to not less than twenty years.
That is the only attempt to grant a request of the
National Federation of Water Users' Associations,
and of various individual associations, which it
makes.

It, however, proposes to confer upon the Sec-
retary of the Interior very extensive and drastic
powers, under which he can carry out his plans for
readjustment and regulation of the projects. These
powers include the right to modify and abrogate
contracts with the water users and their associa-
tions. The bill also provides various forms of pen-
alties, which may be inflicted upon water users for
failure to conform to rulings concerning the size
of farm units and the handling of these farms, in
the manner prescribed by the secretary, and for
failure to pay water charges. It provides for a de-
termination of the charges per acre for water on
each project, legalizes the "renting system" under
which several projects, not formally opened, have
been operated, and offers a method, under which it
is proposed that settlers shall dispose of holdings
in excess of the prescribed farm unit.

These and other powers conferred by the bill
are phrased in the most broad and general language.

As the bill proposes settlement for all time of
the construction charges on the various projects, it
becomes a matter of dollars and cents with the set-
tlers. It is a bill which must of necessity touch the
pocketbook of every federal project farmer.

Secretary Lane has written a letter to each
Water User, explaining in detail what he hopes to
accomplish under this bill. The letter shows far
more thought than most documents concerning
Government reclamation which have been issued
by various Secretaries of the Interior. Secretary
Lane shows himself at heart in sympathy with the
Water Users and anxious to help them out of their
difficulties.

We believe, however, that on several features
of this bill, which will at least form the basis of any
Reclamation legislation at this session of Congress,
he has been very badly advised. We print the bill
in full, as well as the secretary's letter, and urge
every Federal Project Water User to study both
documents with great care, comparing one with
another.

Officials of the National Federation of Water
Users' Associations have already asked Congress
for hearing on this bill. It is right and just that
this hearing should be granted, and we believe it
will be.

The time has come to settle once and for all the
never-ending question of project costs; the uncer-
tainties concerning the size of farm units ; the ques-
tion of how long and to what extent the present
vast bureaucracy of Federal employes, drawing
salaries from the Water Users, shall be continued.
All these matters are questions of dollars to the
settlers. These problems should be settkd by cool,
careful deliberation, by fair and just adjudication
or arbitration and with justice to both the Govern-
ment and the settlers.

The Basis of 1914 Irrigation Legislation

Here is H. R. 11906, the bill introduced in the
House by Representative Smith of Texas, which is to
be at least the basis of legislation concerning Federal
Irrigation Projects during the present session of Con~
gress. Read it carefully. It is entitled, "A Bill for the
Extension of Time under the Reclamation Act, and for
other Purposes:

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of America in
Congress assembled, That this Act may be referred
to as the reclamation extension Act and that the
term 'Reclamation law' as hereinafter used shall
refer to the reclamation Act of June seventeenth,
nineteen hundred and two (Thirty-second Statutes,
page three hundred and eighty-eight), and acts
amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto. The
period of payment for water users under the recla-
mation law who continuously comply with the pro-
visions thereof shall be a total of at least twenty
years, including the years in which water was avail-
able for the land of each from irrigation works
owned, controlled, or operated by the Reclamation
Service under public notice, on a rental basis or
otherwise. The Secretary of the Interior is hereby
authorized, with the consent of the parties affected,
to abrogate or modify any contract regarding water
rights or any water-right application -under the
reclamation law, or any public notice issued under
said reclamation law, and to proceed in all respects
as if no such contract or water-right application
had been made or no such notice issued.

"Sec. 2. That in order to secure the benefits
of this Act, water-right applicants shall be subject
to such regulations as the Secretary of the Interior
may prescribe regarding the following matters and
others heretofore authorized by the reclamation
law :

"(a) Regarding the area per holding to be
prepared for irrigation, planted, cultivated, and

106

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE CALL TO ARMS

"THE following message was sent by Scott Etter of Carlsbad, N. M., secretary of the
•* Pecos Water Users' Association, to all Water Users' associations, concerning the
Smith Reclamation Extension bill:

Congressional bill on passage very vital to Water Users. Members of the National
Federation of Water Users' Association will be in Washington next week to present
amendments to the bill as drawn. The bill as it stands is fatally defective to all.
Send representative if possible to assist Federation officials. If possible, telegraph
F. H. Sears, National Life Building, Chicago, how much financial aid you can con-
tribute to keep representatives in Washington to present our cause. Give the National
Federation authority to act for you. Bill may be placed on final passage in House
in about ten days unless we act.

irrigated each year. Failure to comply with any
such regulation shall authorize an increase of ail
charges for" building, operation, and maintenance,
and drainage by way of penalty not exceeding ten
per centum for each year of such failure;

"(b) Regarding prompt payment of all charges,
the addition to each annual charge of not exceeding
five per centum for collection, a rebate of such ad-
ditional charge if paid on or before the due date,
and a penalty not exceeding one per centum each
month thereafter during which the charge remains
unpaid ;

"(c) Regarding credit for the amounts paid
before becoming subject to this Act, on account of
the building and drainage charges, and the adjust-
ment of future payments, their amount, and the
time when the first thereof shall become due;

"(d) Regarding an increase of each annual
charge by not exceeding fifteen per centum if
water-right application is not made within one year
after public notice permitting the filing thereof, in
the case of any private landowner or of any person
whose entry is not subject to the reclamation law;

"(e) Regarding suspension of the require-
ment of residence prescribed by the reclamation
law as to entrymen or private landowners for not
exceeding five years, upon compliance with such
extra reclamation requirements as the Secretary of
the Interior may specify ; and both the entrymen
and private landowners shall after such suspension
reside upon the land for three years. Failure to
comply with such extra requirements and with the
general residence and reclamation regulations shall
render the water-right application and correspond-
ing entry, if any, subject to cancellation with the
forfeiture of all moneys paid ;

"(f) Regarding the method of determining the
charges per acre on the several projects so as to re-
cover all expendi^-^*' 'hich the Secretary of the
Interior shall frsible to 5 been made on account of
the project, -<ittee is thr

"Sec*<f this system^ecretary of the Interior may
open to elation of "mporary rental basis prior to
the issuanc^6.1"5 m a,c notice, any withdrawn lands
for which wjs upovy be available.

"Sec. 4. ,mer entrymen under the reclamation
law holding rriiJ^e than one farm unit who make

proof of residence, improvements, and cultivation
may assign the excess in accordance with the farm-
unit plat under the provisions of the Act of June
twenty-third, nineteen hundred and ten (Thirty-
sixth Statutes, page five hundred and ninety-two),
within one year after such proof and prior to the
issue of patent for one farm unit or within one year
after the issue of farm-unit plat if the same issues
subsequent to such proof. After such period of one
year the right of assignment shall terminate and the
entry shall be conformed to one farm unit. No per-
son shall hold by assignment more than one farm
unit prior to final payment of all charges for all the
land held by him subject to the reclamation law,
except operation and maintenance charges not then
due."

SECRETARY LANE'S LETTER

Secretary Lane's letter to the various Water
Users' Associations concerning what he hopes to ac-
complish under the Smith bill and other policies
which he has adopted, is as follozvs:

I am sending you this letter in which I dis-
cuss various questions affecting all of our reclama-
tion projects, that you may know the effort that is
being made to meet your needs. This letter requires
no answer. It covers what appears to me to be
some of the more important problems confronting
both yourself and the Government. The question
always before us is, whether or not the United
States can successfully conduct a large business
enterprise upon business principles without in-
justice to its citizens and without imposing a too
heavy burden upon those with whom it deals.

It may be true that hitherto the Government
has expected too much of water users, and it may
be equally true that water users have expected too
much of the Government. However that may be,
there is surely a safe middle ground where neither
shall expect too much of the other and where each
shall be ready to recognize the other's due on the
safe and solid basis of the needs and possibilities
of the one and the fair and just compensation of
the other; and all this without thought or sugges-
tion of largess or of imposition. I would deal with
you as you would deal with another, yielding noth-
ing as charity, but dealing together as men and

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

107

brothers on the basis of what is reasonable and just.
Though there may be some among you who have
hoped that eventually the Government would not
collect its due, I believe that most of you have never
entertained a thought of escape from your obliga-
tions to the Government.

I have given many months of close personal
study to the problems involved. I have visited you
in your homes, in your fields and in your meetings ;
I have taken counsel and advice of men long in the
service, of representative water users, and what fol-
lows hereafter is the result of this study, advice
and serious consideration.

After personal contact with thousands of set-
tlers on our reclamation projects, I find that we
have gathered together from all parts of the United
States a class of men and farmers above the average
in ability and intelligence ; they are generally men
of high purpose, resolute, self-dependent and de-
termined. These men are companioned by superior
women. I have no sympathy with that view which
attributes to you, and to your shortcomings only,
whatever in your present situation may be uncom-
fortable or unpromising.

With the admission that the past conduct of af-
fairs has not been unqualifiedly without error and
that future policies are subject to correction when
found erroneous, I think we may fairly proceed
upon common ground to reason together to the end
that we may now agree as to what, in the light of
present knowledge, appears to be just and equit-
able, as between you and the Government.

The Farm Unit — The most difficult duty im-
posed upon the Secretary of the Interior is that of
determining the "area of land necessary for the
support of a family." The law wisely requires this
to be done, not only to prevent speculation in lands,
but in order that there shall be farms for all who
desire them. By law and by tradition, 160 acres
have been considered necessary for the support of
a family in tfye United States. But land was plen-
tiful when this unit was established, transportation
was difficult and conditions of farm life burden-
some. Seldom in the pioneer days was a quarter
of the 160 acres farmed. There was the woodlot,
the pasture and the fallow ground. Even in humid
regions good farm practice retired one-half the cul-
tivated area each year for recuperation by summer
fallowing. So that 160 acres of land even in the
humid prairie regions was equivalent to an annually
farmed area of only 80 acres. In wooded countries
the labor and cost of clearing and subduing the
land was greater than in the desert regions today
under irrigation, nor could the acreage subdued
in one average man's lifetime equal one-half his
holdings. Even today in the states of Wisconsin,
Oregon, Washington, California, Alabama, Louisi-
ana, Mississippi and in other Southern states, the
cost per acre of clearing and grubbing "logged-off"
timber lands is greater than the cost of reclaiming
desert lands by irrigation. Much of this land is
lying idle and unproductive for that reason. Few
men would take 160 acres of such land conditioned
upon clearing 80 acres and subduing it by cultiva-
tion within 10 years' time. So that by every meas-
ure of comparison with which I am familiar I can
find no justification for a farm unit greater than 80

acres on any reclamation project, even under the
least favorable of climatic conditions. There are
hundreds of thousands of citizens willing to take
up farm units of 80 acres or less. Every man to
whom 160 acres is given deprives some other man
of a home.

I must, therefore, decline to yield to the demand
from many quarters to fix farm units at 160 acres of
irrigable land. In no case will I approve greater
than 80 acres, except where existing contracts with
private land owners made previous to my incum-
bency have been made upon a larger basis. The
80-acre farm unit will be fixed only in those regions
where climatic, soil and market conditions make so
large an area appear to be necessary, and even in
such regions 40-acre tracts lying near to towns or
prospective towns are deemed ample for the sup-
port of a family.

One great need of agricultural regions is agricultural
laborers and artisans. If possible, I would establish a
few 5 and 10-acre homesteads for such to relieve them of
the disadvantages of tenantry and to encourage them to
settle in the vicinity of the larger farms. The cost of
reclaiming 160 acres by irrigation is too heavy a burden
for the average farm family to labor under. Thousands
of farmers of modest means now renting eastern lands
could be located on these small tracts and could, with their
labor, earn enough to pay reclamation costs and at the
same time acquire a home of from 5 to 10 acres, but would
probably fail if they attempted to acquire an 80, a 40 or
even a 20-acre tract. The riian who undertakes to pay the
cost of reclaiming 160 acres must needs be a man of large
capital to start with. Less is required for 80 and less for
40 acres, so that as the size of the farm unit is reduced, the
number of families on the land may be increased, so
also is reduced the amount of the capital required of
that family to start with, and through larger population
making easier many of the problems of pioneering.

In those fertile and hospitable southern regions where
the growing season is almost continuous, there is no
defense whatever for farm units in excess of 40 acres.
In California the Little Landers are demonstrating even
an acre to be sometimes enough, long ago in the citrus
belt men have shown the world that 10 acres is enough.
In the Salt River Valley I have recently fixed the farm
unit at 40 acres and I am now besieged with demands to
reconsider and fix this at 160 or some other larger unit.
I cannot concede the justice of these demands nor the
force of the arguments submitted. Forty acres well tilled
in the Salt River Valley is larger than I believe to be
absolutely necessary for the support of a family. I have
conceded 40 acres, but in doing this I feel that I have
virtually deprived one or more other families of an
opportunity for a home on each 40. If I were to name
160 acres it would virtually be letting one family have
land I believe to be sufficient for the support of several
families. I believe you would not have done otherwise
had you been in my position.

Though I am convinced that the farm unit should
not exceed 80 acres on any reclamation project, it does
not appear to me to be just that entrymen who filed on
government lands subject to the Reclamation Act should
be compelled to surrender their holdings in excess of
the established farm unit without compensation. These
men are entitled to consideration on account of the hard-
ships they have endured while waiting for the projects
to be opened and for water to be delivered, and each such
should be allowed to hold one farm unit and be permitted
to dispose of the remainder in such way as to fully
remunerate him. But it should be required that, within
one year after making proof of residence, cultivation and
improvements, as required by the homestead law, or
within one year after the farm unit plats have been
approved, the entryman should be compelled to sell the
excess land in farm units as established, or in parcels of
less area. By this means every man who now claims a
quarter section could retain 160 acres for one year after
{Continued on page 118)

108

THE IRRIGATION AUK.

The Men on the Firing Line

The officers and Executive committee of the National Federation of Water Users' Associations

Earl B. Smith, Somerton, Ariz.
(Yuma Project), President.

O. E. Farnham, Belle Fourche,
S. D. (Belle Fourche Project),
Secretary.

Fulton H. Sears, Fallen, Nev.
(Truckee-Carson Project).

Scott Etter, Carlsbad,
(Carlsbad project).

N. M. Geo. E. Rodman, Sunnyside,
Wash. (Sunnyside Project),
Treasurer. i

FISCAL AGENTS

One of the Policies Which the National Federation
is Pushing

"When requested by an association, the Secre-
tary of the Interior should appoint such association
as Fiscal Agent to collect all charges due, or to be-
come due, the Government from entrymen and land-
owners and remit the same to the proper authorities
under the act of Congress, approved August 9,
1912."

Around this recommendation made to Secretary
of the Interior Lane by the National Federation of
Water Users' Associations and representatives of
other projects, not yet affiliated with the national
organization, is being waged today a desperate bat-
tle to crush out the bureaucracy, called the Recla-
mation Service.

Upon this battle hinges the success of Secre-
tary Lane's new Reclamation Commission. In
granting or refusing this request. Water Users con-
tend. Secretary Lane must either declare himself
for democratic rule of the various Government irri-

gation projects, with the Water Users having a
voice in the government, or he must place himself
on record as favoring the present bureaucratic
methods of governing the projects and the perpetua-
tion of the present vast organization of high salaried
men, whose salaries the settlers must pay, and who
are law unto themselves.

Upon this battle hinges to a large degree the
life of the Water Users' Associations, created by the
government with specific purposes and duties, regu-
larly incorporated, and to which every settler on
the projects belongs. It was the announced inten-
tion and understood as the law, that these associa-
tions should, upon payment of a major part of the
cost of the water rights, take over the management
of the projects. F. H. Newell, chairman of the new
Reclamation Commission, his numerous assistants,
and various Secretaries of the Interior have spoken
oft and frequently of these associations and of their
importance in working out the ultimate success of
Federal reclamation. These same associations are
commonly styled among at least certain of those
same officials today as "departmental nuisances."

Upon this battle also hangs the ultimate sue-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

109

cess of the Federal projects, for as Mr. Newell has
frequently said in the past, 'it is these associations
which must take over the management of the com-
pleted projects, once the settlers get title to their
lands and water. The Water Users insist that if
they are to permit their associations to be robbed
of all their functions and become mere empty shells,
the associations will .be in no condition to assume
the management of enterprises involving the mil-
lions now invested in these great plants. If the
associations are unable to do this, the projects must
continue under the paternalistic management of the
Government, a condition to which no independent,
red-blooded American farmer can look with favor,
and a condition which the project settlers declare
means ultimate bankruptcy for them and failure of
the projects.

The National Federation of Water Users' As-
sociations made numerous other recommendations
and suggestions for improving conditions on the
projects at the suggestion of Secretary Lane. The
executive committee has pushed the "fiscal agency"
recommendation a little more vigorously perhaps
than any of the others because while on its face it
involves little money, its very heart-blood is the
principle of home rule, of representation as well as
taxation, and it strikes directly at the burden of the
bureaucracy, from under which every settler is
anxious to get.

Until late in 1912, the Water Users' associations
on the various projects made all collections of an-
nual payments and maintenance charges. These
moneys were turned over to the receiver of public
moneys of the land office in the district where a
project was located. As a result the farmers at-
tended the meetings of the Water Users' associa-
tions ; knew their officers well ; made their com-
plaints to these men, and in turn, those complaints
reached the Department of the Interior in such form
as to demand and necessitate attention. The farm-
er's business and troubles were also those of his
association, and as a result many wrongs were
righted at Washington or by the local representa-
tives of the Reclamation Service.

Then suddenly out of a clear sky, and appar-
ently without any of the western representatives in
Congress realizing its purport or far-reaching pos-
sibilities, came a new law, placing in the hands of
the Reclamation Service the power to make the col-
lections of water right and maintenance payments.
No particular arguments as to the crying need for
this change ever reached the ears of the water users.

Under this law. Fiscal Agents, drawing $1,400
a year, were appointed for the various projects. On
many of the projects, two of these men were in-
stalled. On others only one. The farmer must
now make his payments to these agents. As with
all other costs and expenses attached to a Govern-
ment project, he also has to help pay their salaries.

As long as this money is to be paid out, the
Water Users' associations ask Secretary Lane to
name the associations as Fiscal Agents and turn the
salaries, now paid to Federal employes, into the
treasuries of the associations. The associations con-
tend they are able to give sufficient bond, as they
did in the past, and to handle these collections in a
proper manner. With $1,400 to $2,800 a year, the

Water Users declare they can pay the salary of a
competent secretary, who will devote his time to
the interests of the settlers as well as make the col-
lections, and thus they can keep their associations
alive and prosperous and school their members in
the duties which they must assume once the projects
are turned over to the farmers, as provided by law.

THE BELLE FOURCHE SUIT

Commissioner O'Donnell Suggests a Plan to Ad-
just It

As the result of a conference between I. D.
O'Donnell, Supervisor of Irrigation and member of
the Reclamation Commission, and the directors of
the Belle Fourche Valley Water Users' Associa-
tion at Newell, S. D., at least part of the Belle
Fourche suit may be adjusted out of court. Mr.
O'Donnell promised to co-operate with the settlers
in accomplishing this and the directors, in turn,
adopted a resolution under which such negotiations
may be taken up. The association will be repre-
sented by O. E. Farnham, secretary of the local
organization, who is also secretary of the National
Federation of Water Users' Associations. He will
be assisted by K. H. Ely.

Mr. Farnham has been one of the attorneys in
the suit of the Belle Fourche Water Users. This
suit, begun originally in the state courts, is now
in the United States District court. Mr. Farnham
and his fellow attorney, Chambers Kellar, obtained
an injunction from Federal Judge Elliot restraining
the Reclamation officials from making any collec-
tions for water rights, betterment or operation and
maintenance charges or recommending the cancel-
lation of any homesteads for failure to pay such
charges.

If permitted to go, in full, to final decision, this
suit would bring definite ruling on many important
questions now before the Federal Water Users.
Violation of the contract between the Secretary of
the Interior and the Belle Fourche association in
' the collection of building charges before the project
is completed is charged in the complaint ; extrava-
gance in administration expenses, overhead charges,
betterments and construction is also charged, and
the bill of the plaintiffs further demands that the
court rule on how the charges, piled up by the
Reclamation office at Washington and its numerous
branches, shall be apportioned.

ON THE FIRING LINE

To the five men who compose the Executive
Committee of the National Federation of Water
Users' Associations belongs a major portion of the
credit for promised reforms and beneficial changes
in the Reclamation Service. They have been on the
job night and day, most of the time at their own
expense, fighting for the rights and in the interests
of the settlers. They have made official Washing-
ton see a "great light." Once every Federal Water
Users' association becomes a member of this or-
ganization and all are contributing their pro rata
share of its expenses, the settlers' interests will
become of far more importance in Washington than
they have in the past.

110

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

"IS NEWELL TRYING TO MAKE SERFS

OUT OF THE WATER USERS ?"

"Is Newell trying to
make serfs out of the
Water Users on the Fed-
eral irrigation projects?
Are the great reclama-
tion projects to be dedi-
cated as temples to
Mammon, god of the
lust for gold? Is all the
individuality of the men
and women who are try-
ing to create homes in
the desert west to be de-
stroyed in order that
Newell and his army of
retainers may go on sell-
ing us 'short' on wa-
ter?"

It was Fulton H.
Sears of Fallon, Nev., a
homesteader on the
Truckee-Carson project,
who asked these ques-
tions. Sears had just
finished a careful study
of the doctrines of "Ben-
eficial Use" and "Eco-
nomic Use" as enun-
ciated in resolutions,
passed at a meeting of
project managers and
water masters in Salt
Lake City. F. H. New-
ell, director, presided at
this meeting, and I. D.
O'Donnell, who was
named as supervisor of
irrigation, in the reor-
ganization of the service,
was an active partici-
pant. Both Newell and
O'Donnell are members
of the Reclamation Com-
mission of five members,
which now controls fed-
eral irrigation.

Sears is a tall, well
knitted man, with face
tanned by Nevada's sun-
shine and the square jaw
of a fighter. He is typ-
ical of the men who are
giving the best that is in
them of brain and brawn

in developing the "land
that God forgot." For
years he practiced law in Chicago. He was success-
ful, but he was not satisfied. He wanted a piece of
land, a place where his children could breathe clear,
clean country air, have plenty of sunshine and learn
the beauties and benefits of nature in nature's own
school. He took up a homestead on the Truckee-

Rcsolutions adopted at a meeting of Federal proj-
ect officials in Salt Lake C'it\:

BENEFICIAL USE OF WATER— A water user
with a vested right limited to beneficial use is entitled to
that amount of water that will render him a reasonable
maximum amount of good with a reasonably economic
handling of the water. Since he has acquired his vested
right from the laws of his state, he is entitled to protec-
tion of that right by the state; but it is his duty to the
state, and the state has the right to demand of him that
he use every reasonable method to reduce the amount of
water required to a minimum. This demand requires the
water user to make reasonable preparation of the ground
surface for irrigation; to use good judgment in selecting
appropriate methods of applying the water to the ground;
to prepare reasonably efficient dikes, ditches and struc-
tures to get the water over the land in such a way as to
reduce the underground losses to a minimum, to irrigate
the ground with such a head and at such intervals as to
require a minimum use of water for proper irrigation;
to cultivate the irrigated ground when practicable to pre-
vent undue losses from evaporation; in some cases possi-
bly to govern the character of crops to be grown. It is
evident that the reasonable degree of perfection of each
of these requirements will vary with the locality and with
different and changing conditions in each locality, so
that the beneficial use of water is variable.

ECONOMICAL USE OF WATER— Since the water
supply available for irrigation in the western states is ade-
quate for only a relatively small percentage of the entire
irrigable acreage, the fundamental standard of economical
use must be the financial results accomplished per acre-
foot of water applied rather than the yield per acre irri-
gated. It, therefore, becomes both necessary and desir-
able to impress irrigators with the fact that in general the
largest net profits per acre-foot of water applied are ob-
tained, not from using excessive quantities, but from more
careful use of relatively small quantities. In developing
a more economical standard for the use of water, it should
not be presumed that established rights can be limited
to less water than they would carry under the accepted
rule of beneficial use; yet by constantly bearing in mind
that the ideal ultimately necessary must be the highest
net profit per unit of water applied, irrigators may grad-
ually be induced in many instances to obtain for them-
selves those results, and those undertaking the construc-
tion of new projects may be induced to so design their
systems as to provide a liberal water supply during the
development period with a view to ultimate development
based on economic use.

In the history of irrigation in this country, there
has been evident a gradual but very definite evolution in
the ideas of what constitutes proper use of water. While
the use of water for irrigation was at first a relatively un-
important one, its importance now overshadows all other
uses, save that of domestic supply. In the course of this
evolution, the doctrine of beneficial use has become estab-
lished, but in future development this doctrine must in
many cases merge into, or be supplemented by that of
economic use. The doctrine of beneficial use looks to in-
dividual interest; that of economic use to the general wel-
fare of society as a whole. So far as possible, water
charges, systems of distribution, and regulations should
be so adjusted as to make the interest of the individual
water user coincide with this public interest.

Carson project five years
ago. He has one of the
best developed farms in
that district today, but
he has still many strug-
gles ahead of him, and
the settlers about him, at
least those who were not
as well fixed financially
as was Sears when they
started in to homestead,
have even greater strug-
gles and problems.

These problems
largely concern dealings
with the United States
government, and with
the Federal Reclamation
Service. That was why
Sears entered heartily
into the organization of
the National Federation
of Water Users' Asso-
ciations ; that was why
he has since served as a
member of its executive
committee.

Sears turned again
to the Irrigation Age, in
which he had been read-
ing the new water "doc-
trines" of the Federal
reclamation officials.

"Those resolutions
sound good on paper ; no
doubt they have cost the
water users several
thousands of dollars ;
you know the expenses
of all such gatherings as
this one of the water
masters are charged to
us fellows," continued
Sears, "but they are
wholly impracticable, if
the interests of the set-
tlers are to be at all con-
sidered.

"If it wasn't that we
project settlers face the
serious fact that the
highly - theoretical and
impractical men, . sent
out from Washington
and other great centers

of irrigation in the east,
will try to enforce these 'doctrines' as the law of the
projects, the resolution would simply be exceedingly
amusing. At least they aptly illustrate the prob-
lems which the real settlers meet in dealing with
these civil-service-fortified high-brow gentlemen,
who ride in automobiles for which we are paying.

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

Ill

And we're forced to pay the salaries of these gen-
tlemen, too.

"These 'doctrines' mean simply that some
young civil service employe shall be permitted to
tell sturdy, clear-brained American citizens :

"\\ hat crops he shall raise.

"How he shall plant his crops.

"When and how he shall irrigate them.

"What kind of ditches and structures he shall
build.

"And they also provide :

"That the supply of water given to the farmer
shall be contingent entirely upon the theoretical
money value of his crop.

"That in supplying the water, the general good
of the whole nation shall be considered before that
of the farmer, who is probably staking his all to
create for himself a home.

"But let us analyze these resolutions. All of
us, who know anything at all about irrigation,
know that the several states in the semi-arid west
have fixed by statute the law of 'beneficial use.'
The decisions of the courts have upheld these acts,
making them firmly settled doctrines of irrigation
law — that is to say, the ownership of public waters
is limited to a beneficial use.

"The Newell resolution on 'beneficial use' be-
gins : 'A water user with a vested right, limited to
beneficial use, is entitled to that amount of water
that will render him a reasonable amount of good,
with a reasonable economic handling of water.' Just
why the word 'vested' is injected into the resolution
is hard to understand, unless it is intended to inflict
more stringent rules and conditions upon those who
have only initiated a right to acquire water and have
not made final payment.

"As I understand a vested right it is a right
which has been determined and fixed by law, and
therefore cannot be taken away from its owner.
Therefore the 'laws' laid down by the water mas-
ters cannot affect those with vested rights, and
therefore we have a right to suspect the motive be-
hind the inclusion of this word 'vested' in these
resolutions.

"Now let us see what an actual farmer on any
of the United States projects has to contend with
under this new doctrine of beneficial use.

"On each project we have a water master or
superintendent of irrigation, who controls the sup-
ply of water let into the ditches for irrigation and
designates when it shall be used. He is a civil serv-
ice employe, generally direct from Washington,
D. C. He is a most important personage, with an
automobile and other accessories of his high office.

"On most projects, under recommendations of
Newell and his engineers, the government has al-
ready sold far more water rights than there is water
to supply, hence perhaps this new 'doctrine' to per-
mit further selling 'short.' To illustrate, let me cite
my own case on the Truckee-Carson project, where
they have been carrying out these 'doctrines' now
put down on paper.

"I have suffered a loss of more than $2,000 dur-
ing the past two years as a result of these theories.
There comes a shortage of water, but my crops need
irrigating. I order water. The water master comes
around and says : 'You can't have water for that

piece of alfalfa, because it has not enough fall. It
takes too much water to irrigate it. You will have
to plow that up and relevel it before you can get
water.'

"If he doesn't say that, he may insist that you
should use the furrow system instead of the check-
ing system or that your rows are too long, causing
too much seepage, and you cannot have any water
until you alter it.

"It is possible after my five years of experience
that if I releveled my homestead and put in a new
irrigation system throughout, I would save some
water. How many settlers on our project or any
other one can afford to do this? Besides the United
States is under contract to deliver me three acre-feet
of water each year, and that contract doesn't say
anything about the whims of a water master, or
provide that he can deny me my water at will.

"I may order water turned on in the morning
for a special patch of potatoes and figure it will take
about twelve hours to irrigate them. The water
master comes around and says : 'You'll have to
irrigate those spuds at night, as there is too much
evaporation during the day.'

"After waiting just as long as the crop will
stand it, I order three second-feet of water for three
days. The water master probably will insist that I
take six-second feet for twenty-four hours, insisting
this is a more economical method of irrigation. I
tell him my ditches won't handle such a big head of
water and then he replies that I should build them
so that they can handle the larger amount.

"If after my potatoes are irrigated, I cultivate
them to conserve the moisture, two to one I will
have plenty of moisture still when the next rotation
of water comes to my land. But under the high and
mighty rulings of the water master I must take
water then or wait another eight days or so. It is
a case of losing my crop by flooding it out or risk-
ing drought and second growth.

"There you have the Newell theory of 'bene-
ficial use' of water, as it has been practiced on the
Truckee-Carson project and as now put into law and
doctrine for us by these self-constituted legislators.

"But they have gone even further. They have
now created an additional doctrine of 'economical
use.'

"This theory is based purely upon the worship
of the almighty dollar. It says in very plain Eng-
lish that in order to get water you must grow those
crops which theoretically are most valuable in dol-
lars and cents. Onions and beets pay more than
alfalfa or grains, therefore if the man growing
onions needs water, I must go without it for my
alfalfa. This is unjust because it is necessary to
get a stand of alfalfa in our project before anything
else will grow on the land. Furthermore, in some
parts of the project grains are especially adapted to
the soil and wheat and barley are grown almost
exclusively.

"The homesteader with eighty acres at the end
of his third year on the land may have twenty acres
of second crop alfalfa, twenty acres of grain and
young alfalfa, three acres of potatoes, an acre of
onions and three acres of sugar beets. When July
comes around the water master sends out a circular
(Conintued on page 119)

112

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

PRESS AGENT STILL BUSY

The press agent of the Reclamation Service is
still a very busy young man, despite the "business re-
organization" of the service by Secretary of the In-
terior Lane. Either he has opened a "boiler plate"
factory and furnishes free cuts, or he is so high
class that he can induce editors to print his head-
lines, as well as his cuts and reading matter. Such
a press agent would be worth $1,000 a week to any
big circus. In the Milwaukee News, the Akron,
Ohio, Beacon-Journal and many other papers in the
east there has appeared recently a large cut of the
Reclamation Commission, under these headlines in
healthy, black type :

New Reclamation Commission, Composed of
Experts, Makes Good; Settlers Who Were
Dissatisfied Complain No More

Beneath the cut are the names of Secretary Lane
and the members of the commission. Then this state-
ment :

The new commission which presides over the reclama-
tion service in place of a single administrative officer has
so revolutionized and improved that branch of the inter-
ior department that serious complaints are comparatively
few. The commission is composed of F. H. Newell, di-
rector of the reclamation service; A. P. Davis, chief en-
gineer; William A. Ryan, comptroller; Will R. King, chief
counsel, and I. D. O'Donnell, supervisor of irrigation.

What part of the bill for this kind of publicity
are you paying, Mr. Federal Water User?

THE $50,000,000 BILL

Debate in Senate Indicates How the Wind Blows

During the debate on the Alaska railroad bill.
Senator Borah of Idaho introduced an amendment
to the measure providing for the issuance of $50,-
000,000 worth of Reclamation Certificates. These
certificates were to be of the same nature as the
issue of $20,000,000 obtained from Congress by the
late Senator Thomas H. Carter, and recently al-
lotted to the various Government irrigation proj-
ects. Senator Borah urged that the money derived
from the sale of the proposed $50,000,000 issue be
used in inaugurating new irrigation projects. A
few days later, Senator Borah withdrew his amend-
ment, fearing it would imperil the entire Alaska bill.
The amendment, however, served a purpose, in that
it showed by the debate upon it something of how
the senate feels toward the Federal Water Users.

Western senators of all three parties expressed
themselves as favorable to relief measures for the
Water Users. Senator Gallinger, a Republican, was
the only Eastern senator who spoke on the bill, and
he, too, expressed sympathy and desire to aid the
Water Users. The only expressions from Southern
senators could hardly be called kindly, v.

Senator Borah also has his $50,000,000 certifi-
cate plan before the senate in the form of a bill, and
hopes to get it out of committee. W'hile its pass-
age at this session of Congress hardly seems prob-

able, Senator Wesley L. Jones, of Washington, be-
lieves other legislative relief for the Government
irrigators may be obtained. He is particularly
anxious to see the twenty-year water payment bill
passed, providing a measure satisfactory to the
Water Users can be obtained.

Senator Jones has served for years on the Sen-
ate Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of
Arid Lands. Since the death of Senator Thomas H.
Carter of Montana, he has become recognized as
probably the best informed man in either house of
Congress on irrigation matters. He is a thorough
student of this subject, besides being a practical
irrigator — his home being at North Yakima, Wash.,
where one of the big Government projects is lo-
located. Senator Jones has made several trips over
the Government projects, meeting the Water Users,
and learning the conditions with which they have
to cope. He therefore is in position to play an im-
portant part in the irrigation legislation of the pres-
ent session.

"The Secretary of the Interior is especially in-
terested just now in securing legislation extending
the time for payment for the use of water," said
Senator Jones. "He believes that it will be best
probably to spread these payments over a period of
twenty instead of ten years, and also provide either
that no payments should be made for four or five
years, or if any are made that they shall be small.
I think this is very important and necessary legis-
lation.

"Every project that has been put in has cost
about twice what it was estimated it would cost.
And the cost has been far greater than was thought
when the bill was passed and the limit was placed
at ten years.

"I think twenty-year payments would be wise,
and that this would practically insure the success
of the various projects.

"The Department of the Interior and the Con-
gressional committees are trying to agree upon a
bill along these lines, and if it is agreed upon I be-
lieve that we can pass it.

"Another important proposition is the securing
of more money, not only for the projects that are
now under way, but to be used in taking up new
projects. Whether we will be able to get such legis-
lation is a different question. The matter of econ-
omy and the size of the appropriation will, of course,
have its influence upon the present Congress. An
election comes off this fall and it will be the desire
to keep appropriations down as low as possible.
Especially will this be the desire of the administra-
tion. The appropriations are going to be large,
anyway, and thus refute the charges of extrava-
gance that they have made heretofore against the
Republicans, and therefore new propositions like
this will have a rocky road to travel."

PROJECT CITY GETS PARK

Montrose, Colo., in the heart of the Llncom-
pahgre project, is to have a large public park. The
lower house of Congress has already passed a bill,
authorizing the grant of about 160 acres of land for
the park, and the bill is well on its way in the senate.
The proposed park is a beautiful piece of mountain
land, too rough for agriculture.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

113

DURABLE AND SANITARY FEEDING
TROUGHS OF CONCRETE.

A simple, sanitary and economical use of con-
crete is shown in the accompanying picture of a
feeding trough for hogs. Nothing could be easier
than to make troughs of this character for swine or
poultry. Old lumber free from splits and knot-holes
may be used. To procure an everlasting receptacle
of this character simply means the nailing together
of two boards in the shape of an inverted V. These
are placed on a board platform or other even sur-
face and surrounded with a board frame or form,
which is then filled with concrete. The concrete is
struck off while fresh to insure an even bottom. No
special finish is required and very rude work will
answer the purpose. The dimensions of the trough
will, of course, depend upon the length and size of
the board forms. Small troughs for chickens or
large troughs for hogs may be made with equal
facility.

Another simple method of making a
small trough is to substitute for boards
half of a drain tile or terra cotta pipe for
the inside form. Where the boards are
used it would be well to oil the surface
coming in contact with the concrete.
This makes the removal of the forms
easy. A mixture of 1 part Portland ce-
ment, 2 parts sand and 4 parts crushed
stone or gravel will make a concrete suit-
able for this purpose.

To prevent hogs from crowding or
getting into the trough, crosspieces
should be used as shown. To provide for
bolting the crosspieces, holes should be bored in
the platform at required intervals and the bolts
set in with the thread end down. The bolts should
go into the platform to a depth that will insure suf-
ficient projection for the strap iron crosspieces and
the nut. The concrete should be a "sloppy wet"
mix and thoroughly puddled in the form. It should
be kept in the form several days and protected from
hot sun and wind. When sufficiently hard on the
exposed surface to resist indentation with the thumb
nail, the forms may be removed. The concrete
should then be sprinkled twice a day for the period
of a week.

The strength of a trough of this
character will increase with age. It may
be easily cleaned and will resist the hard-
est usage. The longer it is exposed to
the weather the more durable it will be-
come.

that the article sent was a draft of an address delivered by
me at Denver, in December, 1912 — before the convening of
the Legislative Assemblies of the seventeenth arid-land
states, and that, in view of the advanced steps taken in many
of these states, in 1913, to cure, by legislative enactment,
many of the evils pointed out, the document was offered as
being of value, at this time, primarily to fix in the public
mind, by contrast, the great improvement in legislative con-
ditions. Read as it is, with total disregard of the changes
effected in 1913, the article is misleading, and unjust to
many of the western states.

In the memorandum referred to, I also stated, very
clearly, that it was my purpose to submit, from time to
time, "Digests" of the more recent legislative enactments.
Reference to this was also omitted. I would not have
you, or your readers, placed in a state of doubt as to these
grave matters, nor do I relish being placed in the atti-
tude of being ignorant of the great things accomplished
in 1913. I trust you will accord this letter as much pub-
licity as was given the original article.

Very sincerely yours,

EDWARD BOHN.

[Part of the copy mentioned by Mr. Bohn was mis-
laid, hence cause for his complaint. We are glad to pub-

CORRESPONDENCE

Mr. D. H. Anderson. Editor.

IRRIGATION AGE, Chicago, 111.
MY DEAR SIR :

In the January issue of the IRRIGATION AGE
you published certain comments offered by me,
under the caption "The Truth About the Irriga-
tion Situation." Inasmuch as an essential part
of the contribution was omitted from publication.
I will ask you, in keeping with your policy of
fairness towards comments of contributors, to
call the attention of your readers to the lapse
referred to in the February issue of the AGE.

At the time I submitted this document to
you, I enclosed with it a memorandum stating

lish his letter so that his position may be made clear.
The other articles mentioned will appear in future issues
of IRRIGATION AGE. — EDITOR.]

More than 100 men have found employment as
the result of the establishment of the sugar factory
at Fallon on the Truckee-Carson project. The beet
industry there for the first season is proving profit-
able, and has also routed out some worn-out or
poorly developed alfalfa fields. When those fields
are put back in alfalfa, they will be much bigger
and better producers, due to the acquired knowl-
edge and experience of the settlers.

114

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

HIGH EFFICIENCY PUMPING PLANTS

Although the question of efficiency does not re-
ceive much consideration when installing inde-
pendent pumping plants for small farms, it is a very
important feature when selecting pumping ma-
chinery for a large central plant. This is especially
true when the pumps are required to operate against
high heads. In such cases the excess cost of power
resulting from a difference of 5 or 10 per cent in
the efficiency of the pumping machinery is a de-
ciding factor in the ultimate success of the irriga-
tion system.

There are a number of points to bear in mind
when designing a pumping plant for irrigation serv-
ice. The most important are the following:

1. The location of the plant should be as close
as possible to source of supply.

2. The number and size of units should be
selected to give the best results throughout the en-
tire range of pumping conditions.

3. The arrangement and size of pipe lines
should be such that loss of head (which means in-
creased power) is avoided as much as possible.

4. Last, but not least, the different sources of

WORTHINGTON PUMP.

power should be very carefully studied before se-
lecting the type of prime mover for driving the
pumps.

The location of the pumping plant and the
type of pumping machinery depend, of course, upon
the nature of the source of supply. If the supply is
taken from a river or lake of nearly constant water
level, the horizontal shaft pump is the most suitable
selection. If possible, the pumping plant should be
located over the water with a suction lift not ex-
ceeding ten (10) feet. This arrangement eliminates
bends in the suction line and results in increased
efficiency.

If the level of water at the source of supply
varies to such an extent that the suction lift at low
water is excessive, the vertical shaft pump will
g.ive the best results. The pump should be placed
ih a watertight pit within easy suction lift at low
tyater, and the prime mover located above the high
water level.

The variation in both capacity and pumping
head should be carefully determined before select-
ing the number and size of pumping units. For a
wide fluctuation in capacity, the units should be of
such size that the maximum efficiency can, be ob-
tained at all conditions. It is sometimes advisable
to install large units to take care of the maximum
flow and pumps of smaller size to operate during the

periods of lesser consumption. In other words, the
smaller unit operating at maximum load will give
a better over-all efficiency than the large unit pump-
ing at greatly reduced capacity.

If the lay of the land is such that there is a
wide variation in levels, much better results can
be obtained by dividing the system into groups ;
and designing the pumps to best meet the condi-
tions of each section, rather than attempt to irri-
gate the whole tract by pumping all the water to the
highest level.

It must be remembered that the ultimate effi-
ciency of a pumping plant depends not alone on the
selection of high grade machinery. The friction
loss through pipe lines is a very considerable fac-
tor, and in many plants considerable power is con-
sumed to overcome friction which might better have
been expended in pumping water. While the first
cost of a large pipe line may appear excessive, the
difference in the cost of operation should be care-
fully calculated before a final selection is made. The
connections from the pumps to the suction and dis-
charge mains should be as direct as possible and all
useless valves and fittings eliminated. It is much
cheaper in many cases to purchase a pump with
special suction and discharge nozzles rather than
attempt to meet the condition with a standard
stock pump.

The great development of electrical energy
from the vast natural sources of power has resulted
in the extensive use of motor driven machinery not
only for pumping water, but many other purposes
around the farm. This condition naturally leads
to the selection of the electric motor as the most
popular prime mover for driving irrigation pumps.
It must not be forgotten, however, that the com-
bustion engine has now been developed to a very
high degree of efficiency and reliability, and this
type of prime mover makes a very satisfactory in-
stallation, and in many cases will show a saving
in the cost of fuel over electrically driven pumps.
Except for very large units such as are used for
irrigation on the rice and sugar plantations of
Louisiana and Texas, the steam engine with its
necessary boiler plant and stand by losses is a
rather expensive source of power.

The illustrations accompanying this article
represent types of high efficiency centrifugal pumps,
manufactured by Henry R. Worthington, 115
Broadway, New York. This concern has made a
careful study of the irrigation problem and is pre-
pared to make estimates and furnish complete data
on the subject.

$20,000,000 FOR MIDDLE WEST

An appropriation of $20,000,000 for the con-
struction of reservoirs and lakes to impound flood
waters in western Kansas, Oklahoma, Nebraska,
eastern Colorado and New Mexico is asked in a bill
which Senator Bristow has introduced in the sen-
ate. An additional appropriation of $1,000,000 for
investigation of the feasibility of such projects is
also asked. This latter appropriation, if granted,
will permit the continuance of similar work begun
in western Kansas and Oklahoma under an appro-
priation granted in 1912.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

115

Reclamation Notes

course of the Kings river and the formation of a permanent
channel, 800 feet in width, extending to the point where
the Kings river flows into the San Joaquin.

ARIZONA.

After eight years in the reclamation service in the
Salt River project as assistant irrigation manager of the
South Side unit, Jas. E. Sprague has resigned to enter
private business.

Project Engineer Francis L. Sellow of the U. S.
Reclamation Service has received notice that $370,000 has
been set aside in Washington for river front protection
work, in addition to other allotments which have been
made for the Yuma project.

CALIFORNIA.

Notice of appropriation of 60,000 miners' inches of
water of the Sacramento river, to be taken out above Mid-
dle Creek, near Redding, gives outline of an irrigation
system to water 235,000 acres in Shasta, Tehama and
Glenn counties including all the territory between the
foothills and the Sacramento river. It is proposed to
divert the water to Stony creek, in Glenn county, by
means of a canal 40 feet wide at the top, 20 feet wide at
the bottom and 9 feet deep. Geo. L. Hoxie, a wealthy
resident of Fresno county, is behind the plan.

It is reported that private capital is planning to take
over the government's proposed reservoir and irriga-
tion project on the Pit river, in Lassen and Shasta coun-
ties. A reservoir to save the water for irrigation and the
production of electrical power is reported part of the proj-
ect.

C. H. Horsley of the Waterford irrigation district has
made filing on 250 second feet of the flow of the Tuolumne
river and on two points of diversion, one at the La Grange
dam of the Modesto-Turlock districts, and the other at
a point several miles above, which is now being considered
by the districts for the building of what is known as
"Dam No. 2." Previous to beginning the organization of
the Waterford district, about two years ago, filing was
made on these same points and the same amount of water
by J. L. Prouty, now president of the board of directors
of the district. Mr. Prouty has willed his filings to the
district. The district includes about 22,000 acres of land
lying on the north side of the Tuolumne and east of the
Modesto district.

Articles of incorporation have Ibeen filed 'by the
Thermal Water Company; capitalization $50,000. The
principal place of business is San Francisco. The com-
pany is organized for the purpose of acquiring water
rights, buying and selling land, etc., in Tulare county,
the water to be sold exclusively to stockholders of the
concern. Among the prominent men back of the under-
taking are S. E. Keiffer and E. M. Dygert of Berkeley;
H. L. Harhl of Palo Alto; C. S. Gilman of Oakland, and
L. F. Laverty of Los Angeles.

Two of the largest irrigation pumping plants to be
installed in California recently are under construction in
the Woodville district for H. G. and Samuel Vincent,
pioneer alfalfa and stock men of that section. Two res-
ervoirs have been constructed, one covering 2 acres and
the other \l/2 acres of ground. They plan to irrigate a
half-section of alfalfa from these outfits.

The state reclamation board at Sacramento has ap-
proved the maps, contours and estimates for the reclama-
tion of 100,000 acres along the Kings river, in Fresno
county. This project, which involves an expenditure of
only $250.000. will add in value and productiveness more
than $15.000.000 to 100.000 acres of rich bottom land in
the San Joaquin valley. These lands during a short period
of the year have been flooded heretofore, resulting in a
great loss of crop. The proposed project contemplates
the elimination of the crooked, shallow and irregular

The secretary of the interior has withdrawn from all
forms of disposition under the public land laws 111,360
acres of land in connection with the Iron Canyon irriga-
tion project. The lands are withdrawn temporarily pend-
ing investigation of the project, which is being carried on
under cooperative arrangements by the United States gov-
ernment and the state of California.

The Patterson Ranch Company has been granted a
petition for the formation of a reclamation district near
Patterson along the west side of the San Joaquin river.
The proposed district will comprise about 1,400 acres of
land lying in the river bottom. A portion of the river
bottom has been reclaimed. Outside of the river bottom
land included in this ranch practically the entire property
has been disposed of to settlers and is now being highly
improved for intensified farming.

COLORADO.

Thousands of acres of the school lands of Colorado
that have been tied up for years, yielding no revenue to
the school fund and absolutely unproductive, will be
brought into production and added to the revenue yielders
of the state as a result of the precedent established by the
state board of land commissioners recently in canceling
a gift of 640 acres, made in 1889, to promoters incor-
porated as the Naturita Ditch company. The action of
the board in forcing the cancellation of the Naturita lease,
while it affects directly only 640 acres, will result in the
unlocking of 10,000 acres to which the Naturita tract is
the key. The company that obtained the lease made no
attempt to perfect the irrigation project and subsequently
turned the lease over to the San Miguel Development
Company, headed by Bulkeley Wells of Denver and
Chaloner B. Schley and Duncan Chisholm of Colorado
Springs. This company claims they have spent $200,000
in the district, but they have not fulfilled the agreement
with the state and have not supplied water to those who
had the right to expect it. The settlers have now de-
cided to build their own irrigation system.

Work will commence soon on the enlargement of
Lake Henry, three miles north of Sugar City, which has
been much needed to supply water enough to irrigate the
land now under the ditches. By enlarging this lake the
farmers will more than double the acreage the coming
year.

The Water Users' Association and a number of land
owners from the Palisade section held a meeting recently
and a committee was appointed, consisting of W. Harri-
son, A. E. Johnson and Howard G. Fletcher, to confer
with the directors of the Price and Stub ditches over
water rights from the Grand Valley irrigation project,
sufficient to water 2,000 acres.

Arthur and Potter and Clark and Hasselman of Pueblo
have been awarded the contract for the construction of
the reservoirs to -be built for the irrigation of the Lewis
tract in Crowley county, recently purchased by the Cudahy
estate of Chicago. The contract price for this work is
reported to be $25,000.

Some 16,000 acres of land will be placed under irriga-
tion this spring twenty-four miles from Fort Morgan by
the San Arroya Irrigation district, which has recently
completed its reservoir. The reservoir covers 373 acres
and will contain 22,000 acre feet of water. The district
has secured a right of easement from the state land board
to the land covered by the reservoir. The board allowed
the district to have the land at the minimum price of $3.50
per acre.

Tentative withdrawal of 10,213 acres of land in Moffat
and Routt counties has been made by the state land
board on application of H. A. True, Jr., engineer of the
Wyoming land board, who is interested in a Carey Act

116

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

project for the irrigation of these lands. Plans call for
the construction of a reservoir to be known as Wolf Creek
reservoir and to have a capacity of 5,000 acre feet.

The colonization of thousands of acres of semi-arid and
newly irrigated lands bordering Denver on the east, has
been given impetus by the purchase of 3,500 acres lying
under the Antero project by a syndicate of Fort Worth,
Texas, capitalists, for $250.000. The tract occupies the
central portion of the Antero irrigation system which was
completed last year by the Henry L. Doherty interests.
Three hundred acres of the tract lie just outside of the
system, but they carry water rights.

The reclamation service has accepted the offer of the
Grand Junction Mining and Fuel Company to furnish
the power needed during the construction of the Grand
river diversion dam and tunnel No. 3, units of the Grand
Valley irrigation project, Colorado.

Under the terms of the contract to be entered into
the government will pay approximately $36,418 for the
power service, an amount considerably less than the cost
of installing a new plant.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the
Reclamation Service to proceed at once to complete three
important divisions of the Uncompahgre irrigation project
in Colorado. These units of the work are as follows:

1st. Excavation of the East Canal system from the
headworks to the junction with the Loutsenhizer canal,
providing for the irrigation of 22,000 acres between the
Selig and Garnet canal system; following this excavation
headworks and lateral system will be completed.

3nd. Construction of headworks, enlargement of
present Selig ditch, and construction of upper end of the
Selig extension, a distance of 4 miles; construction of
lower end of extension and of the Selig branch and the
completion of the Peach Valley lateral.

3rd. Construction of Buttermilk, Poverty Mesa, and
Roubideaux laterals and extension of Spring Creek and
East Coal Creek laterals.

The total expenditures approved for the completion
of the three canal systems is $7,14,650, and the completed
works will provide for the future irrigation of 78,000 acres.

MONTANA.

The completion for the excavation for the foundation
of Sun River diversion dam marks an important step in
the construction of the Sun River irrigation project, Mon-
tana, one of the largest projects so far undertaken by the
Reclamation Service.

The dam site is in the narrow rock gorge through which
Sun River flows, about 72 miles west from Great Falls.
In excavating for the foundation the engineers encoun-
tered conditions similar to those in the Shoshone Canyon
in northern Wyoming, where the Shoshone dam was
constructed by the Service a few years ago. Huge boul-
ders had ground great holes deep in the rocky bed, and
the drills went down seventy feet before finding the solid
foundation rock.

So narrow is the canyon that it is estimated one
thousand cubic yards of masonry will bring the dam to an
elevation well above the normal water level. This work
will be performed immediately. The structure. will have
a height of 125 feet, and a length along its curved crest
of 260 feet, but its length at water level will be only
about 15 feet. Water stored in the mountains will be
allowed to run down Sun River to this diversion dam
when needed for irrigation, where it will be diverted into
the supply canal for Pishkun reservoir, and later to a
supply canal for the Willow Creek reservoir, which now
stores the normal flow of Willow and Little Willow
creeks for the Fort Shaw unit. The machinery used in
constructing this dam will all be actuated by electric
power.

Secretary of the Interior Lane has authorized the
Reclamation Service to hold an auction sale of town lots
in the government townsite of Ballantine on the Huntley
irrigation project on April 1.

NEW MEXICO.

Col. Jas. of Des Moines, N. M., has given out the in-
formation that he will construct a diversion dam to cost
$50,000 early in the spring on the Cimarron river, for the
purpose of supplying a reservoir with 3,000 acre feet of
water, to be used for irrigating a large tract of land.

That the money necessary to proceed with the Red
River irrigation project in Taos county, through which
30,000 acres of state land are to be reclaimed, has been
secured, is the statement recently made to the state en-
gineer by Messrs. John Oleson and J. F. Sanborn of
Denver, who have submitted for approval a form of con-
tract entered into with an insurance company for the
necessary capital to finance this project. Several years
ago this project was undertaken and extensive surveys
made, but was later given up, owing to the depression in
irrigation finances. Work on the first unit will be com-
menced on May 1 of this year, and 5,000 acres will be
under cultivation by May 1, 1915, and two years thereafter
the second unit of 25,000 acres must be under water,
according to the contract. A bond of $41,000 must be
given by the purchasers, who will pay $7.00 per acre, or
$4.00 more than the minimum price for the land, the
payment to be made as land is disposed of to settlers.

The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the
Reclamation Service to execute contract with the Best
Manufacturing Company of Pittsburgh, Pa., for furnishing
balanced valves for service conduits of the Elephant
Butte dam in connection with the Rio Grande project in
New Mexico. The contract price is $24,980.

OREGON.

The Secretary of the Interior has approved the con-
struction of the sixth unit of the Umatilla irrigation
project, Oregon, known as the West Extension and em-
bracing 10,000 acres of land. The Secretary's approval
covers an allotment of $800,000 for the work.

The Umatilla project embraces some of the most
valuable fruit and truck land in the West, and the develop-
ment already shown on the areas now under irrigation
on the east side predicates a very substantial increase
in the population and taxable wealth of the state as soon
as the west side lands are brought under cultivation.

The allotment just made initiates the government
upon a work which will call for a total investment of
nearly $4,000,000 and will provide for the reclamation of
nearly 40,000 acres now almost wholly desert and unpro-
ductive.

TEXAS.

At a recent election held in Ward county irrigation
district No. 1 the old directors and the assessor and col-
lector were re-elected for a two-year term. The directors
have had under way a survey of the reservoir site and
intake and will soon have same completed, when an esti-
mate will be made of the probable cost of the construction
of the reservoir and canals necessary for the impounding
of water for the district and an election will then be held
for a bond issue.

The old "acequia" running through the southern part
of El Paso and now known as the Franklin canal, will be
improved at an early date. The work will be done by the
U. S. Reclamation Service at a cost of $200,000. This irri-
gation canal is 30 miles in length, and for 7,000 feet,
through El Paso, the sides and bottom will be concreted,
necessitating the excavation of 175,000 cubic yards of
earth. .

C. C. Lockwood. former auditor of the West Texas
Telephone Company at Brownwood, has resigned his
position and will engage in farming in San Saba county.
Mr. Lockwood has purchased a tract of 700 acres on the
Colorado river near the town of San Saba. The tract
contains over 1,000 pecan trees and nearly all of the land
is susceptible of irrigation.

Articles of incorporation have been filed by the United
Land and Irrigation Company, with a capital stock of
$165,000. Principal office of the company is located at

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

117

Brownsville. The incorporators are Grover C. Singer,
Ralph Howard and E. S. Hunt.

A certificate of dissolution has been filed by the Lake
View Irrigation Company of Quanall.

WASHINGTON

In order to increase the water supply for the Okano-
gan irrigation project, the Secretary of the Interior has
approved the recommendation of the Board of Reclama-
tion Commissioners that plans be made immediately for
the development of power to pump water to about 1,050
acres. Power will be developed at two drops in the main
canal. The sum of $82,000 has been allotted from the
reclamation fund for the work. This plan will reduce
the acreage to be served from Salmon river about 11 per
cent. In ordinary years it will permit the holding of 2,000
to 3,000 acre feet in the reservoirs as a reserve for years
of drouth, in addition to the reserve afforded by the
original project and by increase in Salmon Lake capacity.

State Land Commissioner Clark V. Savidge has ex-
tended the period during which the waters of the Yakima
water shed shall remain withdrawn from general appro-
priation, pending the completion of the Yakima reclama-
tion project by the federal government. The extension is
for two years from December 31, 1913, to which date com-
missioner Savidge extended the time last spring, follow-
ing the failure of the legislature to act on the application
for an extension of time. The first application of the
government was made in 1905 pending the determination
of the practicability of the project, which will water
500.000 acres of land and cost more than $10,000,000 when
completed. '

Chelan county voters have petitioned for an election
for the formation of an irrigation district to include 10,000
acres adjacent to Lake Chelan. Half of this land com-
prises the Wapato project and it is proposed to extend
that system so as to cover 5,000 acres north of the town
of Chelan. The cost of the extension is estimated at
$390,994.

Pursuant to the approval by the Secretary of the In-
terior of the contract between the State of Washington
and the United States providing for the investigation of
the Palouse irrigation project, Governor Lister, Mr. E.
McCulloh. engineer in the Reclamation Service who will
have charge of the work, and Supervising Engineer S. H.
Swigart, in charge of the Washington irrigation projects,
held a meeting to outline future work and discuss the
steps necessary for handling the appropriation provided by
the state.

The entire work of the survey will be under the con-
trol of the Reclamation Service. The problem is to find
sufficient feasible reservoir sites to impound water for the
irrigation of a smaller project than the one originally
planned, as the Washtucna Coulee was considered in-
feasible by the board of engineers reporting on the Palouse
project, and railroad construction has made the site at
the diversion point on Palouse river infeasible.

The Secretary of the Interior has directed the
Reclamation Service to prepare a form of Excess Land
Contract and Trust Deed, and to submit same to certain
land owners on the Sunnyside Unit of the Yakima irriga-
tion project in Washington.

The lands affected lie above the gravity canal system
and can be irrigated only by the installation of a number
of pumping plants to be located along the main canal. In
order to insure an early subdivision and sale to bona fide
settlers of all holdings in excess of 40 acres, a contract
is to be entered into between the government and the
land owners, under the terms of which the government
will have power to force such subdivision and disposal.

MISCELLANEOUS

More than 100,000 acres of high land in the vicinity
of Milner, Jerome and the south side of Twin Falls project
in Idaho are to be developed by the Kuhns this year.
Jackson lake, Wyoming, will be used as a storage reser-
voir and the water supply will be 400.000 acre feet ob-
tained from the government. The water will be carried

about 300 miles down the channel of the Snake river to
the point of diversion near Milner. The Kuhns are pay-
ing for the dam at Jackson lake, although it is being built
under the supervision of the Reclamation Service. It is
estimated that the project will supply farms for 1,500
families.

Contract has been awarded to the East Jersey Pipe
Company, Xo. 50 Church street, New York City, N. Y.,
for furnishing lock bar steel pipe for outlet conduits for
the Minitare dam, North Platte project, Nebraska.

The material to be furnished consists of 536 feet of
48-inch pipe. The price f. o. b. cars, Patterson, N. J.,
is $4,288.

ORGANIZE AT BARSTOW

Representative business men and farmers from
Pecos, Barstow, Big Valley, Grand Falls, Balmo-
hea, Midland, Buena Vista and Arno met recently
and organized the West Texas Reclamation
Association.

The object of the organization is to secure the
services of the United States Reclamation Service
in making a topographic and hydrographic survey
of the Pecos Valley of Texas and, possibly, of
southern New Mexico, as well. This will be done
with a view of discovering and exploiting the latent
irrigation possibilities of this great valley, locating
all feasible reservoir sites, and otherwise throwing
open to development between 200,000 and 250,000
acres of rich land.

The association elected the following officers :

President, George E. Barstow, Barstow ; vice-
president, F. W. Johnson, Pecos; secretary, H. B.
Link, Pecos ; treasurer, Charles E. Nicholls, Bar-
stow. The following were appointed members of
the executive board : Burch Carson, Barstow ; Tay-
lor Black, Barstow ; Vernon L. Sullivan, Buena
Vista; J. H. Boogher, Grandfalls; J. E. Starley,
Pecos ; James F. Ross, Pecos ; E. D. Balcom, Bal-
morhea ; W. H. Dennis, Buena Vista ; J. L. Farley,
Big Valley ; John T. Sweatt, Grandfalls, and S. B.
Pugh, Arno.

ASKS AID FOR THE FLATHEAD

Congressman Evans of Montana has introduced
a bill in the House extending the provisions of the
act of June 25, 1910, authorizing the assignment of
reclamation homesteads and the act of August 9,
1912, authorizing the issuance of patents on recla-
mation of homestead entries to lands in the Flat-
head project of Montana.

BUSY IN CASA GRANDE

The Casa Grande Valley Water Users' Associ-
ation of Arizona has- made plans for an earnest cam-
paign in Washington to obtain the construction of
the San Carlos reservoir. There is said to be vig-
orous railroad opposition to this project. There is
a great deal of Indian land involved, but settlers
declare thousands of acres of homestead lands could
also be watered.

We are short of copies of issues of THE IRRIGA-
TION- AGE for September, October, November, De-
cember, 1913, and January, 1914. We will pay 10
cents per copy for any of these issues. Send to
THE IRRIGATION AGE. 30 North Dearborn street..
Chicago. Illinois.

us

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

SECRETARY LANE'S LETTER

(Continued from page 107)

successfully making final proof, but if the survey made
four farm units of these 160 acres, he should be required
within one year to sell three of those units. These
irrigated lands are valued at $20 to $100 per acre. If sold
at these prices the entryman will have from $2,400 to
$12,000 to invest in improvements on the unit he retains.
This should be a sufficient reward for the industry and
sacrifice of those who have waited so long for the settle-
ment of this vexed question. There seems to be no justice
in the demand to permit patent to be issued for 160 acres.
To do so would be to encourage speculation and the with-
holding of irrigable land from cultivation. Under the
above plan patents would only issue to one person for
the area embraced in one farm unit, as these are now or
may hereafter be fixed. The assignees of the original
entrymen would receive patent when the provisions of
the law have been complied with. If it were possible, I
would limit the delivery of water to one farm unit only
for each owner. There appears to be no legal means of
accomplishing this as to lands now in private ownership.

Costs of Operation and Maintenance. — This is a sub-
ject so vitally connected with size of farm units that it
must be considered in connection therewith.

If authority shall be granted by Congress, I propose:

That hereafter no part of building costs nor better-
ment costs shall be charged to this account. Neither shall
charges be assessed and collected in advance upon an
estimate as to what may be the expense of a given year's
service, except in case of default. Full and explicit month-
ly statements of the cost operation and maintenance shall
be made monthly and posted in all the offices of the
Reclamation Service on each project and in the office
of the Water Users' Association. The totals shall be
carried forward from month to month and on November
30th of each year the total cost as shown by such state-
ments shall be increased by 5 percent to cover the cost
of collection and the total thus obtained shall be assessed
proportionately to the amount of water used upon each
acre of irrigable land in the project.

The charge assessed upon each farm unit shall not
be less than a reasonable minimum to be established by
agreement with the Water Users' Association on each
project. This minimum charge shall be assessed against
the total irrigable area of each farm unit and shall be
the same if the farm unit is uncultivated and uses no
water as if it were cultivated and irrigated.

These charges shall fall due and be payable December
1st and if payment is made on or before December 15th
the 5 percent added to maintenance and operation ex-
penses to cover the cost of collection shall be rebated.
If not paid by January 1st a penalty of 1 percent per
month for each month of delinquency or for each fraction
of a month shall be added.

The above provisions recommend themselves to me
as being reasonable regulations and such as should be
desired by the water users. Operation and maintenance
charges must be paid. If farming operations are not
sufficiently profitable to cover this service then irrigation
is a failure. There can be no valid excuse for neglect
to pay such charges and the very existence of the Recla-
mation Service and the water users' organizations as well
depends upon prompt payment.

I trust that water users will soon be taking over the
management and operation of the projects. There should
be a well-ordered definite system as to such collections,
and calculated to produce the best results. I am advised
that the cost of collecting delinquent assessments amounts
to more than 5 percent thereof. The water user who
promptly pays his assessments should not be burdened
with a share of this cost as he is at present. By providing
a rebate or discount of 5 percent and not less than 5 cents
per acre to the man who pays within 15 days, this burden
is lifted from him. The delinquent, however, should be
required to pay the full amount and 1 percent pier month
additional for each month, or fraction of a month, of his
delinquency. It should also be provided that any water
user who is delinquent for operation and maintenance
charges for the year ending November 30th shall not be
served with water for any ensuing season unless he shall

on or before May 1st pay the operation and maintenance
charges for the then current year on an estimated basis
of 25 percent increase over the charge for the preceding
year, ended November 30th. It is believed that these
provisions will encourage the thrifty to pay promptly and
compel the unthrifty to pay eventually all that may be
due. If water is not turned on May 1st for delinquents,
unless charges are paid in advance for the coming season
and at an increase of 25 percent over delinquent charges,
it is believed the delinquent charges will be paid to
escape the higher advance payment.

It must be apparent to you that if there is a large
accumulation of unpaid charges due the Service there
must be some adjustment made to recover the loss. In
private business this loss is recouped by an arbitrary
charge which rests upon the paying customer the burden
of unpaid accounts. The government is not, perhaps,
justified in adopting this business rule, but it is justified
in adopting such restriction as will reduce such losses to
a minimum.

I want you to think this over carefully and remember
that sooner or later the burden of carrying delinquents
will fall upon your shoulders, that you and not the
impersonal government will have to deal with them. The
question is, shall the government enforce a hard and fast
rule, or shall it leave you heir to an unbusinesslike and
inefficient system.

The man who tries to hold 160 acres and pay opera-
tion and maintenance charges has four times the burden
of the man with 40 acres, and while it is true that he has
four times as much land, it is also true that no 160-acre
tract ever seems to produce as much per acre as 40 acres.
The projects which conform most nearly to the 40-acre
standard have the highest average yields. The margin
of profit is much greater. It follows, therefore, that
there will be fewer delinquents where the 40-acre tracts
prevail than where the larger are. The total delinquencies
for this account on Huntley project are less than 9 per-
cent, the forfeitures less than 1 percent. Huntley has
generally 40 acres of irrigable land in each farm unit.
On Lower Yellowstone, where the land is chiefly in large
holdings, the delinquencies are over 73 percent. I think
it may be said to be axiomatic that land greed induces
land poverty. You men who are making homes for
yourselves and your families over-reach yourselves when
you struggle under a burden to acquire title to a large
tract. The small farm, the good farm, first; then out of
its profits, the large farm; rather than the large farm, the
large debt, the big failure, and the big regret.

Economy in the Use of Water. — Perhaps the most
vital question confronting the water user today, and
really of greater importance to his future welfare than
the question of deferred payments for the water used, is
the determination of what is the proper use to be made
of the water which is available for use upon the land.
The prevailing disposition appears to be to use more water
than is absolutely necessary for the best results on
plant growth. The experts of the Service and those out-
side of the Service who have been longest accustomed
to irrigation and who have developed all that is known
on that subject, as applied to agriculture in this country,
are unanimous in recommending a system of rotation, pay-
ment to be made in proportion to increased quantity, and
of measuring according to predetermined schedule the
amount of water that shall be delivered to each user to
be regulated in accordance with the character of the land
and the nature of the crops. The deleterious effect of
the use of too much water upon the land is becoming
more evident with each year.

The accumulation of ground water with a resulting
water-logging of large areas is but a reproduction of the
natural conditions prevailing in humid countries where
rainfall is excessive and the run-off limited.

If farmers will insist upon pouring water upon the
higher lands in excessive quantities, not only will the
plant food be leached from the soil, but the encroachments
of the ground water will continue year by year and
eventually will neutralize the benefits of irrigation by
destroying more land than is reclaimed.

Not only does this bad result appear to be inevitable,
(Continued on page T2o)

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

119

IS NEWELL TRYING TO MAKE

SERFS OUT OF THE WATER USERS?

(Continued from Page 111.)

letter, announcing a shortage of water and stating
that water will be furnished only for onions and
beets. That leaves the farmer with only four acres
of his crop for which he can get water. When he
harvests his onions he finds everyone else has also
raised onions and he cannot even get the cost of
freight out of them if he ships them. Therefore he
and many other farmers haul them to the slough to rot.
This has actually happened on the Truckee-Carson proj-
ect. It has been the same story with potatoes and other
'money crops,' while water has been refused for alfalfa and
grains, those crops, which mean the very existence of the
homesteader and his livestock. In their mad effort to get
vast production in dollars per acre from the federal irri-
gated lands, Newell and his theorists have overlooked the
practical side of this subject, and if they are permitted to
go on much longer trying to enforce their theories, we
settlers will all become just mere serfs, as well as bank-
rupt. We will be human sacrifices, placed on the altar
in the temples of Mammon into which Newell and his
retainers are trying to turn the government projects,
through their theory of water only for the crops that —
if they could be sold — would pay the most money.

"Then they go even further. Their whole doctrine re-
solves it into the proposition : Shall the farmer work for the
whole of mankind or shall he look out for himself and his
family? I do not believe the' settler has .sacrificed his indi-
vidual rights in taking up an irrigated homestead ; neither do
I believe he has agreed fo work for the general public first
and himself and family second. This theory is un-American
and Americans reared in the love of liberty and justice are
not going to stand for it. No one except a band of theorists,
such as has controlled the Federal projects, would have even
thought of trying to put such ideas into force."

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UPPER SANDUSKY, OHIO

Look into the Irrigated Farms on
the Lower Yellowstone Project

now reached by New Extension of Great Northern Railway

40,000 acres are now ready for irrigation on Uncle Sam's Lower Yellowstone Project-
on both banks of the Yellowstone River in western North Dakota and north-eastern
Montana. The new extension of the Great Northern Railway up into the Yellowstone
Valley, lately completed as far as Sidney, Montana, has now opened up this Project.

Here you can buy one of the 40 acre units, or one of the 80 acre units, for from $20 to
$30 per acre. Uncle Sam charges you for the water right $45 per acre, and gives you
ten years in which to pay him. You pay for service, $1.50 per acre per year. Then
you have a fine little farm that will make money for you in grains, dairying, stock-
raising and market-gardening.

You don't have to worry about the weather on one of these farms ; every year is a good year.

The Great Northern's MONTANA BOOK tells about this Yellowstone Project; clip
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E. C. LEEDY, General Immigration Agent, GREAT NORTHERN RY., ST. PAUL

E. C. LEEDY, General Immigration Agent

Dept. I. A., Great Northern Ry., St. Paul
Please send MONTANA BOOK to

Name . .
Address .

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

120

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

SECRETARY LANE'S LETTER

(Continued from page

but in pursuing this practice you are drawing from the
available supply for acres that do not require it and
depriving acres which are much in need of it of their share
of the available water supply. Reasonable restraint should
be exercised by all and that economy practiced which will
result in the most beneficial possible use of the water.

Building Charges. — This subject, of course, most inti-
mately affects you and your prospects. If you are to
win your home and your independence you must pay
the cost, the whole cost, of reclaiming the land you hold,
not only because the law requires it, but because it is
right that you should do so. There may be differences
of opinion as to what may be properly charged to that
cost. I own to some doubts as to whether you may not
have been charged with some items of cost that were
more properly chargeable to some other account. I
do not know this to be so, but I propose to find out and
to let you know, to relieve you, if possible, of any charge
that may be unjust and to issue public notices definitely
and finally fixing the cost as soon as this may legally be
done.

It is possible that Congress may grant power to the

Secretary of the Interior to extend the time for the repay-
ment to the reclamation fund so that the whole sum may
fall due at the end of 20 years instead of 10. I favor such
an extension and have so advised Congress in my annual
report.

It is my intention to determine this cost as accurately,
as possible by means of a board of review or a committee
on each project to consist probably of an engineer of the
Reclamation Service, an expert accountant representing
the Secretary of the Interior and an engineer or account-
ant or other representative of the water users to be se-
lected by the Water Users' Association. All items of cost
assessed against each project shall be thoroughly reviewed
and any items that may be objected to by the water users
shall be thoroughly examined into and the justice or in-
justice of the charge determined at an open hearing. But
this course must necessarily be dependent upon the agree-
ment of the water users that the costs thus determined
upon shall be final and binding upon them and shall form
the basis of a new contract with the United States condi-
tioned upon payments indicated as above or spread over
a period of 20 years if so authorized by Congress.

At the same time and by the same board or committee
there should be considered the question of additional con-
struction costs made necessary by extension, betterments,

FOREST NOTES.

There are 36,500,000 young trees in
the government's forest nurseries.

Two tons of cascara bark have just
been sold from the Siuslaw national
forest, Oregon, at one cent a pound.

The northernmost national forest is
the Chugach in Alaska; the southern-
most is the Luquillo in Porto Rico.

For shingles alone, 750 million feet
of timber is cut in that part of the
state of Washington which lies west
of the Cascades.

California led last year in timber
sold from national forests, though
Montana had the largest number of
sale transactions.

The American forestry association
has just elected Henry S. Drinker,
president of Lehigh University, and-
P. S. Ridsdale, as its president and
secretary, respectively.

The biological survey and the for-
est service have been cooperating in
the extermination of ground squirrels
on national forests in California. The
annual loss of range feed and grain
crops from ground squirrels is enor-
mous.

Twenty states have published re-
ports of their wood-using industries.

A good grade of excelsior is being
made from fire-killed Alpine fir and
Engelmann spruce in Colorado.

It is predicted that western yellow
pine will furnish an excellent source
of turpentine as the southern pine be-
comes exhausted.

While there are five hemlocks in the
United States, only two are of any
commercial importance, common hem-
lock and western hemlock. Of these
two western hemlock makes the bet-
.ter lumber.

(Continued on page 122)

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Be sure to write plainly

Name

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am planning to build as follows:^

THE -IRRIGATION AGE.

121

improvements or drainage or power systems. The neces-
sities of each project should be thoroughly entered into
with a view to the final determination of a "completed
cost" for each project the completion contemplated to in-
clude all necessary enlargements of the project works, par-
ticularly of drainage works.

Residence and Cultivation Requirements. — There is
another important matter in which 1 think you will agree
with me, namely that any reduction of existing terms of
payment should be extended, if at all, with caution, to
those land owners who are neither residing upon their
lands nor cultivating them. There is, unfortunately, a class
of investors, a few in number it is true, who are holding
areas of considerable size including lands for which water
has been provided at the cost of the project and who are
living in cities or remote localities. Many of these are not
cultivating the ground, or, if using it at all. only in the
most perfunctory manner. With these are to be classed
certain speculators or dealers in real estate who have
purchased lands at low prices or have obtained relinquish-
ments, due to the inability of the former owners to retain
the land, and who are holding these lands out of use in the
hope of obtaining a profit by raising 'the prices rather
than by raising crops. The result is that in the midst of
a tract of highly cultivated small farms, there is occasion-
ally a section or quarter section of land which has been
left untouched, or perhaps merely ploughed up at some
time and which has now grown up to weeds and serves
as a refuge for jack rabbits and various kinds of vermin;
weed seeds are blown from these fields and infest the
neighboring cultivated land; the presence of these de-
serted areas is not only an eye sore but a direct financial
injury to all of the neighbors.

The owners of these lands are endeavoring to make a
profit largely out of the labors of the owners of the
surrounding lands who, through their toil in the field, are
gradually increasing land values in the vicinity. In other
words, they are not only freely enjoying the bounty of the
government in providing water for the land, but in like
way are indirectly levying a toll upon the labor and self-
denial of their neighbors.

No one can argue that these men should have the

benefit of extension of time in making payment, as
through such benefits it will enable them to hold these
lands still longer out of cultivation, advance the prices,
increase the load on the newcomer, and further delay the
ultimate development of the community and its successful
growth.

The injury to the community and to the state lies
not wholly in keeping these lands out of profitable use,.
but also by not permitting the rapid growth of resident
population. By keeping away many desirable citizens,
the burden of pioneering laid upon the remainder is in-
creased notably in the maintenance of roads and of schools,
and of all the local institutions so necessary to a growing
community.

Employment of Settlers in the Service. — I am con-
vinced of the justice of the very general demand that
preference shall be given in the employment of assistants
on various projects to the settlers upon the lands watered.
In all capacities for which a water user is capable of
qualifying under the Civil Service rules and regulations, he
should be given the preference, but his application for em-
ployment should have the endorsement of the Water
Users Association, or of its Board of Directors.

I trust that we may have the hearty co-operation of all
in bringing to a success these enterprises, and that this
review of present problems may enable you to see more
clearly the purpose of the Reclamation Act and the policy
with which it is being administered. Cordially yours,

FRANKLIN K. LANE.

MARTINEZ IS BACK

Felix Martinez, one of the most prominent men
among the Water Users on the Rio Grande project,
has just returned from a tour of South America,
as one of the United States commissioners in behalf
of the San Francisco-Panama Exposition. Mr. Mar-
tinez reports that all South America is greatly in-
terested in the coast fair, and nearly all the nations
south of the equator will have buildings and big
exhibits.

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MANSFIELD, OHIO.

122

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Settlers on the Truckee-Carson project have
had success this year in raising turkeys. The alfalfa
fields and the grains and other products grown on
the irrigated lands are ideal foods to make the gob-
blers large, fat, juicy, delectable.

Huntley project settlers are considering the
establishment of model rural schools and demon-
stration farms. Under the Montana law, teaching
of agriculture is now required in all rural schools.

There is lots of privately owned land for sale
on nearly all the government projects. Much of
this is partly or fully ditched, leveled and otherwise
developed. This land must be sold because the
Government limits the acreage which each project
farmer may hold. A limit of 40 acres on farms on
the Salt River project was fixed recently, forcing
much land in the country of ostriches and oranges
upon the market.

FOREST NOTES

(Continued from [>age 120)
The Philippine bureau of forestry
uses a launch for service between
islands. The U. S. forest service em-
ploys several, both on inland lakes
and in salt water, in Alaska and Flor-
ida.

Trunk manufacturers in Colorado
are abandoning the usual basswood
and cottonwood for the trunk box,
and are turning to Engelmann spruce,
which combines lightness, strength,
and ease of working.

There are 703 bighorns or mountain
sheep in the national forests of Ne-
vada. _

In 26 states there are state forest-
ers who cooperate with private tim-
berland owners in solving forest prob-
lems.

The forest service maintains nine
experiment stations for studies in re-
forestation and similar subjects.

The bureau of entomology and the
forest service, working together for
the control of forest insects, last year
covered more than 160,000 acres in
their operations.

A national arboretum is being es-
tablished in Rock Creek national
park, District of Columbia. Eventu-
ally it will contain all American tree
species which will thrive there.

The total amount of land pur-
chased in the eastern states for fed-
eral forests is nearly 800,000 acres.
So far the principal work on these
areas has involved their protection
against forest fires.

The forest service collected 40,000
pounds of tree seed last year for use
in reforestation work. The total area
reforested was about 30,000 acres.

There is promise of a large turpen-
tine industry in the west and south-
west, the raw product being supplied
by the resinous gum of western yel-
low pine.

German pencil manufacturers are
looking to California incense cedar
for pencil wood. The establishment
of a pencil factory in California is not
improbable.

More than 120 million board feet of
timber was given away free by the
government last year to settlers and
miners living in or near the national
forests.

(Continued on page 124}

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Moline, Illinois

AND ALL BRANCH HOUSES

THE IERIGATION AGE.

123

OREGON CONGRESS MEETS

Three Hundred Delegates To Attend Irrigation
Meeting At Portland

More than three hundred delegates are ex-
pected to attend the third annual session of the Ore-
gon Irrigation Congress, which convenes in Port-
land, Ore., February 13 and continues two days.

Nearly forty organizations, representing prac-
tically all the rich irrigation districts of Oregon,
now hold memberships in the Congress, and at its
last meeting, there were 200 accredited delegates.

The officers and committees in charge of the
congress are :

President, Bill Hanley, Burns ; first vice-presi-
dent, Asa B. Thomson, Echo; second vice-president,
C, C. Chapman, Portland; third vice-president, M.
J. Lees, Canby.

Executive Committee — Chairman, J. W. Brewer,
Redmond; W. S. Worden, Klamath Falls; Walter
V. Burrell, Portland ; Geo. B. Dukek, Condon ; C. \\ .
Mallett, Ontario; Guy Rice, Lakeview; E. E. Kid-
dell, Island City.

Legislative Committee — Chairman, W. Lair
Thompson, Lakeview; Leon J. Chapman, Ontario;
J. C. Hoskins, Stanfield ; Wm. King, Prineville; J. O.
Hanaker, Bonanza.

Program Committee — Chairman, C. C. Chap-
man, Portland ; Jimmy Donegan, Burns ; J. T.
Hinkle, Hermiston.

PATENTS FOR SALE!

AUSTRALIAN, MEXICAN and CANADIAN patents
on a new principle of water measurement. Rivers or
small pipe flows. Furnishes a record in gallons, cubic or acre feet.
fl No machinery or moving parts. fl The principle covered is the
only one in existence which furnishes a perfectly accurate record of flow-
ing water, and when intioduced, will become the universal method of
measuring irrigation water throughout the world ^ For particulars
and price, apply to

W. H. TUCKER or W. H. GILMORE
VERNON, B. C., CANADA

IRRIGATORS !
Stop Using Dams

of dirt, sacks, canvas and
others that are unreliable and
expensive

An Irrlgator offers ynn his
practical and economical irri-
gating tool. The PORTABLE
FOLDING STEEL DAM, which
IsltKht.dnrable.slmpletn con-
struction, easy to operate and
can be qalckly adjusted to any
ditch narrower than the dam.

The PORTABLE FOLDING
STEEL DAM saves ditch
banks and Melds: saves water:
saves time and labor and will

This Portable Folding Steel Dan Makes Irrigating Easier "NT 7<

PRICES NET F. O. B.

J.Foot Dam tt.tntl

3 Foot Dam 2.50

4- Foot Dam 5 - 00

ou will work lessand worry
less thru the Irrigating season
If you nse tbls dam. ORDER
NOW.

Uiits Wanted

W. A. LINKLETTER, Inventor and Manufactirer, Boulder, Colo.

rPHINK what it means
-•- to you! To have at
your service — day and
night if desired — the com-
bined power of 30 to 35
horses and 10 to 15 men-
ready at a moment's notice to
plow, disc, harrow, seed, har-
<vest, build roads, irrigate,

thresh and do numerous other power jobs, all
at the minimum expense for fuel and main-
tenance. That's what you get when you
buy a time-tried and time-proven

AULTMAN-TAYLOR 30-60
GAS TRACTOR

They're built with the complete knowledge of
the requirements of a tractor of the first quality.
They're built right here in our own shop, tinder
our own supervision. We know they're right and
we stand back of every tractor. The Aultman-
Taylor 30-60 burns either gasoline, kerosene or

distillate with unequaled aconomy. The Ault man-Taylor 30-60 is not an experiment. Theii real worth has been demonstrated on thousands o

farms throughout North America. Let us explain to you why you should own and operate one cf these money-making and labor-saving tractors

WRITE FOR CATALOG AND FURTHER INFORMATION TODAY.

We aie also birlders of the Famous "New Century" Separator, "Matchless" Clover and Alfalfa Huller, Steam Traction and Portable Engines,

Bean Threshers and Saw Mills. Catalog free upon request.

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY

BRANCHES:

Minneapolis. Minn.

Wichita, Kan.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Portland, Ore.

Decatur, 111.

Lincoln, Nebr. Kansas City, Mo.

Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

124

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

FOREST NOTES

(Continued from page /-'_')

It has been demonstrated that over-
grazed stock ranges on the national
forests can be brought back to use
under a system of regulated grazing
faster than if they are left unused.

The American forestry association
has members in every state in the
union, in every province in Canada,
and in every civilized and semi-civil-
ized country in the world.

Makers of phonographs are aiming
to use wood instead of metal in all
parts of the instrument where this is
possible, in order to increase the mel-
lowness of the tone.

On the Pocatello forest, Idaho, 230,-
000 trees were planted during the past
year, and almost half a million in the
past three years, fully three-fourths
of which are alive and doing well.

Experiments in the use of aspen for
shingles show that the shingles do
not check in seasoning, and that they
turn water satisfactorily, but that they
are too easily broken in handling.

There are somewhat more than 500
recognized tree species in the United
States, of which about 100 are com-
mercially important for timber. Of
the 500 recognized species, 300 are
represented in the government's newly
acquired Appalachian forests. All
American species, except a very few
subtropical ones on the Florida keys
and in extreme southern Texas, are to
be found in one or another of the na-
tional forests.

A rancher has applied for the rental
of 320 acres on the Pike national for-
est, Colorado, to be used in connec-
tion with other private land, for rais-
ing elk as a commercial venture.

The government has just sold 43,000
cords of cedar wood for shingles from
the Washington national forest. The
shingles manufactured from this
wood, laid six inches to the weather,
would cover 2^ square miles of roof.

The navy department has asked the
forest service to investigate guijo, a
Philippine wood, for possible use in
decking boats and ships. Longleaf
pine, sugar maple, and beech are the
domestic woods most us* d for decks.

The state university lands in Ari-
zona are to be lumbered under a co-
operative agreement between the gov-
ernment and the state land commis-
sion. Arizona is the first state in the
southwest and one of few in the coun-
try to cut its timbered lands on for-
estry principles.

The annual meeting of the Amer-
ican Forestry Association was held in
Washington on January 14. A presi-
dent, twenty-one vice-presidents, a
treasurer, an auditor and five directors
were elected and plans made for an
active campaign for forest conserva-
tion during 1914. The association has
8,000 members.

Use KEROSENE Engine Free!

Amazing "DETROIT** Kerosene Engine
•hipped on 15 days' FREE Trial, prove*
kerosene cheapest, safest, most power-
ful fuel. If satisfied, pay lowest price
ever given on reliable farm engine; if
nor. pay nothing. No waste, no evapo-
ration, no explosion from coal oil.

Gasoline Going Up!

Gasoline is 9ctoir,chiKher than
coal oil. Still going up. Two
pints of coal oil do work of three
pints gasoline.

Amazing "DETROIT"

— only engine running on coal
Oil successfully, uses alcohol, gas-

olineandbenzine.too. Startswith- ir^ »»- .

(mtcranhing. Only three moving SmfSST inderBC&l
parts— no cams— no sprockets— no ^^^^^|^not carb*
gears— no valves— the ntmoat in simplicity, power and strength.
Mounted on skidl. All sizes, 2 to 20 h. p., in stock ready to

?"iip. Enginetested before crating. Comes all ready to run.
uinps. saws, threshes, churns, separates milk, grinds feed,
shells corn, runs home electric lighting plant. Prices (stripped),
999.5O Up. Sent any place on 15 days' Free Trial. Don't-
buy an engine till yon investigate the money-saving, power-sav-
ing DETROIT/' Thousands in use. Costs only postal to find
out. If you are first in your neighborhood to write, you pe»
Special Extra-Low Introductory price. Write! (138i

Detroit Engine Works, 301 Belle vue Ave.. Detroit. M ich.

SEND $1.00 FOR THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE ONE YEAR AND
THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION,
PAPER BOUND.

FOR THE "LAND'S SAKE"

BUY A

BOSTRDM IMPROVED^

Price $15

Which has TELESCOPE enabling yon to read tho
Target over 400 yards away, and

TERRACE, DITCH, TILE DRAIN, IRRIGATE

your land properly, and save surveyor's fees. It is
sold by np-to-date hardware and general merchant*
everywhere, and guaranteed to be the most

SIMPLE, ACCURATE, DURABLE AND COMPLETE

outfit ever made for all farm work. If your deaV-
er hasn't one in stock, he will order for you from
a nearby hardware jobber.

Writt today for description of Level, and details
of our MONEY BACK GUARANTEE.

BOSTROM- BRADY MANUFACTURING CO.

1 1 9 Madison Ave., Atlanta, Ga.

International Harvester Oil
and Gas Engines

THE IHC LINE
GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES
Binders, Reapers
Headers, Mowers
R«kes, Stackers
Hay Loaders
Hay Presses

CORN MACHINES
Planters, Pickers
Binders, Cultivators
Ensilage Cutters
Shelters, Shredders

TILLAGE
Combination,
Peg and Spring-Tooth.
and Disk Harrows
Cultivator.

GENERAL LINE

Oil and Gas Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Truck*
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

CUCCESSFUL farmers are no longer
^ asking, "Shall I buy an engine?"
They have passed that point and now in-
quire, "Which engine shall I buy?"

A little careful observation will show that Inter-
national Harvester engines are the most satisfactory.
No doubt is left when features like the following are
studied: Detachable valve guides, offset cylinder
head, fuel pump, split-hub fly-wheels, extra large
intake and exhaust valves, etc.

Ask the men who have used I H C engines. That
is the best test. They will explain the excellence of
IHC construction, simplicity, strength and durability.

Study the engines yourself at the nearest dealer's
where International Harvester engines are sold.
They are made in all styles, and range in size from
1 to 60-H. P. They operate on low and high grade
fuels.

Write for our interesting and instructive catalogues,
and when we send them we will tell you where the
engines may be seen. A postal will do.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

Denver— Helena— Portland— Spokane— Salt Lake City— San Francisco
Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Otbome Piano

THE IREIGATION AGE.

125

American Ingot Iron

•"AMERICAN"

Corrugated Culverts
And Inverted Siphons

are of immense assistance in the
work of the Irrigation Engineer.

The development of irrigation pro-
jects very often includes the build-
ing and maintaining of streets and
roads, and the unequalled Con-
venience, Effectiveness and Dura-
bility of this type of culvert make
it the logical choice of energetic
and far-seeing men.

In the form of the Inverted Siphon,
Corrugated American Ingot Iron
Pipe is ideal for the purpose of
carrying the water of an irrigation
canal or natural stream under a
highway or railroad. The corru-
gations raise a ripple in running
water which serves to keep silt in

suspension, and corrugated pipe is consequently more easily kept free

from sediment than a smooth construction.

American Ingot Iron (Armco Brand) isthe Purest and therefore the most
Durable in all exposed situations.

Write the nearest manufacturer for particulars and prices on American Ingot Iron Culverts, Flumes,

Sheets, Plates, Roofing and Formed Products:

Arkansas— Little Rock

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
California— Los Angeles i

California Cor. Culvert Co.
California— West Berkeley

California Cor. Culverc Co.
Colorado — Denver

R. Hardesty Mfg. Co.
Delaware— Clayton

Delaware Metal Culvert Co.
Florida— Jacksonville

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Georgia — Atlanta

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Illinois — Bloomington

Illinois Corrugated Metal Co.
Indiana— Crawfordsville

W. Q. O'Neall Co.
Indiana— Princeton

W.Q. O'Xeall Co.
Iowa — Des Moines

Iowa Pure Iron Culvert Co.

Iowa — Independence

Independence Cor. Culvert Co.
Kansas— Topeka

The Road Supply & Metal Co.
Kentucky — Buechel

Kentucky Culvert Co.
Louisiana — New Orleans

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Maryland— Havre de Grace

J. N. Spencer.
Massachusetts— Palmer

New England Metal Cul. Co.
Michigan — Bark River

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Michigan — Lansing

Michigan Bridge & Pipe Co.
Minnesota— Minneapolis

Lyle Corrugated Culvert Co.
Minnesota — Lyle

Lyle Corrugated Culvert Co.
Missouri — Moberly

Corrugated Culvert Co.

Montana — Missoula

Montana Culvert Co.
Nebraska— Lincoln

Lee Arnett Co.
Nebraska— Wahoo

Nebraska Culvert & Mfg. Co.
N evada— Reno

Nevada Metal Mfg. Co.
New Hampshire— Nashua

North East Metal Culvert Co.
New Jersey— Flemington

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Ca.
New York — Auburn

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
North Carolina— Greensboro

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
North Dakota— Wahpeton

Northwestern Sheet & IronWks.
Ohio — Middletown

American Rolling Mill Co.

Ohio Corrugated Culvert Co.
Oklahoma— S ha wnee

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.

Oregon— Portland

Coast Culvert & Flume Co.
Pennsylvania— Warren

Pennsylvania Mstal Cul. Co.
South Dakota— Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Metal Culvert Co.
Tennessee — Nashville

Tennessee Metal Cuvert Co.
Texas— Dallas

Atlas Metal Works.
Texas— El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.
Texas— Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.
Utah— Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Co.
Virginia— Roanoke

Virginia Metal & Culvert Co.
Washington— Spokane

Spokane Cor. Cul. & Tank Co.
Wisconsin — Eau Claire

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Wisconsin— Madison

Wisconsin Culvert Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

126

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE ABOVE GROUP ILLUSTRATES PART OF A SHIPMENT OF 25 CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS FOR THE BRENTWOOD IRRIGATION PLANT, BRENTWOOD, CALIFORNIA.

SUCCESS ^FAILURE

OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
DEPENDS UPON THE PROPER SELEC-
TION OF PUMPING EQUIPMENT

WORTH INGTON

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

ARE BUILT BY ENGINEERS WHO HAVE MADE
A CAREFUL STUDY OF THE IRRIGATION
PROBLEM— THEY REPRESENT THE HIGHEST
DEVELOPMENT IN THE DESIGN OF PUMPING
MACHINERY FOR THIS CLASS OF SERVICE.

WE WILL BE PLEASED TO MAIL UPON APPLICATION, COPIES
OF OUR CATALOG W202-89 AND SPECIAL BOOKLET W204-89

HENRY R. WORTHINGTON

115 BROADWAY, NEW YORK ; WORKS: HARRISON, NEW JERSEY

BRANCH OFFICES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES

W 253.8

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

127

THE TECKTONIUS
DRAW-BAND FASTENER

is the simplest, strongest, safest band-
clamping device made. No rivets to rust,
shear off or pull out. Put on and adjusted,
by ordinary workmen. Insures no leaking
or bursting tanks or flumes. Made of mal-
leable iron — every Fastener hammer-tested .
Cannot wear out, breaker pull off. Makes
Irrigation Flumes — Water Tanks and
Conduits — Strong and Durable as Steel
Send for free booklet, and learn all about
this simple, scientific and effective band-
fastener. Also we are manufacturers of
other water-works and irrigation-iron ap-
pliances.

E. C. TECKTONIUS MFG. CO.
1220 13th Street Racine, Wis.

Fairbanks-Morse Oil Engines

develop full rated power on a multiplicity of fuels,
operate — no experienced attendant re-
quired. In sizes from 2 to 200 H. P.

Pumps of any desired capacity desired, to meet
every irrigation requirement. Centrifugal and
plunger type; direct con-
nected or for belt drive.
Thousands of acres are
cheaply irrigated w i t hi
Fairbanks-Morse equip-
ment. Write for Catalog
No. 5K650.

Fairbanks, Morse 6 Co,

900 S. Wabash Ave.. Chicago, 111

Very easy to

GALVANIZED METAL IRRIGATION FLUME

Made entirely of rust-proof, galvanized iron. No bolts

Section ot Flume

(Newcomb
Patent)

or rivets used in construction. This flume is
considered by experts to be the most service-
able equipment for the purpose on the market.
A careful examination of the construction as
shown herewith will convince those who are
acquainted with irrigation conditions of its
lasting quality and the ease with which it may
be put together. Complete information, with
prices, will be furnished on application to the

KLAUER MFG. COMPANY, Dtouwq.u"

strain that causes it is hard on the wagon.

The Farm Burden Bearer

VOU and your farm wagon spend a great deal of time to-
' gether. Of all farm tools it is your standby. Its wheels bear the
burden of big loads — towering racks of hay and grain, sacks of produce,
loads of sand and gravel, anything that needs moving, over miles of roads
to market. It takes solid strength to stand up long under that. When
next you ride on a load, listen to the constant racking, creaking, groan-
ing sound of the wagon box, wheels and running gear as the load pitches
back and forth over the road ruts. Not an unpleasant sound, but the
I H C wagons —

Weber

Columbus

New Bettendorf

Steel King

give the buyer the most he can get for his money because they defy hard usage for the longest time, and are easiest on the horses.

This makes I H C wagon reputation: Selection of the finest grades of lumber, oak, hickory and pine, and of the best
quality steel and iron; many months of toughening air-drying for every piece of wood; skilled assembling of parts, fitting of bolts
and rivets, and perfect shaping and ironing; application of the purest paint to act as wood preservative and to prevent shrinking

and warping of the wood. When the wagon is ready for the farmer, it

And there are many other reasons we _ js pratically perfect in every detail and thoroughly up to the I H C

have not room for here why I H C Wagons I AL standard.
are the best to buy. Weber and Columbus w jE&Kw*.

wagonshavewoodgears; New Bettendorf and « ^^^"h^,^^
Steel King have steel gears. A visit and a \*%iuifl w. • i 1 1 /i f * •

talk at your local dealer's, where the wagons \/jvp International Harvester Company or America

may be seen and studied, will soon convince I JiJf (incorporated)

you as to the wagon you want. Get cata- I fi CHICAGO USA

branch house. ^ ' ©-©"-©".© ®; '©'"©""©"©' © "©"©—(

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

128

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

UNION MACHINES

WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED

FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES

Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building
and Paving Brick and other Clay Products

If interested write us for particulars and estimate*.

E. M. FREESE & CO.

V.

Q ALIGN, OHIO

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••o

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

129

RRIGATION FROM WELLS

An Arkansas Installation. Layne Patent Scree

atent Enclosed Line Shaft Centrifugal Pump.

With the twenty-three hundred successful working plants using our system of irrigation, which inoculates and
energizes the dormant forces, there is now being produced in previously non-productive districts throughout the
United States and in portions of Europe and Asia over eleven million dollars worth of FOOD PRODUCTS
ANNUALLY. That our system is not an experiment is forcibly demonstrated by the fact that much of this pro-
duction is from localities which were arid and barren previous to the introduction of our system.

Write for new
catalog.

Houston, Texas

LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY Adir%£m*

The World's Largest Water Development Company

Memphis, Tennessee

Welsh, Louisiana

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Plainview, Texas

Jackson, Mississippi

The Laursen Automatic Pump

IRRIGATION A SPECIALTY

Operated with
Water Pressure

secured by a
fall from a spring,

stream or
artesian well

Self-Acting,
Self-Regulating.
Self-Lubricating,

and no
operating expense

No volume too largi

Depending on rainfall for irrigation is an uncertainty, for by so doing there is apt to be either a
shortage or the rain does not come when most needed. Your water supply can be made a certainty
by installing a Laursen Automatic Pump at low first cost and no operating expense. Try one of our
pumps at our risk and be convinced. Write for our literature, including our signed guarantee pro-
tecting the purchaser. Pumps built of all sizes for Irrigation, Private and City Water Works.

Laursen Automatic Pump Co.

McGRATH BUILDING

EAl' CLAIRE, WISCONSIN

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

130

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

VV7E SHALL be glad to mail
»» anyone who wishes same,
our free catalog. We sell our
product through dealers and
jobbers entirely and solicit in-
quiries from all dealers. Our
goods are well and favorably
known. They are standards in
the United States Army and
several other departments of
the government.

Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co.

Racine, Wis., U. S. A.

3 E HI OR

No, matter where you live or what your seed-
ing conditions are, you can get a SUPERIOR
GRAIN DRILL that will fill the bill and do your
work in the best possible manner. Superior
Drills are made in all sizes and every style.
Every Superior Drill is sold under a war-
ranty that absolutely protects the buyer.
Send for catalogue. Read it and go to your
local dealer and insist on seeing u the
Superior Drill.

AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.)

Springfield, Ohio

GRAIN DRILLS

PAYS FOR ITSELF IN ONE MONTH

and Keeps on Saving You Money at the Same
Rate Thereafter.

THE RECLAMATION DITCHER

Cuts Canals and Laterals for less than any other
machinery — because it plows the dirt out with One
Continuous Sweeping Motion.

We guarantee the cost per yard and prove it before
you buy.

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co.

Indianapolis, Ind.

J)elays Pay_No_Dividends. Mail This Coupon Today.
The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind. <

Below are descriptions of our proposed ditches. What will it cost per
cubic yard to make them with the Reclamation Ditcher?

Length

Width in
Bottom

Average
Depth

Maximum
Depth

Minimum
Depth

Slope of
Sides

Character of Soil

I

Name

Address

I

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

131

You Need

Reliable
Footwear

Why not get the best your money
can buy? You save in the long run

Cutter's

Cruiser's and Sportman's

Boots

will meet your service require-
ments. <| This is our No. 106
16" Chocolate Chrome Sporting
Boot — Hand made throughout.

Send today for illustrated
booklet describing the Cut-
ter line of Driving, Cruis-
ing and Sporting Boots.

Will Pay
You

A. A. Cutter Company

Eau Claire, Wisconsin

SAMSON TURBINE

When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans-
mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of
the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given
power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER
transmission machinery can be used.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO.

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

316 Lagonda Street

THE LENNON
METAL FLUME

Requires no cross-bars on
the smaller and medium sizes,
and but few on the larger

This, however, is only one of the
reasons why it is easier and cheaper
to erect than other types. The joint
is simple, practical and water-tight;
the accessory parts are few and very
easily handled; special sheets for
curves offer no difficulties. It is
the construction which finds favor
with the practical man.

Made from American Ingot Iron,
the purest and most durable on the
market, it constitutes

THE PERFECT CONDUIT

Write the nearest Manufacturer for full information

CALIFORNIA— Los Angeles and
Berkeley

California Corrugated
Culvert Co.

COLORADO— Colorado Springs
Lennon Flume Company

MONTANA— Missoula

Montana Culvert Company

NEBRASKA— Wahoo
Nebraska Culvert & Mfg. Co.

OREGON— Portland

Coast Culvert & Flume Co,

TEXAS— El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.

TEXAS— Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.

SOUTH DAKOTA— Sioux Falls
Sioux Falls Metal Culvert Co.

UTAH-Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Company

WASHINGTON— Spokane
Spokane Corrugated Culvert
& Tank Company

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

132

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

This Book Shows How to

Plan a Private Irrigation

Pumping Plant

It also shows all of
the various types of
pumps to meet the
conditions found in
different localities,
tells how to select
the proper pump for
your conditions, how
to determine the
amount of power you

will need and all the other things the

irrigator needs to know.

One will be sent free on request
as long as they last. Write today

THIE

tARffiESr HIFR.©F p)QJ §^ [p>

174 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Branch** in Ail Principal Cities

The Cost of Dry

Feet Is Low

When You

Wear

"Ball- Band"
Boots

If your rubber footwear costs you too much money,
maybe 'you are wearing the wrong kind. Eight million
men wear "Ball-Band" Rubber Footwear and they are
satisfied with "Ball-Band" wear and service.

Every day's wear that you get out of a pair of boots coststyou
so much. " Ball-Band" Boots give more days' wear and therefore
cost less than others.

Look for the Red Ball on the knee— that's the trade-mark of
"Ball-Band" Goods. If you don't see the Red Ball you are not get-
ting "Ball-Band" Quality.

Ask your dealer about "Ball-Band" Footwear. If he doesn't
sell it, write us and we'll see that you are supplied.

Write anyway for Free Illustrated Booklet aboih "Ball-Band"
Rubber Footwear.

MISHAWAKA WOOLEN MANUFACTURING CO.
346 Water Street, Mishawaka, Indiana

"The House That Pays Millions for Quality"

IRRIGATION DITCHES

Cheaply and Properly Made with a

Rural Road Grader and Ditcher

Cutting V-Bottom ditch on Slope of I1 j to 1.

The successful irrigation ditch or lateral must" be cut
clean, with slopes smooth and undisturbed. This ma-
chine was especially designed to meet these requirements.
One horse and wheel traveling in point of ditch, the
other outside the bank of earth. Operated by one or
two men and two or four horses.

If you have an irrigation problem to solve, do not fail
to write for full information concerning this Combined
Grader and Irrigation Ditcher.

Address

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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

Year

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, MARCH, 1914.

No. 5

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged

The National Land and Irrigation Journal

MOOBXN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL

THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST

ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD

THE IKRIGATOI

D. H. ANDERSON
PUBLISHER,

30 No. Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Old No. 112 Dearborn St

Entered as second-class matter October t, 1SS7. at the
Postofflce at Chicago, 111., under Act of March S, 187».

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready; Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE

To United States Subscriber*, Postage Paid, . . |1.M

To Canada and Mexico l.il

All Other Foreign Countries l.f I

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks OB
local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or
Chicago or New York draft

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clnbs of
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

The Executive Committee of the National Federation
of Water Users' Associations has taken action whereby
the Irrigation Age is created the official organ of this
vast organization, representing 1,000,000 persons on the
government irigation projects.

Interesting to Advertisers.

It may interest advertiser! to know that The Irrigation Age is the
only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance
circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo-
rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject ind hai
readers in all parti of the world. The Irrigation Age is 29 ye*ri
old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world.

ANNOUNCEMENT

THE IRRIGATION AGE has absorbed the entire paid
circulation of the Water Users' Bulletin, published
until recently by the National Federation of Water
Users' Associations. Each subscriber to the Bulletin
will receive THE AGE for the full term, for which his
unexpired subscription payment entitled him to re-
ceive the Bulletin. The subscribers to the Bulletin
included Water Users on every government project
and persons interested in irrigation affairs, living in
all parts of the United States. The circulation of
the Bulletin was transferred to THE AGE after the
Executive Committee of the National Federation of
Water Users' Associations had created THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE its official organ.

They're

Breathing

Hard;

Fight

"It is almost impossible to get our
water users together for any kind of a
meeting. They have been burdened,
down-trodden and enslaved by the
rules and regulations of the Recla-
mation Service bureaucracy until
they are almost without hope. They have seen
promises and contracts, made by the representatives
of their government, broken at will so often that
they now seem to think any effort to protect what
rights they may still have or any action to win back
those rights of which they have been robbed would be
simply wasted. They have seen incompetency and

gross and inexcusable errors of the Reclamation Ser-
vice excused and condoned at Washington and the
cost of the ignorance or mistakes piled upon the
settlers, and when it is suggested to them that there
is still justice in the United States and that they
can get it if they will make a determined stand,
they laugh — hollow-like, and slink back into their
homes like frightened coyotes."

This is an excerpt from a letter from a promi-
nent man on one of the Federal projects. Perhaps
he drew his word picture too strongly. Perhaps his
own feelings got the better of him, as he pictured
conditions about him. But has he not told some
truths about your project, Mr. Federal Water User,
and about every government project?

You have had much to discourage you. You
have had difficulties that would make almost any
strong man wince. You have overcome many of
nature's most serious obstacles. You have made the
desert bloom, despite broken promises concerning
the amount of water you were to receive ; despite
ignorance in construction of the main irrigating
works, which wrought destruction or damage to
your farm. You have made the beginnings of a
home for yourself and your family in a country upon
which the great Creator has bestowed some of the
best of air. sunshine and soil. You have done real

134

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

pioneering — harder than did your ancestors, and you
did not falter. Neither did your good wife nor your
children.

Are you going to quit now, Mr. Federal Water
User? Of course not. This is the time to fight, not
to snivel or skulk away. You have shown the stuff
you are made of by your courage in tackling the
desert. You are not going to let a Reclamation Ser-
vice, or a Department of the Interior, or a congress,
or even the whole administration at Washington
frighten you. You are going to fight and fight hard
for the rights to which you are entitled; for the jus-
tice that belongs to you. And you are going to get it.

This government is founded upon justice. It
has lived and thrived because its very life blood is
justice. There is justice for you at Washington
and you must get it. It cannot be withheld from
you, once you unite with your brother water user;
stand with him and with every other man on your
project, shoulder to shoulder, and in common voice
make known your demands. Don't waste your fire.
Concentrate it. No battle was ever won by desul-
tory firing. Go to the meetings of your local water
users' association. Get your neighbor to go. Make
it a live, red blooded organization that means some-
thing to the project; whose voice will be the voice
of real votes, when it speaks to your congressman
or senators or to the administration at Washington.
See that your water users' association belongs to
the National Federation of Water Users' Associa-
tions; see that it contributes its share of the funds
needed to keep the national organization right up
in front and fighting seven days a week.

The government census figures show 1,0000,000
people in the zones of the Federal reclamation proj-
ects. Your water users' associations represent
most of these. One million people. Present your-
self, through your National Federation officials, in
Washington as the true and thoroughly organized
voice of this million of people, and the administra-
tion, no matter what may be its politics, will be
only too glad to see that justice is done for you and
yours. There will be no flimsy excuses of promises
made by men, now mostly dead or gone, by which
tremendous costs are assessed against you and your
lands to pay for the mistakes of incompetent rec-
lamation engineers. No one will dare to try to per-
petuate for another generation the army of pay-
rollers who are now ruling your project and adding
each year to the cost of your farm. No one will
have the audacity to stand up and declare you
should go on paying the tremendous overhead
charges now assessed against you to keep sleek,
whiskered gentlemen on handsome salaries. No
one will try to heal your wounds by honeyed words

or ask you to adjudicate your rights in a packed
court.

The opportunity to clear the decks of all the
burdens of Federal bureaucracy under which you
have labored and struggled is here. Take off your
coat. Roll up your sleeves. Fight ! Somebody hit
the smirking Reclamation Service an awful jolt when
they let the Smith Reclamation Extension bill get
into congress. The man who drew that bill ought
to have a monument erected to him by the Water
Users. The man who induced Secretary Lane to write
his letter telling what he would do for the Water
Users and to the Water Users if the Smith bill passed
is also entitled to a monument.

Those two documents have spilled the beans
and spilled them good. There is no longer any
reason for not telling the truth and the whole truth
about what you have been bumping into ever since
you settled on a government project. Tell congress
the whole truth about your own case; have your
association tell congress about the struggles of
every man on your project, and about their burdens ;
have your association, if it is not already a member,
join the National Federation so your voice will be
part of the united whole — a voice that will echo and
re-echo in the halls of that old white marble capitol
down there in Washington.

Do this and it won't be the dust shaking from
the cobwebs in the dome of the capitol that you
will see. No! brother, it will be the dust of the
administration, of the senators and the congressmen
racing to be first in giving you a square deal.

Get out and fight, Mr. Federal Water User.
This is no time to quit. They've almost put them-
selves out by bumping their heads on the Smith bill
and the Lane letter. Amid their gasps they have
written the "Conference" bill. All that is needed now
is one good, hard crack on the solar plexus by the
united Water Users, and you'll get all you and your
neighbors are entitled to in justice and equity from
congress and the administration. Give it to 'em !

Some
Real
Facts
Dodged

Under title of "Reclaiming the
Great American Desert," a number
of newspapers have recently carried
a half page story, with a handsome
layout of pictures. The stories and
picture-layouts are all alike, thus
once more proclaiming to the world the tremendous
ability of some man, whom P. T. Barnum over-
looked, to put over press agent stories about the
United States reclamation service. The identity of
this press agent should be revealed.

This half page story relates among other things :
"In a period of ten years of actual construe-

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

135

tion the service has dug 8,000 miles of canals, many
of which carry whole rivers, like the Truckee river,
in Nevada — ."

The remainder of the sad story about the
Truckee river carrying canal is kept a deep, dark
secret. The canal has been dug, and during flood water
periods carries most of the river, but in the sum-
mer, when the farmers on the Truckee-Carson pro-
ject need water for their crops, that canal is valu-
able for little else except as a monument to some
one's lack of brains. Director Newell, Chief Engi-
neer Davis, and some other high officials, have been
on the Truckee-Carson project many times, but
never yet have they been able to wave the magic
wand that will make the canal carry the Truckee
river when water is really needed. Instead, these
estimable gentlemen discovered, after they had
spent a fortune in digging the canal, that the set-
tlers along the Truckee river, with prior rights, used
up all the water, or practically all of it, before the
mouth of the government canal and the diversion
dam is reached.

The bottom of the canal did get a bit wet last
summer because settlers on the Truckee-Carson
project were able to induce their big-hearted neigh-
bors along the Truckee river to let the government
project farms have the Truckee's waters for two
days a week. Being good citizens and anxious to
help their fellow men, the Truckee river farmers
did this to save at least part of the crops of the
homesteaders, down in the government project.

It is possible that in time the Truckee-Carson
project will be so rebuilt that a storage reservoir
will be created to hold the flood waters of the
Truckee for the benefit of the government project
Water Users. Then this "river carrying canal" will
be of value, and worthy, no doubt, of a press agent's
laudations.

Meanwhile, perhaps, a wise congress will have
relieved the Federal Water Users of paying the salar-
ies and expenses of reclamation press agents as well
as numerous other overhead charges, which on all
^ther government works come out of the general
fund.

to any benefits under the proposed measure.
The water right applications have been so drawn
as to make them nothing less than cut-throat mort-
gages. And now it is proposed to make these mort-
gages run twenty or twenty-five years more. If
certain officials of the Reclamation Service accom-
plish their purpose of perpetuating the bureaucracy,
which now rules the government projects and the
settlers, these mortgages are liable to be made per-
petual, a never ending security for operation and
maintenance charges.

This must be changed. The economic fiction
that the settlers' right to have water supplied from
the government ditch to his land, is a liability, is
wrong. This water right is a franchise, an asset of
great value. It should be so considered. In cities,
franchises to run street cars or string light, power
or telephone wires are recognized as of tremendous
value, despite their accompanying obligations to the
government granting them, and are the basis for
bond issues of vast amounts.

The right of a farmer on the federal project to
have water delivered to his land is, in proportion
to its producing power, of far greater value, and
this value should be recognized, instead of being
held as a constant impediment to his progress and
welfare. If this is done, and there are able heads
in congress who can do it, the federal projects will
quickly become independent; the farmers will have
the credit to which they are entitled and they will
be able to get money at will.

We believe that the government has no moral
right to exact a mortgage on the land of the set-
tlers as security for the charges for water. The
settler should be permitted to prove up on his land
in accordance with the homestead laws and be given
clean and clear title to his holdings.

The franchise to receive water which he owns,
should be sufficient security for the water right
charges.

Careful study of the report of the
Federal Fletcher Commission on Rural

Water Credits and the bill on this subject,

User Is generally credited to the adminis-

Forgotten tration, fails to reveal any help for

the Federal Water Users.

Under the proposed legislation only lands that
are unencumbered can be used as security for loans
in the proposed Farmers' Banks. As the reclama-
tion law is now construed by the Department of the
Interior, the Federal Water User is denied right

F. H. Newell is to the average Fed-
The Sad era^ Water User like a red rag before

Plight of tne eyes of a bull. This is too bad,

Director and yet Mr. Newell is himself largely

Newell to blame. No one but a remarkable

dreamer; one who could spend mil-
lions without a thought as to where the millions to
pay the bills might come from, would have conceived
and dared construct the vast engineering monuments
to be found upon the Federal Reclamation projects.
If Mr. Newell had stuck strictly to engineering, the
Water Users no doubt would have forgiven him and
in the end might even have highly honored him, for
it is the nature of us Americans to take pride in our
great governmental works, even though we are aware

136

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

that they cost many times over the amount for which
private capital could have constructed them. But no,
Mr. Newell must have a part in the management of
these projects; he must show the settlers how to run
their farms ; he- must help Congress frame laws to
make the Reclamation Act of 1902 read just the oppo-
site to what is the commonly accepted meaning of the
words and sentences of the English language, in which
the bill is written. As a result, in the words of an
old Helena, Mont., friend of ours, Mr. Newell "has
got himself in the middle of a bad fix."

Here is an editorial squib from the
Change Norfolk, Va., Virginia-Pilot:

This Kind "That million-dollar appropria-

of Public tion for investigating irrigation res-

Thought ervoirs in the middle west partakes,

in a way, of the nature of throwing
good money after bad. There has so far been no
iota of occasion for the federal government to en-
gage in reclamation work, and the sooner it gets out
of it the better."

The Federal Water Users are not to blame for
this sad condition of public thought in the east and
south concerning government reclamation. Such
editorial expressions are due to the incompetency
with which vast portions of the $81,000,000 or more
of funds, derived from the sale of public lands in
the arid states, have been spent. Once this incom-
petency is eliminated from the United States Rec-
lamation Service and responsibility for the foolish
mistakes and waste is fixed, confidence in Federal
reclamation will be restored. Then the south and
the east will again take pride in the government's
efforts to reclaim the desert, and will give this great
work the support it is entitled to, when done hon-
estly and efficiently.

We find that the Milwaukee Daily
Huntine News, one of the newspapers which

Source printed a three-column picture of the

of False Reclamation Commission under the

Information caption : "New Reclamation Commis-
sion, Composed of Experts, Makes
Good ; Settlers Who Were Dissatisfied, Complain No
More," obtained this layout from the Central Press
Association of Cleveland, O. We are now endeav-
oring to learn from this press association who in
Washington was responsible for the information that
all is peaceful and rosy on the Government irrigation
projects and that the settlers have no complaints to
offer.

We are determined, if possible, to reach the
source of such information as this particular layout
and others of its ilk carry to the citizens of the East.
We believe in giving the Federal projects a boost

wherever and whenever possible, but we are against
inducing any man to settle on one of these projects
through false publicity or deception.

There is also a still greater peril in the spreading
of false information concerning the conditions of the
Federal Water Users. This lies in the impression it
makes upon members of Congress not directly con-
cerned with the affairs of the Water Users. Their
votes are needed to pass any measure of relief that
the Federal Water Users may obtain, and they will
not consent to aid such measures until they are made
fully aware of their real need.

One official of the Reclamation Service, who has
much to do with its publicity work, promptly dis-
claimed any responsibility for the "Settlers Com-
plain No More" layout.

Watch out for the back firing !

They're Letters have begun already to

Again come into the IRRIGATION AGE office,

at the some of them honest, no doubt, and

Old Game others plainly inspired, declaring that

the February issue of the AGE, in
which some plain truths were told about the difficulties
of the Federal Water Users under the bureaucratic
rule of the Reclamation Service, had "put a different
color" on the story of living on a government project.
There will be more of these letters. Out on the. proj-
ects, too. Reclamation officials, in more or less diplo-
matic language, will preach of the great harm to Fed-
eral Reclamation and the projects the AGE is doing in
telling the truth about conditions. It is an old, old
method. The Reclamation Service has thrived by this
sort of back-firing almost from its inception. It has
on its payrolls one high-salaried man, who for years
has done little else but visit the projects and bring
pressure to bear to suppress the truth if it was thought
that truth might aid the settlers and injure or weaken

the bureaucracy.

"No one outside the projects must know that you

or your fellow farmers are having any trouble making
it go here, or Congress will stop all the work and
never give us any more money to complete the proj-
ects," has been the plaint of the Reclamation Service
emissaries. And the Water Users and even many
Western senators and congressmen have accepted this
as the truth. Meanwhile down in Washington the
chains of bureaucratic rule have been welded more
tightly by subterfuge legislation and departmental
rulings.

These chains can only be broken by telling the
truth. We believe there is no better or more beautiful
country than those portions of the West in which the
Federal projects are located. The soil of every one
of them is rich and productive. The people living

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

137

on these projects are God's own. It is worth while
to associate with them.

Once the Czar-like reign of the Reclamation bu-
reacracy is removed, once the settlers know just what
their water is going to cost them and how much land
they are to be permitted to retain, once the Water
Users are permitted to run their own farms and their
own projects and to derive the benefits from their
pioneering, which was the original intent of the Rec-
lamation Act, there will be no more pleasant and sat-
isfactory place to live in these old United States than
on a government project. When these reforms are
obtained, a man will have to look a long ways to find
more lucrative or delightful employment than will
be found on the Federal project farms.

You Water Users will not suffer by using, the'
truth as your weapon to break the chains which now
bind you. And you know, as does the IRRIGATION
AGE, you can't carry these chains much longer, how-
ever painful may be the truth to Reclamation Officials.
So once more we say:

Watch out for the back-firing!

Supervisor of Irrigation I. D.
Landlordism O'Donnell is quoted in a dispatch
and the from Newell, S. D., on the Belle

Federal Fourche project, as stating that the

Projects laws governing occupancy of land

under the Federal Reclamation proj-
ects will be changed so as to conform somewhat to
the Irish landlord laws. We don't profess to know
a whole lot about landlords in Ireland or the laws
under which they operate, but our idea has always
been that a man went out into the desert and at-
tempted to create a home for himself and his family
in order to get away from landlords. We believe
that the men and women with strength and cour-
age enough to homestead on a government irriga-
tion project are also strong enough to boss them-
selves and are anxious to get rid of even dear,
kindly old Uncle Sam as a landlord as soon as pos-
sible. The intent of the reclamation law of 1902
is very plain in providing for the ultimate inde-
pendence of the Federal project settlers and for
their control of the projects. Is it need of salaries
or lack of confidence in the settlers — most virile of
all Americans — that brings forth these landlord
legislative plans and other paternalistic dreams?

The conference of Western governors
and others interested in irrigation
which Secretary Lane has called to
meet in Denver April 9 should be
fraught with big results for Reclama-
tion in the West. Mr. Lane is father-
ing a big idea and a most patriotic one in suggesting

Be Sure
to Attend
Lane's
Conference

this meeting. The IRRIGATION AGE commends Secre-
tary Lane for conceiving this plan. Practically all the
Carey Act projects are on financial rocks. So are
many privately constructed projects. New irrigation
work is practically at a standstill. These conditions
mean suffering to millions out on the projects and
loss, and perhaps equal suffering to many of the bond
holders. The National and state governments should
act immediately to give irrigation securities stability,
to restore confidence in irrigation project building and
to provide funds to complete abandoned projects and
to construct new ones. There will be little monetary
profit for Federal or state government in this work,
no doubt, but vast profits to the National government
and to the states will result from the added values
to the lands, once they are brought under intensive
cultivation, and from the growth in population. The
costly experience gained in Federal Reclamation will
prove of value in this new work, and the mistakes
made in the past offer no honest or valid argument
against tackling this new and bigger job. Every
arid state governor and as many delegates from
these states as possible should attend this con-
ference.

Abel Ady writes to us from Washington that
Secretary Lane is anxious and ready to give the Fed-
eral Water Users everything they want, so far as Con-
gress will permit. We have a great deal of respect
for Mr. Ady's judgment and hope all he says proves
true. Mr. Lane has the administration behind him,
and the Administration can get from Congress almost
anything it wants, as has been proven by the tariff
and currency bills. We trust, therefore, that Mr.
Lane's bashfulness or reluctance to ask favors will
not prove greater than his generosity.

Forty million dollars or thereabouts, the cost of
mistakes and incompetency, are involved in the Rec-
lamation Extension legislation now before Congress.
On all other government works, such expenses are
charged off the books, or the parties responsible for
the losses are made to suffer. Why not do the same
with the Reclamation projects instead of trying by
subterfuge to make innocent settlers pay for these
mistakes ?

A large part of "Official Washington" is still try-
ing to solve the big mystery: "Who inspired Sec-
retary Lane to write his now famous letter to Water
Users?"

It has been suggested that some of our best little
Reclamation officials might be indicted for running
a confidence game.

"We have just begun to fight."

138

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

LANE CONFERENCE, APRIL 9

Western Governors and Others Will Meet to Stim-
ulate Irrigation

Secretary of the Interior Lane's plans to stimu-
late the growth of new irrigation projects in the west
and to place existing irrigation securities upon a sound
basis is bearing fruit. At his suggestion, a conference
to be attended by the Governors of the arid states,
by delegates they may select, others interested in irri-
gaton and by representatives of the Secretary will be
held in Denver on April 9. The governors of Ari-
zona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washing-
ton and Wyoming have all practically agreed to be
present. Many men prominent in irrigation affairs
in these states will also attend.

In his letter to the arid state governors, Secre-
tary Lane emphasized that irrigation development has
reached a stage of stagnation in the West through
faulty promotion, where future prosperity demands
drawing upon state or national funds.
Mr. Lane's letter says in part:
"A review of the progress made in irrigation de-
velopment during 1913 and of the relative stagnation
both in the construction of new works and in the set-
tlement and utilization of lands already irrigated in
part by old works shows that it is important that well-
conceived efforts be made toward remedying existing
difficulties and stimulating growth by irrigation, so
essential to continued prosperity in the West.

"It is now fairly well recognized that while some
of the large irrigation enterprises have been success-
ful agriculturally, nearly all, especially those requiring
water storage or other extensive works, have been
failures financially.

"Owing to this fact, there are large amounts of
stocks and bonds held by Eastern and foreign in-
vestors upon which interest is defaulted. Thus there
is at this time little hope of securing additional capital
for similar developments.

"A study of the entire situation shows that ex-
penditures in large irrigation works can hardly be
made with a view of obtaining safe or adequate finan-
cial returns to the investors.

"It is true that large profits are reputed to have
been made by promoters from time to time in the or-
ganization and floating of some of these large schemes,
but the men who actually put in money and those
who ultimately purchased the stocks and bonds to a
large extent have lost their investment.

"It appears therefore that no further large de-
velopment can now be expected unless it is (a) by the
use of public funds, state or national, upon which no
profit or interest is required, or (b) by the use of
funds procured by taxation, as in the case of irriga-
tion districts, and where, also, the question of profit
and interest on the works themselves is the increased
land values and productivity of the soil.

"These statements cover in a broad way the pres-
ent irrigation situation. The commissioner of the gen-
eral land office in a report recently has called atten-
tion to another phase of the subject, saying: 'There
seems to be a growing tendency among states to co-

operate to the end that there may be uniformity of
procedure in this branch of the work (Carey Land
and Irrigation act).'

"Three or four prominent persons authorized to
speak in this connection have suggested that a Carey
act convention or conference be arranged under the
auspices of this department, to meet either in Wash-
ington or at some central point in the West, to take
up and consider carefully the whole situation, espe-
cially as it may relate to the uniform practice along
certain lines by the states.

"It is evident that there is a great need for, a full
understanding of the present situation, whether it per-
tains to the Carey act projects or to other large en-
terprises, such as those initiated under the terms of the
Reclamation act.

"With this in view, I desire to suggest to you and
to governors of other states containing arid lands the
desirability of holding a conference in the near future
at some convenient point at which may be present
persons representing you, and also officials of the state
land boards or other state officials having to do with
the Carey act or related work.

"It may be also desirable to have present men
who represent the contractors who have entered into
arrangements with the state to build one or more of
these Carey act projects and representatives from the
Water Users themselves wherever there is an organ-
ization which' can properly designate such persons.

"If such a meeting can be agreed on, persons rep-
resenting myself can be present, together with offi-
cials from the bureaus under my charge, notably the
General Land office, the Geological Survey and the
Reclamation Service.

"It is believed that the outcome of a full, free
discussion of some of the larger problems will be of
very great advantage in the comprehension of these
matters and will lead to beneficial results in the de-
velopment of the West in irrigation."

IRRIGATE WITH WINDMILLS

The first experimental irrigation plant to be estab-
lished in Kansas under the new provisions of the law
enacted by the last legislature is in operation two
and a half miles north of Leoti, Kan., in Wichita
county. The plant is under the direction of the State
Board of Irrigation. The legislature appropriated
$125,000 for experimental irrigation work.

The Wichita county plant is a windmill proposi-
tion. Six improved windmills furnish the power that
pumps water from underground, lifts it 74 feet and
throws it into a reservoir 100 by 150 feet in size and
six feet deep.

The cost of the plant complete was only $1,000.
It will irrigate a farm of 160 acres which the state has
leased for the experiment. The reservoir will be kept
full of water all the time by the windmills. It is ex-
pected that the cost of the plant will be returned to
the state in one season by the sale of crops from the
irrigated land.

If this plant is successful it will result in thou-
sands of such plants being built in Western Kansas,
as the underground water exists almost everywhere.

THE IRRIGATION AGE. 139

THE FEDERAL WATER USERS

A Department Devoted to the Interests of the Farmers on the

Government Irrigation Projects

Edited by Geo. J. Scharschug

WHAT ACTUAL WATER USERS THINK ABOUT

THE RECLAMATION EXTENSION LEGISLATION

D ECLAMA TIO N extension legislation has been a very live topic in Washington, since the introduction of
•* *• the Smith bill in the house, accompanied by the issuance of Secretary Lane's letter, announcing his pro-
posed policies in handling the Government irrigation projects. The proposed legislation has been an equally
live topic among the water users and every representative in Congress from the Federal project states has
heard from home concerning one or more of the bills, specially, and in no uncertain terms as to what legis-
lation should be embodied in whichever bill is finally passed.

The storm raised by the introduction of the Smith bill was followed by ttie introduction in the senate of the
Newlands bill, which took much of the sting out of the former measure. This was followed by a series of
conferences between Secretary of the Interior Lane, Senator Mark Smith of Arizona and Representative W.
R. Smith of Texas, chairmen, respectively, of the senate and house irrigation committees, other members of
these committees and the Reclamation Commission. Federal Water Users, who zvere in Washington, also ad-
vised with Secretary Lane and members of congress. The results of these conferences is a bill, remarkable
for its complicated verbiage and for a number of its features. Several of the objectionable features of the
Smith bill have been eliminated. The National Federation of Water Users' Association is victorious, at least
in part, under this bill, in its fight for the appointment1 of the Water Users' association as fiscal agents. The
"conference" measure, hoivever, is drastic in its "penalties" for failure to pay water charges, and in its provi-
sion for regulation of the projects and the Water Users by, the Secretary of the Interior. The bill also pro-
vides that all forfeitures of water right or operation and maintenance payments and rentals for water on proj-
ects, not yet formally opened, shall go to the general reclamation fund, instead of accruing to the benefit of
the individual projects from which these funds come and to the Water Users living on these projects.

Because all the measures providing for the extension) of Water Right payments to cover twenty years
are still very much alive, and all embody similar features, the appended symposium of opinions by men,
prominent in the affairs of the Water Users, and all of them actual farmers on the Federal projects, is of great
value. The "conference" bill is the one most likely to pass Congress, but no reclamation measure should
be permitted to pass, until every Water User has had opportunity to study it carefully, and every Water Users'
association has had a chance to voice the opinions of the farmers on the projects concerning it. The Water
Users also should have a full public hearing either before the senate or the house committee on irrigation
on tliis and the other extension bills being considered.

Read what these men say about the legislation proposed.

LOOK BENEATH MASK OF RELIEF "Act Shall Apply to Existing Projects.

By Fulton H. Sears "Sec. 2. That any person whose land or entry

(Faiion, Nev.) has heretofore become subject to the terms and con-

Member of the Executive Committee of the National Federa- ditions of the Reclamation law shall pay the con-

tion of Water Users' Associations. struction charge in twenty annual installments, the

If the Water Users under the National Reclama- first of which shall become due and payable on De-

tion Act have heretofore been deceived in what they cember first of the year in which the public notice

expected to get, by what they really did get, in the affecting his land is issued under this Act, and

operation of this original law, which is, on its face, subsequent installments on December first of each

a plain, meritorious and just law; if uncertainty has year thereafter.

existed under this, what can we expected from the "Increase of Charges.

new one now proposed, which is heralded everywhere «Sec 4 That no increase in the construction

charges shall hereafter be made, after the same have

The relationship between the Water User and been fixed by public notice, except by agreement
government is first of all, one of debtor and creditor, between the Secretary of the Interior and a ma-
All had a right to expect honest representations in jority of the water-right applicants and entrymen
law and in fact, and the keeping sacred all contract to be affected by such increase, whereupon all
obligations. It is not necessary to describe what has water-right applicants and entrymen in the area
been done in the past, as it is well known. The bills proposed to be affected by the increased charge shall
agreed upon by officials in Washington that count are become subject thereto. Such increased charge
known as Senate No. 4628, and H. R. No. 13921. The shall be added to the construction charge and pay-
real meat and purpose of this legislation is contained ment thereof distributed over the remaining unpaid
in Sections 2 and 4, which read : installments of construction charges."

140

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

There can be no question but the fair interpre-
tation of this means a new public notice shall be

hereafter issued, cover-
ing all the actual cost of
the project and not the
estimated cost, as re-
quired in the original
Act. When this is done
they say it can not be
changed again without
consent. There is no
question but what the
Water User who is com-
pelled to accept this re-
lief will be required to
consent to have his
charges raised. Is this
an honest transaction ?
Does it not resemble a
Fulton H. Sears loan shark deal, when

extension is asked, to squeeze the very life out of the
unfortunate homsteader? Can a loyal citizen respect
his Government when such things are done under the
guise of relief? If our Government feels that an ex-
tension of time of payment is just, why do they not
say so in a clean-cut way, and not hoodwink the people
into believing they are extending charity, when in fact
they are demanding usury and adopting Shylock tac-
tics against those who are helpless?

MUST RESTORE CONFIDENCE

By Scott Etter

(Carlsbad, N. M.)

Member of the Executive Committee of the National Federa-
tion of Water Users' Associations.

The IRRIGATION AGE has asked me to say some-
thing about my recent visit to Washington in the in-
terest of the Federal Water Users, and, although I am
reluctant to speak just at this time concerning many
matters of vital interest to so many individuals, I feel
that possibly more people can be reached through the
AGE just at this time than in any other way.

First of all, I found that the IRRIGATION AGE, in
its recent campaign to establish the rights of the Fed-
eral Water Users, is becoming a power in Washington
second only to the National Federation of Water
Users' Association itself. Many congressmen have it
upon their desks, and it will soon be read by all "offi-
cial Washington."

From my observation while there. I am firmly
convinced that House bill 11906 will never pass in
its original form, and I believe this is the best news
that I can convey to the Water Users. Better that
we stay under our old contracts than to get this twen-
ty-year extension with the drastic regulations and bu-
reaucratic authority which went with it.

I find that both Houses of Congress, through their
committees, are willing to give us the twenty-year ex-
tension, and they want to give us some of the free-
dom also to which we are entitled. I met the commit-
tee in both Houses and my criticisms of the bill in
its orignal form was not only received wth interest
and courtesy, but a new draft was promptly printed
to meet our suggestions as far as seemed possible at
the time.

I believe that Secretary Lane is also with us at

heart, and if he would always remain Secretary, the
great authority granted in the original draft of the
bill might not be of detriment to any person ; but if
Mr. F. H. Newell's picture had been engraved at the
top of the bill when it was printed, it would not have
thrown any greater scare into all concerned than did
the language it contained.

Right here I desire to say that I think the great-
est mistake the National Water Users have ever made
was in not demanding the removal of Mr. Newell
last summer when they passed unanimous resolutions
in the city of Washington, as everybody knows that
the only reason this request was not made was for
policy only, and the belief that he would go without
it. The Secretary will never create the complete con-
fidence in his administration which it deserves while
Mr. Newell remains as head of the Commission. It
makes no difference whether Mr. Ntwell is right or
wrong in his policies, he has lost the confidence of the
rank and file of the Water Users, and it will take
much to recover it.

You ask me why I am such a strong advocate
of the passage of an act to make the Water Users'
Association the Fiscal Agent of the government in
this matter.

I can best answer you by giving a concrete ex-
ample on the Carlsbad Project.

On the Carlsbad Project there are 20,256 acres
receiving or entitled to water. The maintenance as-
sessed and collected for the past two years has been
one dollar per acre or a total of $20,256.

Under the manage-

ment of the Reclamation
Service the salaries paid
in the Carlsbad office
are: Project Manager,
$175 per month ; Assist-
ant Manager, $125 per
month ; Fiscal Agent,
$110 per month; stenog-
rapher, $75 per month;
janitor, $45 per month.
This comprises the office
force in Carlsbad alone,
and does not account for
the Project's proportion
of the salaries of the
District Engineer, the
Sup ervising Engineer,
the Commission, the
Consulting Engineer to the Secretary and the field
offices and men.

This small item amounts to $530 per month or
$6,360 per year.

In addition to this, the Project pays one ditch
rider $100 per month, three ditch riders $90 per
month, one ditch rider $85 per month, one watchman
$70 per month, one watchman $60 per month and one
foreman $115 per month. (Besides this there are
several other foremen and bosses not enumerated, be-
cause their work is not permanent.)

This makes an additonal salary list of $700 per
month or a total of $8,400 per year.

It will be reasonable for this statement to allow
for one more foreman only at $100 per month, or
$1,200 for the year.

Scott Etter

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

141

You now have upon this little project an annual
salary account of $15,960.

This immense sum, $15,960, expended for sala-
ries and bosses out of a total collection of $20,256
for maintenance leaves the magnificent sum of $4,296
for ACTUAL MAINTENANCE of the canals, lat-
erals, ditches, etc., on this Project.

I do not believe this proportion would be suc-
cessfully maintained in any private business, and if
the Reclamation Service is to show the people that
the government can successfully conduct this business
it will have to change its methods.

An investigation of the records of the govern-
ment for the same Project will disclose the fact that
at the close of business in the year 1913 this same
Project had a deficit of $45,180 charged up against
it for operation and maintenance. Do you wonder
why? What will the innocent settlers on this Project
think of the Reclamation Service some of these fine
days, when they are called upon to meet this deficit?
Do they think now that they are paying their mainte-
nance in full? They do. Were they advised all of
the time that their maintenance was actually about
$2.25 per acre, instead of $1.00 per acre? They were
not.

If the Water Users' Association was made Fiscal
Agent, the people would then know the facts from
year to year, and expenses might be cut.

This same Project was operated by private capi-
tal (the Pecos Irrigation Company) in the year 1903,
prior to the time of the Reclamation Service, and
under that management the total operation and main-
tenance expense was $14,546.61, including salaries of
all employes. Still, they say that the Water Users
are not competent to operate a project. From this
comparison, could they do worse than the Reclama-
tion Service has done? The new bill must provide
for the Water Users as Fiscal Agents and for the
turning over of all the operation and maintenance pos-
sible, and thus do away with this bureaucratic control
and mismanagement.

NEWELL IS TREMBLING

By Earl B. Smith

(Somerton, Ariz.)

President of the National Federation of Water Users'
Associations.

I want to convey to the readers of the IRRIGATION
AGE my analysis of the real situation. I state them as
my final conclusions. I want your closest attention,
and if you approve I want your help to disseminate
the doctrine as widely as possible, for I know of no
other argument that is likely to prevail, and I am com-
pelled to admit that we have so far completely failed in
our efforts with the secretary.

In the second annual report of the Reclamation
Service Mr. Newell comments on the estimated cost
provisions of the law. He says that the "estimated
cost" provision is a wise one for the reason that it
puts everything on a business basis, and leaves the
impression that he interpreted it just as we interpret
it today. That was along in 1903 or 1904. Then, in
1909, when he issued his booklet of questions and an-
swers, he savs :

90. Q. How are the water charges of the water

rights determined?

A. These are fixed as required by the law,
according to the estimated cost of
construction of the works.

91. Q. When will the cost of the water rights

be announced?

A. The public notice required by section
4 of the act will be issued before
water is ready for delivery and when
the work is sufficiently advanced to
make an accurate estimate of the cost,
etc.

This view of the matter, of course, changes the
estimated cost into actual cost, but this doctrine
was not announced until about five years after what
he stated in his second annual report.

He was forced to
resort to this doctrine
after he had found out
that his estimates were
worthless. In no other
way could he make hi.s
books balance, for he
must show assets equal
to expenditures, and he
assessed the difference
betweeen the estimated
and actual costs to the
farmer.

He is now trembling
in fear that his doctrine
will not be accepted by
the public or by con-
gress, so he is resorting Earl B. Smith
to a legislative construction measure in his so-called
extension bill. He has worked this same scheme once
before successfully and he expects to work it again.
The first time he worked it was when he prepared
and laid the foundation for annulling section 6 relat-
ing to the use of the fund for operation and mainte-
nance until the works are turned over to the land
owners. In the various acts for watering Yakima and
other Indian lands he had incorporated in those acts
the following clause: "Such payments shall be in
addition to the charges for construction and mainte-
nance of the irrigation system made payable into the
reclamation fund by the provisions of the Reclamation
act." There were no such provisions in that act. Con-
gress paid no close attention to the matter, suppos-
ing the department knew what it was about in the
watering of those Indian lands and never knew,
and don't know today, that they were imposed on
in enacting a clause which was as false as could
be. This same clause was inserted time and time
again in the various Indian bills and no one questioned
but what the Reclamation act did so provide. When
the Baker vs. Swigart case came up the government
pleaded that clause in those various Indian acts as
being a congressional legislative construction of
what congress meant, or, in other words, the inten-
tion of congress on the subject. The Supreme court
heeded that plea in one of the most expert argu-
ments I ever read. By this construction the meat of
section six was annulled, but was not declared void
for any reason, but simply made to read exactly the

142

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

opposite from what it says. I claim that congress
passed those Indian provisions entirely ignorant of
the purpose of that particular provision and did not
intend to pass a legislative construction act.

Now we come down to the estimated cost
proposition again. The Smith bill provides as fol-
lows, "(f) Regarding the method of determining
the charges per acre on the several projects so as
to recover all expenditures which the Secretary of
the Interior shall find to have been made on account
of the project." If Mr. Newell gets that provision
through congress he has then got a legislative con-
struction of what congress intended in providing
for the estimated cost in the original act. That pro-
vision glosses over his whole ten years of malad-
ministration and legalizes all the graft, incompet-
ency, extravagance and inefficiency of ten years
duration and at one fell swoop charges the whole
thing to the homesteader and western landowner,
the very men the act of 1902 intended to aid.

This sly legislative construction business is a
new art in legislation, and for ways that are dark
and vain, the Chinese are not in it. When we get
into court on the estimated cost we will be met
with this constructive measure of an act passed by
a previous congress ten years back. But if congress
passes this measure it will not know what it is do-
ing, but will be made to think that it is providing
for and conserving the fund against those who might
be disposed to cheat the government out of its just
due, whereas the real purposes is to let the Service
get away with the swag without getting caught.
Yes, and have it all charged to the farmer. A big-
ger bunco game was never pulled off in the days
of '49.

I never believed very strongly in the extension
plan. It would not have been necessary if the
contract price had been kept with the farmer. It
is only necessary because the government has not
kept to its agreements and has not followed the law.

SIMPLY A "BIG STICK"

By O. E. Farnham

(Belle Fourche, S. D.)

Secretary of the National Federation of Waters Users'
Associations.

To my mind the Smith bill is in no way a relief
measure, except so far as the reclamation service is
concerned. It is simply a "Big Stick" with which the
Department of the Interior can force the individual
Water Users into submitting to all the expenditures
that the department may find to have been made on ac-
count of any project, regardless of the vested rights
of the Water Users or landowners under the Rec-
lamation act and the acts of the Secretary of the
Interior in accordance therewith, and in total dis-
regard also of whether such expenditures have been
legitimately expended and properly charged. The
enactment of the law as drawn, if put into operation
as suggested by Mr. Lane in his communications
to the Water Users, will result in confiscation of
property rights in some projects. Its general plan
is in full accord with Mr. Newell's cherished ideas
— to prevent a congressional investigation of the
Reclamation Service by placing the matter entirely

in the hands of the Department of the Interior, and
thus save the heads of those responsible for many
grievous wrongs committed. The government is
entitled to know how the reclamation fund has been
handled during the past decade, for the protection
of the fund in the future, and these matters should
be thoroughly investigated by a nonpartisan body.
In the interest of the government as well as the
Water Users I most earnestly protest against the
passage of the measure in its present form.

AVOID HARSH PENALTIES

By Francis G. Tracy

(Carlsbad, N. M.)

Mr. Tracyfs article is printed only in fart, because of
lack of space. His complete analysis of the proposed extension
legislation and Mr. Lane's letter is one of the most able docu-
ments we have read on the subject of Federal irrigation. —
THE EDITOR.

In Secretary Lane's
admirable letter of Jan-
uary 16th, addressed to
each individual Water
User, he says: "The
question always before
us is whether or not the
United States can suc-
cessfully conduct a large
business enterprise upon
business principles with-
out injustice to its citi-
zens and without impos-
ing a too heavy burden
upon those with whom it
deals."

At the same time
there comes to us copy

Francis G. Tracy

of the proposed reclamation extension act introduced
by the Irrigation commission, presumably to carry out
Mr. Lane's ideas.

All of us who last spring attended the "illumin-
ating conference" with the secretary in Washington
came away thoroughly impressed by the breadth of
vision, humanity and singleness of purpose of the
new secretary, sobered by the stupendous difficul-
ties of the problems involved, and with the convic-
tion that at last the Water Users had found a friend
and brother in authority. This conviction must be
strengthened by the most remarkable letter ever re-
ceived by a group of citizens from a government
official. But, in weighing Mr. Lane's conclusions
and judging his policies we must not permit our
sympathies and our confidence in him unduly to
sway our judgment. A secretary is in office a few
years. We and our successors are Water Users for-
ever. The office, not the man, is wholly with us.
A wrong start now may carry us far astray before
it can be corrected.

Multiplying restrictions, interference in details,
harsh penalties, severe terms of payment must be
avoided as far as practicable. Under present theo-
ries of government no direct liability is incurred for
injuries once committed. There is therefore all the
greater need to avoid injury and wrong doing and

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

143

to give greater freedom and opportunity at every
point.

Mr. Lane's letter seems to admit at least in part
these general principles ; but we believe he fails ade-
quately to appreciate them.

He appears to be unduly impressed by what we
believe to be two dangerous fallacies long current
in the old regime, namely the so-called duty of en-
forcing the impracticable farm unit, left entirely
to his discretion and surely never intended by con-
gress to be retro-active, and the vision, we might
say nightmare, of the hordes of hungry homeseekers.

Would it not be wiser for the secretary to be
relieved by congress from all responsibility regard-
ing the farm unit? Is it not as purely an economic
problem as free coinage of silver? It is, of course,
perfectly proper for congress to limit the bounty of
the government as is done in the homestead law.
Is it not wholly impossible for congress or for any
man to decide what is a proper living for a fellow
citizen ? When, hitherto, has such a problem been
held to be a proper province of any government?

Is not such increased surrender of our personal
liberties as proposed a startling doctrine to emanate
from a democratic administration? Is it not both
unnecessary and unsafe? Does it not give added
force to the following statement made by the writer
at the Washington meeting: "We believe the
proper control for the benefit of all the people of
the inevitably increasing concentration of the Fed-
eral power in the political government at Wash-
ington is a problem fully as serious to the nation as
the proper control of industrial power. We believe
that our condition offers an illuminating example of
the dangerous abuse of this power under present
bureaucratic methods. We feel, therefore, that the
whole nation is interested in a full understanding of
the conditions under which we live; conditions we
believe absolutely at variance with the fundamental
doctrine of our form of government."

THE SALT RIVER HOMESTEADER

By H. A. Bustrin

(R. F. D. No. 4, Phoenix, Ariz.)

The condition of the homesteader in this valley
is a hard one. About seven years ago a party
showed me a quarter section of as fine land as
anyone could wish. I only had thirty acres and
wanted more, but I was afraid there never would be
water for the outlying land. I did not have the
courage then that others have had since. About
16,000 acres have now been taken in and I believe
that 19 out of every 20 farms are owned by real
home makers. The balance are in the hands of
land grabbers.

The home maker has had 3, 4, 5 and 6 years of
hardships and disappointments which would dis-
courage the best of us, but they toiled and held on,
turning their faces toward success, which they fin-
ally partly realized last spring. To accomplish this
they were compelled to make heavy sacrifices which
added to their burdens. They borrowed money and
built their own canal that the Reclamation Service
could give them water. Here is where the injustice
really begins. The Reclamation Service compelled

them to do business with them, also with the Water
Users' association on the basis of 160 acres.

They formed the Western Canal Company for
the purpose of building that canal and each man
had to be in good standing with that company, also
with the Water Users' association, or the Reclama-
tion Service would not give them water. The dues
of the water users were very large and a heavy bur-
den. Some of these people had money and they
spent thousands of dollars to make a home and
many of those tilled one-half of their land (80 acres)
to make final proof which many have done and have
their receipts for the full amount (160 acres), and
many a tract has since been sold and resold and is
now held by innocent persons.

And now comes the Reclamation Service,
through Mr. Lane, and says that you can't hold but
40 acres. You must relinquish your excess holdings
or assign them to another, which I think is one of
the blackest spots on the Reclamation Service pages,
and they were already dirty enough. I have no
fault to find with Mr. Lane, for he has confidence
in Newell, Davis and L. C. Hill, and these three are
the responsible ones, for they have recommended
the 40 acre unit to him and he believes they are
right and has acted, and it was held up for a while,
but I do not think Mr. Lane will change unless the
homesteaders show him that Newell was talking
through his hat when he said that a man on 80
acres broke even and a 160 acre man lost money,
and that 40 acres was enough for an Arizona farmer
in the Salt River valley. Can we make a living on
40 acres? Yes, but if we have to pay every dollar
the Reclamation Service has wasted here we will need
more than a living, for we have many mouths (Rec-
lamation Service) besides our own to feed.

WANT CONTRACTS PROTECTED

Water Users on the Truckee-Carson project
adopted resolutions endorsing the Newlands bill in
part, but demanding that it be amended so as to pro-
tect the rights of those, settlers who now have con-
tracts with the government, fixing the cost of their
water rights at $22 or $30 per acre. The resolution
says in part:

"Resolved, further, That we consider that sec-
tion 6 of said bill, taken in connection with section 10,
provides by implication at least for an increase in con-
struction charges to be assessed against former entry-
men who now hold contracts for the furnishing of
water by the Reclamation Service at certain fixed con-
struction charges per acre, and who may now wish
to avail themselves of the provisions of the act. We,
therefore, call upon our delegation in Congress, Sena-
tors Newlands and Pittman and Congressman Rob-
erts, to use their utmost endeavor to have said sec-
tions 6 and 10 so amended that it may be clear that
former entrymen may secure the benefits of this act
without having imposed upon them additional charges
for project construction except for betterments made
in the future."

A resolution opposing the reduction of farm
units to 40 acres on the Truckee-Carson project was
also adopted.

144

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

CONGRESSIONAL INVESTIGATION ASKED

Officers of the Landowners Protective Association

Lewis T. Carpenter, Counsel T. T. Powers, President Sam Barrett, Asst- Secretary

H. A. Bustrin, Vice-President O. C. Thompson, Secretary Charles H. Akers

By Sam Barrett

(Phoenix, Ariz.)

AT the inception of the Salt River Irrigation proj-
ect, the first important preliminary step was
the preparation by government engineers of an
estimate, purporting to show the probable cost of
the enterprise. The figure was placed at three and
three-quarter millions of dollars, and with this as a
basis, amounting to fifteen dollars per acre on the
land proposed to be reclaimed, the settlers in the
Salt River valley entered into a contract with the
government for the prosecution of the project.
Subsequently the scope of the work was enlarged
to cover the distributing system and to that end
the reclamation officials acting for the government,
purchased various privately owned canals, paying
therefor, in round numbers, something like a half a
million dollars. It may be said here that with one
or two minor exceptions, these canals, under the
conditions existing at the date of purchase, were
nearly valueless for their intended purposes. The
Reclamation Service immediately instituted a sys-
tem of improvements and extensions which are still
being prosecuted.

The total cost of the project at this date is
close to twelve million dollars and the officials esti-
mate that at least one million more will be required
before the work is finished. In addition to this, the
water users themseves have paid in and expended
nine hundred thousand dollars for the construction
of a power plant, which is now nearing completion.

Very early in the prosecution of the work many
evidences of incompetence and extravagance became
manifest. The offices swarmed with clerks, book-

keepers, stenographers, draftsmen, engineers and
assistants of high and low degree, while the outside
work was literally clogged with foremen, straw-
bosses, timekeepers and teamsters, whose principal
duty seemed to be to lie under a wagon six hours a
day. Many expensive structures were erected, only
to be dynamited out — in some cases, this occurring
three or four times with the same structure.

This continued for several years and engen-
dered a widespread feeling among the settlers that
the business was not being conducted along the lines
of greatest efficiency. The board of governors is
the official representative of the Water Users, and
to inquiries propounded at different times by mem-
bers, as to the accrued cost of the project, the in-
quirers were more or less politely informed by
reclamation officials that it was none of their busi-
ness.

This condition culminated in February, 1912,
in the formation of the Land Owners Protective As-
sociation, a non-official body of between five hun-
dred and six hundred Water Users, with T. T.
Powers, president ; H. A. Bustrin, vice-president ;
O. C. Thompson, secretary, and Sam Barrett, as-
sistant secretary. Charles H. Akers, managing
editor of the Arizona Gazette, and Lewis T. Car-
penter, attorney for the association, aided greatly
in organizing the association.

The object of this asociation was to ascertain, if
possible, the exact status of the enterprise and to
procure the abatement of such abuses as might be
found to exist. In response to a petition from the
association, a sub-committee from the House Com-
(Continued on page 152.)

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

145

How One Eastern Woman Views Federal "Landlordism'

PHE following letter is a remark-
able document. It is a message
of the true brotherhood of man.

F. H. Sears, member Executive
Committee, National Federation
of Water Users' Associations.

Chicago, 111.

Dear Sir: I am enclosing $2.00,
a mite to be sure, to help you in
your fight. I don't think the bill
will affect me in any way, but
nevertheless we' should help to
bear one another's burdens. I
would not want anyone to tell
me what crops I should raise as I
cannot raise some crops to a
profit. I also believe in a careful
use of water and use less than
anyone here and yet have better
crops. Yours respectfully,

Mrs. Fred Osborn

Irrigating in Michigan

Another View of Mrs. Osborn's Farm

AS ADY SEES THEM

Klamath Man's Observations of Secretary Lane and
the Reclamation Commission

Abel Ady, president
of the Klamath Water
Users' Association of
Oregon, has been in
Washington in behalf of
his project for several
months. He has been in
almost constant touch
with Secretary of the In-
terior Lane and the Rec-
1 a m ation Commission. .
In reply to a number of
questions, he has the fol-
lowing to say :

Yes, the Reclama-
tion Board, as a whole,
bears every indication of
success, and is begin-
ning to bear some of the
fruits of success.

Yes, Secretary Lane is measuring up to the high
standard set for him in the West. He has set aside
all the petty methods of the past and is devoting his
energies to the success of irrigation from the stand-
point of home building, regardless of the demands of
special interests.

He is not a rich man, and will not leave the gran-
ite walls of his office decorated with costly paintings
of himself, beside those of his predecessors, but he
will leave his image immortalized in the hearts of the
struggling home makers of the West and leave his
work as a blessing to generations unborn.

Yes, Director Newell continues at his old tricks.

Abel Ady

His head is too small to contain the principles of the
brotherhood of man. He is a creature of the ideas
of the divine rights of kings, and would make an ex-
cellent assistant for Rockefeller, Baer or Weyerhauser
in their attempts to acquire ownership of all of God's
resources in order that they might as "philanthropists"
develop the resources for those who are sufficiently
subservient.

Yes, I remember the bitter denunciatons hurled
at me by the published letters of A. P. Davis in an
attempt to present an apparent justification of the
Reclamation Service in some of the acts criticized in
my efforts to protect the Klamath settlers, but those
letters are not remembered with the feeling that your
question indicates.

Mr. Davis has for years been the assistant of a
dominatng character that possessed neither mercy nor
humanity and who required Mr. Davis to father all
acts of defense that might react, while the dominating
head took all the praise upon himself for any success-
ful act of the Service.

Mr. Davis was the man of brains and abilty and
a convenient goat for the needs of his chief.

With the opportunity presented by the present
administration. Chief Engineer A. P. Davis has a fair
chance to prove his real worth, and no unfortunate
circumstances of the past should be remembered
against him.

Chief Counsel Will R. King is a power for equity
and justice. His familiarity with irrigation farming
and unsurpassed knowledge of water laws and his
sympathies with those who work make him a power
for good.

Comptroller W. A. Ryan has from boyhood been
a friend and associate of Frankjin K. Lane and is
endowed with a full portion of humanness, but his life
(Continued on page 155)

146

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

ROAD CULVERTS AND SIPHONS.
By James Wharton Jones.

There are three essentials which go to make
the ideal culvert: Strength, convenience, perma-
nence; and a form of construction which gives one
of these is sometimes lacking in the others.

A culvert must be strong enough to support
the dead weight of deep fills, as well as to sustain
the shocks and vibrations incident to heavy and
rapidly moving traffic. The need for better roads
is generally conceded, and projects for highway im-
provement are receiving popular support in all sec-
tions. The development of great irrigation projects
nearly always involves the building of permanent
roads. A good road must be perfectly drained.
The most direct routes must be followed, and it is
demanded that such natural obstacles as exist to

Installing Pure Iron Culvert Under Tracks of Interurban Railway.

make this difficult be overcome in the interest of
more economical transportation. Road construc-
tion should conform to twentieth century conditions,
and where heavy grades existed, cuts and fills must
be made. Culverts placed beneath deep fills must
be not only of sufficient strength to support them,
but should possess a flexibility which will permit of
their conforming to uncertain or shifting founda-
tions.

Water courses previously accommodated by
open swales or gutters must be so handled as to
maintain a level or unbroken highway ; the old time
bumps and "thank-you-marms" are no longer toler-
ated. The culvert provided here must be one, not
only giving the maximum of strength in proportion
to the amount of material employed in its con-
struction, but must possess also a degree of resi-
liency which will enable it to endure when sub-
jected to the blows and crushing stress of swiftly
moving auto trucks and other vehicles, even if pro-
tected by a minimum of covering.

Corrugated iron culverts possess all these re-
quirements. Iron sheets when corrugated become
immensely rigid, and, when formed into a circular
shape, the increase of strength over that of plain
sheets is enormous. In correct corrugated iron cul-
vert construction large rivets, closely spaced, are
used, and each sheet is interlocked one full corru-
gation at the joints. The joints being double thick-
ness, are therefore the strongest points in the pipe.

The installation of culverts is at best no easy
task. Locations are often remote from rail points,
and the delivery of materials becomes of much im-

portance. Freight charges on certain forms of con-
struction form a very considerable part of their
ultimate cost. Hauling, handling and assembling
of materials all help to run this cost up to a pro-
hibitive point. Failure on the part of shippers to
include all parts, not to mention damages or break-
age en route, often prevent the ready execution of
well laid plans, causing expensive and annoying
delays.

The ideal culverts are those which can be
cheaply and easily transported and handled ; those
which are complete within themselves and require
the least amount of skill to place in position for
service. Since corrugated pipe possesses all these
advantages, it is not to be wondered at that it has
achieved a considerable popularity with the builders
of highways and railroads.

This material is also especially well adapted
for use in the form of inverted siphons. It is a
curious fact that a corrugated pipe is easier to keep
free from mud and other obstructions than one made
of smooth metal or masonry. The necessity for
these depressed crossings arises very frequently in
the irrigated regions, where it is very often the case
that highway drainage must be carried underneath
a canal or lateral or vice versa.

While the first essential requirement in culvert
construction is strength, closely followed by need
for convenience in handling and placing, the final
requisite is that culverts shall be lasting. In con-
sidering this feature it should be borne in mind
that other factors than the mere disintegration of
materials often have to do with the life of a culvert.
There are precious few culverts in existence which
have served for a period of fifteen years. Wooden
structures warp and either wear or rot out in a
brief space of time, and their further use in culvert
construction is almost universally discredited. Brit-
tle materials crack and collapse with resulting ex-
pense of renewal or replacement. Breakage may
result from shocks of travel or shifting foundation
resulting from settling of earth or washouts. The
action of alkali soil, frost and other conditions is
often such as to ruin in a short period construc-
tion which was originally intended to last for all
time.

Change of drainage frequently makes the re-
moval of a culvert necessary in order that provision
for increased flow may be made, and to accomplish
this the original culvert, if not removable, must be
destroyed. If a change of route occurs, such cul-
verts as are built into place from materials which
cannot be shifted, represent a total loss for further
service, and the permanence originally hoped for,
does not exist.

High-purity iron corrugated culverts represent
a very permanent type of culvert construction.
When built from the proper gauges they are not
harmed by heavy or shallow fills, and because of
their flexibility, will not crack or break down as
a result of shifting foundations. They do not wash
out because the earth in which they are placed
packs into their corrugations, and prevents the be-
ginning of trickling streams of water along their
sides.

They are removable at will, and can be used
again and again. Their permanence is therefore
(Continued on page 151.)

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

147

"HOME RULE" IS KEYNOTE

Shoshone Project Farmers Hold Referendum; De-
mand Economy

Water Users on the Shoshone project held a his-
tory-making referendum during the past month. The
settlers met at Powell, Garland and Ralston, Wyo.
The meetings were marked by enthusiasm and lively
interest for the success of the project and for the
settlers, who are building homes there.

Home Rule for the project and economy in its
administration were the keynotes of the referendum
vote. By a vote of 161 to 23, the Board of Directors
of the Water Users' association was directed to con-
cern itself with the matter of who should or should
not be employed on the project by the Reclamation
Service.

Immediate action by the Board to obtain the
greatest reasonable economy in the administration of
local Reclamation Service affairs was ordered by a
vote of 179 to 3.

The Water Users voted to ask for the transfer
to some other project of C. M. Jump, superintendent
of irrigaton; for the abolishment of the position of
assistant superintendent of irrigation, and for the re-
duction of the number of engineers from five to three.

The settlers voted in favor of having the opera-
tion and maintenance of the project turned over to
the Water Users as soon as the question of who shall
pay for drainage is finally determined.

The vote showed disapproval of the rotation sys-
tem of water delivery and of graduated operation and
maintenance charges.

The farmers voted almost unanimously in favor
of asking their Board of County Commissioners to
appropriate sufficient funds to employ an agricultural
expert, who will devote his entire time to promoting
better farming on the project and neighboring lands.

CONCRETE HYDRAULIC RAM HOUSES.

Among all the small devices used for hoisting
or pumping water, few have been more satisfactory
than the hydraulic ram, especially where economy
of operation has been a factor. To give the best
results a ram should be properly installed. This
means rigidity of foundation and absence of every-
thing calculated to obstruct the machine while in
operation. "Fixing the ram" is an old-time expres-
sion familiar to everybody who has had occasion to
use this simple and ingenious device. Sometimes
the necessity for "fixing" has been brought about
by a dislodged stone in the wall, or some obstruct-
ing substance in the mechanism.

Concrete affords the best means of protection
to the ram, as it is impervious, durable and eco-
nomical. The accompanying illustration shows a
satisfactory type of building. A structure of this
character will not rot, even though in constant con-
tact with moisture, which quickly destroys wood.
There are no joints, which invariably become de-
fects in ordinary masonry. Concrete means a clean,
sanitary and satisfactory enclosure for the hydraulic
ram, and will do much to eliminate bills for repairs
due to improper installation or an unstable founda-
tion.

To build a ram house of the type shown would
not require great mechanical skill. Having pre-
pared the pit or foundation and erected his forms,
the farmer would need to observe the following
precautions:

Good cement, clean materials and the latter
used while absolutely fresh. • A mixture of 1 part
Portland cement, 2 parts sand and 4 parts stone
would make a good concrete. The concrete should
be a wet mixture and placed in alternate layers
about 6 inches thick, which should be tamped

A Concrete Hydraulic Ram House on the Property of John F. Jelke,
Dundee, III

slightly until water comes to the surface. To obtain
a smooth surface the mass should be spaded on the
side next to the forms immediately after placing.
This is done by working a thin wooden paddle to
and fro and up and down between the concrete and
the side of the form. A spade will answer where
the space between forms is sufficiently wide to per-
mit of its use. The forms should be left in place
for at least a week.

The foundation for the ram can be made of the
same mixture and if the work is properly done it
will mean a rigid, non-vibrating and everlasting
base. Time and moisture will only add to its
strength and durability.

FEDERAL WATER USERS.
If you are satisfied with the fight The Irrigation
Age is making in your behalf, fill out and mail this
subscription blank, with one dollar for one year's
subscription :

Irrigation Age, 30 N. Dearborn St., Chicago,

111.

Enclosed find $1.00 for subscription for one
year beginning April, 1914.

Name

Town . .

County
State

148

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Reclamation Notes

CALIFORNIA.

Private parties propose to take up the government
plan for the reservoir and irrigation project on the Pit
river in Shasta and Lassen counties. The Lassen Irri-
gation Company will soon have the dam ready to irrigate
20,000 acres of land near Susanville. The Yplo Water
and Power Company announces that in addition to the
$1,500,000 expended for the dam and water rights, they
will spend $7,000,000 more for perfecting the system. This
project includes two powerhouses, with a combined ca-
pacity of 5,000 horsepower. The directors of the irri-
gation district in the Imperial valley have finally con-
cluded to accept the proposition of the Southern Pacific
Company for $2,000,000 for its interests. This includes
a right of way through Mexico.

Claims to water rights amounting to 10,000 miner's
inches in Carriso and other canyons near Mountain
Springs have been filed by J. D. Sidener, W. H. Johns
and R. C. Rutter. Water will be used for irrigation and
domestic purposes. A concrete flume will be constructed
to carry the water to irrigate the fields in that section.

The Supreme Court has handed down a decision
granting a new trial in the case of the California Pastoral
and Agricultural Company (Chowchilla Company) vs.
the Madera Canal and Irrigation Company. The action
was brought several years ago to determine defendant's
right, if any, to divert waters into its canal and to fix
the amount thereof and prevent defendant using an excess
of same. The lower court held that 250 cubic feet of
water flowing continuously per second would be sufficient
to irrigate the lands which have been irrigated by the
defendant. The Supreme Court held that evidence should
be given and a finding made on the question of the pre-
cise amount of water flowing continuously that is neces-
sary for the beneficial use of the riparian land that may
be reasonably appropriated for irrigation under the system
of the Madera Canal and Irrigation Company. Upon
these grounds a new trial was granted.

At the annual meeting of the stockholders of the
East Riverside Water Company the following directors
were elected for the ensuing year: S. H. Herrick, John
Meharg, Nelson H. Twogood, J. E. Brown, H. O. Reed
and Oscar Ford. The report of the secretary of the com-
pany showed that a total of about 3,500 acres of land had
been served by the company with irrigating water during
1913, 1,000 acres of which were served from the two reser-
voirs which the system supplies. The assessment on
lands served by the company's zanjeros was $2 per acre,
and on the lands under the reservoirs, from which the
water was distributed by the owners thereof, $1.25 per
acre.

The irrigationists of the Oakdale district have ex-
pressed their opposition to the proposed $300,000 issue
of bonds asked for by the directors for the completion
of the system. At a recent mass meeting of the citizens,
John Kaufman of Orange Blossom colony demanded the
resignation of the present board of directors and threat-
ened court proceedings for their removal. President John
Patterson responded for the board, refusing to resign.
The question of the bonds was brought before the meet-
ing by a motion that it be the sense of the meeting that
no more bonds be voted while the present board of
directors remain in charge. Notice was served upon the
meeting that a petition would be circulated, asking for
an election to vote on the $300,000 bond issue, as asked
by the board. It is claimed that the money will be needed
to complete laterals, in order to deliver watar to ranchers.

Alleging that they have been damaged to the extent
of $25,000, W. R. Jacobs and C. L. Flack, Los Angeles
capitalists, have filed a complaint charging that J. A.
Aggeler, Ralph Cole and Ralph P. Lane, who control
reclamation district No. 684, have been guilty of gross

negligence in the management of the district. The plain-
tiffs claim that tj^ey purchased and installed at great
expense to themselves and other owners in the district,
machinery, materials and reclamation equipment, and say
that, owing to the slope in El Dorado canal in the dis-
trict, water flowed over its banks, and has been doing so
for about four years, and that now the lands of the
plaintiffs have been submerged and water has seeped
through the soil and brought the alkali to the surface.

Dam "H," the largest of several dams surrounding
the new Davis reservoir of the Turlock irrigation sys-
tem, has been completed at a cost of $35,753. It has been
constructed along the north side of the reservoir, near
the outlet gate. The crest length of the dam is 857.8
feet; maximum height, 29.5 feet to top of parapet; height
to water surface, 25 feet; height above water surface,
4.5 feet; height of concrete parapet above dam, 18 inches;
yardage in dam, 43,319 cubic yards; concrete face area,
61,182.9 square feet. The reservoir will have a storage
capacity of 48,740 square feet. The maximum depth of
water will be 30 feet and the average depth 14.92 fet.

Representatives of reclamation district No. 1500, which
is known as the Armour project, have submitted the
formal plans for the reclamation of the district to the
Yuba county supervisors, and have asked the board to
appoint three commissioners for the purpose of making
an assessment against the lands to be benefited, to defray
expenses. The total cost is estimated at $3,331,695, or an
average of about $50 per acre. It is estimated that the
work will require two years of dredging.

J. J. and P. H. Mahoney of San Francisco have pur-
chased 1,120 acres of land, known as the Siem tract, the
consideration being $100,000. The land lies nine miles
south of Modesto, in the Turlock irrigation district. The
land is partly planted to alfalfa.

At a meeting of the ranch owners who are interested
in the new irrigation project affecting land in the vicinity
of Byron, it was reported that owners of 60,000 acres
of land in eastern Contra Costa county had signified their
willingness to enter into the project, and it is believed
that with this as a starter, many land owners will soon
fall into line, until the entire farming district in and
around Byron will be concerned with the organization
of the irrigation system.

At the annual meeting of the stockholders of the
Pereira Farms Corporation the following officers were
elected for the ensuing year: E. F. Reichman of Fort
Jones, president; E. V. Pereira, Fort Jones, vice-presi-
dent; Arthur Simon of Montague, secretary and treas-
urer: K. Collier of Ureka and Joseph Pereira, directors.
The company was organized a few months ago with a
capital of $250,000, of which $15,000 was paid up. Fort
Jones is the principal place of business. The purpose
of the company is to irrigate large tracts of land in
western Siskiyou county and to build ditches and reser-
voirs. It is the intention of the company to subdivide and
sell land after the irrigation system is constructed.

COLORADO.

An experimental pumping plant to water two or three
hundred acres on Virginia mesa, near De Beque, is to be
installed on the Granf river by the National Motor Cur-
rent Company, which has a device claimed to greatly in-
crease the capacity of the ordinary water power plant.
It is possible that experimental plants will be erected
on Hunter mesa and other places in the valley.

The Farmers' Irrigation Company held its annual
meeting at Silt recently, for the election and organiza-
tion of the board of directors. The following were
elected: Judge H. G. Lunt of Colorado Springs, C. C.
Parks of Glenwood Springs, W. E. Tippett of Antlers,
S. H. Coulter of Antlers and R. F. Bowles of Silt.

Farmers on the land surrounding Farmers Spur have
succeeded in inducing the Northern Colorado Power
Company to install a substation in that town, and work
on same will commence at once. The current supplied

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

149

by the substation will be used almost entirely in run-
ning motors for pumping plants, and contracts are being
signed up as fast as the company agent can reach the
farmers. There will be at least twenty pumping plants
installed in this section this year, and half a dozen that
have already been in operation with gasoline engines as
the motive power will be changed into electric current.
The location of the substation will bring many more
acres of land under irrigation than has been farmed here-
tofore.

The state land board has completed its docket of
Carey act hearings. Beginning March 16, it will con-
duct hearings of companies operating under the Carey
act. Companies that do not show financial ability to
put water on the land will have their right canceled and
the land will be turned over to the settlers to permit
them to irrigate with their own resources. The dates of
the hearings are as follows: March 16, Routt County
Development Company; March 17, Great Northern Irri-
gation and Power Company; March 18, Colorado Land
and Water Supply Company; March 19, Dolores Irriga-
tion Company; March 20, Two Buttes Irrigation and
Reservoir Company; March 21, Tolltec Canal Company
and Stark-Haggerdorn Irrigation Company, March 23,
White Rivers Trappers, Lake and Routt County Irrigation
Company, Colorado Southern Irrigation Company; March

24, Pueblo and Northeastern Irrigation Company; March

25, Valley Investment Company and Jackson County
Land and Irrigation Company. The land board issued
this ultimatum following investigations by Register Vol-
ney T. Hoggatt, who discovered that thousands of acres
of the best land in the state are and have been for years
held by big corporations for speculation. Many of these
have not fulfilled their contracts and are making no effort
to do so.

The Tucker ranch, on the St. Charles river, six 'miles
southwest of Pueblo, has been sold by the Standard Loan
and Realty Company to J. I. Mihoover for a considera-
tion of $8,000. The ranch comprises 160 acres of land and
is one of the pioneer ranches on the St. Charles. The
new owner will make many improvements on the ranch,
including extensions of the irrigation ditches.

Some intricate questions of law are involved in a
petition filed recently in the district court, representative
of a fight between two of the large irrigation enter-
prises operating near Pueblo. The outcome means much
to the owners of 50,000 acres of land under the Twin
Lakes and Lake Merideth reservoir projects. These two
concerns, together with the Colorado canal, which are
under the same ownership, obtained a temporary restrain-
ing order from Judge Rizer in the district court, to pre-
vent the defendant company, the Fort Lyons Canal Com-
pany, from usurping their water rights in Lake Merideth.

Under authority of the Secretary of the Interior,
contract has been awarded for furnishing roller dams to
constitute a movable crest for the Grand river dam of
the Grand Valley irrigation project, Colorado. The appa-
ratus includes one steel roller 60 feet in length and six
rollers 70 feet in length, complete with all operating
devices except electric motors, the total cost being $27,846
f. o. b. Antwerp. The roller dams covered by the patents
under which this apparatus is to be manufactured are of
the most satisfactory type available for movable crests
of the length required in this case.

In 1912 a similar contract was executed for the manu-
facture of a roller weir for the diversion dam of the
Boise project, Idaho, and the apparatus furnished has in
every way met the expectations of the enginers and has
given excellent service.

IDAHO.

That there is no cause for alarm regarding the condition
of the Chesterfield dam of the Portneuf-March Irrigation
Company, located about forty miles east of Pocatello, is
indicated by a report recently issued by the state engi-
neer of Idaho, a project engineer and an engineer of the
railroad company. The investigation of the dam's con-
dition followed a published report of rumors to the effect
that the dam was in unsafe condition and that farmers

on the project were prepared to leave at a moment's
notice, in case the dam broke. The engineers' report
states that the investigation showed that there is no cause
in any way for alarm as to the safety of the dam, and
that the construction of the dam was handled in a first-
class manner.

The Idaho Irrigation Company has filed suit against
Adolph Pew and H. E. Cornell, settlers on land which
is under the Big Wood river ditch, in which the plaintiff
seeks to foreclose on the property now owned by Cornell,
because of failure of Pew and Cornell to make any pay-
ments on stock subscribed in the Big Wood River Reser-
voir and Canal Company.

The A. H. Sonner Company, Ltd., has been organized
at Bellevue, to conduct a general livestock, farming and
irrigation business. A. H. Sonner and Rosa Sonner and
J. G. Hedrick are the directors for the first year. The
capital stock of the company is placed at $25,000, in
shares of $25 each.

MONTANA.

The Secretary of the Interior has awarded contract
to the Lehigh Portland Cement Company of Chicago,
111., for 13,000 barrels of Portland cement, at $1 per
barrel, f. o. b. cars Mason City, Iowa. This cement is
for use on the Fort Creek irrigation project and on
the distribution system of the Milk River project in
Montana.

With the purpose of carrying on the business of the
farmers in general, especially with reference to their
relation with the United States government, farmers en
the Huntley project have organized the Huntley Water
Users' Organization. It has power to practically conduct
all the business of the farmers. It is incorporated for
forty years at a capitalization of $40,000.

Directors of the Flatwillow Creek project, north of
Billings, have almost completed arrangements and work
will be started in the spring. This project will be built
under the Carey act and will include 20,000 acres. Water
for irrigation will be stored in Pike creek, about two
miles from Flatwillow creek, from which it is taken.
A dam 50 feet high will be built across the smaller creek,
and during the high waters in the spring the water will
be diverted into Pike creek by means of a canal. One
railroad has already surveyed through the project and
another has secured right of way practically through and
has its line surveyed part way.

The Hayden Bros, of Portland, Ore., have been
awarded the contract for constructing the Pishkun reser-
voir supply canal and the Sun River slope canal on the
Sun River irrigation project, at a contract price of
$242,973. Work is to be done on the north side of Sun
river, from twenty-five to seventy miles west of Great
Falls, near the Sun river branch of the Great Northern
railroad.

The Reclamation Service is asking for proposals for
the construction of a portion of the St. Mary canal, St.
Mary storage unit, Milk River irrigation project, Mon-
tana. The work includes about 560,000 cubic yards of
excavation, 7,750 cubic yards of concrete, 13,000 square
yards of paving, 700 cubic yards of riprap and 8,500 cubic
yards of puddling; the placing of about 485,000 pounds
of steel reinforcement bars and 293,000 feet, board meas-
ure, of lumber in wooden structures, and the erection of
about 105,000 pounds of miscellaneous metalwork. The
work is situated in the Blackfoot Indian reservation, about
forty miles northwest of Browning, Mont.

The bids will be opened at 2 o'clock p. m., April 15,
1914, at the office of the Reclamation Service, Great Falls,
Mont.

The Reclamation Service is asking for proposals for
earthwork and tunnel, Pablo canals, in connection with
the Flathead irrigation project in Montana. The work
is located about six miles southwest of Poison, Mont.,
and involves about 3,400 cubic yards of open-cut excava-
tion and about 520 linear feet of tunnel.

Bids will be opened at 2 o'clock p. m., March 20,

150

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

1914, at the office of the Reclamation Service, St. Ignatius,
Mont.

NEW MEXICO.

A survey of the water resources of the lower Mimbres
valley is under way by Professor Fayette Jones, president
of the New Mexico School of Mines at Sorocco, who has
been at Columbus, Luna county, making a preliminary
geological reconnaissance, with a view of determining
why irrigation water is more difficult to secure by pump-
ing near Columbus than in the upper valley around
Deming.

The Pajarita irrigation project has been given an
extension of time for its completion. This extension has
revived interest in the project which will do much for the
farmers in Quay county.

Lester Gordon has just finished sinking an irrigation
well for T. H. Lyons, who owns a large piece of land
near Buckhorn. The well is 125 feet deep, 2 feet in diam-
eter, and the water stands within 8 feet of the top. The
pump is a turbine with a capacity of 2,500 gallons per
minute. Motive power is a steam tractor of 110 horse-
power.

TEXAS.

During the year 1913 there were fifty large irrigation
wells put down in the Plainview territory, and with the
number already contracted for and in contemplation,
more than one hundred will be put down during the
present year.

Albert V. Leonard, settlement agent of the United
States Reclamation Service, has been appealed to by
George R. L Baron of El Paso, to aid in a campaign to
encourage residents of Chicago to move to the acres of
privately owned land which will be improved by the Rio
Grande project when the Eagle dam is completed.

The Lone Star Canal Company is preparing to build
an irrigation canal in Chambers county, six miles in
length, which will irrigate 4,000 acres of land, which will
be planted to rice. The office of the company is located
at Beaumont.

The Southern Land Company, with offices at Browns-
ville, has purchased 10,000 acres of property near Browns-
ville for a consideration of more than $900,000. The
tract will be known as the Tacoma lands and will be cut
up into small farms and colonized. The company is
planning to sink several wells for irrigation purposes on
the property, and will make other improvements.

UTAH.

Attorneys for the Provo Reservoir Company have
filed suit against the cities of Provo and Heber, the
towns of Midway and Charleston, about forty canal com-
panies and corporations, including the Utah Light and
Power Company and other interests holding power sites
along the river, and about a thousand individuals. The
outcome of the suit will affect the distribution of water
along the entire Provo river system and may determine
what is meant by "the beneficial use of water." The
suit does not expressly ask that the court limit the use
of water from the river to its beneficial use or set the
duty of water on land in this section, but by complaining
against wasteful diversion of waters and pointing out its
effect in injuring the reservoir company and preventing
development of other arid tracts, this matter is put before
the courts. The prayer for relief carries requests which
are aimed to enable the court to pass directly or indirectly
«n this matter. The suit is regarded as one of the most
important filed in the history of this country. Two de-
crees have been entered by the courts of this district
settling rights along the river, but the injection of the
reservoir system into the situation, it is claimed, has upset
the entire basis of settlement, and the effect will be to
throw open some question or other with regard to almost
all, if not all, riparian rights in the section.

Hydrographic surveys, by means of which water for
irrigation purposes will be exactly measured, will be set

up in the Sevier river at several points between the river's
source in Piute county and Sevier lake, near Delta. The
work of installing the surveys will begin immediately.
It was contemplated installing the surveys several months
ago, but not until recently, however, was a satisfactory
arrangement reached regarding the financing of the work.
The cost of setting up the surveys will amount to sev-
eral thousand do lars. Half of this amount will be con-
tributed by the state and half by those who will use
the water for irrigation.

Articles of incorporation have been filed by the Esca-
lanta Development Company. The purpose of the com-
pany is to redeem a large acreage in Iron county. The
company is capitalized at $1,000,000, with shares at $100
each. The company has headquarters at Lund, Utah.
The assets of the company consist of nine certificates of
application for water. These certificates are valued at
$1,000,000.

WASHINGTON.

The Secretary of the Interior has awarded contract
to the Inland Portland Cement Company of Spokane
for furnishing 10,000 barrels of cement, at 98 cents per
barrel, f. o. b. cars Metaline Falls, Wash. This cement
is for use on the Okanogan project in Washington and
the St. Mary storage unit of the Milk River project in
Montana.

The receiver's sale of the canal and all assets of the
Union Gap Irrigation Company to the Union Gap Water
Users' Association for the sum of $1,250 has been con-
firmed by the Supreme Court and the receiver discharged.
This action closes the affairs of a company whose original
stockholders became rich through the selling of 4,000
acres of land with water rights, but from whose assets
creditors with claims aggregating more than $120,000
cannot now collect a cent. The farmers, in order to
secure water for the irrigation of their lands, formed an
association and purchased the canal at a nominal figure.
Its operation will cost three times the amount which,
under the terms of the land contracts, can be collected
from the land owners for maintenance, and within a few
years upwards of $100,000 will have been expended for
permanent improvements.

FOREIGN.

China has named a special commission to arrange
with the American Red Cross and the State Department
details of a project for the reclamation from floods of
the River Hwai valley, which will involve an expenditure
of $20,000,000.

Surveys have been made by the Russian government
for a canal to irrigate an area of 177,660 acres of land
on the right bank of the Kur river, near Karkar-tchaya,
on the edge of the Milsk steppe.

PORTABLE FOLDING STEEL DAM

We show herewith half-tone of a portable fold-
ing steel dam which is light, durable, simple in

construction, easy
to operate and can
be quickly ad-
justed to any ditch
narrower than the
dam.

The inventor,
who is a practical
irrigator, states
that it will pro-
tect ditch banks
and fields, as well
as save water, time, labor and money. For further
information concerning this device write W. A.
Linkletter, inventor and manufacturer, Boulder,
Colorado.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

151

ROAD CULVERTS AND SYPHONS.

(Continued from Page 146.)

wholly dependent on the life of the material from
which they are made.

It is generally conceded that iron or steel rusts
in proportion to the amount of impurities present.
Iron produced by the painstaking and laborious
methods of long ago has endured through many
years of trying exposure. The links used in the
construction of the Newburyport (Mass.) bridge in
1792 are today in an almost perfect state of preser-
vation. The reason for this appears when an analy-
sis of these old links shows them to have been made
from remarkably pure iron.

Dating from the introduction of the Bessemer
process of steel making, tonnage produced at the
expense of quality covered the country with struc-
tures which have quickly rusted out when exposed
to the elements. Analyses show that modern steel
is high in impurities. When the United States gov-
ernment by its investigations established the fact
that the rapid corrosion of iron or steel was caused
by the impurities present, it remained for someone
to devise a method for their elimination.

This problem has enlisted the services of some
of the best minds in the iron and steel industry,
with the result that it is now possible to procure in
the open market material of a very high standard.
Corrugated culverts have been rendered practically
useful by the employment of pure iron. The rigid
enforcement of specifications calling for the best
which is practically obtainable will result in lasting
installations of exposed iron work.

A National Oil Engine

Will keep your power cost down

Think what it means to you to have at your service
an engine that will burn all the low grades of oils, even
those costing but two cents per gallon. An engine
that has eliminated ninety per cent of the small, deli-
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That is what you get when you buy a

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Get our 1914 catalog

The National Steam Pump Company

UPPER SANDUSKY, OHIO

LOW FARES

to Northwest
Farm Lands

Come to Northwest farm lands while fares are low. One way

Spring Colonist fares daily, March 15 to April 15.
$25 from St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Omaha and Kansas City to
many western Montana points. $30 from those cities to Idaho, Wash-
ington, Oregon and British Columbia.

One way Settlers' fares on certain dates— $16 from St. Paul, Minneapolis and Duluth
to eastern Montana points. Round trip Homeseekers" fares on certain dates. Proportionately
low fares from your home town.

Prosper With the Northwest

You will find greater opportunities with your limited means on the fertile, untilled lands of the Northwest
than on worn-out eastern farms. Get a Free Homestead in Oregon or Montana. In three years it's ab-
solutely yours. Buy a logged-off, fertile farm in Idaho, Washington or Oregon at very low cost
Easy payments.

E. C. LEEDY,
Gen! Immigr
Railway, St. Pa

I. A.

Gen! Immigration Agent, Great Northern
ul. Minn.

Send me "Make-Good" book on— - • - -
and free Colonist Folder. Name of State

Name
Address

-1

I
I
I

Send for Facts and Fares

&tters°fraomf0m'en11ikeGOOd" ''h"'"' 36 Pag6S> 6aCh h^ndsomely illustrated. Filled with

E. C. LEEDY

General Immigration Agent Great Northern Railway

St. Paul. Minn.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irriiration Acre

152

THE IERIGATION AGE.

CONGRESSIONAL INVESTIGATION ASKED.

(Continued from Page 144.)

mittee on Expenditures in the Interior Department,
held a partial investigation in Phoenix in April,
1912.

When Franklin K. Lane was appointed Sec-
retary of the Interior, the farmers of this valley
thought he would adjust at least the above men-
tioned abuses ; but, so far, one cannot see much
change for the better. What the farmers of this
valley hoped to see was the removal from office of
F. H. Newell and L. C. Hill, who are considered the
cause of the extravagance and waste on the project.
It is generally believed in this valley that Senator
Newlands and Mr. Newell have great influence over
Secretary Lane.

It is the impression here that there has been
grafting going on in this project, but little has been
uncovered.

The small farmer is not getting a square deal.
The Reclamation Service so far has been favoring

the large land owners and speculators. The small
farms around Phoenix still have their old irrigating
systems they had when the U. S. R. S. commenced
work on the project. At their own expense they
maintain their system.

The speculative lands have a complete, new
and up-to-date system, in which their water is de-
livered to them and all pay the same for water.
We have a very fine, productive Valley. The U. S.
R. S. has run the price of the project so high that
many land owners are discouraged and many pros-
pective buyers of land coming into the Valley, find
the cost of the project per acre so high that after
paying the first cost of the land, they will not pur-
chase, and leave, disgusted. I notice in some of
his talks, Mr. Newell said people had ceased to come
to Western projects. The above mentioned facts
will readily give reasons. The people of this Val-
ley would like to see a thorough Congressional in-
vestigation of the Reclamation Service.

MANY FOREST FIRES, BUT
WELL CONTROLLED.

During 1913 the forces on the na-
tional forests fought 4,520 fires, or
nearly twice as many as started in
1912, the best year the forests have
ever had.

Notwithstanding the great increase
in the number of fires, Forester
Graves considers that the showing
made by the forest service was quite
as favorable as that in the preceding
year, because the damage done and
the costs of fire fighting were no
greater, proportionately, than in 1912.
In both years pratcically 50 per cent
of all fires were detected and extin-
guished before they burned over a
quarter of an acre, and 25 per cent of
both years' fires were put out before
they covered ten acres. Of last year's
fires, 3,278, or considerably more than
the whole number of fires in 1912,
were confined to areas of less than
ten acres, and in 1,080 additional fires
less than $100 damage was done by
each. In o.nly twenty-five fires did
the damage amount to $1,000.

The aggregate loss in timber is es-
timated at nearly 59,000,000 board
feet, valued at about $82,000, and the
damage to young growth and forage
is estimated at about $110,000, making
a total of about $192,000. About 18
per cent of this loss, however, was
incurred on private lands within the
forests, where 16 per cent of the fires
had their origin.

Care with Engines Increasing.

One encouraging feature is that the
total number of fires set by railroad
locomotives was scarcely more than
in the preceding year, and represented
only 12 per cent of all fires, as against
nearly 19 per cent in 1912; also, the
proportion set by sawmills and other
engines in the woods was consider-
ably less than in 1912. This indicates
very plainly, Mr. Graves says, that
the public is awakening to the need
of spark arresters and care with en-
gines in the woods.

Looking for the reason of the in-
(Continued on Page 154.)

Clear Fir Silo

at 4O% to 6O% Saving

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We own forests, railroads and six big mills

There are thousands of acres of timber in our tracts. The fir Is
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choicest goes into Seattle Silo Staves. They show no knots, sap or
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Seattle Silos

have patented swinging doors

These are far the best silo
doors ever devised.

Quick detachable with special
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from which hoops can be tight-
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vention. They close absolutely
air-tight. Can not stick or
bind — never have to be lifted.
They swing in or out readily on
their hinges.

Mail the coupon today

We are preparing to furnish
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flume building purposes.

'Machine banded wood stave
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Save 40% to 60%

on Lumber and Millwork

Five middlemen come between the
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Mail coupon today

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471 Crary Bldg., Seattle, Wash.

Kindly send the following, quoting prices delivered my station.

[ ] Catalog of lumber and millwork. ( ] Special silo folder.

Be sure to write plainly

Name

am planning to build as follows:^

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

153

ENDORSE $100,000,000 PLAN

Oregon Irrigation Congress Approves Federal and
State Co-operation

The Oregon Irrigation Congress, which met at
Portland, Ore., during the past month endorsed the
plan to issue $100,000,000 in United States bonds to
be used in the development of irrigation projects in
the West. Secretary of the Interior Lane's proposal
for co-operation between the Federal and state gov-
ernments in building new projects and completing
others was approved. The resolutions also endorsed
the extension of water right payments on the Federal
irrigation projects to cover a period of twenty years.

"Not a dollar of such aid will be lost," declared
President William Hanley of the Congress, in speak-
ing of the bond issue plan. "The states and nation
will be amply repaid by increased valuation and
greater population."

Other speakers were almost unanimous in de-
claring all future irrigation work in Oregon must
be financed by bond issue and carried out with the aid
of the Federal government.

John T. Lewis, state engineer for Oregon, put
forth a plan to utilize the superior credit of the Fed-
eral government to issue the irrigation bonds, one-
half of which would be secured by state 4 per cent
bonds, and both issues to run for 50 years.

"We are going to get water on the land, if we
have to send the militia to get it," declared Governor
Oswald West. "We must do something without de-
lay, and do it before there is a change of administra-

tion at Washington, for whenever there is a proposi-
tion on foot, each new administration wants to inves-
tigate it all over again."

Governor West advocated immediate relief for
the irrigation projects of Oregon. He urged co-opera-
tion of Federal and state governments in expediting
this relief and the use of school funds to be secured
by mortgages on acreage embraced in the reclamation
projects.

The Congress, which is composed of sixty state
organizations, had a record attendance. Among out-
side guests were a party from British Columbia, in-
cluding Duncan Marshall, minister of agriculture of
Alberta, and F. H. Peters, dominion commissioner of
irrigation.

Officers of the Congress were elected as follows :
President, Asa B. Thompson of Echo; first vice-presi-
dent, J. W. Brewer, Redmond ; second vice-president,
J. R. Blackaby, Ontario; third vice-president, W. Lair
Thompson, Lakeview ; secretary, Fred M. Wallace,
Laidlaw.

Portland was chosen as the place for holding the
next meeting.

MARRY; KEEP HOMESTEAD.

The house has passed Representative Kinkaid's
hill, which removes the penalty for getting married,
under which single homesteaders have labored. Un-
der this bill men and women homesteaders may
marry and then continue to prove up on their in-
dividual holdings providing each has complied with
the law one vear.

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That's just what you will do if you use a "Matchless" Huller on thejob. It's the one huller that will hull all the Clover or Alfalfa you
can get to it without sacrificing the quality of the work. '
has every advantage over rasps of spikes, "

Our system of separation is unique and el „ ._ r _ ,.

adjustment to meet the various conditions of clover. The Patented Steel Scrapers attached to the bottom of these troughs thoroughly scrape the
separator bottom and insure a steady and positive delivery of the pods to the hulling cylinder, regaidless of the condition of the clover. This con-
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evening than with any other — this insures a lo"""- A""" **••"• •-- — -~-— — ^~ — — — ^ — -.—

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THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY,

Sole Builders of Aultman-Taylor "Starved Rooster" Line of Machinery.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

BRANCHES: Minneapolis, Minn.; Portland, Ore.; Lincoln. Nebr.; Kansas City. Mo,; Wichita, Kan.; Decatur, 111,; Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

154

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

FARMERS SHOW INDEPENDENCE

Four hundred farmers on the Uncompahgre proj-
ect voted recently to plant other crops than beets this
spring. The Montrose Enterprise says :

"It is evident that the farmers are preparing to
take the sugar company at its word and raise other
crops. The sugar company says the average price
paid for 1913 beets was $5.50; that owing to the tariff
reduction they can pay only $4.75 for the 1914 crop.
As the tariff reduces one-third for 1914, one-third for

1915 and one-third for 1916, upon the basis of their
claim the 1915 beets will be worth $4.00 per ton and
the 1916 beets will be worth $3.25 per ton and remain
at this price until the tariff is changed."

Articles of incorporation have been filed by the Mills-
Baker Company of Casper, Wyo., with a capital stock of
$10,000. The incorporators are Thomas Mills, L. C. Mills
and A. C. Baker. The company will conduct a general
business of contracting, grading, excavating, building ir-
rigation ditches, water conduits, reservoirs, etc.

MANY FOREST FIRES.

(Continued from Page 152.)
crease in number of fires, the forester
finds three main causes:

First of all, the unprecedented elec-
tric storms which swept the whole
state of California at the end of a
long dry season and set, almost si-
multaneously, about 700 fires. The
804 fires set by lightning in Califor-
nia formed nearly 50 per cent of the
1,628 fires on the national forests of
the state from all causes, and were
more than half of the 1,571 lightning-
set fires in all of the twenty-one
stater, reporting.

In the second place, there were 757
fires which started outside the for-
ests, of which 644 were stopped by
the government's fire fighters before
they reached the forest boundaries, as
against 424 which started on outside
areas in 1912. However, the propor-
tion of such fires to all those which
the service battled with was about
the same for 1912 and 1913.

Incendiary Fires.

The other increased cause of fires
was incendiarism, but this increase
was confined to three states — Arkan-
sas, California and Oregon — all others
showing a marked decrease. Of the
452 incendiary fires, 128 were in Ar-
kansas, 133 in California and 142 in
Oregon, where two brothers were
known to have set seventy-two on
one forest alone. These two and
other incendiaries were, of course,
severely dealt with by the law. On
the Arkansas forest, too, it has been
assumed that the 351 fires classed
under the general heading of "origin
unknown" were mainly incendiary. In
California the incendiary fires are
largely attributable to what is known
as the "light-burning theory," which
advances the argument that forests
should be burned over frequently to
prevent the accumulation of debris.
The _ forest service considers this a
pernicious theory because it scars the
standing timber and thus reduces its
value; it robs the forest soil of its
ability to retain moisture, and effect-
ually prevents the reproduction of the
forest, since such fires destroy all tree
seedlings before they have a chance
to get a good start.

Lightning Caused Most Fires
In 1912 lightning caused more fires
than any other agency, followed
closely by railroads, campers and ins
cendiaries, in the order given. In
1913, however, the fires caused by
lightning outnumbered the next near-
est cause by more than three to one.
but the order — railroads, campers and
incendiaries — remained the same as in
1912. A considerable decrease in the
(Continued on page 156)

T A-S3F Irrigation Sprinkler

Solves the "Irrigation Problem" and affords rain when you want it, and
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on request.

J. P. CAMPBELL. ,"

Plows 15 Inches Deep

Forms Deep
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Furnished
with
S-Horse
Evener

The Good Enough Heavy
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The landing lever controls both the front furrow wheel and the hitch. The dial
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Regularly furnished with five-horse evener, rolling coulter and extra shares.

MOLINE PLOW CO.

Moline ---.... Illinois

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

155

IRRIGATORS GET WALSH.

Senators Thomas J. Walsh and Henry L.
Myers, of Montana, have traded committee places,
Walsh going to the committee on reclamation, while
Myers will, in the future, serve on the committee
on Canadian relations. This change should result
in benefit to the Federal Water Users.

Senator Walsh is a very able constitutional
lawyer and of keen analytical mind. He can get to
the bottom of any problem and is not satisfied until
he does. He has lived in Montana for many years,
owns irrigated land as well as other vast holdings
and has investigated pretty thoroughly, at least in
his own state, the problems of the Federal Water
Users.

The junior Montana senator is a fighter, and
is not afraid to get outside the reservation, if he
thinks he is right.

AS ADY SEES THEM

(Continued from page 145)

of combativeness and hard work has left him at times
blunt and gruff and some have pronounced him
cranky, but it takes a crank to turn the wheels of
progress. Mr. Ryan's iron will is especially needed
to cope with the dominating will of the present di-
rector.

I. D. O'Donnell has not been sufficiently observed
to make any definite impression, but we believe him
to be too big a man to be influenced by the courtesies
received in the past through Newell's mutual admira-
tion society, commonly known as the National Irriga-
tion Congress.

PATENTS FOR SALE!

AUSTRALIAN, MEXICAN and CANADIAN patents
on a new principle of water measurement. Rivers or
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<I No machinery or moving parts. <| The principle covered is the
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measuring irrigation water throughout the world <J For particulars
and price, apply to

W. H. TUCKER or W. H. GILMORE
VERNON, B. C., CANADA

This Portable Folding Steel Dam Makes Irrigating Easier

PRICES NET F. O. B.

a-Knot Hum 12-00

3-Foot Dam 2 • 50

4-Foot Dam 5 . 00

IRRIGATORS !

StopUsingDams

of dirt. eackB. canvas and
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An Irrlgator offers you his
practical and economical Irri-
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Is 11| ht.dnrable. simple In con-
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can bequickly adjusted to any
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The PORTABLE FOLDING
STEEL DAM saves ditch
banks and fields: saves water:
saves time and labor and will
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You will work leusandworry
}et s thru the Irrigating season
If you use this dam. ORDER

sow.

tttits Wutel

W. A. LINKLETTER, liventor and Manufactirer, Boulder, Colo.

'"PHINK what it means
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We ate also builders of the Famous " New Century " Separator, " Matchless" Clover and Alfalfa Huller, Steam Traction and Portable Engines
Bean Threshers and Saw Mills. Catalog free upon request.

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY

BRANCHES:

Minneapolis, Minn.

Wichita, Kan.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Portland, Ore.

Decatur, 111.

Lincoln, Nebr. Kanaaa City, Mo.

Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

156

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

MANY FOREST FIRES.

(Continued from Page 154.)

proportion set by railroads and camp-
ers indicates, according to forest offi-
cers, a growing carefulness on the part
of the general public.

Last year, as in 1912, California led
all others in number of fires, this lead
being natural because California has
such a long dry season. It was fol-
lowed by Arkansas, Arizona and Ore-
gon, in the order named. Kansas,
which had only one fire in 1912,
escaped without any in 1913. North
Dakota repeated its record of 1912
and had no fires on its one small for-
est. Not a single severe fire occurred
during the year in District 4, which
includes Utah, Nevada and southern
Idaho, and in which a large propor-
tion of the forests reported no fires at
all.

Losses on Private Lands

There was proportionately greater
loss on private lands within the for-
est boundaries than on the public
lands. It is pointed out by the forest
officers that these lands cover approx-
imately 11 per cent of the total area
included within the forest boundaries,
yet the area burned over on these pri-
vate lands was more than 25 per cent
of all. The forest service expended
more than $30,000 in protecting the
private lands within the forests and
lands adjacent to and outside of the
forests. In addition to this cost, serv-
ices and supplies to the value of more
than $17,000 were contributed by co-
operators for fire-fighting on these
areas.

Fires Came at End of Season

In the middle of the fire season,
that is in July, the service had high
hopes of small fire damage during
1913, and this hope kept up until the
middle of September, when the fire
season on the national forests or-
dinarily is about at an end. At that
time there was less damage than had
ever been recorded, and only 2,260
fires as against 2,470 in 1912, with
about 60,000 acres burned as com-
pared with 230,000 in 1912 and 780,000
in 1911. At the end of the month,
however, the electric storms in Cali-
fornia and one or two outbreaks of
incendiarism changed the whole situ-
ation.

But even in the face of these diffi-
culties the fire-fighting force, with its
plans and experience from preceding
years, was able to cope with the situ-
ation. In California, in particular, it
was as if a military leader, represent-
ed by the district forester at San
Francisco, was holding, with a com-
paratively small number of men or a
mere skirmish force, a line of defense
extending 750 miles in a north and
south direction. This force received,
as if from an attack by the heavy ar-
tillery of an opposing army, the elec-
tric storms, generally unaccompanied
by rain, which played havoc all along
the Sierras and the Coast Range. That
the California force was able to cope
with the situation was, according to
Mr. Graves, an evidence of the effi-
ciency of the men and the organiza-
tion.

Use KEROSENE Engine Free!

"DETROIT* K«row»n- Engine
•hipped on 15 dayi' FREE Trial, proves
kerosene cheapest. saf«st, moat power-
ful fuel. If satisfied, pay lowest price
ever given on reliable farm engine; if
not. pay nothing. Ho waste, no e<
ration, DO explosion from coal oil.

Gasoline Going Up!

Gasoline it 9cto 15c higher than
eoal oil. Still going up. Two
pi n ts of coal oil do work of three
pints gasoline.

Amazing "DETROIT'

— only engine running on COa
Ollsuccessfunr.njeflalcohol.gab-
olineand benzine, too. Starts with-
out cranking. Only three moving
parts— no cams— no sprockets— no
gears— no valve*— the utmost in simplicity, power and strength.
Mounted on skidi. All sizes, 2 to 30 h. p., in stock readj to
•hip. Engine tested before crating. Cornel all ready to run.
Pumps, saws, threshes, churns, separates milk, grinds feed,
•hells corn, rant home electric lighting plant. Prices (stripped),
»29.5O np. Sent any place on 15 days' Free Trial. Don't
buy an enzi ue till you investigate the money-saving, power-sav-
ing DETROIT." Thousands in uie. Costa only postal to find
oat. If yon are first in your neighborhood to write, you get
Special Extra-Low Introductory price. Write! (13*

Detroit Engine Works, ;oi Beltevue Ave.. Detroit. Mich.

SEND $1.00 FOR THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE ONE YEAR AND
THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION,
PAPER BOUND.

FOR THE "LAND'S SAKE"

* BUY A

BOSTROM IMPROVED -^

Price $13

which has TELESCOPE enabling you to read the>
Target over 400 yards away, and

TERRACE, DITCH, TILE DRAIN, IRRIGATE

your land properly, and save surveyor's fees. It Is
sold by up-to-date hardware and general merchant*
everywhere, and guaranteed to be the most

SIMPLE, ACCURATE, DURABLE AND COMPLETE

outfit ever made for all farm work. If your deal-
er hasn't one in stock, he will order for you from
a nearby hardware jobber.

Writ* today for description of Level, and details
of our MONEY BACK GUARANTEE.

BOSTROM -BRADY MANUFACTURING CO.

1 1 8 Madison Ave., Atlanta, Qa.

International Harvester Oil
and Gas Engines

The I HC Line

GRAIN AND HAT

MACHINES
Binders, Reapers
Headers. Mowers
Rake*. Stackers
Hay Loaders
Hay Presses

CORN MACHINES
Planters, Picker*
Binders, Cultivators
Ensilage Cotters
Shelters, Shredders

TILLAGE

Peg, Spring-Tooth,
ud Disk Harrows
Cultivators

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gat Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Track*
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

CUCCESSFUL farmers are no longer
*^ asking, "Shall I buy an engine?"
They have passed that point and now in-
quire, "Which engine shall I buy?"

A little careful observation will show that Inter-
national Harvester engines are the most satisfactory.
No doubt is left when features like the following are
studied: Detachable valve guides, offset cylinder
head, fuel pump, split-hub fly-wheels, extra large
intake and exhaust valves, etc.

A»k the men who have used I H C engines. That
is the best test. They will explain the excellence of
I H C construction, simplicity, strength and durability.

Study the engines yourself at the nearest dealer's
where Internationa4 Harvester engines are sold.
They are made in all styles, and range in size from
1 to SO- H. P. They operate on low and high grade
fuels.

Write for our interesting and instructive catalogues,
and when we send them we will tell you where the
engines may be seen. A postal will do.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)
| I Domr— Helen*— Portland— Spokue— S*h Uk« City— San Francuco

Champion Deermf McConnick Milwaukee OiDorne Piano

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

157

IRON RESISTS CORROSION

IN PROPORTION TO ITS PURITY

Very few people nowadays will attempt to dispute this statement.
THE PROOFS OF EXPERIENCE ARE OVERWHELMING.

The question to be decided in selecting material for CORRUGATED
CULVERTS and other exposed iron installation's is

HOW CAN WE BE SURE OF GETTING A PURE IRON?

Any of the Culvert Manufacturers listed below will furnish a bond, issued
by a Surety Company, acceptable to the United States Government,
guaranteeing that the base metal of all American Ingot Iron Armco
Culverts will analyze 99.84% Pure Iron, taking into account all impur-
ities, viz.: Carbon, Manganese, Copper, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Silicon,
Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen. <fl Anyone offering a material as
being of equal merit, should, of course, be willing to do likewise.

Write the nearest manufacturer for particulars and prices on American Ingot Iron Culverts, Flumes,

Sheets, Plates, Roofing and Formed Products :

Arkansas — Little Rock

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
California— Los Angeles

California Cor. Culvert Co.
California— West Berkeley

California Cor. Culvert Co.
Colorado— Denver

R. Hardesty Mfg. Co.
Delaware — Clayton

Delaware Metal Culvert Co.
Florida— Jacksonville

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Georgia— Atlanta

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Illinois— Bloomington

Illinois Corrugated Metal Co.
Indiana— Crawfordsville

W. Q. O'Neall Co.
Indiana— Princeton

W.Q- O'Neall Co.
Iowa— Des Moines

Iowa Pure Iron Culvert Co.

Iowa— Independence

Independence Cor. Culvert Co.
Kansas— Topeka

The Road Supply & Metal Co.
Kentucky— Buechel

Kentucky Culvert Co.
Louisiana— New Orleans

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Maryland— Havre de Grace

J. N. Spencer.
Massachusetts — Palmer

New England Metal Cul. Co.
Michigan— Bark River

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Michigan— Lansing

Michigan Bridge & Pipe Co.
Minnesota — Minneapolis

Lyle Corrugated Culvert Co.
Minnesota — Lyle

Lyle Corrugated Culvert Co.
Missouri— Moberly

Corrugated Culvert Co.

Montana— Missoula

Montana Culvert Co.
N e bras ka— Lincoln

Lee Arnett Co.
Nebraska— Wahoo

Nebraska Culvert & Mfg. Co.
N evada — Reno

Nevada Metal Mfg. Co.
New Hampshire— Nashua

North East Metal Culvert Co.
New Jersey— Flemington

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
New York— Auburn

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
North Carolina — Greensboro

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
North Dakota— Wahpeton

Northwestern Sheet & IronWks.
Ohio — Middletown

American Rolling Mill Co.

Ohio Corrugated Culvert Co.
Oklahoma — Shawnee

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.

Oregon— Portland

Coast Culvert & Flume Co.
Pennsylvania — Warren

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
South Dakota— Sioux Falls

Sioux Palls Metal Culvert Co.
Tennessee— N ashville

Tennessee Metal Culvert Co.
Texas— Dallas

Atlas Metal Works.
Texas— El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.
Texas— Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.
Utah— Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Co.
Virginia— Roanoke

Virginia Metal & Culvert Co.
Washington — Spokane

Spokane Cor. Cul. & Tank Co.
Wisconsin— Eau Claire

Bark River Bridge & Cul Co.
Wisconsin— Madison

Wisconsin Culvert Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

158

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The Ambursen Hydraulic Construction Company

WM. L. CHURCH, President

Desires to make the following announcements:

The name of this company has been legally changed to the AMBURSEN COMPANY. This is in part for
simplicity and in part to indicate the expansion of our business into other correlated fields, not necessarily hydraulic.

On or about March 10th, 1914, the Ambursen Company will remove its offices from Boston to New York-
occupying a suite on the twentieth floor of the Adams Building, 61 Broadway.

Dating from January 1, 1914, Mr. Charles E. Parsons became President of the Ambursen Company, leav-
ing the former incumbent, Mr. William L. Church, free to devote himself wholly to his professional duties
as Consulting Engineer for the Ambursen Company and to his increasing private practice. Otherwise his
connections with the Ambursen Company remain unchanged, his address being No. 61 Broadway, New York.

The Ambursen Company has entered into an Agreement of Association with Lewis, Wiley & Morse, Inc.,
of Seattle, Wash., whereby the moving of earth by sluicing, to wit: The building of Hydraulic Fills for Dams
and Embankments, cutting down grades, filling bad ground, tidal flats, etc., will be jointly undertaken in any
part of the United States and Canada.

Messrs. Lewis, Wiley & Morse are of world-wide reputation because of their great work in regrading the
city of Seattle, the development of the Westover Terraces in Portland, Oregon, and other work involving the
movement and emplacement of earth by the Hydraulic Process. Address either Company at convenience.

IT WILL GIVE US PLEASURE TO RECEIVE YOU IN OUR NEW QUARTERS.

AMBURSEN COMPANY

CHARLES E. PARSONS, President

International Harvester
Tillage Implements

GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES
Binders, Reapers
Headers, Mowers
Rakes, Stackers
Hay Loaders
Hay Presses

TILLAGE

Combination,
Peg and Spring-
Tooth, and Disk
Harrows
Cultivators

THE IHC
LINE

CORN
MACHINES
Planters, Pickers
Binders
Cultivators
Ensilage Cutters
Shelters
Shredders

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gas

Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure
Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Trucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

WITH an International Harvester disk
harrow the ground is so prepared that
it stores away and holds the moisture from
snow and early rains, liberating it to the roots of your
growing crops at the time when they need it most.

International Harvester disk harrows are built to
do this work as it should be done. They are strong enough to
stand up under meadow slicing and tilling hard ground. The
disks are of steel that keeps an edge. The bearings are as nearly
dust and dirt proof as disk bearings can be built.

The full line includes every style of disk and smoothing
harrow and the best line of drills and cultivators built. See the
I H C local dealer for full information about the line, or send
to us for catalogues.

"The Disk Harrow." a book which illustrates and explains
the proper preparation of seed bed, and gives examples of the
value of disking — 32 pages of valuable information — is yours
for four cents to cover postage and packing. Write for it.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

Denver — Helena — Portland — Spokane — Salt Lake City — San Francisco
Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

159

THE TECKTONIUS
DRAW-BAND FASTENER

is the simplest, strongest, safest band-
clamping device made. No rivets to rust,
shear off or pull out. Put on and adjusted,
by ordinary workmen. Insures no leaking
or bursting tanks or flumes. Made of mal-
leable iron — every Fastener hammer-tested.
Cannot wear out, breaker pull off. Makes
Irrigation Flumes — Water Tanks and
Conduits — Strong and Durable as Steel
Send for free booklet, and learn all about
this simple, scientific and effective band-
fastener. Also we are manufacturers of
other water-works and irrigation-iron ap-
pliances.

E. C. TECKTONIUS MFG. CO.

1220 13th Street Racine, Wis.

Put This Engine

On That Pumping Job

Ready any time to be
taken where needed.
Kerosene engine
starts easily — runs
smoothly . Centrifu-
gal pump will handle
up to 750 gallons of
water per minute.

Other pumps in
any capacity
for every need.

Write for Catalog

Fairbanks, Morse & Co,,

Chicago KansasCity St. Louis Omaha

St. Paul Denver Salt Lake City LosAngeles

Spokane Portland Seattle Atlanta

GALVANIZED METAL IRRIGATION FLUME

Made entirely of rust -proof, galvanized iron.

Section ol Flume

No bolts or rivets used in construction. This flume is
considered by experts to be the most service-
able equipment for the purpose on the market.
A careful examination of the construction as
shown herewith will convince those who are
acquainted with irrigation conditions of its
lasting quality and the ease with which it may
be put together. Complete information, with
prices, will be furnished on application to the

KLAUER MFG. COMPANY, ""fc*-

International Harvester
Motor Trucks

GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES
Binders* Reapers
Headers, Mowers
Rakes, Stackers
Hay Loaders
Hay Presses

TILLAGE
Peg, Spring-Tooth
and Disk Harrows
Cultivators

THE IHC
LINE

CORN MACHINES
Planters, Pickers
Binders
Cultivators
Ensilage Cutters
Shelters, Shredders

GENERAL LINE

Oil and Gas

Engines
Oil 1 ractor*
Manure Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Trucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

HAVE used your International motor
truck daily over a route eighty miles
long, through winter and summer, for the
last four years, and have never missed a trip,"
writes one man.

Service such as this man got would add much to
the profits of your fruit business, by handling your fruits
rapidly at the right moment, and cutting down your general
hauling expenses. An International motor truck would give
you such service. Many fruit growers, realizing the advan-
tages and economies to be secured, have long been success-
fully using the light running, durable International motor
truck.

The solid tires cut down tire troubles. The motor is simple
and has plenty of power for emergencies. The brakes are
safe on any hill. The ignition system is of the best. One
lever controls the car. The International is built to save
you money.

Let us show you all that an International motor truck
will do for you. Drop a card today for catalogues and full
information to the

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

Denver — Helena — Portland — Spokane — Salt Lake City — San Francisco
Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

160

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

"Ingeco" Oil Engines
and Pumps

Your Protection Against Droughts

Right Now Is the Time to Order Your Irrigation Outfit

There is no longer any question about the big returns from this investment. The only question
for you to decide is what equipment to buy. Let our engineers go into this matter with you in
detail. The result of our years of experience in this work is at your command. Tell us how
many acres you want to irrigate — the character of the soil — source of supply and total elevation
that water must be lifted and we will quickly work out your problem and name you a proposition
which we know will be interesting.

We are prepared to furnish complete plants, Engines and Pumps to meet all service, regardless
of size or condition. Branch Sales Offices and stocks carried in all principal cities.

Write for catalog 29-B.

International Gas Engine Co.

General Sales Office and Factory:

112 Holthoff Place

CUDAHY, WISCONSIN

Suburb of Milwaukee

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IERIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION FROM WELLS

161

An Arkansas Installation.

ntrifugal Pump.

With the twenty-three hundred successful working plants using out system of irrigation, which inoculates and
energizes the dormant forces, there is now being produced in previously non-productive districts throughout the
United States and in portions of Europe and Asia over eleven million dollars worth of FOOD PRODUCTS
ANNUALLY. That pur system is not an experiment is forcibly demonstrated by the fact that much of this pro-
duction is from localities which were arid and barren previous to the introduction of our system.

Write for new
catalog.

Houston, Texas

LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY

The World's Largest Water Development Company

Address nearest
office.

Welsh, Louisiana

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Plainview, Texas

Jackson, Mississippi

International Harvester
Tillage Implements

GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES
Binders. Reapers
Headers. Mowers
Rakes, Stackers
Hay Loaders
Hay Presses

TILLAGE
Combination,
Peg and Spring-
Tooth, and Disk
Harrows
Cultivators

THE IHC
LINE

CORN

MACHINES
Planters, Pickers
Binders
Cultivators
Ensilage Cutters
Shelters
Shredders

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gas

Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure
Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Trucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

THIS year ten disk harrows will be sold where one
was sold five years ago. Why? Because so many
farmers have learned that the proper use of a disk har-
row is the best guarantee of a successful crop.

Proper use of a disk harrow means the purchase of an I H C
disk harrow, because they are the ones built to do the best work.
The frames are strong, to stand the strain of following the binder
or of slicing meadows. The set levers keep the gangs to their
work at even depth. The bearings are the most durable that
can be put on a disk harrow.

The full line includes disk, peg tooth, and smoothing harrows,
drills and cultivators. See this line before you buy. We send
catalogues on request.

"The Disk Harrow," a book which illustrates and explains the
proper preparation of a seed bed, arid gives examples of the value
of disking — 32 pages of valuable information — is yours for four
cents to cover postage and packing.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

Denver — Helena — Portland — Spokane — Salt Lake City — San Francisco
Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

162

THE IERIGATION AGE.

WE SHALL be glad to mail
anyone who wishes same,
our free catalog. We sell our
product through dealers and
jobbers entirely and solicit in-
quiries from all dealers. Our
goods are well and favorably
known. They are standards in
the United States Army and
several other departments of
the government.

Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co.

Racine, Wig., U. S. A.

No, matter where you live or what your seed-
ing conditions are, you can get a SUPERIOR
GRAIN DRILL that will fill the bill and do your
work in the best possible manner. Superior
Drills are made in all sizes and every style.
Every Superior Drill is sold under a war-
ranty that absolutely protects the buyer.
Send for catalogue. Read it and go to your
local dealer and insist on seeingthe
Superior Drill.

AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.)

Springfield, Ohio

GRAIN DRILLS

PAYS FOR ITSELF IN ONE MONTH

and Keeps on Saving You Money at the Same
Rate Thereafter.

THE RECLAMATION DITCHER

Cuts Canals and Laterals for less than any other
machinery — because it plows the dirt out with One
Continuous Sweeping Motion.

We guarantee the cost per yard and prove it before
you buy.

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co.

Indianapolis, Ind.

_Delays Pay No Dividends. Mail This Coupon Today.

" ^— ^ ^— — — — ^ — •— ^ •— — — • ^|

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind. i

Below are descriptions of our proposed ditches. What will it cost per
cubic yard to make them with the Reclamation Ditcher? I

Length

Width in
Bottom

Average
Depth

Maximum
Depth

Minimum
Depth

Slope of
Sides

Character of Soil

1.

Name

Address

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

163

You Need

Reliable
Footwear

Why not get the best your money
can buy? You save in the long run

Cutter's

Cruiser's and Sportman's

Boots

will meet your service require-
ments. <! This is our No. 106
16" Chocolate Chrome Sporting
Boot — Hand made throughout.

Send today for illustrated
booklet describing the Cut-
ter line of Driving, Cruis-
ing and Sporting Boots.

It

Will Pay
You

A. A. Cutter Company

Eau Claire, Wisconsin

SAMSON TURBINE

When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans-
mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of
the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given
power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER
transmission machinery can be used.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO,

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

316 I.agonda Street

The Lennon
Metal Flume

(PATENTED)

made from

AMERICAN
INGOT IRON

Is Convenient to Handle and
Install, Absolutely Water-
tight and Efficient, and Last-
ing because its material is the
purest iron on the market.

WRITE FOR FULL INFORMATION TO

THE LENNON FLUME CO., Colorado Springs, Colo.
THE COAST CULVERT & FLUME CO., Portland,Ore.

SIOUX FALLS METAL CULVERT CO., Sioux Falls,
South Dakota

UTAH CULVERT CO., Woods Cross, Utah

THE CALIFORNIA CORRUGATED CULVERT CO.
Los Angeles and West Berkeley, Cal.

THE WESTERN METAL MANUFACTURING CO.
El Paso, Texas

NEBRASKA CULVERT & MANUFACTURING CO.
Wahoo, Nebraska

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

16-1

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

This Book Shows How to

Plan a Private Irrigation

Pumping Plant

It also shows all of
the various types of
pumps to meet the
conditions found in
different localities,
tells how to select
the proper pump for
your conditions, how
to determine the
amount of power you

will need and all the other things the

irrigator needs to know.

One will be sent free on request
as long as they last. Write today

tARSEST KHTO.OF [pJUj [f^] p)

174 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Branches in All Principal Cities

National Oil Engines

Operate on Nearly All of the Lower Grades of Oils

When buying an oil engine look carefully into the plan of ignition.

Successful and economical operation depends upon the ability of the
engine to convert all of the fuel entering the cylinder into power.

It stands to reason that an igniter that extends into instead of out
from the cylinder, thereby preventing the radiation and loss of power
giving heat units, will be the most economical.

The Internal Igniter (patent applied for) is a distinctive feature of
the NATIONAL. (See cut.)

It is far superior to the usual type of external hot ball because:

It conserves the heat units, turning them into power.

It maintains a more even temperature.

It is easier to heat in starting.

It enables the engine to be run successfully under a greater vari-
ation of load.

IT IS ABSOLUTELY SAFE.

The external hot ball becomes brittle and frequently explodes.
The NATIONAL INTERNAL IGNITER can not explode as it is
subjected to a compressing instead of an expanding strain.

Reduce the expense and increase the efficiency of your power plant
by installing a NATIONAL.

Write for Catalog and Price*

THE NATIONAL STEAM PUMP CO.

UPPER SANDUSKY, OHIO, U.S.A.

I

IRRIGATION DITCHES

Cheaply and Properly Made with a

RuralRoad Grader andDitcher

Cutting V-Bottom ditch on Slope of 1H to 1.

The successful irrigation ditch or lateral must" be cut
clean, with slopes smooth and undisturbed. This ma-
chine was especially designed to meet these requirements.
One horse and wheel traveling in point of ditch, the
other outside the bank of earth. Operated by one or
two men and two or four horses.

If you have an irrigation problem to solve, do not fail
to write for full information concerning this Combined
Grader and Irrigation Ditcher.

Address

C. D. EDWARDS, Albert Lea, Minn.

The Faithful Friend

Do not be contented until you have the
best, as these pumps have a good suction
lift, with capacities of 12 to 500 gallons
per minute, automatic cake-up for wear,
and free from springs or small parts
that cause trouble.

SEND us your pumping proposition today,
and let us quote you on the best pump made

Blackmer Rotary
Pump Power & Mfg. Co.

PETOSKEY, MICHIGAN

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, APRIL, 1914.

No. 6

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged

The National Land and Irrigation Journal

MODERN IRRIGATION

THE IRRIGATION ERA
ARID AMERICA
THE WATER USERS' BULLETIN

Tin-: DRAINAGE JOURNAL
Mm- WEST

THE FARM HERALD
THE IRRIGATOR

D. H. ANDERSON

PUBLISHER,
30 No. Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Old Xo. 112 Dearborn St.

Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postoffice
at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 8, 1879.

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready; Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . • $1.00
To Canada and Mexico. ....... 1.50

All Other Foreign Countries • 1-50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local
banks. Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or
New York draft.

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

The Executive Committee of the National Federation
of Water Users' Associations has taken action whereby
THE IRRIGATION AGE is created the official organ of this
vast organization, representing 1,000,000 persons on the
government irrigation projects.

Interesting to Advertisers

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age
is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in
advance circulation among individual irrigators and large
irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all inter-
ested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the
world. The Irrigation Age is 29 years old and is the
pioneer publication of its class in the world.

It is not merely "disgruntled farm-
House ers or malcontents" who are de-

Cleaning manding a general house cleaning

Demand Is by Secretary of the Interior Lane
Widespread in the engineering department of

the Reclamation Service. The de-
mand for such action seems almost unanimous
among the farmers on the Federal irrigation proj-
ects. A large part of the farmers have no confidence
in Director F. H. Newell or Chief Engineer Davis,
or anything they say. The engineering world
stands aghast at the discrepancies between the esti-
mated and the actual costs of the Federal projects,
due to ignorance, incompetency, waste, or just pure
downright foolishness.

Earl B. Smith, chairman of the Executive Com-
mittee of the National Federation of Water Users'
Associations, recently sought an interview with
Isham Randolph, an eminent engineer of national
reputation. Here are three questions which Mr.
Smith asked, and Mr. Randolph's answers:

1. Is it within the province of the engineering
profession to attempt to make reliable estimates of
the cost of projects such as the Reclamation Serv-
ice has been constructing? Answer — Yes.

2. Do financiers, bankers and large business
men rely on their engineers' estimates where works
of such proportions are contemplated? Answer —

Yes, within 5 per cent, or in certain cases within 10
per cent, and any engineer whose estimates ex-
ceeded those limits would never get another im-
portant job in this country.

3. Is it reasonable for the landowners and
entrymen to rely, in a financial way, on government
engineers' estimates in the construction of reclama-
tion projects? Answer — Yes, perfectly reasonable.

What do you think about those answers, Sec-
retary Lane? Don't you think it about time to free
your organization of barnacles and incompetents
and give the Water Users a new deal ?

Colonel Theodore Roosevelt has
Be Square just published his autobiography.
Col. Roosevelt! In it he makes the following state-
Apologize to ment :
The Settlers "The recent attacks on the

Reclamation Service, and on Mr.
Newell, arise in large part, if not altogether, from
an organized effort to repudiate the obligation of
the settlers to repay the Government for what it
has expended to reclaim the land. The repudiation
of any debt can always find supporters, and in this
case it has attracted the support not only of certain
men among the settlers who hope to be relieved of
paying what they owe, but also of a variety of un-
scrupulous politicians, some highly placed. It is
unlikely that their efforts to deprive the west of the
revolving irrigation fund will succeed in doing any-

166

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

thing but discrediting these politicians in the sight
of all honest men/'

In writing that paragraph, Col. Roosevelt, we
want to say to you that you have done every Water
User on the Federal reclamation projects a grave
injustice. You have done these people, many of
whom have been your most ardent friends and sup-
porters, and nearly all of whom have admired you,
a wrong, which you can right only by public
apology. You have deliberately insulted some of
the most patriotic citizens in the United States. It
is only due to them that you should apologize, and
do so immediately.

"Repudiation."

That is a word never heard upon the Federal
projects except when F. H. Newell, whom you laud
so highly, or some of his subordinates, speak. It is
a word which these pay-rollers like to bandy about
in the committee rooms of Congress. They do it
to serve their own selfish ends.

The settlers on the Federal projects never have
thought of repudiation of their honest obligations
to the United States Government. They have no
intention of trying to repudiate these obligations.
In fact, they most bitterly resent the slightest hint
of such action, and, in the past, have in many
instances accepted unfair Water Charges, rather
than give any one a chance to say that they had
any thought of repudiating their debt to the Govern-
ment.

Apologize, Col. Roosevelt. Give these men and
women a "square deal."

"I'll confess that if Secretary Lane
The died or left office before he has time

Twenty to put his bill into effect, the Fed-

Year eral Water Users would be worse

Bill off than they are now."

These are the words of a man
who has studied the Twenty- Year Reclamation Ex-
tension bill closely, who was in Washington during
part of the time when it was being framed, and who
is earnestly urging its passage. It is a pitiful com-
mentary on this legislation for the relief of the Fed-
eral Water Users. Worse still, it is true.

The bill is so drawn that it is susceptible to
numerous and various constructions. Five secre-
taries of the interior have already put five separate
constructions on the original Reclamation Act of
1902, and law officers of the Government have added
at least four more. Underground legislation in the
shape of jokers in Indian irrigation bills have robbed
the original act of many of the benefits it was ex-
pected to bestow. Indefinite laws have been one

of the most serious obstacles with which the settlers
on the Federal irrigation projects have had to deal.
It is time the powers-that-be recognized this and
made the laws simple, straightforward, and devoid
of subterfuge. As long as men more shrewd as
politicians than skilled as engineers, who feel they
have tracks to cover, are in at least partial control
of the Reclamation Service, complicated, indefinite
laws will probably be the order.

Our best information from Washington is that
there was an agreement entered into among mem-
bers of both houses of Congress to avoid substantial
amendment of the bill. The passage of the bill in
the senate seemed to bear out our information.
The Secretary of the Interior is said to have been
a party to this agreement, and he has approved the
measure. President Wilson has also let it be known
that he favors the bill as it now stands.

Under these conditions there is not anything
for the Federal Water Users to do but to accept the
bill, enjoy the benefits of the extension of pay-
ments and trust to Providence that they will escape
injury from the dynamite in the measure.

THE IRRIGATION AGE believes sincerely that Sec-
retary Lane wants to help the settlers, but we also
believe he has been most badly advised. If he is
able to carry out his plans and intentions, he may
greatly alleviate the conditions of the Water Users.
We hope so. We want to see him do all he has
promised to do. We want to see him visit the proj-
ects again, and meet more of the settlers. We want
his investigations to be much more thorough than
those on his previous trips. We believe he will
then change some of his present views and plans
and adopt a much broader policy toward the Water
Users.

The Water Users, in turn, should not stop with
the passage by Congress of the extension bill. There
are many other reforms which they have demanded,
and to which they are entitled. Some of these must
be obtained from Congress. Others must come
from the Secretary of the Interior and his Reclama-
tion Commission. Keep after these reforms. Clean
up the Reclamation tangle. Oust the incompetents
and the barnacles. Obliterate the bureaucracy,
whose war cry is, "Rule or ruin." Get the projects
on a clean, business basis. Settle for all time and
in a just manner the size of the farms and their
cost. Accomplish these things, and perhaps a few
others, and life on a Federal project will be really
worth while.

These things can be accomplished by increasing
the membership and financial strength of the Na-
tional Federation of Water Users' Association. It
is the Water Users' best weapon.

THE I RE I G ATI OX AGE.

167

The Governors' Conference, which
Protect will be held at Denver, Colo., April

Settlers 9, is going to try to find some way

and Honest to put Carey Act and private irriga-
Investors tion projects, bankrupted or aban-

doned by under-financed or blue-sky
promoters, on their feet. It is to be regretted that
Secretary of the Interior Lane has found it impos-
sible to be present, but in calling the Conference, he
made some suggestions, which will prove of value
in guiding the deliberations of the body. It is, in
turn, pleasing to note that most of the arid state
governors will be present, and that nearly all of
them have appointed as delegates men well ac-
quainted with irrigation affairs.

If this Conference succeeds in devising methods
of rejuvenating the defunct projects, it will go down
into history as one of the most important meetings
ever held in the United States. And there seems
at this time, little reason why some plan should
not be found. Secretary Lane has suggested co-
operation of the United States Government and the
states in re-financing the projects. We have little
doubt, that when he offered this plan, he spoke with
authority and for the administration at Washington.
The Secretary is also on record as favoring the
issuance of $100,000,000 in some sort of irrigation
bonds to continue reclamation of arid lands. Such
a sum added to a similar sum, raised by state bonds,
if used in a competent, honest and business-like
manner, would complete all the present defunct proj-
ects and build many new ones, and the returns in
increased wealth and better citizenship to the states
and nation, would be many times that amount long
before the due dates of the bonds.

Whatever is done, the rights of the settlers on
the defunct projects should be given first considera-
tion. Their rights should be fully protected.

The bondholders and stockholders, so far as
their investment is legitimate and free from water-
ing, should also receive consideration. Those who
invested honestly are entitled to some return on
their money. In practically every Carey Act proj-
ect, the state governments were parties, at least by
their silence, in inducing investors to purchase these
securities. The states of the west are too big and
too rich in latent as well as developed resources, to
afford to permit themselves to totally repudiate
their parts of the responsibilities for the failures.
Their citizens are of a kind who would not know-
ingly allow such action.

If the treasuries and the credit of the United
States and the states are drawn upon for these
funds, proper safeguards should be afforded. This,
no doubt, will have to be done by legislation both
in congress and in the various legislatures, and it

should not be done in haphazard, fly-by-night
manner.

The Conference can also accomplish much for
uniformity of laws and procedure in regard to irri-
gation affairs.

The irrigation boom days of the West are over.
The West is entering on a new era of substantial
development. It offers a field for investment of
hundreds of millions — investments that will pay
big and honest returns. Now let the Governors
and their confreres at this meeting set the wheels in
motion for such legislation as will keep this de-
velopment within the bounds of legitimate busi-
ness, and the W'est will once more enjoy its full
meed of prosperity.

Better methods of farming mean
Alfalfa better land, better land more abun-

Week dant crops, all of which lead directly

in the to better homes, moral improvement

Northwest and a more efficient people.

There is the keynote of the
"better farming campaign," which
is now being conducted in the states of Idaho, Ore-
gon and Washington. It began with "Alfalfa
Week," observed during the past month in every
school house in the three states and by the Granges
and other farmers' organizations. It will continue
throughout the year, and with certainty of big re-
sults for the farmers are thoroughly aroused.

This year's campaign is a continuation on a
much broader scale of one begun a year ago, when
the Holden Improvement Committee was organized
among the people of the Inland Empire. Professor
Holden, director of the agricultural extension work
of the International Harvester company, and his
staff of lecturers emphasized these points :

The abandonment of the ruinous one-crop sys-
tem.

Adoption of a diversified system of farming.

Increased production of alfalfa and corn.

More cattle, hogs, and dairy stock.

A silo for every barn.

The breaking up of the over-large wheat firms.

In addition to the educational campaign this
year, many bushels of seed corn have been pur-
chased and are being distributed to the farmers.
The best home grown types have been selected.

These samples of corn are sent to those only
who are willing to keep a record of the results ob-
tained and report to the committee this fall.

It is the object of the committee to follow up
this plan from year to year, collecting each year the
most improved types with a view to establishing
the best varieties for each locality.

168

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

. This is a great work. Every farmer in the three
states should enter into it. It might well be taken
up by other states.

After months of constant work by
Need of the IRRIGATION AGE and by settlers

Irrigation on irrigation projects, the Fletcher

Farm Banks Rural Credit Commission and the
Recognized congressional committees, consider-
ing rural credit legislation, have
finally recognized that the conditions of the ma-
jority of the farmers on irrigated lands of the West
are different from those of the cultivators of soil in
other sections of the country, and even the farmers
on the dry lands of the West. As a result, some
features may be incorporated in the final draft of
the rural credit bill which will inure to the benefit
of the irrigation farmers.

The Rural Credit Commission had failed wholly
to recognize that on the Federal projects the Gov-
ernment held a first lien upon the farmer's land as
security for water charges; that under Carey Act
and privately constructed project's, Water Right
charges not fully paid up, also represent liens in va-
rious forms. The law, as now proposed, provides
only for first mortgages as security for long time
loans to farmers by the Farm banks.

Secretary of the Interior Lane and the Reclama-
tion Commission finally presented a letter a few
days ago to the Fletcher conference, suggesting two
possible plans to overcome these conditions, at least
as far as the Federal projects were concerned.

One of these provided that the Farmers' banks
should accept up to a certain percentage of valua-
tion, and as first mortgage security, a lien on irri-
gated lands, but recognize as prior that lien of the
Government for Water Right charges. Such a lien,
no matter what the law might say, would be little
else but a second mortgage.

The second recommendation provided for an
appraisal of all lands on Federal projects, deduction
of the amount of Government Water Right lien,
and authorization to the banks to accept as security
for loans, mortgages up to fifty per cent of the re-
maining values.

This latter plan is possibly the more feasible of
the two in working out a fiction of credit, but with
the present high charges for Water Rights and the
small capital which the average irrigation farmer
has had for the development of his farm, it really
leaves very little security for him, on which to
borrow.

THE IRRIGATION AGE has urged repeatedly that
the present contracts with the Water Users on the
Federal Projects, by which the Government takes
a cut-throat first mortgage on the settler's land as

security for Water Right charges, were wrong. The
Water Right is a franchise, which gives added value
to the settler's land and helps increase the wealth of
the nation as well as benefit its citizens. This fran-
chise should therefore be recognized as an asset,
and should be sufficient security for the Govern-
ments' charges. Without his water franchise, the
settler could not do intensified farming. Recognize
this water franchise as an asset; just reverse the
fiction of credit, and at the end of three years the
irrigation homesteader will have his land and his
improvements as security, which will be acceptable
in Farmers' banks or elsewhere.

Keep an eye on the water power
Watch Out development on your projects, Fed-
For the eral Water Users. Years ago there

Power was a plot hatched to ultimately

Trust Plot turn the power plants over to the
big power interests. This was done
on many of the projects by charging a certain cost,
supposed to represent that of the power plants, to
the general fund of the Reclamation Service. Thus,
it was proposed, to hold title to the power in the
government and separate from the projects, which
are ultimately to go to the settlers. This, according
to the plan, would leave the Reclamation Service
free to lease the power to whom it may please.
The rest can be guessed. The big interests, who
might use this power to great advantage, are not
strange to Washington ways nor unacquainted with
those who may have a part in the leasing of the
power, if they finally get the chance.

It is now proposed under the revaluation of the
projects, which Secretary Lane is planning, to
charge off still further power sites and develop-
ments, that are appurtenant to the projects. This
is part of the Reclamation Commission's scheme to
hold down the Water Right charges to the settlers
by placing the cost of the dams, reservoirs and
main works on the projects in the general fund
column of the Reclamation books. As tne Reclama-
tion law is now construed, reservoirs cannot be
turned over to the settlers except by express author-
ity of Congress.

The water power on the projects has always
been considered the richest heritage of the settlers.
It is worth millions in actual value and many mil-
lions more in profits, if it can be put to work for
the farmers. It has been developed with Reclama-
tion funds.

Keep your eyes open and keep them on the
power development on your project. Watch every
move in these revaluations closely. It may mean
many dollars in your pocket.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

169

REAL DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWS BURST BOOM

Irrigation Prospects for 1914 in West Are Very Bright — Lane Conference Helps

By GEO. J. SCHARSCHUG

Grain Elevators at Sidney, Mont., in the Heart of the Low«r
Yellowstone Project

THE i r r i g a tion
projects of the
West are on the eve
of the most promising
year of their exist-
ence, unless all signs
fail. It is to be a. year
of real, construc-
tive advancement ;
of stabilizing and re-
juvenating finances of
projects, looted, mis-
managed or under-
financed by promot-
ers, anxious to make
quick and big profits.
It is to be a year in
which a number of
new projects will be
put under way. It is
to be a year of activ-
ity on the Federal
projects, several of
which should be well
on the road to com-
pletion before 1914 ends. And better yet, it prom-
ises to be a year of greater crops and more pros-
perity for the farmers on the projects.

It will not be a boom year.

The boom days in the irrigation field are past.
Irrigation has settled down into the straight and nar-
row path of clean, substantial business, and the de-
velopment this year, the financing, the sale of prop-
erty will all be on stable lines.

Booms are costly, and the West has had many
of them, but from no boom has the West recovered
so quickly and with such evidence of greater devel-
opment on sane lines as it is doing from the irriga-
tion boom. This is because irrigation is right to
begin with ; it means increased wealth to the nation
as well as to the farmers ; it means reclamation of
that which otherwise would be of little or no value,
and it is founded upon land values, the basis of all
actual wealth.

There are many elements entering into this re-
vival of irrigation affairs.

The greatest of these, perhaps, is the master
stroke of Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane
in calling a Conference of Governors of the eleven
arid states and delegates from the various irrigation
projects at Denver, Colo., on April 9. Financiers and
bankers throughout the nation who have had a hand
in financing projects in the past have been invited
to attend. Holders of irrigation stocks and bonds
throughout the South and East have been urged to
be there. Still other men of money, who may become
interested in the future, have been notified of the
meeting. Officials representing various branches of the
United States Government will attend. The Secretary
will be unable to be present, but will be represented per-

sonally by First As-
sistant Secretary of
the Interior Jones.

The Secre t a r y
sizes up the problem
with which this Con-
ference must deal in
this paragraph of his
letter to the Gover-
nors:

"It appears,
therefore, that no fur-
ther large develop-
ment can now be ex-
pected unless it is (a)
by the use of public
funds, state or nation-
al, upon which no
profit or interest is
required, or (b) by
the use of funds pro-
cured by taxation, as
in the case of irriga-
tion districts, and
where, also, the ques-
tion of profit and interest on the works themselves is
the increased land values and productivity of the soil."
It is upon the first part of the Secretary's sug-
gestion that the hopes of several western governors
and other leaders for real material progress is based.
It means Federal and state co-operative financing for
the completion of Carey Act and private projects,
now on financial rocks, and for the development of
additional projects which are recognized as feasible
but for which capital hitherto has not been available.
If Secretary Lane can have matters so whipped
into shape at the Denver conference that he can put
the whole situation before Congress, backed by a
united West, he should have little difficulty in ob-
taining the $100,000,000 which he believes is neces-
sary, or three times that much, in order to carry on
the government's share of the proposed co-operative
financing.

In the past, Southern and Eastern members of
Congress have had among their numbers many 'who
were hostile to Federal reclamation of the Western
states. If they are hostile to any demand the Secre-
tary may make for money to help finance partially
completed Carey Act and private projects, they will
in almost every case be fighting their own people.
They cannot afford to do this.

The majority of the stocks and bonds of the irri-
gation projects upon which interest has been defaulted
are held in the East and the South. Wall Street
holds large blocks. Millions are held in ' Chicago.
The bankers and financiers do not want to lose all
they have invested in these stocks and bonds, and will
therefore be glad to urge their senators and repre-
sentatives to support such a measure.

It is proposed to raise the money needed by an

170

THE ISEIGATION AGE.

issue of low interest-
bearing Reclamation cer-
tificates or bonds, the
money to be returned to
the United States Treas-
ury through the payments
for land and water under
the projects.

As Secretary Lane
suggests, neither nation
nor state can hope to
make any monetary profit
from such financing and
both will lose considera-
ble interest money, but
the loss of the latter will
more than T>e repaid to
the nation and the states
indirectly, it is true,
through taxes on the in-
creased value of the lands
and through the benefits
accruing from a prosperous and satisfied citizenship.

A system under which the money put into the
co-operative financing will be handled is yet to be de-
vised, and it is something which must require the
best thought of the leaders in the Conference. It is
generally agreed that the rights of the settlers should
be protected most thoroughly. The settlers, no doubt,
will demand and are entitled to a voice in the expend-
iture of public funds on their projects. Steps should
also be taken to avoid falling into the pitfalls, from
which the Federal Water Users are now trying to
extricate themselves. Chief of these is the danger of
bureaucratic rule by Federal and state departments,
with their vast overhead expenses and the ever-grow-
ing desire of each one of the little rulers in the bu-
reauracy to make his job last as long as possible.

With the aid of Comptroller W. A. Ryan of the
Reclamation Commission, who has had wide oppor-
tunity to observe financial methods and affairs, and
with the knowledge he has gained in dealing with the
Federal projects, Secretary Lane no doubt will be able
to suggest a plan, when the time comes — a plan that
will combine democracy in organization with business
efficiency.

Refinancing of the projects is only one of the
topics to be discussed at the Conference. It is ex-
pected to lead to more uniformity among the states
in their laws and procedure concerning irrigation mat-
ters, a renovation of Federal policies in dealing with
the natural resources of the Western states and other
developments, which will add to the general welfare
of the West and the nation.

The Governors of all the arid states are working
enthusiastically for the success of the Conference.
Several have already named fifty or more delegates
and are planning to be present themselves.

"In the future," said Governor Ammons, of Colo-
rado, who has done much to make the meeting a
success, "we may seriously anticipate that matters
touching our natural resources are to be Constructive
so far as the general government is concerned. I
expect to see one of the largest gatherings of the in-
fluential men of the West that has ever come together
in the history of the country. The fact that the con-
vention of Western Governors is to assemble in Den-

CROP PROSPECTS ON THE COAST

'T'HE following dispatch concerning conditions on the
Pacific coast was received by the Irrigation Age on
March 24:

Fifteen hundred miles of Pacific coast valleys and
uplands, reaching from British Columbia to the
harassed Mexican border, predicted today in expert
reports, the mightiest harvest in the summer of 1914
that the extreme west has ever seen.

Seemingly, nearly every product of the temper-
ate and torrid zones is likely to surpass itself. The
Washington wheat crop is expected to jump the rec-
ord of nearly 53,000,000 bushels made in 1912, while,
barring unforeseen bad luck down in the Imperial
valley, close to Mexico, planters predicted a yield
of 85,000 bales of cotton — a bale to the acre.

Bountiful rains, besides going far to insure a great
year in agriculture, encouraged the planting of ex-
tensive areas in new orchards. Lemons, oranges,
raisin grapes, apricots, prunes, apples, and peaches
all were reported "excellent."

ver the same week indi-
cates that the attendance
is going to be extra large.
We hope to get results
that cannot but help to
develop the states of the
West in the matter of nat-
ural resources."

John M. Haines,
governor of Idaho, says
in a letter to the IRRIGA-
TION AGE:

"We, in Idaho, hope
for great things to grow
out of this Conference.
We do not. know, of
course, just what recom-
mendations will be made,
but we trust that the out-
come will be a practical
working plan whereby
the credit of the United
States and of the states may be used jointly in the
construction and completion of irrigation enterprises
in the West.

"I believe that the Carey Act projects, which have
heretofore been partial failures, should be the first
to receive attention, and that the rights of the settlers
should be given first and foremost consideration. I
should like, if possible, to see these projects handled
in such manner that the people who honestly invested
in irrigation bonds on the representation, even though
made without authority, that the state stood ready to
guarantee their investment, should receive some re-
turn on the money thus advanced by them to pro-
mote irrigation development."

But the Governors' Conference is not the only
ray of sunshine on the horizon of ^irrigation affairs.
Here are just a few others, indicative of the way the
wind is blowing:

The financial program of the Federal Reclama-
tion Service provides for the expenditure of $23,460,-
555.05 in sixteen states.

• San Francisco and Sacramento capitalists are
ready to begin work on an extensive system of reser-
voirs to irrigate lands in El Dorado and Sacramento
Counties, California.

The United States Sugar and Land Company is
installing a million-dollar electrical power plant and
irrigation system in the Arkansas valley, near Garden
City, Kansas. Forty thousand acres of land will be
placed under water.

The Kuhns, who financed the Twin Falls, Idaho,
and other big projects, have let it be known that so
far as the financial end of their irrigation companies
is concerned, they are rapidly getting firmly upon their
feet again.

The Department of Justice at Washington has
overruled the Treasury Department and declared that
incomes derived from bonds of irrigation districts are
exempt under the income tax law. This means that
this class of securities will find much more ready sale
than they have for some time.

These items are just a few straws, picked from

a day's stack of news of irrigation affairs. It might

be greatly enlarged, but it is not necessary. All show

that while irrigation financing has been dealt some

(Continued on page

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

171

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O'DONNELL BARES PROJECT REVALUATION PLAN

A PLAN is on foot to hold the Water Right
charges about wl;ere they are at present, and in
some cases cut them. This is to be done by giving
the Water Users less for their money than what it
was generally understood they would get.

Supervisor of Irrigation I. D. O'Donnell let the
cat out of the bag during a recent visit to the Un-
compahgre project, when he stated that it was the
plan of Secretary Lane to charge the tunnels, dams,
reservoirs, power plants, main canals and other
main works of the irrigation projects to the general
fund of the Reclamation Service. This will permit
the farmers to pay for and obtain possible title only
to the subsidiary canals and laterals, incidental
power in the minor drops and other minor works.

This juggling of the Reclamation books is to
be done by Secretary Lane's proposed revaluations
of the projects, plans for which were announced in
his recent letter to Water Users. The "charging
off" is expected to effectively stop forever the
Water Users' complaints against the extravagance
and mistakes of the Reclamation officials, because
under this plan the department will be able to reply :
"\Yell, you don't have to pay for these errors, these
losses, this incompetency, and therefore you have
no excuse to even talk about it."

This is a great scheme. It has merit in this
one particular : it may serve to lighten the burden
of the Water Users, or at least prevent increasing
the already too heavy burden.

The plan may meet with opposition in som£
quarters because Water Users on several projects
have made several Water Right payments, based on
charges for the cost of their entire project. There-
fore they feel they have an equity in the main works
and the power development — the latter being worth
millions of dollars in some instances.

It will also raise another question, in which
Congress may become greatly interested. The
Reclamation Act provides for a revolving fund ; in
other words, the cost of the projects are supposed
to be returned to the Reclamation fund through the
payments of the Water Users, and the money used
for new projects. If $40,000,000 to $100,000,000 is
charged to the general fund, the Reclamation fund
is liable to stop revolving, is it not? Unless, of
course, these main works are sold by the Govern-
ment to private interests.

It is true, as the Reclamation Act is now con-
strued, title to the reservoirs on the projects is
vested in the Government and cannot be transferred
except by special action by Congress. It was Chief
Engineer Davis who revealed this feature of the

law, more than ten years after its passage, and after
some settlers had made numerous payments, based
on the total cost of their project.

The revaluations of the projects are not ex-
pected to be made until after the twenty-year exten-
sion bill becomes a law. Secretary Lane let it be
known recently in Washington that he probably
would abandon his plan to have the revaluations
made -by a board composed of three members, one
to be named by him, one by the Reclamation Serv-
ice and one by the Water Users. The Water Users
generally resented this plan and told him plainly it
was a "packed court." Instead, the Secretary is
expected to name one member of each of these
boards, let the local Water Users' association name
one, and then these two pick the third member.
This would be fair.

Senator Smith's report to the Senate on the
twenty-years bill says :

"There is one important consideration that is
not included in this measure, and that is the charges
heretofore made against the Water Users for un-
necessary expense in the construction of dams and
other works incident to the project. The Water
Users under any of these projects should not be
required to pay more than the reasonable cost of
the works. The man who has to pay for the work
has had no voice. His protest against engineering
mistakes were of no avail. He has been charged
lor every mistake of engineers over whom he had
no control. He is taxed to pay, in many cases, the
salaries of a lot of supernumeraries whose service
was ornamental rather than helpful. These, orna*
ments of the service have heretofore had houses
built for them out of the farmers' pockets far more
luxurious than any ordinary farmer could afford
for his own family. There is at this time no danger
of a repetition of this reckless extravagance. Justice
will not be done until a fair and impartial tribunal
of competent men shall be selected to find the rea-
sonable and necessary cost of these works, and
charge the people no more and no less than that
figure."

The twenty-year bill which the Senate has
passed, provides for a new public notice, fixing con-
struction charges. After these notices are issued
the charges cannot be raised except by consent of
a majority of the Water Users on a project. The
Senate bill also provides that the Secretary of the
Interior may arrange for the payment of any addi-
tional charges agreed to by the Water Users, subse-
quent to the completion of the twenty years' pay-
ments. Perhaps this is expected to solve the gen-
eral fund problem.

172

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

20 YEAR BILL MERRILY ROLLS THROUGH SENATE

THE United States Senate passed the Twenty-
Year Reclamation Extension bill on March 18.
It is not expected to come up in the House for
passage for several weeks, and it may be late in the
Spring before the measure reaches President Wil-
son for his signature. He has announced his ap-
proval of the bill, according to the report of the House
Committee on Irrigation of Arid Lands.

Lane Conference bill, and the cultivation of one-half
instead of three-fourths of the irrigable area within
five years after filing of the Water-Right application.
Senator Sterling of South Dakota tried to obtain
the passage of an amendment advocated by the Belle
Fourche Valley Water Users' Association, which is
now engaged in a suit to enjoin the Reclamation Serv-
ice from shutting off water to those settlers who ob-

The measure went through the Senate with little ject to the abrogation of their original contracts with

debate, considering its importance and far-reaching the United States government. This amendment, ac-

possibilities, and with few amendments. The wheels cording to Senator Sterling, proposed to confer juris-

seemed well greased for its passage and the Senators diction on the United States district courts in all

pushed it through with rapidity that indicated a desire cases instituted by the Government, by the Secretary

to quickly and thoroughly wash their hands of the of the Interior or Water Users' associations, growing

whole affair.

The committee
amendments to the bill
were agreed upon with-
out debate. Some of
these are important, as
they moderate some of
the more drastic features
of the original measure,
framed in Seer e t a r y
Lane's series of confer-
ences.

Section 2 was
amended so as to provide
that payments by Water
Users already on the
projects shall begin on
December 1, following
the issuance of a new
public notice by the Sec-
retary of the Interior, and
continue annually thereaf-
ter for a period of twenty
years. The first four of
these installments are

A CONGRESSMAN'S VIEW

'T'HIS comment was made to the writer by a promi-
•* nent Congressman, who has played an important
part in framing the twenty year extension bill:

So far as I can learn, the reclamation extension
bill has met with hearty approval all over the United
States. Every western congressman that I have
seen tells me that his constituents have informed
him that they are well satisfied with it. There has
been some misapprehension as to Section 2 of the
bill, but if this section is read in connection with
Section 14, it is evident that there is nothing in the
bill that compels any Water User to waive any right
that he now possesses. If he is satisfied with his
present contract and is willing to pay the construc-
tion charge in ten years, he is at liberty to do so,
but if he desires to obtain the benefit of the act, he
must accept all of its terms and conditions. In other
words, he must enter into another contract with the
government which will supersede all former con-
tracts. Of course no law can be passed impairing
any contract and we had that fundamental principle
in view when Section 14 was drawn.

out of the Reclamation
law or the enforcement of
its provisions. The orig-
inal amendment was de-
feated, but the following
was finally accepted as
Section 16' of the bill:

SEC. 16. That the district
court of the United States
for the district where the
lands or some portion of the
lands included within any
reclamation project are situ-
ated shall have jurisdiction
of all suits brought by the
United States or the Secre-
tary of the Interior for the
enforcement of the provi-
sions of this act, and juris-
diction of all suits now
pending or which may be
hereafter instituted by any
legally organized Water
Users' association or irriga-
tion district in behalf of the
Water Users and settlers
thereon for the enforce-
ment of the provisions of
this act and of the provi-

fixed at 2 per cent, the next two 4 per cent, and the sions of the reclamation law as referred to and defined in

remaining fourteen 6 per cent of the construction ^"n^oV B^ah' of Idaho obtained an amendment,

charge. It is understood that the Secretary will providing that the initial payment bv new settlers shall

the new public notices, fixing construction charges be 2 cent ^^ Q{ 5 p'er cent 'of the construction

soon after his proposed revaluations of the projec charges.

are completed. The discussion of the bill prior to its passage is
Section 4 was amended to provide that when a enljgintening Senator Marcus Smith of Arizona
majority of the Water Users on a project agree to called i(. up Jn the midgt Q{ a heated debate on the
accept additional construction charges, following the wilson panama Canal tolls policy. After the corn-
issuance of the new public notices, the Secretary of mittee amendments had been agreed upon, Senator
the Interior may in his discretion, arrange for the smjth said :

payment of such increased charges by additional an- «j do not wish to detain the Senate or to take its

nual installments, each of which shall be at least equal tjme further than to say that the purpose of the bill

to the largest annual installment fixed for the twenty- js merely to extend the time for payment of the

charges on these reclamation projects that have gone
far above any of the original proposals as to the

year payments.

The "landlord" feature of the bill, Section 8, was
softened. As passed, it authorizes the Secretary to amount that would be charged, coming sometimes to

make rules and regulations governing irrigation of three or four times as much as those making the

the lands in the projects, but limits the cultivation original investigation considered necessary. The bill

which he may require of each Water User to one- extends the time and provides that all future reclama-

fourth of the settler's farm unit within three full irri- tion projects shall come within the first provision,

gation seasons, instead of one-half as provided in the putting them all on an absolutely equal footing. The

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

173

committee has not been able to see how any trouble
whatever would be caused to the Government or to
the Reclamation Service by the proposed change.

"There is another suggestion 1 wish to make.
For a good many months the chairman of the Sen-
ate Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid
Lands, the chairman of the House Committee, the
Secretary of the Interior, and the Reclamation Serv-
ice have had this bill under the most careful scrutiny
and consideration. After all these labors we have
agreed upon the present measure. I trust no amend-
ment will be offered to it, for I am free to say there
is not a line or a suggestion in it that has not had
the most careful scrutiny of the committees of the two
Houses and the other persons already suggested."

Then there was this about Senator Sterling's
original court jurisdiction amendment from Senator
Smith :

"I trust the amendment will not be agreed to.
This very question itself was considered time and time
again. By adopting the amendment we would intrude
into this bill a condition that absolutely does away
with the principle on which it is constructed.

''The bill now follows, and follows intentionally,
in that particular the exact language of the original
irrigation act. If we put on this bill the amendment
suggested, any one gentleman who is strong enough
to get up a dispute with a Water Users' Association
can take and hold land that he never intends to use,'
but intends to keep in a monopolistic form until the
unearned increment may possibly make him rich. He
goes into court and puts up nothing; and after his
dummies have held the land for two or three or four
years under one of the provisions of this bill he comes
in and buys from them at some particular price or
they abandon the case.

''The matter is always left in this bill, as it was
left in the other, in the discretion of the Secretary of
the Interior. This matter of taking the case to court
is a thing that naturally appeals to all of us, but it
is changing a bill, the purpose of which is to do one
thing only, and that is to extend the time. Now, it
is proposed to ingraft on it new legislation that af-
fects the whole irrigation system from the day it
started up to this hour.

"I sincerely hope the senator from South Da-
kota will not press his amendment, and that the bill
may pass in its present form."

Later Senator Smith added :

'T object to the provision for going into the
Federal court for the purpose of suing on questions
that can be and have been already settled whenever
they arose."

And again after there had been suggestions made
and accepted by Senator Sterling to strengthen the
amendment. Senator Smith declared :

"It opens the question of the whole status of
the present Reclamation Service under the present law
and under this proposed statute. These are not con-
ditions where an honest man is making an effort to
establish a home ; it is against those who are attempt-
ing to get into these enterprises and monopolize the
lands and do nothing with them except to wait for an
increase of value. It is a common practice ; there
are many cases in my own state. It is a very ordinary
case for persons to hold as much as four or five thou-
sand acres. This is to prevent the bringing of a suit

when they attempt to say you shall water this land
or the water shall be carried from it to other lands.
With that standing there it is a menace to the very
enterprise itself."

This was Senator Smith's parting shot:

"1 will say to the senator that it would be almost
as well not to pass this bill at all as to pass it with
all these proposed limitations. They will simply, in
my judgment, destroy the chance of the money being
returned to the Treasury."

Senator McCumber of North Dakota said :

"The experience of the American people who
have had to deal with public lands has been that al-
most universally they would prefer to try these cases
before a court ; and the purpose of the amendment of
the senator from South Dakota is that a court may
determine the question after the party has had a
hearing."

To this, Senator Works replied :

"It is a very difficult problem to determine just
what ought to be done in these cases. The people
who have taken up these lands in a great many in-
stances have not been fairly dealt with by the Gov-
ernment. Contracts have been made with them upon
the basis of $30 an acre, for example, and before they
have concluded the project the price has become $40
an acre, and even more. In some cases the price has
run up as high as $60 and $75, and I think in one
case it has transpired that actual cost to the entryman
will be $100 an acre.

"That is one side of the proposition ; but the other
side is that it is an exceedingly difficult matter for the
Government to collect the money that is actually and
justly due from the people who take up these lands.
My own judgment about it is that we should be ex-
tremely liberal in the way of time; give them every
opportunity to make these payments and then insist
upon them being made. The Government should be
protected as well as the entryman, and the money
that comes into the Treasury will be carried on to
other projects for the benefit of other people. It is
a very well-known fact that there has been very little
of the money that has been expended by the Gov-
ernment repaid by the people who have taken up these
lands. The intention of the committee was to give
ample time within which to make the payments, and
then make it compulsory upon the entrymen that they
should make the payments, which will be very small
in amount, extending over twenty years. It seems to
me that the bill is extremely liberal toward them."

The penalties provision of the bill brought forth
some interesting comments.

"I notice on page 3," said Senator McCumber,
"the bill provides :

"Sec. 3. That if any water-right applicant or entryman
shall fail to pay any installment of his construction
charges when due there shall be added to the amount
unpaid a penalty of 1 per cent thereof, and there shall
be added a like penalty of 1 per cent of the amount unpaid
on the first day of each month thereafter so long as such
default shall continue.

"In other words, if a farmer gets behind in his
payments, he is to be charged 13 per cent for not
being able to fulfill his contract. The Government
can get all the money it desires for 3 per cent ; but
if the farmer, by reason of the failure of crops or
otherwise, does not keep up his end, he is to be
charged a penalty of what amounts to a little over

174

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

13 per cent. First, there is a 1 per cent penalty, and
then there is added 1 per cent a month as long as the
default continues. Does the senator think that the
necessities of the occasion demand such a heavy pen-
alty as that?"

Senator Smith replied:

"That shocked me, as it did all the balance of
the members of the committees of both Houses. They
worked on it for about three months, however, and
concluded that those hardships were not half so apt
to occur as that there would be those who would in-
tentionally avoid it. No man would permit his neigh-
bor's property to go in default for lack of the pay-
ment of 1 per cent per month on $3. One per cent
on $3 will be his first charge ; and it keeps a per-
centage of that kind on so small a sum merely as a
penalty for not doing it.

"The reason is to prevent thievery of public lands.
The reason is to prevent a man coming into one of
these irrigation enterprises and throwing the duties
and obligations and burdens of, the great, costly en-
terprise on other people, holding his land without
putting up a cent just as long as he can hold it, going
to court, having a suit about it, and staying as long
as he can. If you should add the amendment we are
talking about, he would never put up a cent and the
improvements and the annual charges of the other
people would have to be borne in bulk and distributed
among those who did pay. It was to keep out that
class of people, who number five to one as against
those who are in default because they can not pay,
that the committee acted/'

Senator McCumber proposed an amendment to
cut-the penalties in half. It was promptly rejected.

A FARMER'S REPLY TO MR. LANE'S LETTER

By J. E. McCUTCHEN
Huntley, Mont.

WHAT I shall attempt to write after reading the
letter sent out by the Secretary of the Interior
will, I believe, reflect the sentiment of a very large
number of settlers on the Huntley project.

The most noticeable thing in the letter is the
Secretary's failure to comprehend the homestead-
ers' position. Probably he thinks he knows full
well what he is about, but the Water Users very
generally doubt it.

The settler on the Huntley project does not
expect any more of the Reclamation Service than it
promised. We are asking — yea begging, for that

much. But with all our
begging the Reclama-
tion Service is handing
us more and more of
misfortune. The Rec-
lamation Service makes
no fair effort to get the
homesteaders' side of
the situation.

The investigations
are made through em-
ployes of the Reclama-
tion Service, who are
interested in giving a
beautiful face to their
business, without re-
gard to our expense

J. E. McCutchen and almost wholly ig-

noring what we have to say. They are interested
in winning approval for the plans of the Reclama-
tion Service, while if they should give us a fair
deal it would result in a very general- condemnation
of the Service.

We certainly do not want to be excused from
paying all we contracted to pay so long as the
Reclamation Service makes good its §ide of the
contract, but when we are made to pay more and
produce it from land not nearly as productive as
was represented to us, and much of it so nearly
worthless as to require a lifetime to put it into pro-
ductive condition, we do ask for a little leniency
in order that we may not have to sacrifice the time

and means already expended on the homestead. I
can't believe the Department of the Interior is mak-
ing any fair attempt to give the Huntley project
a iair deal. What little it may know of this project
has not been acquired from a source that considers
the farmer.

If the Secretary and his assistants have at-
tended no more meetings and talked with no more
Water Users on other projects than they have with
Water Users on the Huntley project, they have
come in contact with fewer than "thousands." Tak-
ing the Huntley project as a basis, I think they
have met fewer than five hundred in the whole
reclamation area.

Mr. Lane's visits in our homes, fields and meet-
ings are mostly fiction. We can consider it only
as so much flattery when he says the farmers on
these lands are above the average in ability and
intelligence, and that they are generally of high pur-
pose, resolute, self-dependent and determined. If
he meant anything else, he certainly would give
ear to our needs as we see them.

He proposes that we shall "reason together,"
but politely hints that we shall neither think nor
speak, while he reasons and talks to us, when he
states that his circular letter needs no reply. Be
good, childen, I know what you need. I'll get it
for you, if I can.

We can hardly second the Secretary's request
for a law to give him permission to follow out his
plans, when we have no part in the reasoning.
What the settler wants, and all red-blooded Ameri-
cans want, is law that will permit him to live and
to work with personal freedom.

Where, in any free government, is there such
an anomaly as there is in the Reclamation Service?

There is no limit to the tax that the Reclama-
tion Service may put upon us. We are aware that
many of us are not doing the best under the cir-
cumstances, but there are good and sufficient rea-
sons, and they lie at the door of the Reclamation
Service. The conditions are not what the Service
represented they would be, and they induced people
to come here who had not the means to meet the
conditions, and who prefer to do less drudgery than
the conditions require.

Some don't know how to do better, but the

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

175

.

Irrigating a Fifty Acre Potato Field in the Huntley (Mont.) Project.

Reclamation Service permitted these to come, and
then condemns them for what creation failed to do
for them. And by the way, this class is not loud in
its condemnation of the Service. They don't com-
prehend the conditions.

The Reclamation Service attempts to regulate
our whole system of farming by saying when and
how much we shall water. We can not plan our
labor to advantage ; neither can we water when it
Miits our plans, and sometimes, when the crop
needs it.

As an example of the kind of experts in the
Service, the following- will illustrate: Mr. A. calls
for water out of rotation, and says his crop is suffer-
ing. The Reclamation Service sends out two ex-
perts, who, with shovels dig into the soil to examine
moisture content. They know all about irrigation,
and farming, too. The farmer saw the crop wilting
and the foliage burning in the fierce sun heat. But
he has not yet learned much about irrigation, and
less about farming. And it is a sure thing the
Service will never concede he does know anything
ri< long as it can get Congress to believe their side
of the business and thus keep in existence a system

to give jobs to a host
of boys, who are not
half qualified for the
work.

Our water service
is costing much more
than we were led to be-
lieve it would, but
there is no effort being
made to reduce it, and
it is being increased
without any regard to
our ability to pay. We
were told that main-
tenance and operation
expenses would drop
from sixty to forty
cents per acre very

Frederick J. Cox

President of the Huntley
Waters Users' Association

soon. We are now paying one dollar per acre, and
I am informed that is much less than half of what
the expense actually is.

The construction was never completed and much
of it was cheaply done. The structures were generally
wood. These are now being replaced by concrete.
If they had been made of concrete in the first place
we would have been saved a large expense. Some of
this woodwork is good for one to three years yet, but
it is being removed, causing us more expense.

Many, very many mistakes are made by the ex-
perts and we pay the bills with no power to dismiss
them for carelessness and incompetency.

It seems that the Department of the Interior
from the first has limited the size of the homestead
to what will enable a family to exist and then con-
cludes that is the proper size to support a family.
Then in order to prevent the head of the family from
getting above a mere existence, he may not buy an
adjoining homestead until he pays all his water right
charges on his land. How then are we to keep the
boys and girls on the farm, milk cows and raise sugar
beets? Intelligent bays and girls refuse to stand all
day with their noses between their knees or crawl
on hands and knees all day thinning sugar beets.

Still the farmer is expected to build modern
houses and barns, put in furnace heat, light and wa-
ter and labor saving machinery, and perhaps buy an
automobile. Why shouldn't he? He has been buying
autos for the Reclamation Service experts to ride in
when they come to his place to dig for moisture con-
tent, and to do "joy riding*"

One may not fully appreciate this condition un-
til he attempts to farm a forty acre unit. When
clearing and grading the surface, forty acres is enough
to begin with. But when it is once in proper condi-
tion to irrigate properly, he discovers that his horse
force and implements that will do his work to best ad-
vantage, could just as well operate another forty
acre unit. This would give the older boy an oppor-
tunity to be a farmer, but the father may not buy
another forty except tinder very onerous conditions.

176

IT I

THE IRRIGATION AGE

Grazing a Band of Sheep on the Public Range Surrounding the Huntley (Mont.) Project.

Two more horses with no more implements would en-
able the next boy to farm at home, but father is not
permitted to buy the land.

Surely 160 acres is too much for most families
to begin with on irrigated land, but there should be
some arrangements whereby a farmer may justly ac-
quire more than one forty. Else the family must be
reduced to the condition of the European peasant.

The superintendent of irrigation recently ap-
pointed to draw a large salary out of our meagre
earnings is permitted to own a 160-acre tract on the
Huntley project, and to hold it only for pasture land,
while we improve the country to enhance the value
of his holdings. Neither does he pay construction
charges nor maintenance and operation expenses.

Do you think such a person is in sympathy with
you?

There is more land held in the same way here.
It was Indian allotments. Parties have been permitted
to buy this land and hold it out of cultivation. The
ditches to supply these lands with water were built
by the Reclamation Service, and are now generally
abandoned, but we foot the bills.

Most people now owning such lands prefer not
to buy water of the service, because the terms are so
onerous and the charges -so exorbitant. One man has
built his own ditch at less than half what the Service
charges.

Farming on some of the units on the Huntley
project certainly is not good enough to pay M. and O.
charges. The products from some of the units have
not been sufficient to buy bread for a small family.
Some have not returned even the seed. A paid-in-
full water right and a patent would not induce many
of the experienced farmers to accept some of these
units as a free gift.

I don't wish to convey the idea that the lands
are all poor. Some other of these lands are worth
$100 per acre on basis of yields.

Quite a number have rented their homes to Rus-
sian peasants and more want to rent and move away.
They wish to find employment that affords more than
a mere existence and to get from under the dictation

of the impractical Reclamation Service. Some of
these have become so involved in debt because of con-
ditions here as to be compelled to auction their per-
sonal effects and seek work for wages. They have
borrowed money to pay M. and O. and other expenses.

The Reclamation Service points to its success
with the Huntley project. If the service were not so
notorious for blunders and exaggerations, one might
believe it had made a success of Huntley. Whatever
of success the Huntley project has had, has been ob-
tained in spite of the Reclamation Service. The serv-
ice makes pictures and publishes reports of the ex-
ceptional cases, not giving the average or any of the
unfortunate instances.

If we could get congress to move out here and
farm one season, we certainly would get better treat-
ment. Every man who aspires to a position in the
Reclamation Service, even the Secretary of Interior,
should be compelled to live upon and farm a home-
stead on one of the government projects.

Perhaps the department could then tell us why
homesteaders should water by a rotation system pre-
determined, prearranged, predestined and fore-or-
dained, while the government's experimental farm
may have water on demand.

This experimental farm is another great blunder
to charge to the western boomers. It was first called
the Demonstration Farm. We are unable to tell why.
It has never demonstrated anything except how to
dissipate government funds. Settlers thought it would
demonstrate to us how to farm these new lands. We
have learned that in a large measure by our own ex-
perience and that before the experiment farm got into
action.

The Secretary's reference to "the experts of the
Service and those outside of the Service, who have
been longest accustomed to irrigation and who have
developed all that is known on that subject," would
be ludicrous if the consequences were not so serious.
(Continued on page 183)

*Stenes on the Huntley and Lower Yellowstone government irriga-
tion projects in this issue are from photographs made by the Northern
Pacific Railway photographer.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

177

PUT YOUR ASSOCIATION TO WORK

ARE you finding
a market for
all you raise on
your farm ?

Are you getting
the best market prices
for your products?

Why not?

These are ques-
tions which every set-
tler on the Federal ir-
rigation projects
should ask himself.
Some of them have
already done so and
answered the ques-
tions, at least in part,
but there are still
thousands who are
taking whatever they
can get for their
products, and are

dumping their SUr- Hogs Are a Money Making Crop on
plus into the sloughs. Photograph Was Takenjn

There is a mar-
ket— and a good market — -for every pound of pro-
duce raised on the Federal projects. None should
have to go to waste. None should have to be sold
for less than a fair price.

What is the answer?

Co-operation.

The absolute necessity of co-operation among the
members of a farming community in the sale of pro-
duce is becoming evident to all students of living
conditions in the United States. This co-operation
can only be obtained through thorough organization.

In no section of America is there better oppor-
tunity for organized co-operation in marketing farm
products than on the Federal projects. This is true
because the foundation of the organization is already
built. It is the Water Users' Association. On those
projects, where the Reclamation Service has permitted
the organization of the Water Users, the settlers are
already bound together by constitution and by-laws
which make it possible, with little change, to turn
the association into a most effective business organ-
ization, which can market the produce of the project
in bulk, in the best markets, at the opportune mo-
ment and at the best prices. This kind of marketing
means the elimination of one or more middlemen and
lower freight rates, because of the bulk shipped, and
as a result more money to the farmers.

Put your Water Users' Association to work for
you.

You buy in an organized market and you sell in
an organized market. Meet organization with or-
ganization.

If the hens are laying an oversupply of eggs,
you cannot tell them to wait until winter, when the
prices will be up high. It is the same with all the
other products on your farm.

There is always this element of risk entering into
the handling of farm produce. As a result, we have

Almost Any Irrigated Farm,
the Lower Yellowstone
Montana.

This

boards of trade to
buy your grains —
butter and egg
boards, fruit and
vegetable commission
men. They are and
(have been the risk-
taking group. They
do not intend to lose,
if they can help it, so
they fix the margin
of profit, between the
price they pay the
farmer and the price
they charge the ulti-
mate consumer, big
enough that if the
market should take
a downward move,
they are on the safe
side, and if it should
rise, they are well off.
This is the real ex-
planation for high
prices today.

The grower should carry the risk a little farther
ahead and reap at least a fair share of the rewards
that now go to the commission men.

This is possible if you put your Water Users'
Association to work. And it is not such a big task.

To begin with, practically every government proj-
ect offers conditions under which can be raised some
of the best of any class of the orchard or farm prod-
ucts. Not only can these products be raised of bet-
ter quality than .in many other communities, but they
can be made ready for the market at an earlier date.
A high grade of produce and on the market early
means good prices.

Put the products on the market through the
Water Users' Association under some particular name
or trademark that will become known. Make each
box of such produce that you send out a forceful
advertisement for your brand and your project. This
can be done by educating your settlers to grade their
produce. Keep out the culls — whether it is apples,
chickens, onions, potatoes, or whatever you are mar-
keting. Do this by rules of your association. Do
this by thorough personal interest. Make the brands
of your projects stand for quality. It means money
to you.

On practically all the Federal projects there is
power development. This means that at low cost,
your Water Users' Association can construct and
maintain refrigerating plants and warehouses in which
to store your produce if the market is not favorable
when the crops are harvested. The association can
go still further and equip for the icing of cars, in
which the produce is shipped. All this can be done
at much less cost to the farmer than he now has to
pay, because the power is right at hand.

The association can go even further and con-
struct such additional elevators as may be needed on

178

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

the projects to hold the grains until the market is
offering a fair price.

Xow for the markets. Practically every big mar-
ket in the United States is within reach of the farm-
ers of the Federal projects, if the marketing of the
produce is handled in a business-like manner. A
competent market secretary, whose business it is to
keep in close touch with all markets and to study
them closely, backed by such an organization as any
of the Federal Water Users' associations, properly
awakened to its possibilities, will be, can sell and
ship the project's produce at the psychological mo-
ment and to the markets paying the best prices, and
he can develop new markets. Because the shipments
'will be in larger bulk, therefore, the carrying charges
will be lower. The association will also be able to
practically pick its own buyers, having both quality
and bulk to offer, and this means more certainty of
payment for produce.

The Water Users' associations were organized
originally as representatives of the settlers in their
dealings with the Secretary of the Interior, the Rec-
lamation Service and other branches of the United
States government. It was intended that ultimately
these projects should take over ownership and opera-
tion of the projects. Various constructions of the
Reclamation Act and rulings by Secretaries of the
Interior have made the associations little more than
empty shells, but they are shells with great, big, out-
standing possibilities for benefit of the Water Users.
They are nearly all incorporated bodies, with power
to levy assessments and carry on various forms of
business. Put these shells to work. They can be
turned into gold mines by making them the market-
ing agents for the projects. It won't hurt the asso-
ciations to do this. They will be much stronger and
better equipped to handle the operation of the proj-

ects, should they be turned over to the settlers. It
won't hurt the Water Users. Instead, it will pro-
mote better farming, more pride in the projects, and
bring more money to the farmers.

The benefits of co-operative marketing on such a
large scale as this may not be evident immediately,
but it is bound to come. A farmer, nowadays, must
not only figure on this year's market, but on next
year's, and for many years ahead. You can do this
best through your Water Users' Association.

Co-operative marketing associations on many of
the private projects and in dairying communities go
even further than just handling the sale of produce.
They buy pure-bred sires to raise the grade of the
live stock in their communities, and all farmers know
there is no greater truism than this one — the sire is
half the herd. They buy seed, machinery and other
farm necessities in the wholesale markets for their
members. They hire experts to help raise, pack, ship
and market their produce. They copyright brands
and labels under which their produce is sold, and some
even go so far as to handle the care of farms or or-
chards for members who are sick and unable to do
their own work.

The Water Users on the Federal projects all have
well-established towns in their projects or near them,
and will probably find it unnecessary to enter all these
various fields, but there are some of them — and co-
operative marketing is the biggest of them — which
are essential to the success of the farmers.

This is not Socialism. This is business — big,
organized business, the kind that makes profits. Your
Water Users' Associations, on paper today, represent
millions. Make these millions real. Make these mil-
lions pay profits, which only organized business can
and does pay.

Put vour Water Users' Association to work!

EXPERT ADVICE FOR THE FARMER

F. F. Everett, living two miles east of Scott's
Bluff, Neb., had his potatoes hailed out just as they
were starting to bloom. He thought by breaking
off the bruised and battered vines, whatever
strength the plants might have would go to pro-
ducing tubers instead of sustaining worthless,
crippled tops. He plowed the tops under, using a
common cultivator, then with a hayrake broke off
the ragged vines, the dirt holding down the ends.
The stubs left, being two to six inches high, took on
new foliage, and he raised 200 bushels per acre,
while his neighbor, who gave his up as a bad job,
did not harvest any. The salvage proved a good
average crop, just because the man on the farm used
his brains, and was not afraid to put some labor into
the experiment.

ing. Forage crops are especially beneficial to young,
growing animals. It is possible to grow them much
more profitably and successfully when a good green
field of palatable and nutritious pasturage is provided.
Experiments and practical farmers' experiences prove
that gains in weight are made at less cost on forage
than in the dry lot. Brood sows can be carried through
the season on pasture at less cost than when grain
fields are entirely depended upon. Foraging induces
the animal to exercise and obtain fresh air. and these
prevent diseases being contracted, and when the ani-
mals are put in the fattening pen their gains are un-
usually rapid and profitable. The green feeds eaten
are of much value just to keep the pig's digestive sys-
tem in good condition and the appetite keen. — The
U. S. Department of Agriculture.

LET THE PIGS FORAGE

Farmers and pig growers do not always appre-
ciate the value of green feeds and succulent pastures
for their animals. Too often the hog is considered a
scavenger, and his ability to use waste is regarded
as his chief value. However well he serves this pur-
pose, he will pay well for good care, feed, and hous-

KILLING POULTRY FOR MARKET

Grasp the chicken, when killing, by the bony part
of the skull. Do not let the fingers touch the neck.
Make a small cut with a small, sharp pointed knife
on the right side of the roof of the chicken's mouth,
just where the bones of the skull end. Brain for dry
picking by thrusting the knife through the groove
which runs along the middle line of the roof of the

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

179

mouth until it touches the skull midway between the
eyes. Use a knife which is not more than two inches
long, one-fourth inch wide, with a thin, flat handle, a
sharp point, and a straight cutting edge. — The U. S.
Department of Agriculture.

TRESTLE AND FLUME AT TAGS, N. M.

STOP SAN JOSE SCALE

San Jose scale is one of the worst insect pests
attacking orchard trees in this country. Undoubtedly
the best remedy for this scale is a thorough treatment
with lime-sulphur mixture late in the winter or early
in the spring, before the buds begin to open, on the
trees. If home-made lime-sulphur sprays are used,
probably there is no better formula than the follow-
ing:

Good lump lime, 15 pounds.

Flowers of sulphur, 15 pounds.

\Yater 50 gallons.

The lime should be slacked in warm water and,
as soon as the slacking has been well started, the
sulphur should be added and enough water kept in
the receptacle to keep the mass thin and sloppy. Boil
for at least forty-five minutes, or until the liquid is a
deep brick red in color ; then dilute to' fifty gallons and
apply at once. — C. P. Gillette, Colorado Agricultural
College. Fort Collins, Colo.

FATTEN AND SELL OLD HENS

Any old hens that you suspect of being too aged
for profitable egg production should be promptly mar-
keted before the flock is fed up for winter laying. Old
infirm roosters should be sent over the same route.
But feed all of them a while before selling, confining
them in a pen to themselves about 10 days prior to the
time for marketing.

THE HOME CANNERY

A question of paramount importance to every
farmer in Idaho today is whether the installation of a
small cannery is a profitable undertaking. Can the
by-products that go to waste at home annually be
utilized and sold at a profit? The results of our ex-
periments thus far seem to indicate that an undertak-
ing of this kind would be profitable, especially for
t'h.i-e not having access to commercial canneries.

As an illustration we will take the home canning
of string beans. The overhead charge for canning a
No. 2 can of beans this year was 7 l-3c per can. This
included shipping, blanching, canning, soldering, tip-
ping, processing, cost of can, etc. There are 56 pounds
to the bushel and it takes approximately ^ pound to
till one can. hence one bushel would fill 74 2-pound
cans. Figuring 100 bu. per acre would give 740 2-
pound cans per acre. At 7 l-3c per can it would cost
S532.70 per acre for canning. At lOc per can, our
selling price, the amount would be $740, or in other
words, by running beans through a home cannery, the
profit per acre would be $207.30 — C. C. Vincent,
Acting Horticulturist, Idaho Experiment Stations.

DON'T RUSH THE GARDEN

It does not pay to be in too big a hurry to get
the garden started. Manuring is of first importance,
and all of the garden needs a good application. Then

The above halftone shows a trestle erected by the Klauer Manufac-
turing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, over Hondo Canyon near Taos, New
Mexico. The trestle is 80 feet high and attention is called to the curve
of flume on trestle. Another feature of this flume is the use of steel
crossbars supporting the running board, which is seen in illustration.
This flume is used for carrying water to irrigate 6,000 acres of the best
land in the Taos valley. Many difficulties have been encountered in
securing water for this tract, all of which have been overcome.

it should be well plowed. Plant the seeds in long
rows, as they are easier to cultivate in that way, par-
ticularly if the cultivation is done with a wheel hoe.
With such a tool the rows can be closer together than
where a horse-drawn cultivator is used.

STATEMENT TO GOVERNMENT

Statement of the ownership, management, circulation,
etc., of Irrigation Age, published monthly at Chicago, Illi-
nois, required by the act of August 24, 1912.

Note. — This statement is to be made in duplicate, both
copies to be delivered by the publisher to the postmaster,
who will send one copy to the Third Assistant Postmaster
General (Division of Classification), Washington, D. C.,
and retain the other in the files of the post office.

Editor — D. H. Anderson, 30 N. Dearborn St.. Chicago.

Managing Editor — George J. Scharschug.

Publisher — D. H. Anderson.

Owner — D. H. Anderson, 30 N. Dearborn St.. Chicago
D. H. ANDERSON. Publisher.

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 31st day of
March, 1914. MICHAEL J. O'MALLEV.

(Seal.) Notary Public.

(My commission expires March 8, 1916.)

180

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

Newell, S. Dak.. March 21, 1914.

Editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE:

I have just read the March issue of the AGE, and believe
that I express the sentiments of a vast majority of the Fed-
eral Water Users when I say that its editorial columns, as
well as the department devoted to the interests of the Water
Users by Mr. Scharshug, present to Congress the most patri-
otic appeal ever made in behalf of a down-trodden constit-
uency.

Not since December, 1911, when a number of the Federal
Water Users' Associations met in Chicago and organized the
"Federated Water Users' Association," from which has cul-
minated the "National Federation of Water Users' Associa-
tions," have I felt so encouraged. Of course there are many
rocks ahead, but certainly the Congress and Secretary Lane
cannot help but recognize the rights of the Water Users and
must realize that the success of the Government's reclama-
tion policy is dependent upon the success and prosperity of
the Federal Water Users.

From the homes of these Water Users and settlers
emanate words of the highest praise and commendation for
you and your able assistant, Mr. Scharschug. Theirs is a
just and most deserving cause, and your fearless champion-
ship of their appeal for relief is strengthening them for
another year's toil. May the April issue bring us some glad
tidings from Congress is the hope that is uppermost in their
minds. If a little encouragement is offered and confidence in
their Government restored, these irrigated farms will bloom
this coming year as never before, and the entire nation will
benefit thereby. This is not a cause of section or faction ; it
is America's cause. Citizens from every state in the Union
are settled on these projects. They are the gardens of these
entire United States. The gardeners stand ready with the
plow, the hoe and the shovel, waiting the offer as to their
portion of the fruits of their labors. Will the Government
take it all and a mortgage on their posterity, or will it leave
them a winter's supply and the wherewith to begin another
season's toil and hope? Spring is here. We are ready for
the question. Congress can answer.

O. E. FARNHAM.

Orman, S. D., March 20th, 1914.

Editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE:

Have just finished reading the March issue of the AGE
with greatest of interest and certainly appreciate your efforts
in behalf of the Federal Water Users. I am a farmer, but as
we are having blustery weather I have written a short article
to contribute to your pages.

Hoping that you may see your way clear to publish same
and wishing you success, I remain yours for the right,

C. L. GRISWELL.

Mr. Griswell's article reached THE AGE office too late for publica-
tion this month.

Phoenix, Ariz., March 20, 1914.
Editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE:

The March issue of the AGE is fine and reads good from
a Water User's standpoint. I gave my copy to I. D. O'Don-
nell, government supervisor of irrigation. Please send me a
half dozen more copies.

SAM BARRETT.

Phoenix, Ariz., March 20. 1914.
Editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE :

The March number of THE IRRIGATION AGE looks O. K.
to me. Some hot stuff all right. We are under the impression
here that the Reclamation Service will give almost anything
we ask rather than have Congress investigate.

Yours very truly,

H. A. BUSTRIN.

Orland. Cal., Feb. 88, 1914.

Editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE :

The sample copy of IRRIGATION AGE at hand and am well
pleased with its make-up. I am in hearty accord with you,
in regard to your attitude on the Federal irrigation situation.

I think the average settler needs assistance from some
source, as it seems there is always a graft in everything.

There has been little complaint so far in this project in regard
to the water supply, but there are several thousand acres to
be improved yet.

I am well aware that it is a hard problem to keep every
one pleased and satisfied, but it seems to me that if Secretary
Lane really tries tc do as he says he should have the support
of every Water User in the land.

M. N. WILCOX.

Fallen, Nevada, March 3, 1914.
Editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE:

Enclosed find $1.00 for a year's subscription to your pub-
lication. I wish to read the people's side of the question as
well as the Government's (The Reclamation Record), and
oblige.

F. M. MURCHISON.

Somerton, Yuma County, Ariz., March 20, 1914.
Editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE:

The March issue just received and carefully read. It is the
signal of war to the finish until this confiscation business
ceases, and sane government of the Service prevails instead
of bureaucratic methods.

The March issue is going to create a furor; that you
can depend on. You may expect a back fire from many
sources, but the most dangerous sources will be from Water
Users' associations whom the Service has got under their
control, and the business interests in the towns who care
nothing for the business interests of the farmers and know
less about our interests. Commercial clubs will be organized
against you as they have been organized against me. Do not
mistake the power of the opposition that will show itself.
This you must prepare for. Wise councils should prevail.

The Executive Committee of the Federation should have
a meeting in Chicago to carefully lay before you many things
that have not yet been touched upon, such as individual suffer-
ings caused by the methods of the Service. These we have
had to refrain from bringing out in the past as we believed
we would succeed by a discussion of general principles. In
this we have failed, and perhaps it is the individual condi-
tions that will speak louder than general principles.

Our homesteaders are now slinking back into their holes
discouraged, preparing for the reduction of their lands under
Section 13 of the new bill, and they have not a dollar to
spare, and they are unable to express themselves through their
association for the reason that the Service and the commer-
cial interests of the town have carried the election against
the farmers by means of the large holdings of speculative
lands held by the commercial men of the town.

EARL B. SMITH,

Chairman of the Executive Committee of the National
Federation of Water Users' Associations.

ARTESIAN WELLS IN NEVADA
Many artesian wells are being drilled in Nevada
for the irrigation of lands. Under a recent state
law, each county is permitted to appropriate $5,000
a year for the purchase of well drilling machinery
and testing for water. The drilling machinery can
he loaned or leased by the counties to ranchers
who want to put down wells. Several wells, drilled
in the Smith valley in Douglas county, produced
big flows. One of these is giving a flow of 240 to
250 gallons of water per minute from a depth of 296
feet. The discovery of the artesian belt is resulting
in rapid settlement of the districts.

REORGANIZE CHELAN PROJECT

A reorganization of the Chelan-Howard Flat
irrigation project near Chelan, Wash., is under
way. It is proposed to form a district, embracing
these lands, for the purpose of bonding and in-
stalling a pumping plant and pipe line to deliver
water from Lake Chelan for the irrigation of land
within the district. The new district includes
about 2,000 acres, much of which was included
within the former proposed district.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

181

BRIEF NOTES FROM IRRIGATION PROJECTS

California

The new owners of the Citizens Water Company of
San Jacinto are making plans for extensive improvements
to their plant. The system will be extended to irrigate
several hundred acres of additional land and much work
will be done in the way of water development at the
Cienega, the source of the company's principal water sup-
ply. Improvements and expansion plans contemplated
will mean the expenditure of $100,000 or more during the
current year.

Articles of incorporation have been filed by the Auto-
matic Irrigating Machine Company, Inc., with a capital
stock of $250,000, of which sum $500 has been paid in. The
life of the corporation is fifty years. The office of the
company is located at Oroville.

The jury in the case of S. E. Foster vs. Turlock Irri-
gation District, in which the plaintiff sought damages of
$1,000 from the district on the ground that he suffered
the loss of his wheat crop because denied his pro-rata of
water last spring, returned a verdict in favor of the irriga-
tion district. The case was one of most importance as
a decision against the district would have materially
changed the water distribution in both the Modesto and
Turlock districts.

All attachments filed against the property of the So-
lano Irrigated Farms have been lifted through the efforts
of Patrick Calhoun, of San Francisco. Claims aggregating
more than $50,000 have thus been taken care of and the
way paved for the continuance of the immense work
started last year, but brought to a sudden termination
when subscriptions to stock failed to materialize.

Work on the 14-inch well on the F. M. Hudelson ranch
west of Hughson is being rapidly pushed to completion.
This well will be developed to deliver 1,000 gallons or more
per minute. The water wil be used for irrigating the
45-acre nursery of Campin & Hobart, which will be set
out this spring.

The U. S. Reclamation Service is asking for proposals
for building and structures of the East Park Feed Canal
in Colusa County, near Stonyford in connection with the
Orland irrigation project. The work involves about 6,000
cubic yards of excavation; 4,000 cubic yards of concrete,
the placing of about 49,300 pounds of reinforcing steel and
14,150 pounds of metal work and gate fixtures, and the
placing in structures of about 30,500 feet B. M. of lumber.
Bids will be opened at two o'clock p. m. April 21, at the
office of the Reclamation Service at Orland.

Colorado

Bids for the excavation of 1,500,00ft cubic yards of
dirt in the thirty miles of High Line canal in the Grand
Valley project have been asked for by Project Engineer
J. H. Miner. The bids will be opened at the office of the
Reclamation Service in Grand Junction on May 1. This
is the largest excavation the Reclamation Service has or-
dered in any of its projects in seven years. More than
1,000 men will be employed.

Colorado's irrigation projects are doing well. Last
year Colorado's yield of agricultural products was esti-
mated to be worth $80,000,000, and this year, with new
land under irrigation, the total is estimated at $100,000,000.
The supply of water for irrigation purposes is more ample
this year than it has ever been before.

This is the third year that the Riverside Irrigation
Project has been in active operation. Thus far there has
been plenty of water for all farmers who have plowed up
their lands. There are at present about 5,000 acres under
cultivation. The entire area under the ditches amounts to
30,000 acres. The project is safeguarded by the great
Riverside reservoir, which holds 40,000 acre-feet of water
when full. At the present time there are 30,000 acre-feet
of water in the reservoir, and the spring run-off will in-
crease this amount.

result of damage done to his crops when Benj. Raggio
interfered with a 41-inch flow of water on his property.
The case was the first of three that have been filed against
Raggio. He is accused of having stopped the flow of 150
inches of water on the Cassinnelli ranch as a result of
which the ground was flooded to a depth of several inches
and the crops were damaged.

Fifteen thousand acres of land in Spring Valley near
Ely are to be reclaimed by means of water supplied by a
hydro-electric plant. Judge Benjamin W. Coleman of Ely
is at the head of the enterprise. Right to use the water of
Cleve Creek has been granted Judge Colman by the state
engineer. Since securing the right he has had a pre-
liminary survey made, which shows that water can be con-
veyed through a ditch for a distance of two miles where a
200-foot fall can be obtained. It is proposed to build a
power plant here where 300 horsepower can be generated
at a small cost. The cost of the plant is estimated at
$150,000.

Charges of unlawfully disposing of lands and water
rights and of unlawfully obtaining property and large sums
of money from homesteaders are contained in reports
forwarded to the general land office by the commission of
industry, agriculture and irrigation having charge of Carey
Act projects in the state of Nevada, in relation to the oper-
ation of the Nevada Land, Water & Power Company and
the First Mortgage & Real Estate Company, doing busi-
ness in Los Angeles and San Diego, Cal. The companies'
operations have been carried on outside the jurisdiction of
the Nevada authorities, and for this reason the cases have
been called to the attention of the federal authorities. The
Carey Act withdrawal in question consists of 25,000 acres
of land near Moapa, Nev.

Texas

The Llano River Irrigation & Milling Company of
Junction, Kimble county, has filed with the state board of
water engineers a certificate of appropriation of the waters
of the Llano river for the irrigation of 10,000 acres of
land in Kimble county.

Alexander Boynton has closed a contract with Kilgore
& Stott of Uvadle, Texas, for the construction of a dam
across the Nueces river near Crystal City and an irriga-
tion system to cost about $200,000. The dam will form a
lake seventeen miles long, with an average depth of thirty-
five feet. Seven miles of canals will be built. These will
have an average depth of five feet and be eight feet in
width at the bottom. About 2,000 acres of land have
already been cleared and will be placed under irrigation
as soon as the reservoir is completed.

A petition to create an irrigation district at Harlingen
has been filed in the County Court at Brownsville. The
farmers at Harlingen have decided to take over the hold-
ings and system of the Harlingen Land & Water Com-
pany. The consideration is said to be $400,000. Under the
new district 40,000 acres will be taken in.

Nevada

Judgment in the sum of $2,100 was awarded Pietro
Cassinnelli in the district court at Reno recently as the

Utah

Articles of incorporation have been filed with the
county clerk by the Down Ditch Water Company of
.Huntsville. The company is incorporated to conduct a
general irrigation business. Under the articles of incor-
poration the company will be permitted to build dams,
reservoirs and irrigation ditches, and to supply water for
domestic purposes.

At the recent annual meeting of the stockholders of
the Kaysville Irrigation Company, the proposition of build-
ing a reservoir to store enough water to furnish two irri-
gating streams for 45 days was passed upon favorably.
The project will cost approximately $25,000. The site of
the reservoir will be on Simmons' ranch a mile northeast
of Kaysville. The plan for financing the undertaking calls
for the sale of 495 shares of stock in the company at the
par value of $25 per share, and the converting of 30 shares
of secondary stock into primary shares at $22.50 a share.

With the completion of the Uba dam on the Sevier
river, 70,000 acres in eastern Millard county will be

182

THE IRRIGATIOX AGE.

brought under cultivation. The Se-
vier Land & Water Company has re-
inforced the dam and raised the crest
:;.-> feet.

Miscellaneous

The Reclamation Service is asking
for proposals for the construction of
about five miles of the north canal
and fourteen miles of laterals on the
Belle Fourche Project, South Dakota.
The work involves the excavation of
about 199,200 cubic yards of material
north and east of Newell. Bids will
be opened at four o'clock, April 15.
at the office of the Reclamation Ser-
vice, Newell, S. D.

A. W. Lawrence is making prepara-
tions to put in an irrigation system
on his fruit farm near Sturgeon Bay,
Wis.

The Central Oregon Irrigation
Company has been prohibited from
making any more sales of land from
its grant in eastern Oregon without
previously taking the matter up with
the State Land Board. The cause of
the action is based on the claim that
the company, because of seepage, is
unable to irrigate all the lands which
it had sold and held open for entry.

Despairing of any large concern
undertaking reclamation of the set-
tled lands of the ceded portion of the
Wind River Indian Reservation, the
settlers of the Lost Well Butte sec-
tion of these lands have decided to
apply to the state for a water-right
covering 10.000 acres and to construct
a system of their own. The plan calls
for a main ditch about 30 miles in
length, which, it is estimated, can be
built for about $120,000.

MEET FROST WITH HEAT

Be prepared for late spring frosts.
A specialist of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, in discussing
orchard heating, makes the following
suggestions :

"It is better to have many sources
of heat than few even though the
total amount of heat is the same in
both instances. The heaters should
be placed from 20 to 22 feet apart
each way in rows between the trees
rather than near to or under the trees,
and on the windward side of the or-
chard they should be about 10 feet
apart in a row, perhaps 15 or 20 feet
away from the first row of trees and
outside of the orchard. This outside
row thus has an extra number of
heaters because it must protect the
first row of trees and because the heat
from it is so much scattered by the
wind that fewer heaters could not give
the necessary protection. The heaters
are placed in rows to facilitate filling,
lighting, and extinguishing them.

"The condition of the fruit buds
whether partly open, or wide open,
makes some little difference in the
danger point of the temperature, but
as soon as they first begin to open,
32° F. had better be accepted as
meaning trouble. While the buds are
still closed they will stand a lower
temperature and heating is seldom or
never done until they begin to open.
Good judgment is necessary at this
(Continued on page 184)

GOOD ENOUGH

Heavy Deep Furrow

Sulky Plow

Save Moisture — Increase Yield

Plow deep — form deep moisture reservoirs — increase
the feeding area of the plant roots — liberate more plant
food. Do these things and your crops will be greatly
increased. The Good Enough Heavy Deep Furrow Sul-
key is the most efficient plow for deep plowing on the
market.

The Good Enough Heavy Deep Furrow Sulky is a
tremendously strong and powerful plow. It will plow
any soil that is capable of being plowed and will turn a
furrow from 6 to 15 inches deep.

The landing lever controls both the front furrow
wheel and the hitch. The dial hitch can be adjusted to
either side and up or down. The draft is applied directly
to the beam through the heavy draft rod. The rear
wheel is locked in place, but can be instantly released by
means of the foot trip at the ends of the rows.

Regularly furnished with five-horse evener, rolling
coulter and extra shares.

See Your Flying Dutchman Dealer

or Write for Information

Moliiie Plow Co.

Dept. 3 MOLINE, ILL.

THE IERIGATION AGE.

183

FARMER'S REPLY TO MR. LANE

(Continued from page ifd)

We homesteaders wonder why the experimental farm
doesn't abide by the rotation system, for surely a man
is not qualified to do experimental farming, if he can't
conduct his experiments under irrigation by rotation.
The experts of the Service farm on paper and
irrigate on paper. This paper exercise has prevented
the experts from acquiring a practical knowledge of
farming under irrigation. Whatever of practical
knowledge they have has been acquired by watching
"ignorant farmers." I asked one of these experts how
much water to put on a field of oats. Oh, just give
it a good soaking, he replied. And he is still in the
Service. It doesn't seem possible that the later irriga-
tors can learn anything new or even what the "earlier"'

irrigators learned as we are still assumed to be igno-
rant of how to irrigate. And the farmers on the
Huntley project never will know until they cease to
be "above the average in intelligence, etc." For it is
only a degenerate class that can be willingly made to
do the bidding of the Reclamation Service. We have
been accused of using too much water on the Huntley
project, thus causing seepage. That is true in isolated
cases, but it is not true in general. Very few farmers
run water for fun. We are glad to get the job done
as soon as possible and as fast as we can get the sur-
face graded, we run less water, but we have to "sup-
port a family" in the meantime and so can not do all
the grading in the first year or two.

This leads to the subject of underground drain-
age. These experts in the Service knew (or they

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other water-works and irrigation-iron ap-
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1220 13th Street Racine, Wis.

Fairbanks-Morse Centrifugal Pumps

Fairbanks, Morse & Co

Type illustrated —
designed for pump-
ing water against
moderate heads.
Other pumps, direct
connected or belted
to Fairbanks- Morse
electric motor or oil
engines for every

irrigation requirement.
Write for Catalog 27N-650

Chicago Portland

St. Paul Seattle

Spokane St. Louis

Salt Lake City Omaha
Kansas City Los Angeles
Denver Atlanta

LOW FARES

to Northwest
Farm Lands

E. C. LEEDY. LA.

Gen'l Immigration Agent, Great Northern
Railway, St. Paul, Minn.

Send me "Make-Good" book on

and free Colonist Folder. Name of State

Name...
Address .

Come to Northwest farm lands while fares are low. One way

Spring Colonist fares daily, March 15 to April 15.
$25 from St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Omaha and Kansas City to
many western Montana points. $30 from those cities to Idaho, Wash-
ington, Oregon and British Columbia.

One way Settlers' fares on certain dates — $16 from St. Paul, Minneapolis and Duluth
to eastern Montana points. Round trip Homeseekers' fares on certain dates. Proportionately
low fares from your home town.

Prosper With the Northwest

You will find greater opportunities with your limited means on the fertile, untilled lands of the Northwest
than on worn-out eastern farms. Get a Free Homestead in Oregon or Montana. In three years it's ab-
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Easy payments.

Send for Facts and Fares

Send today for "Make-Good" books, 36 pages, each handsomely illustrated. Filled with
letters from men. like you, who have made good in the Northwest. Get our Free
Colonist Fare Folder. Fill out the coupon below and mail to

E. C. LEEDY

General Immigration Agent Great Northern Railway
St. Paul, Minn.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

184

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

were not qualified to be in the Service) that the
Huntley project would be water logged in a short
time, for the water table was only 12 to 30 feet below
surface when the project was settled. The settler was
not given this information before he applied for water.
Had this been public knowledge, there would be a
very different class of people here.

' Now our lands will cost very much more than the
service said they would — so much more that most of
them will never be worth the money we shall be com-
pelled to pay to the service.

When we come to the subject of building charges,
we conclude that if Mr. Secretary has progressed only
to the phase of doubt, he is not yet in such a mental
state as would enable him to give us a fair deal. If
he does not yet know to a certainty that we have been
charged with great sums that are not just, he cer-
tainly needs to seek more information. He should
come to the Water Users, not to the experts of the
Service. They do not admit their blunders.

The proposition to extend payments to twenty
years on the basis of a new contract is another open-

ing to take advantage of the farmer. He will have
nothing to do with formulating the contract. It will
be all arranged by the Service. And from our past
experience, we want no more contracts made by the
Reclamation Service. Under a new contract we would
pay larger construction charges, more maintenance
and get less water and less freedom.

We have an abundant supply of water, but the
impractical service has not provided enough ditch
capacity. The service claims it has, but the farmers
think not.

Slaves are we? Not very different! Govern-
ments treat their subjugated half civilized dependen-
cies with more consideration.

There would be a joyful exodus of a large num-
ber of settlers from the Huntley project, if the gov-
ernment would but repay them the money they brought
here. They would be glad to surrender their claims
with all the improvements and work done upon them.
If anyone doubts these statements, let him come to
Huntley project, and if he doesn't find it substantially
as here written, his visit need not cost him a cent.

MEET FROST WITH HEAT

(Continued from page 182)
time in order not to burn fuel useless-
ly. Tested thermometers should be
distributed throughout the orchard
and also at a couple of places for
comparison outside the orchard. If
the temperature goes down slowly
during the night and reaches 32° a
short time before sunrise, it will not
be necessary to light the heaters. If
the temperature reaches 32° earlier
in the night then every fourth heater
should be lighted, and more if neces-
sary to keep it at 32° or a little higher.
The thermometers outside the orchard
must be watched so as to know how
cold it is away from the heated area.

"If the temperature drops rapidly
toward the danger point in the even-
ing or during the night then the fruit
grower must be alert and get fires
going before 32° is reached because
it is easier to maintain a safe tempera-
ture than it is to raise an injurious
one.

"There is much more danger on a
clear night than on a cloudy one be-
cause the radiation of heat from the
earth is more rapid. Clouds act as a
blanket and check the radiation very
considerably. Fruit growers, during
the season when there is likelihood of
frost damage, should maintain care-
ful observation of weather conditions.
They should also study the U. S.
weather reports and whenever the
forecast indicates likelihood of frost,
make ready to light their heaters and
thereafter keep especially close watch
on local weather conditions."

Clear Fir Silo

at 4O% to 60% Saying

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We own forests, railroads and six big mills

There are thousands of acres of timber in our tracts. The fir is
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save you 40% to 60% on a silo of better quality. Mail the coupon for catalog.

Save 40% to 60%

on Lumber and Millwork

HOW TO KILL PRAIRIE DOGS

The most successful way to exter-
minate prairie dogs is poisoning.
Take shelled corn or wheat, soak it
for twenty-four hours in strychnine
water, cover with molasses, and by
the aid of a long-handled spoon put it
well down into the dog holes. In this
way you will avoid poisoning othe.r
animals or the birds.

Seattle Silos

have patented swinging door*

These are far the best silo
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They swing in or out readily on
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Mail the coupon today

I v We are preparing to furnish
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flume building purposes.

'Machine banded wood stave
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We make shipments within 24 to 48 hours after
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Mail cou

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your list of materials for our pre-
>ack unless satisfied.
coupon today

HEWITT-LEA-FUNCK CO.

471 Crary Bldg., Seattle, Wash.

Kindly send the following, quoting prices delivered my station.
[ ] Catalog of lumber and millwork. ( ] Special silo folder.

Be sure to write plainly

Name

Address

Business

am planning to build as follows:.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

185

IRRIGATION LAW IN PLAIN ENGLISH

By Fulton H. Sears

THE IRRIGATION AGE:

What is the real meaning of this order by the
Secretary of the Interior in connection with the

Milk River irrigation
] project in Montana?

"In order to provide
I for the relief of these
settlers who have made
homestead entries for
lands withdrawn under
the provisions of Sec. 3
of the Reclamation Act
of June 17, 1902 (32
Stat, 388), situated in
what is known as the
Chinook Division, Milk
River project, Montana,
west of Dodson dam, it
I is hereby ordered :

"For all such lands
covered by existing un-
completed homestead entries the withdrawal under
the Reclamation Act will be revoked as to lands
held to be susceptible of irrigation to the end that
patent may issue upon proper compliance with the
general homestead laws ; provided, that the recla-
mation withdrawal will not be revoked as to any

Fulton H. Sears

such land until the entryman has become a member
of the Water Users' Association, and has executed
stock subscription and contract with the association
covering the land, which has been recorded ; and
provided further, that when water is made available
for the irrigation of the land the area for which any
one entryman or his successor in interest may hold
a water right under the project prior to full pay-
ment will be limited to 80 acres of irrigable land."

This order means that those lands 'described,
\vhich no doubt have been filed upon in 160-acre
tracts before farm unit was established, are now
withdrawn from the operation of the Reclamation
Act of June 17, 1902. This will permit the entry-
man to make proof under the terms of the Home-
stead Act, and thereby acquire title to the full 160
acres. The proviso is that the entryman must join
the Water Users' Association and through this
means, payments for construction, operation and
maintenance may be collected.

"Provided further, that water right can only be
acquired for 80 acres of irrigable land, for each
entry."

This would allow entryman to acquire title to
80 acres upon which no water could be had until
after final payment or through assignment to some
other person.

How this can be done in law is a serious prob-
lem, as stockholders, in most Water Users' Associa-
tions are limited to \Yater Users located within
the project. When this withdrawal is in effect,
they are without the project, and may acquire

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has every advantage over rasps of spikes, because no set of spikes will knock the seed out of the damp pods. Rasps gum up and are easily destroyed.
Our system of separation is unique and effective. This consists of a series of rotating troughs with perforation in the bottom, with provision for
adjustment to meet the various conditions of clover. The Patented Steel Scrapers attached to the bottom of these troughs thoroughly scrape the
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evening than with any other — this insures a longer day, thus increasing your earning power. Give us an opportunity to piove to you right
on your own farm that the "Matchless" is the speediest and cleanest huller on tae market. WRITE FOR CATALOG TODAY, or call at our nearest
Branch House.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY,

Sole Builders of Aultman-Taylor "Starved Rooster" Line of Machinery.
BRANCHES: Minneapolis. Minn.; Portland, Ore.; Lincoln. Nebr.; Kansas City. Mo,; Wichita, Kan.; Decatur, 111,; Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

186

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

vested rights while being in this position. There-
fore, should it ever be desired to bring them in
again or even to put them out, should they refuse,
it would raise a serious question. Just what right
the Secretary has to put a man out of the project
without his consent is hard to see.

This order establishes a precedent that may
be far-reaching, as under it the Secretary has the
right to set aside the entire withdrawal of any pro-
ject and the settlers would possibly have the mere
right to get water and the Government would have
the works'.

over Director Xewell's signature only, that it is
not believed were ordered by the Reclamation Com-
mission. These matters will be taken up through
proper channels and presented to the Reclamation
Commission for its rejection or endorsement.

"While the settlers have the fullest confidence
in Mr. Camp, it is the intention of those who will
fight the Portland overhead charge to ask the Recla-
mation Commission to either give Mr. Camp full
charge of the operation of this project or else re-
place him with a man whom the Commission feels
is able to handle the project without assistance from
Portland."

KLAMATH FIGHTS MYSTERIOUS ORDER

By some indirect, mysterious route, J. G. Camp,
project engineer on the Klamath project in Oregon,
has received an order to include in his expense bills
for the project the overhead charges of Pacific Di-
vision headquarters' office at Portland, Ore. The
Water Users are aroused by this action.

When Camp was placed in charge of the proj-
ect, following the removal of W. W. Patch, 'the
Reclamation Service announced he would deal di-
rectly with Washington, and for a time no over-
head charges for the Portland office were assessed
against the Klamath Water Users.

"It appears, according to the word received
here, that the order was issued without considera-
tion by the whole Commission," says the Merrill
(Ore.) Record. "Not only has Mr. Camp received
orders of this nature, but it is claimed that indi-
vidual Water Users have had matters sent to them

IDAHO OWNS KING HILL

The State of Idaho is now the owner of the
King Hill irrigation project. The state land board
bid in the property for $30,000 in order to protect
the state's equity. Under the court's order, there is
no right of redemption of the property.

The land board's plans for the project this year
contemplate the expenditure of from $10,000 to
$15,000 in improving the project under the plans
submitted by State Engineer F. P. King. This in
addition to the cost of maintenance this season.

UPHOLDS CAREY ACT CONTRACT

Carey Act irrigation companies have the power
to enforce the terms of their water contracts with
settlers, even when the title to the land is still in
the United States, and the United States cannot be
made a party to the suit, according to a decision
handed down in the Idaho state supreme court.

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IRRIGATION AGE

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seeker, engineer, expert, colonist and irrigation farmer,
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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

187

DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWS BURST BOOM

(Continued on page 170)

hard blows, the blows were not of the knock-out va-
riety. All demonstrate that irrigation enterprises are
coming back better, bigger, and stable.

Xow for the foundation of it all — the farmers
and their produce. This looks like a banner year for
the men on the irrigation projects. There has been
lots of rain and snow throughout the winter all over
the West. The reservoirs are full. Little winter-
killing is reported. Unless our faithful almanacs are
all wrong. Spring will open early. On many of the
projects much plowing and some seeding has already
been done — that, of course, does not include those
where farming goes on practically the year around.

The irrigation farmers are better equipped than
ever before. They have a better knowledge of their
soil, of irrigation, of their crops. They have more
land cleared, leveled and checked, or ditched. They
have more live stock. They have more comfortable
homes. Most of them did well enough last year to
lay aside a little money to finance this year's work.

The irrigation communities are welding them-
selves closer together. There is more co-operative
and business-like marketing now than last year, and
this will continue to spread, for* it means money to
the farmers. There have been many creameries and
mills put up during the winter. There have been
many dairy herds started — and started right, with
good sires and well-bred cows.

If the rural credit bill on which Congress is
working is so framed as to benefit the irrigation

farmer as well as the Eastern farmer, it will give
added impetus, as it will open the way to funds for
improvements on a more extensive scale.

On the Federal projects the Secretary of the In-
terior has granted the Water Users still further ex-
tension of time for their payments. Under the pro-
posed twenty-year extension bill, the size of the pay-
ments will be much smaller. There are indications
that other injustices on these projects will be
eliminated.

Do you wonder that to the observer, irrigation
affairs promise progress and encouragement during
the year 1914?

IRRIGATORS !
Stop Using Dams

of dirt, sacks, canvas and
others that are unreliable and
expensive.

An Irrigator offers yon his
practical and economical Irri-
gating tool. The PORTABLE
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IB light, durable, simple In con-
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can be quickly adjusted to an;
ditch narrower than the dam.

The PORTABLE FOLDING
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banks and fields; eaves water:
eaves time and labor and will
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You will work less and worry
lessthro the irrigating season
if yon ase tin- dam. ORDER
NOW.

Atiits Wittri.

W. A. LINKLETTER, limtor and Manufacturer, Boulder, Colo.

This Portable Folding Steel Dam Makes Irrigating Easier

PRICES NET F. O. B.

8-Foot Dam 12.00

3-Foot Dam £.50

4-Foot Dam S.OO

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We ate also builders of the Famous "New Century" Separator, "Matchless" Cloverand Alfalfa Huller, Steam Traction and Portable Engines.
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THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY

BRANCHES:

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Wichita, Kan.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

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Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

188

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

FORESTRY NOTES

Connecticut has one and a half mil-
lion acres of timberland, mainly in
farmers' woodlots.

Canada has a society of forest en-
gineers. Dr. B. E. Fernow, of Toron-
to, is president, and Mr. F. W. H.
Jacombe, of Ottawa, is secretary.

Of the three Pacific coast states,
Oregon and Washington far outstrip
California in the work done by pri-
vate owners for forest protection.

The development of quicksilver
mines promises to make large de-
mands for cordwood and construc-
tion timbers on the Tonto national
forest, Arizona.

Manufacturers of greenhouses and
makers of boxes are getting in touch
so that the latter may use for box
cleats the cypress waste from the
greenhouses.

Only one wood, Spanish cedar,
(Cedrela odorata), is commonly used
for cigar boxes. Sometimes a cheap-
er wood may form the basis of the
box, with paper-thin veneers of the
tropical cedar over it.

It has been suggested that certain
kinds of timber on the national for-
ests be reserved for the needs of the
navy. This recalls the fact that the
first forest reservations in this coun-
try were made for naval material.

A California firm is selling eucalyp-
tus charcoal at $24 a ton, as against
$20 a ton for oak charcoal. Since
most of the California-grown euca-
lyptus does not make good lumber,
uses for other products of the tree
are being sought.

Lodgepole pine seed sown broad-
cast on the snow in southern Idaho
last spring germinated when the snow
melted, and as many as 60 little trees
were counted to the square foot.
The summer was so dry, however,
that most of the plants died, except
where sheltered by brush or logs.

Fifteen small sawmills are cutting
timber from the Powell national for-
est in southern Utah, more than 100
miles from the nearest railrciad. They
are run by settlers* during time that
can be spared from the crops, and
supply local needs since there is no
opportunity to ship timber in or out.

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buy an engiuetill you investigate the money-saving, power-sav-
ing "DETROIT." Thousands in use. Costs only postal to find
ont. If yoa are first in your ceiichborhood to write, you get
Special Extra-Low Introductory price. Write! ( mi

Detroit Engine Works, 301 Beltevue Ave.. Detroit. Mich,

SEND $1.00 FOR THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE ONE YEAR AND
THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION,
PAPER BOUND.

FOR THE "LAND'S SAKE"

BUY A

BOSTRDM IMPROVED^

The department of agriculture is
trying to eliminate the danger to
cattle from poisonous plants on na-
tional forest ranges. Of these plants,
larkspur, loco weed ,death camas, and
water hemlock are the most poison-
ous. Larkspur does the most harm.
because it is so widely distributed
and is particularly bad for cattle.
Ordinarily, horses will not eat lark-
spur, and sheep can eat it without ap-
parent injury.

Price $15

Which has TELESCOPE enabling you to read tha
Target over 400 yards away, and

TERRACE, DITCH, TILE DRAIN, IRRIGATE

your land properly, and save surveyor's fees. It Is
sold by up-to-date hardware and general merchant*
everywhere, and guaranteed to be the most

SIMPLE, ACCURATE, DURABLE AND COMPLETE

outfit ever made for all farm work. If your deal-
er hasn't one in stock, he will order for you from
a nearby hardware jobber.

If rili today for description of Level, and details
of our MONEY BACK GUARANTEE.

BOSTROM- BRADY MANUFACTURING CO.

1 1 • Madison Ave., Atlanta, Qa.

International Harvester
Oil and Gas Engines

The IHCLine

GRAIN AND HAT

MACHINES
Binders, Reapers
Headert, Mowers
Rakci. Stickers
HIT Loaders
Hay Presses

CORN MACHINES
Planters, Pickers
Binders, Cultivators
Ensilage Cutters
Shellert. Shredders

TILLAGE
Pe», Spring-Tooth,
and Disk Harrows
Cultivators

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gas Engines
Oil Tractora
Manure Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagon,
Motor 1 rucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

EVERY wise farmer does what he
can to save money, time, unneces-
sary hard work, and to have as pleasant a
life as is possible.

Therefore, wise farmers buy International Har-
vester engines, engines of standard construction
with features like the offset cylinder head, accurately
ground piston and rings, extra large valves, detach-
able valve guides, split-hub fly-wheels — features
that make them last by far the longest and save the
most money in the end.

Be sure when you buy your engine that it is an
I H C engine, and you will be sure of best material
and best construction. They are made portable,
stationary, or skidded; vertical or horizontal; air or
water-cooled. Sizes range from 1 to SO- H. P. They
operate on both low and high grade fuels.

Not every local dealer can show you International
Harvester engines. Write us for interesting cata-
logues and full information, and we will tell you the
name of the local dealer who handles our engines.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

Denier— Helena— Portland— Spokane— Salt Lake City— San Francisce

lion Deering McConnick Milwaukee Ofborne Piano

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

189

METAL CULVERTS

Department
of Highways

State of Oklahoma

BULLETIN No. 2

(EXCERPT)

From the investigation made by this
department and the evidence gathered
from experience of other states, we are
forced to the conclusion that purity is an
essential factor in metal culverts; and
under the standard of purity recom-
mended by the government and by all
state departments which have given the
matter serious consideration, we find
American Ingot Iron is the only metal
used irV the manufacture of culverts in
Oklahoma and submitted for test which
reaches the standard of purity suggested
by the government and the various
states, and specified by this department.
Ingot Iron is undoubtedly much superior
to steel for this purpose.

Write the nearest manufacturer for particulars and prices on American Ingot Iron Culverts, Flumes,

Sheets, Plates, Roofing and Formed Products:

Arkansas— Little Rock

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
California— Los Angeles

California Cor. Culvert Co.
California— West Berkeley

California Cor. Culvert Co.
Colorado — Denver

R. Hardesty Mfg. Co.
Delaware — Clayton

Delaware Metal Culvert Co.
Florida— Jacksonville

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Georgia— Atlanta

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Illinois — Bloomington

Illinois Corrugated Metal Co.
Indiana— Crawfordsville

W. Q. O'Neall Co.
Indiana— Princeton

W.Q. O'Neall Co.
Iowa— Des Moines

Iowa Pure Iron Culvert Co.

Iowa— Independence

Independence Cor. Culvert Co.
Kansas— Topeka

The Road Supply & Metal Co.
Kentucky— Buechel

Kentucky Culvert Co.
Louisiana — New Orleans

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Maryland— Havre de Grace

J. N. Spencer.
M assachusetts— Palmer

New England Metal Cul. Co.
Michigan — Bark River

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Michigan— Lansing

Michigan Bridge & Pipe Co.
Minnesota— Minneapolis

Lyle Corrugated Culvert Co.
Minnesota— Lyle

Lyle Corrugated Culvert Co.
Missouri — Moberly

Corrugated Culvert Co.

Montana— Missoula

Montana Culvert Co.
Nebraska— Lincoln

Lee Arnett Co.
Nebraska— Wahoo

Nebraska Culvert & Mfg. Co.
Nevada— Reno

Nevada Metal Mfg. Co.
New Hampshire— Nashua

North East Metal Culvert Co.
New Jersey — Flemington

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
N ew York — Auburn

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
North Carolina— Greensboro

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
North Dakota— Wahpeton

Northwestern Sheet & Iron Wks.
Ohio— Middletown

American Rolling Mill Co.

Ohio Corrugated Culvert Co.
Oklahoma— Shawnee

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.

Oregon— Portland

Coast Culvert & Plume Co.
Pennsylvania — Warren

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
South Dakota— Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Metal Culvert Co.
Tennessee— N ashville

Tennessee Metal Culvert Co.
Texas— Dallas

Atlas Metal Works.
Texas— El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.
Texas— Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.
Utah— Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Co.
Virginia— Roanoke

Virginia Metal & Culvert Co.
Washington — Spokane

Spokane Cor. Cul. & Tank Co.
Wisconsin— Eau Claire

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Wisconsin — Madison

Wisconsin Culvert Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

190

THE IERIGATION AGE.

Put the right engine
behind your pumps

NO mattei how large your irrigation system or how small, the efficiency and
consistent performance of the engine that drives the pumps is a matter of
the utmost importance. Abundant power, ready control, freedom from
breakdowns and economy of fuel consumption are points that count big in results
and satisfaction. Install a Gilson Engine and you can be sure of reliable service
with minimum attention and minimum fuel cost. On irrigation work it has
proved itself beyond question the engine that more than makes good.

Gilson Goes Like Six*y Engines

GAS AND GASOLINE

The strongest and simplest built engines in
the field. Easy to operate, work without
watching. No unnecessary pounding or
wear. Last a lifetime. They do not need
constant tinkering for they are designed on
practical lines and have no weak spots.
Built for hard service from tested materials.
Nickel steel valves. Extra large high test
babbitt bearings. Forged steel shafts of
marvelous strength and finish. Exact work-
manship throughout and perfect balance.
Many special features and improvements
that increase efficiency.

700% Service

60% Speed

GILSON ENGINES are built in sizes from 1 to
15 H. P., each size guaranteed to develop its full
rated power. Patented devices give you the right
speed for every job about the farm, ranch or ir-
rigation plant. Built-in Sumter magnetos make
it possible to start the engine without cranking
and do away with batteries.

Mail fK*» f mir>on Whatever your requirements, whether
"I***1 Hits V^«JUJ/UI1 for irrigation use or farming operations,
there's a Gilson Engine that will give you the right service. Our prices
will save you money at the start and the small fuel consumption of
Gilson Engines will keep cost of operation down to a
surprisingly low figure. Clip off the coupon and mail
it back today and we will give you valuable informa-
tion about the type of engine best suited to your pa r-
ticular needs.

Gilson Manufacturing Company

76 Park Street Port Washington, Wls.

/ MAIL THIS COUPON

/Gilson Manufacturing Company
76 Park St., Port Washington, Wis.

I am interested in a Gasoline Engine

of Horse Power

Portable or Stationary

Name . . .

Post Office

State

R. F. D. No

Send me your Free Catalog and full particulars-

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IBBIGATI.ON AGE.

191

THE KLAUER

GALVANIZED METAL

FLUMES

ALL parts made entirely of
RUST RESISTING GALVANIZED IRON

NO WOOD
NO RIVETS
NO BOLTS
NO SOLDER

The most practical, simple and easiest
of all flumes to erect.

No Special Rolled Sheets
required for curves

Send us your inquiries

KLAUER MANUFACTURING

COMPANY
DUBUQUE, IOWA

SECTION OF NEWCOMB FLUME ON UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT^ RECLAMATION PROJECT. NEAR HUNTLEYiMONT.

International Harvester
Motor Trucks

GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES
Binders, Reapers
Headers, Mowers
Rakes, Stackers
Hay Loaders
Hay Presses

TILLAGE
Peg, Spring-Tooth
and Disk Harrows
Cultivators

THE IHC
LINE

CORN MACHINES
Planters, Pickers
Binders
Cultivators
Ensilage Cutters
Shelters, Shredders

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gas

Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Trucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

« T HAVE used your International motor
A truck daily over a route eighty miles
long, through winter and summer, for the
last four years, and have never missed a trip,"
writes one man.

Service such as this man got would add much to
the profits of your fruit business, by handling your fruits
rapidly at the right moment, and cutting down your general
hauling expenses. An International motor truck would give
you such service. Many fruit growers, realizing the advan-
tages and economies to be secured, have long been success-
fully using the light running, durable International motor
truck.

The solid tires cut down tire troubles. The motor is simple
and has plenty of power for emergencies. The brakes are
safe on any hill. The ignition system is of the best. One
lever controls the car. The International is built to save
you money.

Let us show you all that an International motor truck
will do for you. Drop a card today for catalogues and full
information to the

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)
Denver — Helena — Portland — Spokane— Salt Lake City — San Francisco

Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

192

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

"Ingeco" Oil Engines
and Pumps

Your Protection Against Droughts

Right Now Is the Time to Order Your Irrigation Outfit

There is no longer any question about the big returns from this investment. The only question
for you to decide is what equipment to buy. Let our engineers go into this matter with you in
detail. The result of our years of experience in this work is at your command. Tell us how
many acres you want to irrigate — the character of the soil — source of supply and total elevation
that water must be lifted and we will quickly work out your problem and name you a proposition
which we know will be interesting.

We are prepared to furnish complete plants, Engines and Pumps to meet all service, regardless
of size or condition. Branch Sales Offices and stocks carried in all principal cities.

Write for catalog 29-B-89

International Gas Engine Co.

General Sales Office and Factory :

112 Holthoff Place

CUDAHY, WISCONSIN

Suburb of Milwaukee

G 105-8

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION FROM WELLS

193

An Arkansas Installation. Layne Patent Screen and Patent Enclosed Line Shaft Centrifugal Pump.

With the twenty-three hundred successful working plants using out system of irrigation, which inoculates and
energizes the dormant forces, there is now being produced in previously non-productive districts throughout the
United States and in portions of Europe and Asia over eleven million dollars worth of FOOD PRODUCTS
ANNUALLY. That our system is not an experiment is forcibly demonstrated by the fact that much of this pro-
duction is from localities which were arid and barren previous to the introduction of our system.

Write for new
catalog.

Houston, Texas

LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY

The World's Largest Water Development Company

Address nearest

office.

Memphis, Tennessee

Welsh, Louisiana

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Plainview, Texas

Jackson, Mississippi

International Harvester
Tillage Implements

GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES
Binders, Reapers
Headers, Mowers
Rakes, Stackers
Hay Loaders
Hay Presses

TILLAGE
Combination,
Peg and Spring-
Tooth, and Disk
Harrows
Cultivators

THE IHC
LINE

CORN
MACHINES
Planters, Pickers
Binders
Cultivators
Ensilage Cutters
Shellers
Shredders

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gas

Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure
Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Trucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

THIS year ten disk harrows will be sold where one
was sold five years ago. Why? Because so many
farmers have learned that the proper use of a disk har-
row is the best guarantee of a successful crop.

Proper use of a disk harrow means the purchase of an IHC
disk harrow, because they are the ones built to do the best work.
The frames are strong, to stand the strain of following the binder
or of slicing meadows. The set levers keep the gangs to their
work at even depth. The bearings are the most durable that
can be put on a disk harrow.

• The full line includes disk, peg tooth, and smoothing harrows,
drills and cultivators. See this line before you buy. We send
catalogues on request.

"The Disk Harrow," a book which illustrates and explains the
proper preparation of a seed bed, and gives examples of the value
of disking — 32 pages of valuable information — -is yours for four
cents to cover postage and packing.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)
Denver — Helena — Portland — Spokane — Salt Lake City — San Francisco

Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

194

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

WE SHALL be glad to mail
anyone who wishes same,
our free catalog. We sell our
product through dealers and
jobbers entirely and solicit in-
quiries from all dealers. Our
goods are well and favorably
known. They are standards in
the United States Army and
several other departments of
the government.

Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co.

Racine, Wis., U. S. A.

N» 'matter where you live or what your seed-
ing! conditions are, you can get a SUPERIOR
GRAIN DRILL that will fill the bill and do your
work in the best possible manner. Superior
Drills are made in all sizes and every style.
Every Superior Drill is sold under a war-
ranty that absolutely protects the buyer.
Send for catalogue. Read it and go to your

local dealer and
Superior Diill.

AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.)

Springfield, Ohio

PAYS FOR ITSELF IN ONE MONTH

and Keeps on Saving You Money at the Same
Rate Thereafter.

THE RECLAMATION DITCHER

Cuts Canals and Laterals for less than any other
machinery— because it plows the dirt out with One
Continuous Sweeping Motion.

We guarantee the cost per yard and prove it before
you buy.

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co.

Indianapolis, Ind.

Delays Pay No Dividends. Mail This Coupon Today.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _,

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind.

Below are descriptions of our proposed ditches. What will it cost per
cubic yard to make them with the Reclamation Ditcher?

Length

Width in
Bottom

Average
Depth

Maximum
Depth

Minimum
Depth

Slope of
Sides

Character of Soil

Name

Address

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

195

You Need

Reliable
Footwear

Why not get the best your money
can buy? You save in the long run

Cutter's

Cruiser's and Sportman's

Boots

will meet your service require-
ments. 9 This is our No. 106
16" Chocolate Chrome Sporting
Boot — Hand made throughout.

Send today for illustrated
booklet describing the Cut-
ter line of Driving, Cruis-
ing and Sporting Boots.

It

Will Pay
You

A. A. Cutter Company

Eau Claire, Wisconsin

SAMSON TURBINE

When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans-
mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of
the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given
power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER
transmission machinery can be used.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO.

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

316 Lagonda Street

THE LENNON METAL FLUME

being constructed with an ideally smooth interior, has the greatest carrying
capacity of any on the market, d Recent careful tests by the Colorado Experi-
ment Station have established an average value of n for Kutter's Formula at .01 1 . <J Made from

AMERICAN INGOT IRON

the purest and most durable to be had. It is Efficient, Economical and of

THE LONGEST SERVICE LIFE!

Write the nearest manufacturer for full information.

List of Manufacturers

California— Los Angeles and West Berkeley Nebraska— Wahoo

California Corrugated Culvert Co.
Colorado — Colorado Springs

Lennon Metal Flume Company
Colorado — M anitou

Lennon Flume Co.

Nebraska Culvert & Mfg. Co.

Oregon— Portland

Coast Culvert & Flume Co.

Texas— El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.

Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.
Montana — Missoula

Montana Culvert Co.

Utah— Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Co.
Washington — Spokane

Spokane Corrugated Culvert & Tank Co.
South Dakota— Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Metal Culvert Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

196

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

This Book Shows How to

Plan a Private Irrigation

Pumping Plant

It also shows all of
the various types of
pumps to meet the
conditions found in
different localities,
tells how to select
the proper pump for
your conditions, how
to determine the
amount of power you

will need and all the other things the

irrigator needs to know.

One will be sent free on request
as long as they last. Write today

TH

174 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Branches in All Principal Cities

LOOK

For the Double Page
advertisement of The
Grimes Irrigation
Pump Co., which will
appear in the June
.issue of Irrigation Age

The Grimes Irrigation Pump Co.

First National Bank Building

DENVER COLORADO

EDWARDS REVERSIBLE
4 HORSE ROAD GRADER

AN UP TO DATE MACHINE FOR BUILDING
AND MAINTAINING ROADS

Having a complete line of adjustments it is
equally well adapted for making ditches, both
for dry land irrigation and rice field work.

I also manufacture THE RURAL ROAD GRADER
and IRRIGATION DITCHER, STUMP PULLERS
and other machines.

Write for descriptive catalog and prices.

C. D. EDWARDS, Albert Lea, Minn.

The Faithful Friend

Do not be contented until you have the
best, as these pumps have a good suction
lift, with capacities of 12 to 500 gallons
per minute, automatic cake-up for wear,
and free from springs or small parts
that cause trouble.

SEND us your pumping proposition today,
and let us quote you on the best pump made

Blackmer Rotary
Pump Power & Mfg. Co.

PETOSKEY, MICHIGAN

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

Year

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, MAY, 1914.

No. 7

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged
The National Land and Irrigation Journal

MODERN IRRIGATION

THE IRRIGATION ERA
ARID AMERICA
THE WATER USERS' BULLETIN

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL
MID-WEST

THE FARM HERALD
THE IRRIGATOR

D. H. ANDERSON

PUBLISHER,
30 No. Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Old Xo. 112 Dearborn St.

Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postoffice
at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879.

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready; Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE
To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . . $1.00

To Canada and Mexico. 1.50

All Other Foreign Countries 1-50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local
banks. Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or
New York draft.

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

The Executive Committee of the National Federation
of Water Users' Associations has taken action whereby
THE IRRIGATION AGE is created the official organ of this
vast organization, representing 1,000,000 persons on the
government irrigation projects.

Interesting to Advertisers

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age
is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in
advance circulation among individual irrigators and large
irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all inter-
ested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the
world. The Irrigation Age is 29 years old and is the
pioneer publication of its class in the world.

Stop the
Sale of the
Irrigation
Congress

For a job and a jaunt and paltry
gold.

There you have the disgraceful
story of the sale of the National
Irrigation Congress, body and soul,
to Canada.

And they bought it cheap— $10,000.

True friends of the West, who founded this
Congress, the men who, through its twenty years
or more of existence have fought year in and year
out to keep it from control of sinister interests,
must stand aside and see an alien country reap the
benefits of all their building.

Calgary, Alberta, in the heart of a district
which the Canadian railroad interests are attempt-
ing to settle up with American farmers, bought the
Congress. Even its name was changed to suit the
Britishers. They now call it the International Irri-
gation Congress.

And young Mr. Hooker, the secretary, is busy
riding about the United States telling of the virtues
of Canadian lands' and other British inducements
to settlers. Nice, isn't it, of a young American citi-
zen, who was placed in a position of high honor
by an organization of American citizens?

Of course young Mr. Hooker is pleased. Once

more he is drawing a handsome salary and has
stenographers and office assistants, and is called
Mr. Secretary. And then he gets this nice little
trip about the United States in order that he may
boost Canada lands. Then there are certain mem-
bers of the Board of Governors, who peremptorily,
without consulting the executive committee of the
Congress, and, unless we are misinformed, in viola-
tion of the constitution of the Congress, accepted
the offer of the crafty Canadians. They, no doubt,
can enjoy a short jaunt or two in the Canadian
Rockies out of that $10,000. Surely the wily Cana-
dians will not be so stingy as to deny certain "gov-
ernors" that pleasure.

The sale of the Irrigation Congress to these
Canadians is an outrage. If there is any way by
which the officers' and executive committee of the
Irrigation Congress can overrule this infamous deal
of the Board of Governors and Secretary Hooker,
they should do so at once. United States Senator
Francis G. Newlands of Nevada, is president of the
Congress. As a patriotic American and a West-
erner, he should act quickly, calling together the
executive committee to deal summarily with this
Board of Governors who made this sordid. un-
American deal. Give back to Canada any of its

198

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

tainted money which Hooker or interested members
of the Board of Governors may have already spent.
Better the Congress should die than that it should
be sold into slavery of the land boomers acros's the
border.

George H. Maxwell was refused a
The twenty-dollar subscription to a fund

Fall of to further the Newlands-Broussard

George H. bill in Kansas City the other day.
Maxwell This man, who has eaten well,

dressed like a millionaire and lived
without hard labor for the past fifteen years through
his ability to collect funds, will meet with many
other refusals of twenty-dollar contributions. He
seems to be at the end of his rope. Think of it —
twenty-dollar contributions today. Once he picked
up $5,000 at a crack.

Maxwell and his methods were thoroughly
exposed at the Denver irrigation conference. Gov-
ernor Carey of Wyoming and his fellow governors
did it so dramatically that the press wires fairly
burned in scattering the story over the country.

.The lobbyist for the Newlands-Broussard bill
fumed and foamed and stormed. It did no good.
Thumbs are down in the West for all men of his
brand.

The Reclamation Service bureau-
"We Pay- cracy is beginning to totter. Several

rollers Must cogs in the wonderful political ma-
Stand chine, which F. H. Newell and his
Together" aids built up and foisted upon the
settlers, who are paying their sal-
aries, have been jarred loose. The National Federa-
tion of Water Users' Associations has succeeded in
tossing monkey wrenches into several portions of
the well oiled machine. THE IRRIGATION AGE has
added some telling blows.

The self-confident, impudent attitude of the ma-
chine, we are told, is beginning to get on the nerves
of Secretary of the Interior Lane and there may be
some further shake-ups, and something more than
heads of minor officials may fall before he gets
through. The Secretary finds this machine bul-
warked behind Civil Service and bound together by
an unholy loyalty, born of desire to stay on the pay-
roll, no matter how big a bill may be piled up for the
Water Users to pay.

This bureaucracy has been built on the principle :
"Blame no individual. If blame must be laid, blame
the whole system. Then when the blame is divided
among the thousands who make up the bureaucracy
no one will be very badly hurt."

This is a most excellent system for the con-
struction of such a pay-roll machine as the Reclama-

tion Service. Whether Director Newell, who is with-
out doubt one of the shrewdest politicians in Wash-
ington, was the creator of the main principle of the
bureaucracy, we cannot say, but we do know that
over his own signature, he has endorsed it.

He did so when the Water Users on the Belle
Fourche, S. D., project complained because of a
stupid piece of work which robbed them of an entire
season's crops, and demanded the removal of R. F.
Walters, supervising engineer. Gates had just been
installed in the storage dam, when the Service de-
cided that they should be replaced by a more up-to-
date variety. The gates were torn out in the Au-
tumn, and all the Winter and flood waters were lost.
The following Spring, the new gates were put in.

Under date of August 22, 1911, Director Newell
wrote the following letter concerning this serious
situation :

Supervising Engineer,

Denver, Colorado.
Dear Sir:

Your letter of August 16 has been received re-
garding conditions on Belle Fourche Project. I am
greatly pleased to know that the recent rains have
helped matters. However, there will probably be
more or less attack and discussion of the subject and
it is very important that we have accurate facts con-
cerning the condition of crop production, particu-
larly as to the farmers on Indian Creek Flat and
elsewhere, who have practically no crop.

In this connection also I should like to have
some estimate as to how much water would have
been available had we not attempted to install the
gates, but had saved all of the 20,000 acre-feet, which
I understand was turned out of the reservoir last
fall, together with the total flow of the river during
the winter, making deductions for losses by evapora-
tion, etc.

In other words, I should like to know exactly
how much worse the conditions were than they
might have been had we held all of the water.

In this connection, I am taking the stand that
if any mistake of judgment was made, it was not
one of any individual, but of the entire organization,
having to do with the determination of the proper
course of procedure. Whether any mistake was
made or not, the condition must be accepted by the
Reclamation Service, but we should know as near
as possible what were the conditions.
Very truly yours,

F. H. Newell, Director.

What would a private employer of high-priced,
skilled men do with a man who took such an atti-
tude as does Mr. Newell in this letter? How long
would he stay on the payroll?

What redress did the Water Users obtain?
Although their crops had failed during the preced-
ing season, they were granted the deferment of only
one year's building charges. They were forced to
pay the operation and maintenance charges for both
years.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

199

But the bureaucracy must live. The pay-roll
must not decrease. So blame the Service. It won't
hurt the Service, as long as none of its big or little
cogs are removed.

Such a condition as this is undemocratic. It is
dangerous. The Secretary of the Interior should
act immediately to break up this bureaucracy. He
can do it best by removing its most important cogs.

Wield your axe, Mr. Secretary Lane. Let the
keynote of the Reclamation Service be COMPE-
TENCY, instead of its present motto:

"We payrollers must stand together."

A member of the Reclamation Com-
Here's a mission, whose word we believe is

Little Story as good as gold, told us the other
With a day that the original bills, which he

Moral had drawn for the relief of the set-

tlers on the Federal irrigation proj-
ects met practically all the demands of the National
Federation of Water Users' Associations, and in
some respects were even "more radical." He added
— and let us say right here, his name is neither
Newell nor Davis — that Secretary Lane favored his
proposals, but the Twenty-Year Extension bill as it
is now before the House for passage was the best
measure to which the Congressional leaders would
agree. This bill grants the extension of payments
on a graduated basis and provides for the designa-
tion of the Water Users' Associations as fiscal
agencies. These are its only features, which are
representative of the sentiment and recommenda-
tions of the National Federation. The House com-
mittee on irrigation eliminated the "court jurisdic-
tion" section, added by the senate during the bill's
passage in the upper house, and also restored the
more drastic cultivation regulations in the "land-
lord" section of the measure. In this condition, the
bill will, no doubt, go to the President for his
signature.

The member of the Reclamation Commission
hastily added that even though the Water Users had
been most adequately represented in Washington
during the formulation of the bill, Congress would
have granted no more.

Here we disagree with him most vigorously.
We have never been a lobbyist, but as a newspaper-
man, we know the fear that the average member of
either House of Congress has of the public, if that
public is at all organized. We firmly believe that
if the Water Users had had their National Federa-
tion so thoroughly organized that it was in touch
with every Water User ; that every Water User was
known to be paying his mite each month toward the
expenses of the Federation, in order that its officers
might be right on the ground looking after their

interests, the Extension bill would have read much
different. It would have contained all the big fea-
tures of the program of relief for the settlers, urged
upon Secretary Lane by the National Federation a
year ago, and for which the executive committee-
men have fought as hard as they knew how with
their meager resources, and largely at their own ex-
pense.

The present bill may do much to alleviate the
burdens of the Water Users. We hope so. We
believe Secretary Lane will stretch it to its limit to
help the settlers, but under it, he cannot do all he
would like to do.

The moral is — Organize. Every Water User
should belong to the Water Users' association on
his project. Every Water Users' association should
be a member of the National Federation — not an
honorary member as are some of the richer asso-
ciations, but real live, active, due-paying members.
The Federation cannot succeed without ammuni-
tion. This means probably less than a dollar a year
from each Water User, but if this fund was available
and in the hands of such men, as now make up the
Executive Committee of the National Federation,
Congress would be very glad — yes, delighted — to
grant any requests a Secretary of the Interior might
make for the relief of the settlers. And the Secre-
tary, knowing that the organized Water Users stood
behind him in his requests, would feel much more
inclined to ask for needed reforms.

Organize. Concentrate your power. Make
your Water Users' Association something more
than an empty shell. Make the National Federa-
tion a real, live, powerful, dominant representative
of the Water Users.

Get into action Mr. Federal Water User. Don't
wait for your neighbor to do it. Don't wait for the
leaders on your project to do it. Don't delay until
a new crisis arises.

Do it yourself. Give a little time each day to
putting life into your project association ; to spread-
ing the gospel of strong national organization. It's
going to mean money as well as comforts for you in
the end.

Remember you are on the eve of revaluation of
your project. That's just one reason for need of real
organization. You cannot afford to neglect this
matter.
Organize.

The United States Senate has passed a bill
authorizing the President to send a government
engineer to China to aid the yellow men's republic
in controlling its flood waters. Now, would not
this be an ideal assignment for F. H. Newell?

200

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Although they had been invited to
Scant attend by Secretary of the Interior

Courtesy Lane, irrigation bond holders re-

For Bond ceived scant courtesy at the Denver

Holders conference. The West is not to

blame for this. The West bitterly
resents by legislative acts and by individual action
of its citizens any attempt to use the states and their
rich resources for stock-watering, blue-sky promo-
tions. The Western man, who has dug with his
own pick in a prospect hole, has built laterals on
an irrigated farm or has engaged in any of the other
pursuits of the pioneer, knows ftie value of a dollar.
While there are long chances involved in many of
his enterprises, he seeks to interest no one in such
investments, who can not afford to take these
chances. Because of this spirit, the West has taken
the lead in protecting widows and orphans and
other innocent investors against nefarious finan-
ciers, who would take their money in return for
beautifully gilded but valueless paper, bearing the
word "stock" or "bond."

The West wants the irrigation bond holders to
get back every dollar of honest investment, if there
is any way to make this possible. The West cannot
be expected to pay for all the water that was inject-
ed into many of these enterprises. It is the spirit
of the West to strive constantly to keep its credit
first class.

The blame for the treatment of the bond hold-
ers rests with certain persons with peculiar interests
to serve, who deliberately set out to pack the con-
vention.

Judge Bell, of Montrose, Colo., a
Make the pioneer advocate of government

Water irrigation of arid lands, advocated

Right before the Denver conference the

an Asset changing of the credit fiction, which

makes the water right of the Fed-
eral Water User a liability, so as to make it an
asset. The IRRIGATION AGE has long contended that
these water franchises are of such value as to
furnish ample security, for the government claims
against the settlers. If the water rights were so
recognized, the Water User's land could be freed
from the present cut-throat first mortgage, which
the government now takes, and he would have a
good security to offer, when he needed money to
develop his farm. We are glad to see such men as
Judge Bell join with us in the fight to bring about
this needed change.

In an article, which shows much
"Prior careful study and thought, E. P. Os-

Leveling"; good pleads in this issue of the IR-
An Idea RIGATIOX AGE for Congressional au-

Worth While thority under which the Secretary
of the Interior may direct "prior
leveling" of all lands on government irrigation proj-
ects ; the cost of such work to be added to the con-
struction charges. This is a big idea which has
been tried out in other countries and proven suc-
cessful. It is an idea that should command the at-
tention of Secretary Lane and the Reclamation offi-
cials. It is an idea, which also ought to be consid-
ered carefully in connection with future financing
of private, state, or Federal and state co-operative
projects.

From our own observations, there is no doubt
that the settler tackles the biggest end of the re-
claiming of the desert, when he begins to develop
his farm. It is true also that many have had neither
the strength nor the capital to win out against the
obstacles encountered, and have quit the projects,
bankrupt.

The United States government has undertaken
this vast reclamation work and it is the duty of the
government to do everything in its power to make
it succeed and to help those settlers, who take up
farms on the projects, become successful. On many
of the projects, "prior leveling" will no doubt go
a long way toward solving the serious problems,
which now confront the settlers.

We do not agree with Mr. Osgood that further
legislation is necessary to make "prior leveling" a
reality. We believe that the Reclamation Act of
1902 gives the Secretary power to order such work
done, if he believes it will be beneficial to a project.
Secretaries of the Interior, including the present one,
have authorized the use of funds for roads and
other improvements, far less germane to the suc-
cess of the projects. Therefore, Secretary Lane, we
believe, can feel free to order the Reclamation en-
gineers to place the desert lands in a condition that
will make them advantageous to the Water User,
entering upon them. Thousands of Water Users,
already on the projects, no doubt would be glad
also to avail themselves of the privilege of having
their entire farm leveled.

Because of the condition of the land on the
Truckee-Carson project, where M>r. Osgood is a
homesteader and where he has put $10,000 or more
into developing his farm, "prior leveling," would
prove of immense value and probably spell success
for the project. The same is true of other projects,
although we do not believe it is necessary on all
those being constructed by the government.

THE IEKIGATION AGE.

201

THE WEST JOLTS DREAMERS AND BUREAUCRATS

T

II E Conference o f

Western States on ir-
rigation problems, called by
Secretary of the Interior
Lane, demonstrated very
forcibly during its three
days' sessions at Denver
last month :

FIRST — The West is
through with blue sky
dreamers and is seeking de-
velopment only on clean,
business-like, legit i m a t e
lines.

SECOND — -The West is
thoroughly tired of being
used by Federal bureaucra-
cies and their fund-solicit-
ing henchmen to boost the
pet ideas, legislation and
propositions of these bands
of pay rollers.

THIRD — The West is
quite willing to work out
most of its own problems,
if left alone by the blue-
fa 1 o o ded, silk-stockinged,
millionaire reformers from
Pennsylvania and other
states of the East.

1 •'< IT-RTH — The West
will appreciate and wants
government aid in working
out its great Reclamation
projects, but it wants this
aid only on such terms as
will be recognized in all
quarters as good business terms.

FIFTH — The West resents the packing of its con-
ventions of public-spirited men, seeking to help the
nation, with large numbers of Federal supernumera-
ries.

The Conference also developed some ideas on
financing crippled private and Carey Act projects and
helping the settlers upon them, which may be rounded
into beneficial legislation. Other movements were also
set in motion, such as standardization of irrigation
laws of the various states, and more liberal construc-
tion of the land laws and so-called conservation laws.

The governors of the Western states showed their
displeasure at the manner in which the Conference
had been packed by such astute Federal employes as
F. H. Newell, director of the Reclamation Service :
George H. Maxwell, widely known solicitor of funds
for various propositions to aid the "poor, misguided
West," and others of their ilk. So displeased were
the governors that they practically withdrew from the
Conference until the last day.

Then they discovered that the meeting, which
had been named by many "The Governors' confer-
ence," had endorsed the Newlands-Broussard bill.
The governors entered the meeting in white heat.

Governor J. M. Carey of Wyoming.

Governor Carey of Wyo-
ming led off in the attack,
and he did not mince words
in his denunciation of Max-
well, of New Orleans, chief
lecturer for the bill, who
was there as a delegate
from California. Maxwell's
motives in working for an
endorsement of the meas-
ure were questioned in no
uncertain terms, and some-
thing of his past record was
bared.

Boiling with rage,
Maxwell relpied, but with
little or no effect. The en-
dorsement of the bill, which
Governor Carey character-
ized as a measure giving
the West a little financial
sop, while the treasury "of
the United States was
thrown wide open to the
South and the East, was
quickly withdrawn.

Assistant Secretary of
the Interior A. A. Jones,
who presided at the Con-
ference, offered a sugges-
tion in regard to Carey
Act project financing which
was quickly grasped at as
that of Secretary Lane and
the administration. He
said :

"We might do this:

Provide a fund to start and finish a project; put the
farmer on the land ; give him water ; look after his
wants and earnings and then turn the whole thing
over to a local association. With the project com-
pleted and with liens on your land you ought to be
able to dispose of the bonds. But there should be
nothing payable except interest for the first ten years,
and the bonds should be long-term and guaranteed.
There is $100,000,000 in the Reclamation fund and
Congress might be persuaded to use this to care for
the defaults in interest payments. In that way the
interest might be made as low as 3 or 4 per cent with
the government practically standing behind the bonds."

PLAN MORE WINDMILL PLANTS
The Kansas Irrigation Commission expects to
establish further windmill and pumping experimen-
tal plants in the western part of the state this
spring. Irrigation plants have already been estab-
lished at Dighton, Tribune, Syracuse and Leoti.

According to Bert Walker, of Osborne, Kans.,
the commission has spent less than $20,000 of the
$125,000 appropriated by the 1913 legislature. The
experimental plants are operated by windmills and
water is supplied from wells sunk under direction
of the commission.

202

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

SYSTEMATIC AID TO SETTLERS IS FIRST NEED

A Notable Address by Elwood Mead before the Governors' Conference at Denver

FOR the past seven
years I have had the
privilege of working for
a government that has
shown great wisdom and
sagacity in its so-
cial and industrial legis-
lation. Nowhere has this
been more conspicuous
than in its land and
water laws and the pol-
icy followed in irrigation
development. In this it
has blazed trails which
this country can follow
to advantage. Recently
I explained to Governor
Johnson, of California,
the methods by which
Victoria, one of the
Australian States, is se-
curing settlers on its ir-
rigated lands and aiding
them to rapidly become
self-supporting and pros-
perous. He was greatly
interested and. asked me
to come to this conven-
tion as a delegate from
California and explain
what I had told him.
Believing that a national
policy of aid to settlers
on irrigated lands will
prove of immense value

in the developing of this country and stop the drift
of American farmers to other lands, I availed my-
self of the Governor's suggestion, and did this the
more readily because of the opportunity of meeting
many whom I had formerly known.

The absence of adequate financial help for set-
tlers, during the first five years, is the main cause
for the stagnation in irrigation development in this
country, and for the calling of this conference. One
only needs to put himself in the place of the settler
to realize what a costly and serious venture it is
to attempt to transform unimproved land into an
irrigation farm and how much danger there is to the
man of small capital that the attempt will prove a
disaster. ' Before the settler can have any return
from his land he must do many things not required
in an unirrigated country. A house must be built,
ditches dug, land cleared and graded, seed sown and
the somewhat difficult art of irrigation mastered
under untried conditions before he can have any
return. While this is being done there is no income.
His scanty capital is being swallowed up in living
expenses. Often there is much hardship for himself
and his family. Many a poor settler's wife has aged
ten years in ten months. If money has to be bor-

ELWOOD MEAD

Former Chairman of the State Water Commission of Vic-
toria, who ivill soon return to Australia
to take up his former duties.

rowed, interest rates are
excessive and all com-
bine to discourage those
to whom these condi-
tions are strange and
new.

To these have been
added, in recent years,
great increases in
charges for land and
water. Great dams and
costly and permanent
works mean much high-
er water charges than
were paid by the earlier
generation of irrigators,
until in many cases the
marvel is not that many
fail, but that any endure.
With water rights cost-
ing from $40.00 to $60.00
per acre, and with the
present western interest
rates, the chances are all
against the success of
the settler who has less
than $5,000 or $6,000
capital, and the question
which now needs to be
decided is whether this
nation is to restrict op-
portunities under na-
tional or private works
to men with this or
larger capital, or en-
courage poorer men by helping them to improve
their farms.

Thus far in America we have almost entirely
ignored the requirements of colonization and settle-
ment. We have looked upon the building of irriga-
tion works and the marketing of irrigation securi-
ties as the problems of irrigation development. We
have not given enough thought to the obstacles
which confront the farmer in completing the work
of reclamation, and the risks and hardships imposed
on himself and his family when they undertake the
development of raw land, and the payment of high
charges now imposed. Another mistake has been
to regard irrigation enterprises as something which
could be paid for quickly. We have taken it for
granted that if they were once built the farmer
would come forward and foot the bills. The actual
facts are entirely different. Irrigation works do not
create irrigated agriculture. The money spent on
dams and canals must be followed by an equal or
greater expenditure for houses, farm buildings,
fences, grading and ditching fields before the water
can be used and irrigation works have either reve-
nue or productive value.

Owing to settlers not being able to obtain

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

203

financial aid many have
not been able to com-
plete the preparation of
their land for irrigation
in a reasonable time,
and, as a result, have
failed when through
timely assistance they
would have succeeded.
These failures have de-
terred others from at-
tempting settlement.
Hence, a large part of
the irrigable land is un-
occupied.

Until this is changed
the reclamation of irri-
gated land will continue
to involve regrettable
hardship and loss to
many deserving settlers ;
development will be
slow, and irrigation se-
curities will have un-
certain value ; irrigation

works will not fulfill their greatest purpose, which
is to create opportunities for poor men, and Ameri-
can farmers will continue to emigrate to the ready
made irrigated farms of Australia and Canada.

Adequate financial aid for settlers during the
first five years is the greatest question before this
Conference. It is also the one about which there
is likely to be the greatest difference of opinion. No
one, I think, doubts its need or value if wisely and
honestly managed, but many do not regard it as
feasible simply because it has not been attempted.

\Yith respect to the latter, I have had during
the past five years a most convincing and instruc-
tive experience. As Chairman of the State Water
Commission of Victoria I have assisted in carrying
out one of the most complete schemes of state aid
to irrigated settlement ever attempted. Its suc-
cess will, I hope, encourage this country to adopt
a similar policy.

Seven years ago the situation under the irri-
gation schemes at Victoria was not unlike that un-
der the Reclamation and Carey act projects today.
The canals were built, the water was available, but
the settlers were not there to use it and hence the
works were unprofitable.

The State Government determined to change
this by creating conditions which would enable any-
one who had industry and thrift to secure an irri-
gated farm even if he had little or no money, and
which would warrant its inviting settlement from
distant countries.

It has succeeded in its purpose by requiring
only small initial payments and giving adequate aid
and direction. No charge is made for water rights
and the annual payments are only intended to cover
4 per cent interest on the cost of works and the ex-
penses of operation and maintenance. The cash
payment on land is only 3 per cent of its cost and
thirty-one and a half years is given in which to com-
plete payments with interest at 4l/2 per cent. Houses
are built for settlers on a cash payment of about
one-fourth the cost, payments of the remainder may

MEAD'S COMMENT ON CONFERENCE

THE weakness of American irrigation develop-
ment has been its exaltation of works and its
neglect of the settler who uses and pays for them.
Irrigation schemes have failed because the settler
has been left to struggle unaided with a task be-
yond his means and strength.

The calling of the Denver conference by Secre-
tary Lane, the sensible, patient appeal of Chairman
Jones, for those present to cease chasing rainbows
and deal with realities, and the interest of all the
state governors in measures to aid settlers and
lessen the losses and hardships which unaided de-
velopment entail, marks, I believe, the turning point
in the irrigation policies of this country, and that
hereafter when money is provided to build dams,
money will also be made available to help grade
and plant fields and build homes.

When this is done it will mean such lessening in
the time of development and increase in returns
from cultivation as will solve the question of the
value and stability of irrigation securities and end
the hardships and losses which are now a reproach
on this development. — ELWOOD MEAD.

extend over twenty years
with 5 per cent interest.
The State,*when desired,
grades and seeds a por-
tion, up to one-fourth, of
each farm, on the pay-
ment of one-fifth the es-
timated cost, and allows
the payments of the re-
mainder to extend over
ten years. It employs
disinterested expert ad-
visors to help the settler
select his farm, buy his
horses and cows and do
what is needed to get es-
tablished on his farm.

The saving in money
and time which this sys-
tem effects can only be
appreciated by those
who have seen it in op-
eration. Many settlers
select their farm and ar-
range the erection of

their house before leaving Europe; are able to go
directly from the ship to their new home and have
a living income from a dairy herd within a month
from their arrival.

The State follows up this initial assistance by
loaning the settler 60 per cent of the value of any
improvements he makes. This enables men with
small capital to complete without delay the grading
and seeding and improvement of their farms. It
does not halt when the settler exhausts his own
capital. When he has one field graded he can bor-
row money on that to grade another.

This generous aid and the thoughtful consider-
ation of his welfare is a great encouragement and
incentive to the ambitious and earnest beginners.
I have never seen elsewhere men work as hard or
achieve as much in the first two years as in those
Victorian settlements. But all who come are not
industrious or capable. Such a scheme is especially
attractive to the visionary and incompetent. Some
of the settlers seem to regard the house, the farm
and the graded fields, as an endowment, and to be-
lieve that the State which has done so much to help
them succeed will do the remainder.

To help the inexperienced and guard against
being imposed upon by the idle or indifferent, the
State employs in each district a tactful, practical
farmer who is the friend, counselor and advisor of
the working settler and a stimulator of others.
When his efforts and influence fail the fact is re-
ported to the head office.

The settler knows of this and also knows that
such reports will have a controlling influence in
determining whether or not he is to obtain loans
or be given sympathetic treatment when payments
are delayed. The law is so framed that the com-
mission administering it has discretion to defer
payments where settlers are unfortunate, but it also
has authority to eliminate promptly any settler who
fails to show earnestness, industry and thrift.

This scheme of comprehensive aid has now
been in operation six years. The settlements that

204

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

are three years old are practically established and
self supporting. It is the unanimous opinion of all
those familiar with development that nowhere else
have they seen such rapid progress in the cultiva-
tion of land or such large returns in the earlier
years of settlement. One of the inspectors was
formerly a successful farmer in the Imperial Valley,
California. It is his belief that as much progress is
made in these settlements in eighteen months as
was made on an average in the Imperial Valley in
five years.

One cannot help being inspired by the hope,
the gratitude and the tremendous industry that is
everywhere manifest. The government that in-
augurated such measures understood what democ-
racy should mean. While Australia and New Zea-
land have led in the movement to aid settlers, their
example is now being followed in other developing
countries. South Africa has adopted it, and the
newspapers report that British Columbia intends to
adopt it. The Canadian Pacific Railway is loaning
each settler on its irrigated tracts up to $2,000 in aid

of these initial improvements. Even the Argentine
is beginning to consider making such aid a feature
of its colonization policy.

The question for consideration by the United
States is, first, whether it is right to subject the settler
to the hardships he has now to endure, even if he were
able to survive ; and, what is more important, whether
it can continue development unless it offers equal
opportunities with other countries. The conditions
for giving all the aid to settlers which Australia now
furnishes are far more favorable in America than they
arc in Australia. The tenant farmers of the middle
west furnish a large body of the very best class of set-
tlers. The country does not have to look for them
on the other side of the world. The lands are here,
the works have been built. All that is needed is the
inauguration of some business-like scheme which will
provide the needed funds, and exercise the necessary
direction and oversight over the settlers.

The greatest need in this country is the complete
use of the works already built. Everywhere from
Colorado to California are private and public works,
(Continued on Page 216.)

DAVIS MUST EXPLAIN COLORADO ATTACK

ARTHUR P. DAVIS, chief engineer of the Recla-
mation Service, faces an inquiry concerning his
authorship of an article, which it is claimed was
without basis of fact and which has done irreparable
damage to the Greeley-Poudre irrigation project in
Colorado. Charges in writing against Davis will
be submitted to Secretary of the Interior Lane, fol-
lowing a hearing at Denver before W. A. Ryan,
comptroller of the Reclamation Service. It .was at
Mr. Ryan's suggestion that the charges are being
put in writing.

Dolph E. Carpenter, former state senator, au-
thor of the Carpenter irrigation bill, and at present
representing Colorado with Attorney-General Far-
rar in the Colorado- Wyoming water dispute, hurled
the charges.

Tolerance of such attacks as Davis had made,
Carpenter said, threatens the progress of any state
upon which they happen to fall.

"Mr. Ryan," said Attorney Carpenter, "I in-
tend to demand of Mr. Davis a retraction for one of
the most unfortunate falsehoods ever published by
a public official concerning Colorado.

"It is not only a falsehood to which I refer, it is
one which can be regarded as libelous, and Mr.
Davis might be prosecuted on that score as a private
citizen.

"Under his own signature, and I can say with-
out fear of being contradicted, without taking even
a reasonable precaution to ascertain the truth, Mr.
Davis had published in Engineering News an article
which has not only cast an odious reflection on some
of Colorado's best-known citizens, but has placed
the biggest individual irrigation project in the state
in the process of utter deterioration and stagnation.
Five million dollars' worth of bonds hang in the
balance, and the Greeley-Poudre irrigation project,
of which I speak, faces a crisis which absolutely
threatens its completion.

"It is hard to understand how an official of the
national government will go so far as to criticize an
enterprise that means everything to a growing state

upon false statements, and declare, as in his article
concerning the Greeley-Poudre project, that $2,000,-
000 of its bonds were held by its directors as appro-
priated profits when there was absolutely no founda-
tion for the statement.

"Irreparable injury has resulted. Innocent
farmers who have relied upon the project for a
promising future, with scores of holders of our
securities, have become suspicious. It has destroyed
the standing of the bonds of the project.

"We have utmost confidence in Mr. Lane at
Washington, but I cannot see how we can derive
any benefit from his constructive policy if such at-
tacks, founded on irresponsible, flimsy information,
are tolerated. It is destructive to a growing state."

"I am not acquainted with all facts," said Comp-
troller Ryan in reply. "To me there must be some-
thing wrong in your charges.

"Such an act of a government official would be
reprehensible ; it demands rectification and I would
suggest that you place the matter in writing. As
for Mr. Davis, I don't understand how he could have
written anything except facts. He would have no
reason to do so, and it is not like him."

"We, too," replied Carpenter, "have pondered
over the cause or reasons and we have come to the
conclusion that Mr. Davis, in his efforts to discredit
the statements of State Engineer Field that private
enterprises have done more for Colorado than the
government, takes a roundabout route to flay us
with unfounded statements."

LOST RIVER PROJECT SOLD

The Big Lost River irrigation project in Idaho,
in which $2,000,000 is said to have been invested,
was sold April 8 at a receiver's sale to the Utah
Construction Company, for $35,000. It is under-
stood the company will complete the project and
protect the interests of the Corey Brothers' Con-
struction Company, of Ogden, which holds liens
aggregating $650,000.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

205

ISJSIEJ2J2MMcl2J2M3Ja^^

A 0 0 parciaent OayotO'l t,o too
Iniorosts of the [fanooi-.s on the
Govei'iHueni Irrigation Projects

EDITED BY GEORGE J. SCHARSCHUG

gijaigijaieJJSJjjifiilJjiiJS^^

PICK STRONG MEN TO GUARD YOUR PURSES

PRELIMINARY arrangements for the revalua-
tion of the Federal Irrigation projects and the
fixing of their final costs to the settlers are now
being made. This important work is expected to
start soon after the passage by congress of the
Twenty- Year extension bill, which now may come
any day. In an order to supervising engineers,
project managers and other officials of the Reclama-
tion Service, Director Xewell says :

''It is expected that action will soon be taken
by congress in the matter of proposed legislation
extending the period of payment of charges under
the Reclamation law, and a large amount of work
will be involved in the revision of the public notices.

"This is called to your attention in order that
the Project Managers may take up at once the
preliminary steps for a revision of estimates of
project costs by a board of three on which there
shall be a Water Users' Association representative,
to afford a basis for revision of the charges for
building, operation and maintenance, to be incor-
porated in the new public notices to be issued after
the enactment of the pending legislation."

Secretary Lane has decided to carry out his
original plan of composition of the revaluation
boards. One member will be selected by the local
Water Users' Association, an engineer will repre-
sent the Reclamation Service and a third member
will be named as personal representative of the
Secretary of the Interior.

The Water Users, therefore, will have but one
representative on each board and no voice in the
selection of the other two members.

As the revaluations touch the pocketbook of
every Water User, it behooves the various associa-
tions to use the greatest care in selecting their rep-
resentatives on the revaluation boards. The selec-
tion of these men should have the careful study
and thought of every Water User. The brainiest,
most capable, most public spirited man on the
project should be picked. The man selected should
be a man of iron courage and one who has the
interests of the Water Users thoroughly at heart.
He should be a true representative of the actual
Water Users, the men and women who are making
and developing the projects.

There will be big questions before each of these
boards. They will be called upon to delve into
the innermost bookkeeping secrets of the Reclama-
tion Service. They must consider all charges

against each project and decide which of those
charges are proper for the Water Users to
pay, which must be credited to the general fund
and which must be accepted as dead loss to the
Federal treasury. They must arrive at a total and
final building charge for each project. They must
investigate operation and maintenance charges.
They must decide what is proper to be spent on
the projects for additional constructions, extensions,
betterments and drainage.

These boards should have the full and com-
plete, co-operation of every Water User in arriving
at their conclusions. Water Users should make
it their business to see that the boards are not
hampered in any manner in obtaining the full truth
concerning conditions surrounding the construction
of the projects arfd the conditions, with which the
settlers now have to cope. Make the investigations
thorough and complete. If there is dirty linen to
be washed, gross mistakes to be bared, incompe-
tency to be uncovered, the Water Users should
wade right in and see to it that these unpleasant
tasks are done and done thoroughly.

Water Users have seen their neighbors perse-
cuted by obsequious bureaucrats of the Reclama-
tion Service, who denied settlers water and other-
wise hampered their farming, because they had
dared tell the truth or demand rights, such as Amer-
ican citizens are entitled to enjoy. These persecu-
tions offer no excuse for any Water User to shirk
his duties before the revaluation board. The perse-
cutions of the Reclamation Service will be less this
year than last year, and they will continue to grow
fewer. The bureaucrats realize the extent to which
the settlers have been aroused, and they are so
badly scared that they will be too busy trying to
hold their jobs for the next year or two to renew
their methods of persecution.

True, the court looks packed to begin with, and
each board will be hampered by the presence in its
membership of a Reclamation Service engineer.
The training of these engineers under the chief
bureaucrat of them all, Newell, whose motto has
been, "Protect the Service," will assert itself con-
stantly. A high class representative of the Water
Users, who will strive constantly to bear the whole
truth and get at the real facts, can, no doubt, more
than offset the influence of the representative of the
Service. If the Water Users present their state-
ments of facts fully and back up each statement

206

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

with all the corroborating evidence possible ; if each
association presents itself as a united body, the
third and deciding member of each board — the rep-
resentative of Secretary Lane — must prove a very
narrow-minded person if he denies the Water Users
full justice.

Besides, the writer believes, Secretary Lane
will give much care in his selection of his repre-
sentatives on these boards. If he picks high class,
honest men, the Water Users may not have as much
cause for complaint as was generally expected, when
the Secretary first announced his plan.

The Secretary, it is understood, has practically
decided to charge off all overhead expenses against
the projects, such as those of the Washington office
—a total of more than $3,000,000. This will be
assessed to the general fund instead of the projects.

The opportunity of the Water Users to obtain
a complete settlement and, at least, a partially satis-
factory settlement of the financial problems of their
projects is at hand. It is the duty of every Water
User to make the most of this opportunity and to
work for full justice for himself and his fellow
Water Users.

BUSINESS MEN MUST AID IRRIGATORS

By FRANCIS G. TRACY

(Carlsbad, N. M.)

EDITOR IRRIGATION AGE: I wish emphatically
and heartily to congratulate you upon the April
issue of the IRRIGATION AGE, and especially upon the
two articles entitled "Real Development Follows
Burst Boom" and "Put Your Association to Work."
In these articles I believe you have struck right at
the foundation which must be laid for future prog-
ress.

The conclusion I reached from careful atten-
tion to the proceedings of the Denver conference is

that our own people
have not yet begun to
look close enough at
home for the causes
and effects of the burst-
ing of the irrigation
boom.

It is true that many
blunders have been
made both by eastern
investors, private en-
gineers, the Reclama-
tion Service and by the
irrigation and land in-
vestment promoters. It
is also true that a cer-
tain proportion of these
mistakes have been the
direct result of individual unscrupulousness.

But the irrigation problem is a stupendous one
and at the time of the passage, both of the Carey
act and the Reclamation act, was an entirely new
one in all of its larger phases.

Small wonder that big blunders have been
made in which the settlers have had their share.
Let us admit that we have all blundered together
and together take credit each for the other that the
great majority of the blunders have been honest
mistakes and have arisen from lack of experience
and for want of precedent.

Experience has come now and there is no long-
er excuse for a repetition of past mistakes. We will
make plenty of new ones. The problem before us
now is to analyze as calmly as may be our present

conditions, and perfect as far as possible the foun-
dation already laid before we proceed to build
further. This cannot be effectively done in a
spirit of suspicion or mutual recrimination.

Therefore I congratulate you heartily upon the
broad view taken in the particular articles men-
tioned, but I congratulate you also and chiefly
because these articles go further and point out to
us duties close at home.

Are we ourselves in no way to blame for mis-
fortunes about which we complain most bitterly?

It appeared to me, as I listened in Denver, to
appeal after appeal for help for the settlers from
both National and State government, and heard
eloquent statements of the duty of cooperation be-
tween states and .nation and between nation and
settler and the insistent call for more credit and
cheaper money, that any stranger sitting in that
convention, or reading the press reports, would
conclude that the irrigationists of the west were
not only impoverished, but were a lot of helpless
beggars waiting for a handout from whatever
source, and utterly hopeless without it.

•We all know that this is not the case and that
the great majority of our farmers are greatly suc-
cessful and those who are not ask nothing to which
they are not entitled and that they would be the
first to resent the actions of any mistaken friends
which would justly give any other impression.

But are not we, especially the business men
and the townspeople of the western communities,
largely if not chiefly to blame for the "bursting of
the irrigation boom ?"

Have we ever sufficiently appreciated our own
responsibilities for the guidance and control of the
boom itself and for the proper reception and subse-
quent care of the new settlers brought among us
with so many false impressions and impossible
expectations?

Have we not entirely failed ourselves to see
that back of all the other problems, engineering,
financial, agricultural, has lain all the time the
fundamental problem of all. without whose success-
ful solution, failure is inevitable — the problem of
marketing the products of the soil?
(Continued on Page 318.)

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

207

CALLS 'PRIOR LEVELING' KEY TO SUCCESS

By E. P. Osgood
Agricultural Engineer

TrucKee-Carson Project, Fallen, Nev.

THERE is just one great, outstanding fault in Fed-
eral Reclamation of the arid lands today.

It is the under-financing of the settlers, who are
trying to develop farms and homes on the vast proj-
ects which the government has built in the west.

Irrigation farming is a business that under ordi-
nary conditions will return twenty-five per cent on the
investment.

The main works of the Federal projects — the
dams, the controlling works, the canals — have been
well and capably constructed.

Soil and climate of these projects, when combined
with the life-giving irrigating water, present most
ideal conditions for farming.

The government has builded well so far as it has
gone, but it has not gone far enough.

It has permitted settlers to come with their fam-
ilies on to wholly untamed and uncleared land, ex-
pecting to make a living almost from the day of their
arrival.

It has invited and permitted men to tackle a job
with $1,000 capital, which cannot be financed nor han-
dled with much less than $5,000.

As a result, a grave situation confronts reclama-
tion progress. No general improvement for years to
come can be anticipated so long as the settler must
come in underfinanced. Under such a condition, the
aim of the Reclamation Act is being defeated.

What is the remedy?

PRIOR LEVELING of the land !

We have heard too much about aid for the Water
Users and it is time we realized that some other aid
is needed and that it is aid of the projects themselves.
The Water User has done far more than his share
in the battle with the desert and has gone to extremes
of starving himself, his children and his stock and has
sold off his equipment and stock in the effort to meet
payments and still stay by the game. He has worked
long hours and been a drudge animal in refusing to
give up and he has found a one-sided contract. The
offering made by the project is not feasible, so let it
get aid for itself that it may come to the settler with a
business proposition ; let it present its lands leveled
and then it can come to the settler offering oppor-
tunity instead of disasters.

To reclaim the land on the Federal projects, it is
costing about $60 per acre to construct necessary
reservoirs, canals and drain ditches. It is costing
$60 and more to further reclaim by leveling, ditching
and creation of farms, or a total of $100 to $125 per
acre to convert waste to wealth.

An 80-acre unit is, on any but old, well estab-
lished, intensified projects with certain markets estab-
lished for its crops, necessary to support a family
meeting water payments and trying to bring up chil-
dren to become rugged valuable citizens of our coun-
try. This 80-acre unit will represent when developed
from $8,000 to $10,000 of actual cost investment. In
other words $10,000 is going to be used to develop
such a farm and the settler comes in, if very lucky,

mind you, with about $1,000. He does not need $10,-
000 or $6,000 to start on but I say he positively does
need $3,000 to make even the slightest attempt, if he
is to really help himself, or the project. Sixty dollars
cash in your pocket to buil?l reservoir and canal as
against $12.50 cash per acre to tackle a $125 per acre
job that calls for practically $60 cash on the spot as
the "ante" to get into the game is the comparison
between the engineers' and the settlers' jobs.

Are we going to allow green, inexperienced of
the world, agriculturally uneducated land seekers and
home builders to continue to swarm over million dol-
lar projects and attempt to conquer their $125 per acre
task with only $12.50 per acre in their pockets?

1 say it is time we came to the aid of our Fed-
eral Reclamation Projects and finished them to the
point that is necessary to give them an opportunity to
show their worth to the settler, and saved them from
the utterly unmerited opprobrium that they are now
falling into because of being offered in their present
condition as opportunities for frugal, honest, hard-
working home seekers. No fairer opportunity lies be-
fore us than can be found in these projects, for science
and nature are one there, but let us be sure opportun-
ity is there. "Twenty-five per cent net profit oppor-
tunity," and even better lies hidden away in them but
woe betide him who seeks to pick the lock to it with
copper pennies.

The criticism will come up that theory or no, the
settler has been "proving up," even though starting
with little capital. He has done anything to prove up,
hoping to get some money that will let him do "some-
thing." Go look the project over and see the hope-
less leveling that has too often been the basis of
"proving up" and then don't wonder at inadequate
returns; such leveling is all over our projects and
land so leveled has a special name — "hogged in,"
they call it.

Prof. Fortier, Chief of the Experiment Stations,
has commented again and again on the fact that re-
turns from irrigated land are little better than from
rain land; that the average alfalfa yield for southern
Idaho is but 3.25 tons per acre per year where the
experiment stations have shown yields of 6 to 10 tons.
Now go back and look at land "hogged in" by your
$12.50 per acre capitalists and don't wonder any more
why returns are so small. Pour $100 of real gold
investment into the ground, do the job right and you
will then see that the arid lands, irrigated, are the
store houses of untold wealth.

Let Congress amend the Reclamation Act, so as
to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to have lands
on the projects leveled, and also seeded if necessary,
prior to acceptance of water applications, or to have
the same done on such lands as have already applied
for water, if requested by the Water User. Let the
entire cost of such work become a part of the con-
struction charges and be repaid in the same manner.
Do this and you will give the projects a chance, and
incidentally, the settler.

Now let us see what would happen, with such an
amendment in force. Let us compare the pos'sibilities
(Continued nn Page 217.)

208

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

Hawaiian Cultivating Taro.

Hanolii River at Kaiwiki near Hilo, Hawaii.

Cane Flume and Trestle Aero" Kawainui River near Pepeekeo, Hawaii.

CO-OPERATIV
THE SHADOW
—A STORY OI

RISING up out of the placid waters
of the western coast of the Unite<
greensward peep the pudgy noses of
mouthed mortars, ready to hurl death and
foe. The ground resounds with martial tr
through their daily drill. Mine boats
lies at anchorage. Torpedo boats are n

And in the shadows of this Gibralt
camps, thousands of farmers are strugg
the ocean in the Western states. They,
too, must organize and co-operate in i

The Hawaiian farmer is further i
ers. His transportation and marketing
produce is largely of a perishable nature

The difficulties have served only tc
in the results which have been obtained
one lesson. But the biggest of these le
produce of the farms.

Soon after the United States anne
investigations and established experime
legislature has aided in this work by ai

When the last territorial appropria
the funds for devising better means ^o

It was generally agreed that in <
all the farmers on the islands was necess
ized in the different districts. Several
ciations are being banded together in ;
lulu to promote, create and handle the

The annual report of the Hawaii .
issued, names among the active co-oper
the Glenwood Creamery Co., the Haw<
sociation, the Kapaa Farmers' Associs
Farmers' Association.

The story of the growth of the G
under most adverse conditions. Althou
to dairying, transportation and refriger;
of the creamery look almost hopeless,
on the demonstration farm, with the
dairymen were convinced of its feasibil
take over the creamery. Within a few
monthly and the co-operative company
put in the surrounding territory and I
turned their attention to helping to im]
strating better forage production and o

Concerning co-operative marketing

"At present there seems to be no
their crops in the territory except by
way can a uniform supply of produce
uni'form and constant supply, it is irr
ply of any given product is shipped r
to' handle "island produce, and make de
from San Francisco. The practical re
for local butter and buttermilk from t
effectively this plan obviates the great
he operates independently. Not only i
ply and hold his trade, but he is under
rate for small shipments than is th
bers of a community who are occupied

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

209

MARKETING IN
' 14-INCH GUNS
\WAII • « •

Dacific ocean stands Oahu, vigilant sentinel
From her gray, volcanic wastes and the
inch guns. Behind these are the gaping-
)n far over the horizon upon ah advancing
re than 7,000 of Uncle Sam's soldiers go
md out of Pearl harbor. A great warship

Pacific, greatest of all United States armed
problems like those of their brothers across
irrigate in order to grow full crops. They,

>btain profitable markets for their produce.

n the markets than are the Western farm-
are fewer and more unsatisfactory. His

Hawaiian farmers to greater effort, and
ation fanners of the West can find more than
he value of co-operation in marketing the

aii, the Department of Agriculture began
s on several of the islands. The territorial
•opriations.

made, specific provision for use of part of
ig farm produce was included in the bill,
make the plan successful, affiliation among
;1 co-operative associations are being organ -
idy in successful operation. The local asso-
al federation, with a central office in Hono-
5 of the farmer's produce,
al Experiment Station, which has just been
ciations which have been formed recently
T Association, the Homestead Farmers' As-
Haiku Farmers' Association and the Waimea

Creamery Association is one of development
seated in the heart of a territory best suited
ilems were such as to make the establishment
', a small modern creamery was constructed
lint;' that as soon as a sufficient number of
should form a co-operative association to
ic output had reached 2,000 pounds of butter
mized. It is finding a market for all its out-
Meanwhile the government experts have
dairy stock of the neighborhood, demon-
issisting the homesteaders,
aii, the experiment station report says:
iy v .lich the farmers can economically market
tion of co-operative associations. In no other
heel to any particular market. Without a
o build up and hold a trade. Unless a sup-
to the Honolulu market, the dealers refuse
.ngements for regular shipments by boats
wn in the rapid development of the market
ood Creamery Company show clearly how
:ages under which the farmer must labor if
jle independently to maintain a uniform sup-
Ivantage of having to pay a higher freight
^ere associations are formed among all mem-
:ing the same crop."

Banana Plantation near Honolulu.

Sugar Cane and Irrigation Ditch, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.

Weir Gauging Station, Wahiawa Reservoir Ditch, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.

210

THE IEKIGATION AGE.

THE BATTLE AGAINST IRON CORROSION

By J. T. HAY

Metallurgist and Chemist

THE progress in the art of manufacturing iron
and steel has been most remarkable in the last
few years and of all the factors which have con-
tributed towards it none has been more influential
than the destructive forces of corrosion, which have
challenged the best efforts of man to produce a
permanent iron or steel product. It is a well-
established fact that the processes of manufacture
have much more to do with the final lasting quality
of the material than was formerly supposed.

It is a recognized fact that the open-hearth
furnace alone is suitable for the production of high-
grade metal in large quantities. The electric fur-
naces are rapidly forging their way to the front,
but they have not been long enough in the field
for us to accurately determine their position.
Therefore, we will deal with the open-hearth fur-
nace and its production, and try to show some of
the many factors in the process of manufacturing
which have an influence on the corrosion of the
finished products. To begin with, it is necessary
that we have raw materials of good quality, pig
iron, scrap and fluxes ; the standard specifications
of basic pig are suited for our requirements. Great
care must be taken in the purchasing of scrap, as
it requires but a small amount of impurities in the
scrap to cause unlimited trouble in the finished
product. Cast iron scrap of all kinds is to be
avoided. Furnace operations are the next factor
to be considered. The education of the men operat-
ing the open-hearth furnaces is of the utmost im-
portance.

The proper regulation of the temperature of
the furnace is a most important factor, influencing
the quality of the product, and the ascertaining of
•the temperature with the eye, as it is customarily
done, is an uncertain proposition at the best. After
the metal has become thoroughly molten and the
temperature has been carefully watched, a sample
is then taken from the bath and carefully analyzed
before the material is removed from the furnace.
The old method of determining the amount of phos-
phorus and carbon in the metal by the visual appear-
ance of a fractured test piece is being rapidly super-
seded by making preliminary chemical analyses
before the material is tapped. Too much stress can
not be laid upon this point, if quality in the material
is aimed at. But even when these precautions are
taken, many a heat is ruined by carelessness in
tapping and handling the metal when in the ladle.
The melter must have before him the conditions to
which the metal was subjected during the three or
four hours previous to the tapping, together with
the preliminary analyses, to determine the neces-
sary treatment in the ladle, as this is his last chance
to add to or detract from the quality of the metal.

Many defects in steel can be traced to dirty
molds or lack of care in pouring the molten metal
therein.

When the ingot has been removed from the

mold it is usually placed in a reheating furnace or
soaking pit before the ingot is cold. The heat of
these pits should always be controlled by a pyro-
meter, because the temperature must be regulated
according to the chemical analysis of the metal.

Let us outline now, but briefly, the theory and
effects of corrosion. Corrosion, or the rapid rust-
ing of iron and steel, may be considered as an effect
of the combined action of water and oxygen, or, in
a broad sense, of moisture and air. The most wide-
ly accepted theory of the cause of this rapid rusting,
or corrosion, called the electrolytic, is based on
the fact that when two substances, having different
electrical potentials, are immersed in a suitable
electrolyte, an electric current is set up and corro-
sion begins at once. In iron or steel the various
impurities differ from the element iron in their
electrical potentiality, and the moisture in the air
contributes the electrolyte. It is also true that this
action is of a chemical nature and that because of
the very close connection between electrical and
chemical action we are able to control this chemical
action by stopping or accelerating the electrical
action. The purity of iron has a marked influence
on the rapidity of corrosion. The quantity of the
impurities must not only be very minute, but those
few elements which it is impossible to remove en-
tirely must be absolutely homogeneously distributed.
Because of the extreme sensitivity of iron, great
care must be used at its physical treatment, or the
work of having eliminated the impurities will be
labor lost. The strains produced by excessive speed
in rolling, unless removed by careful annealing, will
generate active corrosion.

Some manufacturers have tried to offset their
neglect to remove the objectionable impurities and
their lack of careful physical treatment by the addi-
tion of copper. This doped steel, instead of being
benefited thereby, has to undergo an increase of
the total of its impurities, and thus the segregation
of the latter is rendered easier, which two factors
accelerate corrosion rather than retard it.

ASKS CAREY ACT REVISION

Congressman Carl Hayden, of Arizona, has
introduced a bill (H. R. 15218) to revise and amend
the Carey act. The original act was passed in 1894
and has been amended in a number of particulars
since that time. The Hayden bill provides for a
more strict supervision, both on behalf of the State
and the United States with respect to the feasibility
of proposed irrigation projects, thus protecting
both the investor and the settler. The bill reduces
the area that may be acquired by any one person
from 160 to 80 acres, and requires actual residence
on the land for two years and the cultivation of
one-half of the irrigable area of the entry before
patent can issue. The settler is protected by a pro-
vision which prohibits the sale or entry of land
until water is available for its irrigation, and the
time of payment is extended from ten to fifteen
vears.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

211

GETTING WATER FROM MOTHER EARTH'S HEART

'T1 HE many difficulties encountered in
1 pumping from deep bored wells or
shafts has rendered this a fertile field for
the inventor of pumping machinery. From
the nature of the service it is invariably re-
quired to obtain the maximum possible ca-
pacity from a given size bore hole. Large
capacity entails high pumping speeds, which
in turn cause rapid deterioration of pumps.
Rapid deterioration of pump parts is most
serious, as, from their location, great diffi-
culty and delay are encountered in making
repairs.

In their triple-acting well pump, the
Deane Steam Pump Company of Holyoke,
Mass., believe they have a machine which
overcomes several objections to other types
of deep-well pumps. The Deane type of
machine consists of three single-acting
buckets, superimposed and operating in one
cylinder. The buckets are independently
reciprocated by means of individual coaxial
working rods, which are in turn actuated at
the ground level by means of the connect-
ing rods and crossheads. The cranks are
located at 120 degrees. Consequently, at
least one plunger is constantly being raised
and that plunger discharges while it is ris-
ing at maximum speed. This very simple
and beautiful mechanical movement gives
precisely that constant and continuous flow
in the riser pipe most necessary to prevent
inertia shocks. Further than this, the ca-
pacity, as compared with a single-acting
bucket, is equal to approximately 2.6 times
as much as the single-acting bucket, and
the load is taken up by each plunger in turn
as the preceding plunger slows down, with
practically no jar or shock. This feature is
almost as important as the large capacity
and continuous flow, as it means few re-
pairs or renewals of parts which are most
expensive and difficult to make. Any ar-
rangement which will minimize the wear on
the buckets and working parts and prevent
the necessity of renewal is of great value.

The successful application of this pump to very
severe conditions of service during two years has
proven the entire reliability of the mechanism. The
continuous flow of water lessens the liability of sand
sticking in the working parts and cutting. The con-
tinuous flow also tends to extremely high mechanical
efficiency. In addition to the saving in operating cost,
due to the high efficiency and consequently to the small
amount of power consumed, the extreme evenness of
the load permits the use of a smaller prime mover than
will any other type of deep well pump of the same
capacity, and as the load is constantly uniform a motor
can be operated at full load and consequently with
high power factor. The triple-acting pump, on ac-;
count of its steady flow, the valve action and the me-
chanical construction, can be run at speeds higher than
other reciprocating deep well pumps. Hence, from a

Two Views of the Deane Triple-Acting Pump.

given well a greater capacity can be obtained with a
triple-plunger pump than with other types rated at the
same piston speed.

Bored wells are becoming more and more im-
portant in furnishing a sufficient quantity of fresh
water for every purpose. In a great many sections of
the country the bored well is the only means of pro-
viding fresh water, since the greater quantity of pure
water lies between strata at some distance below the
surface of the earth. In the last few years the sizes
of driven wells have increased considerably. It is,
therefore, of tremendous importance that satisfactory
pumping equipment be obtained for handling the large
quantities of water required. The Deane pump is
suitable for irrigation work, municipal supply, factories
of all kinds and, in fact, wherever a large water supply
is required.

212

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

CLEAN DITCHES AND GOOD ROADS MEAN WEALTH

OOD roads and clean, well built ditches are two
elements which make for the success of the
irrigation farmer,'' said C. D. Edwards, of Albert Lea,
Minn., the other day. "The farmers have to do most
of the road building themselves and therefore many of
them are now investing in this class of machinery. •

"I have striv-
en to build for the
western farmer a
machine that will
serve him in two
ways — as a road
grader and as a
ditch constructor
and cleaner. I
have sought t o
build this machine
strong but simple
and suitable to
meet with the con-
ditions with
which h e must
cope."

The grader,
of which Mr. Ed-
wards is perhaps
most proud be-
cause of its utili-
tarian values, car-
ries a ' blade with
the proper adjust-
ment for making

V-bottom irrigation ditches on a slope of one and
one-half to one. Any elevation can be given the blade
that the banks will stand. Changing single-tree holes iq
the cvener, which places the near horse in the ditch, is
the fiily change needed to adapt it to V-bottom ditches.

Making a V Bottom
Irrigation Ditch Two
Feet Deep on a Slope
of One. and One-Half
to One. Two or Four
Horses Are Used Ac-
cording to Require-
ments.

The wheels being wide apart, which best holds a
grader to its work, lets one wheel travel in the point of
the ditch and the other completely outside of the bank
of earth thrown up, leaving the slope smooth and un-
disturbed.

[b'DONNELL HEARS "FIRST NEWELL COMPLAINT'

By Sam Barrett

Assistant Secretary of the Landowners Protective Association
in the Salt River Valley (Ariz.) Project.

IEF ENGINEER ARTHUR P. DAVIS, Su-
> pervising Engineer Hanna, of the Southwest
Division, and I. D. O'Donnell, Supervisor of Irriga-
tion of the United States Reclamation Service, have
recently held hearings in Phoenix, Ariz., in conjunc-
tion with the Survey Board, which was appointed
by the Salt River Valley Water Users' Association
and the Secretary of the Interior to determine the
irrigation area under the Roosevelt Project.

Arthur P. Davis only attended one hearing and
he was severely criticized for the Reclamation Serv-
ice not determining the irrigation area some years
ago, and also for the favors that had be£n handed
to the new lands in the way of a new irrigation sys-
tem.

I also had an interesting conversation with Mr.
O'Donnell. Because it is enlightening I submit it.

I handed him a copy of THE IRRIGATION AGE.

BARRETT — "I do not know Mr. Anderson,
personally, but I do know some of the persons who
have articles in his paper, and I believe them to be

sincere and right in what they advocate. One
article was written by Scott Etter, of the Carlsbad
Project in New Mexico, in which he states that the
Secretary of the Interior will never receive the con-
fidence of the Water Users unless Newell is re-
moved from the head of the Reclamation Commis-
sion. I, too, am certain Secretary Lane will not
receive the proper confidence of the Water Users
unless Mr. F. H. Newell is removed from the
service."

O'DONNELL— "You are the first man I ever
heard say it."

BARRETT— "If you will, take the time and
come with me I will take you to hundreds of Water
LTsers in this Valley who will say it. The Water
Users of this project feel that Newell is responsible
for the outrageously high cost of this project. What
the Water Users of this Valley would like to see is
a thorough Congressional investigation of the U.
S. R. S."

O'DONNELL— "You don't want a Con-
gressional investigation."

(Continued on Page 219.)

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

213

BRIEF NOTES FROM IRRIGATION PROJECTS

CALIFORNIA.

The Happy Valley Irrigation Com-
pany has commenced work on a stor-
age reservoir twelve miles northeast
of Cottonwood, which, when finished,
will furnish water for many thousand
acres.

Bonds totalling $010,000 have been
voted .by the Modesto Irrigation Dis-
trict. Five hundred thousand dollars
of this amount will be used for con-
crete flumes and fills and enlarging
the main canal outside the district at
the headworks. and $110,000 will be
used for canal repairs.

Two hundred land owners in Vic-
tor Valley recently passed resolutions
demanding Government support for
a reclamation project to irrigate 300,-
000 tillable acres in that district. The
resolutions will be forwarded to Con-
gress and to Secretary of the Interior
Lane. The Government is asked to
appropriate $15,000 for survey work
on the Mojave river, with a water
shed of 350 square miles. By im-
pounding the water from melting
snmvs and the summer rains it is
believed that the greater part of Vic-
tor Valley can be irrigated.

Association, stated recently that he
believed sufficient financial assistance
has been promised to insure the irri-
gation of more than 200,000 acres of
fertile land in the valley. Two years
ago aid was promised by the South-
ern Pacific railroad, and it is thought
that this promise has been kept. Irri-
gation of Honey Lake' valley can be
accomplished through several sources
of water supply, including Eagle Lake.

The railroad commission has ren-
dered a decision authorizing the Ex-
celsior Water and Mining Company
of Smartsville, serving water for irri-
gation purposes in Nevada and Yuba
counties, to charge a minimum per an-
num of $4 per acre for one acre foot
of water, and an additional rate of
$1.25 for each additional half-acre
foot.

G. L. Clayton, president of the
Honey Lake Valley Water Users'

A new irrigation project in Shasta
county, called the Anderson Irriga-
tion District, has been virtually or-
ganized. It is proposed to divert 300
second feet of water from the Sacra-
mento river, at Turtle Bay, in the
city limits of Redding and carry
it by canals and laterals down the
west side of the river, covering 27,000
acres of land in Shasta and Tehama
counties. The estimated cost of the
project is $275,000, or $12 per acre.

ARIZONA.

The Water Users' Association of
the Salt River Valley has taken ac-
tive stand against the proposal of the
state game warden to plant wild rice
on the sand bars of the Gila and Salt
rivers for the use of the wild game
birds. Wild rice sjrows very rank,
spreads rapidly and would soon choke
up the irrigation ditches.

The Tucson Farms Company has
closed a contract for power to pump
water for irrigating an additional
4,000 acres at Sahuarita. The com-
pany now has 10,000 acres under cul-
tivation.

COLORADO.

A discovery of water that may have
an important bearing on the future
development of vacant land close to
Colorado Springs has been made by
the East Colorado Springs Land
Company, composed of Irving How-
bert, J. A. Hayes and H. McGarry.
This company owns a large tract of
unimproved land immediately east of
Colorado Springs, stretching along
Pike's Peak highway. The first well
sunk developed a flow of water at a
depth of 100 feet and the well now
has 90 feet of water. It is apparently
an inexhaustible supply. With a gas-

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214

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

oline pumping engine, it will supply
sufficient water for a large acreage.

Contract has been awarded under
authority of the Secretary of the In-
terior to the Hess Flume Company
of Denver, Colorado, for furnishing
7,357 linear feet of metal flume for
use on the projects of the Reclama-
tion Service in the Northern Division.
The total bid for the material to be
furnished was $19,650.42.

A decision of great importance to
ranches in all irrigated districts has
been handed down by Judge Cavender
in the district court, in which he holds
that the mere fact of the use of a
ditch for irrigation purposes gives no
title to its user. In all irrigated sec-
tions in the state ranchers have been
proceeding on the theory that when
they once established either a waste
ditch or a head ditch on anyone's
land, they acquired title to the
ditch through continued use of
it. Judge Cavender held, however,
in a case from Fruita of T. A. Top-
ham vs. Morgan Williams that no
such right existed in law. His opin-
ion was that no matter how long a
ditch may be used by a farmer, title
remains in the original owner, even
though permission had been granted
for its construction. To obtain title
to the ditch a conveyance must be
made by deed or by condemnation
proceedings, as the courts have held
that ditches are real property which
must be transferred as is other prop-
erty.

The Twin Lakes irrigation project,
one of the largest irrigation enter-
prises in the state of Colorado, re-
cently passed into the hands of the
farmers of the Arkansas Valley. The
farmers have acquired control of the
Twin lakes stock. There are 56,000
acres of land being operated under
the project at this time. The Twin
Lakes system takes its water largely
from Twin Lakes, near Leadville.
The water is taken to the Arkansas
river and thence transported in the
river channel to a diversion canal
which starts near Boone.

MONTANA.

Articles of incorporation have been
filed by the Billings Heights Irriga-
tion Company. The office of the com-
pany is located at Billings.

Gen. Chas. S. Warren and other
Butte men, who are interested in a
Carey act irrigation project in south-
eastern Montana, have incorporated
the Little Missouri Land and Irri-
gation Company with a capitalization
of $350,000. It is planned to start
work on the project the coming sum-
mer, and the first unit, about 6,000
acres, will be opened next spring. The
lands embraced within the project lie
along the west side of the Little Mis-
souri river, within the boundaries of
Fallen county. The water supply
requisite for the reclamation and irri-
gation of the lands is obtained from the
Little Missouri river and Cottonwood
Creek.

The U. S. Reclamation Service is

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THE IERIGATION AGE.

215

asking for proposals for earthwork
and structures on the Second Unit
of Vanadlia South Canal on the Milk
river project in Montana. The work
involves about 145,000 cubic yards of
excavation, 300 cubic yards of rein-
forced concrete, the placing of 18,000
pounds of steel reinforcements and
the placing in wooden structures of
125,000 feet B. M. of lumber, and is
situated on the south side of Milk
river in the vicinity of Glasgow and
Nashua, Montana. Bids will be
opened at 2:00 P. M., May 20, 1914,
at the office of the Reclamation Serv-
ice, Malta, Mont.

The Reclamation Service is also
asking for proposals for earthwork
and structures, Vandalia Point, Van-
dalia South Canal, in connection with
the Milk river irrigation project. The
work involves about 68,000 cubic
yards of excavation, 1,900 cubic yards
of concrete, the placing of 160,000
pounds of steel reinforcement, the
erecting of 1,550 linear feet of metal
flume and the placing in wooden
structures of about 125,000 feet B. M.
of lumber. It is situated on the south
side of Milk river, about 18 miles west
of Glasgow and one mile west of Van-
dalia, and adjacent to the main line
of the Great Northern Railway. Bids
will be opened after 2 p. m., May 27,
at Malta.

OREGON.

R. A. Rowley of Medford has been
granted a permit to use the waters
of Big Butte creek to irrigate 10,030
acres of land.

Bids are being asked for on the
Horse Fly irrigation project. The
main canal will be located about eight
miles east of Bonanza and will be 1.3
miles in length.

Permit has been granted the Onta-
rio Advancement Company of Onta-
rio to use the waters of Snake river
to irrigate 1576 acres of land.

Time of the preliminary contract
for the Warner Valley irrigation com-
pany, which is investigating a pro-
posed irrigation project in Warner
Valley, has been extended by the Des-
ert Land Board to December 1, 1914.

Project Engineer H. W. Hinks an-
nounces there is still $100,000 avail-
able for construction work on Modoc
Point reclamation project. This proj-
ect is being built by the Indian Serv-
ice for the Klamath Indians. It will
irrigate 8745 acres of land.

The government will open approxi-
mately 400,000 acres of land in south-
ern Crook county to homesteaders on
June 7. The land is being eliminated
from the Paulina and Deschutes Na-
tional forest reserves. Settlers are
now being allowed to pick their land,
and the first man on hand at the
land office with his witness will be
given the parcel selected.

The Reclamation Service is asking
for proposals for the construction of
(Continued on Page 216.)

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Heavy Deep Furrow

Sulky Plow

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MOLINE, ILL.

216

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

AID TO SETTLERS IS FIRST NEED

(Continued from Page 204.)

with less than half the land under cultivation, with
inadequate revenues, and only needing the settler to
completely change the situation. Under some of these
schemes the conditions for extending this aid are alto-
gether satisfactory, whilst in others, settlement, under
present conditions, should be prevented. Either the
water supply is inadequate, the land is unfit, or the
charges for land and water are too high. To extend
public aid in the settlement of such enterprises means
inevitable disaster to all concerned, and the first step
in all cases should be an investigation by some com-
petent public authority, to weed out the sound from
the unsound schemes. Starting with sound enterprises,
there should, in each case, be an organization to meet
and take charge of the settlers, and there must be some
way by which large sums of money can be provided to
give them the needed aid.

In the State of Victoria this money is provided in
large measure by the State Savings Bank, which has

deposits of $110,000,000, on which three and three and
one-half per cent interest is paid. This money is loaned
directly to the farmers at four and a half and five per
cent. A remote country, with small accumulations,
thus gives the farmers money at about half the interest
rate prevailing in the western part of the United States.
It has seemed to me that the Victorian policy might
wisely be followed in the United States, and the funds
deposited in the Postal Savings bank of the Nation
loaned to farmers developing irrigated lands rather
than to the banks, as at present. The experience of all
of the Australian states and New Zealand shows that
not only is this a safe use for these funds, but it can be
made a great agency for national development. Safety
could be further insured by an arrangement under
which the states would guarantee the return of all
funds loaned to settlers within their boundaries. In
any event, the cost of improving land is as great as the
expense of providing water for it, and if we are to
have a humane and rounded out scheme of develop-
ment, the settler's side must receive more consideration.

RECLAMATION NOTES

(Continued from Page 215.)

the Three Miles Falls Diversion
Works, in connection with the Uma-
tilla irrigation project. The work is
located about three miles, north and
west of Hermiston, and consists in
constructing a concrete diversion dam
and concrete headworks involving
about 2,600 cubic yards of concrete
and 3,000 cubic yards of excavation
and embankment. The bids will be
opened after 3 p. m., May 28, 1914, at
the office of the Reclamation Service
at Portland.

TEXAS.

Articles of incorporation have been
filed by the Rosita Irrigation Com-
pany; capital stock $15,000, with of-
fices at Eagle Pass. W. H. Evans,
C. F. Carson and L. L. Schofield are
the incorporators.

The State Board of Water Engi-
neers has received certificates of
prior appropriation of waters by A.
J. Russell of Robert Lee for the irri-
gation of 1440 acres in Coke county,
and of -V. M. Sanderson of San Saba
for irrigating 200 acres in San Saba
county.

UTAH.

A plan is under consideration for
converting Little Valley four miles
east of Brigham City into a great res-
ervoir to provide water for irrigat-
ing 10,000 acres.

The Secretary of the Interior lias
authorized the Reclamation Service to
undertake the construction of the
High Line Unit of the Strawberry
Valley irrigation project as soon as
certain conditions have been complied
with. At least 18,000 acres of lands
privately owned and irrigable by grav-
ity flow must be pledged to return the
cost of the project. Applicants own-
ing irrigable land in excess of 80
acres must execute appropriate trust
deeds for the disposal of such excess
to qualified water right applicants
(Continued on Page 217.)

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THE IRBIGATION AGE.

217

CALLS 'PRIOR LEVELING' KEY TO SUCCESS

(Continued from I'agc 207.)

of a man entering the raw land at $60 per acre and
the other entering the leveled land at $100 per acre,
the $40 cost of leveling the land having been added to
the latter's construction costs. The expenses of each
for the family, stock and farm combined will easily
aggregate $1,000 a year. For convenience assume
a whole 80 to go under cultivation ; admit $10 net
profit for land the first year it is put in and $20 net
profit per acre thereafter. Apply the terms of pay-
ments under the twenty-year Extension bill, with its
graduated annual installments.

Now note what is the result. The raw land man
can hardly get in more than five acres the first year
and five acres annually thereafter and he finds it is
ten years before he passes a deficit merely between
ranch returns and ranch expenses and it is the four-
teenth year before he gets the ranch to meeting all
expenses. This means he has been drawing on capital
or has been forced to work off his place year after
year to earn sufficient money to meet his expenses

and payments and that is exactly what almost every
single entryman has been forced to do up to the pres-
ent and why the land has gone in so slow. The
leveled land man gets his full 80 acres into crop,
goes only $200 in the hole the first year; will be car-
ried over by his merchant and the next year he is on
his feet with a surplus.

They both might be said to have had about $3,000
of capital invested in plant and equipment at the start.
The man on leveled land needs not more capital but
the raw land man will need about $6,700 more before
he reaches his surplus in the fourteenth year. Of
course what really happens is that he is forced off
the ranch, if having only about $3,000, and he has
to hustle work and wages and so the farm goes in at
only five acres a year. Yet let's look the matter square
in the face and admit the wages earned off the place
to support the family and payments must all be
charged up to the capital account in final analysis. In
reclaiming our farms in the years to come, which is
going to pay, capitalizing the work with cash or trying
to capitalize it with the farmer's sweat and toil?

RECLAMATION NOTES

• (Continued from Page 216.)

within a reasonable time to be fixed
hereafter. About 24,000 acres are in-
cluded in the unit. The main high-
line canal has its intake at the lower
end of the power canal in Spanish
Fork Canyon, about 3 miles south-
east of Spanish Fork. It will extend
southwest for about 17 miles, its ca-
pacity ranging from 200 to 250 second
feet. Its cost will be about $343,000
and the distribution system as planned
will cost $180,000.

WASHINGTON.

Contract has been awarded by the
Reclamation Service to the Fairbanks
Steam Shovel Company of Marion,
Ohio, for furnishing a V/i cubic yard
dipper dredge for use in connection
with the Keechelus Dam on the stor-
age unit, Yakima irrigation project.
The price for the dredge f. o.. b. cars,
Marion, is $8,400.

Suit has been filed in the superior
court of Kittitas county by Mrs. Ol-
ive Sanders to settle the title to the
waters of Wilson and Nanum creeks.
All property owners along the Nanum
creek are made defendants to the suit,
while the complainant states that she
is acting for all land owners whose
property is watered by Wilson creek.
The water rights along each creek
have previously been settled, but this
suit is to decide which stream should
have the most water beyond the
forks.

VOTERS PASS ON PROJECT

Washington voters will pass upon a
project for the irrigation of 400.000
acres of dry lands at the election in
November. The estimated cost of the
work is $100 an acre, or $40.000,000. The
lands are in Douglas and Grant counties
between the Spokane and Columbia
rivers. The soil is volcanic ash and
loam, and is especially suited to irriga-
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THE I H C LINE

GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES

Bindfri, Reapers

Headert, Mowers

Rakes, Suckers

Hay Loaders

Bar Prenes
CORN MACHINES

Planter!, Pickers

Binders. Cultivators

Ensilage Cutters

Shelters. Shredders
TILLAGE

Combination.

Peg and Sprint-Tooth,

and DUk Harrows

Cultivator!

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gas Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Trucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

SUCCESSFUL farmers are no longer
asking, "Shall I buy an engine?"
They have passed that point and now in-
quire, "Which engine shall I buy?"

A little careful observation will show that Inter-
national Harvester engines are the most satisfactory.
No doubt is left when features like the following are
studied: Detachable valve guides, offset cylinder
head, fuel pump, split-hub fly-wheels, extra large
intake and exhaust valves, etc.

Ask the men who have used I H C engines. That
is the best test. They will explain the excellence of
I H C construction, simplicity, strength and durability.

Study the engines yourself at the nearest dealer's
where International Harvester engines are sold.
They are made in all styles, and range in size from
1 to 60-H. P. They operate on low and high grade
fuels.

Write for our interesting and instructive catalogues,
and when we send them we will tell you where the
engines may be seen. A postal will do.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

Denver— Helena- Portland Spokane -Salt Lake City--San Francisco
Champion Deering MeCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

218

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

BUSINESS MEN MUST AID IRRIGATORS

(Continued from Page 206.)

This is a problem of neighborhood cooperation.
It is a problem with which the farmer in the older
settled states has had very little to do. Its first
principles were solved in suffering and sorrow long
ago. It is the problem that first wrecked Kansas.
It is one that the farmer himself has never solved
and for years to come will never solve. He goes
down before it every time, until finally it solves
itself; but at a fearful cost to the individuals who
have gradually worn it out with their lives and
with their wives and families.

This is a business problem purely and must
be solved by business men. The agricultural and
irrigation problems are more than sufficient to
absorb all the time, energy and brains of the farmer
in a strange land. If he is to succeed someone must
help him to get every dollar out of his produce
that it is worth. Is this done?

Has he not rather been exploited all along the
line? Have we not permitted, and even encour-
aged, fearfully expensive methods of immigration
work under which he has often had to pay a ruin-
ous cost for a big bunch of false expectations, and
started in his new home doomed to a feeling of
despair as soon as he realizes the actual facts?

How many of our business communities help
him to hold his crops off a glutted market?

Have we business men not safely reaped large
benefits from all expenditure for irrigation, whether
wise or foolish, and from all the labors and invest-
ments of the farmers, whether productive or not to
them, and have we shared commensurately, or in
most instances at all, in the burdens or the risk?

Neighborhood cooperation for the solution of
the farmers' problems must be the foundation of all
permanent success in our irrigation districts. It
must begin with seeing that he buys his land at a
fair value, with a fairly comprehensive appreciation
of the problems he has to face, and a reasonably safe
relation between the size and price of his farm and
his' own working capital. It must make him feel
that his success is the chief aim of his new com-
munity. It must end with assuring him adequate
returns compared with other producers and com-
petitors on the open markets.

This, complete cooperation can be worked out
only by the business men of each locality contribut-
ing a portion of their time and their knowledge to
the common good.

The financial returns of such cooperation will
remove it far from the region of gratuitous help, or
inequality of labor, and will soon prove it to be the
most profitable investment of time, and even of
capital where such is needed, that the business
community can make.

It is the sure and short road to prosperity for
the west.

rPHINK what it means
to you! To have at
your service — day and
night if desired — the com-
bined power of 30 to 35
horses and 10 to 15 men-
ready at a moment's notice to
plow, disc, harrow, seed, har-
vest, build roads, irrigate,

thresh and do numerous other power jobs, all
at the minimum expense for fuel and main-
tenance. That's what you get when you
buy a time-tried and time-proven

AULTMAN-TAYLOR 30-60
GAS TRACTOR

They're built with the complete knowledge of
the requirements of a tractor of the first quality.
They're built right here in our own shop, under
our own supervision. We know they're right and
we stand back of every tractor. The Aultman-
Taylor 30-60 burns either gasoline, kerosene or

distillate with unequaled economy. The Aultman-Taylor 30-60 is not an experiment. Theii real worth has been demonstrated on thousands of

farms throughout North America. Let us explain to you why you should own and operate one of these money-making and labor-saving tractors.

WRITE FOR CATALOG AND FURTHER INFORMATION TODAY.

We are also builders of the Famous "New Century" Separator. "Matchless" Clover and Alfalfa Huller, Steam Traction and Portable Engines,

Bean Threshers and Saw Mills. Catalog free upon request.

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY

BRANCHES:

Minneapolis, Minn.

Wichita, Kan.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Portland, Ore. Lincoln, Nebr. Kansas City, Mo.

Decatur, 111. Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

219

HEARS FIRST NEWELL COMPLAINT

(Continued from Page 212.)
BARRETT— "What do we want?"

"O'DONNELL — "You want an investigation
from your Water Users' Association and the Secre-

tary of the Interior. What would a Congressional
Committee know about the investigation of proj-
ects? I must go, they're waiting."

I believe this conversation illustrates the atti-
tude Mr. O'Donnell takes concerning past manage-
ment and expenditures in the Reclamation Service.

Vie planned this House and
Saved Robert Zehntner^375 ~°

Robert Zehntner of White Sulphur Springs, Mont., wanted
to build a home and answered a Hewitt-Lea-Funck
advertisement. On the back of our question blank
he drew a rough sketch of what he had in mind.

The plans you see at the left, and afterward, the house pic-
tured, was the result. When it came to ordering
the lumber, the local yard' man asked for the chance
to bid and got it, but he didn't get the business.
Mr. Zehntner' s letter to us tells why. "I unloaded
the car," he says, "and found the material fine.
„.... The carpenters are well pleased, the finish being

Home Designed for Robert Zehntner, White Sulphur Sorinas Mont u l_ i I 111 i • i -i t i

much better than I could have gotten here. The best local
bid on the material was $375 higher than yours and lacked quite a bit of being complete."

Complete plans $2

If you like this house, you can get the complete
plans, specifications, guaranteed estimate of prices
on lumber, millworlc, hardware, paint and heating
plant delivered at your station — all for $2.

Our guaranteed price means no extras. We guar-
antee absolutely to provide sufficient materials to
build the house, and guarantee grades equal or bet-
ter, than required by standard rulings. Getting the
plans does not obligate buying materials of us, if you
do, you get your $2 back. If this plan doesn't suit,

Send coupon for Prize Plan Book
— 1 OO homes— all sizes— all prices

It's the moift practical book of it's kind ever published.
Every plan is a good one— a lot of them will please you
— one of them will doubtless just suit you. Our archi-
tects worked over a year on this book. It cost us $30,000
to get it out. Books not nearly so good are sold at 50c to
$2.00. Yet, ten cents, merely to cover postage, will bring
you this valuable book, if you use the coupon.

Special plans at small cost

If none of the plans in this book quite suit you. and you
have your own ideas of what you want, you'll find it
easy to show us what your ideas are. just as Robert
Zehntner did. We have a Plan Sheet for this purpose,
that makes it simple. Give us a rough sketch of what
you have in mind— and we will complete the plan for you.

middleman and sell you direct at the mill price—a price
that's way-down low, because the raw materials come
from forests under our control. Our lumber is straight-
grained, free from sap and large knots, doesn't warp or
shrink. Makes a beautiful job.

Send for estimate — no obligation

Send us your carpenter's bill of materials for our prices,
if you can. Do it even if you aren't ready to build. No
charge or obligation. If we can be of any help to you in
planning your building be sure to let us know. Our spe-
cial plan sheet makes it easy to give us your ideas— ask for
it. At any rate, mail the coupon today for
catalog and general price list.

Save as high as 60% on

. lumber — buy direct

&oNprLoc»PLAH from the producer

Too many middlemen come between
the mill and the lumber denier— that's why his
prices are so high. We cut out every single

Silos at up to 6 O% Saving

Here's the biggest silo
value you can get. Buy direct,
at the mill price, a Seattle Silo of one-
piece staves from durable Puget Sound fir. Seattle Silos
have patented swinging doors. Door bars form strong ladder
from which hoops are easily tightened.

Send the coupon for folder on Seattle Silos. Get our special
one-farmer-in-a-town-offer. Write today.

HEWITT- LEA- FUNCK COMPANY

471 Crary Building . . . Seattle, Wash.

When writing to advertisers please

Hewitt-Lea-Funck Company

471 Crarr Bide., Seattle. Wash.

(Re sure lt> write p!ai>uy find if possible send bill of materials for estimate)

Please sent! me the following:

[ ] Book oi Plans (for which lOc in stamps or coin is enclosed).

1 ] Catalog and General Price List of Lumber and Millwoik. Free.

[ ] Special Silo Folder. Free.

[ J Special Plan Sheet, Free.

Name

R. F. D. or Street No. _

Post Office

Business

mention The Irrigation Age.

220 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The Lauson Kerosene and Low Grade

Distillate Engines

Insure Your Crops

Don't economize on Price when Reliability is at stake. Successful Irrigation depends
upon Heavy Continuous Power.

You may be able to buy an Engine that is cheaper than the Lauson but the Reliability
won't be there.

It won't have that Lasting Economy of Operation — that Ability to stay on the
job three hundred and sixty-five days in the year and twenty-four hours per
day, that characterizes the Lauson.

There is a reason behind Lauson Reliability and Low Cost of Operation, namely Design,
Material and Workmanship. It is a question of a better Quality perhaps not notice-
able at first, yet Quality that shows in Years of Dependable Service. It is worth
the Difference.

Such Points as — No torch, no preheating, no carbon in cylinder, easy to start and
operate, full rated horse power wilh one-half the cost of fuel, all wearing parts of steel
case hardened and ground to size, drop forged unbreakable gears, cams and cam shaft
drop forged in one piece, case hardened and ground to size, cams running in bath of
oil, enclosed in dust proof case, special gear-driven Magneto, guaranteed for the life of
the engine and No Batteries — are worthy of your most careful investigation.
Built in sizes from 6 to 100 HP. Hopper or Tank Cooled.

The closer you investigate, the Lauson Kerosene Engines, the surer you are to buy one.
Our Large Catalog No. 15 tells the whole story. A reading of it, will convince you.
Write for it today, and nearest branch and distributing point.

THE JOHN LAUSON MFG. CO.

GENERAL SALES OFFICE AND FACTORY
68 Monroe Street NEW HOLSTEIN, WIS.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE I R R I G A T I 0 X AGE.

221

AMERICAN"'

Purity

American Ingot Iron

CULVERTS

• AMERICAN-

Permanence

THE great irrigation companies have many places where corrugated
iron pipe, gates and bulkheads can be used to advantage, the only
difficulty being that the ordinary material in this form has a rather
limited service life. This objection is overcome by the use of high-
purity iron. See Engineering News, Jan. 22nd, 1914, Corrugated Iron
Installations of the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Project, by
E. C. Mills, Engineer.

The illustration shows part of a shipment of 26 cars of American
Ingot Iron Culverts, made to the South San Joaquin Irrigation District,
San Joaquin County, California.

Write the nearest manufacturer for particulars and prices on American Ingot Iron Armco Culverts,
Siphons, Flumes, Plates, Sheets, Roofing and Formed Products:

Arkansas— Little Rock

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.

California— Los Angeles
California Cor. Culvert Co.

California— West Berkeley
California Cor. Culvert Co.

Colorado — Denver

R. Hardesty Mfg. Co.

D elaware — Clayton

Delaware Metal Culvert Co.

Florida — Jacksonville

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.

Georgia— Atlanta

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.

niinois-—Bloomington

Illinois Corrugated Metal Co.

Indiana— Crawfordsville
W. Q. O'Neall Co.

Iowa — Des Moines

Iowa Pure Iron Culvert Co.

Iowa — Independence

Independence Cor. Culvert Co.
Kansas— Topeka

The Road Supply & Metal Co.
Kentucky — Buechel

Kentucky Culvert Co.
Louisiana— New Orleans

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Maryland— Havre de Grace

J. N. Spencer.
M assachusetts — Palmer

New England Metal Cul. Co.
Michigan— Bark River

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Michigan— Lansing

Michigan Bridge & Pipe Co.
Minnesota — Minneapolis

Lyle Corrugated Culvert Co.
Minnesota — Lyle

Lyle Corrugated Culvert Co.
Missouri — Moberly

Corrugated Culvert Co.

Montana— Missoula

Montana Culvert Co.
N ebraska— Lincoln

Lee Arnett Co.
Nebraska— Wahoo

Nebraska Culvert & Mfg. Co.
Nevada— Reno

Nevada Metal Mfg. Co.
New Hampshire— Nashua

North East Metal Culvert Co.
New Jersey— Flemington

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
New York— Auburn

Pennsylvania Metal. Cul. Co.
North Carolina — Greensboro

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
North Dakota— Wahpeton

Northwestern Sheet & Iron Wks.
Ohio— Middletown

American Rolling Mill Co.

Ohio Corrugated Culvert Co.
Oklahoma— Shawnee

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.

Oregon— Portland

Coast Culvert & Plume Co.
Pennsylvania— Warren

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
South Dakota— Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Metal Culvert Co.
Tennessee— Nashville

Tennessee Metal Culvert Co.
Texas— Dallas

Atlas Metal Works.
Texas— El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.
Texas— Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.
Utah— Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Co.
Virginia — Roanoke

Virginia Metal & Culvert Co.

Washington— Spokane

Spokane Cor. Cul. & Tank Co.
Wisconsin— Eau Claire

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

222

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

Put the right engine
behind your pumps

NO matter how large your irrigation system or how small, the efficiency and
consistent performance of the engine that drives the pumps is a matter of
the utmost importance. Abundant power, ready control, freedom from
breakdowns and economy of fuel consumption are points that count big in results
and satisfaction. Install a Gilson Engine and you can be sure of reliable service
with minimum attention and minimum fuel cost. On irrigation work it has
proved itself beyond question the engine that more than makes good.

Gilson Goes Like Six*y" Engines

GAS AND GASOLINE

The strongest and simplest built engines in
the field. Easy to operate, work without
watching. No unnecessary pounding or
wear. Last a lifetime. They do not need
constant tinkering for they are designed on
practical lines and have no weak spots.
Built for hard service from tested materials.
Nickel steel valves. Extra large high test
babbitt bearings. Forged steel shafts of
marvelous strength and finish. Exact work-
manship throughout and perfect balance.
Many special features and improvements
that increase efficiency.

700% Service

60% Speed

GILSON ENGINES are built in sizes from 1 to
15 H. P., each size guaranteed to develop its full
rated power. Patented devices give you the right
speed for every job about the farm, ranch or ir-
rigation plant. Built-in Sumter magnetos make
it possible to start the engine without cranking
and do away with batteries.

Mail *Vi«» r*r»nr»r»« Whatever your requirements, whether
IVlelll LI1C V^«JU|J«JII for irrigation use or farming operations,
there's a Gilson Engine that will give you the right service. Our prices
will save you money at the start and the small fuel consumption of
Gilson Engines will keep cost of operation down to a
surprisingly low figure. Clip off the coupon and mail
it back today and we will give you valuable informa-
tion about the type of engine best suited to your par-
ticular needs.

Gilson Manufacturing Company

76 Park Street Port Washington, Wis.

^ / MAIL THIS COUPON

/Gilson Manufacturing Company
76 Park St., Port Washington.Wis.

f I am interested in a Gasoline Engine

f of Horse Power

* Portable or Stationary

* N'ame

f Post Office

State

/ R. F. D. No

f Send me your Free Catalog and full particulars.

L. 1

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

223

THE KLAUER

GALVANIZED METAL

FLUMES

ALL parts made entirely of
RUST RESISTING GALVANIZED IRON

NO WOOD
NO RIVETS
NO BOLTS
NO SOLDER

The most practical, simple and easiest
, of all flumes to erect.

No Special Rolled Sheets
required for curves

Send us your inquiries

KLAUER MANUFACTURING

COMPANY
DUBUQUE, IOWA

SECTION OF NEWCOMB FLUME ON UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT RECLAMATION PROJECT NEAR HUNTLEY MONT.

International Harvester
Oil Tractors

GRAIN ANDHAY

MACHINES
Binders, Reapers
Headers* Mowers
Rakes, Stackers
Hay Loaders
Hay Presses

TILLAGE
Combination,
Peg and Spring-
Tooth, and Disk
Harrows
Cultivators

THE IHC
JJNJL

CORN

MACHINES
Planters. Pickers
Binders
Cultivators
Ensilage Cutters
Shelters,
Shredders

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gas

Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure Spreader s
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Trucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

THERE is work on your farm for an International
Harvester tractor every week in the year. It
will pull your plows, disks, drills, harrows, binders,
haul your products and supplies, do road work, run
your thresher, ensilage cutter, husker and shredder,
concrete mixer, well drill, etc.

For best tractor service use an I H C oil tractor —
Mogul or Titan. They are built to meet field diffi-
culties. Their mechanism is simple. Moving parts are
carefully protected. There is no unnecessary weight.
They satisfy buyers.

IHC oil tractors — Mogul and Titan, are built in sizes for all
farms, from 6-12 to 30-60 H. P., to operate on kerosene and
gasoline.

Write for catalogues and other information on International
tractors and oil engines and we will tell you where to see the
machines.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

Denver — Helena — Portland — Spokane — Salt Lake City— San Francisco
Champion Peering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

224

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

Be Independent! Why Not?

Install your own private pumping
plant. Reduce your expense for
delivering water to your land.

"The Deane of Holyoke"
Pumps for Irrigation

are

An Insurance Against Failure of Rainfall

The type of pump illustrated (described in
detail in Bulletin D228-89) is suitable for
use in open wells where the water stands at
considerable distance below the ground
level. It is built in several sizes to fill the
requirements of the farmer who is irrigating
small plots, as well as the one operating on
a larger scale.

In construction it is simple, rugged and de-
pendable— in design and material its quality
is in keeping with its manufacturer's well-
known high standards.

Fig. 2074

Write for Bulletin D228-89

Power Pumping Machinery

The Deane Steam Pump Co.

New York Office, 115 Broadway Works, Holyoke, Mass.

Branch Offices in all Principal Cities D278.8

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IREIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION FROM WELLS

225

An Arkansas Installation. Layne Patent Screen and Patent Enclosed Line Shaft Centrifugal Pump.

With the twenty-three hundred successful working plants using otu system of irrigation, which inoculates an 1
energizes the dormant forces, there is now being produced in previously non-productive districts throughout the
United States and in portions of Europe and Asia over eleven million dollars worth of FOOD PRODUCTS
ANNUALLY. That our system is not an experiment is forcibly demonstrated by the fact that much of this pro-
duction is from localities which were arid and barren previous to the introduction of our system.

Write for new
catalog.

Houston, Texas

LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY

The World's Largest Water Development Company

Address nearest
office.

Memphis, Tennessee

Welsh, Louisiana

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Plainview, Texas

Jackson, Mississippi

International Harvester
Tillage Implements

GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES
Binders, Reapers
Headers, Mowers
Rakes, Stackers
Hay Loaders
Hay Presses

TILLAGE
Combination,
Peg and Spring-
Tooth, and Disk
Harrows
Cultivators

THE IHC
LINE

CORN
MACHINES
Planters, Pickers
Binders
Cultivators
Ensilage Cutters
Shellers
Shredders

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gas

Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure
Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Trucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

THIS year ten disk harrows will be sold where one
was sold five years ago. Why? Because so many
farmers have learned that the proper use of a disk har-
row is the best guarantee of a successful crop.

Proper use of a disk harrow means the purchase of an IHC
disk harrow, because they are the ones built to do the best work.
The frames are strong, to stand the strain of following the binder
or of slicing meadows. The set levers keep the gangs to their
work at even depth. The bearings are the most durable that
can be put on a disk harrow.

The full line includes disk, peg tooth, and smoothing harrows,
drills and cultivators. See this line before you buy. We send
catalogues on request.

"The Disk Harrow," a book which illustrates and explains the
proper preparation of a seed bed, and gives examples of the value
of disking — 32 pages of valuable information — is yours for four
cents to cover postage and packing.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

Denver— Helena— Portland — Spokane — Salt Lake City — San Francisco
Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

226

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

WE SHALL be glad to mail
anyone who wishes same,
our free catalog. We sell our
product through dealers and
jobbers entirely and solicit in-
quiries from all dealers. Our
goods are well and favorably
known. They are standards in
the United States Army and
several other departments of
the government.

Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co.

Racine, Wis., U. S. A.

Nov'matter where you live or what your seed-
ing conditions are, you can get a SUPERIOR
GRAIN DRILL that will fill the bill and do your
work in the best possible manner. Superior
Drills are made in all sizes and every style.
Every Superior Drill is sold under a war-
ranty that absolutely protects the buyer.
Send for catalogue. Read it and go to your
local dealer and insist on seeing the
Superior Drill.

AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.)

Springfield, Ohio

GRAIN DRILLS

PAYS FOR ITSELF IN ONE MONTH

and Keeps on Saving You Money at the Same
Rate Thereafter.

THE RECLAMATION DITCHER

Cuts Canals and Laterals for less than any other
machinery — because it plows the dirt out with One
Continuous Sweeping Motion.

We guarantee the cost per yard and prove it before
you buy.

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co.

Indianapolis, Ind.

Delays Pay No Dividends. Mail This Coupon Today.
The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind.

Below are descriptions of our proposed ditches. What will it cost per
cubic yard to make them with the Reclamation Ditcher? |

I

Length

Width in Average
Bottom Depth

1

Maximum
Depth

Minimum
Depth

Slope of
Sides

Character of Soil

Name

Address

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

227

You Need

R eliable
Footwear

Why not get the best your money
can buy? You save in the long run

Cutter's

Cruiser's and Sportman's

Boots

will meet your service require-
ments. <J This is our No. 106
16* Chocolate Chrome Sporting
Boot — Hand made throughout.

Send today for illustrated
booklet describing the Cut-
ter line of Driving, Cruis-
ing and Sporting Boots.

It

Will Pay
You

A. A. Cutter Company

Eau Claire, Wisconsin

SAMSON TURBINE

When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans-
mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of
the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given
power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER
transmission machinery can be used.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO.

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

316 Lagonda Street

The Lennon Metal Flume

having the simplest and most practical
of joints (requiring no cross-bars on the
smaller and medium sizes, and but few
on the larger) is

QUICKLY AND EASILY ERECTED

Its ideally smooth interior surface gives
it the

GREATEST CARRYING CAPACITY

And when made from American Ingot
Iron it has the

LONGEST SERVICE LIFE

For full information Write the nearest manufacturer

List of manufacturers:

California — Los Angeles & West Berkeley
California Corrugated Culvert Co.

Colorado — Colorado Springs
Lennon Metal Flume Company

Colorado — Manitou

Lennon Flume Co.
Nebraska— Wahoo

Nebraska Culvert and Mfg. Co.
Oregon — Portland

Coast Culvert and Flume Co

Texas— El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.
Texas — Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.
Montana — Missoula

Montana Culvert Co.
Utah — Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Co.
Washington — Spokane

Spokane Corrugated Culvert 4 Tank Co.
South Dakota — Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Metal Culvert Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

228

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

This Book Shows How to

Plan a Private Irrigation

Pumping Plant

It also shows all of
the various types of
pumps to meet the
conditions found in
different localities,
tells how to select
the proper pump for
your conditions, how
to determine the
amount of power you

will need and all the other things the

irrigator needs to know.

One will be sent free on request
as long as they last. Write today

MF<§

t&E@EST MFE.©? (p(Uj [j^j] [p>

174 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, N. Y

Branches in All Principal Cities

Our Radial Headgate

The best type of main headgate. Costs less by half than flat gates of

equal area. Extremely rapid in operation. In use

on the largest projects in this country.

We manufacture:

Main Headgates

Lateral Headgates
Gate Valves

Metal Flumes

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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

Year

THE

IRRIGATION

AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, JUNE, 1914.

No. 8

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged

The National Land and Irrigation Journal

MODERN IRRIGATION

THE IRRIGATION ERA
ARID AMERICA
THE WATER USERS' BULLETIN

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL
MID- WEST

THE FARM HERALD
THE IRRIGATOR

D. H. ANDERSON

PUBLISHER,
30 No. Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Old No. 118 Dearborn St.

Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postoffke
at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879.

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready; Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . . $1.00

To Canada and Mexico. 1.50

All Other Foreign Countries 1-50

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local
banks. Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or
New York draft.

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

The Executive Committee of the National Federation
of Water Users' Associations has taken action whereby
THE IRRIGATION AGE is created the official organ of this
vast organization, representing 1,000,000 persons on the
government irrigation projects.

Interesting to Advertisers

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age
is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in
advance circulation among individual irrigators and large
irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all inter-
ested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the
world. The Irrigation Age is 29 years old and is the
pioneer publication of its class in the world.

On another page of this issue of
The Sale of THE IRRIGATION AGE, we print a let-
the Irrigation ter from the secretary of the West-
Congress Must ern Canada Irrigation Association.
Be Stopped He terms our protest against the sale
of the Irrigation Congress to Canada
as "feverish." He offers several reasons why the
deal, which the Board of Governors of the Con-
gress made with the Canadians, is proper. We print
his letter because it is the policy of THE IRRIGATION
AGE, no matter what may be its own views, to try
to give both sides of any question.

The reasons offered by the Canadian letter
writer present no valid excuse for the unpatriotic
bargain which the Board of Governors made with
the la.nd boomers across the border.

The Irrigation Congress was organized to pro-
mote the interests of irrigation in the United States.
It has been in the forefront of the development in
the West. Its work is far from completed. It
should be kept strictly as an institution of the
United States and should go on with the noble
work which it began.

We believe that through this Congress the
United States should give to the world the best

thought of the nation on irrigation affairs. This
the Congress has always done by inviting delegates
from other nations to be its guests.

WTe believe the Congress should endeavor to
obtain for the United States all the information con-
cerning progress in irrigation affairs in other lands.
This it has done in the past by inviting the irriga-
tion experts of the world to appear on its programs.

There, we believe, its international work should
end.

Because financiers and politicians in one Ameri-
can city, which had been awarded the Congress,
quarreled among themselves over the expenses of
entertaining the Congress, the Board of Governors
and Secretary Hooker promptly danced across the
border with this great organization. They were
ready and anxious to dance to the Canadian's music
because that music was the tinkle of dollars — a
salary for Secretary Hooker, and plenty of expense
money for "governors," whose "official" business
might take them to the convention city frequently.

Nice for Secretary Hooker and the "governors."

"Easy" for the Canadian land boomers, who
have vast appropriations to spend to advertise their
lands. Where could they buy cheaper publicity?

230

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Where could they find better opportunity through
which to carry on their insidious press campaign
in the United States? The United States Congress
exposed some of their methods of inducing United
States citizens to settle on Canadian lands and in-
vest their money in Canada. The Canadians needed
a new method of access to the American press. The
Irrigation Congress — a time-honored institution of
the United States. And offered to them for $10,000.
Who wouldn't jump at the bargain?

THE IRRIGATION AGE does not blame the Cana-
dians. They made a good business deal.

The odium of the deal is upon the American
citizens, who sold the Congress.

It is not yet too late to stop this deal. It
should be done without delay.

President Richard W. Young of the Congress,
who lives in Salt Lake City, Utah, should call to-
gether the Executive Committee of the Congress
at the earliest date possible, and proper steps should
be taken to invalidate the contract made by the
Board of Governors. If the expenses of the Irriga-
tion Congress have become too heavy for the aver-
age western city of the United States, the Congress
should return to its old organization with its public
spirited non-salaried officials. Then almost any city
will be able to entertain the Congress, and it can
continue its great work under the United States
flag, for United States people and in the interests
of the great and still sparsely settled West of the
United States.

The Irrigation Congress is an American institu-
tion and must be kept as such. If it cannot be, then
once more we declare : "Better the Irrigation Con-
gress die than be sold into slavery to the Canadian
land boomers."

It was shortly after the passage of
The Story the Reclamation Act in 1902 that
of the they gave it a name — The Boise-

Payette Payette project. It was under that

Homesteaders name that it was widely advertised
by the Reclamation Service publicity
department through newspapers and magazines, by
glowingly written booklets and even picture shows.
All these told of the vast possibilities which settlers
would find on this wonderful government irrigation
project in Idaho. Settlers began nocking in there
in 1903, taking up land both under the Boise river
portion and the Payette river section.

Then in true bureaucratic style the Reclama-
tion Service rechristened the enterprise. They
called it the Boise project. The Payette section
was disowned. No money to build it was the
excuse offered. Settlers on 95,000 acres of land

were left stranded — victims of a heartless bureau
of their government.

Politicians obtained vast sums of government
money to irrigate privately owned lands, but there
was no money for the homesteaders on the Payette
river. These homesteaders are real, red-blooded
Americans and they did not quit. They have fought
on. At the Denver irrigation conference recently,
Comptroller Ryan of the Reclamation Service told
representatives of the Payette homesteaders that if
Secretary Lane could obtain from Congress a bill
authorizing the issuance of $100,000,000 in irriga-
tion certificates — in other words a government loan
— enough money would be allotted to complete the
Payette project, now known as the Black Canyon
Irrigation District.

The portion which the Payette folks would re-
ceive is admittedly small, but nevertheless it means
life and realization of long deferred hopes for these
homesteaders, and so every man and woman among
them, fighting, patriotic, loyal citizens, have once
more put their shoulders to the wheel to help Secre-
tary Lane obtain this vast loan — a seemingly hope-
less possibility in view of ever-increasing appro-
priations and Democratic promises of economy.
Such a bond issue would mean development in the
West that would be of lasting benefit to the whole
nation. It would put millions of acres of idle,
unproductive lands to work. THE IRRIGATION AGE
would like to see this money made available. We
believe it is the best investment this government
could make. We also want to see it made available
so that these sturdy folks in the Payette valley may
come into their own.

These Payette homesteaders have proved them-
selves patriots under conditions that would make
less strong-minded and courageous men and woman
anarchists. Their story is a pathetic one, yet one
to make every American thrill with pride.

One of these Payette country folks has written
their story, which is printed on other pages of this
issue of THE IRRIGATION AGE. In it is an appeal to
all the nation to help the Payette homesteaders
boost Secretary Lane's plea for a $100,000,000 loan
for Reclamation projects. Read this story by F. G.
Burroughs. He calls it "A Story of a Hop'e De-
ferred." Then sit down and write to your Con-
gressman. Tell him the story of these home-
steaders. Urge him to help Secretary Lane obtain
this vast loan, which he seeks. Tell him, too, to
see to it that the Secretary is forced to so clean
house in the Reclamation Service that no other
American settlers will ever have to face such hard-
ships because this bureaucracy may desire to serve
some of its pet political interests.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

231

The Federal Water Users on the
Put Your Klamath project in Oregon are mak-

Water Users' ing plans for a co-operative bank,
Association warehouses, refrigerating plant and
to Work grist mills. They are also discuss-

ing the idea of acting together in
the sale of their produce and in the purchase of their
supplies. They are putting their Water Users' as-
sociation to work.

These undertakings of the Klamath settlers are
tremendous in their possibilities and in their im-
port. The farmers will have many obstacles with
which to contend and some of their enterprises may
meet with failure in the beginning, but they are
bound to succeed in the end.

Co-operation has proven successful among far-
mers on privately constructed projects. It should
prove even more successful on the government pro-
jects because of the splendid foundation on which
the Water Users have to build. This foundation is
the Water Users' association, to which if the gov-
ernment contracts are obeyed, every settler must
belong. These associations have power of taxa-
tion. This is a big asset not enjoyed by the aver-
age organization of farmers. They have other com-
prehensive powers, which will aid greatly in the
development of various methods of co-operation.

The settlers should have taken advantage long
ago of the potentialities in their Water Users' as-
sociations. If they had, their financial condition
would be much beter today and they would be a
happier lot of citizens. There is no question among
economists but that communities so far removed
from the markets as are the Federal irrigation pro-
jects must so organize as to be able to sell their
produce in large bulk and when the markets are at
their best if they expect to obtain fair profits.

The Water Users should not be buncoed by
the latest cry of certain Reclamation Service offi-
cials, who fear the power of well organized Water
Users' associations. These men, who desire to
keep the associations empty, helpless shells, are
now talking "neighborhood co-operation."

This is only another attempt to keep the set-
tlers divided in little helpless cliques.

. No small community of interests can accom-
plish such results in the development of markets,
the handling in bulk of produce, the construction
of warehouses, elevators, refrigerating plants and
other equipment for marketing as can a co-opera-
tive body, such as a Water Users' association, made
up of all the settlers on a Federal project. The in-
terests of these farmers are not so diversified but
that all can be served through the Water Users'
association. The structure is ready. Put your Wa-
ter Users' association to work.

Pioneers
Are
Often
Forgotten

Pioneers and leaders in great move-
ments are often forgotten. Events
move rapidly and the foundation
work performed by sturdy and far-
seeing men is covered up by the
superstructure which fills the eye and blinds the sight
to what it rests upon. For a little spell the Western
Irrigation Congress at Denver gave recognition to two
valiant workers in the cause of irrigation, two pioneers
whose splendid achievements ante-dated Government
action in the reclamation of desert lands. It was grati-
fying to those who know the true history of Western
irrigation to have such recognition accorded to these
men. H. L. Hollister of Chicago and I. B. Perrine
of Idaho were at work in Southern Idaho when the
idea of a large irrigation system had not been tried
out. It was a new and bold conception to build a
great dam that should divert a large river and with
a canal a hundred miles long spread the water
through a thousand miles of laterals over a dozen
townships. Everybody acknowledged it was a
grand idea, but those who were enthusiastic about
it were not capitalists or bond buyers.

Messrs. Hollister and Perrine went about their
work on the theory that somewhere the men with
the money or means of getting it were waiting for
them. No hunter ever beat the jungle with greater
zest or more untiring spirit. Capital generally does
not seek. It waits. It is the bride of enterprise.
Not particularly blushing but coy, timorous, hesi-
tating, ready at any moment to gather up her skirts
and vanish like a puff of smoke, leaving her cour-
tier not only astonished but nonplussed and in the
direst extremity of not knowing what to do but
seek another bride.

But, to shorten the story, Hollister and Per-
rine were money getters and they found the money
for the magnificent development of the Twin Falls
country which is now a reality and is their enduring
monument. Not only irrigation but the large power
interests were fathered and fostered by them. Fifty
thousand people testify to their good judgment.
Fifty millions of dollars could not now buy that
country which a few years ago was an uninhabited
desert. So many are the men who have made for-
tunes by the development of the Twin Falls region
that it would be impossible to enumerate them. The
towns that have been created, the homes that have
been built, the farms and orchards that have been de-
veloped, the extensive hydro-electric power plants
and transmission systems that have been con-
structed are objects of wonder and admiration.
There has been grief— lots of it. There always is
in large undertakings. But land values are going up
all the time. Countless others are yet to make their

232

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

fortunes as a result of those first great ideas that
had their incubation in the brains of Hollister and
Perrine, nearly twenty years ago.

The least thought in the minds of these men
when they began this work was to be given public
credit for what they set out to do. It simply was in
them to do big things and they did them, regardless of
public applause. It was a very fitting thing, there-
fore, to have these two modest men given a bit of
praise at the great irrigation conference in Denver,
that they should be told that the public knows them
and knows what they have done and are doing, and
honors them for the great service to mankind and
to the cause of irrigation and power development
which they have performed.

"Ale or Lane."

Secretary "It is commonly reported about

Lane Washington that Mr. Lane will not

Should Act be with the Service much longer."
Decisively Director F. H. Newell left the

above impressions with several men
to whom he talked in the West recently.

What did he mean?

Does he believe that he is so firmly entrenched
through his many years of political maneuverings
and his dickerings with the Pinchot gang, that he
is stronger today than the Secretary of the Interior,
his superior?

Does it mean that he thinks he is strong enough
to block any reforms in the Reclamation Service
which Mr. Lane may try to make?

Does it mean that he has laid or is laying plans
to take Mr. Lane's scalp, should the Secretary re-
fuse to dance to his music?

Such a man is dangerous to any organization.
He breeds insubordination, then anarchy.

Newell's disregard for the rights of the settlers
is already well known. If his feelings for his su-
perior, Secretary Lane, are of equal disdain, he
should be removed immediately. The good of the
Reclamation Service demands it.

F. H. Newell, director of the Recla-
Director mation Service, announced on at

Newell least two projects during his recent

Opposes Western trip that he was opposed

Section 16 to the passage of the Reclamation
Extension bill if it included Sec. 16.

This section, added to the bill in the Senate,
gives the Water Users the right to ask the United
States courts to decide whether the settlers must
pay for the gross errors and incompetent work of
the Reclamation Service, on many of the projects.

The best argument we have yet found in favor
of Section 16 is the fact that Xewell opposes it.

The most recent letter received in this
Doing office from Secretary Arthur Hooker

an Injustice of the Irrigation Congress is written
to Senator on a letter head bearing the name
Newlands of Senator Francis G. Newlands of

Nevada, as president of the organi-
zation. THE IRRIGATION AGE is informed that Rich-
ard \V. Young, of Salt Lake City, Utah, qualified
for the office of president of the Congress after the
meeting in the Utah capital two years ago.

The use of stationery bearing Senator New-
land's name as president in boosting the proposed
session of the Congress in Canada is a great injus-
tice to Mr. Newlands. It makes one of the most
prominent senators in the West appear as an active
party to the deal by which the Congress was turned
over body and soul for a cash consideration to the
Canadians. Senator Newlands, in justice to him-
self and to the great state of Nevada, should stop
this at once. He cannot afford to be a party in any
way to this nefarious deal.

Because of the appearance of the Senator's
name on the Congress stationery THE AGE inadvert-
ently mentioned Mr. Newlands' name in an editorial
in the May issue. Many other publications which
have protested against the Canadian deal have made
a like error.

As one who has been president of the Con-
gress and for many years one of its leading mem-
bers THE AGE, however, once more urges Senator
Newlands to take the leadership in the battle to
keep the Congress an institution of the United
States.

Federal Water Users on the Truckee-Carson
project in Nevada were asked recently by the Recla-
mation Service to vote on the question of leasing
the power developed by the Lahontan Dam. This
action was taken after the bid of the Nevada Valleys
Power Company had been rejected because of the
low price offered. It is believed that a majority of
the settlers will vote in favor of leasing the power,
providing their interests are protected through pro-
vision in the contract that power shall be sold to
the farmers at a reasonable profit above the cost to
the bidder. The request for this referendum marks
a big victory for THE IRRIGATION AGE, which has
contended that the Water Users should have a voice
in the affairs of their project.

Paris bankers have purchased $500,000 worth
of the million-dollar bond issue of the Brewster,
Wash., Irrigation District. The balance of the issue
will be placed in Europe, according to recent re-
ports. Holland bankers recently took a big loan on
fruit lands in the state of Washington. These deals
indicate a return of confidence among European in-
vestors in irrigation securities of the United States.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

233

BLACK CANYON— A STORY OF HOPE DEFERRED

By F. G. BURROUGHS, Caldwell, Idaho

James B. Newport, president
of the Black Canyon Irrigation
District.

Dr. F. M. Cole, President of
the Caldwell (Ida.) Commercial
Club.

UNDER the name The Black
Canyon Irrigation District it
is probable that this project is but
little known outside of Idaho. It
is a legally organized District
under Idaho laws, formed for the
purpose of furnishing the ma-
chinery whereby irrigation of the
lands within its boundaries may
be undertaken under either Gov-
ernment or private auspices.

\Yhen the great Payette-
Boise Project was undertaken by
the Reclamation ^Service, the lands
under the Black Canyon were in-
cluded in the project and, in fact,
it was generally expected that the
construction works would be
begun on the North Side, now
called the Black Canyon, in which
case the settlers on the other portion of the project,
who are now enjoying the blessing of an abundance
of water, would be in the position occupied today by
the entrymen in the Black Canyon. The lands in the
project, as originally laid out by the Government,
embraced about 295,000 acres, divided 95,000 on the
North Side and 200,000 on the South Side.

In 1903 the Government withdrew all the lands
then embraced within the Payette-Boise Project. It
was planned by the Reclamation engineers that the
South Side section, now practically completed,
should be watered from the Boise River and that
the North Side, now the Black Canyon, should take
from the waters of the Payette River.

Contrary to general expectation, the work was
begun on the South Side, where the settlers have
been receiving water for the past four years, and
which, with the exception of the great Arrow Rock
Dam, is completed, water being furnished under a
rental system pending the completion of the dam
and accurate knowledge on the part of the Goyern-

M. H. Gibbons, Secretary of
the Caldwell (Ida.) Commercial
Club.

Hon. J. M. Thompson. leader
of Elack Canyon campaign.

I

ment as to the actual cost of the
great undertaking.

Naturally, as soon as the worka
were started, and it became
known that construction work
was being pushed by the Reclam-
ation Service, settlers began to
flock in. Quickly lands all over
the whole project were entered,
both on the north and south sec-
tions of the Project. These set-
tlers came here because the Gov-
ernment had promised to furnish
them with water. The lands on
the whole project are very fertile
and quickly all the best pieces
were appropriated and the little
two-room shacks of the home-
steader began to dot the land-
scape.

Soon the big Deer Flat Reservoir was com-
pleted. Two big embankments cutting off the two
outlets of the great natural basin were built and
the water allowed to flow upon the land within the
depression, making an immense reservoir with
twenty-seven and three-quarters miles of shore
line, from which the laterals are supplied today.

Meanwhile, the homesteaders on the North Side
had been patiently waiting, fully believing that as
soon as the works in hand were completed the Re-
clamation Service would turn its attention to those
lands to be watered from the Payette River.

All of these people had a little money when
they came, few have any now, but their sturdy
American citizenship was evidenced by the cour-
age and persistency with which they hung on to
their homesteads and waited on Uncle Sam's pleas-
ure. These home builders came here between the
years 1903 and 1908. and many of them have en-
dured hardships and privations that it would re-
quire the pen of a Dickens to adequately describe.

234

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

In that barren waste,
where the sage-brush des-
ert, and the rolling hills
only need the life-giving
fluid to convert into beau-
tiful and profitable farms,
orchards and vineyards,
the people have been de-
nied all that makes life
worth living. Only un-
der the most strenuous
conditions can the set-
tlers and their little ones
enjoy neighborly pleas-
ures, schools or the com-
forts of religion. The
savings of a lifetime, in
many cases, have been ex-
pended in the erection of
the little shelters they
call home, and in clear-
ing,' improving and fenc-
ing their lands.

At the Denver Irri-
gation Conference, held
recently at the call of

Secretary Lane, the long-deferred promise of the
Government to relieve these settlers was discussed,
and conditions in the project were depicted. An in-
stance was related which had been told by a Cald-
well doctor, who had ushered a little one into the
Black Canyon sage-brush world. The doctor told,
with tears rolling down his cheeks, how the mother
had sewn together a lot
of rags, to cover the tiny
body. Hon. J. M. Thomp-
son, who described the
incident, said: "Such un-
favorable conditions for a
little baby have never
been known, unless it was
the babe that was
wrapped in swaddling
clothes and cradled in a
Bethlehem manger."

In 1909, Secretary
Ballinger, at that time
Secretary of the Interior,
visited Idaho. The situa-
tion was explained to him
by a delegation of the set-
tlers themselves. Ac-
knowledging the respon-
sibility of the Govern-
ment in the premises, he
stated, however, that
there were no funds in the
possession of the Depart-
ment to undertake the
work. He said he saw no

hope of getting the project under way for another
five years and he advised that an Irrigation Dis-
trict be formed, so that if private capital could be
secured to prosecute the work the settlers would
be in position to make such a contract.

He assured the representatives at that time that
such action would not in any way militate against

Settlers entering the meeting at Caldwell, Idaho,
at which the Black Canyon campaign was opened.

ing from Caldwell for a
Black Canyon project.

their rights with the Gov-
ernment. In fact, he
stated that the Depart-
ment would prefer to
treat with such an organ-
ization, regarding it as a
responsible and legal
body with whom the
Government could make
a contract should the op-
portunity or necessity
arise.

Acting under this ad-
vice, in 1910, the District
was organized. Its every
act was guided by the
laws in such case pro-
vided and were subse-
quently passed upon and
confirmed by the Su-
preme Court of the State
of Idaho. In 1912 the di-
rectors, finding it impos-
sible to interest private
capital in the undertak-
ing, on account of the
large cost, formally asked the Government to make
a contract with them, and proceed with the work.
The answer came back that there were no funds
available and that has been the reply to every effort
made up to the present time.

These are the conditions under which the Gov-
ernment stands pledged to water the lands under

the Black Canyon. Secre
tary Lane, Comptroller
Ryan, and the Reclama-
tion Commission as a
body fully recognize the
responsibility of the Gov-
ernment in the matter
and have repeatedly
stated that they favor the
building of this project
the moment that the
funds are on hand.

During all these
years the settlers have
been waiting and hoping.
Many of them are desti-
tute, most of them are liv-
ing from hand to mouth
on the little they can
raise by dry farming or
from work they may be
able to secure in the ad-
joining towns. In many
cases conditions are pitia-
ble, but faith in the im-
plied pledges of the Gov-
ernment has never wav-
ered. They are true Americans.

The Secretary of the Interior has asked for one
hundred million dollars to be loaned to the Recla-
mation Fund by the Government. If the Congress
of the United States concurs in this recommenda-
tion and the money is made available, the construc-
tion of this project is practically assured.
(Continued on Page 243.)

Governor Haynes of Idaho and state officials start-

"booster" trip over the

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

235

ONE WAY TO REVIVE IRRIGATION BONDS

Excerpts from an Address Delivered at the Denver Conference by an Eastern Expert

H. L. Hollistcr,
Chicago, 111.

By EUGENE E. PRUSSING

A Chicago Attorney.

MY presence here today, as I
am a resident of Chicago
and not of the State of Idaho,
which I have the honor to rep-
resent in conjunction with the
other members of a large dele-
gation, is due first to the cour-
tesy of Governor Haines, Sec-
retary Jones and the managers
of this Assembly, and second,
to the fact that I have been fur
years and am now the legal adviser of two men who
have perhaps done more for irrigation than any one
in this generation, except that man whom we grate-
fully and affectionately acknowledge to be "the no-
blest Roman of them all," Governor Gary. The men
I refer to are Ira B. Perrine, of Blue Lakes and
Twin Falls. Idaho, the father of irrigation in that
State, and Harry L. Hollister, of Chicago, his part-
ner and friend. Between them, they brought twen-
ty thousand or more of the best people in the world
into the Twin Falls country in five years, estab-
lished them in farm and city homes of the highest
type and added $25,000,000 to the taxable value of
the State and ten per cent to its population and
citizenship, by their faith in irrigation and sunshine
and by hard work. To do this they advertised "Ida-
ho and Sunshine" to the world, drew from it an
army of sturdy pioneers, young, intelligent and
well-to-do, and sold them $18,000,000 worth of land.

The moral responsibility resting upon these two
men to insure the future stability and success of
the works upon which the great enterprises they
launched are absolutely dependent — is my excuse
for appearing before you — for "finally," as Carl
Schurz tersely put it, "every question is a moral
question."

Xow. if two men in private life, dealing with a
highly successful project have so great a burden and
so great a sense of moral responsibility, what must
be the burden and responsibility of the Governors
and other officers of the 15 States composing the
Irrigated Empire, all of whom are inviting the im-
migration and investments of their Eastern fellow
citizens to be made at the risk of faith and fortune,
of happiness of wife and children and self, yes, in
many cases, at the risk of life itself?

The source of these elements of immigration,
and capital in money, energy and brains, is in the
Eastern States and Europe, almost wholly. It must,
therefore, be persuaded and brought, it cannot be
driven into our States.

The necessities of the situation in our relations
to the Federal Government, our need of financial
help to complete the projects in hand and to create
new ones are absolute and must likewise be solved
with the help and sympathy, the votes and funds.

I. B. Perrine,
Twin Falls, Idaho.

and above all, the active
friendly co-operation of the
men and women of the East.

In dealing with our East-
ern brethren, we must always
remember that we are show-
ing them not only our prob-
lems and troubles and seeking
the solution of far off Western
interests and policies, but that
these problems are theirs as
well, and their children's unto
all the generations ; that we
propose to create a great field

for them, a market for their products and manufac-
tures, for their capital and energy, and on that ba-
sis, namely, their interests, as well as their patriot-
ism, and the glory of our common country — we are
inviting and insisting upon their attention and help.
The resulting benefits, moral, political and
financial to them and all of us, must be the basis
and the only basis of our appeal. Let us not make
the mistake of making sectional demands as local
rights, if we hope to be successful with the nation.
The good of all — should be our principle and hope,
for we are appealing to those who comprise about
80% of the population and wealth of the country,
and from whom we must draw not only immediate
help, but our future population, and to whom we
must sell 80% of our products. So they are our
hope of salvation and success — and we must make
them our friends and lovers.

Once we convince the intelligence of the coun-
try of the soundness of our plans and the rightful-
ness of our demands, then success is assured.

Persuade the thinking ten per cent and all the
rest wil! follow. Let us, therefore, make a joint
appeal to the judgment of those who can understand
and will act upon their knowledge.

There is in the Eastern states a vast population
of prosperous, ambitious and intelligent farmers
and city people, the descendants of farmers, who
have realized the need of a change in the policy of
following ancient methods of farming and driving
people to the cities. "Back to the Farm" is not?
only the call of the farmers, but the hope and the
need of city people, and the L'niversities of the va-
rious States and their Agricultural schools, normal
schools, vocational schools, farmers' institutes, with
their thousand of yearly graduates, the Granges
and the hundreds of other associations of farmers
are preaching and praying in the new faith.

Let us address ourselves directly to these, our
real constituents, and having convinced them and
secured their favorable verdict, our cause will have
become their cause and the rapid and complete rem-
edy will follow.

For that remedy we need two more factors;
Congress and Capital.

The chief reasons for favoring Congressional

236

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

legislation for irrigation by State and municipal
agencies, as has been so well argued here by Gov-
ernor Spry of Utah and others, are the effective su-
pervision and keen interest of the people next to the
land and their local officials. There is another, leg-
islation recognizing State rights and co-operation
in local matters is popular just now and easier to
get.

There is a third reason ; it is the right policy,
and under proper restraints, it should prevail.

I pass now to the question of Capital.

There are probably $25,000,000 of our irriga-
tion securities, created within ten years, now in
default ; these are held by our brethren in the East
or by insurance companies and banks who repre-
sent widows, orphans and poor, saving people. You
would be amazed if you knew how many are owned
by farmers. Behind these securities stand the in-
vestment bankers, who, so long as those securities
remain in default, will return a firm, though polite
NO ! to every application for further loans, and the
whole country East of the Missouri River is of the
same mind. This is the first condition the Eastern
people think should be remembered and remedied.

The present condition in this respect is the di-
rect result of the debauch in irrigation projects
which swept across the country and almost
swamped the financial markets from 1904 to 1910.
It resulted in many of the failures and losses of the
last four years, precisely the experience of the ca-
nal and turnpike schemes of 1825 to 1840, and the
railroads from 1840 to 1870, which largely con-
tributed to the great panics of 1837 and 1873. We
are fortunate in the fact that the country, now
grown rich and great, has been able to swallow and
digest the dose without a panic and this in spite of
its increase caused by the great industrial expan-
sion in the East and the war panic in Europe. The
lesson to be gained is the knowledge and assurance
that we are a financially great nation, though not
yet independent.

This gives us the right to hope and expect the
recovery of a market for our securities, but it must
be under different conditions, and I hope and be-
lieve it will be on better terms.

Now what of the Hope.

One of the immediate and greatest results of
the Irrigation slump was the organization of the
Investment Bankers Association of America, com-
posed now of nearly 500 of the best financial houses
in the country, including the bond departments of
all the great banks, as well as the true bond buyers
and distributers.

It is this organization which we must reckon
with and satisfy. Fortunately it is composed of
intelligent, earnest and honest men, wWo are will-
ing, yes anxious, to be convinced. This association,
once convinced, is all that we need financially and
it will be the greatest possible help not only finan-
cially, but in every direction in colonization, legis-
lation and markets.

Now what is needed to persuade the Invest-
ment Bankers' Association?

Well, first of all, character. The present repu-
tation of irrigation securities issued in most part by
private enterprises but also by local municipalities,

is, as the result of many failures, utterly bad, and
chiefly, though not wholly, because of the incompe-
tent, reckless and dishonest nature of their promot-
ers.

We must substitute a different class of pro-
moters. In place of the private exploiters and in-
competent and dishonest managers, we must bring
forward public or publicly supervised and regu-
lated enterprises, so guarded as to convince the
bankers that the future will not be like the past.
We must supplement this with legal safeguards,
free from appeals or reversals by courts or local
prejudice, or future political changes or economic
changes, so that the investor who surrenders and
risks his all for a small return that we may make
all the profit, may be perfectly assured that not he,
but we, take the risks of the investment, and that
the community honestly, promptly and efficiently
will yield him his return and enforce his rights.

What is necessary to this end?

First: The establishment of competent and ef-
ficient boards of engineering and farming ability
under State control.

Second : The adoption of sound principles and
policies, according to the needs of different locali-
ties and their establishment in permanent form.

Third: Co-operation, and the standardization
of methods of financing and payment.

Fourth : The creation of State or municipal
agencies to determine upon each improvement as
a local matter and then the commitment to the
State of the registration of the securities issued in
such way, that they will be forever after free from
attack, and secured by the power, the policy and
disposition of the State to enforce the levy and col-
lection of the taxes for their payment, both interest
and principal, without requiring State or other guar-
anties— so that local jealousies and diversity of in-
terests may be avoided.

The first and second conditions precedent which
I have mentioned have received ample discussion in
this conference, and I need not comment on them
again.

First, then, I speak of co-operation in publicity
and financing. The irrigation States constitute for
this purpose one community and should recognize
first of all this fact, and the permanent value of co-
operation, the strength there is in unity of purpose,
methods and effort. Establish an amply supported
bureau, maintained in common by and for all the
States to deal with the public and the bankers' or-
ganizations, and employ only the best advertising,
legal and financial talent obtainable, scientific, non-
partisan and able — and pay them well.

The States, co-operating through competent
agents, must harmonize their own differences and
plans and standardize and make uniform their pro-
posed methods of finance. They must adopt gen-
eral principles and forms, as to amount of bonds,
forms of securities, sinking fund methods, length
of time and rates of interest, so that there will be
harmony of purpose and effort and no unfair com-
petition of one with the other.

Assuming its practical value, the project should
be a local enterprise, locally desired, conceived and
(Continued on Page 244.)

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

•

IBlSJHSEJSIMiiMSli!^^

•

1

T'ho /o (Loral (f €k
'Wnter Usors ^^r

1

A Department Devoted to the
Interests of the Farmers on the
Government Irrigation Projects

EDITED BY GEORGE J. SCHARSCHUG

•

MIBM3JSI5I3JBIHSSEI3JSMI5I5ISISIBJ5JSI3ISJSIHS1SMSMSMSMSJSSI5M

•

MYSTERIOUS LOBBY FIGHTS THE 20-YEAR BILL

President Agrees to Help Bill; Another Vote June 15

' : .

"Just Spuds."

WESTERN
congress-
men are confi-
dent the bill ex-
tending the
water payments
on the Federal
Reel am ation
projects to
cover a period
of twenty years
will pass at this
session of Con-
gress.

They are
not discouraged
by their failure
in their first at-
tempt to put
it to a vote.
Neither are
they disheart-
ened by their
lack of success in trying to induce the Democratic
caucus to place the measure on the "must be
passed" list.

President Wilson's aid was sought. He prom-
ised Congressman Taylor of Colorado, and others,
that he would urge the House leaders to force the
bill to passage. Speaker Clark was induced to place
the bill on the "suspension calendar" for Monday,
June 15.

Under the rules of this calendar, it will require
a two-thirds majority to pass. The introduction of
amendments to the measure is not allowed. This
means a fight, as Representative Borland of Mis-
souri, is determined that the bill shall not pass un-
less it contains a clause providing for the submis-
sion of annual estimates of expenditures to Con-
gress. He also demands the elimination of Sec-
tion 14.

The opposition to unanimous consent for action
on the bill caused grave fears for its success in the
hearts of some of the officials of the Interior De-
partment and Reclamation Service, who are anxious
to see the bill passed. Hurried calls for aid were
sent out. Many organizations in the West were
also aroused to immediate action by the opposi-

This forty-acre field of potatoes near Carbondale, Colo.,
averaged close to 500 bushels per acre.

tion displayed
toward the bill.
Congress is
once more be-
ing bombarded
with insistent
pleas for favor-
able action on
the measure.

A very
strong and
somewhat mys-
terious influence
is reported to
be at work in
the House to
cause the de-
feat or abandon-
m e n t of the
bill. The exact
cause of this
has not yet been
uncovered.

From one source comes word that the opposi-
tion is being fostered by big land holders on the
Federal projects. The bill is considered far more
drastic than the original Reclamation Act in the
powers it confers upon the Secretary of the Interior
for the removal of the speculative element in the
projects and the cutting down of all individual hold-
ings to the farm units designated for the projects.
Members of the House seem determined that
the court jurisdiction amendment, known as Sec-
tion 16, which was added in the Senate, shall be
eliminated. Led by O. E. Farnham, of Newell, S.
D., secretary of the National Federation of \Vater
Users' Associations, the settlers on many of the
projects have been making an active fight for this
section. The campaign has been carried to all parts
of the nation, and many promises of aid have been
received. The Water Users generally feel that they
should have some means by which they can ask
the protection of the courts without resorting to the
subterfuge of starting such suits as will force the
government to intervene.

The House irrigation committee eliminated the
section on the plea of the Reclamation Service. A.
R. Honnold, local attornev for the Service at Den-

(Ahove halftone from D. & R. G. R. R. photograph.)

238

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

ver, 'Colcr., made' the argument against the court
amendment.

Chairman Smith also presented these docu-
ments as a final clincher against the amendment:

"My Deal1 Mr. Smith: In relation to Senator Ster-
ling's amendment to the reclamation extension bill (S.
4628), I inclose copy of memorandum from the chief
counsel for the Reclamation Service.

"Personally I see no reason for the adoption of this
a'mendment.

"Cordially, yours, Franklin K. Lane."

"Department of the Interior,
"United States Reclamation Service.
"Memorandum for the Secretary:

"The proposed amendment of Senator Sterling to the

reclamation extension bill (S. 4628) is objectionable in the
following particulars:

"1. It will produce great confusion, as the United
States district and appellate courts may make decisions
wholly inconsistent, which must govern within their sev-
eral jurisdictions until the Supreme Court has decided
the specific question.

"2. Any vvater users' association or irrigation district
may bring suit and delay the application of necessary
rules and regulations. In many such cases the Secretary
must either refuse to furnish water or furnish it without
payment for an indefinite period.

"3. It confers no rights on the United States that it
does not now enjoy. The water users and water users'
associations have now the same rights of suit as other
persons dealing with the department under the public-
land laws.

"Will R. King, Chief Counsel."

CONGRESS PROBES RECLAMATION SERVICE

The Irrigation Age Wins Fight for Investigation; Newell's Job in Peril

The lid is off.

The Reclamation Service is under Congressional
investigation.

The repeated demands of THE IRRIGATION AGE
for a thorough house cleaning of the Service have
borne results.

The sub-committee on Permanent Appropria-
tions of the House Committee on Appropria-
tions, of which Representative Borland of Missouri,
a Democrat, is chairman, is making the inquiry. In
opening the investigation before his committee,
which, it develops, is the only one in Congress
charged with the investigation and supervision of
such permanent funds as the Reclamation Fund,
Chairman Borland declared :

That the Reclamation Service is in a stage of
stagnation.

That the intent of the Reclamation Law has
been. violated in many important respects.

That the Reclamation Service is sadly in need
of reorganization.

That much of the land on the Federal projects
is in the hands of speculators.

As a basis for the reorganization of the Service,
Mr. Borland said it was important that Congress
should be informed fully as to the expenditures
which have been made on the project and the utility
of these enterprises.

Hearings on alternate days were opened im-
mediately, and Reclamation Service officials are
being questioned as to the estimated and actual
costs of each project.

Mr. Borland states that Federal Water Users
will also be permitted to testify, if they are present
when their project is taken up. As Water Users
have had practically no notice of the inquiry, few,
if any, have had an opportunity to present their
side of the Reclamation problem.

Mr. Borland has been pledged the thorough
support of Water Users on a number of projects,
providing he leads a complete investigation of the
Reclamation Service, and it is believed that he will
arrange to give the Water Users a thorough hear-

ing. Pressure is being brought to bear upon him
tu prevent such a hearing.

The Missouri Congressman insists he is sin-
cere, and is going to the bottom of the matter. In
rather vague letters, he has invited the co-operation
of all the Federal Water Users' associations in help-
ing him obtain changes in the method of handling
the Reclamation fund.

There is still a lot of mystery surrounding the
investigation and Mr. Borland's exact purposes.
There are some in Washington who pretend to see
the hand of the administration behind it. They de-
clare it is the first move by Secretary of the In-
terior Lane to clear the Service of F. H. Newell,
director; A. P. Davis, chief engineer, and others
who have been the head and front of the bureau-
cracy, whose reign has become insufferable to the
settlers. They declare that the acts of the Recla-
mation engineers have cost the government more
than $40,000,000 — expenditures from the Reclama-
tion fund on the various projects, which the settlers
under any rule of justice cannot be forced to pay
back into the United States treasury. They de-
clare Secretary Lane has come to realize that under
his proposed revaluations, at least a very large pro-
portion of this vast sum lost through errors, waste
and incompetency must be charged off, if the re-
valuations are honest, and that he wants to be in
position to place the blame for this enormous loss
to the government.

Certain it is that Mr. Borland is a very promi-
nent Democrat in the House and on very good terms
with the administration. To this fact those who
believe the administration is behind the inquiry,
add these other pertinent and significant facts:

Sir William Willcocks, builder of the Assuan
dam in Egypt, which stores water for the greatest
irrigation project in the world, has been retained as
consulting engineer for the Reclamation Service.
Sir William is now in the West inspecting the proj-
ects. He is accompanied by W. A. Ryan, comp-
troller of the Reclamation Service. According to
President Wilson's own announcement in appoint-
ing him. Mr. Ryan is the confidential man of Secre-
tary Lane on the Reclamation Commission.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

239

POINTS WEAK SPOT IN RYAN'S REASONING

Earl B. Smith
Sommerton, Ariz.

BY EARL B. SMITH

Chairman of the Executive Committee of the National Federation of
Water Users' Association.

HON. W. A. RYAN, one of the government Irri-
gation Commissioners, has a very finely writ-
ten article in the April issue of the Reclamation Re-
cord on the extension bill, covering the point pro-
viding for the incurring
of additional indebted-
ness by vote of major-
ity of the landowners.
He illustrates as fol-
lows:

"A majority votes
to incur a drainage
debt of $25 . per acre
provided it may be
paid in added install-
ments after the twenty-
year period as provided
in Section 4 of the
bill."

Then he works out
in detail how the pay-
ments are to fall due
on a certain tract of forty acres.

Mr. Ryan's illustration is clear, able and very
satisfactory providing other conditions permitted
his illustration to be carried out, and I think Mr.
Ryan has inadvertently lost sight of the ruling of
the department that will cause his illustration to
utterly fail. Suppose we vote an additional expen-
diture of $25 for drainage or other improvement.
This must be based upon an estimate of the cost by
government engineers. The ruling which kills the
whole illustration is found in the answer to ques-
tion 91 in the booklet of "Questions and Answers"
which is that the estimate for the construction
charge shall be made when the work is sufficiently
advanced to make an accurate estimate of the cost
instead of the estimate made in the beginning and
upon which the vote ivas obtained. Yunia's vote to
have the project constructed was based on the esti-
mate of $35 per acre. The amount expended so far
is about two and one-half times $35 and the work
only about 65 per cent completed, and the Service
claims we must pay the total expenditures regard-
less of the original estimate. Now, if we vote an
additional $25 for some improvement and the Ser-
vice expends $65 or $75 per acre on such work, and
the same rule of construction prevails, then we are
obligated to pay $65 or $75 per acre instead of $25.
With this rule of construction what becomes of Mr.
Ryan's illustration?

The above comment of course leads directly
into the great question of "estimated cost" which I
do not wish' to discuss at this time or until the
Commission makes some final determination of that
matter, except to say that such rule of construction

of the words of the law that "the charges shall be
made with a view of returning to the fund the esti-
mated cost," unsettles all land values, blocks all
reasonable loans, puts a cloud on our titles and
keeps everything in a condition of financial uncer-
tainty. Is it any wonder that intelligent farmers
are afraid of government projects? Is it impossi-
ble for the government to construct works of this
character without financial irresponsibility to those
who vote the indebtedness? .Something must be
wrong.

Because Mr. Ryan's article, in my estimation,
fails, is no reason why I think he may not become
a very useful member of the Commission and I do
not wish him to understand that I am complaining
of his work, but my motive is tb give him the views
of some Water Users for his assistance if such are
acceptable. Will Mr. Ryan try again to explain the
bill, in a way that will work out?

DAVIS BLAMES SUBORDINATE

Arthur P. Davis, chief engineer of the Recla-
mation Service, has apologized abjectly for his at-
tack on the financing of the Greeley-Poudre Irriga-
tion District in Colorado. He has retracted the
statements he made concerning the project. He
blames a subordinate for his misstatements and
untruths.

The Davis retraction came after Delph E. Car-
penter, attorney for the district, had announced that
he would file charges with Secretary of the Interior
Lane.

Just what class of Reclamation Service em-
ploye, this "subordinate" who misinformed Davis
was or by what right Davis uses government offi-
cials, whose salaries are paid by the Water Users,
to collect information for. his articles in magazines,
neither Davis' official retraction nor a letter from
Attorney Carpenter state.

454 U. S. PROJECT FARMS STILL OPEN

A census of the farm units on the several irri-
gation projects of the Government shows that in
the twenty-five projects there are approximately
26,000 occupied farms, varying in size from 5 to 160
acres each, and 454 tmits of 40 to 80 acres each, still
open to entry.

These farms are located as follows :
Idaho. Minidoka project, 58; Montana, Hunt-
ley project 42, Lower Yellowstone project 18, Sun
River project 45; Nebraska, North Platte project,
23 ; South Dakota, Belle Fourche project, 65 ;
Wyoming, Shoshone project, 203.

BEGIN NEW CAREY ACT PROJECT

Consrtuction of the Leach irrigation project in
Routt county, Colorado, has begun. It will cost
more than $'1,000,000 and will water 60,000 acres.

240

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

KLAMATH WATER USERS PLAN FARM BANK

ABEL ADY

Midland. Off

By ABEL ADY

(President of the Klamath Water Users' Association)

MEMBERS of the Klamath Water Users' Asso-
ciation have organized their first co-operative
creamery. Others will be formed.

Sentiment is very strong among the Federal

Water Users on the
Klamath project for the
organization of a co-
op e r a t i v e farmers'
bank.

The Water Users
are also considering
the establishment of co-
operative warehouses,
flour and feed mills, a
cold storage and ware-
house and co-operative
buying and selling of
all commodities.

Most, if not all, of
these activities will be
handled through the
Klamath Water Users'
Association, one of the
most active of the Fed-
eral project organizations.

The settlers on the Klamath project are awak-
ening rapidly to the necessity of co-operation for
mutual protection. They are especially interested
in the creation of their own bank from which they
can obtain money at a fair rate of interest.

Experience has demonstrated that twenty-five
per cent of the deposits being held in reserve in the
banks will take care of daily checks, resulting from
business contingencies. The remaining seventy-five
per cent of the deposits can be held in reserve for
contingency loans to the farmers who have no
deposits.

This can be accomplished by a fair system of
private banks receiving farmers' deposits. When
the farmers' deposits are withheld from loans to
farmers who need temporary loans, the result be-
comes an outrage upon the entire farming com-
munity.

The deposits in private banks on the Klamath
project aggregate one-half million dollars, of which
a large percentage is farmers' money, and yet the
farmers who have no deposits can not secure loans
from these banks at less than ten per cent interest,
and few farmers are able to secure loans at any
rate or on any security.

The cattle and grain buyers and other mid-
dle men secure loans from the private banks
up to the limit permitted by law, and the farmer,
being unable to borrow money for his necessary
uses, must sell his cattle, grain and farm produce
to the middlemen at rates that are nothing short of
legal robbery.

These conditions would not be so open to con-
demnation were it not for the fact that the middle-

men drive their usurious bargains through forced
sales from farmers, with the use of farmers' money
borrowed from private bankers, while farmers are
unable to borrow money at any rate.

This combination of bankers and middlemen
has exploited our settlers until many of them are
lying awake nights reckoning the time when they
will have to give up their farms.

The extension of time of payment of construc-
tion charges by the government will not save the
farms for the farmers unless the grip of bankers and
middlemen is torn from the farmers' throats by
co-operation of the farmers in banking, marketing
and buying together with co-operative packing
houses, flour and feed mills, and other enterprises
for preparing the farm products for delivery direct
to the retailers.

The desperate struggle of the money sharks,
middlemen and other exploiters to prevent the
farmer from getting on his feet through co-opera-
tion is the best possible evidence that the farmers
are making attempts along the right lines, and our
settlers have sufficient horse sense and grit to con-
tinue the struggle and complete their needed self-
protection by mutual co-operation in all their finan-
cial affairs.

The exploiters are thoroughly organized into
banks, lumber companies, power companies and all
manner of associations for successfully farming the
farmers, and the farmers must organize for self-
protection or become serfs.

The farmer is beginning to exercise the gray
matter of his own brain in the administration of his
own affairs instead of delegating such affairs to the
most successful exploiter.

The farmer can more safely farm his own affairs
than to delegate them to those. who have become
rich by farming the farmers.

The organized exploiters do not use dynamite,
but their subtle game is more successful than any
dynamite method ever employed.

Our defense is co-operation in our own affairs.

INGOT IRON INVADES ENGLAND

The Amercan Rolling Mill Co., of Middletown < >..
has invaded England. George H. Charts, director
of sales, and R. B. Carnahan, vice-president and
chief metallurgist, have succeeded in closing up two
license contracts, under which the Shelton Iron,
Steel & Coal Co., of Stoke-on-Trent, and Richard
Johnson & Xephew. Ltd., of Manchester, secure the
privilege of using the American Rolling Mill Com-
pany's method of producing Ingot Iron.

ASK STATE TO BUY IRRIGATION BONDS

The Irrigation District Association of Califor-
nia has begun the circulation of petitions to place
before the voters next November an amendment to
the state constitution, providing for the purchase of
irrigation bonds by the state.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

241

OGDEN OFFERED TO ENTERTAIN THE CONGRESS

THE Irrigation Congress was sold to Canada
despite the fact that Ogden, Utah, stood ready
to entertain it.

The plot to turn the Congress over to the Cana-
dians was not revealed until after prominent Ogden
men had pledged sufficient funds to finance the
convention.

These two facts, which cannot be denied, stamp
the statements of certain officials of the Congress
as deliberate untruths. These officials gave as their
excuse for sending the Congress to Canada their
failure to find any city in the United States which
would entertain the Congress.

The Ogden Examiner, in a recent editorial,
says:

"There is no use crying over spilled milk and
locking the stable after the horse is stolen does not
bring back the horse but —

"By all means the Irrigation Congress should
have been kept at home and by every right it should
have been held in Ogden this year.

"It was revived by the men of this city through
the persistent leadership of Fred J. Kiesel after
Phoenix failed to make good and the officers made
little effort to find another place to hold it. Ogden
came to the rescue with an offer to entertain the
congress and help to make it a permanent institu-
tion. The Examiner put the proposition squarely
before the public — showed the value of the Irriga-
tion Congress to the semi arid west and the abso-
lute necessity of reviving it — the Weber club re-
sponded to the call and at the Logan Roundup the
best men in Utah pledged their support to holding
the Congress in Ogden this year. Then the officers
who had been silent so long came out with the
statement that it had been virtually promised to
Canada."

After quoting in full an editorial from THE IRRI-
GATION AGE protesting against the sale of the Con-

gress, the Examiner continues :

"And the IRRIGATION AGE speaks the senti-
ments of many men of the West who have held their
tongues in the face of this unfair deal. Utah is the
home of irrigation. Here it was cradled and nur-
tured until stalwarts from every land came and
knew that the desert was a valuable possession.
There would be as much reason in holding the
Panama-Pacific exposition in China as there is in
sending the Irrigation Congress to Canada for a
mess of pottage."

In another editorial the Examiner says:

"Why don't they publish the proceedings of
the Irrigation Congress held in Salt Lake two years
ago?

"This question has been put before but each
time it has been tabled or given an evasive reply.
One answer has been that they did not have the
money to pay for publication. This answer, how-
ever, is not satisfying enough to appear sincere.

"How much will it cost?

"Would not it be possible to put Secretary
Hooker on low gear and clip enough off his gen-
erous salary and joy riding expenses to pay for
printing the report?

"Wouldn't it?

"When Salt Lake entertained the Congress she
came to Ogden looking for funds to help defray
the expense and this city donated $3,000. From its
birth we have been vitally interested in the Con-
gress— yes, and financially interested — therefore we
have a perfect right to ask these questions.

"Send the Irrigation Congress to Ogden and
we will give you a bond that the proceedings will
be published in full. Nor will you have to wait two
years for the report either. The spirit of the West
demands fair play and publicity in matters so vital
to its growth and development.

"Ogden stands by the home of irrigation."

SOME CENTRIFUGAL PUMP POINTERS

O ATISFACTORY results from pumping machin-
O ery for irrigation purposes depend to a great ex-
tent upon its careful installation and operation. The
following are some of the important points to bear
in mind :

Suitable foundations are necessary for satis-
factory continuous operation. The foundation may
consist of any material so long as it is stiff enough
to support the bed-plate at all points and maintain
proper alignment of the shafts if they are not other-
wise properly supported.

If the pump and driving motor or engine are
mounted upon the bed-plate and coupled together,
they should be placed upon the foundation with
suitable wedge under each end. The middle of the
bed-plate should be raised or lowered as necessary,

until the edges and faces of couplings exactly agree.
Both pump and motor should run freely when sep-
arate, and when coupled together with the bolts.
The bed-plate should then be grouted into place,
so that it is absolutely rigid. The suction and dis-
charge piping can then be connected. These pipes
should be a size or two larger than the suction and
discharge opening of the pump if they are of any
great length. Care should be taken to see that
there are no air pockets in the suction well, as there
is less trouble in priming the pump and less lia-
bility of air leakage in the suction pipe when the
suction lift is small.

To prevent air leakage through the stuffing box
on the suction head of pump, there should be pro-
vided a gland cage within the stuffing box. on each

242

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

side of which there should be placed about three
rings of graphite packing. On the outside of the
stuffing box should be a %-inch pipe tap, which
connects to this gland cage. There should be a
pipe tap, thus making a water seal in the stuffing
box and preventing all air leakage. The gland
should be run just as loose as possible, as other-
wise the packing is liable to cut the shaft. A small
amount of leakage from the stuffing box does not
harm, in fact is an advantage, as it prevents the
packing from heating and at the same time keeps
the shaft lubricated.

The pump should always be primed before

starting, as otherwise there is liability of injuring
some of the interior parts of the pump which de-
pends upon the presence of water for lubrication.
The pump can be primed either by closing the dis-
charge by means of a gate or check valve, and ex-
hausting the air from the pump by means
of an ejector or air pump, thus allowing
the water to flow in from the suction well,
or a foot valve can be provided on the suction pipe
and pump filled with water, at the same time al-
lowing the air to escape from the highest point of
the pump.

(Continued on Page 250.)

HUNTING HIGH COSTS IN IRRIGATION PROJECTS

BY A H. LONG

IF the users of water in the irrigation districts
will give some thought as to why a material
carrying premiums of $16.00, or more, per ton
is specified for irrigation work and road culverts,
when not one of these premium metals has been on
the market long enough to justify its adoption on
the grounds of superior wearing qualities, regard-
less of price, they may find a suggestion of the
cause of their disappointments in the matter of costs
of irrigation projects, road building and other pub-
lic improvements carried on under the supervision
of not only the U. S. Government, but of state gov-
ernments and other municipal bodies.

How much consideration would an individual,
constructing a piece of work of any kind, who had
to pay the bills for all material and labor from his
own pocket, give to the claim of a metal the merits
of which are based entirely upon its so-called
purity, and citing as authority the purity of ancient
irons which, by analysis, show anything but purity
as understood by metallurgists, and which same
ancient irons, when worked under modern processes,
show no value whatever over the products that can
be purchased on the open market today? Most
men would not give consideration to such metal at
an even price when they learn that the longest
period of life that such metals have a record of is
not more than one-third of that of thousands of ex-
amples of standard Galvanized and Black Open
Hearth sheets which are still in good condition.
They might give some consideration to these so-
called "pure irons" if they could show a record uni-
formly good, but if they will take the trouble to
make an investigation they will discover that actual
tests of these so-called "pure irons" — even in the
limited period they have been on the market — show
no better results on the average under similar con-
ditions of exposure than the ordinary standard
Bessemer or Open Hearth Steels.

If the investigating bodies so numerous through-
out the country, as well as the economic writers on
the subject of the high cost of living, would give
their attention to some of these causes for increased
taxes all along the line, from county to federal, not
only as to the material specified for, but as to the
methods of conducting public works (honestly in

most cases, no doubt, but ineffective by reason of
lack of expert knowledge), they will find at least
a part of the solution of the problem that is inter-
esting the whole world today.

As one having an indirect connection with a
concern engaged in the construction of irrigation
ditches, flumes, etc., the above thoughts have been
suggested to me by an article in the March issue
of THE IRRIGATION AGE, entitled, "Road Culverts
and Siphons."

There is no disputing the logic of the claims
made for Corrugated Metal Culverts, but the article
referred to is, fundamentally at least, written in an
effort to promote the use of the so-called "pure
irons," and there is today no greater medium of ex-
travagance— for want of a better name — than the
use of these products of open hearth steel furnaces,
called "pure irons."

I quote the following paragraph from page 151 :

"It is generally conceded that iron or steel rusts in
proportion to the amount of impurities present. Iron
produced by the painstaking and laborious methods of
long ago has endured through many years of trying ex-
posure. The links used in the construction of the New-
buryport (Mass.) bridge in 1792 are today in an almost
perfect state of preservation. The reason for this appears
when an analysis of these old links shows them to have
been made from remarkably pure iron."

The Newburyport bridge links are not the only-
examples of ancient irons showing remarkable
length of service without serious corrosion, but all
of these, as can readily be ascertained upon investi-
gation, are anything but pure from the standpoint
of the advocates of these present-day so-called
"pure irons." Their claims indicate that there is a
close similarity in the composition of their metal
to that of the Newburyport bridge chains, whereas
the only similarity between them is in the low
manganese which, in a strict sense, is not an im-
purity, but, on the contrary, a high-priced element
deliberately introduced in varying quantities into
all first-class mild steel, and the discovery of the
properties of which was what gave to the world one
of its greatest factors for progress, namely, "soft"
or what is also known as "mild" steel, and to which
the Germans originally applied the term "Ingot
Iron." It was the discovery of the use that could
be made of manganese which brought about the
production of this soft, workable steel or ingot iron.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

243

thereby giving to the world a product having 20
per cent greater strength and elasticity than the
best of iron and did away with the old slow, hard
labor of the puddling furnace.

These ancient irons, including the Newbury-
port bridge links, contain many elements that
always have been, and are today, recognized as im-
purities. For instance, they show 30 or 40 times
as high phosphorous as the so-called "pure iron"
or open hearth steel of today; 20 or 30 times the
percentage of silicon, and a high percentage of slag
and cinder, of which there is practically none in the
modern so-called "pure iron," yet these ancient
irons have shown remarkable resistance to corrosion
with all these impurities. But appealing to the
feeling brought about by an occasional failure of
soft steel to resist corrosion as long as it was ex-
pected (and in most of these cases the result has
been due to lack of care or extraordinary conditions
under which no metal other than copper or copper
alloys which have shown any better results) they
have claimed the purity of these old irons as being
the cause of their remarkable records. Incidentally,
they have obtained premiums for their material
ranging from $16.00 to $23.00 per ton for material
which, as a whole, is no more of the same composi-
tion of these ancient irons than is any of the thirty-
one million tons of soft steel made in 1912. The
production of steel ingots and castings has risen
from seven million tons in 1897 to thirty-one million
tons in 1912, and has anyone heard of any failures of
the material for any cause whatsoever to justify the
payment of such premium as is asked for so-called
"pure iron?"

Referring again to the Newburyport bridge
chains, to which so much prominence is given in the
article referred to, even Dr. Cushman — who might
be termed the "father" of the so-called "pure iron"
—has told of taking one of these links and treating
same as a sheet bar, heating in a reheating furnace
in the mill and rolling same down to No. 16 gauge
sheets, and that these sheets were then exposed to
various corrosion tests and put out in the weather,
and it was found that some of these samples were
of no more resistance to corrosion than the regular
run of modern samples with which they were ex-
posed. This treatment did not change the man-
ganese content of these samples, which would seem
to be conclusive evidence that, contrary to claims
of "pure iron" advocates, the absence of manganese
did not prevent corrosion.

The true reason for the resistance to corrosion
of these ancient irons will suggest itself to many
as being due to the dense skin on the surface caused
by the slow hand forging necessitating many reheat-
ings and reforgings to bring the material to the
required dimensions, all of which added to its
density. An example of this may be seen in the
modern product called "Patent Planished Iron,"
used principally for locomotive jackets exposed to
all kinds of weather and yet does not corrode. The
same base metal, before it is subjected to the ham-
mering process which gives it the planished surface,
shows by comparison with the finished product
very rapid corrosion, yet this is the highest possible
grade of charcoal iron obtainable.

And then I read the second paragraph on page
151, which states:

"Dating from the introduction of the Bessemer proc-
ess of steel making, tonnage produced at the expense of
quality covered the country with structures which have
quickly rusted out when exposed to the elements. An-
alyses show that modern steel is high in impurities. When
the U. S. Government by its investigations established
the fact that the rapid corrosion of iron or steel was
caused by the impurities present, it remained for some-
one to devise a method for their elimination."

When I compare this statement with my own
experience and take into account that the U. S.
Reclamation Service, in the Northern District at
least, has specified material for the construction of
flumes and pipe of such analysis as these so-called
"pure irons" carrying excessive premiums, I can
readily understand the indignation as expressed in
some of the articles from users of water in these
irrigation districts.

The paragraph quoted immediately above con-
veys, by inference at least, that all coverings of
structures throughout the country made from Besse-
mer steel were failures and lasted but a few years,
whereas I know, of my own knowledge, many struc-
tures with Bessemer and open hearth sheet steel
coverings exposed to the elements that have lasted
three and four times longer than the total span of
life of these so-called "pure irons" and are in good
condition today.

BLACK CANYON— A STORY OF HOPE DEFERRED

(Continued from Page 234.)

As soon as it became known that the Secretary
of the Interior would ask for this loan, steps were
taken to give him all the support possible in the
request. Under the leadership of Hon. J. M.
Thompson, an Idaho legislator and prominent at-
torney of Caldwell, meetings have been held all
over this section and the conditions described and
resolutions passed and forwarded to Washington.
The Caldwell Commercial Club has taken up the
fight and at the present writing Dr. Cole, president
of the Club, is in Portland to enlist the co-operation
of the Portland Chamber of Commerce.

It is under these conditions that we ask the
support and co-operation of the people of the whole
country. Wre want to show to the Congress that
our cause is just, and, relying on the justice of our
plea we expect that the Reclamation Service be fur-
nished with the funds by which alone it is possible
that the pledge of the Government to these people
may be redeemed.

The settlers here endorse the broad and com-
• prehensive policy of Secretary Lane. They believe
that he is sincere in his efforts to assist the settler,
and they ask the support of the people for his ef-
forts to secure funds to enlarge the scope of opera-
tions of the service, not alone in the Black Canyon,
but in other sections, where fertile lands only await
the application of the life-giving water to render
them capable of adding untold wealth to the coun-
try and make these United States more self-con-
tained and less dependent upon foreign countries
for the supplies necessary to support the popula-
tion.

244

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

BRIEF NOTES FROM IRRIGATION PROJECTS

California

More than fifty wells for irrigation
purposes have been sunk recently in
the district around the new town of
Orange Cove, Cal. An abundance of
water is being produced by the wells.

$800,000, has been incorporated to
develop a large tract of land in the
Pariso valley, around Newberry, Cal.
The directors are James O. Parker,
Frank B. Apperson and Frank O. Lit-
tle.

Ranchers of Villa Park and El
Modena, Cal., through their water
companies, the Serrano Water Com-
pany and the John T. Carpenter Wa-
ter Company, have launched a project
for building a $200,000 dam across the
bottom of the Santiago Canyon for
the purpose of impounding irrigation
water.

The Pariso Valley Land & Irriga-
tion Company, with a capital stock of

J. E. Law and W. F. Johnson of Los
Angeles, Cal., have purchased 31,000
acres of land and will install pumping
plants to irrigate it.

The Shasta County Promotion &
Development Association will com-
plete the Pit River irrigation project.
Arrangements will be made at once
for a survey for a distributing sys-
tem to cover at least 600,000 acres in
Shasta county and the Sacramento
Valley in California.

An application has been filed with
the California state railroad commis-
sion for permission to issue $750,000
in bonds as the initial step in the
plans of the Modoc County Irriga-
tion Company. The new company has
acquired the rights of the Surprise
Valley Water Company, expects to
pay off the $85,000 obligation of that
company and then construct a system
for bringing' water to the ten by fifty-
mile basin in Surprise valley. The
water rights permit the diversion of
a supply from Cowhead lake, which is
fed from the timbered slopes of the
Warner mountains on the west of the
valley. The estimated cost of con-
struction is $1,000,000. A. T. Cur-
rier is president of the Modoc County
Irrigation Company and T. B. Wilde

REVIVING IRRIGATION BONDS

(Continued from Page 236.)

born, matured, managed, fostered and used by the
local citizenship and not forced upon them against
their consent — for consent is the basis of security
which is to be enforced by taxation — as in this case
it must be. Sound political wisdom dictates such a
plan. But likewise sound practical wisdom dictates
that there should be two names on the paper — that
of the local community and that of the State. The
name of the community will be on it, of course.

How shall we obtain the name of the State,
without pledging its credit?

In this way : Every local security, when once
issued, shall be registered by the State Auditor and
certified under the great seal of the State, "This
Bond is secured by taxation," and thereafter it shall
be incontestable for any cause — and the State shall
levy, collect and disburse the local tax necessary to
pay promptly the interest and principal of the bonds
at maturity.

In this way the security is removed from the
realm of local influences, economic or political, and
taken out of the domain of legal or accidental mis-
fortune— while at the same time it is safely
grounded upon the pledge and the power of State
taxation, which is all it would have, if it were is-
sued by the State as its own.

This simple plan requires no constitutional
changes, no harmonizing of local differences and
involvss no financial liability on the part of the
State, while it satisfies completely the just demands
of the security holder, and at the same time saves
and stimulates the political self-respect of the com-
munity, benefited by the improvement. It gives
it the right to choose its destiny, its project, and to
wisely safeguard its practical operation, for which
it is best qualified.

By the adoption of this plan the last condition
of financial success will be complied with, and then
we can turn our thoughts to Congressional legisla-
tion, with the hearty and enthusiastic co-operation
of the intelligent farmers and financiers of the East
behind us. With these assured, how can we fail?

W. Scott Mathews, of the Illinois Food Com-
mission and his assistant, John B. Newman are pre-
paring a bulletin on eggs.

T*
dllff

A Chicago Contracting
Concern has opening for
a concrete and structural
steel engineer, also power station engineer. <J Financial in-
terest and evidence of best records required. <I Contract
with salary, commission and expenses guaranteed.

Answer- INDUSTRIAL, care Irrigation Age.

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THE IRRIGATION AGE

245

vice-president annd manager,
live in Los Angeles.

Both

Another irrigation district is to be
formed near Cooperstown, Cal., in
eastern Stanislaus county, where 20,-
000 acres will be taken into the Dry
Creek district. The election will be
held June 15. The water will be tak-
en from Tuolumne river, three and a
half miles above La Grange.

Colorado

The Umcompahgre Valley Water
Users' Association of Colorado has
recommended that the government
pay $800 per foot for the Loutsen-
hizer ditch water. The Reclamation
Service has planned to include the
land along this ditch in the Gunnison
tunnel project.

The Two Buttes Carey act project
in Colorado has applied to the secre-
tary of the interior for patent to 22,-
000 acres of land. The application
was made through the registrar of
the state land board, who states that
30,000 acre feet of water for the land
is now available in the company's
reservoirs and ditches. There is con-
siderable state land in the project,
which was built by Chicago capital.

Government engineers have ap-
proved the water supply for three
big irrigation districts close to Den-
ver. The districts which include
263,000 acres of land, are known as
the Henrylyn irrigation district, the

Farmers' Reservoir & Irrigation
Company and the Denver-Greeley
Valley irrigation district. The federal
report makes it possible for all who
have complied with the law to prove
up their land and water rights.

The government says the three dis-
tricts have enough water to irrigate
every acre of land of the 263,000 acres
from the rights they now possess on
the Platte and Clear creek without re-
gard to water they expect to get from
the western slope streams through a
tunnel already started.

The Pueblo & Northwestern Irri-
gation Company has been denied its
application to the state of Colorado
that request be made to the United
States government for a further with-
drawal of a 12,000 acre tract in Pueb-
lo county, which was to have been
developed under the Carev act. Pres-
ent financial inability to carry out a
contract and probably inadequacy^ of
the water supply are cited by the
state officials as cause for their de-
cision.

The Reclamation Service is asking
for proposals for earthwork on thirty
miles of main canal, Grand Valley ir-
rigation project. Colorado, . involving
the excavation of approximately 1,900,-
000 cubic yards of materials. The bids
will be opened after 2 p. m., June
16, 1914, at the office of the Reclama-
tion Service, Grand Junction, Colo.

Oklahoma

Irrigation by pumping has received
great impetus in the district around
Enid, Okla., as the result of a report
by the United States geological sur-
vey, which shows an area of 100,000
acres, underlaid with a large water
supply. The water bearing gravel
is from 25 to 60 feet below the sur-
face.

Montana

Work on the Little Missouri Carey
act project in Montana will begin this
month. Preliminary capital of $250,-
000 has been raised and it is proposed
to furnish water to the first unit of
6,000 acres early next year. The main
dam will be located about ten miles
below Alzada on the Little Missouri,
the water of which will be diverted to
Cottonwood creek, where it will be
stored. The original project is de-
signed to irrigate a district on the
west side of the Little Missouri em-
bracing an area of about 30,000 acres,
but eventually it is expected that ap-
proximately 45,000 acres will be
brought under the water. The offi-
cers of the company are: President,
former Lieut. Governor W. R. Allen,
Anaconda; vice-president, E. J. An-
derson, White Surplur Springs, bank-
er; treasurer, A. T. Morgan, Butte;
secretary, T. T. Lyon, Butte.

The Billings Heights Irrigation
Company filed articles of incorpora-
tion with the secretary of state, with
F. G. Bartholf, N. Algeo and R. L.

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246

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Morris as directors. The new concern
is capitalized at $3,000.

Texas

The Fresnos Land & Irrigation
Company of Brownsville, Texas, has
increased its capital stock from $60,-
000 to $100,000 and will make exten-
sive improvements and additions to
its irrigating system.

Plans and specifications have been
completed for the construction of the
large dam near Robert Lee, Texas.
The dam will be built across the Col-
orado river.

Col. A. B. Robertson is putting
down a big irrigation well near Sla-
ton, Lubbock county, Texas. This is
the first of a series of wells that will
be drilled by Mr. Robertson on his
9,000-acre tract.

Certified water filings have been
made with the Texas board of water
engineers by the A. H. Pierce estate
of Wharton, showing the appropria-
tion of water for the irrigation of 30,-
000 acres of land in Wharton county.

The Rio Grande Canal Company,
Brownsville, is planning to enlarge its
irrigation system in the lower Rio
Grande valley, and has increased its
capital stock from $60,000 to $100,000

The Secretary of the Interior 'has
authorized the Reclamation Service to
award contract to the Southwestern
Portland Cement Company of El
Paso, Texas, for furnishing 120,335
barrels of Portland cement, 21,000 bar-
rels of which will be delivered at El
Paso, and the remainder at Elephant
Butte damsite. The contract price is
$1.40 per barrel f. o. b. cars at El
Paso.

The Santa Fe Railroad has a bill
before Congress which, if passed, will
permit it to take a maximum of 30,-
000,000 gallons of water per month
from the Elephant Butte reservoir on
the big government project in Texas
and New Mexico.

Nebraska

The Reclamation Service and the
state soil survey are making surveys
in Phelps and Kearney counties, Neb.,
preparatory to the construction of
irrigation canals south of the Platte

Kansas

R. B. Herold of Ellinwood, Kan.,
has installed a centrifugal pump on
his farm and is getting 1,800 gallons
of water per minute. He will sink
five more wells. A number of other
pumps have been installed in the same
district.

Farmers on the Garden City Fed-
eral project, which the Reclamation
Service abandoned after spending
many thousands of dollars, have ob-
tained judgment against the United
States in a suit to clear titles to their
lands.

The Garden City Irrigation Power
Company has been given authority to
do business as a public utility by the
Kansas Utilities Commission. This
company promises to become one of
the important irrigation projects of
western Kansas. It is a subsidiary of
the big sugar company operating in
the Arkansas River Valley. The
power company is to buy the surplus
electric current of the sugar com-
pany's plant and supply it to the farm-
ers who want to irrigate their farms;
It is purposed to build transmission
lines forty to fifty miles up and down
the valley. The sale price of power
is to be not more than 3J4 cents a
kilowatt.

South Dakota

State Engineer Derr is investigat-
ing the Angostura irrigation project
along the Cheyenne river in Penning-
ton and Fall River counties, S. D.
Federal aid for the construction of
the project will be asked.

T. M. Riley of Omaha and the
Owen Construction Company of Den-
ver have secured contracts from the
government for further construction
on the Belle Fourche irrigation proj-
ect in South Dakota. The north canal
is to be extended six miles from its
present terminus near Newell. This
work will cost approximately $80,000,
while a system of laterals costing

_ Get Your
PCanadian Home

rrom the,

Canadian Pacific

JUY an irrigated farm where you have insurance against
drought and where you have just the moisture you need
when you need it. You know the value o£ controlling the
watering of your crops. In sunny Southern Alberta you are
master of the moisture. The Canadian Pacific's great Irri-
gation Works insure your yield whenever rainfall is insuffi-
cient. Irrigation is not always a necessity — but it is yours
at command. It means dependable crops, and wonderful
crops every year. The Eastern section of the Canadian
Pacific Irrigation Block East of Calgary is now open. Virgin soil of
famous fertility — alfalfa, timothy and other fodders — raises all the
grain and root crops, fine climate — great cattle country — good markets
— unexcelled transportation.

We want the alert enterprising farmers who see this magnificent opportunity. So
we make the most liberal terms. Take 20 years to pay. Call on us for long tinie
loan of J2000 for {arm improvements if you want it. Investigate now. This block will
soon be the most densely populated and intensely cultivated district in the west.

You Can Have 2O Years to Pay

We will seli ycu this rich, irrigated, Canadian land for $35 to $75 an acre. You need pay only
one-twentieth down. Th:nk of it— only one-twentieth down, and then the balance in 19 eoual annual
payments. Long before your final payment comes duo, your farm will have paid for itself over nnd
aver again. Many good farmers in Western Canada have paid for their farms with one crop. Here
are some of the startling features of the most remarkable land offer you have ever read:

oying the use of this money, you pay interest at only 6

,
to fully repay this loan. Whi

Advance Live Stock on Loan Basis

and has the ability to take care of Ins stock, will advance cattle, sheep and
up to the value of $1.000 on the basis of the settler's note with interest at
eight per cent, to enable him to develop more rapidly, on the right basis
of mixed farming.

Farm Made Ready by Experts if Desired g.g'liTK

established, select one which our Department of Agricultural Experts has
developed. On our improved farms, house and other buildings are u*>, wel
is dug, farm fenced, fields cultivated and in crop. All waiting for those wh
want an immediate start and quick results— all planned and completed by m
who know— our own agricultural experts. Take twenty years to pay if you
want to. We give/rce service— expert service — the valuable assistance of grea
demonstration farms, in charge of agricultural specialists employed by t
Canadian Pacific for its own farms. This service is yours— free

Water Rental Will Not Exceed $1.25 per Acre

ment will have the approval of the Dominion Government. You are doubly prot

The Canadian Pacific offers you the finest —
land on earth for grain growing, cattle, '"

t. You are doubly protected. ^ \* ^"J'jA.g^i?

sheep and horse raising, dairying, poultry, veg-
etables and general mixed farming— irrigated
lands for intensive farming. Remember ', these
lands are located on or near established lines of
railway, near established towns. You can start
en an irrigated farm, improved or unimproved.

Here is the Last Best West— where your op-
portunity lies. Don't delay. Mail the coupon here
at once. The best land will be taken first— so time
is precious to you. Write today.

R. O. THORNTON, Colonization Agent

Canadian Pacific Railway

Colonization Department

112 West Adams St., Chicago, Illinois

R. O. THORNTON, Colonization Agent,
Canadian Pacific Railway Colonization
Department, 112 W. Adams St., Chicago

Please send me your book of information on
Irrigation Farming in Sunny Alberta.

Name

State

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

247

$40,000 more will also be constructed.
This will bring the water of Owl
Creek reservoir to 30,000 acres not
now irrigated.

New Mexico

The Mimbres river valley near
Deming, New Mexico, is the latest
irrigation field, according to an an-
nouncement by the United States
geological survey. The survey has
found that the deposits of sand and
gravel underlying the region contain
vast quantities of water. This is
pumped to the surface by windmills.

A carload of pumps for irrigation
pumping plants has reached Alamo-
gordo, X. M. The pumping proposi-
tion has taken hold to stay in that
district.

J. J. Scott of Chicago, 111., is prepar-
ing to construct a pumping plant and
system of irrigation on the Pecos
river near Carlsbad, N. M.

United States Senator Albert B.
Fall of Three Rivers, N. M., and asso-
ciates will construct two large systems
of irrigation for the purpose of re-
claiming about 22,000 acres of land.
The cost of the canal systems and
pumping plants will be about $135,000.

Washington

Engineers of the United States In-
dian Bureau on the Yakima (Wash.)
reservation have commenced the sur-
vey of proposed reservoir sites at the
head waters of Simcoe, Satus and Dry
creeks for the purpose of determining
the feasibility of impounding the flood
waters of these streams for irrigating
nearly 75,000 acres of land above the
Wapato irrigation project.

Utah

The Secretary of the Interior has
authorized the Reclamation Service to
construct the Maoleton unit of the
Strawberry Valley project, Utah, as
soon as the land owners have com-
plied with the conditions of the con-
tract prepared by the department.
The contract in part provides for the
pledging of 3,600 acres to return the
cost of the works. All owners of land
in excess of 160 acres must execute
appropriate trust deeds for the dis-
posal of such excess lands in tracts of
not more than 60 acres to any one
qualified water right applicant. The
Reclamation Service will build the
main canal and structures, including
turnouts from the point of diversion
upon the power canal for a distance
of six miles.

Wyoming

Preliminary to beginning the exten-
sion and enlargement of the Frannie
Canal on the Shoshone project, Wyo-
ming, a soil survey of the irrigable
lands will be made this month. In
view of the active operations of the
Burlington Railway people in clos-
ing the £ap between the Big Horn
Basin in Wyoming and Denver, Colo.,
the Frannie Unit lands are soon to
be made tributary to an important
trunk line railroad and will therefore
be desirable for homesteaders. If the
report of the soil experts is favor-

GOOD ENOUGH

Heavy Deep Furrow

Sulky Plow

-=='-- «

Save Moisture — Increase Yield

Plow deep — form deep moisture reservoirs — increase
the feeding area of the plant roots — liberate more plant
food. Do these things and your crops will be greatly
increased. The Good Enough Heavy Deep Furrow Sulky
is the most efficient plow for deep plowing on the
market.

The Good Enough Heavy Deep Furrow Sulky is a
tremendously strong and powerful plow. It will plow
any soil that is capable of being plowed and will turn a
furrow from 6 to 15 inches deep.

The landing lever controls both the front furrow
wheel and the hitch. The dial hitch can be adjusted to
either side and up or down. The draft is applied directly
to the beam through the heavy draft rod. The rear
wheel is locked in place, but can be instantly released by
means of the foot trip at the ends of the rows.

Regularly furnished with five-horse evener, rolling
coulter and extra shares.

See Your Flying Dutchman Dealer

or Write for Information

Moliiie Plow Co.

Dept. 3

MOLINE, ILL.

248

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

able and construction is approved by
the department, the extension of the
canal can be made in a comparatively
short time. This project contains
about 800 farms of which 500 are en-
tered and the remaining 300 are ready
for farmers.

Arizona

Construction work has begun on
the second railway to be operated by
the government in the United States.
The new railroad is being laid on the
top of the levees constructed by the
Service to protect the Yuma valley
lowlands from the floods of the Colo-
rado river. Its purpose is mainly for
the transportation of the rock and
machinery which are required to re-
pair and strengthen the levee system,
but it will also be utilized by the farm-
ers of the lower valley to market
their products and bring in their sup-
plies. The line will be about 21
miles long, connecting with the South-
ern Pacific at Yuma, and it will be
operated exclusively by the Service.
One other railway only in this coun-
try is exclusively owned and operated
by the government. The Arrowrock
Railway in Idaho, 19 miles in length,
was built several years ago and is
doing a regular freight and passenger
business.

Idaho

The Secretary of the Interior has
approved the form of contract be-
tween the United States and the
Nampa Meridian Irrigation District,
Idaho, which had previously been in-
formally adopted and accepted by the
board of directors of the district. The
contract provides for the construction
of certain drainage canals in that dis-
trict as a part of the proposed drain-
age system of the Boise project, and
in general is similar to the contract
with the Pioneer Irrigation District.

In Other Lands

Water is now being delivered to a
large part of the 3,000,000 acres under
the Bassano irrigation system, which
extends from Calgary, Alberta, to
Medicine Hat. For the past three
years the Canadian Pacific Railway
has been busily engaged in complet-
ing this immense project, which was
begun many years. ago by the Domin-
ion Government of Canada and was
abandoned because of lack of funds.
The system represents an expenditure
of $17,000,000. no little part of which
is represented in the dam across the

RAISE PIGEONS

They Pay Dollar* while
Chickens pay cents

The young 20 to 25 days old, sell from 40 to 00
cents each (according to the season). The city
markets are always clamoring for them.

Each pair of Pigeon)! will raise

18 to 22 young a year.

They will clear you above expenses. So. 00
a year per pair. They breed the entire year.
Twenty minutes daily will care for 100 pairs.

Always penned up out of the way

Very small space required.
All this is fully explained in this month's
issue of our Journal; send for it; price 10 cts.

Reliable Squab Journ&l, Versailles, Mo.

Bow River at Bassano, 83 miles east
of Calgary. With its 3,000 miles of
canals and ditches, this irrigating
project ranks second largest in the

world, being a close rival of the

Assouan irrigation system in lower
Egypt. It is the largest irrigation sys-
tem on the Western Hemisphere.

Sizes 5 to 80 H. P.
Other Types to 200 H. P.

Fairbanks - Morse
Oil Engines

Operate equally well on
Kerosene, Gasoline or low-
grade Distillate. Delivers
equal poweron cheaper fuel.

Centrifugal and plunger
type pumps, all sizes and
capacities.

Write for Catalog 40N 650

Fairbanks Morse & Co.

Chicago Kansas City St. Louis

St. Paul. Denver Omaha

Spokane Portland Los Angeles

Sail Lake City Seattle Atlanta

On Lumber and Millwork

••^^^•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l

Don't Pay Profits That's what you do when you buy of your local

« F;I,«» M;^/)lemon lumber dealer. Buy of us and you buy of the

to five Middlemen producer- We are one of the biggest independent

lumber companies in America; own thousands upon thousands of acres of
choice Western timber. Do our own cutting, logging, railroading; operate six
huge mills, where we produce daily 20 to 30 carloads of lumber and millwork.
Buy Direct From Our Six Mills. Besides up to G0% saving in price we offer
you better materials, efficient delivery service and guaranteed satisfaction.
Immediate Shipments. We carry immense stocks. Miles' and miles of
lumber piles, and warehouses groaning with millwork, await your order.
Make all shipments within 24 to 48 hours.

Better Quality Guaranteed. Our timber tracts are in the famous
Puget Sound region. Noted for big trees. Our lumber is straight,
free from sap and knots. Exceedingly durable.

Send Carpenter's List for Quick Prices
Don't pay five profits for your lumber.
Send your carpenter's list of lumber for
delivered, freight-paid price. No extras
guaranteed. We ship every thing for build-
ing complete — lumbersash, doors, shingles,
millwork, hardware and paint. We have
doubled our estimating force to give
quick service to everybody.

BUY A SEATTLE SILO DIRECT

FROM MAKER

No wood stands silo service better than fir. We
use Douglas Fir. from giant trees, straight-grained
tough, long-lasting. Seattle Silos have quick de-
tachable swinging doors. Door bars form strong
ladder from which hoops are tightened. Write for
special folder today and first f armer-in-a-town offer.

HEWITT- LEA -FUNCK CO.
471 CRARY BLDG., SEATTLE, WASH.

GET THIS
MONEY-SAVING
PLAN BOOK

If you haven't decided on your
plan, you'll find just what you
want in this book. It's prepared
by practical people and packed
full of sensible, full-value plans.
Over 100 good plans in this book.
Costs you 10 cents — worth a
thousand times that.

Get Any Plan in This
Book for $2.00

For $2 you can get complete
blue prints, specifications and
guaranteed estimate, covering
complete materials of any plan
in the book.

Send the Coupons

HEWITT-LEA-FUNCK CO.,

471 Crary Bldg , Seattle, Wash

Kindly send the following, quoting prices delivered,
my station.

Be Sjre to Write Plainly

( ) Catalog Lumber and Milhvork
I ) Prize Plan Book. lOc

I I Special Barn Folder (4c)
( ) Special Silo Folder

Name. .
Town...

.State.

I am planning to build as follows..

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

249

A CANADIAN'S REPLY

Editor of THE IKUICAIIIX At;E :

This association has read with surprise your rather
feverish editorial appearing in the May issue of THE IRRI-
GATION AGE — "Stop the Sale of the Irrigation Congress"-
and as a subscriber to this paper and an association work-
ing in the interests of irrigation in general, must point out
to you the following facts:

1. That Canada has nothing whatever to do with the
changing of the name of the Irrigation Congress.

2. That it was not until after the National Irrigation
Congress had become "International" that Canada extended
an invitation to the Congress to hold its meeting in this
country in conformity with its title.

3. That there is no international boundary where
irrigation or agricultural interests are concerned on this
continent, and this fact was recognized by the Board of
Governors (which did not include a single Canadian) in
accepting the invitation of the Canadians to meet in
Calgary.

4. There was no Congress of the International Irri-
gation body held in the United States last year for lack,
I understand, of necessary funds, and that therefore
Canada is deserving of eulogy rather than condemnation
for reviving the Irrigation Congress and so actively set-
ting it on its feet again.

5. That the Irrigation Congress has not moved over
into Canada to stay, but to hold one of its annual meet-
ings, and that if energy, enterprise and enthusiasm in
the cause of irrigation has in recent years been lacking
in the United States, a very different status of affairs will
be found in Canada.

6. That year after year representatives of this asso-
ciation have attended the Irrigation Congresses in the
United States, and that the action of the International
Congress in coming here is only following in the footsteps
of the Oregon Irrigation and other congresses, who, both
last year and this year, are sending delegations to this
country to take part in irrigation deliberations.

7. That in conformity with the great peace centenary

GALVANIZED METAL IRRIGATION

Made entirely of rust-proof, galvanized iron.

FLUME

Section <*l Flume

No bolts or rivets used in construction. This flume is
considered by experts to be the most service-
able equipment for the purpose on the market.
A careful examination of the construction as
shown herewith will convince those who are
acquainted with irrigation conditions of its
lasting quality and the ease with which it may
be put together. Complete information, with
prices, will be furnished on application to the

KLAUER MFG. COMPANY,

The Passing of
an Aristocrat

YOUR horses demand much, need
much — and get much. For in-
stance— costly stable, rigs and
sheds for them ; harnesses ; hay and oats,
and its storage space; time spent each
day in the year caring for them, feeding,
watering, currying, harnessing, frequent
blacksmith, harness, and vehicle repair
bills; occasional veterinary bills.

All that an international Motor Truck asks for is a shed, and a small ration of gasoline and oil — that's all.
And when it's not working it wants only the shed. For profit and economy buy an

International Motor Truck

You will find that it costs considerably less than horse and wagon keep, it goes four times as fast and as
far as the horse, saves you many hours of time, and will run twenty-four hours in a day if necessary. In reli-
ability, strength, and ease of management, it is best.

Solid tires eliminate common tire troubles
The wheels are high enough to give ample
road clearance. The simple, sturdy motor
has plenty of power. Brakes are powerful.
A single lever controls the car.

It will pay you to find out all that an
International Motor Truck will do for you.
Write for catalogues, facts and figures to the

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denrer, Col.; Helena. Mom.; Port-
Und, Ore.; Spokane. Wain.: Salt Lake City Utah; San Francuco. Cal.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)
Chicago USA

250

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

movement it is 'but natural and just in the promotion
of this spirit that the International Irrigation Congress
should hold a session in Canada, and finally, editorials
of this description do not benefit the cause for which
your journal is maintained or for which it should be main-
tained.

\Ye shall be pleased if you will find space in your
columns for this letter.

Yours very truly,

NORMAN S. RANKIN,

Secretary of Western Canada Irrigation Association,
Calgary, Alberta.

SOME CENTRIFUGAL PUMP POINTERS

(Continued from Page 242.)

Before starting for the first time it is advisable
to clean out the bearings thoroughly, including the
thrust bearing, by pouring in kerosene and allow-
ing it to run out at the bottom, as dirt and other
substances are liable to get into the bearings dur-
ing shipment. The bearing should then be filled
as full as possible with first-class lubricating oil
similar to dynamo oil. After priming, the pump
can be started up and brought up to speed with the
discharge valve closed. The discharge valve can
then be, immediately opened until the desired quan-
tity of water is obtained. If the total head is greater
than that for which the pump was designed, the
quantity of water discharged will be less than full,
capacity, and may even be nothing at all if the head
is enough greater. The power will also be less than
the power required for the head for which the pump
was designed, If the total head is less than the
head for which the pump is designed, the amount of

Two Thousand Acres

of Michigan Hardwood Stump Land for Sale

Land is adapted for fruit raising
and general farming. In well
developed section with splendid
county roads intersecting. Close
to railroad and good market. Will
consider well located property in
Central West in part exchange.

Also large and small orchard tracts in
highly developed condition for sale

GRAND TRAVERSE ORCHARD CO.

TRAVERSE CITY, MICH.

T

HINK what it means
A to you! To have at
your service — day and
night if desired — the com-
bined power of 30 to 35
horses and 10 to 15 men-
ready at a moment's notice to
plow, disc, harrow, seed, har-
vest, build roads, irrigate,

thresh and do numerous other power jobs, all
at the minimum expense for fuel and main-
tenance. That's what you get when you
buy a time-tried and time-proven

AULTMAN-TAYLOR 30-60
GAS TRACTOR

They're built with the complete knowledge of
the requirements of a tractor of the first quality.
They're built right here in our own shop, under
our own supervision. We know they're right and
we stand back of every tractor. The Aultman-
Taylor 30-60 burns either gasoline, kerosene or

distillate with unequaled economy. The Aultman-Taylor 30-60 is not an experiment. Theii real worth has been demonstrated on thousands of
farms throughout North America. Let us explain to you why you should own and operate one of these money-making and labor-saving tractors.
WRITE FOR CATALOG AND FURTHER INFORMATION TODAY.

We ate also builders of the Famous "New Century" Separator, "Matchless" Cloverand Alfalfa Huller, Steam Traction and Portable Engines,
Bean Threshers and Saw Mills. Catalog free upon request.

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY

BRANCHES:

Minneapolis, Minn.

Wichita, Kan.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Portland, Ore.

Decatur, 111.

Lir

oln. Nebr

Indianapolis, Ind.

Knnsai City, Mo.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

251

water will be greater than the normal capacity of
the pump, and the power consumed will also be
greater.

The pumps can always be run on reduced

heads by throttling the discharge until the desired
quantity of water is obtained. This creates an ar-
tificial head and reduces the efficiency of pumping
but will prevent overloading the motor.

\Ve planned this House and^
Saved Robert Zehntner* 375. ~

Robert Zehntner of White Sulphur Springs, Mont., wanted
£f>^ to build a home and answered a Hewitt-Lea-Funck
advertisement. On the back of our question blank
he drew a rough sketch of what he had in mind.

The plans you see at the left, and afterward, the house pic-
tured, was the result. When it came to ordering
the lumber, the local yard man asked for the chance
to bid and got it, but he didn't get the business.
Mr. Zehntner' s letter to us tells why. • I unloaded
the car," he says, "and found the material fine.
''$'•'•?." The carpenters are well pleased, the finish being

Rob.r, zehn.n.r. white Sulphur Spring., Mont much better fhan J cou]d have goften hefe The best ]ocal

bid on the material \vas S375 higher than yours and lacked quite a bit of being complete."

Complete plans $2

If you like this houae, you can get the complete
plans, specifications, guaranteed estimate of prices
on lumber, millwork, hardware, paint and heating
plant delivered at your station — all for 32.

Our guaranteed price means no extras. We guar-
antee absolutely to provide sufficient materials to
build the house, and guarantee grades equal or bet-
ter, than required by standard rulings. Getting the
plans does not obligate buying materials of us, if you
do, you get your $2 back. If this plan doesn't suit,

Send coupon for Prize Plan Book
— 1OO homes— all sizes— all prices

It's the mntt practical book of it's kind ever published.
Every plan is a good one — a lot of them will please you
—one of them will doubtless just suit ynu. Our archi-
tects worked over a year on this book. It cost us $30.000
to get it out. Books not nearly so good are sold at 50c to
$2.00. Yet, ten cents, merely to cover postage, will bring
1/uu this valuable book, if you use the coupon.

Special plans at small cost

If none of the plans in this book quite suit you. and you
have your own ideas of what you want, you'll find it
easy to show us what your ideas are. just as Robert
Zehntner did. We have a Plan Sheet for this purpose,
that makes it simple. Give us a rough sketch of what
you have in mind— and we will complete the plan for you.

Save as high as 60 - on
lumber — buy direct
from the producer

Too many middlemen come between
d the lumber dealer— that's why his
re so high. \Ve cutout every single

middleman and sell you direct at the mfli price— a price
that's way-down low, because the raw materials come
from forests under our control. Our lumber is straight-
grained, free from sap and large knots, doesn't warp or
shrink. Makes a beautiful job.

Send for estimate — no obligation

Send us your carpenter's bill of materials for our prices,
if you can. Do it even if you aren't ready to build. No
Charge or obligation. If we can be of any help to you in
planning your building be sure to let us know. Our spe-
cial plan sheet makes it easy to give us your ideas— ask for
it. Atanyrate. mail the coupon today for
catalog and general price list.

Silos at uptc6O%

Here's the biggest silo
value you can get. Buy direct,
at the mill price, a Seattle Silo of one-
piece staves from durable Puget Sound fir. Seattle Silos
have patented swinging doors. Door bars form strong ladder
from which hoops are easily tightened.

Send the coupon for folder on Seattle Silos. Get our special
one-farmer-in-a-town-offer. Write today.

HEWITT-LEA-FUNCK COMPANY

471 Crary Building ... Seattle, Wash.

Hewitt-Lea-Funck Company

; 471 Crary Bid*.. Seattle, W«»h.

?•; < lit sureto-i'ritfplain.'y and if possible send bill of materials for estimate)

\ I'lcase send me the following:
! t J Book of Plans (for which lOc in stamps or coin is enclosed).
'• \ j Catalog ami General Price List of Lumber and Mill work. Free.
1 Special Silo Folder, Free.

: ; Special Plan Sheet, Free.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

252 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The Lauson Kerosene and Low Grade

Distillate Engines

Insure Your Crops

Don't economize on Price when Reliability is at stake. Successful Irrigation depends
upon Heavy Continuous Powtr.

You may be able to buy an Engine that is cheaper than the Lauson but the Reliability
won't be there.

It won't have that Lasting Economy of Operation — that Ability to stay on the
job three hundred and sixty-five days in the year and twenty-four hours per
day, that characterizes the Lauson.

There is a reason behind Lauson Reliability and Low Cost of Operation, namely Design,
Material and Workmanship. It is a question of a better Quality perhaps not notice-
able at first, yet Quality that shows in Years of Dependable Service. It is worth
the Difference.

Such Points as — No torch, no preheating, no carbon in cylinder, easy to start and
operate, full rated horse power wilh one-half the cost of fuel, all wearing parts of steel
case hardened and ground to size, drop forged unbreakable gears, cams and cam shaft
drop forged in one piece, case hardened and ground to size, cams running in bath of
oil, enclosed in dust proof case, special gear-driven Magneto, guaranteed for the life of
the engine and No Batteries — are worthy of your most careful investigation.
Built in sizes from 6 to 100 HP. Hopper or Tank Cooled.

The closer you investigate, the Lauson Kerosene Engines, the surer you are to buy one.
Our Large Catalog No. 15 tells the whole story. A reading of it, will convince you.
Write for it today, and nearest branch and distributing point.

THE JOHN LAUSON MFG. CO.

GENERAL SALES OFFICE AND FACTORY
68 Monroe Street NEW HOLSTEIN, WIS.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

PERMANENCE

WRITE THE NEAREST MANUFACTURER FOR PARTICULARS AND PRICES ON AMERICAN INGOT IRON
CORRUGATED CULUERTS, SIPHONS, PLATES f SHEETS, ROOFING AND FORMED PRODUCTS

Arkansas, Little Rock

Dixie Culvert & Mi-tal Co.
California, Los Angeles

California Corrugated Cul-
vert Co.
California, West Berkeley

California Corrugated Cul-
vert Co.
<Yl<>r:nli». Denver

R. Hardesty Mfg. Co.
Delaware, ( la.\ tun

Delaware Metal Culvert Co.
I lorida, Jacksonville

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
(.i>< ruin. Atlanta

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Illinuis, i;iooiiii!ii;l(Hi

Illinnis Corrugated Metal Co.
Indiana, Crawfordsville

\V. Q. O'Neall Co.
Iowa. Des Mnlnes

Iowa Pure Iron Culvert Co.
Iowa. Independence

Independence Corr. Cul. Co.
Kansas, Topeka

Tlu- R««ad Sup. <V Metal Co.
Kentucky, Louisville

Kentucky Culvert Co.
Louisiana, New Orleans

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.

Maryland, Havre de Grace

J. X Spencer.
Massachusetts, I'almer

X'-u England Metal Cnl. Co.
Michigan, Bark River

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Miehigan, Lansing

Michigan Bridge & Pipe Co.
Minnesota, Minneapolis

Lyle Corrugated Cul. Co.
Minnesota, Lyle

Lyle Corrugated Cul. Co.
Missmiri. M<»herly

Corrugated Culvert Co.
Montana. Missouln

M'intan.1 Culvert Co.
Nebraska, Llneoln

Le*--Arnett Co.
Nebraska. \\ ;itm«r

X'-liraska Cul. & Mfg. Co.
Nevada, Reno

Nevada Metal Mfg. Co.
New Hampshire. Nashua

North-East Metal Cul. Co.
New Jersey, Tlemingtim

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
New York, Auburn

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
Ni:rth Carolina, (ireenshoro

Dixie Culvert <SL- Metal Co.

North Dakota, Wahpetc.n

Northwestern Sheet & Iron

Works.
Ohio. 3Iiddletowtt

American Rolling Mill Co.

The Ohio Corrugated Cul. Co.
Oklahoma, Shawnee

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Oregon. Portland

Coast Culvert & Flume Co.
r< nn^ylvania. Warren

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
Sr nth Dakota, Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Metal Cut. Co.
Tennessee, Nashville

Tennessee Metal Culvert Co.
Texas. Dallas

Alias Metal Works.
Texas, El I'aso

\\VSUTM Metal Mfg. Co.
Te\as, Houston

I.une Star Cu4vert Co.
1 lah, WfHKlM Crus-

I'tah Culvert Co.
Virginia, Rnannke

Virginia Metal & Cul. Co.
\\a-hingtnn, Spokane

Spokane Corrugated Culvert

& Tank Co.
Wisconsin. Eau Clnire

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.

254

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

Put the right engine
behind your pumps

NO matter how large your irrigation system or how small, the efficiency and
consistent performance of the engine that drives the pumps is a matter of
the utmost importance. Abundant power, ready control, freedom from
breakdowns and economy of fuel consumption are points that count big in results
and satisfaction. Install a Gilson Engine and you can be sure of reliable service
with minimum attention and minimum fuel cost. On irrigation work it has
proved itself beyond question the engine that more than makes good.

Gilson Goes Like Sixty Engines

GAS AND GASOLINE

The strongest and simplest built engines in
the field. Easy to operate, work without
watching. No unnecessary pounding or
wear. Last a lifetime. They do not need
constant tinkering for they are designed on
practical lines and have no weak spots.
Built for hard service from tested materials.
Nickel steel valves. Extra large high test
babbitt bearings. Forged steel shafts of
marvelous strength and finish. Exact work-
manship throughout and perfect balance.
Many special features and improvements
that increase efficiency.

100% Service

60% Speed

GILSON ENGINES are built in sizes from 1 to
15 H. P., each size guaranteed to develop its full
rated power. Patented devices give you the right
speed for every job about the farm, ranch or ir-
rigation plant. Built-in Sumter magnetos make
it possible to start the engine without cranking
and do away with batteries.

TV^_i1 4-l»« f rkimrtn Whatever your requirements, whether
I****** LI1C V^UUJJUil for irrigation use or farming operations,
there's a Gilson Engine that will give you the right service. Our prices
will save you money at the start and the small fuel consumption of
Gilson Engines will keep cost of operation down to a
surprisingly low figure. Clip off the coupon and mail
it back today and we will give you valuable informa-
tion about the type of engine best suited to your par-
ticular needs.

Gilson Manufacturing Company

76 Park Street Port Washington, Wis.

/ M AIL THIS COUPON

/Gilson Manufacturing Company
76 Park St. .Port Washington, Wis.

f I am interested in a Gasoline Engine

f of Horse Power

* Portable or Stationary

£ Name

' ' f Post Office

f State

/ R. F. D. No

w Send me your Free Catalog and full particulars.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

255

THE GRIMES IRRIGATION PUMP

Especially designed for Irrigation Pumping from Lakes, Rivers, Canals and

Shallow Water Wells.

Made to order in sizes and lengths to meet local conditions and requirements.

POINTS OF EXCELLENCE

Unsurpassed simplicity of action — Nothing to get out of order.
Sand, gravel or mud conditions cannot interfere with constant
operation of pump.

A solid, one-piece mechanism— Powerfully constructed out of
most durable materials. No valves, plungers or cylinders.

Low speed — 24 to 50 revolutions per minute — An assurance of
long life.

Light power requirement— See specimen rating in 1000 g. p. m.
sizes. No other type of pump to equal it.

Special adaptation to Irrigation Pumping.
Highest practical efficiency.
Most economical.

Guaranteed Ratings. 1000 gallons per mm.
52 inch diameter pump.

Write for booklet

The Grimes Irrigation Pump Co.

1022 First National Bank Building
Denver, Colorado.

Lift
6 ft.

in

1 1

ia

Horse Power
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4

Lift
20 ft.
22
24
26
18
30

Horse Power
6.0
6.6
7.2
7.8
8.4
9.0

1 Finish This Story

A WORKMAN in an I H C
wagon factory was explaining
the various stages of wagon
construction to an interested visitor. He
picked up two pieces of long leaf yellow
pine, which to all appearances were sawed
from the same board, and asked the visitor
to notice the difference in the weight of the
two pieces. The lighter piece, he explained,
was kiln-dried. The heavier piece was

air-dried and more thoroughly seasoned. — •

It had retained the resinous sap which adds
strength and toughness, while in the kiln-dried piece of
lumber this sap had been drawn out by the too rapid
1 application of heat.

Every Stick of Lumber Used in

I H C Wagons is Carefully Selected,

Air-Dried Stock

Here was something to think about. The visitor
asked for a test as to the relative strength of the two
pieces of wood. The air-dried piece held up under
nearly double the weight under which the kiln-
dried piece of lumber broke. The workman
explained how the comparative life of air-dried
and kiln-dried lumber has about as great a
difference.

To the 63-6 there was no difference between
these two pieces of lumber, but when put to

the test there was a vast difference. So it is throughout
the construction of I H C wagons — Weber, Columbus,
New Bettendorf, Steel King. They are built for real
strength, light draft, and satisfactory service.

After seeing the care used in the construction of every
part of an I H C wagon, the visitor asked: "Why
don't you let people know of the great care used in
selecting material and in constructing I H C wagons?"

This is what we have been trying to do, but we can-
not tell it all in one short advertisement.

Weber and Columbus wagons have wood gears.
Steel King and New Bettendorf have steel gears.
I H C local dealers handle the wagons best suited to
3'our work. See them for literature and full informa-
tion, or, write the nearest branch house.

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena. Mont.;

Portland. Ore.; Spokane. Waih.; Salt Lake City. Utah; San

Francisco, Cal.

International Harvester Company of America

{Incorporated)

Chicago USA

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

256

THE IRRIGATION AGE

SUCCESS OR FAILURE

OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
DEPENDS UPON THE PROPER SELEC-
TION OF PUMPING EQUIPMENT

WORTHINGTON

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

ARE BUILT BY ENGINEERS WHO HAVE MADE
A CAREFUL STUDY OF THE IRRIGATION
PROBLEM— THEY REPRESENT THE HIGHEST
DEVELOPMENT IN THE DESIGN OF PUMPING
MACHINERY FOR THIS CLASS OF SERVICE.

WE WILL BE PLEASED TO MAIL UPON APPLICATION, COPIES
OF OUR CATALOGUE W202-89 AND SPECIAL BOOKLET W204-89

HENRY R. WORTHINGTON

115 BROADWAY, NEW YORK WORKS: HARRISON, NEW JERSEY

BRANCH OFFICES IX ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES

W260.8

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE. 257

IRRIGATION FROM WELLS

An Arkansas Installation. Layne Patent Screen and Patent Enclosed Line Shaft Centrifugal Pump.

With the twenty-three hundred successful working plants using our system of irrigation, which inoculates and
energizes the dormant forces, there is now being produced in previously non-productive districts throughout the
United States and in portions of Europe and Asia over eleven million dollars worth of FOOD PRODUCTS
ANNUALLY. That our system is not an experiment is forcibly demonstrated by the fact that much of this pro-
duction is from localities which were arid and barren previous to the Introduction of our system.

Wri'^ognew LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY Add"0%crr"'

The World's Largest Water Development Company

Houston, Texas

Memphis, Tennessee

Welsh, Louisiana

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Plainview, Texas

Jackson, Mississippi

International Harvester
Tillage Implements

GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES
Binders, Reapers
Headers, Mowers
Rakes, Stackers
Hay Loaders
Hay Presses

TILLAGE
Combination,
Peg and Spring-
Tooth, and Disk
Harrows
Cultivators

THE IHC
LINE

CORN
MACHINES
Planters, Pickers
Binders
Cultivators
Ensilage Cutters
Shellers
Shredders

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gas

Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure
Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Trucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

THIS year ten disk harrows will be sold where one
was sold five years ago. Why? Because so many
farmers have learned that the proper use of a disk har-
row is the best guarantee of a successful crop.

Proper use of a disk harrow means the purchase of an IHC
disk harrow, because they are the ones built to do the best work.
The frames are strong, to stand the strain of following the binder
or of slicing meadows. The set levers keep the gangs to their
work at even depth. The bearings are the most durable that
can be put on a disk harrow.

The full line includes disk, peg tooth, arid smoothing harrows,
drills and cultivators. See this line before you buy. We send
catalogues on request.

"The Disk Harrow," a book which illustrates and explains the
proper preparation of a seed bed, and gives examples of the value
of disking — 32 pages of valuable information — is yours for four
cents to cover postage and packing.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated i

Denver — Helena— Portland — Spokane — Salt Lake City — San Francisco
Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

258

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

WE SHALL be glad to mail
anyone who wishes same,
our free catalog. We sell our
product through dealers and
jobbers entirely and solicit in-
quiries from all dealers. Our
goods are well and favorably
known. They are standards in
the United States Army and
several other departments of
the government.

Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co.

Racine, Wis., U. S. A.

SAFETY FIRST

"Better be safe than sorry" is a maxim that applies to irrigation
with greater force than to any other industry. Cheap, complicated,
low-priced engines will cause sufficient damage and loss in repairs and
delays during a single season to more than overcome the difference

" BEER* TWO CYLINDER OPPOSED ENGINE

(Heavy Duty Type)

Simple, safe, sturdy, strong, steady-powered — they insure your
success and guard you against failure by being always ready to pump
your water when you want it.

Practically perfect balance causes it to run without vibration,
does away with lost motion, produces high efficiency, cuts down wear
and tear on engine and pump, saves fuel, and insures crops against
failure.

Burns small amounts of cheap oils. Requires little attention.
Has negligible repair cost. Total cost of delivering water on the
ground less than others.

Write for catalog of the HEER ENGINE
"The reliable engine with thejerk left out"

The Heer Engine Co.

207 E Street,
Portsmouth, O.

Also Builders of the Four Wheel Drive Oil Tractor.

PAYS FOR ITSELF IN ONE MONTH

and Keeps on Saving You Money at the Same
Rate Thereafter.

THE RECLAMATION DITCHER

Cuts Canals and Laterals for less than any other
machinery — because it plows the dirt out with One
Continuous Sweeping Motion.

We guarantee the cost per yard and prove it before
you buy.

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co.

Indianapolis, Ind.

Delays Pay No Dividends. Mail This Coupon Today.
The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind.

Below are descriptions of our proposed ditches. What will it cost per
cubic yard to make them with the Reclamation Ditcher?

Length

Width in
Bottom

Average
Depth

Maximum
Depth

Minimum
Depth

Slope of
Sides

Character of Soi!

•

Name

Address

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IEEIGATION AGE.

259

You Need

R eliable
Footwear

Why not get the best your money
can buy? You save in the long run

Cutter's

Cruiser's and Sportman's

Boots

will meet your service require-
ments. <J This is our No. 106
16' Chocolate Chrome Sporting
Boot— Hand made throughout.

Send today for illustrated
booklet describing the Cut-
ter line of Driving, Cruis-
and Sporting Boots.

It

Will Pay
You

A. A. Cutter Company

Eau Claire, Wisconsin

SAMSON TURBINE

When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans-
mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of
the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given
power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER
transmission machinery can be used.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO,

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

316 Lagonda Street

Perfect Service

at

Minimum Cost

in the long run is supplied by the

Lennon
Metal Flume

Made from galvanized sheets of the purest and most durable iron on the market.

AMERICAN INGOT IRON

Write the Nearest Manufacturer for Full Information

CALIFORNIA— Los Angeles-West Berkeley.

California Corrugated Culvert Co.
COLORADO — Colorado Springs,

Lennon Metal Flume Co.
COLORADO— Manitou,

Lennon Flume Co.
MONTANA— Missoula.

Montana Culvert Co.

NEBRASKA— Wahoo.

Nebraska Culvert & Mfg. Co.
OREGON— Portland.

Coast Culvert & Flume Co.
SOUTH DAKOTA— Sioux Falls.

Sioux Falls Metal Culvert Co.

TEXAS— El Paso.

Western Metal Mfg. Co.
TEXAS — Houston.

Lone Star Culvert Co.
UTAH— Woods Cross.

Utah Culvert Co.
WASH I N GTO N— Spokane .

Spokane Corrugated Culvert & Tank Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

260

THE IERIGATION AGE.

This Book Shows How to

Plan a Private Irrigation

Pumping Plant

It also shows all of
the various types of
pumps to meet the
conditions found in
different localities,
tells how to select
the proper pump for
your conditions, how
to determine the
amount of power you

will need and all the other things the

irrigator needs to know.

One will be sent free on request
as long as they last. Write today

TH

174 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Branches in All Principal Cities

Gates and Flumes

Thi

The simplest and quickest erected
I flume joint on the market, consequently
lowest in initial and final cost. Can be
fabricated in the field on large jobs, effect-
| ing a great saving in freight.

We manufacture:

Main Headgates

Lateral Headgates
Gate Valves

Metal Flumes

Steel or Wood Pipe

| We carry a complete stock of Wire Mesh

and Steel Bars for Concrete

reinforcement

Designs and estimates furnished on all
irrigation structures and supplies.

Write us your requirements and full in-
formation will be sent.

Power Pumping Plants — Reasonable

Fitts Machinery & Construction Co.

Main Office, McPhee Bldg., Denver, Col.

EDWARDS REVERSIBLE
4 HORSE ROAD GRADER

AN UP TO DATE MACHINE FOR BUILDING
AND MAINTAINING ROADS

Having a complete line of adjustments it is
equally well adapted for making ditches, both
for dry land irrigation and rice field work.

I also manufacture THE RURAL ROAD GRADER
and IRRIGATION DITCHER, STUMP PULLERS
and other machines.

Write for descriptive catalog and prices.

C. D. EDWARDS. Albert Lea, Minn.

The Faithful Friend

Do not be contented until you have the
best, as these pumps have a good suction
lift, with capacities of 12 to 500 gallons
per minute, automatic cake-up for wear,
and free from springs or small parts
that cause trouble.

SEND us your pumping proposition today,
and let us quote you on the best pump made

Blackmer Rotary
Pump Power & Mfg. Co.

PETOSKEY, MICHIGAN

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, JULY, 1914.

No. 9

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged
The National Land and Irrigation Journal

MODERN IRRIGATION

THE IRRIGATION ERA
ARID AMERICA
THE WATER USERS' BULLETIN

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL
MID-WEST

THE FARM HERALD
THE IRRIGATOR

D. H. ANDERSON

PUBLISHER,
30 No. Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Old No. 118 Dearborn St.

Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postoffice
at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 8, 1879.

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready; Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . . *1-00

To Canada and Mexico. 1.50

All Other Foreign Countries 1-60

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local
banks. Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or
New York draft.

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

The Executive Committee of the National Federation
of Water Users' Associations has taken action whereby
THE IRRIGATION AGE is created the official organ of this
vast organization, representing 1,000,000 persons on the
government irrigation projects.

Interesting to Advertisers

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age
is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in
advance circulation among individual irrigators and large
irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all inter-
ested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the
world. The Irrigation Age is 29 years old and is the
pioneer publication of its class in the world.

The Board of Governors of the Irri-
The Irrigation gallon Congress has not yet taken
Congress any steps to rescind the despicable

Must Be contract under which they sold the

Saved great organization to Canada. Prep-

arations are going on merrily for the
meeting across the border and the crafty Canadians
are doing their best to obtain publicity for their
lands by using the name of the Congress. A few
newspapers are giving space to this publicity — but
they are very few.

Among other documents which the Canadian
boomers are again giving circulation in connection
with the Congress, is a signed article by Frederick
Haynes Xewell, director of the United States
Reclamation Service, in which he attempts to show
.the advantages of Canadian irrigated lands over
those of the nation which pays him a salary.

Unless we are terribly misinformed, Secretary
Hooker and the Board of Governors are not as well
pleased now as they were when they had just com-
pleted the sale of the Congress. Their repeated
"explanations" that the Congress had not been sold
but just leased for a year, have met with little or no

favor among Americans. Papers throughout the
West and many in the East have spoken in no un-
certain words of condemnation of the "deal." Since
THE IRRIGATION AGE revealed the fact that the Con-
gress was sold despite the fact that Ogden, Utah,
had offered to entertain it, the excoriations of the
Board of Governors have grown even more vehe-
ment.

Meanwhile, the Canadians, having found that
for their $10,000 they had received little else but an
opportunity to pay Secretary Hooker's magnificent
salary, have become peeved. When the ruse of
using the Congress in order to get their land boost-
ing publicity into United States papers failed to
work, they became even more peevish. As a result.
Secretary Hooker, we are told, has been sat upon
frequently and strenuously during the past month,
and he is feeling not at all good. The Canadians
have announced that they will do most if not all the
junketing themselves, and this has not been pleas-
ing to certain officials of the Congress, who expected
to make a number of trips.

Some of the officials have even been so "im-
pertinent" as to investigate the hurried summons

262

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

for Hooker to attend the recent Irrigation Confer-
ence at Denver.

Surely these men, who sold the Congress, are
in a sad plight.

It would be no more than fitting to let Hooker
and the Board of Governors continue to suffer hu-
miliation at the hands of the purchasers of the Con-
gress, if it did not mean peril for the Congress itself.

But the Irrigation Congress should be saved.
It should not be prostituted to boom the lands of an
alien nation. It was organized to aid in the develop-
ment of the West of the United States. That is its
one great purpose and mission.

If the Board of Governors and Secretary Hook-
er haven't enough red-blooded patriotism in their
veins to undo the deal which they have made they
should resign at once ; the executive committee of
the Congress should be called together and steps
taken to restore the Congress to American soil and
to the purposes for which it was originated and
built up. The sale of the Congress must be stopped.

Better the Irrigation Congress die than be sold
into slavery to the Canadian land boomers.

Louis W. Hill, president of the Great
Mr. Hill's Northern Railway, had just corn-

Indictment pleted a trip over the vast system
of F. H. which he controls. He was accom-

Newell panied by a party of men, prominent

in many walks of life — all of them
hard-headed business men, with the interests of the
West at heart. A Western town was banqueting
Mr. Hill. He was asked to speak. His mind was
filled with those things which he had just seen ;
with similar things which he had seen on many
other trips through the West. He cited the Willis-
ton pumping project in North Dakota, and the Fort
Peck and Milk River projects in Montana, all Fed-
eral government enterprises, and then he delivered
this stinging indictment of F. H. Newell, director of
the Reclamation Service:

"For fourteen years practically every man own-
ing water rights under these projects has surren-
dered his rights to the Reclamation Service, and
nothing has yet been done. These countries have
been set back a generation through Newell's incom-
petency and prejudice. Newell has killed these coun-
tries, and it is felt that he has been a national calam-
ity.

"If the rottenness and incompetency of Newell's
administration should ever be brought to light the
Eastern states would all be against any further
reclamation activity."

Mr. Hill added that he hoped Newell would at-
tempt to make him prove his indictment in the
courts. Mr. Hill is a responsible citizen of consid-
erable wealth. The press wires carried his state-

ment to all 'parts' of the nation. There was no re-
sponse from Newell. He has permitted the indict-
ment to go unchallenged.

Xewell's defense always has been that the com-
plaints against his regime came only from a few
disgruntled settlers here and there. He has suc-
ceeded in making official Washington believe this,
and, aided by the powerful political interests to
whom he has been able to show very substantial
favors, he has hung on to his job and laughed and
smirked at the suffering settlers.

The indictment brought against him by Mr. Hill
is not that of a poor, defenseless settler. The charge
is made by a man schooled in engineering affairs,
a thorough student of business, big and little; by a
man in constant touch with the men and women
who live on Federal projects ; by one who has oppor-
tunity to observe conditions on these projects and
compare them with conditions elsewhere. The in-
dictment is brought by a man who is recognized
among his fellows as brainy, conservative and care-
ful.

We believe Secretary of the Interior Lane is al-
ready fully informed of the observations of Mr. Hill
and other big men of the West concerning Newell
and his activities. Why has Secretary Lane not
acted ?

Surely he is not afraid of Newell and the pow-
erful interests who are backing him. We believe
Secretary Lane is too courageous to be frightened
even by such great political power.

Or does Mr. Lane feel the same fear that is ex-
pressed in the last paragraph of Mr. Hill's indict-
ment— that an exposure of Newell and his methods
will mean an end to Federal reclamation. If that
is the excuse for keeping Newell, THE IRRIGATION-
AGE contends that it is a very poor one.

The East is too great, too patriotic, and, if not
these, too mercenary to halt a great work such as
Federal reclamation just because it may be shown
that more than one-third or one-half of a fund of
$100,000,000 has been lost or wasted or thrown away
through incompetency. No, the East will not stop
reclamation work, but instead, if told the truth, the
East and the South and the North will be found
working with the \Vest to clean out this incompe-
tency, to relieve the present burdensome conditions
under which the settlers are struggling, to eliminate
bureaucracy and bring about American rule, to
furnish funds to correct the errors and waste of the
past and to complete the projects, and to see to it
that the settlers on the Federal projects are made
to pay only for what they have actually received.

It is time to tell the truth, and the full truth,
about Federal Reclamation. No threats by any

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

263

large or small Reclamation Service official of aban-
donment of work in any state should be permitted
to halt a full revelation of conditions.

If the Borland inquiry does not dig deep enough
to cause a thorough house-cleaning and the elimina-
tion of the bureaucracy in the Reclamation Service
the settlers should demand another investigation at
once. They should see to it that Congress grants
it, and grants it without any strings by which the
powerful interests behind the bureaucracy can con-
trol it.

Until the rotten spots are removed from the
Reclamation Service, the Federal Water Users are
going to be in hot water. They have t>een there
long enough. It is time that they be given oppor-
tunity to live as befits an American citizen and that
greatest of all American citizens, the American
farmer.

South Side canal is using water on 160,000 acres
that is sufficient for 300,000 acres, and in a few
years that 160,000 acres and your 120,000 acres will
be damaged to an extent that will cost you a huge
sum to repair."

Sir William Willcocks, the eminent
The Warn- British engineer, who was hired by
ing of a Secretary of the Interior Lane to

Man Who inspect the government irrigation
Knows projects, sounded a remarkable

warning against extravagance in
the use of irrigating water in a recent speech in
Boise, Idaho. It is a warning that every irrigator
should take to heart, for it applies not only to the
district of which he was speaking on that particu-
lar day, but to the whole irrigable area of the United
States.

Seepage means ruin — it should be guarded
against constantly.

Here is what Sir William said:

"I feel as if I should say something about what
I have seen in my visit here. I think I may say
I know thoroughly the subject of irrigation. In
fact, I know little else. Music, for instance, means
nothing to me. I know nothing of politics and of
general topics of interest. My father was an irriga-
tion engineer in India and I began working with
him at 12 years of age. I am now 62, and have
worked and plodded on irrigation and nothing but
irrigation for fifty years.

"I have been employed in India, Egypt, and
am familiar with conditions in Turkey, in Arabia,
in Italy, but never in my whole experience have
I seen such a willful waste of water or seen water
so injuriously applied as here.

"Let me tell you of the Boise valley that you
have sufficient water flowing through your canyon
of the Boise river to irrigate 400,000 acres, and if
that water is used on a smaller area you are going
to ruin your land. You are ruining it now.

"From what I have been told, your Twin Falls

The West is much better off than
Eastern tne East> according to Frederick E.

Banker Farnsworth of New York, secretary

Finds West of the American Bankers' Associa-
Prosperous tion. In a recent statement Mr.

Farnsworth said :

"The West, it appears to me, is going to have
one of the most prosperous years in its history.
There's no business depression — plenty of money
in the banks, lots of it; big crops coming in — in
fact, tremendous crops. The West is better off
than the East, because you have the crops to rely
upon, while we are largely depending upon our
manufacturing industries."

Investigations by THE IRRIGATION AGE confirm
every word of this prominent New York banker.
The outlook for the West this year is exceedingly
bright. Its prosperity, too, is of the good, substan-
tial, permanent variety and will prove lasting.

The Department of Agriculture
U S Wheat predicts a wheat crop for 1914 of
Crop Goes 900,000,000 bushels; the greatest in
to 900,000,000 the history of the United States;
Bushels almost half the world's yield of

wheat. The yield in 1913 was 753,-
000,000 bushels.

Heavy yields in all other lines of produce on
United States farms are also forecast. It is proba-
ble that the farm products for 1914 will exceed the
colossal figures of last year, when the American
farmers produced more than ten billion dollars'
worth of products.

It is an enormous contribution to the prosper-
ity of the nation. The money transactions involved
in the marketing of this stupendous output mean
processes of exchange of which there can be no
measure. When the farmers are paid for these
products and when they in turn square off their
annual balances and make their investments, it
means a distribution of wealth and profits almost
beyond calculation.

The wheat prediction has even a greater sig-
nificance. It shows that the soil that had been de-
pleted in its fertility is being restored. It means
that better farm methods are applied and a larger
output per acre secured. It also means, beyond
doubt, that every process on American farms is
undergoing change from haphazard and primitive

264

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

methods to enlightened endeavor, out of which
better live stock, better poultry, better bookkeep-
ing and better results are obtained.

The improvement of the soil is our national
safety valve. We are multiplying in population far
faster than we are multiplying- our farm products.
Our consumption is swiftly overtaking production,
and it is national defense when the broad acres of
our farms are increasing the treasures that they
give to mankind.

While the average farmer in the
Uncle Sam's West is more troubled trying to
Rules for find money which he can borrow at

Borrowing a reasonable rate of interest than
Money with any other problem, neverthe-

less he can no doubt derive some
good from an investigation which Uncle Sam's ex-
perts have just made concerning farm loans. Out
of their extensive studies these experts have evolved
three rules, which are worth while remembering.
The rules are:

1. Make sure that the purpose for which the
borrowed money is to be used will produce a re-
turn greater than needed to pay the debt.

2. The length of time the debt is to run should
have a close relation to the productive life of the
improvement for which' the money is borrowed.

3. Provision should be made in long-time loans
for the gradual reduction of the principal.

The first rule is, of course, the key to the wise
use of credit. Between borrowing money to spend
on one's self and borrowing money to buy equip-
ment of some sort with which to make more money
there is all the difference between folly and fore-
sight, extravagance and thrift. If the money is
borrowed for a wise purpose it will produce enough
to pay back principal and interest and leave a fair
margin of profit for the borrower into the bargain.
If it is borrowed for a foolish purpose, it will pro-
duce nothing and consequently there will be noth-
ing with which to repay the loan. From this point
of view it matters comparatively little whether the
interest be high or low. It is the repayment of the
principal that is the chief difficulty.

Rules 2 and 3 deal with the most satisfactory
ways of repayment. Underneath them both is the
same principle: The loan must be repaid with
the money it earns itself. For example, if the money
is used to buy a machine that will last ten years,
the machine must earn enough in that time to pay
for itself or it never will. The loan, therefore,
should be entirely repaid before the ten years are
up or the farmer will lose money on the transac-

tion, paying out interest for no benefit in return.
On the other hand, if too early a date is set for
repayment, the machine will not have had sufficient
opportunity to make the requisite money and the
borrower may have difficulty in raising it elsewhere.
Rule 3 provides for some form of amortization, the
system by which the principal is repaid in install-
ments so that the amount of the loan is continually
diminishing and in consequence the interest charges
also.

A commission appointed by the gov-
Some ernment of Saskatchewan "to exam-

Canadian ine into the ways and means for

Figures bettering the position of Saskatche-

on Wheat wan grain in the European mar-

kets," has just niade a report, which
every American farmer should read. The report
will prove of particular benefit to those farmers
who have contemplated crossing the border into
Canada. The report tells a story entirely different
from the alluring advertisements with which many
farmers have been induced to leave the United
States.

The cost of producing wheat as determined by
the commission is reported to be 55 cents per bushel
on the farm and 62 cents per bushel f. o. b. cars at
country points.

According to the report, the cost of production
has increased 12:15 per cent since 1909, while, on
the other hand, the price of wheat to the Saskatche-
wan farmer has decreased from 81 1-5 cents per
bushel in 1909, to 66ys cents per bushel in 1913,
leaving a net return, on this basis, of 4^ cents per
bushel to the farmer.

A. P. Davis, chief engineer of the
A. P. Davis Reclamation Service, has been sent
Tackles to China to help the new Republic

The Wily solve its flood problems. Davis, no

Chinee doubt, can find plenty to do among

the wily Chinee to keep him occu-
pied for several years. Meanwhile, some of the
problems of the projects under the Reclamation
Service can no doubt be worked out. Davis' absence
will perhaps facilitate the solutions.

THE IRRIGATION AGE suggested this Chinese job
for Director Newell, believing it offered Secretary
Lane an easy way of eliminating that person from
the Reclamation Service.

\Ve are just about as well pleased that Davis
should have been sent, as we believe he is almost
equally to blame for the present terrible conditions
on the Federal projects and for the tremendous ex-
penditures for which the government can never
justly expect any return.

THE IBBIGATION AGE.

265

MELILOTUS ALBA— NO LONGER DESPISED

M[

E. G. Finnup, who has
3.000 acres seeded to »weet
clover.

ELILOTUS ALBA !

Do you recognize the name ?
No?

Well, he is an old friend of yours
— or rather you have considered
him a foe, if you have lived east
of the one hundredth meridian. If
you have farmed in the eastern
country you have waged relentless
war upon him. Even the state leg-
islatures have passed laws to exter-
minate him.

But he would not be downed. No

matter how poor the land or how gravelly the road-
side, Melilotus Alba found some spot to call home

and to grow and to thrive. None but the bees and

their masters ever

said a kind word

for him, but still his

white blossoms, with

their fragrance, and

the deep green of

the leaves, continued

to lend cheer to

friend as well as

foe.

A n d still you

don't recognize Mel-
ilotus Alba? Well,

his other name is

Sweet Clover.

And now Sweet

Clover defines dol-
lars instead of nox-
ious weed.

Its value as a hay

and forage crop has

been proven, and

hundreds of farm-

e r s have seeded

fields with it this

year. Thousands

more will do so next

year. The demand

for sweet clover seed

is greater than the

supply today.

Investigation has

proven that it com-
pares favorably as

a forage and hay

crop with alfalfa. It

is superior in some

particulars to red

clover. It has a more

beneficial effect upon

Spring lambs pasturing on sweet clover on W. U. Sanderson's Farm at Nysta, Ore.

grows on land too wet, too dry, or too rocky for
other crops. But it is not only a waste land crop.
It is a crop that will pay well on the best land on
the farm, and many farmers are seeding their choicest
pasture to it. It is drouth resisting; therefore val-
uable where the rainfall is light.

Cattle will not eat it ? True in many cases. Prob-
ably you had to learn to eat olives or rattlesnake steak
or muskrat roast or snails or any of the other high-
priced delicacies of one of Chicago's gilded res-
taurants. Cows, horses and other livestocks are a
good deal like humans. Some even have to learn to
like corn.

Sweet clover makes very good pasture in early
spring, and if the stock is turned in while the leaves
are young and succulent, they quickly develop an

appetite for it. After
becoming a c c u s-
tomed to it, many
cattle eat it in pref-
erence to other
kinds of hay.

There are numer-
ous varieties of
sweet clover, but
Melilotus Alba, the
ordinary white blos-
somed kind, is gen-
e r a 1 1 y considered
the most valuable.

One of the pio-
neers in the sweet
clover industry was
E. G. Finnup, whose
farm is located near
Garden City, in Fin-
ney county, Kansas.
He has 3',000 acres
in sweet clover this
year. But let him
tell his own story.

"I started to feed
this sweet clover
about eight years
ago," said Mr. Fin-
n u p. "I t is the
white blooming va-
riety (Melilotus
Alba), which is con-
sidered the best;
and from watching
my stock feeding on
it I began to believe
that they did better
on sweet clover hay

beneficial effect Upon Handlmg sweet clover with a "boat Jed." Fiom 1.500 to 2,000 pound, of sweet cloverhaycanbecarried than IllOSt any Other

the soil Tt has -A t° the thresher on one of these sleds. 2x 1 2x20 feet. Any seed, which is shattered off the shocks into the boats. rniio-Vinocc en T r-nm

Ildi> d. is swept up and saved. rOUgnnCSS, SO

high protein content. menced to spread the fields and got to sowing it until

Sweet clover will grow where hardly anything now I have about 3,000 acres.

else will grow. It has been found to do well in land "Sweet clover has proven to be as good feed for

too high in alkali for anything else to live on. It all kinds of stock as alfalfa.

266

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

"It makes a better early pasture, will not bloat
stock, and is easier grown.

"It grows without much preparation of the
ground, and will grow on ground too poor for any
other crop, and is about the best fertilizer for worn-
out soil of any of the clovers.

"In 1912, from 120 acres of ground, I got a
little over 900 bushels of seed, which sold for $10
to $15 per bushel. That year I sold a carload to one
seed house — the first carload lot known to have been
sold by any grower of sweet clover.

"In 1913 I harvested about 600 bushels off 200
acres, and it is selling at $15 per bushel for the hulled,
recleaned seed.

"I attribute the reason for sweet clover seed
being so high and alfalfa seed so cheap to be because
alfalfa will grow in only a few states profitably, while
sweet clover will

"I am absolutely positive about it not bloating any
kind of stock, and it will not give horses the heaves like
alfalfa sometimes will.

"A good crop of seed averages from about 4 bush-
els to 15 bushels per acre. I consider it equal to alfalfa
as a feed ; that is the reason I am growing it in prefer-
ence to alfalfa, one of the reasons, at least."

grow in nearly every
state in the Union,
if not in every one.
"It produces the
best blossom for
bees of any of the
clovers. It is a help
to orchards, keeping
down weeds, making
hay as well as fertil-
izing the land.

"I cut my first
crop for hay the lat-
ter part of May. The
last of August the
seed is ripe, then
another short hay
crop. You can al-
low the first crop to
go for seed, but the
stems get pretty
thick and tall, so
that it is harder to
handle. It is a bien-
nial legume plant, so
that the first year
it does not go to seed, but will seed the next year.
Enough seed falls off every fall to reseed the ground,
so that it is a continuous crop similar to alfalfa.

"I thresh with a regular grain separator — either
out of the stack or shocks. I think 10 pounds of seed
per acre is sufficient to sow in this section. I prefer
to sow in the fall and winter. A good many have ex-
cellent success by sowing in February, March, April,
May and June. I think a good deal depends on the
season ; in fact, almost all.

"Prepare land about as for alfalfa. I have had
good success, however, by sowing right on the sod and
then harrowing or discing. The yield is about the
same as alfalfa, but it makes a larger tonnage than
alfalfa under similar conditions.

"It seems to stand all kinds of pasturing, both in
the spring and fall. I know of some fields that are
pastured clear up into May and then make a good
crop of seed and a hay crop besides. I do not think
it lasts as long as alfalfa for pasture in the fall. There
is no bad effect on the milk of cows pasturing sweet
clover or eating the hay. I refer to the white bloom-
ing variety.

W. J. Bryan in clover. B This photograph shows the Stcretary of State and a party of friend* inspecting
a field of sweet clover in E.'G. Finnup's farm near Garden City, Kan. This held stood 31 2 feet high in the
middle of June.

CONVICTS CLEAR IDAHO LANDS

Idaho has put its convicts to work clearing and
developing state lands in the Gem Irrigation dis-
trict. The land will be sold, after the convicts com-
plete their work of clearing off the sage brush and
ditching, as improved farms. The land is expected
to bring close to $100 per acre. Pending their sale,
the improved lands will be used to raise produce
for the prison.

Governor Haines,

who originated the
policy, believes he
has solved the prob-
lem of finding a
healthful employ-
ment for the pris-
oners. He also ex-
pects the develop-
ment on the Gem
project and on oth-
ers where the state
holds lands, to cut
a big hole in the
annual taxes.

T h e G e in Irri-
gation district is
one of the most
pro raising irriga-
tion tracts in the
West. It comprises
about 30,000 acres
of land, included in
which are about
8,000 acres of state
lands. These lands
sell for from $20 to
$30 per acre in their raw state, in addition to
which the purchaser buys a water right from the
district. The land is excellent for fruit. It is lo-
cated about twenty miles southwest of Caldwell in
the Snake River valley.

SHOSHONE PROJECT GETS CREAMERY

Water Users and business men in the Shoshone,
Wyoming, government irrigation project have or-
ganized a creamery company. The company is
capitalized at $10,000. No stockholder can own
more than one share of the stock, the par value of
which is $50.

SOUTH AFRICAN PROJECT ASSURED

The long-proposed Crocodile river, South
Africa, irrigation scheme now seems certain to be
realized, the cost being estimated at $3,310,000. The
area brought into condition for cultivation will be
66,000 acres.

Cuts used with the Sweet Clover article are from photographs
made for the International Harvester Co.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

267

•

fDUoUcUQlJDM^^

•

I

i

•

T1 ~,\ '1 1 /£§) x-w
no .l'e teal r €k

Water Ust)rs ^^lf

A Dopju'inient .Duvcto-l -co civ.;
.Ini'-ri'osts of the SVrmnrs on tnc
Government Irrigation Projects

EDITED BY GEORGE J. SCHARSCHUG

•

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•

TRUCKEE-CARSON WINS W. U ASSOCIATION

Fullo i H. Sears
(Fallon. Nev.)

CEDERAL WATER USERS on the Truckee-
* Carson project in Nevada will meet July 11 to
complete steps for the formation of a recognized

\Vater Users' associa-
tion.

The organization
meeting will be a vic-
torious culmination of
a fight extending over
many years for the cre-
ation of such an asso-
ciation. The Truckee-
Carson Water Users
have had a voluntary
association, but never
succeeded in being rec-
ognized by any Secre-
tary of the Interior, be-
cause of the opposition
of F. H. Newell, di-
rector of the Reclama-
tion Service, and other officials to any thorough or-
ganization of Water Users. Demands for charter
membership of at least two-thirds of the settlers on
the project and for the acceptance of the charter-
form created for new projects were the weapons
used constantly to keep the settlers from organiz-
ing. This was done despite the fact that the Water
Users' contracts demand that they belong to a
\\ ater Users' association.

Despite these tactics, the Water Users, realiz-
ing the value to themselves and their project of a
recognized association, kept up their battle to ob-
tain one. Fulton H. Sears, former president of the
voluntary association, and member of the Execu-
tive Committee of the National Federation of
Water Users' Associations, led the fight, and to him
is due. largely, the credit for obtaining acceptance
by the Reclamation Commission of a charter which
is also satisfactory to the settlers. This charter is
the most modern and advanced of Water Users' as-
sociation contracts with the government, as it not
only fulfills all the requirements of the Reclamation
Act, but also contains provisions for co-operative
enterprises of all kinds among the settlers. Under
it the Water Users can do co-operative buying and
selling, banking, build mills, warehouses, cold stor-
age plants, and provide other necessary equipment
for handling the produce of the project. They are
also given full powers under which they can operate
their project when it is turned over to them by the
government.

Obtaining of approval of this charter was no
small task. Mr. Sears made several trips to Wash-
ington to obtain aid from the various Secretaries
of the Interior in forming an association. He told
the officials that conditions on the Truckee-Carson
project, the oldest among all of them, were such
that it was impossible to get the settlers to accept
the more or less archaic form, which the Reclama-
tion Service adopted when associations were formed
on newer projects. He explained that the govern-
ment had attempted to settle for private water
rights through individual contracts in the Truckee
country, driving a different deal with each water
owner, instead of working through an associa-
tion, as was done on the newer projects. But all
in vain.

Finally a conference was arranged in Chicago
between W. A. Ryan, comptroller of the Reclama-
tion Commission, Mr. Sears, and the editor of the
Federal Water Users' department of THE IRRIGA-
TION AGE. The situation was explained fully to Mr.
Ryan. It was agreed that Mr. Sears should draw
such a charter as would comply with the Reclama-
tion Act, and which also would meet the needs of
the Truckee-Carson project. Mr. Ryan agreed to
see that it received the attention of Secretary of the
Interior Lane and the Commission.

The charter was examined thoroughly by Judge
King, counsel of the Reclamation Commission, and
with some minor changes, approved by him. These
changes were accepted by Mr. Sears.

Then came a long wait. Finally, early in June,
word came from Judge King that as soon as the
association was organized, Secretary Lane would
recognize it by entering into a contract with it. Mr.
Sears immediately began work of arranging for the
organization meeting. Harvesting of alfalfa made
it necessary to delay the meeting until in July, but
meanwhile the Water Users have had opportunity
to study the charter closely, and it is believed in
Fallen that a very large percentage of the settlers
will join the association at the first meeting.

VOTE FUNDS FOR WAPATO PROJECT

The Senate voted favorably recently on an
amendment to the Indian appropriation bill, pro-
viding $200.000 for starting work on the Wapato
irrigation project on the Yakima Indian reserva-
tion in Washington. As the House had already
passed the appropriation bill, construction of the
project, which will put water on 60,000 acres and
provide storage supply for another 60,000 acres, is
assured.

268

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

MAKE THE FEDERAL WATER RIGHT AN ASSET

A Water User Tells How the Government Can Solve Its Irrigration Problem

By JOHN C. BELL

Associate Judge of the Court of Appeals of Colorado and a Water User
on the Uncowpahgj-c Project.

WAS directed
by the com-
mittee on Irri-
gation at the
Denver Con-
gress to present
the question of
finance for the
farmers under
the Irrigation
projects to the
Congress. Un-
der this topic I
referred to the
question of the
govern ment
making a water
rig-lit not only a
burden and an
e n c u m brance
upon the land to
be watered, but
even upon the
cheap unwatered
land, which was

A Cherry Orchard in Blossom, near Rifle, Colo.

not tillable, and also on any watered land the owner
might possess.

The government, in taking subscriptions upon
lands held in private ownership, requires the sub-
scriber to subscribe all the land he has, whether wa-
tered or unwatered, tillable or not tillable ; then they
record this subscription as a lien upon his watered
land, that to be watered, his tillable land and that
which is not tillable, then hold the water right as
security for the payment of the water itself.

Where a private corporation builds a ditch, it
usually regards the water worth all it charges for it ;
it holds the faucet and turns the water on when the
fixed charges are paid. It generally gives indulgence
to the farmer from the beginning to the end of the
irrigation season, with the agreement that no water
can be applied to the land in the future until all
arrearages have been settled, hence any man who
wishes to cultivate his land the second year cannot
have the use of water until the arrearages are paid.
This has been considered sufficient security for a
private corporation. Why should it not be for the
government ?

The subscribers, when putting in all of their
realty, with the understanding that the watered and
non-irrigable lands were to be eliminated, understood
that the elimination would take place in a reasonable
time after the subscriptions were made, so they would
at least have their non-irrigable and watered land as
an asset : but, instead of this elimination being made
within six months or a year, as anticipated, the gov-
ernment has held it throughout the long period of

construction and until the completion of the project,
in cases now running up from near the date of the
beginning of the first projects in 1902 and 1903 to

the present time,
and with, prob-
ably, from four
t o six years
more to be
added.

If the govern-
ment intends the
water to be
worth what it is
charging, w h y
should it not be
as liberal with
the citizen as the
private corpora-
tion, and hold
the faucet and
pledge of the
water, and give
the farmer a
chance to make
a crop and pay
his annual
charges there-
from and, if he
neglects to pay the first year's charges before he re-
quires a second year's use of water, then withhold the
second year's use until his use for the first year is
settled? Under the Uncompahgre Project the Mont-
rose & Delta Canal, now owned by the government,
was run successfully under the suggested system by
the Travellers' Insurance Company under a long own-
ership by it, to the mutual benefit to both the owner
and the fanner.

This is the simplest and easiest way for the
farmer to get the money with which to pay for his
water. Often his swamp lands or cheap lands, not
worth the price of government irrigation, may be cov-
ered with spring flows, or accessible seep water, making
it worth from $10 to $20 an acre, which would be
an asset upon which he might obtain small loans if
the government would relieve it from its subscrip-
tion, as it promised to do when it obtained it.

There is no person so interested in making homes
for the people as the government itself. Every time
it makes an American home it has the assurance of an
American patriot. The farm raised boy is never over-
specialized, but is taught a diversified system of labor,
and, if he cannot do the thing of his choice, he can do
anything that turns up. It is a rare thing to find the
farm boy tramping the roads for lack of employment.
It is from the ranks of those who are over-special-
ized to the performance of one or few duties that be-
come helpless in limited labor markets. The men who
arm themselves against the constituted authorities of
the government are usually of the homeless and prop-
ertyless classes. It is the duty of the government to

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

269

exert an influence to overcome the necessity of any-
one becoming homeless or propertyless.

It has been the general opinion of the man on the
farm and who must pay for this reclamation that the
government should not encumber either the land wa-
tered by it or the non-irrigab!c land, or that watered
by the individual, but that the government should leave
these assets for use of the owner in preparing himself
to pay the government price for water. The present
system makes the water purchaser a quasi ward of the
government. It resembles in a measure the treatment
of the American Indian. The government required
the Indian to take his land in severally, then did not
permit him to sell it, obtain credit upon it, or to use it
as an asset. The same rule applied to the white man
would make him helpless and a failure on the farm,
but, probably, not to the same extent as the Indian has
been.

The way to make the farmer progress under the
Reclamation projects is not to give him alms to weaken
his self-reliance, but to give him the liberty of use of
his property in making his own development. If the
government will give the farmer freedom of action in
the use of his land and a reasonable time in which to
pay for his water on such terms as private corpora-
tions or individuals have done, with the elimination of
the interest charge, then if the farmer does not succeed
in general it is a waste of effort to attempt to keep him

on the farm, and the quicker he sells out and engages
in some other vocation the better it will be for the
government and the inefficient land owner. However,
the government cannot afford to make this water right
that it proposes to provide for the farmer by mere
advance of money without interest, an incumbrance
rather than an asset.

The harsh and exacting system of administration
discourages and deters the poorer classes from trying
to water or develop a home on arid land. No feasible
system, manacled with hard and fast rules made
equally applicable to all arid lands scattered over dis-
tances of from fifteen hundred to two thousand miles,
while bodies of land in close proximity to each other
require different administration, can be even pass-
ably successful.

What the farmer needs and must have to succeed
is liberty of opportunity to sell, trade, use and encum-
ber his lands in whole or part for the purpose of de-
velopng the same, stocking it or selling part to aid in
improving the remainder. No one not actually in the
harness and familiar with all the attending circum-
stances is qualified to say what is best for the farmer.
The best financial policy that can be furnished the
farmer is to relieve his land of all burdens, and allow
him to work out his own development in his own
chosen way.

LANE DENIES PLEA OF BLACK CANYON SETTLERS

A STORY by F. G. Burroughs, of Caldwell, Ida.,
in the June issue of THE IRRIGATION AGE, told
how the settlers in the Black Canyon country — the
abandoned portion of the Payette-Boise project —
have struggled against almost insurmountable ob-
stacles. It told how these men, despite their de-
sertion by the Reclamation Service bureaucracy,
which had invited them to settle on this project,
have never lost faith in their government, and re-
mained enthusiastic, patriotic citizens.

THE AGE commented editorially on this story
and urged Secretary of the Interior Lane to take
steps to carry out the promises of F. H. Newell and
his ilk, whom the Secretary is still keeping on the
government payroll. The Caldwell, Ida., News re-
printed THE AGE editorial on its front page. In its
editorial columns it had the following to say :

"Returning members of the delegations which
visited Washington in the interests of the ]! lack-
Canyon report that Secretary Lane refuses to rec-
ognize the fact that the Black Canyon was orig-
inally a part of the Payette-Boise project and was
settled up as such. The Secretary is reported to
have said that 'While promises made by a preced-
ing Secretary of the Interior could not be regarded
as binding upon his successors in office, it would be
necessary to regard the Black Canyon as a new
undertaking,' and added the consolation that 'the
fact that the settlers there have endured and suf-
fered would certainly lodge in the minds of those
who will designate where new enterprises shall be
located.'

"On another page we print an editorial written
by the editor of a great Chicago irrigation journal

(THE IRRIGATION AGE), who has had exactly the
same facts presented to him that were shown to
Secretary Lane. It is a striking commentary upon
the difference between the cold-blooded official
viewpoint and that of a man whose heart is with
the irrigated west.

''At that it is hard to see how the Secretary
reaches his viewpoint. The Black Canyon (or
North Side section of the Payette-Boise project)
WAS a part of the original project. The settlers
WERE induced to come and settle there upon the
same promises of the government and at the same
time as the completed section. The records of the
Reclamation Service DO PROVE this fact. Former
Secretaries of the Interior HAVE admitted that
this is a fact. And yet along comes Lane and says
that from HIS VIEWPOINT the Black Canyon
is to be regarded as a 'new undertaking' !"

HELPS THE "STUNG" HOMESTEADER

W. A. Ryan, comptroller of the Reclamation
Commission, announced a new policy of Secretary
of the Interior Lane during his recent visit to the
Uncompahgre project in Colorado.

He said that where a homesteader has taken
up a homestead under the project and after living
on it for the allotted time it is found that his land
is not irrigable or not feasible under the project,
the department is inclined to permit him to relin-
quish the non-irrigable homestead and select from
the land under the project unentered, but at present
withdrawn, another homestead, giving him credit
on the new homestead for all the conditions he has
already fulfilled on the original homestead.

270

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

THE STORY OF A FEDERAL WATER USER

This Simple Statement of Facts Shows the Kind of Stuff the Settlers Are Made of

By A. L. GURWELL

A Water User on the Belle
Fourche, S. D., Project.

AS a Water User
on the Belle
Fourche (S. D.)
project I am in the
fight against New-
ell and his bureauc-
racy for justice and
equity. I filed on
a farm unit here in
1910. I had a wife
and five children,
about $4,000 and a
carload of equip-
ment. Today my
money is gone, I
am in debt and
have nothing left,
speaking in a busi-
ness way, but muscle
and brawn to continue

the battle. Thank
Newellism hasn't been able to deteriorate that.

I came to South Dakota to homestead land, ex-
pecting to have ample time to make my payments from
the money, lands and labor invested. I understood
that was the intent of the Reclamation Act. I was
first required to make a payment of $3.40 per acre,
cash down. I made my filing on March 1, 1910. In
about 10 days my filing was turned down because 40
acres of the unit had been entered several years pre-
vious, and this entry had not been cancelled on records
in the Land Office. 1 appealed to the General Land
Office at Washington, D. C. There was delay in get-
ting a decision until April 18, 1910.

Meanwhile I worked incessantly every day and a
good part of the nights building fences, clearing sage
brush land and breaking 30 acres. I seeded and
irrigated the land, being forced to build ditches through
my neighbor's farm to get water delivered to my own.
The water supply was exhausted about July 1, and
the crops were damaged very materially, notwithstand-
ing Newell's reports and records at Washington to the
contrary, -so I have been informed.

I received orders from R. F. Water, supervising
engineer, about July 1, 1910, that if I did not come
through with two more payments on my land my
water would be shut off. The order came through
the local engineer, F. C. McGruder, in charge. I
appeared at his office and notified him I would not
make the payments, so my fight began.

I appealed through the local land office to Wash-
ington in November, 1910, and obtained decisions in
my favor.

I made a short talk at the annual meeting of the
Water Users in the fall of 1910, but it did not suit]
Newellism, for a day later I was approached by one
of the Reclamation authorities, who tried to seal my
mouth. The plaster Newellism compounds is no good,
so did not partake. I wouldn't advise any Federal

Seme Colorado Hogs, raised on a San Luis Valley Irrigated Farm.

God

Water User to let
himself be silenced
if he wants to be an
American, or if he
has a dollar, Newel-
lism can squander
in extra vagance,
waste and ignor-
ance.

In January, 1911.
I went to the engi-
neer in charge and
made inquiry if they
would store water,
so I would have
water to raise a
crop. I was as-
sured that I would
have plenty of wa-
ter. I rented my
n e i g h b o r's land,

about seventy acres, seeded it to grain, as I also did
my own land. I received water with which to start
the crop, but never threshed a bushel of grain. I cut
something like thirteen small loads of burnt wheat and
oats hay off my neighbor's land and a proportionate
amount off my own. I lost a greater portion of my
1912 crop by hail, and failed to find a market for two
carloads of onions.

With such conditions as these Newellism says
come through and foot all the bills. Mortgage your
land, sell your cow and your horse ; run your face
until it is no good, and then turn up your toes. But
you must keep the Ncwellites riding around in auto-
mobiles, smoking cigars and wearing bull dog collars.
The extravagant overhead charges of the Reclamation
Service will break Uncle Sam, himself, if the brakes
are not tightened.

Why is Newell retained at the head of the Rec-
lamation Commission or permitted to have anything
to do with it? This man has practically wasted $40,-
000,000 of the people's money and a like amount df
the Water Users' money, if all the other projects are
in the same boat as is the Belle Fourche, as reports
indicate.

The cry has gone up from all over the West to
the seat of government, "Remove Newell." If it can-
not be done in any other way, give him a pension.
I will donate twenty-five cents a year to such a pen-
sion, providing that he is never again permitted to
occupy a position by which he can blight the happi-
ness and the homes of people as he has done in lording
it over the Water Users.

Rally, Brother Water Users. Rally ; don't give
up or even think of such a thing. The day is dawn-
ing when you will be freed from Newellism, with
all of its high-handed slavery and extravagance.
Throw on the searchlight. Blow the bugle long and
loud. The walls will crumble.

Continued on Page 281

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

271

CONGRESSMEN HUNT 20-YEAR BILL "LOBBYIST

Mysterious Person, Who Suggested They Were Loafing, Scored in House

G. E. Rodman, Who Received the
"Confidential" Letter

A .MYSTERIOUS person, who is described as a
Western man, is being hunted by the Congress-
men from the irrigation states, with a large-sized

club. If they find him,
he is liable to be the
subject of an "insidious
lobby" investigation.

It is certain his
name will get into the
Congressional Record,
accompanied by de-
scriptions of him such
as "bushwhacker, knave,
ignoramus, marplot,
grafter,'' and what not.
The m y s t e rious
person wrote a "confi-
dential" letter to G. E.
Rodman, secretary of
the Sunnyside Water
Users' Association of
Washington, in which
he charged that the
arid states' Representatives were negligent in push-
ing the Twenty-Year Reclamation Extension bill.
He declared many of them were absent from the
Mouse when the bill was called up for passage in
-May.

Mr. Rodman, like many other Water Users, is
anxious to see the Twenty-Year bill become a law.
He immediately began a campaign of telegrams and
letters through the Federal projects, seeking to
"speed up'' the Congressmen. He sent copies of the
"confidential" letter, without its signature to various
Water Users' Associations and others. The result
was a flood of letters and telegrams to Western
Congressmen.

When the bill was again called up for passage
on the unanimous consent calendar on June 15,
action upon it was promptly stopped by objection,
but not until Congressman Hayden of Arizona and
some others had had their say about the mysterious
person.

"Recently a number of members from States
in which Federal reclamation projects are located
received letters and telegrams from Water Users'
Associations and settlers on the projects urging
them to greater activity in behalf of the reclamation
extension bill," said Mr. Hayden. "Many of these
letters and telegrams were of such a character as
to impugn the good faith, the industry, and watch-
fulness of the members to whom they were sent,
and all of them were evidently inspired by the same
person. The insinuations which they contained
were so grossly unfair and unjust that I have under-
taken to ascertain, if possible, their source, in order
that I might expose the despicable methods used
to discredit among their constituents at least a
score of men on both sides of this Chamber.

"I have secured a copy of a letter which dis-
closes the reason why members have received these

letters and telegrams. Unfortunately the bush-
whacker who made this attack has succeeded in
having his name concealed on the plea that the in-
formation given was confidential in its nature."

Mr. Hayden read from the "confidential" letter.
This paragraph was greeted with laughter:

If thirty projects can't muster sufficient energy and
cohesiveness to raise, say, $1,000 for expenses, travel, post-
age, correspondence, dispatches, etc., they don't deserve
a great deal of sympathy.

"At the mention of this sum of money some
members have been unkind enough to wonder
whether in this secretive adviser might not be found
another Col. Mulhall, who, for a suitable considera-
tion, would consent to adopt this poor, orphaned
measure and who would promise that under his
lobbying care it would eventually reach the place
where all good bills hope to go and become a law,"
continued Mr. Hayden. "It is said there are men
who would stoop to deceive unsuspecting settlers
in order to obtain the price of a meal ticket."

Congressman Mann, perhaps facetiously, sug-
gested that Mr. Hayden start a Congressional in-
quiry immediately.

"Isn't that insidious lobby?" questioned Con-
gressman Madden.

Mr. Hayden declared every member of the
House Irrigation Committee except Chairman
Smith was present on the day the bill was called up.
He explained that objection to the bill had shut off
debate. Then he continued :

"The man who sent out this letter stating that
mere talk on the part of the Western members
could have affected the result is either a knave or
an ignoramus, and, whichever he is, his conduct
is equally reprehensible.

"On receipt of this letter Mr. Rodman, without
any attempt to verify the statements contained in
it, immediately rushed to a printing office and had
copies made for distribution among the Water
Users of the entire West. With it he sent out the
following letter:

"Sunnyside, Wash., May 26, 1914.
"To the Water Users' Associations:

"More information as to the opposition to the recla-
mation-extension bill impels us to urge the various asso-
ciations to take prompt and vigorous action in favor of the
bill, if they have not done so Below are copies of the
latest advices: as they are confidential, the name of the
author is withheld. They come from a Western man who
has been in Washington, D. C, now for some weeks and
is thoroughly in touch with the situation, and we have
full confidence that he is representing the condition as it
actually exists.

"Thoroughly in touch with the situation, for-
sooth ! And yet there is not a particle of truth in
his letter that any Water User could not have ob-
tained by reading the Congressional Record when
it reached him on his own farm, 2,000 miles away
from Washington. All that this evil-minded indi-
vidual did was to read the Record here in Wash-
ington and then write a letter about it, in which he
Continued on Page 282

272

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The Grimes Irriga

Especially Designed for Irrigation
Lakes, Rivers, Canals and Shalkr

Made to Order in Sizes and Lengths to Meet Local C

POINTS OF EX(

1. Unsurpassed simplicity of action —
Nothing to get out of order. Sand, 4
gravel or mud conditions cannot
interfere with constant operation

of pump.

2. A solid, one-piece mechanism — g
Powerfully constructed out of most
durable materials. No valves,
plungers or cylinders.

3. Low speed — 24 to 50 revolutions per

6

1

Guaranteed

Ratings.

1000 gallons

per mirt.

52

inch diameter pump.

Lift Horse Power

Lift

Horse Power

6 ft.

1.8

20 ft.

6.0

8 "

2.4

22 "

6.6

10 "

3.0

24 "

7.2

12 "

3.6

26 "

7.8

14 "

4.2

28 "

8.4

16 "

4.8

30 ••

9.0

18 "

5.4

Write

The Grimes Iri

1022 First Nat
DENVER

THE IREIGATION AGE.

273

on Pump

imping from
Water Wells

'itions and Requirements

.ENCE

inute — an assurance of long life.

ght power requirement — See
ecimen rating in 1000 g. p. m.
?;es. No other type of pump to
[ual it.

iccial adaptation to Irrigation
imping.

ighest practical efficiency,
ost economical.

Booklet

ation Pump Co.

I Bank Building
LORADO

Lamar Colo., April 13, 1914.
THE GRIMES IRRIGATION PUMP Co.,
Denver. Colo.

Gentlemen : Enclosed please find my check for two
hundred and fifty dollars ($250), balance due on pump,
per our contract.

I have been using this pump constantly for ten days
and find it doing more than your contract called for,
and I think that, beyond all doubt, it is the best irrigation
pump on the market, for it takes very little power and
requires no attention from morning till night.

If I could not get another like it I would not sell it
for three times what it cost me, and I predict your
sales will be heavy as soon as its merits are generally
known. Yours very truly,

T. J. SAYLER.

Broadwater, Neb., May 11, 1914.
THE GRIMES IRRIGATION PUMP Co.,
Denver, Colo.

Gentlemen: I want to thank you for the good work
done by your Mr. Grimes in helping me get my well
in shape to receive the new 600-gallon pump, which is
installed in fine shape and doing every thng your con-
tract called for.

I consider this the best investment I have made in
some time for the reason that I get all the water I
want, any time I want it, without asking a ditch rider
any questions.

If I can be of any assistance in helping you place
more of these pumps do not hesitate to let me hear
from you. Yours very truly.

WENZEL SCHMIDT.

THE^ GRIMES IRRIGATION PUMP Co.,

Denver, Colo.

Gentlemen: We are pleased to state that we were at
Lamar, Colo., during the month of April, 1914, and wit-
nessed the operation of the Grimes elevator that you in-
stalled for Mr. T. J. Sayler on his farm three miles
northeast of Lamar recently.

This elevator was lifting 600 gallons of water per
minute to a height of 16 feet with a 4-horsepower gaso-
line engine and doing the work easily, with plenty of
power to spare.

After inspecting the plant we can easily understand
why it cannot get out of order, even though worked in
muddy or sandy water, and this feature, together with
the small amount of power required, should attract the
attention .of any one who irrigates by pumping.

J. O. LOWE, Phillipsburg, Kans.,

Owner of 3,400 Acres Shallow Water Land in Powers
County, Colo.

GEORGE LAUTZENHEIZER, Kendall, Kans.

J. D. THOMPSON, Farm Superintendent.

T. B. OLDHAM, Capitalist.

WARREN MUSGROVE, Auctioneer, Lamar, Colo.

N. CARSON,

Supt. Intermou'ntain Ry., Light & Power Co.

C. C. HUDDLESTON,

Hardware and Implements, Lamar, Colo.

E. BELEW,

Agriculturist. American Beet Sugar Co.,
Lamar, Colo.
L. WIT MARKHAM,

Pres. Powers County Abstract Co.
CORA R. STRAIN, President Strain Bros.,

Hay, Grain and Seeds, Lamar Colo.
W. C. GRIER, Lamar, Colo.

F. W. SAYLER. Manager Lamar Seed Co.,

Lamar, Colo.

274

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE

MANY sections of the
country are being made
the basis of operations in
irrigation work today, but
there are few, if any, in
which things are being car-
ried on as in the Panhandle
section of the Lone Star
State.

Water was first suc-
cessfully pumped in this
district in the fall of 1911,
and after several successful
pumping plants had been
installed, irrigation became
the greatest industry of that
section. Land values went
up, towns boomed from a
population of one hundred
to that of five thousand in

a single year. Now, a traveler entering this sec-
tion will see pumping plant after pumping plant in
operation and others going in on all sides. Every
effort is being made toward the one object of get-
ting more water at low cost. Land scorned ten
years ago is now in a high state of cultivation.

Through the efforts of a number of more pub-
lic spirited citizens of that section, the Pierson
Syndicate was interested in the development of a
large tract of land covering 68,000 acres. They are
working on the gigantic task of developing wells
on every part of this land, erecting house and barn
on each quarter section and turning the complete
outfit, including pumping plant, house and barn,
complete for irrigation, with part of the land under
cultivation, over to the home seeker. The Syndi-

cate's first purchase of en-
gines for their requirements
covered forty engines of the
Two Cylinder Opposed
Heavy Duty Type and cor-
responding pumps. Standard
practice in this district is to
mount the pump with a ver-
tical shaft and operate it by
twisting the belt from the
engine, operating engine
and pump at about 30-foot
centers. The amount of
water is measured entirely
by a U. S. standard wire
gauge, which, with the use
of water tables, enable them
to gauge very accurately
the output of the plant.
Throughout this section the
water strata lies at the depth of about 60 feet from
the surface. No. 5 and No. 6 pumps are used t,o
give a capacity of from 1,200 to 1,800 gallons per
minute when operated by 35 to 50 H. P. engines.

A man is placed on each plant to oversee the
engine and pump and to superintend the irrigation
through the various ditches. This method of oper-
ation and installation of pumping plants has been
in use for upwards of eighteen months and the re-
sults are very gratifying. The finding of water at
a level so easily accessible from the surface has
proven a gold mine for that section. Land values
have risen from one dollar an acre to upwards of
$200.00 an acre. This is not mere real estate boom
or speculation ; it is actual value of the land and it
shows the advantage of placing a reliable engine
and pumping plant on irrigable land.

A Texai Pumping Plait

IOWA IRRIGATOR USES ELECTRICITY

IRRIGATION by electrical power pumping is
1 being tried out on Muscatine Island, near Musca-
tine, la., by F. X. Schaefer, who has an 80-acre gar-
den tract. Several gasoline pumping plants are
also being used in this important truck gardening
district to guard against drought.

A distribution system in which galvanized iron
piping is used, has been installed by Schaefer, and
every inch of the eighty acres will be systematically
watered during the dry season.

Truck gardeners throughout the eastern part
of the state are watching the experiment with in-
terest, and others are expected to install similar
systems. The Muscatine Lighting Company is con-
sidering the extension of a wire through the island
district, thus bringing power to every farm. To
make the island farms droughtproof would result in
a saving of many thousands of dollars annually to
individual growers.

A loss of thousands of dollars was sustained
this summer because of a lack of moisture during
the strawberry growing season, and to preclude the

possibility of a melon failure, gasoline pumping
irrigation systems have been established on a score
of the largest farms. Mr. Schaefer is confident that
the results which will accrue from his novel step
will be such as to bring about the general use of
electricity on the island and thus safeguard the
richest melon producing area in the state of Iowa
from crop failures.

NAMES IRRIGATION COMMITTEE MEN

Gov. Ernest Lister has named Attorney Ira P.
Englehart of North Yakima, and E. F. Benson of
Tacoma, formerly of Prosser, as the Washington
members of the irrigation conference committee of
thirty — two from each of the fifteen irrigation states
— which was provided for at the irrigation confer-
ence at Denver in April. This committee is ex-
pected to work for co-operation between the United
States and the Western states in the reclamation of
arid lands. It will also seek more uniformity in the
irrigation laws of the various states.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

275

A PRACTICAL ALFALFA IRRIGATION GATE

By WM. H. CRIMM1NS

A NEW TYPE OF IRRIGATION CHECK
INTRODUCED ON THE COAST.

Open.

A TYPE of ir-
** rigating check
which was intro-
duced on the Pa-
cific Coast in the
season of 1913,
and which seems
1 to operate to the
satis faction of
ranchers engaged
in the raising of
alfalfa, fruits, ber-
ries, etc., consists
of a length of
c o r r u gated gal-
vanized pipe of
high-purity iron,
in the upper half
of which a slot has been cut, through which works
a flat disc of the same material. This slide is seated
in a groove or nib, rolled in the lower half of the
pipe, and is operated by means of a wrought iron
handle which folds down over the pipe, and pre-
sents no obstruction when not in use.

The corrugated form of the pipe, of course, se-
cures great strength and rigidity, and is also to
quite an extent an insurance against wash-outs.
This last is further provided against by the use of
a galvanized iron bulkhead of sufficient size to pre-
vent any streams finding their way around the out-
side of the pipe, or the falling down over its mouth
of any of the material of the ditch bank.

The gate is made chiefly in the small sizes, and
is useful for taking the water for the small laterals
from the main ditch, thus displacing the temporary
wooden boxes or the decidedly cumbersome con-
crete pipes which have been used for that purpose.
It is not intended for high pressures, but is prac-
tically water-tight under the conditions to which it
is adapted ; and this quality is found to be highly
important. The usual leaky box allows enough
water to escape to result in a more or less water-
soaked condition of near-by areas; and, in regions
where the heat of the sun is extreme in the middle
of the day, this often results in a serious scalding
of the crop.

The contrivance is very light and conveniently
handled, its installation being simply a matter of

Closed.

digging a trench and covering it over. The im-
portant consideration in this respect is the ease with
which it may be removed to a new location. The
cleaning of the ditches with a V-ing plow, to remove
silt and weeds, or their relocating, makes necessary
the removal of whatever gates and pipes are used

for these small
outlets. With this
corrugated device,
which has been
named the 4-C
Gate, these re-
movals are very
readily made, and
the same gate
may be used in a
dozen successive
locations.

Probably the
principal advan-
tage of this type
is in its perfect
ease of operation.
On a large sys-
tem the time of a responsible man for opening and
closing the old-style boxes and valves constitutes
a serious expense. These gates bear about the
same relation to those formerly employed as a mod-
ern post-hole digging tool bears to a shovel and
crow-bar. Anyone can open and close them ef-
fectively and quickly ; and the saving in the time of
capable workmen will soon amount to more than
the cost of the improvement.

City Engineer Holmquist has made some very
interesting installations of 4-C gates in the streets
of Phoenix, Ariz. That rapidly growing city is in
the midst of the Salt River Valley irrigation dis-
trict, and there are some streets where open chan-
nels carry water by the side of the traveled way.
These same channels serve to carry away drainage
water during rain storms, and for this purpose are
connected with the gutters by ingot iron corrugated
pipes, running through the curb. To prevent a
back flow from the ditch to the street at other times,
these pipes are fitted with one form of the 4-C valve.
Mr. Holmquist reports that the device seems per-
fectly adapted to the purpose.

GREAT PROJECT IS FINANCED

Completion of the necessary financial arrange-
ments for the construction of a mammoth canal to
store the flood waters of the Arkansas river, to be
used for the irrigation of virtually all the vast terri-
tory between La Junta and Arlington, Colo., is an-
nounced by W. A. Colt of Las Animas.

The project will involve an investment of sev-
eral million dollars. More than $100,000 has already
been spent in preliminary work.

The work is accounted among the greatest irri-
gation enterprises ever launched by private capital

in Colorado, and probably in the United States. It
will bring under water thousands of acres of arid
land, which is now waste, and provide homes for
hundreds of farprlie^.

Plans for the project were perfected and work
started several years ago. Financial complications
arose and it was discontinued. These complications
are said to have now been adjusted and, according
to Colt, the construction work will be vigorously
pressed.

The cuts on Pages 268 and 270 are from photographs made for
the D. & R. G. railway.

276

THE IREIGATION AGE.

BRIEF NOTES FROM IRRIGATION PROJECTS

Colorado.

The 1,800-foot siphon of the Oxford
Farmers Ditch Company near Fowler,
Colo., has been completed. The huge
pipe was constructed at a cost of $22,-
000, and will replace the company's
old flume which has been in service
for many years. The corporation was
organized in 1887 as the Fowler Col-
ony Company, and has been one of
the oldest and best reclamation proj-
ects in the state. The present corpora-
tion, the Oxford Farmers' Ditch Com-
pany, was organized by those whose
lands were embraced in the project.
The company, which then had thirty-
five stockholders, has grown until its
list now numbers 150. The ditch itself,
which is thirteen miles in length, cost
$36,000, and is accounted one of the
best canals in the Arkansas valley
country.

Dry land farmers east of Loveland,
Colo., are negotiating for the purchase
of Boyd Lake, one of the largest bod-
ies of water in the northern part of
the state. If the deal is closed it will
mean that thousands of acres of dry
land will be brought under irrigation.
Dry land is at present averaging the
farmers more than thirty bushels of
wheat to the acre. With this same
land under water supply, it is estimat-
ed the yield would be increased to fifty
bushels. It is considered certain that
the district would be converted into
the best producing land in northern
Colorado. The water would have to
be pumped to the high land. This can
be done at small cost.

The irrigation project started by
the late Senator G. W. Swink, who
planned to put 25,000 acres on Otero
county, Colo., under water, is to be
completed at once, according to an
agreement between the Swink heirs
and the stockholders of the Swink
Ditch and Reservoir Co. The project
will cost $1,000,000.

The consolidation of the Omar and
Van Sykes irrigation projects in Pu-
eblo and Otero counties, Colo., has
been effected. The new company will

be known as the Apishapa Consoli-
dated Irrigation Company. The Omar
irrigation district 20 miles south of
Fowler is dissolved as a result of the
consolidation. The value of the prop-
erties involved is estimated to be
about $1,000,000. The project will irri-
gate 50,000 acres of land and will con-
struct an immense reservoir to take
care of the flood waters and the water
rights on the Apishapa owned by the
company. A $375,000 contract for this
reservoir has been let. The land to be
irrigated is located south of Fowler
and is largely in Otero county with
some tracts in Pueblo county. Sev-
eral hundred farmers own land under
the proposed ditches of the company.

cattle interests, has completed the
construction of a private piece of re-
clamation work of considerable pro-
portions. By the erection of a dam
280 feet long and 50 feet high across
the mouth of a draw he has provided
a reservoir holding water to supply
.'(00 acres.

Montana.

S. W. Bent, one of the large ranch
owners on Sage creek, near Bridger,
Mont., who has extensive sheep and

Charging that they procured dummy
entrymen to file on public lands in
the Bitter Root valley, Ravalli county,
Mont., which afterwards were deeded
to the Bitter Root Valley Irrigation
Company, the United States has filed
suit against Walter I. Moody, Freder-
ick D. Nichols, Harrison S. Lord and
Robert A. O'Hara, officers of the
company. The complainant asks that
patents to the land be cancelled, in so
far as they do not act upon innocent
purchasers.

(Continued on page 278)

DOWN and
One Year

To Pauf

For any Size— Direct from Factory

You can now get one of these, splendid money-making, labor-
saving machines on a plan whereby it will earn its own cost and
more before you pay. You won't feel the cost at all.

"24

W

BUTTERFLY

No. 2 Junior— alight running, easy cleaning, close skimming, durable,
lifetime guaranteed separator. Skims 95 quarts per hour. We also make four other
sizes up to our big 600 Ib. capacity machine shown here — all sold at similar low prices
and on our liberal terms of only $2 down and a year to pay.

30 DAYS' FREE TRIAL VffiBE

Tou can have 30 days FREE trial and see for yourself
how easily one of these splendid machines will earn
its own cost and more before you pay. Try it along-
side of any separator you wish. Keep it if pleased.
If not you can return it at our expense and we will
refund yourt2 deposit and pay the freight charges
both ways. You won't be out one penny. You take I
no risk. Postal brings Free Catalog Folder and direct
from factory offer. Buy from the manufacturers
and save half. Write TODAY.

Albaugh-Dover Co., 2253 Marshall Blvd., Chicago, III.

Manufactured
Exclusively by

YOU SHOULD USE
The Enterprise Tent-Cot

"The Perfect Outdoor Bed"

For Porch, Lawn or Camp

The Enterprise Tent-Cot will protect you from all the dis-
comforts and dangers of sleeping nut. You sleep 17 inches

above the ground under a storm-proof covering that enables you to use the Tent-Cot every night in the year, and all the doors
and windows are fitted with both storm and mosquito curtains that can be raised and lowered at will ot the occupant.
For anyone afflicted with lung trouble there is nothing equals the Tent-Cot. It also has a splendid appearance and can
be stt up on your porch, lawn or roof and taken down when not in use. Can be set up in a space 30x78 inches and only
requires about 30 seconds to operate. It is ideal for hunters, fishers and campers as it eliminates all the annoyance of "mak-
ing camp." With a Tent-Cot you carry your camp with you under your arm and sleep safe and sound any place.

S]-K< •! HT ATK >NS— Length of cot open. 6 ft, 6 in.: width of cot. one person. 28 in.; width of cot. two persons. 44 In.; height of bed from
gronnd. 17 in.: height of tont over cot. 32 in. ; size of t-ot folded, f»r 1 i>ers<m. '-ixx;«i: size of rot folded, for 2 persona. 44x36; weltht. 1
person. 20 Ibs.; weight. 2 parsons. 44 Ibs.; frame is of hard maple, painted green; covering is of heavy waterproof canvas in colors,
tan or olive green.
t-Kli-K— Tent-Cot 2K in. wide, open I side. 39.00: Tent L'ot 2H in. wide, open 2 Hides. W.50: Tent-Cot 44 In. wide, open 2 sides, $11.50.

ENTERPRISE BED COMPANY, HAMMOND, INDIANA

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

277

HOW TO PACK ALFALFA IN A SILO

BY M. E. SHERMAN

A Paper Read Before the Kansas State Board of Agriculture.

THE use of alfalfa as silage is rather a new idea
to many people, yet since 1897 we have used it
every year, often filling the silos the second time
in the fall. The secret is simple and can be readily
put into practice by anyone. The first thing is to
cut the alfalfa when the bloom begins to show.

\Vet it down thoroughly by having water drip-
ping on it as it goes through the cutter. Pack it
well by keeping the edges higher and tramping
them firmly down. Give the silage time to settle
well. My silo is thirty-two feet deep and twenty-six
in diameter. I have found that when we put in ten
feet as solid and wet as possible and we stop for a
day or two, then put in up to the twenty-foot mark
and after two days fill it up, we have caught up
with the settling.

The first ten feet will often go down to five,
then the next filling to the twenty-foot mark comes
down to the fifteen or sixteen mark. \Ye make the
silo as full as possible and want it to heat up hot.
The heat sterilizes and prevents any rotting of con-
tents. It also cooks the mass. Woody alfalfa or
over ripe stems will often show small spots of white
mold due to the want of moisture to make enough
heat and this indicates a lack of greenness in the
plant. One of the latest advocates of alfalfa silage

recently told me that he wondered why he ever got
along without a silo so long.

The alfalfa can be put into a silo full length or
by cutting it into short lengths. The latter plan,
however, makes the best silage, because it packs
better and besides it is easier to get it out of the
silo when wanted. Long alfalfa mats so firmly in
the silo that it is anything but an easy matter to
handle such an entanglement of stems and branches.
Another reason for cutting is that it is difficult to
elevate the alfalfa to the top of the silo. The easiest
way to elevate it is by means of a blower after it
has gone through the chopper. By using the cutter
and blower all one has to do is to deliver the alfalfa
to the cutter, and the machinery does the rest,
besides making a better quality of ensilage and in-
volving less work to remove it from the silo.

SOUTH AFRICANS STUDY U. S. METHODS

Fifty South African farmers will arrive in Cali-
fornia early in August for the purpose of investi-
gating irrigating systems and studying agricultural
methods. The party will be made up of delegates
from Cape Colony, Rhodesia, Natal, Transvaal,
Orange Free State and Bechuanaland. Special at-
tention will be given those parts of the country
where climatic and growing conditions approximate
those of South Africa.

HULL YOUR SEED QUICKLY, PERFECTLY and ECONOMICALLY With a
"MATCHLESS" CLOVER and ALFALFA HULLER

That's just what you will do if you use a "Matchless" Huller on the job. It's the one huller that will hull all the Clover or Alfalfa you
can get to it without sacrificing the quality of the work. Here's the reason! We use square steel brads in our hulling cylinder. This construction
has every advantage over rasps of spikes, because no set of spikes will knock the seed out of the damp pods. Rasps gum up and are easily destroyed.
Our system of separation is unique and effective. This consists of a series of rotating troughs with perforation in the bottom, with provision for
adjustment to meet the various conditions of clover. The Patented Steel Scrapers attached to the bottom of these troughs thoroughly scrape the
separator bottom and insure a. steady and positive delivery of the pods to the nulling cylinder, regaidless of the condition of the clover. This con-
struction enables you to hull seed under conditions in which no other huller can operate ; enables you to hull earlier in the morning and later in the
evening than with any other — this insures a longer day, thus increasing your earning power. Give us an opportunity to piove to you right
on your own farm that the "Matchless" is thespeediesc and cleanest huller on tae market. WRITE FOR CATALOG TODAY, or call at our nearest
Branch House.

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY, MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Sole Builders of Aultman-Taylor "Starved Rooster" Line of Machinery.
BRANCHES: Minneapolis, Minn.; Portland, Ore.; Lincoln. Nebr.; Kansas City. Mo,; Wichita, Kan.; Decatur, 111,; Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

278

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION NOTES

(Continued from page 270.)
Immediate construction of the high
line ditch of the second unit of the
Prickly Pear Valley pumping project,
near Helena, Mont., is planned, ac-
cording to an announcement by Max
Hebgen, manager of the Montana
Reservoir & Irrigation Company. It
will reclaim ;;,149 acres of land, and
will be nine miles long. The water
will be lifted by electricity from Hau-
ser Lake, a height of 163 feet. Two
lower ditches that will reclaim 8,636
acres of land will be built whenever
sufficient land is signed up for water
to justify the expense. At present only
874 acres have been signed. The first
unit was constructed two years ago.
It reclaims 6,000 acres, but not all of
the land has been signed up under it,
some of the large eastern land owners
refusing to farm their land, and also
refusing to consider any offers under
$150 an acre.

flume 7->jj miles in length and diverts
the waters of the east fork of Rock
creek from that watershed over the
divide into the Trout creek district of
the upper Flint creek watershed. This
ditch carries approximately 1,000 min-
er's inches of water, which is calcu-
lated to be sufficient to irrigate 2,000
acres of land.

Nevada

A verdict in the case of the Porter
Placer Mining Company vs. Mrs.
Moses Stockdale is expected soon at
Nevada City, Nev. A decision in the
plaintiff's favor will mean that work
will start very soon upon an irrigation
and mining scheme. The project,
which is backed by George Wingfield
and other wealthy Xevadans, is to

build a dam across Deer creek at the
intersection of the Newtown road and
the creek to make a reservoir that will
impound sufficient water to irrigate
from 30,000 to 40,000 acres of land.
The right of way for all of this land
has been tied up, but the option given
by Moses Stockdale before his death
is contested bv his widow. It is the
intention of the promoters to mine
the gravel that is taken from the bed
of the creek to build the dam, and the
gold that will be secured through
dredging the gravel is expected to pay
half the cost of building the dam. The
dam will cost about $1,250,000 or more
when completed, and this cost will in-
clude a redwood conduit twenty miles
long into the lower country that it is
proposed to irrigate. The conduit will

The Rock Creek Ditch & Flume
Company has completed one of the
largest irrigation projects in Granite
county, Mont. This is a ditch and

"The Type That Tells"

There are Real Reasons

why the

ROYAL

stands first in quality typ-
ing. There is the new
Royal way of sending di-
rect force from the finger-
tips to the type — at every
powerful hammerstroke
of its accelerating type-
bars of carbon steel !

And there is a rigid carriage
that meets the millions of blows
of the type — the "business end
of the typewriter."

The Royal way is "better busi-
£ ness," for its beautiful prestworh
adds the forceful stamp of quality
to every letter you sign.

Price
$100,

ROYAL TYPtWKITER CO., Inc.

58 East Monroe Street

Chicago, III.

lMnlll'liminimimnm;mi[i

Get Your
^Canadian Home

from the,

Canadian Pacific

BlUY an irrigated farm where you have insurance against
I drought and where you have just the moisture you need
| when you need it. You know the value of controlling the
watering of your crops. In sunny Southern Alberta you are
master of the moisture. The Canadian Pacific's great Irri-
gation Works insure your yield whenever rainfall is insuffi-
cient. Irrigation is not always a necessity — but it is yours
at command. It means dependable crops, and wonderful
crops every year. The Eastern section of the Canadian
Pacific Irrigation Block East of Calgary is now open. Virgin soil of
famous fertility — alfalfa, timothy and other fodders — raises all the
grain and root crops, fine climate — great cattle country — good markets
— unexcelled transportation.

We want the alert enterprising farmers who see this magnificent opportunity. So
we make the most liberal terms. Take 20 years to pay. Call on us for long time
loan of 52000 for farm improvements if you want it. Investigate now. This block will
soon be the most densely populated and intensely cultivated district in the west.

You Can Have 2O Years to Pay

We will sel' ycu this rich, irrigated, Canadian land for $35 to $75 an acre. You need pay only
one-twentieth down. Think of it— only one-twentieth down, and then the balance in 19 equal annual
payments. Long before your final payment comes due, your farm will have paid for itself over and
over again. Many good farmers in western Canada have p;iid for their farms with one crop. Here
are some of the startling features of the most remarkable land offer you have ever read:

We Lend You $2,000 for Farm Improvements £•&«&£ *&&£,£ %™.

with no other security than the land itself, and shows our confidence in the fertility of the soil and in
your ability to make it produce prosperity for you and traffic for our lines. This loan will help you
in providing buildings, fencing, sinking well and breaking, and you are given twenty years in which
to lully repay th)8 loan. While enjoying the use of this money, you pay interest at only 6%.

A/lvanr** I itTA Sfrnrlc nn I nan Rasit The Company, in case .of the approved
Advance Live OIOCK OH LOdn DaSlS ian(i purchaser who is in a position
and has the ability to take care of his stock, will advance cattle, sheep and hogs
up to the value of $1 ,000 on the basis of the settler's note with interest at
eight per cent, to enable him to develop more rapidly, on the right basis
of mixed farming.

Farm Made Ready by Experts if Desired pia^aiTe^d*

established, select one which our Department of Agricultural Experts has
developed. On our improved farms, house and other buildings are u~>. well
is dug, farm fenced, fields cultivated and in crop. All waiting for those who
want an immediate start and quick results— all planned and completed bymer
who know— our own agricultural experts. Take twenty years to pay if you
want to. We give/ree service -expert service — the valuable assistance of great
demonstration farms, in charge of agricultural specialists employed by the
Canadian Pacific for its own farms. This service is yours— free

Water Rental Will Not Exceed $1.25 per Acre

ment will have the approval '>f the Dominion Government. You are doubly protect

The Canadian Pacific offers you the finest — —
land on earth for grain growing, cattle, hog,
sheep and horse raising, dairying, poultry, veg-
etables and general mixed farming -irrigated
lands for intensive farming. Remember t these
lands are located on or near established lines of
railway, near established towns. You can start
en an irrigated farm, improved or unimproved.

Here 13 the Last Best West — where your op-
portunity lies. Don't delay. Mail the coupon here
at once. The best land will be taken first— so time
is precious to you. Write today.

R. O. THORNTON, Colonization Agent

Canadian Pacific Railway

Colonization Department

112 West Adams St., Chicago, Illinois

ed.

R. O. THORNTON, Colonization Agent,
Canadian Pacific Ra.Nvay Colonization
Department, 112 W. Adams St., Chicago

Please send me your book of information on
Iriigation Farming in Sunny Alberta.

Name

I Address..

Town .

yt^S^vcimMiininiimiiiiiiiiiiMiii iiiiiiiinmnmMiMiimiiiiiiiiinii iiHiiiiiiiiiiiMiimiiiiillllillmii .

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

279

cost about twice as much as a ditch,
but the water will always be under
control and will never run to waste.

The work of sinking fifty artesian
wells in Las Vegas valley, Nev., the
water from which will be conserved
in large reservoirs and devoted to the
irrigation of between 10,000 and 15,0(10
acres of land, has been commenced by
the South Nevada Land and Develop-
ment Company. Eleven miles of main
canals and thirty miles of laterals will
be constructed to carry the water from
reservoirs to the land. The company
is backed by English and Scotch cap-
italists.

Washington

Water Users under the High Line
ditch in the Wenatchee valley, Wash.,
have decided to take over the project.
An irrigation district will be formed.
It is planned to issue bonds to cover
tin- present expenses and to retire
them through process of sinking fund
accumulation extending over a period
of twenty years. President W. T.
Clark of the Wenatchee Canal Com-
pany made known his inability longer
to maintain the ditch which will neces-
sitate an expenditure of possibly $75,-
000 prior to the season of 1915. The
Water Users must assume an indebt-
edness of $100,000 in taking over the
ditch.

Engineer E. McCulloh, who has
been engaged for several months in
directing re-survey of the proposed
Palouse irrigation project in eastern
Washington, the expense of which has
been borne equally by the United
States Reclamation Service and the
state of Washington, has completed
his field work. "There is no question
that there is a feasible irrigation proj-
ect on the Palouse," says Mr. McCul-
loh, "but I am not prepared to say yet
whether or not the cost of develop-
ing it will be greater than the value
of the land developed. That can only
be determined when we shall have
completed our figures from the data
we have obtained."

Oregon

The Modoc irrigation project in
Oregon will be completed this fall.
Ten miles of the main canals and ten
miles of laterals are completed with
the exception of a few minor connect-
ing gaps. These are rapidly being put
in. Work of building the dam across
Sprague river is progressing nicely.
The project, when completed, will
water 8,200 acres of land.

Utah

Large crops of virtually every sort
of grain, grass and vegetables, indige-
nous to Utah may be raised in the
vicinity of Nada, Utah. This has been
demonstrated by the experimental
farm at that place, says L. M. Winsor,
irrigation expert for the Utah Agri-
cultural College. ' "Water is being
pumped from near the surface for ir-
rigation purposes," said Mr. Winsor.
''demonstrating that the water, lying
near the surface, can be raised with
but little cost and trouble. This fact
will do much to attract settlers to this
rich, arable land."

Contract has been let by the New-
castle Land & Irrigation Company for
construction work on the company's
Newcastle project in the Pine valley
mountains of Utah. The contract
price is about $40,000.

Arizona

A plan to. harness the water power
of the Grand Canyon of Arizona, util-
izing the power generated for the
reclamation of the arid territory of
Arizona, has been presented to the
Department of the Interior by Ralph
Cameron. The plan embraces an ex-

penditure of $50,000,000 to generate
200,000 horsepower, which will irrigate
2,500,000 acres of land now useless for
agricultural purposes. The power is
to be distributed over the land for
pumping purposes, as it has been dem-
onstrated that there is an abundance
of underlying water. The best engi-
eers in the United States have ap-
proved the plan of the hydro-electric
project and its success seems assured.

Kansas

George Stump, who has a ranch in
Haskell county, near Sublette, Kans.,

"One-Half the Alfalfa Seed
Sown is Wasted Every Year"

This statement has been made by many recognized
Alfalfa experts — men who know what they are talking
about.

They say that they secured better stands
of Alfalfa with 10 pounds of seed, drilled
with the Superior Special Alfalfa and Grass
Seed Drill than with "Jfr 20 pounds of seed
sown broadcast.

THE SUPERIOR 20 X 4 SPECIAL ALFALFA AND GRASS SEED DRILL

There are 20 discs on this machine set 4 inches apart. The con-
struction is such that all the seed is sown at an even depth, and
an equal amount of seed in every furrow.

None of the seed is wasted, when drilled in the ground
with a Superior Alfalfa and Grass Seed Drill

REJUVENATES OLD ALFALFA FIELDS
RENEWS OLD PASTURES AND MEADOWS
PRODUCES BEST STANDS OF MILLET
INCREASES YIELDS OF WINTER WHEAT BY
CULTIVATION and SOWS CLOVER AT SAME TIME

Saves More Than Two Dollars an Acre on
Seed Alone

Send for Superior Alfalfa Drill folder
and read the strong warranty

Go to your local dealer and ask to see the Superior Special Alfalfa
and Grass Seed Drill. If he will not supply your needs, we will.

THE AMERICAN SEEDING-MACHINE CO., Inc.

SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

FREE — Acopyof**Boyd's Fanners* Alfalfa Guide," pricelOc.wiH be mailed free to
any reader of Irrigation Age who will write for the book and mention Irrigation Age*

280

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

reports some very successful irriga-
tion from deep wells. In Haskell
county the underflow is at a depth of
nearly 200 feet. Stump uses a three-
inch pump with an oil fuel engine. It
will raise 3,000 gallons of water nearly
200 feet with one gallon of oil. He
uses cement tile and sub-irrigates.

Eight candidates are in the field for
members of the Kansas state irriga-
tion board. This board was created
by the Democratic legislature last
year and was given $100,000 to con-
duct some irrigation experiments in
western Kansas. It is composed of
three members.

California

P. M. Norboe, assistant state en-
gineer, has comoleted his investiga-
tion of the Turtle bay irrigation proj-
ect near Redding, Cal., by which 47,-
000 acres sre to be reclaimed. An elec-
tion on the formation of an irrigation
district will be held July 14. It is
estimated that water can be obtained
at $12 an acre.

Two new irrigation companies are
placing water on 20,000 acres of land
in Shasta valley near Montague, Sis-
kiyou county, Cal., for the first time
this season. Plans are being made to
establish a new town below Monta-
gue to be known as Granada.

A plan is on foot to organize an ir-
rigation district in the San Fernan-
dinp valley, comprising 85,000 acres to
be irrigated with water from the great
Los Angeles, Cal., aqueduct.

Texas

Formal application to the state of
Texas for permission to use water
from the San Antonio river for irriga-
tion has been made by the owners of
the Espada ditch, which has been in
use for irrigation purposes for more
than 100 years. Under a recent law
of the legislature all diversions of pub-
lic streams or impounding of water of
any sort has to be given sanction by
the state and has to be passed on by
the state hoard of water engineers.

A project for the irrigation of 100,-
000 acres of land in Coke, Runnels
and Tom Green counties has been
launched at Miles, Tex.

The Brazos River Irrigation Com-
pany, Abilene, Tex., will construct a
large system of irrigation near that
place. The project involves the instal-
lation of pumping plants.

The Farmers' Canal Company,
Blessing, Tex., will construct an irri-
gation pumping plant.

The Xueces Valley Irrigation Com-
pany, Carrizo Springs, Tex., will con-
struct a pumping plant to water 10,000
acres of land.

J. C. Short. Saragosa, Tex., is pre-
paring to irrigate (540 acres and will
install a pumping plant.

A. M. Loomis, El Paso, Tex., and
associates, will construct an irrigation
pumping plant to irrigate 11,454 acres
of land.

The Walker Products Company,
Austin. Tex., will put in a pumping
plant to irrigate more than 1,200 acres
of land.

Fairbanks-Morse Oil Engines

cut irrigation cost be-
cause they operate on
low priced oils. Have
hot-bulb ignition — start
easily — run smoothly.

Let us lell you more
about them

Fairbanks, Morse & Co.

Chicago Kansas City

St. Paul Denver

Spokane Portland

Salt Lake City Seattle

St. Louis
Omaha
Los Angeles
Atlanta

(38 S 6Mt)

On Lumber and Millwork

£)on't Pay Profits That's what you do when you buy of your local

toFivp Middlemen lumber dealer. Buy of us and you buy of the
rive ivi luuicnnri i 3 117 ^e ^u^ u; — ^^ :M^^rt^«^^«f

producer. We are one of the biggest independent
lumber companies in America; own thousands upon thousands of acres of
choice Western timber. Do our own cutting, logging, railroading; operate six
huge mills, where we produce daily 20 to 30 carloads of lumber and millwork.
Buy Direct From Our Six Mills. Besides up to 60% saving in price we offer
you better materials, efficient delivery service and guaranteed satisfaction.
Immediate Shipments. We carry immense stocks. Miles and miles of
lumber piles, and warehouses groaning with millwork, await your order.
Make all shipments within 24 to 48 hours.

Better Quality Guaranteed. Our timber tracts are in the famous
Puget Sound region. Noted for big trees. Our lumber is straight,
free from sap and knots. Exceedingly durable.

Send Carpenter's List for Quick Prices
Don't pay five profits for your lumber.
Send your carpenter's list of lumber for
delivered, freight-paid price. No extras
guaranteed. We ship every thing for build-
ing complete — lumber sash, doors, shingles,
millwork, hardware and paint. We have
doubled our estimating force to give
quick service to everybody.

BUY A SEATTLE SILO DIRECT
FROM MAKER

GET THIS
MONEY-SAVING
PLAN BOOK

If you haven't decided on your
plan, you'll find just what you
want in this book. It's prepared
by practical people and packed
full of sensible, full-value plans.
Over 100 good plans in this book.
Costs you 10 cents — worth a
thousand times that.

Get Any Plan in This
Book for $2.00

For $2 you can get complete
blue prints, specifications and
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complete materials of any plan
in the book.

Send the Coupon*

No wood stands silo service better than fir. We
I use Douglas Fir, from giant trees, straight-grained
tough, long-lasting. Seattle Silos have quick de-
tachable swinging doors. Door bars form strong
I ladder from which hoops are tightened. Write for
| special folder today and first farmer-in-a-town offer.

HEWITT- LEA -FUNCK CO.
CRARY BLDC., SEATTLE, WASH.

HEWITT-LEA-FUNCK CO.,

471 Crary Bldg., Seattle, Wash

Kindly send the following, quoting prices delivered,
my station.

Be Sare to Write Plainly
( ) Catalog Lumber and Millwork
( ) Prize Plan Book, lOc

( ) Special Barn Folder (4c)
( ) Special Silo Folder

Name

To\vn State.

I am planning to build as follows

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

281

A FEDERAL WATER USER'S STORY

(Continued from Page 270)

Rally to the support of the IRRIGATION ACE. Sub-
scribe for it. Work for it. Contribute to its pages.
If necessary, have the Water Users' Associations give
it such financial aid that a copy of the AGE may be
placed each month in the hands of every Senator and
Congressman in the United States. Write the real
facts about your conditions and those of your neigh-
bors, that Congress may know, and, acting upon this
knowledge, reform conditions on the projects, aid the
great enterprise of Federal Reclamation, and see to
it that the intent of the Reclamation Act is conformed
to and its <?oal is finally reached.

A CRY FROM THE DESERT

Editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE :

Please send some sample copies of THE IRRIGATION
AGE and some subscription blanks. I can get quite a
number of my neighbors to subscribe for THE IRRIGATION
AGE. I am postmaster here and am loaning my AGE to
my neighbors and they all say they will subscribe for it.
I will go down through the lower valley next month and
see how many I can get to take it. I will write to you
about what they doing to us in our settlement here.
They have shut our water off and there are about fifteen
settlers here that have had the water the last four years
and now our alfalfa and everything is dying out from
their d • management.

I remain very respectfully yours, etc.,

GEO. W. SELLS,

Laguna, Ariz.

GALVANIZED METAL

Made entirely of rust-proof, galvanized iron.

(Newcomb
Patent)

Section ol Flume

IRRIGATION FLUME

No bolts or rivets used in construction. This flume is
considered by experts to be the most service-
able equipment for the purpose on the market.
A careful examination of the construction as
shown herewith will convince those who are
acquainted with irrigation conditions of its
lasting quality and the ease with which it may
be put together. Complete information, with
prices, will be [furnished on application to the

KLAUER MFG. COMPANY, D-/^—

The Passing of
an Aristocrat

YOUR horses demand much, need
much — and get much. For in-
stance— costly stable, rigs and
sheds for them; harnesses; hay and oats,
and its storage space; time spent each
day in the year caring for them, feeding,
watering, currying, harnessing, frequent
blacksmith, harness, and vehicle repair
bills; occasional veterinary bills.

All that an international Motor Truck asks for is a shed, and a small ration of gasoline and oil — that's all.
And when it's not working it wants only the shed. For profit and economy buy an

International Motor Truck

You will find that it costs considerably less than horse and wagon keep, it goes four times as fast and as
far as the horse, saves you many hours of time, and will run twenty-four hours in a day if necessary. In reli-
ability, strength, and ease of management, it is best.

Solid tires eliminate common tire troubles.
The wheels are high enough to give ample
road clearance. The simple, sturdy motor
has plenty of power. Brakes are powerful.
A single lever controls the car.

It will pay you to find out all that an
International Motor Truck will do for you.
Write for catalogues, facts and figures to the

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denrer, Col.; Helena, Mont.; Port-
lud. Ore.; Spokane. Wub.; S.It Lake Citj Utah; San Francisco. C»l.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)
Chicago USA

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Afre.

282

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

CONGRESSMEN HUNT "LOBBYIST"

Continued from Page 271

svarped and twisted the facts to suit his own base
purposes. It is evident that he was not present in
the gallery when this bill was under consideration,
nor did he take the trouble to inquire of any mem-
ber of the committee as to the actual situation.

"It is amazing to me that Mr. Rodman would
be willing to accept as gospel truth the vaporings
of a man who is ashamed of his identity and to
scatter broadcast a mess of misinformation that
could result in nothing but unwarranted uneasiness
among thousands of settlers whose future pros-
perity is bound up in the success of the reclama-
tion-extension act. God knows the lot of the pioneer
is hard enough without adding unnecessary worry.
Mr. Rodman must have a very sad view of life if
he is willing to believe on anybody's statement that
a majority of the Western Congressmen are* utterly
unmindful of the welfare of those who sent them
here. He should make a sincere effort to cultivate
a more Christian spirit.

"I deny that there has been the least apathy
on the part of the Representatives from the 17
States affected by the reclamation-extension bill.
Every one of them has exerted his best efforts to
bring the bill to a vote. The Committee on Irriga-
tion of Arid Lands directed that a subcommittee
be appointed to call upon the Speaker, and I am
glad to say that we found him most willing to
assist us. The majority and minority leaders have
both been interviewed. Mr. Underwood and Mr.
Mann are agreed that this bill should be considered

at this session of Congress. We have talked with
the President, and he has publicly stated that it
ought to pass. And, lastly, we have circulated pe-
titions among the membership of this House re-
questing the Rules Committee to report a special
rule making the consideration of this bill in order
along with four other measures that vitally affect
the prosperity of the entire West. On these pe-
titions we have secured the signatures of a clear
majority of the membership of this House, and last
Wednesday the Committee on Rules ordered a
favorable report on such a rule.

"As soon as the pending sundry civil appropria-
tion bill is out of the way and the water-power bill
from the Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce, which has been made the unfinished
business of the House, is passed, our special rule
will be reported to the House.

"We believe in this bill and we have faith that
when an opportunity is given us to explain its
merits a large majority of the membership of this
House will be glad to vote for it. At no time has

FOR SALE — Large tract of good valley farm-
ing land just thrown open for free settlement, in
Oregon. Over 200,000 acres in all. Good climate,
rich soil, and does not require irrigation to raise
finest crops of grain, fruit, and garden truck. For
large map, full instructions and information, and a
plat of several sections of exceptionally good claims,
send $3.40 to John Keefe, Eugene, Oregon — three
years a U. S. surveyor and timberman. An oppor-
tunity to get a good fertile free homestead near
town and market.

pHINK what it means
to you! To have at
your service — day and
night if desired — the com-
bined power of 30 to 35
horses and 10 to 15 men-
ready at a moment's notice to
plow, disc, harrow, seed, har-
vest, build roads, irrigate,

thresh and do numerous other power jobs, all
at the minimum expense for fuel and main-
tenance. That's what you get when you
buy a time-tried and time-proven

AULTMAN-TAYLOR 30-60
GAS TRACTOR

They're built with the complete knowledge of
the requirements of a tractor of the first quality.
They're built right here in our own shop, under
our own supervision. We know they're right and
we stand back of every tractor. The Aultman-
Taylor 30-60 burns either gasoline, kerosene or

distillate with unequaled economy. The Ault man-Taylor 30-60 is not an experiment. Theii real worth has been demonstrated on thousands of

farms throughout North America. Let us explain to you why you should own and operate one of these money-making and labor-saving tractors.

WRITE FOR CATALOG AND FURTHER INFORMATION TODAY.

We aie also builders of the Famous "New Century" Separator. "Matchless" Cloverand Alfalfa Huller, Steam Traction and Portable Engines,

Bean Threshers and Saw Mills. Catalog free upon request.

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Portland, Ore. Lincoln, Nebr. Kansas City, Mo.

Decatur, III. Indianapolis, Ind.

BRANCHES:

Minneapolis, Minn.

Wichita, Kan.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

283

anyone from the West sought to avoid the issue,
and through our combined efforts a vote on the bill
is in sight. We will pass the reclamation-extension
bill through the House before the 15th of next July,
and the President will approve it before this Con-
gress adjourns. If this is apathy the anonymous

Westerner who is so "thoroughly in touch with the
situation" can make the most of it. I only regret
that Mr. Rodman has not seen fit to make known
his correspondent's name, since it would afford me
vast pleasure to denounce him in the terms that
his infamy merits."

fe planned this House and^
Saved Robert Zehntner^ 375. ~

Home Designed for Rob

Robert Zehntner of White Sulphur Springs, Mont., wanted
to build a home and answered a Hewitt-Lea-Funck
advertisement. On the back of our question blank
he drew a rough sketch of what he had in mind.

Fhe plans you see at the left, and afterward, the house pic-
tured, was the result. When it c? me to ordering
the lumber, the local yard man asked for the chance
to bid and got it, but he didn't get the business.
Mr. Zehntner' s letter to us tells why. I unloaded
the car," he says, "and found the material fine.
The carpenters are well pleased, the finish being

te Sulphur Spring.. MoM. much better than J CQUld haye gotten hefe The best Joca]

bid on the material was $375 higher than yours and lacked quite a bit of being complete."

Our guaranteed price means no extras. We guar-
antee absolutely to provide sufficient materials to
build the house, and guarantee grades equal or bet-
ter, than required by standard rulings. Getting the
plans does not obligate buying materials of us, if you
do, you get your $2 back. If this plan doesn't suit,

Complete plans $2

If you like this house, you can get the complete
plans, specifications, guaranteed estimate of prices
on lumber, millwork, hardware, paint and heating
plant delivered at your station — all for $2.

Send coupon for Prize Plan Book
— 1 OO homes— all sizes— all prices

PLAH-

It's the most practical book of it's kind ever published.
Every plan is a jrood one — a lot of them will please you
— one of them will doubtless juxt suit you. Our archi-
tects worked over a year on this book. It cost us $30.000
to tfet it out. Books not nearly so good are sold nt 50c to
$2.00. Yet, ten cents, merely to cover postage, will bring
you this valuable book, if you use the coupon.

Special plans at small cost

If none of the plans in this book quite suit you, and you
have your own ideas of what you want, you'll find it
easy to show us what your ideas are. just as Robert
Zehntner did. We have a Plan Sheet for this purpose,
that makes it simple. Give us a rough sketch of what
you have in mind— and we will complete the plan for you.

Save as high as 60% on
lumber — buy direct
from the producer

middleman and sell you direct at the mill price— a price
that's way-down low. because the raw materials come
from forests under our control. Our lumber is straight-
grained, free from sap and large knots, doesn't warp or
shrink. Makes a beautiful job.

Send for estimate — no obligation

Send us your carpenter's bill of materials for our prices,
if you can. Do it even if you aren't ready to build. No
charge or obligation. If we can be of any help to you in
planning your building be sure to let us know. Our spe-
cial plan sheet makes it easy to give us your ideas— ask for
it. At any rate, mail the coupon today for
catalog and general price list.

--

Too many middlemen come between

the mill and the lumber dealer — that's why his

prices are so high. We cutout every single

Here's the biggest silo
value you can get. Buy direct,
at the mill price, a Seattle Silo of one-
piece staves from durable Puget Sound fir. Seattle Silos
have patented swinging doors. Door bars form strong ladder
from which hoops are easily tightened.

Send the coupon for folder on Seattle Silos. Get our special
one-farmer-in-a-town-offer. Write today.

HEWITT- LEA- FUNCK COMPANY

471 Crary Building ... Seattle, Wash.

I

^rr

;^-——iT^»TT—>»i]BttlZH—->— —•—•!__— _—jasgca» ••• • • ••••••••&•»•»•••• tSSj

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51

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1

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Hewitt-Lea-Funck Company

1

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471 Crarv Bide.. Seattle, Wash.

:::;-

3

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(Be sure tvu-ritcp!ain!y and if possible send bill of materials for estimate)

1

jBj

Please send me the following:

;.v

a

'•>'

1 1 Book of Plans (for which lOc in stamps or coin is enclosed).

II

m

•X1

[ ] Catalog and Oncral Price List of Lumber and Millwork, Free.

3

'.•'.;'

[ ] Special S;lo Folder, Free.

vV,

i

••''-.

[ ] Special Plan Sheet, Free.

1

\,

&

SIMM

w

w

s

I

K P 11 nr Street *>""«

1

4

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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

284

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

U. S. MAKES IT EASIER TO SHIP LIVESTOCK

NEW regulations governing the interstate move-
ment of live stock became effective July 1.
These changes are designed by the Department of
Agriculture to facilitate the movement of live stock
from quarantined areas or from public stock yards.
The new regulations, which are known as B. A. I.
(Bureau of Animal Industry), Order 210, super-
seding B. A. I. Order 143, deal with the shipment
of cattle from tick-infested areas, with the move-
ment of swine from public stock yards and with the
dipping of cattle and sheep for scabies.

Hereafter cattle that have been dipped once
under State or Federal supervision may be shipped
from an area quarantined for ticks to a mar-
ket center where there are proper dipping facilities
and the Department of Agriculture maintains an
inspector. After a second dipping there under his
supervision the cattle may be sold for any purpose.
Hitherto it has been necessary in times of drought
for cattle owners in quarantined areas to slaughter
their stock or sell it for slaughter for whatever it
would bring.

The provision permitting, under certain strict
conditions, the transportation of hogs from public
stockyards into interstate commerce has been made
possible by the discovery by Government scientists
of a serum which renders swine immune to hog

cholera. Hitherto all stockyards have been con-
sidered as infected with this disease. Now, how-
ever, it is considered safe to permit the shipment of
hogs which have been treated with the serum and
which show no symptoms of suffering from any
form of disease. As a result of this it is expected
that thousands of light weight hogs will be sent
from the stockyards to the country for feeding and
fattening, and that the country's total production
of pork will be greatly increased.

The new regulations also withdraw all per-
mission for the use of nicotine solutions, coal-tar,
creosote and cresol preparations in the official dip-
ping of cattle and sheep for scabies. This step has
been made necessary by the difficulty experienced
in keeping baths of this nature at a strength suffi-
cient to eliminate all danger of disease without hav-
ing them so strong as to be injurious to the animals
themselves. The Department, therefore, decided to
insist upon a field test of the strength of all solu-
tions used for dipping. A practical field test for
this purpose is available in the case of the sulphid
sulphur used in lime in sulphur baths for scabies,
and for arsenious oxide in arsenical dips for cattle
tick. Official dipping, therefore, will hereafter be
confined to the lime-and-sulphur and arsenical
baths.

Sofaool P^or- Yovir

TERM OPENS

SEPTEMBER

FIFTEEN

St. Mary -of -the -Woods

COLLEGE

AND
ACADEMY

DEGREES CONFERRED: B. A., B. S., PH. B.

STRONG FACULTY

Located four miles west of Terre Haute, Indiana. Large campus, perfect drainage, commodious build-
ings, steam heat, electric lights, large airy rooms, many with private bath, and spacious halls, libraries
and parlors. School plant consists of fourteen modern buildings, artistically grouped and completely
equipped. Nothing lacking for convenience or comfort. Combining all the best features of school
life with home environment on a country estate of 1,600 acres.

BOATING, HORSEBACK RIDING, SWIMMING, ARCHERY, GOLF and all outdoor athletics
for girls under the constant supervision of a graduate of the Sargent School for Physical Educa-
tion. School course comprises INTERMEDIATE, ACADEMIC and COLLEGIATE depart-
ments. Special courses in MUSIC, ART, LANGUAGES, DRAMATIC ART, and DOMES-
TIC SCIENCE. Information gladly furnished on application. A beautifully illustrated
catalogue to be had for the asking. Address

SISTER SUPERIOR, Box 41, St. Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana

College Building

Conservatory of Music

Academy Building

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

2S'5

Purity

Corrugated Inverted Siphons

are a valuable resource of the Irrigation Engineer.

They have the strength to endure the shocks and strains of traffic
at highway and railroad crossings.

They keep themselves clear of mud and silt more successfully than
any smooth construction.

And, when made from American Ingot Iron (Armco Iron), they con-
stitute a lasting installation.

Write the Nearest Manufacturer for full information on American
Ingot Iron Culverts, Siphons, Gates, Plates, Sheet Roofing and Formed
Products.

Arkansas, Little Kock

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
California, Los Angeles

California Corrugated Cul-
vert Co.
California, West Berkeley

California Corrugated Cul-
vert Co.
Colorado, Denver

R. Hardesty Mfg. Co.
Delaware, Clayton

Delaware Metal Culvert Co.
Florida, Jaeksonville

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Georgie, Atlanta

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Illinois, BloominjEton

Illinois Corrugated Metal Co.
Indiana, Crawfordsville

W. Q. O'Xeall Co.
Iowa , I > • • - Moinen

Iowa Pure Iron Culvert Co.
Iowa, Independence.

Independence Corr. Cul. Co.

Kansas. Topeka

The Road Sup. & Metal Co.
Kentucky, Louisville

Kentucky Culvert Co.
Louisiana, New Orleans

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Maryland, Havre de Grace

J. N. Spencer.
Massachusetts, Palmer

New England Metal Cul. Co.
Michigan. Bark River

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Michigan, Lansing

Michigan Bridge & Pipe Co.
Minnesota, Minneapolis

Lyle Corrugated Cul. To.

Minnesota, Lyle

Lyle Corrugated Cul. Co.

Missouri, Moberly

Corrugated Culvert Co.
.Montana, Missoula

Montana Culvert Co.

Nebraska, Lincoln

Lee-Arnett Co.
Nebraska, Wahoo

Nebraska Cul. & Mfg. Co.
Nevada, Reno

Nevada Metal Mfg. Co.
New Hampshire, Nashua

North-East Metal Cul. Co.

New Jersey, Flemington

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
New York, Auburn

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.

North Carolina, Greensboro

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.

North Dakota. Wahpeton

Northwestern Sheet it Iron

Works.
Ohio, Middletown

American Rolling Mill Co.
The Ohio Corrugated Cul. Co.

Oklahoma, Shawnee

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.

Oregon, Portland

Coast Culvert & Plume Co.
Pennsylvania, Warren

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
South Dakota, Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Metal Cul. Co.
Tennessee, Nashville

Tennessee Metal Culvert Co.
Texas, Dallas

Atlas Metal Works.
Texas, El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.
Texas, Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.
I'tah, Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Co.
Virginia, Roanokr

Virginia Metal & Cul. Co.
Washington, Spokane

Spokane Corrugated Culvert

& Tank Co.
Wisconsin. Kau Claire

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

286

THE IREIGATI'OTSr. AGE.

DEPENDABLE POWER

FOR

IRRIGATION

When you buy an engine for irrigation pumping, look first to the quality. Depend-
ability is the all-important consideration. You can't afford to risk failure of your
pumping outfit at the critical time. It will cost you less in the long run to pay what
a good engine is worth.

Lauson and
Kerosene

"Frost King"
Engines

are particularly well adapced for irrigation pumping because of their absolute reliability. "Lauson'
Engines are built up to a standard, not down to a price; have more drop forged and case hardened
parts than any other engine on the market, and will run as true after five years' use as when new.

By using a carburetor of special design ordinary kerosene distillate is used, securing the full rated
horse power as with gasoline. The cold process type of carburetor is used because it is cleaner and
more efficient than the oil heating system used by others.

For continuous heavy work there is no engine on the market today that equals the Lauson. We'll
be glad to submit proof without obligating you in any way.

Built in Sizes

from

6 to 50 H. P.,

Horizontal Portable or

Stationary Types.

80 to 100 H. P.

Multiple Cylinder

Vertical Type.

Jolxrx

68 MONROE STREET, NEW HOLSTEIN, WIS.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

287

GATE OPEN

Five other types of Gates. Culverts, Siphons,
Flumes, Stock and Water Troughs.

Reduces labor of irrigating.,
Easy and quick to install

or move to new locations.
Does not wash cut.
Saves water and stops

scalding of crops.
Can be removed, ditches

cleaned with teams, and

gates replaced without

loss.

Because Made From
RUST-RESISTING AMERICAN INGOT IRON

Us.

California Corrugated Culvert Co.

435 Leroy St., Los Angeles, Calif. 424 Parker St., Berkeley, Calif.

GATE CLOSED

Finish This Story

A WORKMAN in an I H C

•**• wagon factory was explaining

the various stages of wagon

construction to an interested visitor. He

picked up two pieces of long leaf yellow

Erne, which to all appearances were sawed
:om the same board, and asked the visitor
to notice the difference in the weight of the
two pieces. The lighter piece, he explained,
was kiln-dried. The heavier piece was

air-dried and more thoroughly seasoned. - •

It had retained the resinous sap which adds
strength and toughness, while in the kiln-dried piece of
lumber this sap had been drawn out by the too rapid
application of heat.

Every Stick of Lumber Used in

I H C Wagons is Carefully Selected,

Air-Dried Stock

Here was something to think about. The visitor
asked for a test as to the relative strength of the two
pieces of wood. The air-dried piece held up under
nearly double the weight under which the kiln-
dried piece of lumber broke. The workman
explained how the comparative life of air-dried
and kiln-dried lumber has about as great a
difference.

To the eye there was no difference between
these two pieces of lumber, but when put to

the test there was a vast difference. So it is throughout
the construction of I H C wagons — Weber, Columbus,
New Bettendorf, Steel King. They are built for real
strength, light draft, and satisfactory service.
.. After seeing the care used in the construction of every
part of an I H C wagon, the visitor asked: "Why
don't you let people know of the great care used in
selecting material and in constructing I H C wagons?"

This is what we have been trying to do, but we can-
not tell it all in one short advertisement.

Weber and Columbus wagons have wood gears.
Steel King and New Bettendorf have steel gears.
I H C local dealers handle the wagons best suited to
your work. See them for literature and full informa-
tion, or, write the nearest branch house.

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena. Mont.;

Portland, Ore.; Spokane, Wa>h.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San

Francisco, Cal.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

Chicago USA

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

288

THE IERIGATION AGE.

If the Weather Man Were Always Kind
Irrigation Would Be Unnecessary

Don't Depend on Rainfall!

Install your own pumping plant and get
the maximum possible yield from land

"The Deane of Holyoke"

IRRIGATION PUMPING MACHINERY

Makes Your Water Supply Sure

Deane Pumps Are

Originated
Designed
Built
Sold

By

Experts

Bulletin D-230-89 tells about
Deane Irrigation Pumps

Fig. 2074

Tx. Deep Well "Tigrecito" Type

The Deane Steam Pump Co.

115 Broadway, New York

Works: Holyoke, Mass.

Branch Offices in Principal Cities

P. S. — A central pumping
plant for supplying adjacent
properties produces greater
benefits at less outlay. Talk
to your neighbors about it.

D281.:

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION FROM WELLS

289

An Arkansas Installation. Layne Patent Screen and Patent Enclosed Line Shaft Centrifugal Pump.

With the twenty-three hundred successful working plants using out systemsof irrigation, which inoculates and
energizes the dormant forces, there is now being produced in previously non-productive districts throughout the
United States and in portions of Europe and Asia over eleven million dollars worth of FOOD PRODUCTS
ANNUALLY. That our system is not an experiment is forcibly demonstrated by the fact that much of this pro-
duction is from localities which were arid and barren previous to the introduction of our system.

V"%&tr> LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY ***%£"*

The World's Largest Water Development Company

Houston, Texas

Memphis, Tennessee

Welsh, Louisiana

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Plainview, Texas

Jackson, Mississippi

International Harvester
Tillage Implements

GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES
Binders, Reapers
Headers, Mowers
Rakes, Stackers
Hay Loaders
Hay Presses

TILLAGE
Combination,
Peg and Spring-
Tooth, and Disk
Harrows
Cultivators

THE IHC
LINE

MACHINES

Planters, Pickers

Binders

Cultivators

Ensilage Cutters

Shelters

Shredders

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gas

Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure
Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Trucks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders
Knife Grinders
Binder Twine

THIS year ten disk harrows will be sold where one
was sold five years ago. Why? Because so many
farmers have learned that the proper use of a disk har-
row is the best guarantee of a successful crop.

Proper use of a disk harrow means the purchase of an I H C
disk harrow, because they are the ones built to do the best work.
The frames are strong, to stand the strain of following the binder
or of slicing meadows. The set levers keep the gangs to their
work at even depth. The bearings are the most durable that
can be put on a disk harrow.

The full line includes disk, peg tooth, and smoothing harrows,
drills and cultivators. See this line before you buy. We send
catalogues on request.

"The Disk Harrow," a book which illustrates and explains the
proper preparation of a seed bed, and gives examples of the value
of disking — 32 pages of valuable information — is yours for four
cents to cover postage and packing.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)
Denver — Helena — Portland — Spokane — Salt Lake City — San Francisco

Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

290

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

ft\H VOH«

\Y/E SHALL be glad to mail
W anyone who wishes same,
our free catalog. We sell our
product through dealers and
jobbers entirely and solicit in-
quiries from all dealers. Our
goods are well and favorably
known. They are standards in
the United States Army and
several other departments of
the government.

Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co.

Racine, Wis., U. S. A.

BUCKEYE

Power
Working Heads

DESIGNED
especially for
IRRIGATION
and pumping large
quantities of water
from deep wells.

Made in (our sizes.
Range of stroke, 5 to
24 inches. Size of
cylinder can be varied
to meet requirements of
depth and diameter
of well.

The frame is attached
to the base of the pump
so that it can be hinged
back out of the way
when the pump rods
and valves are being
removed.

Write TODAY for Catalogue R

Manufactured by

MAST, FOOS & COMPANY

SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

PAYS FOR ITSELF IN ONE MONTH

Delays Pay No Dividends. _ MaHJThis£oupon Today.
The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind.

Below are descriptions of our proposed ditches. What will it cost per
cubic yard to make them with the Reclamation Ditcher? |

Length

Width in Average
Bottom Depth

Maximum
Depth

Minimum
Depth

Slope of
Side.

Character of Soil

Name

Address-

and Keeps on Saving You Money at the Same
Rate Thereafter.

THE RECLAMATION DITCHER

Cuts Canals and Laterals for less than any other
machinery — because it plows the dirt out with One
Continuous Sweeping Motion.

We guarantee the cost per yard and prove it before
you buy.

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co.

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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

291

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292

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

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T^v%r entry* B^in. til

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, AUGUST, 1914.

No. 10

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged

The National Land and Irrigation Journal
MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL

THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST

ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD

THE WATER USERS' BULLETIN THE IRRIGATOK

D. H. ANDERSON

PUBLISHER,
30 No. Dearborn Street, CHICAGO

Old No. 112 Dearborn St.

Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postoffice
at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879.

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready; Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . . $1.00
To Canada and Mexico. . . . . . . . 1.50

All Other Foreign Countries, ...... 1.60

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local
banks. Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or
New York draft.

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

The Executive Committee of the National Federation
of Water Users' Associations has taken action whereby
THE IRRIGATION AGE is created the official organ of this
vast organization, representing 1,000,000 persons on the
government irrigation projects.

Interesting to Advertisers

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age
is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in
advance circulation among individual irrigators and large
irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all inter-
ested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the
world. The Irrigation Age is 29 years old and is the
pioneer publication of its class in the world.

The Old
Congress
Cleansed, or a
New Congress?

The officers and board of gov-
ernors of the Irrigation Congress
still sit idle and smirk and grin,
while the Canadian land boomers
are striving with all their might
to use this great American insti-
tution to advertise their wares. No heed has been
paid to the repeated demands of THE IRRIGATION
AGE, various Western publications and many promi-
nent Western men that the contract for the sale
of the Congress be abrogated. Secretary Hooker is
drawing a very large salary, which the Canadians
are paying, and of course he is satisfied to let the
deal stand, even though he is not permitted to do
all the junketing he is said to have planned. The
board of governors seem satisfied to let the Ca-
nadians run the Congress as they please in return
for favors which may have been shown them or
which they may expect.

Efforts to stir the executive committee of the
Congress to action have met with little success.
This is not the fault of the committeemen, many
of whom are anxious to have the Canadian deal
abrogated. It is the fault of the organization of
the Congress. Certain influences, which gained

control of this great organization a few years ago,
succeeded in making the executive committee little
more than an honorary institution, whereas it was
designed to have a most important voice in the gov-
ernment of the Congress. • Realizing their almost
helpless condition, the executive committeemen —
one from each state — have found it impossible so
far to arrange a meeting or devise means of rescind-
ing the Canadian contract made by the board of
governors.

It is unfortunate that this condition exists. The
Irrigation Congress has done so much for the West
and there is still so much that it can do for the West
— in fact, for the whole nation — that some means
should be found to restore it to its native soil and
to the purposes for which it was originated.

Business men of Ogden, Utah, whose invitation
to entertain the Congress was refused in order that
the Canadian deal might be put through, have of-
fered to finance the organization of a new Irrigation
Congress. They have gone further. They have
offered a permanent home for such a Congress.

Perhaps this is the solution. THE IRRIGATION
AGE still has a very warm spot in its heart for the
old Congress and for the men who were its back-

294

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

bone in the days when it was working for the good
of the whole West and when no special interests
controlled it. THE AGE would like to see the old
Congress saved, and although the hour for action
is almost passed, is still hopeful that the board of
governors will come to their senses, awaken to their
patriotic duty as Americans and rescind the igno-
minious deal which they made.

If they do not, then one of two things should be
done, and done promptly. Either the invitation of
Ogden should be accepted by the patriotic men of
the West and a new Congress organized, or steps
should be taken 'to eliminate absolutely from any
authority in the old Congress every man who had
anything to do with the Canadian deal.

If Secretary Hooker and the board of governors
persist in carrying the Canadian deal to completion
in order to collect their mess of pottage, they must
be dealt with strenuously and in no uncertain man-
ner. They should be ousted from office and so
branded that all may know them and guard against
any attempt they may make in the future to again
creep into power in the Irrigation Congress.

If the Congress is restored to American soil,
steps should be taken immediately by its patriotic
American members to guard absolutely against any-
such deal as this Canadian affair in the future.
Greater care should be taken in selecting new offi-
cers of the Congress. Only men who have the real
interests of the irrigation areas of the United States
at heart and are true blue Americans should be
selected. The Congress should be reorganized so
as to restore it to the high plane upon which its
originators placed it, eliminating all the present
money-seeking, money-grabbing features which
have crept into it and which offered excuse for the
despicable Canadian deal.

Meanwhile it will be well for all Americans to
keep- in mind the generous and patriotic offer of
Ogden, Utah. If the old Congress can not be
brought back to the United States thoroughly
cleansed of the men who sold it out to the Canadian
land boomers, if this influence, purchased with
sordid gold, is to be permitted to continue, then it
is best that the old Congress shall die. It must not
be allowed to remain the slave of alien land
boomers.

Ogden and her citizens are entitled to unstinted
praise for their generous offer. And we know
enough of the leading men of Ogden to say without
fear of contradiction that if Ogden is called upon
to fulfill her offer, she will do it in a manner to make
every patriotic Westerner feel proud.

Some decisive action must be taken quickly.
The West and the Nation need such a body as the

Irrigation Congress was before the insidious in-
fluences which now control it crept in.

Which shall it be— the old Congress, thor-
oughly cleansed, or a new Congress?

Whichever it is, it must be an institution of the
United States, for and in the interests of the United
States, and manned by patriotic citizens of the
I/nited -States.

Spokane business men are after the
Bring the land hog. The Chamber of Corn-

Landless Man merce of the western metropolis of
To the Washington has begun a campaign

Manless Land to induce the big landholders to put
their lands on the market at reason-
able figures.

These business men, interested in the develop-
ment of their section of the nation, never have
made a more wise move. The West has been
handicapped seriously for years by the holding by
wealthy men of large tracts of idle land for specu-
lative purposes.

If desirable settlers are to be obtained, the
land must be offered at prices which the farmer
can pay. One intelligent farmer settled upon a
piece of land for which he will be able to pay is
worth a dozen speculative deals in real estate that
remains idle.

Abnormal prices for land mean that few de-
sirable settlers will attempt to buy it and still
fewer will be able to pay for it.

It is estimated that there are 150,000 acres of
land under the ditch in Washington, which are lying
idle. This is nearly one-third of Washington's ir-
rigated lands.

It is idle because it is practically all in pri-
vate ownership and is held at^ prices which the aver-
age farmer cannot pay. True the land may be
worth all the owners ask for it, and produce big
interest, when cultivated, on the values at which
they hold it, but this does not help the intelligent
farmer with a small amount of capital who really
wants to develop and pay for a farm.

Once these big landholders are taught that in
the end they will realize a far greater profit as well
as benefit their state and nation through permitting
their lands to.be settled up at reasonable valuations
with progressive, hustling producers of wealth, the
development of the West will progress with much
greater strides.

More power to the business men of Spokane.
This work which they have undertaken means much
to the Inland Empire. It is a work which other
western Chambers of Commerce and Commercial
clubs can well afford to follow.

THE IREIGATION AGE.

295

A pernicious joker, under which the
Newell Reclamation Service expects to force

and the the Federal Water Users to pay for

"Betterment" the correction of all the mistakes
Joker and incompetency of its engineers

as well as some other things which
look suspicious, was slipped into an Indian irriga-
tion bill, which was passed by Congress in 1912. It
is known as the "betterment" clause, and makes all
charges, in addition to those named in the settler's
original contract, a lien upon the lands of the water
right applicants.

Western Congressmen and Senators, almost to
a man, insist that they did not know the import of
this joker at the time the bill was passed. The set-
tlers did not learn of it until they sought by law
suit to protect their rights.

When Congress took up reclamation legisla-
tion at this session, G. E. Rodman, secretary of the
Sunnyside \Yater Users' Association, and treasurer
of the National Federation of Water Users' Associa-
tions.wrote to F. H. Newell, director of the Recla-
mation Service. He asked him as a matter of fair-
ness to urge the repeal of this pernicious "better-
ment" clause.

"This, in part, was Mr. Newell' s reply:

"Relative to your request that an endeavor be
made to secure from Congress legislation eliminat-
ing the provision as to betterments, contained in
Section 3 of the Act of August 9, 1912 (37 Stat,
265). it may be stated that the so-called Reclama-
tion Extension Bill is, as you doubtless know, now
pending before the proper committee in Congress,
and it can not be foretold what disposition Con-
gress will make of the matter."

In a letter to Secretary of the Interior Lane,
Mr. Rodman quotes the Newell reply and adds:

"It is the desire of the Water Users that this
provision in regard to betterments be repealed and
if Mr. Newell is not opposed to the repeal of it, why
did he not say so? The only conclusion that we can
come to from his answer is that he is opposed to the
repeal of the provision and will fight to have it re-
tained in the law if the matter ever comes up in
Congress. We cannot get away from the conclu-
sion that Mr. Newell is taking too much of a hand
in the legislation affecting the Water Users."

The Newell letter is typical of the man. It
shows clearly just how little he has at heart the
interests of the Federal Water Users.

The problems of the Reclamation Service are
now largely human ones. Secretary Lane must
realize this. In fact, he has been quoted as be-
lieving the human problems are uppermost. If he
is going to solve these problems, he can only do so

by surrounding himself with red-blooded, warm-
hearted men who will devote themselves to the in-
terests of the settlers instead of those of designing
politicians and corporations.

The time has come to eliminate Mr. Newell and
his ilk from the Reclamation Service. Their use-
fulness to the Service is passed.

The Newell crowd have heaped up millions
upon millions .of dollars in charges against the Fed-
eral irrigation projects, all of which the settlers are
asked to pay. Nearly one-half of these charges are
unjust because the settlers will obtain no benefits
from the work for which it is claimed this money
was paid. Forty millions of dollars is generally
considered a conservative estimate of the amount of
money charged against the settlers for something
which is not doing them any good and will never do
them any good.

This condition, and Secretary Lane has been
made pretty well acquainted with the facts concern-
ing these expenditures, should be enough to cause
Mr. Newell's elimination from the Reclamation
Service.

If it is not, then he should be ousted on the
grounds of humanity. His place should be filled
by a man sufficiently human to fight for and protect
the interests of the Federal Water Users.

What is the whole Federal reclamation of the
West worth, if even one man can charge justly, and
prove his charge, that he has been treated unfairly
or dishonestly by his government?

The
Call
To

Arms

With the Twenty-Year Extension
bill a law, the real serious business
of the Federal Wrater Users in re-
adjusting their conditions is at hand.
The projects are to be revalued.
Secretary Lane has declared that the
Water Users shall have one member of the board
of three, who will make these revaluations. These
boards must decide whether the settlers must pay
for $30,000,000 to $40,000.000 worth of so-called
work, from which it is generally agreed they can
derive no benefit.

Shall the Water Users be made to pay one dol-
lar for which they do not receive full value?

It is now time for every Federal Water User
to ask Himself or herself this question. It is now
time for the various Water Users' Associations to
consider this question.

It is a question which must be settled for all
time while the project revaluations and the re-
adjustment of payments are in progress. It can
only be settled satisfactorily by every Water User
doing his share in working out the problem in a

296

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

manner fair and equitable to his government and to
himself. If an equitable adjustment is reached it
can only be accomplished by united action of the
Water Users, forgetting individual interests and
working patriotically for the good of all.

THE IRRIGATION AGE urges the officers of the
National Federation of Water Users to call a meet-
ing of delegates from all the projects to meet in
some Western city, centrally located, within the
next month to consider thoroughly the revaluation
problem. The problem should be studied from
every angle at this meeting. Policies, which will
protect the interests of the Water Users as well as
the government should be adopted. United action
in following these policies in all the projects should
be pledged.

Every Water Users' association should take
immediate steps to do its share toward financing the
work of the National Federation. It cannot do any-
thing without funds.

Unless the Water Users present a united front
it is doubtful if they can obtain a fair or satisfac-
tory revaluation of their projects. Not because the
United States government is grasping; not because
Secretary Lane does not want to be fair, but be-
cause the old bureaucracy in the Reclamation Serv-
ice will have one member of each revaluation board
and this bureaucracy is determined to stay on the
government pay roll at any cost. It can only do
so by covering up its mistakes, its extravagance, its
foolish experiments, its ill-smelling work by mak-
ing the settlers pay the bills.

If revaluations are agreed upon, which result
in charging off at least $30,000,000 from the costs
of the projects, as they now stand on the govern-
ment books, the Reclamation Service bureaucrats
know Congress will probe their work to its very
vitals. They know Congress will clean house from
top to bottom and that many if not all of them will
be turned out.

Better every one of them lose their jobs and go
to the poor house than that any Wrater User be
forced to pay one dollar which cannot be charged
justly against him.

Absolutely fair revaluations — revaluations made
by boards which will go to the very bottom and
sift each expenditure in minutest detail — will re-
sult, THE IRRIGATION AGE believes, in charging off
at least $30,000,000, which the settlers otherwise
must pay. If a fair revaluation results in charging
off only one dollar, it is worth working for because
once it is made, every Water User will be satisfied
and contented with his financial relations with his
government.

If the National Federation officers call this

meeting, which THE IRRIGATION AGE again most
earnestly urges them to do, steps should also be
taken to obtain from1 Congress further relief meas-
ures for the settlers. The twenty-year bill covers
but a very small part of the reforms and relief
needed to make the federal projects the ideal spots
in which to live which they should be and which
the men who helped originate and embellish the
legislation under which the projects were begun
hoped they would be.

Congress will grant this further relief if the
Water Users go to Washington united. They can
only do this through their National Federation of
Water Users' Associations. Rally, Water Users!
Concentrate your fire. Make the Federation a thor-
oughly substantial institution. Finance it so it can
work for you 365 days in the year.

"I am firmly convinced that the
The Farmer country school in its work should
and the represent and reflect the industrial

School- life of the community and that the

Teacher teacher should be so trained that he

can serve in a very large and help-
ful way, not merely the school interests of his com-
munity, but the industrial and agricultural interests
of his community as well."

State Superintendent of Public Instruction W.
F. Doughty, of Texas, uses the above words in a
letter urging all country school teachers to attend
the state and county farmers' institutes. The school
teacher is something more than just a salaried em-
ploye. He is a servant of the public, charged with
a most sacred duty. He can best perform his duty
if he is in thorough touch with the parents of the
children whom he must instruct, and if he has the
interests of the citizens of the community in which
he works at heart.

It may mean giving up some of his vacation
days to attend the farmers' meetings, but if he really
wants to succeed in his work he will find these days
well spent. He will learn much of the industrial
conditions and needs of his state. Better still, he
will do much toward bringing about closer co-opera-
tion between the farmers and the country schools,
a most desirable condition in every rural com-
munity.

The North Platte Valley Water Users' Associa-
tion has offered ten cents a head for all pocket
gophers trapped within the project. The gopher
situation is quite a serious one on this project.

Australia plans to spend $25,000,000 to open
the Murray river to 'navigation and to construct an
irrigation system that will develop 1,500,000 acres
of land.

THE IKEIGATION AGE.

297

THE SILO MEANS MONEY TO THE IRRIGATOR

It Is no Longer an Experiment in the West; It Is a Necessity

BUILD a silo. It means
more to the irrigated
farm today than almost
any other improvement
which the farmer can add.
The silo on the irrigated
farm is no longer an ex-
periment. In fact, today
among the most close
students of intensified
farming, it is considered
an absolute necessity.

Its value to the irri-
gated farm, where dairy
cows are kept or where
livestock is being fed, has
been greatly enhanced
through experiments by
practical farmers, who
have proven that the feed
crops of the West are
practically all good for
silage. Alfalfa is being
used as silage on some
farms in nearly all the

Western states. Experiments in Western Wash-
ington have proved that all of the grass crops,
wheat, oats, vetch, rye, peas, clover and even mes-
quite make good silage.

Corn can now be grown almost any place west
of the one-hundredth meridian. As it is becoming
acclimated the corn is improving rapidly through-
out the West and some of the best corn in the na-
tion is now being grown on irrigated farms. Corn
is the most important silage feed in the dairy sec-
tions of the
eastern and
central sections
of the United
States a n d it
promises to as-
s u in e almost
f q u a 1 impor-
t a n c e in the
dairies of the
West.

The s o r -
ghums.- which
grow prolifical-
ly in many parts
of the West,
are also recom-
mended for sil-
age.

"The silo is a
proven neces-
sity on our high
priced irrigated
lands," says J.
S. Stinson, a

WHY I USE A SILO

THE Irrigation Age will pay five dollars to the
irrigation farmer who writes the best letter
on "Why I Use a Silo." It will present copies
of The Primer of Irrigation, a book every ir-
rigator should have in his library, to the writers
of the five next best letters. These letters should
reach The Irrigation Age office, 39 N. Dearborn
St., Chicago, 111., not later than Sept. 1, 1914.
Address care of the Silo Editor.

The Age offers these prizes because it wants
to give to its readers information of .results
being accomplished by actual irrigation farmers.
The Age believes in the value of the silo on the
irrigated farm. There are still many skeptics
among irrigators concerning the silo. The best
arguments with which to convince them are
facts; the accomplishments of other actual ir-
rigators.

Tell The Age what you have accomplished
through the use of a silo. Do it not only be-
cause you may want to win one of the prizes
but because your experiences may greatly aid
some brother irrigator.

Silaje ted calves. They gained two pounds daily on Kafir Silase

Colorado farmer. "The
selling prices of our
dairy products are not al-
ways under our control,
but the cost of production
is. The silo has solved
this cost problem for me,
for by its use I am keep-
ing twenty-five head of
stock on twenty acres.
We are buying, some hay
at $5 a ton and by feed-
ing it to the cows I am
getting $12 to $15 a ton.
Every stock man and
dairy woman has looked
out over the meadow and
longed for the green
grass for the winter time.
The ensilage from the
silo is summer conditions
for our cows; that degree
of succulency is present in
this feed so that it keeps
up the milk flow. Our

cows dropped off two pounds each a day last month
when we stopped feeding it and we had the best of
other green feed to take its place.

"Ensilage is a heavy product and we feed each
cow twelve to twenty pounds morning and even-
ing. To reduce the labor and keep down the cost
of the cream, the silo should be close to the feed-
ing alley, by the stable, barn or sheds, outside the
barn, for an odor is always present and we do not
care for this in the stable."

The silo
makes it possi-
ble to conduct
a farming busi-
ness on a busi-
ness basis in-
stead of being
compelled t o
follow the
wasteful prac-
tices adopted in
the days of
cheap lands,
feed and labor.
It is an all-
year-round in-
surance against
the shortage of
succulent feed.
It often proves
just as much of
a necessity in
summer as in
winter.
Those who

298

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Southwest farmers listening to a discussion cf silos and their possibilities. The talks were made by lecturers on a Santa Fe

railway demonstration train.

are warmest in
praise of the
silo are the
farmers who
are using them.
The use of
silos has three
great advan-
tages over dry
feed methods.
It is more eco-
nomical, the
feeding value
of the product
i s improved,
and silos make
cattle feeding
profitable and
hence help to
maintain soil
fertility. The
economy of
silage results
from the fact
that cattle will
readily eat the
whole stalk in

silage form while in whole or shredded dry fodder
a goodly portion of the stalk is refused. If fodder
is stored in a dry shed the percentage of waste in
curing is not much different from the same in the
silo, since there is a portion of silage on top that
spoils, but if the corn is husked in the field the same
crop in silage is worth at least 25 per cent more.

If the crop is to be stored the silo is the most
economical storage room, since nearly twice the
amount of dry matter may be stored in the same
space in the form of silage as in the form of dry
fodder. Also crops may often be siloed that would
otherwise be lost.

The greatest recommendation for a silo is that
it increases the feeding value of a crop. The in-
creased feeding value does not come entirely from
increased digestibility, but chiefly from the physical
effects and the increased palatability of the silage,
therefore animals may be induced to eat larger
amounts. Owing to its succulence, silage, like
grass, keeps the bowels regulated and tends to
maintain that degree of healthful vigor so essential
in hard-worked dairy and breeding animals.

Some silo advantages are indirect. The most
laudable thing about the silo harvest system is that
it does away with selling crops off the land and
thereby depleting the soil fertility. It makes a sys-
tem of stock farming possible whereby nearly all
the fertilizing constituents are thrown back to the
soil in the form of manure.

Silage is pre-eminently a cow feed. It finds
greatest favor with dairy cattle, since it may be
made to replace the succulent grass in winter, or
may serve to uphold the milk flow during a drought
in summer. In dairies near cities, where pasture
is not available, it often determines the difference
between profit and loss by supplanting costly grain
foods. It also makes possible the rearing of calves
cheaply to replenish the herd. Some complaint has

The cuts used in connection with the story on silos are from photo-
graph? made for the Santa Fe Railway.

been made
against the fla-
vor of milk
from silage fed
cows, but there
is no danger
from this
source if the
silage is first
class, unless
the milk is al-
lowed to set in
open vessels in
the barn and to
absorb the od-
ors, and the
milking is done
after silage is
fed.

On the gen-
eral farm the
good effect of
silage on the
health of the
breeding of
young stock in
winter can

hardly be overestimated. It is an excellent feed for
ewes with lambs. It may be used in small quan-
tities for maintaining the idle horses, but it is ton
sappy to feed to work horses.

The chief value of silage on the beef farm is
in providing a cheap and healthful ration for the
breeding herd. Large quantities fed to fattening
animals makes the flesh too soft and sappy. It
may, however, be used freely in the first part of
the fattening period and since it is a great appe-
tizer small amounts fed to animals on full feed pro-
duce wonderful results as a tonic.

In regard to the kind of a silo, that is a matter
for each individual farmer to settle for himself.
They are all good. They will all keep silage in first-
class shape. They will all pay for themselves
several times over. Some makes stand the wind-
storms and are more fireproof than others. Some
cost more than others. These are points for the
individual to settle. Do not build too large a silo.
It is much better to build two smaller ones. Do
not have too much surface space, as from two to
four inches should be fed off the surface each day.
This insures less waste and sweeter silage. Some
build two silos, one for winter feeding and one for
summer feeding. This is a very good thing to do.
Extensive experiments with silage have been
conducted recently at the experimental station at
Puyallup, Wash. Concerning the results accom-
plished, H. L. Blanchard, assistant superintendent
of the station, says :

"We must not cut our corn into the silo be-
fore it has become sufficiently mature. There is
much evidence that corn in this state should pass
the glazing stage and have about begun to ripen
for the best ensilage. No doubt the quality of our
c-orn silage will continue to improve from year to
year as certain varieties become more and more ac-
climated. The best method of planting — in hills
or in drills — will need to be worked out under the
(Continued on page 313.)

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

299

fiajcifiSliiiJSJSJBfi!^^

ho .l|Xt)clora]

W')f"V,

/ / <l»^;i

A Department Devoted to the

Interests of the Farmors on the
Government Irrigation Projects

EDITED BY GEORGE J. SCHARSCHUG

ajiiMBJHJiiUiilJSli^

THE TWENTY -YEAR BILL PASSES; NOW WHAT?

Any Relief for Settlers in New Law is Due These Men; the Executive Committee of the National

Federation of Water Users' Association

Standing — Earl B. Smith, Somerton, Ariz. (Yuma Project), President, and O. E. Farnham, Newell, S. D. (Belle Fourche

Project), Secretary.

Seated — Fulton H. Sears, Fallen, Nev. (Truckee Carson Project); Scott Etter, Carlsbad, N. M. (Carlsbad Project), and
George E. Rodman, Sunnyside, Wash. (Sunnyside Unit of the Yakima Project), Treasurer.

THE Twenty- Year Reclamation Extension bill
will be law within a few days. It passed the
House on July 30, in about the form agreed upon in
Secretary of the Interior Lane's conferences early
last spring, except for one important amendment.
This amendment, which completely revolutionizes
the financial side of the Reclamation Service, will
not directly affect the settlers now on the projects,
for whose relief the measure primarily was ad-
vocated.

The amendment provides that all expenditures
for irrigation work must be approved through
annual appropriation measures by Congress, author-

izing such withdrawals from the Reclamation fund.
In the past, the expenditures from the fund have
been entirely at the discretion of the Secretary of
the Interior.

As many amendments designed to afford
greater relief to the settlers, which the Senate
adopted, were eliminated in the House, the bill will
go to a conference. There may be some changes
from its present form, but in all probability it will
become law in practically the form in which Secre-
tary Lane and his conferees originally offered it
to Congress.

And now?

300

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

ABEL ADY,

President of the Klamath Water
Users' Association of Oregon,
Who Has Worked for Months
in Washington for the Twenty-
Year Bill.

In accordance with
his pledge to the Fed-
eral Water Users in
his letter which ac-
companied an early
draft of the Twenty-
Y e a r bill, Secretary
Lane must proceed im-
mediately with the re-
valuation of the proj-
ects and the readjust-
ment of the payments
for water rights. In
their oratorical efforts
to carry the measure to
victory, Western Con-
gressmen, almost to a
man, declared every
dollar of the Reclama-
tion fund would be
paid back into the
United States treasury,
providing the exten-
sion of payments was granted. In their pleas for
the "poor devils out in the desert," they made no
mention of the fact that from $30,000,000 to $40,-
000,000 had been spent by the Reclamation Service,
from which the Water Users derive no benefit and
for which in all justice the settlers should not be
held responsible. Secretary Lane has been quoted
as stating that he favored charging off certain over-
head charges, amounting to about $3,000,000, now
charged against the projects, but that the settlers
must pay for all engineering "mistakes" and other
expenditures, because irrigation engineering is not
an exact science.

If the settlers are forced to pay for all the
waste, extravagance, mistakes and wild-eyed ex-
periments which have characterized the Reclama-
tion Service work, the price to them of the ten-year
extension in their water right payments will be
tremendous.

Under such conditions it is doubtful if many of
the settlers will give up their old contracts, which
stipulated much smaller payments, in order to ob-
tain the benefits of the extension law. This may
mean chaos and worse conditions than ever be-
fore on the projects.

The Secretary of the Interior is armed with
much more drastic powers than before to enforce
the demands of the law and the Reclamation Serv-
ice regulations. What results these new powers
will bring is hard to foretell.

In addition to the possibility that the extension
of payments, may save many settlers their homes
and make home building easier for new comers,
there is one other feature of real value in the bill.
This is the recognition accorded the Federal Water
Users' Associations. It is the one bulwark against
even greater domination by a government bu-
reaucracy which the Water Users have.

Credit for the two features of the bill, which it
is hoped will prove of relief and benefit to the set-
tlers— the extension of payments and recognition
of the Water Users' associations, is due entirely to
the officers and active leaders of the National Fed-
eration of Water Users' Associations. These men

laid the foundation for the bill at a conference in
Washington fifteen months ago. They fought
valiantly to the end to obtain effective relief for the
Water Users. Not once did they waver.

Measure after measure of relief, which they
asked, was cut from the bill in the Lane conferences.
Finally it was sent to Congress minus all relief
clauses except the time extension. Recognition for
the Water Users' associations was gained only alter
some very adroit maneuvering by officials of the
Federation. They worked hard for other amend-
ments to the measure but the forces at Washington
could not be overcome.

The Western Congressmen were kept badly
frightened about the success of the measure until
the last moment, through threats of interest charges
on water payments and other changes in the Recla-
mation law. That is why they feared to tell the
truth about the Reclamation Service or insist vig-
orously on the various relief amendments asked by
the settlers.

This fright, if it was really honest, was entirely
unnecessary, as it was "doped" by the administra-
tion forces from the beginning of this session of
Congress that the Twenty-Year bill in some form
must be passed as sop to the West. Republican and
Progressive Congressmen were pledged to such a
measure by their party platforms, and with the ad-
ministration seeking to appease the West, which is
not at all pleased by the free sugar, wool and other
features of the tariff measure, as well as some other
recent legislation, the bill was never seriously in
danger of not passing. These facts were borne out
by the final vote upon the bill in the House. It
was passed without even a roll call being demanded.

PROTECTS THE WATER USERS

The Secretary of the Interior has awarded the
contract to the Canyon Power Company of Oak-
land, California, for the lease of the electric power
plant, substation and transmission line in the
Truckee-Carson irrigation project in Nevada. The
term of the lease is ten years.

The bid of the Canyon Power Company is at
the rate of one-fourth of a cent per kilowatt hour
for the excess power during the summer months
(April to September, inclusive), and at the rate of
three-eighths of a cent during the period from Oc-
tober to March, inclusive. There is to be a mini-
mum payment of $1,200 per month during the sum-
mer months. The net income to be expected is ap-
proximately $14,000 per annum as a minimum, with
a possible maximum of approximately $30,000 per
annum.

A stipulation will be inserted in the contract
for the protection of the Federal Water Users and
other small consumers by limiting the price to be
charged such consumers.

ALFALFA BLOAT IN CATTLE

This remedy for alfalfa bloat in cattle has been
used successfully in Idaho for years : Put a level
teaspoonful of common pine tar on the root of the
animal's tongue and relief will come immediately.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

301

SOME R. S. METERS WHICH FAILED TO METER

Also Another Vigorous Demand for a Reclamation Service Investigation

By H. A. BUSTRIN

Vice-President of the Land Owners' Protective Association
of Phoenix, Ariz.

1WISH to criticise a recent article by W. A. Ryan,
comptroller of the Reclamation Service, on the
liberality of the 20-year extension bill. In the first
place, conditions he refers to do not compare with
irrigation under our Federal projects. They can
only be compared with Rural Credits, as now
planned. If he wishes to be fair why does he not
make his comparison with foreign irrigating proj-
ects? Since he has seen fit to compare with strictly
farm loans, I will answer in that line.

In the first place, Mr. A. borrows a given sum
on his land, or he buys his land for a price and bor-
rows to improve his future home. That money is
his. He does not have to support an army of gov-
ernment engineers, clerks, and helpers, who spend
this cash for him without his consent or even ask-
ing him whether he wants certain work done, and
sometimes even without his knowledge as to what
they are doing. This army often does experimental
work, one piece after another, which is all lost and
all because these government experts are ignorant
of the practical way of doing things, and have no
knowledge or concern as to Mr. Ays needs or his
ability to pay.

Now, Mr. Ryan was here and I am informed
that he found some terrible things here. His re-
port was so strong that Secretary Lane almost ac-
cused him of hobnobbing with Sam Barrett. If he
had, Sam Barrett could have shown him more
things than he could find in the Reclamation Serv-
ice books in Phoenix.

For instance, a certain man invented a water
meter. To test it a certain concrete box had to be
built and it was very expensive.

Instead of building one such box they built
several hundred, and the aforesaid meter was a
failure.

Mr. A in that foreign land of which Mr. Ryan
speaks, borrows and spends only the amount he

feels able to repay, and uses it for his own benefit.
But we are not asked as to our ability to pay back.
Cost is piled on cost until it makes the best of us
stagger. And now they are willing to give us
twenty years instead of ten, hoping that we will
take the bait and not question their wisdom, much
less their honesty. I verily believe that the Recla-
mation Service has spent enough time and money
on this project to build two. The meter boxes men-
tioned are only one instance out of hundreds where
money has been wasted or thrown away and from
\vhich we get no benefit.

Another thing Mr. A does not have to pay for
is a lot of engineers, helpers, visitors, and hangers-
on who gather sixty miles from the railroad for a
"banquet," and all the food and drink — the very
best on the market — was freighted to that banquet
hall and charged against the farmers as labor per-
formed. Neither does he have to support an adver-
tising outfit taking pictures boosting the same en-
gineers. On this project alone such advertising
had cost more than $9,000 up to 1912. Their travel-
ing advertising man has been here several times
since.

Now, do you blame us for asking relief? We
are not responsible for that waste, incompetence
and "ignorance." The Reclamation Service office
is so full of incompetents that they are in each
other's way. And their only purpose seems to be
to spend money and draw their pay. The extension
of payments will not still our cry for justice. Every
unnecessary item of cost must be eliminated and
the house must be cleaned from top to bottom.
Then and then only will we be content.

Water Users on every project stand firm and
demand justice and I am sure justice will be given
us. Congress is awake, they know we are being
worse than robbed. They may be waiting for us to
act. Why not ask a sifting of the Reclamation
Service to the very bottom? I am sure they will
give it.

WATER USERS PLAN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

'"THE foundation on which the Federal Water
1 Users on the Truckee-Carson project in Ne-
vada hope to see built within a few years a great
agricultural college, have been laid. The founda-
tion is a ten-acre playground and park, carved out
of the desert in a day.

With true community spirit and enterprise, the
farmers of the Harmon district on the project
banded together, and with 140 head of their horses
and machinery leveled the land in a day. Five acres
, are being set out in ornamental trees, shrubbery and
lawns. The balance of the land will be used for a
ball grounds, an athletic field and as a site for a
school building. A bond issue for the construction
of a public school will be voted on soon.

About two months ago the people of the Har-
mon district asked the government to set apart 40
acres of land for the benefit of that locality. Among
the points that they urged was that in all the proj-
ect there is not a place where the farmers can take
their families for Sunday's rest or a day's picnic ;
that in the timber along the river the mosquitoes
are bad and the groves are not in condition for en-
joyment.

The government agreed to give them 10 acres,
with free water, and withdraw the 40 so that when
they proved that they made good use of the 10
acres they could have the rest. The people of the
district immediately went to work and cleared the
(Continued on page 311.)

302

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

'U. S. HAS DRAINED PROJECT OF ITS CAPITAL'

By O. E. FARNHAM
OF NEWELL. S. D.

Secretary of the National Federation of Water Users' Association

T

'HE I idle Fourche Wa-
ter I'sers' association
suit, which may settle
many important points in
the reclamation law and
the regulations promul-
gated under it by the
Reclamation Service, is
still awaiting decision by
the circuit court of ap-
peals. The arguments
were presented on June 2.
Our people are receiv-
ing water for their crops
under the injunctional
orders issued a year ago
and are certainly improv-
ing the opportunity to get in shape to meet such
payments as may have to be made in the future
to protect their homes. We have a dairying and
stockfeeding proposition almost exclusively and it
takes capital to handle it and stock our farms.

The Government has been draining the project
of its capital during the past five or six years, until

O. E. Farnham

most of the livestock has been sold at forced sales
and the balance heavily mortgaged to meet water
payments. We can not operate the project under
such conditions and the farmers must necessarily
be permitted to recuperate before any payments
can be expected.

So'me Congressmen at Washington seem to lose
sight of the fact that the Government has millions
invested in these projects that can never be realized
on unless it permits the accumulation of sufficient
capital and livestock in these communities with
which to stock up these farms and develop them
to a high state of production. Most of the lands
to be reclaimed are Government lands, otherwise
worthless, and the Government must handle these
lands as private capital has in the past developed
large areas of arid and semi-arid lands in the West.

Time and credit have been extended the people
who would take hold of these lands and develop
them. In some cases the promoters have developed
the lands themselves to a high state of productivity
and then sold them on the installment plan, the
produce from the lands paying the purchase price.
The matter of extending time and credit to these
settlers is an entirely different proposition from
loaning money to the Eastern farmer, as the settlers
on these projects are developing what is considered
as worthless Government land.

USE YOUR WATER USERS' ASSOCIATION

THE Water Users' Association on the Shoshone
project in Wyoming is working hard to solve
the seeped land problem, with which many of the
settlers must cope. A committee, consisting of a
representative of the Reclamation Service, a repre-
sentative of the Water Users, and a disinterested
non-resident will examine the seeped areas in the
project during this month.

In order to make this examination thorough
and fruitful of results, the association has been col-
lecting data from the settlers concerning the seeped
land. The seepage and drainage problem concerns
the whole project, yet some of the Water Users have
shown an inclination to "go it alone." To these
The Tribune, of Powell, Wyo., has something to
say which not only the Water Users of the Sho-
shone project should take to heart, but about which
every other Federal Water User should also think.
It concerns the advantages of acting through the
Water Users' Association in dealing with the gov-
ernment. The editorial, in part, is as follows:

"The opportunity to file with the directors of
the Water Users' Association one's own estimate
of his bogged land is too good a one to be lost. It
was for just such purposes as this that the Associa-
tion was formed ; that is, to serve, as the accredited
mouthpiece of the settlers taken collectively. Re-
quests and complaints from a single person are
often ineffectual — not, perhaps, on account of a dis-

inclination on the part of the authorities to attend
to such cases, but because in the press of work of
the sort for which the Reclamation Service was in-
stituted, the personal interests of the individual are
often temporarily sidetracked and maybe forgotten
in the course of time.

"No doubt many of the settlers dislike what
smacks of too much 'red tape' ; they prefer to do
their own talking — to disburden their minds of their
opinions of what seems to them a personal wrong,
but which is most probably merely an incident in
the day's work of the Reclamation Service. With
all due respect to them, we would say that sort of
thing does not pay. The proper thing is to write
or go to the secretary or some other official of the
Water Users and state your case, which is added to
other similar cases and the whole tabulated and
put into business-like shape so as to be easily and
quickly understood by the official to whom it is pre-
sented. In this way you are pretty sure of a prompt
consideration of your case. That is one point.
Another is the fact that several complaints together
have an added weight ; they mutually sustain each
other.

"Pace off your seeped areas and send in your
estimate of them. Thus the secretary will have
something to guide him in representations to the
proper officials. The Association will be all the
stronger the more it is used."

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

303

IRRIGATION IN THE EAST AND SOUTH

By GEO. J. SCHARSCHUG

The irrigation pump house on tl
pump delivers an 8-inch stream agai

FARMERS in the Delaware valley in New Jersey
are urging their Congressmen to seek a govern-
ment appropriation for the construction of an irri-
gation system.

The next session of Congress is likely to wit-
ness the introduction of a number of measures
proposing federal aid for irrigation projects in vari-
ous sections of the rain belt.

Severe droughts, which have prevailed this year
in many of the best trucking, fruit growing and
farming sections of the
East and South, have
aroused the agricul-
turists of these sec-
tions to the possibilities
— yes, necessity of ir-
rigation, if they desire
to obtain maximum
crops from their lands.
The old cry of the
rain belt farmer that
"water out of a ditch
ain't like that that falls
from the heavens" is
being forgotten.

The Eastern grow-
ers are rapidy coming
to realize that rain is a
fine thing — when it
falls; but if good crops
are to be grown they

must have water — and the crops will not discrimi-
nate as to whether the water comes from the skies
or out of a ditch.

More private irrigation systems, none of them
extensive, it is true, have been constructed in the
East and South this year than ever before. Several
projects covering big garden truck and fruit areas in
Kentucky, Indiana and Iowa are being planned and
work on these will probably begin this fall. A num-
ber of prominent growers from various parts of the
East and South have been in the West studying
irrigation methods and systems. The government
has sent trained irrigation experts into the South to
teach the farmers the value of irrigation water and
how to develop and use it. A twenty-acre govern-
ment irrigation demonstration farm has been estab-
lished near Selma. Alabama.

Xewspapers throughout the East and South
have begun advocating actively through editorials
the establishment of irrigation systems.

"Put the untold millions upon millions of gal-
lons of water now going to waste each year to
work," is their battle cry.

And with crop after crop being totally de-
stroyed or seriously damaged by the drouths, the
farmers are becoming thoroughly aroused to need
of "irrigation insurance."

The irrigation agitation in the East and South
has only begun. It will result in the installation
of a number of plants this fall, and more next sum-

The- above cnt was made from a photosmuli taken for tlie Ameriean Well Worts of
Aurora. Ill

e poor farm at McCook, Neb. The
nst a 90-foot head.

mer if there are conditions of drouth. If next sum-
mer proves a season of sufficient rainfall, many pro-
posed projects and systems will be delayed or com-
pletely forgotten for a time.

Meanwhile the men who have irrigation systems
will continue as they have been doing this year to dem-
onstrate the feasibility and value of "artificial water-
ing," and other farmers will take it up. They are bound
to do so, because it means dollars in their pockets.
Two years more of. such conditions 'as have

been experienced in
many sections this year
will mean the installa-
tion of irrigation plants
on some of the farms
and in some of the or-
chards in practically
every county east of
the one hundredth me-
ridian.

The possibility of
the United States being
an irrigated land from
the Atlantic to the Pa-
cific and from Canada
to the Gulf within the
next two decades is a
dream that is likely to
be realized. It is a
dream that if realized
will mean billions of

added wealth to the nation, and is perhaps the only
certain and effective method of cutting down the
present high cost of living.

Irrigation in the East and South can be estab-
lished with far less difficulty than in many sections
of the West. In every one of these states the
supply of water either on the surface or close to
the surface is very large. There is hardly a farm
which has not within its own limits either wells or
springs from which pumps or hydraulic rams could
take sufficient water to absolutely insure the crops
against drouth. Then there are the vast numbers
of rivers, creeks and ponds, all filled with life-giving
water, which can be taken out either by gravity or
pumping systems.

Such development costs money, but so does
any other farm improvement, and the farmers are
beginning to realize that they cannot buy any better
insurance than an irrigation system, even though
they do not have to use it more than once or twice
in a season. Its insurance value must appeal to
them, but there is another feature about irrigation
in these areas which compels their attention —
the increased value of crops where irrigation waters
'are used to augment the natural rainfall. This is
especially true where intensified truck farming or
fruit growing is practiced.

A sub-irrigated farm in Florida, part in truck
and part in fruit, sold recently for $3,200 an acre.
It paid about 25 per cent gross profit on this invest-
ment last year.

(Continued on page 308.)

304

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The GRIMES

A spiral water lift that will permanently solve
your irrigation pumping problem. Unfailing
in its delivery from lake, stream, ditch or well.

Especially designed for elevating water from
shallow sources regardless of sand, gravel, or
mud conditions. Action uniform at all times.

The Grimes Pump is an ingenious but
exceedingly simple, one-piece machine
of the most durable construction.

Always ready for instant use.
Cannot get out of order.
Requires very little attention.

V

The Most Economical Pump
on the Market

The Grimes Pump will lift a given
quantity of water to a greater height
with less power than any other water

elevator. Our 52-inch diameter pump will raise
1000 gallons per minute 30 feet on 9 horse power.

Guaranteed ratings of standard
sizes are given herewith

Can be operated with any form of power
available, constantly or as needed.

52 Inch
1000 Gallons

40 Inch
600 Gallons

Elev.

H. P.

Elev.

H. P.

6ft.

1.8

6ft.

1.05

8ft.

2.4

8ft.

1.35

10ft.

3.0

10ft.

1.79

12ft.

3.6

12ft.

2.24

14ft.

4.2

14ft.

2.70

16ft.

4.8

16ft.

3.14

18 ft.

5.4

18ft

3.58

20ft.

6.0

20ft.

4.05

22ft.

6.6

22ft.

4.40

24ft.

7.2

24ft.

4.95

26ft.

7.8

26ft.

5.38

28ft.

8.4

28ft.

5.83

30ft.

9.0

30ft.

6.28

When writing to advertisers

THE IRRIGATION AGE. 305

rrigation Pump

The Grimes pump is the pump the wise irrigation farmer
will eventually buy. This pump is today standing the most
rigid tests alongside of other pumps and performing the
work that they were intended to do.

Among our recent installations are plants at Lamar, Colo,
(well); Delta, Colo, (river); Broadwater, Neb. (well); Mitch-
ell, Neb. (ditch); Chadron, Neb. (river); Ft. Collins, Colo,
(ditch); Loveland, Colo, (ditch — this Loveland pump is 40
feet long and a thorough success); Bridgeport, Neb. (well —
plant just being installed).

Facsimile letters from users of the Grimes pump will be sent you on
request, or we will supply you with their names and you can write to
them direct, asking just what satisfaction their pumps have given them.

J. D. Thompson, general superintendent for seven large ranches in the
famous Arkansas Valley of Colorado — a man who has had wide experience
with many styles of pumping plants — writes us as follows:

''Was down to Lamar, Colo., and went out to see your Pump in
action on Mr. Sayler's place. Was very much pleased with the Pump ;
like it the best of any Pump I have ever seen. Have looked at a great
many pumps from Garden City, Kan., to Pueblo, Colo."

Respectfully yours,

(Signed) J. D. THOMPSON

The moderate initial cost of Grimes Pumps varies largely

with local conditions and requirements, character of in- m GRIMES ,RR,GATION PUMP co.

I

1022 First National Bank BIdg.

Each plant is built to order and guaranteed to give com- Denver, <

plete satisfaction.

Acreage to be irrigated .

PRICE ESTIMATES GLADLY FURNISHED

WRITE FOR BOOKLET OR CUT OUT THIS COUPON
AND MAIL TO US STATING YOUR PUMPING NEEDS

The Grimes Irrigation Pump Co,

1022 First National Bank Building

Denver, Colo.

Name .

Height to be lifted. (ft.)

Nature of water

Source (ditch or well , etc.)

Volume of supply

Kind of power available .

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^••^^•^•^•^^ Town ; .State

mention The Irrigation Age.

306

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

NEW IRRIGATION CONGRESS PROPOSED

Ogden, Utah, Ready to Furnish Permanent Home for Such an Institution

A MOVEMENT has been started in the West for
the organization of a new Irrigation Congress
to supplant the one which was sold to the Canadian
land boomers. Ogden, Utah, is in the forefront of
the movement and offers a permanent home for
annual meetings of the new Congress.

The Ogden Examiner says editorially of this
movement:

"Utah was the cradle of irrigation in the United
States. The thrifty people who came to the Salt
Lake Valley were the first to put water on the land:
They taught the arid West a lesson that has meant
billions of dollars in the cause of reclamation. But
with all these years of progress and practical ex-
perience we have still much to learn of the scientific
use of water, and there are yet millions of acres in
this state waiting to blossom like the rose with the
coming of water. Each year there is much water
wasted in the irrigated districts. The warning has
been sounded repeatedly that farmers are using too
much water because it is handy. There is need of
conservation of water if we are to make the most
of our reclamation opportunities. We have had
much talk of new -irrigation projects, but action
has been deferred from time to time because of lack
of organization. Utah and every other state in the
West needs a working organization to promote irri-
gation and reclamation projects. It is of vital im-
portance to future growth. In the face of these cry-
ing needs that mean so much to the upbuilding of
the West, the Irrigation Congress, a strictly West-
ern institution, has been sold to Canada for a mess
of pottage."

The Examiner then quotes in full an editorial
demand for an abrogation of the sale of the Con-
gress to Canada, which appeared in the July issue
of THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Continuing its comment, The Examiner says:

"It must be admitted that the Irrigation Con-
gress has gone' far afield from its original purpose.

Its value to the West at the present time is prac-
tically nil. It has become cheap trading stock fur
personal favors. The last meeting held in the West
was at Salt Lake two years ago. The report of
that meeting has never been given to the public,
though repeated calls have been made for its pub-
lication. The constitution provides that this report
be published. George W. Snow as chairman of the
board of control, and Richard W. Young as chair-
man of the board of governors, should see to it that
there is no further delay in making a full report of
the Salt Lake session. It would not cost more than
$1,500 and it would be an invaluable record. If
there is no other way to do it the people of Salt
Lake should guarantee the expense until such time
as an appropriation can be made by the legislature.
That report would be a decided advantage to Judge
King, who is now in Salt Lake in behalf of the Sec-
retary of the Interior in an effort to evolve the best
plans for Reclamation Service. His conference with
attorneys of irrigation districts would profit by hav-
ing access to these records.

"This is a time for prompt action by the friends
of irrigation in the West if the cause is to go for-
ward. It is time to organize a new Irrigation Con-
gress to take the place of the one which lapsed last
year and was this year sold to Canada. The West
should not suffer by the failure of the present Con-
gress to make good. Ogden offered to entertain
the Congress this year and was turned down. Xmv
Ogden will offer to entertain an Irrigation Congress
next year and make Utah its permanent home. It
will entertain such a Congress as will promote the
interests of the West. And it will guarantee full
publication of the proceedings. This city has
always been ready to aid in giving life to such an
important organization, and if Ogden is given the
opportunity it will build a temple to irrigation that
will be a beacon to progress and a signal that the
West has come into its own."

A COVER CROP SHOULD BE SOWN IN THE ORCHARD

Winter Rye Seeded This Month Can Be Plowed Under In the Spring

E. P. SANSTEN

Colorado Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colorado

THE success of an orchard depends in a large
degree upon the management of the soil. The
general tendency of Colorado fruit growers in the
past has been to keep the orchard in clean culture
from year to year with the result that the vegetable
matter in the soil has become depleted and the
trees are suffering from improper soil conditions,
if not from lack of fertility. Experience shows that
an orchard that is permanently kept in clean culti-
vation is not bringing the results that it should.
Not only this, but in many sections of the state
the formation of niter due in a large measure to
clean culture has become a serious problem.

To remedy these defects in orcharding, cover
crops should be used ; that is to say, some vegeta-
tion should be grown among the trees to shade
the soil and also for turning under later in the fall.

What crop to use in orchards can best be de-
termined by local conditions and character of soil.
In other words, the choice of plants is a local
problem. Any crop that will produce a large
amount of green material to be plowed under can
be used. Oats sown early in the spring will form
a heavy mat of herbage and should be plowed under
when in milk. Red clover is another excellent
crop, but in this case the cover crop should remain
in the orchard for two years. The first crop of
(Continued on page 313.)

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

307

MANY USE IRON IRRIGATION GATES

By John J. Tibbetts

THE ranchers
of the Sac-
ramento and
San Joaquin
valleys of Cali-
fornia are mak-
ing quite ex-
tensive use of
pure iron cor-
rugated pipe,
fitted with slide
or hinge gates
of cast iron,
for taking wa-
ter for irriga-
t i o n purposes
from the rivers.
The corrugated
pipe is espe-
cially useful for
levee work be-
cause its form
enables it to
bend and ad-
just itself to
changes of its
bed, and to
continue to do
its work un-
der conditions
which would
cause any rigid
materials to
crack and
break. These
pipes can often

One of the lion Irrigation Gates

be seen in good condition for all practical purposes
spite of the fact that the shifting and settling of
the embankment has forced the middle to a position
several inches lower than either end.

Where water is so readily and cheaply ob-
tained, as in these valleys, over-irrigation is likely
to become a serious evil. The lowest portion of a
section becomes water-soaked as a result of excess
drainage from the remainder; and it is necessary
to draw this water to a certain point and pump

over the levee and back into the river. Pumps
and engines and necessary attention for this work
constitute a continual expense; and this is one of

e conditions which make the work of the island
rancher so different from that of the farmer in
other localities.

The lowest portions of his cultivated land are
always well below the level of the river at high

:ie. but it is often the case that the surface of the

river at ebb tide is quite a little lower than that of

the water to be drained away It follows that a

^hrough the levee which is opened at low tide

r,«Jede CanKVeSePr0dUCed b>' '""^ °f ""= Calif°rnia C<"'

and closed when the river is high will accomplish
the drainage without the use of power of any sort.
Many ranchers installed such pipes, opening and
closing the gates at the proper times, and thus dis-
pensed with the use of an engine.

The further step of making these gates auto-
matic, so that the pressure of the water on one
side or the other will open or close them when the
conditions require it, was very easily taken. Cast
iron gates, with the valve so counterbalanced, are
now on the market, for use with corrugated pipe,
and seem to be giving perfect service.

THE DEEP WELL PROBLEM

THE limitation of space available in a bored well
for the installation of machinery necessitates
the use of special constructions for this service and
the design of a pump to give maximum capacity and
reliability with a minimum of power required has
been the effort of expert engineers for many years.
In many sections the yield of wells is limited and
fairly efficient apparatus can be obtained that will
pump all of the water that the well will give; but
in other sections the volume of water to be obtained
is dependent only on the capacity of the pumping
machinery.

Such a condition necessitates a pump that will
go in a limited space and has large capacity, sim-
plicity of parts, steady load, high efficiency, dura-
bility and reliability. A pump called the Glendora
has been built to meet these requirements. Its
three plungers give approximately three times the
volume of water that can be obtained with a single
plunger, single acting pump of same size and ap-
proximately fifty per cent more than either the
double acting or the two-plunger pumps. All valve
stems, springs, cages and restricted waterways are
avoided. Each plunger has sufficient leather cup
packing to insure long service, has a single heavy
valve so constructed 'as to allow maximum water-
way and direct flow. Its power end is a crank mo-
tion of accepted form with no freak devices or cams
or inefficient movements.

The load is steady as in a triplex pump. The
plungers alternately coming into action at approxi-
mately their maximum speed and being so timed
that one takes up the full load as the preceding one
relinquishes it, insure a uniform, continuous flow
of the water column and a constant average load
on the driving mechanism.

The continuous flow of the water column pre-
vents losses due to slip and the design of the power
head reduces friction to the minimum. Positive
displacement insures the maximum capacity at
varying depths of water level and a power con-
sumption directly in proportion to the net work
performed.

308

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION IN EAST AND SOUTH

(Continued from page 303.)

On the government demonstration farm in Ala-
bama it has been found this year that by the appli-
cation of irrigation waters garden truck can be ma-
tured almost at will and when the markets are at
the highest point. A spraying system of irrigation
is used on five acres of this farm. Under the super-
vision of the government experts irrigation systems
are being installed on a number of farms in the
Selnia district. On many of them the furrow sys-
tem of irrigation will be used.

The berry growers of Warren county, Ken-
tucky, are installing one of the first large co-oper-
ative irrigation systems in the East. Their plant
will be one of the overhead variety and will cost
them about $200 per acre.

Perforated pipes are to be set about sixty feet
apart above the berry beds. Into these the water
will be pumped at sufficient pressure to hurl sprays
of water thirty feet.

These growers were forced to make this devel-
opment after suffering an aggregate loss from
drouth in two years of more than $100,000. They
also expect the spraying system to prove of addi-
tional value in the early spring by warding off late
'frosts.

When drouth threatened to completely destroy
the garden at the Indiana Reformatory at Jeffer-
sonville this summer the warden offered a dem-
onstration of irrigation possibilities in the Hoosier
state that has jarred many farmers from their
lethargy and .willingness to accept whatever nature
brings. He put fifty prisoners to work in the fields
constructing ditches and .within a day completed an

irrigation system that saved the crops. The ex-
periment at the reformatory will be continued and
the state's agricultural experts hope to use its les-
sons in increasing interest among the Indiana
farmers in the value of irrigation.

Just a little ways out of Chicago there is a
farmer who is outdoing the canteloupe growers of
the West as to profits per acre, because he irrigates.
He has a flowing artesian well on his place. Other
truck gardeners and farmers, whose lands adjoin
his, are making just mediocre profits because they
depend only on the natural rainfall.

In the truck garden districts of Iowa several
different systems of irrigation are being used. Elec-
tricity, gasoline engines and windmills are being
used to pump water. In the bottomlands along the
Mississippi river a large number of pumping plants
have been put in operation this year. There are
thirty-seven eight-inch wells down on one large
tract near Fruitland.

Irrigation is being advocated among the berry
growers of Missouri. As strawberries are about 90
per cent water and good Missouri berries are worth
$2.00 a crate, the irrigation arguments have proven
pretty effective this year.

Irrigation is being used effectively for celery
and other truck crops in Michigan.

One might- write pages and pages about these
beginnings, and experiments in irrigation which are
being made in the East and South. Each one is
doing its educational work. Each one is demon-
strating to the farmers its value. Each one will
result in the installation of more of these "crop in-
surance" plants.

HULL YOUR SEED QUICKLY, PERFECTLY and ECONOMICALLY With a
"MATCHLESS" CLOVER and ALFALFA HULLER

That's just what you will do if you use a "Matchless" Huller on the job. It's the one huller that will hull all the Clover or Alfalfa you
can get to it without sacrificing the quality of the work. Here's the reason! We use square steel brads in our hulling cylinder. This construction
has every advantage over rasps of spikes, because no set of spikes will knock the seed out of the damp pods. Rasps gum up and are easily destroyed .
Our system of separation is unique and effective. This consists of a series of rotating troughs with perforation in the bottom, with provision for
adjustment to meet the various conditions of clover. The Patented Steel Scrapers attached to the bottom of these troughs thoroughly scrape the
separator bottom and insure a steady and positive delivery of the pods to the nulling cylinder, regaidless of the condition of the clover. This con-
struction enables you to hull seed under conditions in which no other huller can operate; enables you to hull earlier in the morning and later in the
evening than with any other— this insures a longer day, thus increasing your earning power. Give us an opportunity to piove to you right
on your own farm that the "Matchless" is the speediest and cleanest huller on tae market. .WRITE FOR CATALOG TODAY, or call at our nearest
Branch House.

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY, MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Sole Builders of Aultman-Taylor "Starved Rooster" Line of Machinery.
BRANCHES: Minneapolis, Minn.; Portland, Ore.; Lincoln. Nebr.; Kansas City. Mo,; Wichita, Kan.; Decatur, 111.; Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

309

BRIEF NOTES FROM IRRIGATION PROJECTS

Colorado

Farmers in Prowers county, Colo.,
have organized a drainage district to
reclaim about 2,000 acres of land in
the Arkansas river valley. This land
is now practically swamp. It will
be drained and a power plant with
which to pump water for irrigation
will be installed.

The United States has filed an ap-
peal in the Colorado supreme court
in a suit to set aside the priority rul-
ings of District Judge J. C. Caven-
der, involving 1,400 cubic feet per
second of water in the Grand valley.
The claim is being made that this
water is being used to irrigate 12,000
acres which otherwise could be de-
voted to watering 140,000 acres under
a government reclamation project.

Two hundred and sixty-six thou-
sand dollars will be expended by
farmers and the National Sugar Man-
ufacturing Company in the perfecting
of a system of irrigation for 12,000
acres of land lying north of Sugar
City and between the Henry and Mer-
edith lakes in Colorado. About
$90,000 has already been spent in the
purchase of the Colorado canal, which
conveys water into Lake Henry from
the Arkansas river and the Twin lakes
east of Leadville.

Twenty-seven farmers whose prop-
erties in the Platte valley are esti-
mated to be worth $500,000, have in-
stituted suit in the Denver district
court seeking an injunction against
the Platte Valley Irrigation Company,
et al. to prevent interference with
the use of the waters of what is
known as the Big Dry creek, on which
these farmers depend for their irri-
gation water. The lands involved are
situated in Weld and Adams coun-
ties, Colo., and comprise about 3,000
acres. The suit involves the question
of the use of seepage waters from the
Platte river and other irrigating
ditches taking their water supply from
natural sources.

Texas

The Trinity river irrigation district

in Chambers county, Texas, has filed
on water for 30,000 acres of land.
The district has constructed a dam,
creating a reservoir to store 20,000
acre feet of water.

Sames, Moore & Co. have obtained
control of the Espejo Land & Irriga-
tion Company's property in the Rio
Grande valley, near Laredo, Tex.

preparing to irrigate 1,000 acres with
water from the Clear Fork, a branch
of the Brazos river. The Brazos
River Irrigation Company has also
obtained a state permit for water to
irrigate a large tract in Jones county.

Farmers in Jones county, Texas, are

A tract of 1,680 acres of land in
Reeves county, Texas, is to be irri-
gated by the farmers owning it. The
water will be taken from Sandia and
Toyah creeks.

Irrigating hi New Way

At Big Saving of Time, Money and Labor

This picture was taken from a
farmer cutting ditch in the New
Easy Martin Ditcher way that's
proving such a great boon to
farmers and road builders the
country over. See description
below.

Sent you on

10 Days'
FREE

TRIAL

This combined Farm Ditcher and Road
Grader is certainly a money-maker on the farm
or road section. Does as much ditching or road
grading in I day with 1 team and I man as 50 to
1 00 men with shovels, or 1 0 men and teams with
plow;, scoops, etc. Ideal (or Irrigating, cutting
laterals, cleaning out old ditches and for levee work.

Quickly Pays for Itself

Besides greatly increasing your crop and land
value, you can make big money hiring it out when

P>ur team and hired help might otherwise be idle,
ays for itself in I to 3 days. Cuts ditch 2 ft.
deep and 1200 yards long in 1 day.

Best of all, the price is only one-fifth of the big,
clumsy, costly ones. Can even be ured wherethey
can't. Very simple. Fool-proof. Anybody can
run it. All steel. Reversible. Lasts lifetime — no cogs or
wheels to break. Sent on 10 days free trial. Money back
guarantee. Write for free descriptive book, testimonials,
prices, terms, etc.

Owensboro Ditcher 8 Grader Co., Inc.

103 Allen St., Owensboro, Ky.

Owensboro Ditcher & Grader Co., Owensboro, Ky.

Send free Descriptive Booklet, Prices, Term«, Ere.

Name

Post Office

R. F. D. .. ...State

. 103

YOU SHOULD USE
The Enterprise Tent-Cot

"The Perfect Outdoor Bed"
For Porch, Lawn or Camp

The Enterprise Tent-Cot will protect you from all the dis-
comforts and dangers of sleeping out. You sleep 17 inches

.

above the ground under a storm-proof covering that enables you to use the Tent-Cot every night in the year, and all the doors
and windows are fitted with both storm and mosquito curtains that can be raised and lowered at will ot the occupant.
For anyone afflicted with lung trouble there is nothing equals the Tent-Cot. It also has a splendid appearance and can
be set up on your porch, lawn or roof and taken down when not in use. Can be set up in a space 30x78 inches and only
requires about 30 seconds to operate. It is ideal for hunters, fishers and campers as it eliminates all the annoyance of "mak-
ing camp." With a Tent-Cot you carry your camp with you under your arm and sleep safe and sound any place.

Sri. ii M \TiONs-Length of cot open, fi ft, 6 In.; width of cot. one person, 28 in.; width of cot. two persons. 11 In.; height of bed from
gronnd, 17 In,; height of tont over cot. 32 in.; size or cot folded, for 1 person. 28x36; size of cot folded, for 2 person**. 11x36; weight. 1
person, M Ibs.: weight, 2 persons. 11 Iba.; frame Is of hard maple, painted green: covering is of heavy waterproof canvas in colors.
v

, .

tan or olive green.
1- RICE— Tent-Cot 28 in.

ide, open 1 side, $9.00; Tent-Cot 2K In. wide, open 2 sides, $9.50; Tent-Cot 11 in. wide open 2 sides «11 60.

y ENTERPRISE BED COMPANY, HAMMOND, INDIANA

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

310

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

Kansas

J. L. Hibarger, tenant on the I. T.
Steele farm, near Wichita, Kan., has
installed a pumping plant to irrigate
the entire 160 acres. The water is
pumped by electricity and the plant
has a capacity of 18,000 gallons an
hour. The wells are about fifty feet
deep. Ninety acres of land is in al-
falfa and seventy acres in garden
truck. It will cost about $2 per acre
for each irrigation.

The Pawnee County (Kan.) Irri-
gating Company, composed of farm-
ers in that county, has practically
completed the construction of eleven
miles of irrigating ditches.

The Great Plains Co-operative Ex-
perimental Association met recently
at Hays, Kan. More than 100 experi-
menters in irrigation work attended.

CORN

BINDER

BILL

Al)D

ICORRESPON-I TAGS

The Royal

does the work of several
typewriters in owe— it writes,
types cards and bills! All
this without a dollar for
"special" attachments. The
one machine does it all.

Write Direct

for our new Brochure, "BET-
TER SERVICE," and a beau-
tiful Color - Photograph of the
New Royal Matter-Model 10.

ROYAL TYPEWRITER CO., Inc.

Royal Typewriter Buildinc Broadway, N. 1.

Wyoming

Baron Hooft, representing Holland
capital, recently completed an inspec-
tion of the Oregon Basin project near
Cody, Wyoming. Reports from Cody
state that the Baron let it be known
that he and his fellow Hollanders
would probably agree to finance the
construction of the project.

H. P. Krehbiel, president of the col-
onization committee of the western
conference of the Mennonite church,
has closed a three years' option on
*.<>()() acres of irrigable land near
Wheatland, Wyo., to be used for col-
onization purposes by the Mennonite
church. The purpose of this move is
to concentrate the emigration of
younger members of the church who

Washington

Work has been started on a power
plant to pump water to irrigate about
1,100 acres adjacent to Omak, Wash.

HARVESTER with binder attachment, cute aod
throws in piles on harvester or winrows.
Man and horse cut and shock equal to a
corn binder. Sold in every state. Price only
J20.00 with fodder binder. J. D. Borne, Haswell-, Colo.',
writes: "for cirn kinestir Is all yon claia lor It: tit. till ind
shocked 65 acres mllo. cine and corn last riar." Testimonials
and catalog free, showing pictures of harvester. Address
PROCESS MFG. CO.. Salina, Kansas.

: ATTACHMENT with corn harvester cuts
and throws in piles on harvester or in
winrows. Man and horse cut and
shock equal with a corn binder. Sold
in every state. Price only $20.00 with fodder binder. J. D.
Borne, Haswell, Colo. , writes:' Vtircorihanfesterlsall »l« claim
lir II; cm, lied and shocked 65 acres mllo. cut aid corn last tear."
Testimonials and catalog free, showing pictures of harvester.
Address PROCESS MANUFACTURING CO.. Sillea. Kansas.

are being compelled to look for land
elsewhere than in the present colonies
on account of the high price of land,
and the difficulty of purchasing any
tract at reasonable prices.

Utah

The Utah Lake & Irrigation Com-
pany is preparing to enlarge its plant
near Saratoga, Utah. The company's
canals now furnish water on both
sides of the Salt Lake Valley, but
demands for water necessitate ar-
rangements to increase the supply.

Arizona

The Desert Irrigation Pump Com-
pany of Globe, Ariz., has been incor-
porated with capital stock of $200,000.
(Continued on page 311)

•IIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIMIIIIII I llllllllllllllllllllllllllllinHlllllllllllllllUIIIIIIIIIMniMlltllllllllMlllllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIMIII-

Get Your '
PteCanadian Home

rrom the,

Canadian Pacific

BUY an irrigated farm where you have insurance against
drought and where you have just the moisture you need
when you need it. You know the valuu of controlling the
watering of your crops. In sunny Southern Alberta you are
master of the moisture. The Canadian Pacific's great Irri-
gation Works insure your yield whenever rainfall is insuffi-
cient. Irrigation is not always a necessity — but it is yours
at command. It means dependable crops, and wonderful
crops every year. The Eastern section of the Canadian
Pacific Irrigation Block East of Calgary is now open. Virgin soil of
famous fertility — alfalfa, timothy and other fodders — raises all the
grain and root crops, fine climate — great cattle country — good markets
— unexcelled transportation.

We want the alert enterprising farmers who see this magnificent opportunity. So
we make the most liberal terms. Take 20 years to pay. Call on us for long time
loan of 52000 for farm improvements if you want it. Investigate now. This block will
soon be the most densely populated and intensely cultivated district in the west.

You Can Have 2O Years to Pay

We will sell ycu this rich, irrigated, Canadian land for $36 to $75 an acre. You need pay only
one-twentieth down. Th:nk of it— only one-twentieth down, and then the balance in 19 equal annual

approved

in providing buildings, fencing, sinking well and breaking, and you are given twenty years in which
to fully repay this loan. While enjoying the use of this money, you pay interest at only 6%.

Arl vanrp I IVA Sfrftrlc nn I nan RacU The Company, in case of the ]
Advance Live OlOCK On LOan DaSIS land purchaser who is in a posi
and has the ability to take care of his stock, will advance cattle, sheep and hog;
up to the value of $1 ,000 on the basis of the settler's note with interest at
eight per cent, to enable him to develop more rapidly, on the right basis
of mixed farming.

Farm Made Ready by Experts if Desired PL;

established, select one which our Department of Agricultural

_' you want a
>lace al read y

, __ _ ... _ __ __„ ,-al Experts has

developed. On our improved farms, house and other buildings are in. we!
is dug, farm fenced, fields cultivated and in crop. All waiting for those wh
want an immediate start and quick results— all planned and completed by mi
who know— our own agricultural experts. Take twenty years to pay if y
want to. We give free service -expert service— the valuable assistance of jrr<
demonstration farms, in charpre of agricultural specialists employed by
Canadian Pacific for its own farms. This service is yours— free

Water Rental Will Not Exceed $1.25 per Acre ?8a<!h

_,greemei

have approval of Dominion Government. Lands are located on or near esta!
lines of railway. First payment of irrigated land •» --
isl-20ihof purchase price. Atendof first y;-ar no .
payment is due on principal or water rental, only
payment of interest is required. At end of second
year, no payment of principal is required, but
purchaser will be required to pay interest and
water rental. At end of third year, the second
payment of principal, interest and water rental
will be required.

Here is where your opportunity lies Don it
delay. Mail coupon here at once. Best land will be
taken first— time is precious to you. HVw* today.
R. O .THORNTON, Colonization Agent
Canadian Pacific Railway
Colonization Department
112 West Adams St., Chicago, Illinois

icated on ornear establishedV \» *^-— *** ftt"^

R. ".THORNTON Colonization Agent,
Canadian Pacific Railway Colonization
Department, 113 W. Adams St.,

Please send me your book of Information on
Irrigation Farming m Sunny Alberta,

Name .
Addres

Town .
State .

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

311

PLAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

(Continued from page 301.)

10 acres of sage brush and have had it carefully
surveyed and ditches laid out. Then came the ques-
tion of leveling, but this is work in which the farm-
ers are well versed, and they accordingly organized
and took hold of the proposition.

Three divisions were laid out and W. A. Har-
mon was placed in charge of one, W. H. Williams
of another, and C. W. Renfro of the third. The
farmers were liberal in coming forward with their

teams and implements, while the women of the
community prepared a bountiful dinner.

When the balance of the 40 acres is turned over
to the district, the people of the district propose to
have an agricultural college established. They also
hope that the government will make an appropria-
tion for this purpose.

Fulton H. Sears, member of the Executive
Copunittee of the National Federation of Water
Users' Associations, H. C. Taylor, L. J. Clark and
I1". K. Buerer composed the committee in charge.

IRRIGATION NOTES

(Continued from page 310)

L. L. Henry and John R. Williams are
among the incorporators. The con-
cern will manufacture pumps and :
other irrigation supplies.

The Reclamation Service is asking
for proposals for the construction of
the Wallace Feeder Canal on the Salt
River irrigation project, Arizona. The
work, which is located near Phoenix,
involves the excavation of approxi-
mately 68,000 cubic yards of material;
275 cubic yards of plain reinforced
concrete in structures; 80 square yards
of grouted paving; laying 160 linear
feefof 18-inch concrete pipe, and the
erection of four bridges, involving the
use of 16,480 feet B. M. of lumber
and 9,600 pounds of steel and iron.
Bids will be opened after 2 p. m., Aug-
ust 24, at Phoenix, Arizona.

Because of the increased demand
for fruit and dairy lands, it is re-
ported that extra preparations are be-
ing made to place water on the two
extensions of the present watered
area of the Ferris Irrigated Farms
near Los Angeles, Cal. Wells have
been bored for pumping plant No. 3,
and the tunnel connecting the three
areas is now under construction. Four
wells for a fourth pumping plant are
also completed, and will be put in
operation next fall.

I

California

The California state irrigation board
has approved a plan to issue $400,000
in bonds for improvements and ex-
tensions in the Oakdale Irrigation dis-
trict. The district is already bonded
for $2,000,000. The water rights ot
the system are estimated to be worth
$1,400,000 and the land within the dis-
trict is estimated to be worth $5,192,-
000.

Farmers on the west side of the Fall !
river in Shasta county, Cal., have
formed an irrigation district to water ;
5,000 acres. Engineers estimate the
plant can be installed for $15,000 or
about $3 an acre. It is planned to
install a pumping plant, reservoir and
ditches. Electric power will be used
for pumping water. The construc-
tion of a new power plant in this
vicinity will give the district ample
power for pumping at reasonable
rates.

The directors of the Turlock irriga-
tion district in California have levied

"One-Half the Alfalfa Seed
Sown is Wasted Every Year"

This statement has been made by many recognized
Alfalfa experts — men who know what they are talking
about.

They say that they secured better stands
of Alfalfa with 10 pounds of seed, drilled
with the Superior Special Alfalfa and Grass
Seed Drill than with =5| 20 pounds of seed
sown broadcast.

THE SUPERIOR 20 X 4 SPECIAL ALFALFA AND GRASS SEED DRILL

There are 20 discs on this machine set 4 inches apart. The con-
struction is such that all the seed is sown at an even depth, and
an equal amount of seed in every furrow.

None of the seed Is wasted, when drilled in the ground
with a Superior Alfalfa and Grass Seed Drill

REJUVENATES OLD ALFALFA FIELDS
RENEWS OLD PASTURES AND MEADOWS
PRODUCES BEST STANDS OF MILLET
INCREASES YIELDS OF WINTER WHEAT BY
CULTIVATION and SOWS CLOVER AT SAME TIME

Saves More Than Two Dollars an Acre on
Seed Alone

Send for Superior Alfalfa Drill folder
and read the strong warranty

Go to your local dealer and ask to see the Superior Special Alfalfa
and Grass Seed Drill. If he will not supply your needs, we will.

THE AMERICAN SEEDING-MACHINE CO., Inc.

SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

FREE — A copy of * 'Boyd's Farmers' Alfalfa Guide," price I Oc.wfll be mailed free lo
any reader of Irrigation Age who will write for the book and mention Irrigation Age.

312

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

an emergency tax to raise $40,000, the
amount necessary to cover the cost
of repairing the damage to the irri-
gation system caused by the break in
the outlet gate of the Davis reservoir
and the wrecking of a mile and a half
of the main canal. A new canal will
be built to take the place of the
wrecked portion.

The South San Joaquin (Cal.) Irri-
gation District has voted an assess-
ment of $140,000 to complete its irri-
gation system.

Reclamation plans for the improve-
ment of 30,000 acres in California Irri-
gation District 999 (Netherlands), at a
cost of $2,134,000 ,have been approved.
The work planned will reclaim ap-
proximately 30,000 acres west of Lis-
bon, Merritt and Sutler, the last of
the unreclaimed land in the Yolo basin
that touches the Sacramento river.
About 82 per cent of the land is the
property of the Netherlands Farms
Company, which company has already
expended $350,000 on levees. Some
of the levees to be built will be among
the largest in California.

Irrigation by means of pumping is
proving a success around Wheatland,
Yuba county, Cal. Several of the
farmers have obtained abundant water
and others are planning to sink wells.
A. Reichers has a pump that throws
800 gallons per minute and his sup-
ply of water seems to be unlimited.
A. G. Oakly has a pump that throws
1,000 gallons a minute and his well has
shown no signs of a decrease under
critical tests.

The Orchard Heights Land Com-
pany of Beaumont, Cal., have com-
pleted their wells and pipe line and are
now filling their three and one-half
million gallon reservoir; a capacity
sufficient to supply their tract of
eleven hundred acres, which is now
subdivided into lots of ten acres each.
Water will be piped under pressure
to the high corner of every ten-acre
piece.

ONE WAY TO STRETCH WIRE

Here is an easy method of tighten-
ing barb wire -if you haven't a wire
tightener. All that is required is a
common log chain, a few feet of
smooth wire, and your wagon. To
tighten wire by this method, drive
your wagon so that the rear wheels
are a few feet beyond the corner post
to which you wish to fasten the wire.
Fasten the chain to the wire you wish
tightened by running the smooth wire
through the links of the chain, and
then wrapping around the barb wire.
Then run the large link at the other
end of the chain between two spokes
of the hind wheel, next to the hub.
Turn the large link over after passing
between the spokes, then all you have
to do to stretch the wire is to turn the
wheel forward. When the wire has
become tight enough, fasten securely

to the post, turn the wheel back, un-
wrap the smooth wire from the tight-

ened strand, and proceed with the
next.

Fairbanks-Morse Centrifugal Pumps

Direct Connected — Belt Driven

— Oil Engines
—Oil Tractors

—Portable
Engines

— Electric
Motors

Write for Catalog 27N-650

Fairbanks, Morse & Co.

Chicago Kansas City St. Louis

St. Paul Denver Omaha

Spokane Portland LosAngeles

Salt Lake City Seattle Atlanta

On Lumber and Millwork

Don't Pay Profits That's what you do when you buy of your local
to Five Middlemen lumDer dealer. Buy of us and you buy of the

producer. We are one of the biggest independent

lumber companies in America; own thousands upon thousands of acres of
choice Western timber. Do our own cutting, logging, railroading; operate six
huge mills, where we produce daily 20 to 30 carloads of lumber and millwork.
Buy Direct From Our Six Mills. Besides up to 60% saving in price we offer
you better materials, efficient delivery service and guaranteed satisfaction.
Immediate Shipments. We carry immense stocks. Miles and miles of
lumber piles, and warehouses groaning with millwork, await your order.
Make all shipments within 24 to 48 hours.

Better Quality Guaranteed. Our timber tracts are in the famous
Puget Sound region. Noted for big trees. Our lumber is straight,
free from sap and knots. Exceedingly durable.

Send Carpenter's List for Quick Prices
Don't pay five profits for .your lumber.
Send your carpenter's list of lumber for
delivered, freight-paid price. No extras
guaranteed. We ship every thing for build-
ing complete — lumbersash, doors, shingles,
'milUvork, hardware and paint. We have
doubled our estimating force to give
quick service to everybody.

BUY A SEATTLE SILO DIRECT

FROM MAKER

No wood stands silo service better than fir. We
use Douglas Fir, from Riant trees, straight-grained
tough, long-lasting. Seattle Silos have quick de-
tachable swinging doors. Door bars foim strong
ladder from which hoops are tightened. Write for
special folder today and first f armer-in-a-town offer.

HEWITT-LEA-FUNCK CO.

471 CRARY BLDG., SEATTLE, WASH.

GET THIS

MONEY-SAVING
PLAN BOOK

If you haven't decided on your
plan, you'll find just what you
want in this book. It's prepared
by practical people ana packed
full of sensible, full-value plans.
Over 100 good plans in this book.
. Costs you 10 cents — worth a
thousand times that.

Get Any Plan in This
Book for $2.00

For $2 you can get complete
blue prints, specifications and
guaranteed estimate, covering
complete materials of any plan
in the book.

Send the Coupon*

HEWITT-LEA-FUNCK CO.,

471 Crary Bldg., Seattle, Wash

Kindly send the following, quoting prices delivered,
my station.

Be Sjre to Write Plainly
( ) Catalog Lumber and MiHwork
( ) Prize Plan Book, lOc

( ) Special Barn Folder (4cl
( ) Special Silo Folder

Name

Town State.

I am planning to build as follows

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

313

SOW A COVER CROP

(Continued from page 306.)

clover should be cut and left on the ground, while
the second crop should be plowed under when in
blossom. The fruit growers should bear in mind
that the orchard is not a hay field and that very
little good will result from the use of cover crops
if the crop is cut for hay. Besides, there is danger
from poisoning- if the orchard is sprayed with
arsenical poisons. Alfalfa is not adapted to or-
chards, as it is difficult to eradicate and no orchard
should be left permanently in sod.

The question is sometimes asked : Why can-
not weeds be used as cover crops? The objection
to weeds is mostly from the fact that they do not
mature at the same time and in order to get the
best results they have to be cut too early and even
then some species of plants will have already ma-
tured their seeds which afterward may be difficult
to eradicate. Field peas is another excellent crop
for the orchard. Winter rye sown in August and
plowed under the following May is a crop that
should be used in many orchards. The point that
the writer wishes to emphasize is that the use of
a cover crop is not primarily to increase the fertility
of the land, but to add vegetable matter.

SILOS ON IRRIGATED FARMS

(Continued from page 298.)

varying conditions. We find that among our most
successful corn growers some plant one way and
some the other. Under the drill plan an earlier

maturity will follow when the plarits are not too
thick in the drill. Thinning to 10 to 12 inches is
recommended with rows not closer than 30 inches
apart. Under the other plan the hills may be 36
inches apart and be thinned to three good stalks.

"It has been demonstrated that the cutting of
clover or some legume into the silo with the corn
improves the feeding value of the ensilage, by giv-
ing the feed nutrients a better balance, also clover
containing considerable timothy or some other grass
gives a better quality .of silage than will straight
clover, owing to the fact that clover is deficient in
sugar. By mixture of clover with such crops as corn,
rye, wheat, timothy and the like, all of which are
high in sugar, the entire mixture will be well pre-
served and palatable. The legumes being low in
sugar do not have enough to prevent the fermen-
tation of their high protein content, which results
in the objectionable smell of legume silage. .

"It is entirely practical in Western Washington
to have a crop of rye, wheat or barley just entering
the dough stage at the time when clover is first
ready to cut and to cut the same into the silo with
the clover, in the proportion of one ton of rye,
wheat, etc., to two tons of clover or alfalfa. Some
legume crops may also be seeded for the purpose of
being cut into the silo with the corn crop and thus
increase the feeding value of the corn silage.

"The following crop mixtures for silage may
be recommended : Fall seeded rye and vetch, corn
and the third crop of clover or fourth crop of alfalfa,
corn and oats and vetch, barley and oats and vetch,
clover and mesquite or timothy or rye grass or

HpHINK what it means
-•• to you! To have at
your service — day and
night if desired — the com-
bined power of 30 to 35
horses and 10 to 15 men-
ready at a moment's notice to
plow, disc, harrow, seed, har-
vest, build roads, irrigate,

thresh and do numerous other power jobs, all
at the minimum expense for fuel and main-
tenance. That's what you get when you
buy a time-tried and time-proven

AULTMAN-TAYLOR 30-60
GAS TRACTOR

They're built with the complete knowledge of
the requirements of a tractor of the first quality.
They're built .right here in our own shop, under
our own supervision/1^ We know they're right and
we stand back of every tractor. The Aultman-
Taylor 30-60 burns either gasoline, kerosene or

distillate with unequaled economy. The Aultman-Taylor 30-60 is not an experiment. Theii real worth has been demonstrated on thousands of

farms throughout North America. Let us explain to you why you should own and operate onejof these money-making and labor-saving tractors.

WRITE FOR CATALOG AND FURTHER INFORMATION TODAY.

We are also builders of the Famous "New Century" Separator, "Matchless" Clover and Alfalfa Huller, Steam Traction and Portable Engines*

Bean Threshers and Saw Mills. Catalog free upon request.

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY

BRANCHES:

Minneapolis, Minn.

Wichita, Kan.

MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Portland, Ore.

Dfecatur, 111.

Lincoln, Nebr. Kansas City, Mo.

Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

314

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

orchard grass, clover, oats and vetch, wheat and
vetch, oats and vetch or peas, straw and clover, or
alfalfa in the proportion of one to four, have been
used with good results. The better practice would
be to cut them into the silo together as well mixed
as possible, rather than cutting in alternate layers.

"When the crops are approaching maturity
they are ready to be cut for the silo. Corn should
be cut well along in the glazing stage, the cereals
in the dough stage, and the meadow grasses and
clover well in bloom. Peas and vetch are ready
when the first grains begin to harden."

We planned this House and^
Saved Robert Zehntner* 375. ~

Robert Zehntner of White Sulphur Springs, Mont., wanted
to build a home and answered a Hewitt-Lea-Funck
advertisement. On the back of our question blank
he drew a rough sketch of what he had in mind.

The plans you see at the left, and afterward, the house pic-
tured, was the result. When it c?me to ordering;
the lumber, the local yard man asked for the chance
to bid and got it, but he didn't get the business.
Mr. Zehntner' s letter to us tells why. "I unloaded
the car," he says, and found the material fine.
The carpenters are well pleased, the finish being
much better than I could have gotten here. The best 1

Bob«r. Z.hntner. Whit. Sulphur Spring.. Mo-l

. DIA» WKM" ' ^TUl bid on the material was $375 higher than yours and lacked quite a bit of being complete."

Our guaranteed price means no extras. We guar-
antee absolutely to provide sufficient materials to
build the house, and guarantee grades equal or bet-
ter, than required by standard rulings. Getting the
plans does not obligate buying materials of us, if you
do, you get your #2 back. If this plan doesn't suit,

PODcrt

Complete plans $2

If you like this house, you can get the complete
plans, specifications, guaranteed estimate of prices
on lumber, millwork, hardware, paint and heating
plant delivered at your station — all for $2*

. rresT- ri.000 PLAN-

•DI3IGM- m -610-

Send coupon for Prize Plan Book
— 1OO homes— all sizes— all prices

WLCOHY

It's the most practical book of it's kind ever published.
Every plan is a good one — a lot of them will please you
—one of them will doubtless jiwf suit ymt. Our archi-
tects worked over a year on this book. It cost us $30,000
to get it out. Books not nearly so good are sold at 50c to
$2.00. Yet, ten cents, merely to cover postage, will bring
y</u this valuable book, if you use the coupo

middleman and sell you direct at the mill price—.* price
that's way-down low, because the raw materials come
from forests under our control. Our lumber is straight-
grained, free from sap and large knots, doesn't warp or
shrink. Makes a beautiful job.

his valuable book, if you use the coupon. r< i r • i i-

e - i i 11 Send for estimate — no obligation

bpCCial planS at Small COSt Send usvour carnenter's bill of materials for our prices.

J FLOOB PLAN-

Mf -610-

If none of the plans in this book quite suit you, and you
have your own ideas of what you want, you'll find it
easy to show us what your ideas are. just as Robert
Zehntner did. We have a Finn Sheet for this purpose,
that makes it simple. Give us a rough sketch of what
you have in mind- and we will complete the plan for you.

Save as high as 60 V on
lumber — buy direct
from the producer

Too many middlemen come between

Send us your carpenter's bill of materials for our prices,
if you can. Do it even if you aren't ready to build. No
charge or obligation. If we can be of any help to you in
planning your building be sure to let us know. Our spe-
cial plan sheet makes it easy to give us your ideas— ask for
it. Atany rate, mail the coupon today for
catalog atid general price list.

the mill and the lumber dealer— that's why his
prices are so high. We cut out every single

Here's the biggest silo
value you can get. Buy direct,
at the mill price, a Seattle Silo of one-
piece staves from durable Puget Sound fir. Seattle Silos
have patented swinging doors. Door bars form strong ladder
from which hoops are easily tightened.

Send the coupon for folder on Seattle Silos. Get our special
one-farmer-in-a-town-offer. Write today.

HEWITT- LEA - FUNCK COMPANY

471 Crary Building ... Seattle. Wash.

Hewitt-Lea-Funck Company

471 Crarr Bide., Seattle. Wash.

(Re sure to write plainly and if possible send bill of mate rials for esi

Please send me the following:

I 1 Book o! Plans (for which lOc in stamps or coin is enclosed).

[ ] Catalog ami Oneral Price Li;»t of Lumber and Millwork. Free.

I ] Special Silo Folder, Free.

1 ] Special Plan Sheet. Free.

K. F. D. or Street No

^'.^^^^^^^^^S^^^^^S'^^^^.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

315

The engines that give you abundant
power at low fuel cost

Before you decide on what engine to buy, look carefully into the advantages the
"INGECO" line offers. Note the strong, sturdy construction of "INGECO" Oil Engines
(neither too heavy nor too light) — their simplicity (no superfluous parts or complicated

mechanism to get out of order and cause trouble)
—their safety (no exposed flame) — their ease of
operation (quick starting, smooth running.) And,
above all, fix this fact in your mind : ' ' INGECO' '
Engines are the most
economical

"IINGECO" Farm Engines

Thoroughly reliable, internal combustion oil engines
of the throttling governor type, air or water cooled.
Uniform speed under varying loads. No flame ex-
posed. Absolute safety — perfect combustion — all
parts accurate and interchangable — built for long
years of hard service.

engines
you can use, for
they work perfectly
on kerosene, distil-
lates and oil at
about one-half the
cost of gasoline.
Whatever your pow-
er requirements there's
an "INGECO" to meet
them. "IXGECO"Oil
Engines are made in all
sizes from \Y? to 350
H. P. — vertical and
horizontal, portable,
semi-portable and
stationary types.

We furnish equipment for Irrigation
Purposes including Complete Plants,
Engine and Pumps to meet all conditions

Tell us what your power needs are and we will be very
glad to suggest the engines or outfit which our experience
shows to be most practical, quoting prices and terms.

Shall we send you one of our latest catalogs?

If you need a
Grinder ask
us about the

"New Holland"

Feed

ALIGHT draft, light weight, big
capacity mill that gives splen-
did results on all kinds of feed.
Runs successfully with 1J^ to 3 H.
P. engine at a big fuel saving.
Fully guaranteed. We are general
Northwestern Distributors for New
Holland Feed Mills and will quote
you interesting prices.

INTERNATIONAL GAS ENGINE COMPANY

General Sales Office and Factory

Holthoff Place, Cndahy. Hi*. Suburb of Milwaukee)

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

316

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

] The Passing of
an Aristocrat

YOUR horses demand much, need
much — and get much. For in-
stance— costly stable, rigs and.
sheds for them; harnesses; hay and oats,
and its storage space; time spent each
day in the year caring for them, feeding,
watering, currying, harnessing, frequent
blacksmith, harness, and vehicle repair
bills; occasional veterinary bills.

All that an international Motor Truck asks for is a shed, and a small ration of gasoline and oil — that's all.
And when it's not working it wants only the shed. For profit and economy buy an

International Motor Truck

You will find that it costs considerably less than horse and wagon keep, it goes four times as fast and as
far as the horse, saves you many hours of time, and will run twenty-four hours in a day if necessary. In reli-
ability, strength, and ease of management, it is best.

Solid tires eliminate common tire troubles
The wheels are high enough to give ample
road clearance. The simple, sturdy motor
has plenty of power. Brakes are powerful.
A single lever controls the car.

It will pay you to find out all that an
International Motor Truck will do for you.
Write for catalogues, facts and figures to the

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Dearer, Col.; Helena, Mont.; Port-
lu<l. Ore.; Spokane, WMD.; Salt Lake City Utah; San Fr.nci.co. Cal.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)
Chicago USA

Solxool ^or Your-

TERM OPENS

SEPTEMBER

FIFTEEN

St. Mary -of -the -Woods

COLLEGE

AND
ACADEMY

DEGREES CONFERRED: B. A., B. SM PH. B.

STRONG FACULTY

Located four miles west of Terre Haute, Indiana. Large campus, perfect drainage, commodious build-
ings, steam heat, electric lights, large airy rooms, many with private bath, and spacious halls, libraries
and parlors. School plant consists of fourteen modern buildings, artistically grouped and completely
equipped. Nothing lacking for convenience or comfort. Combining all the best features of school
life with home environment on a country estate of 1,600 acres:

BOATING, HORSEBACK RIDING, SWIMMING, ARCHERY, GOLF and all outdoor athletics
for girls under the constant supervision of a graduate of the Sargent School for Physical Educa-
tion. School course comprises INTERMEDIATE, ACADEMIC and COLLEGIATE depart-
ments. Special courses in MUSIC, ART, LANGUAGES, DRAMATIC ART, and DOMES-
TIC SCIENCE. Information gladly furnished on application. A beautifully illustrated
catalogue to be had for the asking. Address

SISTER SUPERIOR, Box 41, St. Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana

College Building Conservatory of Music Academy Building

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IKE I G ATI OX AGE.

317

Every Great

Irrigation
Project

Involves

the

Building of
Miles of
Roadway

AMERICAN INGOT IRON
ARMCO CULVERTS

will permanently care for the intersecting drainage
ways, with the least expenditure of time and money.

In the form of corrugated, inverted siphons, they will solve
the problem of depressed crossings either for the storm water or
for that of the laterals.

This is the purest and most durable iron on the market.

For full information on American Ingot Iron Culverts,
Siphons, Gates, Plates, Sheets, Roofing and Formed Products,
write the nearest manufacturer.

Arkansas, Little Rock

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
California* Log Angeles

California. Corrugated Cul-
vert Co.
California, West Berkeley

California Corrugated Cul-
vert Co.
Colorado, Denver

R. Hardesty Mfg. Co.
Delaware, Clayton

Delaware Metal Culvert Co.
Florida, Jacksonville

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Georgia, Atlanta

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Illinois, Bloomington

Illinois Corrugated Metal Co.

Indiana, Crawfordsville

W. Q. O'Neall Co.
Iowa, Dee Moines

Iowa Pure Iron Culvert Co.

Iowa, Independence

Independence Corr. Cul. Co.
Kansas, Topeka

The Road Sup. & Metal Co.
Kentucky, Louisville

Kentucky Culvert Co.
Louisiana, N«w Orleans

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Maryland, Havre de Grace
. J. N. Spencer. ' • ^

Massachusetts, Palmer

New England Metal Cul. Co.
Michigan, Bark River

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Michigan, Lansing

Michigan Bridge & Pipe Co.
Minnesota, Minneapolis

Lyle Corrugated Cul. Co.
Minnesota, Lyle

Lyle Corrugated Cul. Co.
Missouri, Moberly

Corrugated Culvert Co.
Montana, Missoula

Montana Culvert Co.

Nebraska, Lincoln

Lee-Arnett Co.
Nebraska, \Vahoo

Nebraska Cul. & Mfg. Co.
Nevada, Reno

Nevada Metal Mfg. Co.
New Hampshire, Nashua

North-Eaat Metal Cul. Co.
New Jersey, Flemington

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
New York, Auburn

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
North Carolina, Greensboro'

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
North Dakota, Wahpeton

Northwestern Sheet & Iron

Works.
Ohio, Mi. HI. -i. .uii

The Ohio Corrugated Cul. Co.
Oklahoma, Shawnee

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Oregon, Portland

Coast Culvert & Flume Co.

Pennsylvania, Warren

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.

South Dakota, Slonx Falls

Sioux Falls Metal Cul. Co.
Tennessee, Nashville

Tennessee Metal Culvert Co.

Texas, Dallas

American Rolling Mill Co.

Atlas Metal Works.
Texas, El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.
Texas, Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.
Utah, Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Co.
Virginia, Roanoke

Virginia Metal & Cul. Co.
Washington, Spokane

Spokane Corrugated Culvert

& Tank Co.
Wisconsin, Eau Claire

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

318

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

DEPENDABLE POWER

FOR

IRRIGATION

When you buy an engine for irrigation pumping, look first to the quality. Depend-
ability is the all-important consideration. You can't afford to risk failure of your
pumping outfit at the critical time. It will cost you less in the long run to pay what
a good engine is worth.

Lauson and
Kerosene

"Frost King"
Engines

are particularly well adapced for irrigation pumping because of their absolute reliability. " Lauson"
Engines are built up to a standard, not down to a price; have more drop forged and case hardened
parts than any other engine on the market, and will run as true after five years' use as when new.

By using a carburetor of special design ordinary kerosene distillate is used, securing the full rated
horse power as with gasoline. The cold process type of carburetor is used because it is cleaner and
more efficient than the oil heating system used-by others.

For continuous heavy work there is no engine on the market today that equals the Lauson. We'll
be glad to submit proof without obligating you in any way.

Built in Sizes

from

6 to 50 H. P.,

Horizontal Portable or

Stationary Types.

80 to 100 H. P.

Multiple Cylinder

Vertical Type.

68 MONROE STREET, NEW HOLSTEIN, WIS.

\Vlu-n \\ritiny to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

319

I.ennon Flume

Simplex
Stock Trough

Water Trough

4-C Gate

IRRIGATION GATES

For use in connection with RUST-RESISTING AMERI-
CAN INGOT IRON CORRUGATED PIPE.

All stamped with the approval of experienced Irrigators.
The cuts show only part of our line.
Write us your requirements.
Consult our Engineers.

CALIFORNIA CORRUGATED CULVERT CO.

435 Leroy St., Los Angeles, Calif. 424 Parker St., Berkeley Calif.

4-C Gate

Automatic Tide Gate

Inverted Siphon

With Screw
Attachment

iluf ^ toy n\j tj tj kij tj lay \nj

S Finish This Story

A WORKMAN in an I H C
wagon factory was explaining
the various stages of wagon
construction to an interested visitor. He
picked up two pieces of long leaf yellow
pine, which to all appearances were sawed
from the same board, and asked the visitor
to notice the difference in the weight of the
two pieces. The lighter piece, he explained,
was kiln-dried. The heavier piece was

air-dried and more thoroughly seasoned. — . '

It had retained the resinous sap which adds
strength and toughness, while in the kiln-dried piece of
lumber this sap had been drawn out by the too rapid
application of heat.

Every Stick of Lumber Used in

IH C Wagons is Carefully Selected,

Air-Dried Stock

Here was something to think about. The visitor
asked for a test as to the relative strength of the two
pieces of wood. The air-dried piece held up under
nearly double the weight under which the kiln-
dried piece of lumber broke. The workman
explained how the comparative life of air-dried
and kiln-dried lumber has about as great a
difference.

To the eye there was no difference between
these two pieces of lumber, but when put to

the test there was a vast difference. So it is throughout
the construction of I H C wagons — Weber, Columbus,
New Bettendorf, Steel King. They are built for real
strength, light draft, and satisfactory service.

After seeing the care used in the construction of every
part of an I H C wagon, the visitor asked: "Why
don't you let people know of the great care used in
selecting material and in constructing I H C wagons?"

This is what we have been trying to do, but we can-
not tell it all in one short advertisement.

Weber and Columbus wagons have wood gears.
Steel King and New Bettendorf have steel gears.
I H C local dealers handle the wagons best suited to
your work. See them for literature and full informa-
tion, or, write the nearest branch house.

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: DenTer. Col.; Helen. Mont.;

Portland. Ore.; Spokane. W.ih. ; Salt Lake Citr, Utah; Sin

Francisco, Cal.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

Chicago U

S A

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

320

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Irrig'ators Cannot Afford to Buy
Other Artesian Pumps

THE DEANE OF HOLYOKE

GLENDORA" Triple-Plunger Deep-Well Pump

will prove itself to be the beft
investment for artesian -well
pumping machinery.

Trade-Mark

New
Style

Glendora

Fig. 2138
Write for Bulletin D300-S9.

Its Design Obtains-

Constant steady flow.

Freedom from shocks in the rods.

Maximum capacity from a given
casing.

Constant load on driving engine
or motor.

Absolutely reliable in operation.

Gradual transference of load from
plunger to plunger.

Workmanship and Materials the Best

Power Pumping Machinery

The Deane Steam Pump Co.

New York Office, 115 Broadway

Works, Holyoke, Mass.

Branch Offices in All Principal Cities

D282-8

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

321

IRRIGATION FROM WELLS

An Arkansas Installation. Layne Patent Screen and Patent Enclosed Line Shaft Centrifugal Pump.

With the twenty-three hundred successful working plants using our system of irrigation, which inoculates and
energizes the dormant forces, there is now being produced in previously non-productive districts throughout the
United States and in portions of Europe and Asia over eleven million dollars worth of FOOD PRODUCTS
ANNUALLY. That our system is not an experiment is forcibly demonstrated by the fact that much of this pro-
duction is from localities which were arid and barren previous to the introduction of our system.

Write for new
catalog.

Houston, Texas

LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY

The World's Largest Water Development Company

Address nearest
office.

Memphis, Tennessee

Welsh, Louisiana

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Plainview, Texas

Jackson, Mississippi

LOW

COLONIST

FARES

Daily Sept 24th to Oct. 8th inclusive.

Irrigated Lands in the
Zone of Plenty

(33

To Havre. Great Falls. Helena. Butte, Kalispell.

Columbia Falls and other Montana Points.
From St. Paul. Minneapolis. Duluth. Omaha,

and Kansas City, Mo.

To Spokane, Everett. Bellingham. Vancouver. Seattle, Tacoma, Portland,
and other points in the Pacific Northwest.

From St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Omaha and Kansas City, Mo.

$25.00

$30°°

Make a Home for Yourself, in the Bigger Crop States

The Great Northern Railway has published a number of well-illustrated books describing opportuni-
ties in the States comprising the Zone of Plenty, telling about low-priced irrigated land and the easy terms on which it
may be procured. These books are full of solid facts. They contain bona fide letters from men who have made good.
The information contained in them may be the means of making you independent for life. They are absolutely free and
yours for the asking. Simply fill out the coupon below and mail today.

E. C. LEEDY

General Immigration Agent G. N. Ry.
ST. PAUL, MINN.;

SEND ME YOUR '-MAKE GOOD
TELL ME ABOUT LOW FARES
NAME

BOOK
FROM

O N

ADDRESS

MONTANA
WASHINGTON
OREGON
NORTH DAKOTA

MINNESOTA

CHECK
ONE

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

322

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

WE SHALL be glad to mail
anyone who wishes same,
our free catalog. We sell our
product through dealers and
jobbers entirely and solicit in-
quiries from all dealers. Our
goods are well and favorably
known. They are standards in
the United States Army and
several other departments of
the government.

Gold Medal Camp Furniture Mfg. Co.

Racine, WU., U. S. A.

BUCKEYE

Power
Working Heads

DESIGNED
especially for

IRRIGATION
and pumping large
quantities of water
from deep wells.

Made in four sizes.
Range of stroke, 5 to
24 inches. Size of
cylinder can be varied
to meet requirements of
depth and diameter
of well.

The frame is attached
to the base of the pump
so that it can be hing»d
back out of the way
when the pump rods
and valves are being
removed.

Write TODAY for Catalogue R
Manufactured by

MAST, FOOS & COMPANY

SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

PAYS FOR ITSELF IN ONE MONTH

Delays Pay No Dividends. Mail This Coupon Today.
The J- D. Adams Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind.

Below are descriptions of our proposed ditches. What will it cost per
cubic yard to make them with the Reclamation Ditcher?

I

Length

Width in
Bottom

Average
Depth

Maximum
Depth

Minimum
Depth

Slope of
Sides

Character of Soil

Name

Address

and Keeps on Saving You Money at the Same
Rate Thereafter.

THE RECLAMATION DITCHER

Cuts Canals and Laterals for less than any other
machinery — because it plows the dirt out with One
Continuous Sweeping Motion.

We guarantee the cost per yard and prove it before
you buy.

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co.

Indianapolis, Ind.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

323

You Need

R eliable
Footwear

Why not get the best your money
can buy? You save in the long run

Cutter's

Cruiser's and Sportman's

Boots

will meet your service require-
ments. <J This is our No. 106
16' Chocolate Chrome Sporting
Boot — Hand made throughout.

Send today for illustrated
booklet describing the Cut-
ter line of Driving, Cruis-
ing and Sporting Boots.

It

Will Pay
You

A. A. Cutter Company

Eau Claire, Wisconsin

SAMSON TURBINE

When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans-
mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of
the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given
power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER
transmission machinery can be used.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO,

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

316 Lagonda Street

100% Efficient

THE LENNON
METAL FLUME

delivers, not 50%, 70% or 90% of the
water entrusted to it, but

ALL OF IT

The time has arrived when the conser-
vation of water, through the use of
watertight conduits, is one of the most
important elements of irrigation work.
The material of the Lennon Flume is

Armco-American Ingot Iron

with all that that name ensures as to
quality and length of service.

Write the Nearest Manufacturer for Full Information on Armco-American
Ingot Iron Flumes, Culverts, Tanks, Silos, Roofing and Formed Products

CALIFORNIA — Los Angeles and West Berke-
ley, California Corrugated Culvert Co.

COLORADO — Colorado Springs. Lennon
Metal Flume Co.

COLORADO — Manitou, Lennox Flume Co.

MON TANA — Missoula, Montana Culvert Co.

NEBRASKA — Wahoo. Nebraska Culvert &

Mfg. Co.

OHIO — Middletown.American Rolling Mill Co.
OREGON — Portland, Coast Culvert & Flume

Co.

TEXAS— El Paso. Western Metal Mfg. Co.
TEXAS — Houston, Lone Star Culvert Co.

SOUTH DAKOTA —
Sioux Falls. Sioux
Falls Metal Culvert
Co.

UTAH— Woods Cross. Utah Culvert Co.

WASHINGTON — Spokane, Spokane Corru-
gated Culvert & Tank Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

324

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

DEPENDABLE

PORTABLE ENGINES

IRRIGATING
in CALIFORNIA

HEER ENGINE ON STEELTRUCK

Light enough to be
easily moved from
place to place, yet
durable enough and
powerful enough to
stand up to the
hard, severe grind
of irrigation hour
after hour and day
after day.

HEER

ENGINES

are built on the two
cylinder opposed
principle which
eliminates vibra-
tion and saves fuel.
Burns small amount
of cheap oil. Has
small repair cost.
Total cost of irri-
gating lower than
others.

The HEER
ENGINE

Company

2O9 P Street,

Portsmouth,

Ohio.

Gates and Flumes

The simplest and quickest erected
flume joint on the market, consequently
lowest in initial and final cost. Can be
fabricated in the field enlarge jobs, effect-
ing a great saving in freight.

We manufacture :

Main Headgates

Lateral Headgates
Gate Valves

Metal Flumes

Steel or Wood Pipe

We carry a complete stock of Wire Mesh

and Steel Bars for Concrete

reinforcement

Designs and estimates furnished on all
irrigation structures and supplies.

Write us your requirements and full in-
i formation will be sent.

Power Pumping Plants — -Reasonable

The Fitts Machinery & Construction Co.

Main Office, McPhee Bldg., Denver, Col.

EDWARDS REVERSIBLE
4 HORSE ROAD GRADER

AN UP TO DATE MACHINE FOR BUILDING
AND MAINTAINING ROADS

Having a complete line of adjustments it is
equally well adapted for making ditches, both
for dry land irrigation and rice field work.

I also manufacture THE RURAL ROAD GRADER
and IRRIGATION DITCHER, STUMP PULLERS
and other machines.

Write for descriptive catalog and prices.

C. D. EDWARDS, Albert Lea, Minn.

WASH WITH EASE

Here is the finest and most efficient

power washer on the market. It does

everything except hang up the clothes.
Every user praises it. The

A.B.C.
Power
Washer

MODEL 11

Made also for two rinse tubs

is the Original All Steel Adjustable
Height Frame Power Washer with
Sliding Power Wringer. Many copy it
— none equal it. Insist on the A. B. C. Guaran-
teed. Write today for 14 days FREE trial and
Illustrated Booklet.

ALTORFER BROS. CO.

Dept. 959 ROANOKE, ILL.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

Year-

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, SEPTEMBER, 1914.

No. 11

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged
The National Land and Irrigation Journal

MODERN IRRIGATION

THE IRRIGATION ERA
ARID AMERICA
THE WATER USERS' BULLETIN

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL
MID-WEST

THE FARM HERALD
THE IRRIGATOR

D. H. ANDERSON

PUBLISHER,

Published Monthly at 30 No. Dearborn Street,
CHICAGO

Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postoffice
at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 8, 1879.

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready; Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE

To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . . $1.00

To Canada and Mexico. 1.60

All Other Foreign Countries, ...... 1.60

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local
banks. Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or
New York draft.

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

The Executive Committee of the National Federation
of Water Users' Associations has taken action whereby
THE IRRIGATION AGE is created the official organ of this
vast organization, representing 1,000,000 persons on the
government irrigation projects.

Interesting to Advertisers

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age
is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in
advance circulation among individual irrigators and large
irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all inter-
ested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the
world. The Irrigation Age is 29 years old and is the
pioneer publication of its class in the world.

Canadian
Government May
Halt Irrigation
Congress

As this editorial is written
there is a strong possibility
that there will be no session
of the Irrigation Congress in
Canada next month. If the
congress does meet, it will

have its wings closely clipped, and its ''Interna-
tional'' aspects will be only those furnished by such
delegates from the United States as may attend.
As soon as Great Britain opened war on Ger-
many the Canadian government showed a decided
inclination to disapprove of the meeting of the
congress. It took this position on the grounds that
the organization was "international" in character,
and therefore it was improper for a colony of a
nation at war to entertain it. The Ottawa govern-
ment also declined to extend officially invitations
to other nations to send delegates to the congress.
Several prominent Canadians interested in the
congress, including J. S. Dennis, head of the Ca-
nadian board of control and a prominent Canadian
Pacific Railway official, expressed themselves as
ready to accept the suggestion of the government
and abandon the meeting.

Secretary Arthur Hooker and a number of Cal-

gary land boomers took the stand that the "inter-
national" feature of the congress didn't amount to
much any way, and by eliminating everybody ex-
cept the United States and Canada, the congress
could meet without offending the Ottawa govern-
ment, King George or his ally, Czar Nicholas.

These men opened a series of "diplomatic con-
versations" with the heads of the Canadian govern-
ment. The results of these "conversations" have
not yet reached us. Because of the strong words
in which the Canadian government couched its
first "message of disapproval," it is feared by many
in Calgary that the congress will finally be ordered
abandoned.

The Canadian land boomers are, however, still
using the congress as a pretext to try to obtain
publicity in American newspapers for their country
and to attract United States farmers across the
border.

Now, isn't this a pretty mess? A once-great
institution of the United States, an organization,
which, if it had not fallen into control of sordid,
money-seeking men, would still be a power for
good and for development in this nation, a con-
gress which has been officered by some of the most

326

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

illustrious men of the West, buffeted and cuffed
about, treated almost with contempt. And the ex-
cuse— a King's government might not like it.

How proud of this mess the American officials
of the congress, who sold it out to the Canadian
land boomers, must feel !

Clinch the
Markets
While They
Are Open

"An army marches on its belly,"
is one of the most widely quoted
axioms of Napoleon, and also a
very truthful one.

"The Irrigated West is insur-
ance for the United States against
drouth or any other great disaster," is a statement
to which practically all students of economy will
agree.

And now with Europe plunged into the great-
est war of all ages, these two statements take on
added strength.

This is the hour of opportunity for the irrigated
areas. It is not the hour for suddenly building up
a fortune by withholding produce from the markets
for war-time prices. It is the hour for introducing
the produce of the irrigated sections into those parts
of the United States and other nations at peace
where the markets have been controlled by the war-
torn countries. If this introduction is done in a
businesslike manner — the produce offered at fair
prices and in attractive form — the irrigators will
have builded far better than could be any quickly-
made fortune through war-time prices.

Markets for all time for their farms and gardens
will be secure against all competition, and success
and in time a liberal competence for each irrigator
and his children will be assured.

The farmers on every project should busy
themselves immediately in taking advantage of this
remarkable opportunity. On the Federal projects,
the Water Users' Associations should be put to
work immediately as co-operative marketing asso-
ciations. On other projects, where there are no
marketing associations, steps should be taken im-
mediately to organize. The associations should pick
competent men among their fellows or hire experts
and begin a whirlwind campaign to place their prod-
ucts in homes where they have never been before
and in markets which have formerly looked to
Europe for their supplies.

Let's Americanize America right now, so far as
farm produce is concerned. If the irrigators of the
West take hold, they can do it and do it so well that
competition will be stilled forever.

The English, supreme in commercial lines
when the war began, realize this better than anyone
else, and they are striving with all their might to
halt the commercial advance of the United States.

Even now in Canada, the English have already be-
gun a press campaign to encourage their colony to
hold for the mother country part of its trade and to
discourage so far as possible any enthusiasm among
Americans to make inroads upon their vast trade.

The war will make prices higher in some lines
of farm produce. A considerable portion of the
crops of the United States will be shipped to the
warring nations while the struggle goes on. There-
by the farmer will benefit.

The depletion of our home stocks may be just
cause for some increase in prices in the United
States, thus bringing further benefit to the farmers.

These, however, are only temporary benefits.
It is the permanent markets right here at home, in
the other countries at peace, which can be now es-
tablished, that offer the real benefits to the farmers
of the^ nation and particularly to the irrigators,
whose greatest need has been markets.

The irrigated West now has also opportunity,
as never before, to prove its "insurance" value. By
putting every acre to work, the irrigators can pro-
duce a crop for the next season that will hold the
balance of power in the world — a balance of power
for equitable prices in the United States. On the
irrigated lands sufficient crops can be raised in 1915
to prevent any shortage in the United States, should
speculators and the "food trusts" sufficiently evade
the nation's law officers to ship unlimited quantities
of foodstuffs out of the United States to the warring
nations.

The West should benefit further through hur-
ried completion of projects under way, and develop-
ment of new ones. As soon as capital gets straight-
ened out of the tangle into which war tossed inter-
national credits, it is bound to realize the values of
land-at-work in the United States and there should
be money to develop every feasible project.

Irrigation will double and treble crops on many
semi-arid farms. Wrhere water can be obtained by
pumping, the wise farmer on these semi-arid lands
is going to dig wells just as quickly as possible,
and install pumps and bring his land up to its
highest efficiency.

The war is a tremendous struggle, awesome in
its greatness and horror, but do not be blinded by
its awesomeness and miss this opportunity — great-
est in the history of the United States and even
greater for the West and the irrigators.

Americanize America. Clinch the markets
while they are open.

It is our earnest hope that out of Europe's great
struggle there will evolve the truism : "The sun
never sets on the American flag, flying above Amer-
ican ships.''

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

327

Fulton H. Sears, member of the
Fulton H. Executive Committee of the Na-

Sears May tional Federation of Water Users'
Go to Associations and a farmer on the

Congress Truckee-Carson project, is a candi-

date at the primaries for the Demo-
cratic nomination for Congressman from Nevada.
There are few men in the United States with a bet-
ter knowledge of irrigation affairs as they concern
the settlers on federal projects than is Mr. Sears,
and if nominated and elected, he will be an exceed-
ingly valuable man, not only to his own state, but
to all the West and to the nation.

Mr. Sears is a man well equipped also to rep-
resent the various other interests of Nevada as well
as its farmers. He is a lawyer and his practice
has been of a kind to acquaint him with the human
as well as the business side of life. He has de-
veloped one of the best homestead eighties on the
Truckee project, and has proven himself a business
farmer.

Although Mr. Sears spent many years of his
life in the east before taking up his homestead, he
is of "Nevada blood." His father was a pioneer
in Nevada and staked out Carson City.

As a worker in the interests of the Federal
Water Users. Mr. Sears has been tireless. This
work has taken him to Washington frequently and
he is no stranger to the ways of Congress, in which
he hopes to sit.

THE IRRIGATION AGE wishes Mr. Sears success
in his venture. Nevada could not choose a better
man.

The International Harvester Com-
A Good pany is a perfectly good trust, but

"Trust" but it wasn't born twelve years ago in
Born accordance with the prescribed rules

Wrong of old Doctor Sherman Law. There-

fore it must be dissolved, says the
United States district court. Two out of the three
judges, who heard the case, reached the verdict.

The decision does not sustain any of the
government's charges — so often and so recently
repeated in political discussion — of (a) monopoliza-
tion and coercion of local dealers ; or (b) local
price-cutting to destroy competitors ; or (c) exces-
sive prices; or (d) oppressive trade practices; or
(e) destruction of freedom of competition in the
manufacture and sale of harvesting machines.

Although the government's complaint was
based almost entirely upon the charges that the
International company was monopolizing trade in
1912, when the suit was filed, the court ignores that
charge and bases its decision upon the size and
proportion of trade acquired by the company at its

birth. This is declared to be an entirely new con-
struction of the Sherman law. In other words, under
this decision the company is not allowed any credit
for having "reformed," even though all its acts
since its birth have been fair and just. And on
the latter point, the judges seem to have agreed, for
in concurring in the majority opinion, Judge Hook
says :

"It is but just, however, to say and to make it
plain that in the main the business conduct of the
company toward its competitors and the public has
been honorable, clean and fair. Some petty dis-
honesties were tracked in at the start, mostly from
subordinates, who had been in the service of the
old companies, but they were soon gotten rid of.
In this connection, it should also be said that
specific charges of misconduct were made in the
government's petition which found no warrant
whatever in the proof. They were of such a char-
acter and there was so much of them apparently
without foundation that the case is exceptional in
that particular."

It looks to the man on the outside that the
only sufferers under this decision are the thou-
sands of stockholders, many of whom became such
long after the birth of the company.

Well, there are some other sufferers — the po-
litical prattlers, who delighted in denouncing the
"Great Harvester Trust." Poor fellows, all their
ammunition is gone. The court did not even find
that the organizers had any intention of violating
the law, when the company was organized.

The crops of Europe are being
European harvested by women. Upon them

Women also may devolve the duty of plant-

Ready for ing such crops as may be grown
Farm Duties next year in the war-torn nations.

The task is a big one, but ac-
cording to a report of the International Institute of
Agriculture at Rome, the European women are well
prepared to handle it. This report, prepared before
the war began, is almost uncanny in the picture it
presents of the preparations made by the women
themselves for just such a gigantic emergency as
now has arisen. Leadership in the "back to the
land" movement had fallen almost entirely into the
hands of the women, according to the report. They
were being encouraged by monarchy and republic
alike, when war was declared, and they were called
upon to put their training into actual practice.

The women had taken up the movement with
greater appreciation of its economical, social and
moral importance. They had obtained the enact-
ment of many laws favoring their position.

In its report, the institute declares that the most

328

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

striking feature of the "back to the land" movement
is its universality, the manner in which it has
sprung into importance in practically every country
in the world. This has been due largely to the
world-wide awakened conscience of woman.

While immense progress has been made in the
education of women for agricultural pursuits in such
larger countries as the United States, Great Britain
and Germany, the institute finds that it is being
carried forward on a much more extensive basis in
several of the smaller states.

In Switzerland, for example, there are in every
canton agricultural schools for women, all of which
have more or less subsidy from the state. Holland
already has twenty-one such schools with several
others in course of construction. Sweden has five
normal schools alone, the sole object of which is the
preparation of teachers for agricultural instruction
to women. The little duchy of Luxembourg, with
a population of only 240,000, has fifteen agricultural
schools for women. Italy has ten.

In Belgium the movement has taken a most
general and effective trend. The government has
thirty schools and in addition has given great en-
couragement to the organization of clubs among
women engaged in agricultural pursuits. Of these
clubs 183 have been formed with a total member-
ship of nearly 22,000. The clubs have had the im-
portant effect of keeping thousands of young girls
on the farm, and it has been found that where the
young women remain the young men will always
linger. This is a practical solution of the agricul-
tural labor problem.

After Belgium, the institute gives the greatest
credit to France for novel methods of agricultural
education for women. Here the most effective
work has been done by the "perambulating school."
Any community that will meet the expense and
guarantee a certain number of girl students over
fifteen years of age can have one of these schools.
The teachers and all the material necessary are sent
to the community by the government. The courses
last for several months and when finished the school
moves on to the next place where its presence has
been requested.

Within a few years it will be possible to give
agricultural education to the entire 900,000 women
and girls in France.

It's Time,
Mr. Lane,
to Clean
House.

With the Twenty Year bill out
of the way, isn't this the op-
portune moment for Secretary
Lane to clean out the Reclama-
tion Service bureaucracy? True,
he has neutralized it to a degree,
but with the bill as it finally passed Congress, neu-
tralization of F. H. Newell and the other cogs of
the old bureaucracy is not enough.

The 'Underwood amendment, if the direful pre-
dictions of western senators may be believed to the
extent of about one-twentieth of their face value,
offers tremendous opportunity for political log-
rolling. Washington has never had a better corps
of log-rollers than those who created the Reclama-
tion Service bureaucracy. As a matter of self-pro-
tection, if not in the interests of the settlers, Secre-
tary Lane should start cleaning house.

Newell has proven himself a cold-blooded
bureaucrat, with no regard for the interests of the
settlers. Under his administration of the Reclama-
tion Service tremendous burdens have been heaped
upon the settlers.

It is high time Newell was retired. Secretary
Lane should swing his ax without further excuse or
parley.

There is no reason at present why the United
States should become involved in the great Euro-
pean and Asiatic war. However, if trouble must
come, it is better that we settle it in this genera-
tion than that we should pass it on as a heritage to
our children.

The big bankers, insurance com-
More Money panics and others with money to
For Farm lend are turning their eyes to the
Loans in West. Since early in April, the

The West number of farm loans throughout
the West, made with eastern money,
has steadily increased. The feeling that a farm in
the West offers just about as good security as can
be found is growing daily in Chicago, New York
and other financial centers.

Several big insurance companies now have rep-
resentatives in the West seeking desirable loans.
There will be more before the end of the year. This
is going to mean cheaper money for the West. The
day of eight, ten and twelve per cent money, on
which the private bankers of the West have grown
rich and waxed fat, are about over. And it is time
these days should end. There is nothing that so
retards the development of an agricultural country
as high-priced money.

One big insurance company already has $15,-
000,000 loaned out in Oklahoma and Kansas and
is extending its operations westward, we are told.
As the result of the invasion of this eastern money,
interest rates in the leading districts of the two
states have dropped from an average rate of 6y2
per cent a year ago to 5j4 to 5j4 per cent.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

329

MANAGER AND IRRIGATOR FACE TO FACE

The Human Problem on the Project; How to Solve It

By W. O. COTTON

Civil Engineer and Irrigation Manager, Idaho Falls. Idaho

AFTER an irrigation system is completed, it is
found that questions yet remain for decision
that are far more perplexing than the mere con-
struction of ditches. Probably no canal has been
constructed in this country of which this has not
been true.

On the new project it might be said that the
engineering, physical and legal problems are very
well worked out and the most important problem
confronting the irrigation men of today is the hu-
man problem, and one of the most important items
of this problem is how best to reach the farmer, get
his viewpoint and diffuse knowledge to him.

While practically all
managers of irrigation
systems have their
methods of handling
this problem, there are
some in charge of large
systems of distribution
who are much more suc-
cessful than others and
there are probably few,
if any, who are entirely
satisfied with their
method. Every super-
intendent or manager
realizes that his first
duty is to divide and
deliver the water carried
to every irrigator in a
just and practical man-
ner, and do this tactful-
ly, as the irrigator
knows only one test of
successful canal oper-
ation— an ample water
supply when and where
needed.

It is my belief that
at the bottom of this
problem is the need of
better understanding
between the farmer and the men in charge. The
farmers on many of our projects are men of all
classes and vocations, and it goes without saying
that these people have many different ideas, hence
it is hard to settle upon any one rule which will
work in all cases. The men in charge are, in most
cases, men who thoroughly understand either the
engineering, physical or legal conditions, but there
are few who have a combination of these three and
with it an understanding of the human problem.
Nor is it any wonder, as it is only a short time since
the irrigation men thought that when the engineer-
ing, physical and legal questions were solved, the
system was completed.

Few farmers can take the same viewpoint of

A waier wheel which lifts

canal operation that the professional manager does.
The manager must look after the interests of many,
scattered over a large territory; try to give the
farmer the best and most economical service and
at the same time look after the best interests of the
system for the future. All of this is out of the
farmer's line and he often takes grave excep-
tions to it, and too often when the farmer
sees a professional irrigation or agriculture man
come into his field, he immediately thinks he
is after something, either his water right, his
farm or his money, for he reasons "What interest
can this man have in me unless it be a monetary
one?"

These roads traveled, one by the farmer, the
other by men in charge,
seem to be parallel and
perhaps convergent in
the distant future, but
just how to get off the
wrong road and meet
half-way the farmer is
the question.

First: The manager
must, through the joint
division and distribution
of water, gain the con-
fidence of the farmer;
then, through keeping
his word in all cases and
at all times, and by dis-
playing a character well
above reproach, he may
gain the farmer's re-
spect.

Second : The man-
ager should consider
visiting his farmers a
part of his duty and do
as much of it as his
other duties will allow
him ; in this way the
farmer will come to see
that the manager is not
only a technical man,
but is also a practical man, and there is no one who
has the chance the manager does of knowing the
aggregate production of his particular section, and
with this knowledge is in a position to give helpful
suggestions in regard to the plants best adapted
to soil, climate and market conditions. I aided a
farmer to secure a prize on his potatoes at the Na-
tional Land Show, which helped wonderfully in
winning him over and also some of his neighbors.
Third : The success of irrigation lies to a
great extent in specializing; the manager cannot
hope to be a specialist on all lines, but he knows
where to find the State or Government specialist

The cuts used in connection with the story by Mr. Cotton are from
photographs made for the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad.

rrigating waters from Grand River in
Colorado.

330

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Water for the crops when needed. The

in this particular
line, who is al-
ways glad to co-
operate. In this
way he can do a
great deal of good.

Fourth : The
manager must be
tactful in telling
the farmer he is
using too much
water for his own
good and the
good of his neigh-
bors, or that he
should raise this
crop or that crop ;

the farmer is the most skeptical and superstitious
of any class of men, and at the same time the back-
bone of the country. Unless the farmer was of rare
makeup he would probably resent information given
in this manner, but the same information can be
diffused to him through the local newspapers, in
articles pointing out some man who has made a
notable success by using less water, or who has
made a success in specializing.

Fifth : I am a strong believer in the men in
charge owning land in the project over which they
have charge; the settler or farmer will probably
argue that favoritism is practiced in the vicinity of
that farm, but I do not consider this as dangerous
a charge as that of not being interested in the enter-
prise, as it seems to afford the farmer a good deal
of satisfaction to know that the manager has all of
these heavy operation and maintenance charges to
"dig up," and in turn it gives the manager a cer-
tain satisfaction if he can make his farm pay or
meet expenses, laboring under the same conditions
as the neighboring farmer. This, I think, estab-
lishes a sympathy and comes nearer giving the man-
ager the viewpoint of the farmer than any other
thing that can be done.

Sixth : I think a great deal can be done to
forestall this problem on new irrigation schemes by
understanding the failures in the past and making
use of the experience gained, as the history of the
railroad companies forty or fifty years ago shows
the same mad rush that we experienced, only a few
years ago, in irrigation development, with a depres-
sion following which caused a "survival of the fittest."

Seventh : Too often the farmer does not realize
the fact that a cheap manager may cause partial
crop failure which may run anywhere from one dol-
lar to ten dollars per acre on a good many thou-
sands of acres ; they fail to realize that the best in-
vestment is intelligence, and in order to keep this
man they must pay a wage comparable with the
position he holds.

Usually a major portion of the complaints
registered come from men who have been too opti-
mistic or who do not care to succeed, if success
means laborious toil and study of soil, climate and
market conditions.

Eighth : The thing demanded on these irriga-

tion projects is a
man with good
practical j u d g -
ment, who can
speak a language
that the layman
can understand,
who can treat
them like bank
presidents when
they come into
the office. If they
have a grievance
the man in charge
should be cool

headgate on a Colorado irrigation canal. and COIllDOSed and

explain the point

in question so that the farmer can understand. This
will not always satisfy the farmer, but at least you
have gained his respect, and this is a long step in
the right direction.

I will borrow an illustration for the point I
wish to make from C. H. DeCamp, one of the most
successful farmers in the Upper Snake River Valley.
The cow that was black on one side and white on
the other, when viewed from different sides left dif-
ferent impressions, both correct. What the man-
ager and farmer want to accomplish is to both get
on the same side of the cow at the same time. In
order to do this, the water user must understand
more of the technical and the manager more of the
practical. The manager must secure the confidence
and respect of the water users; he must keep in
touch with them ; he should take time to show the
farmer why the installation of a measuring device
is necessary for the successful division of the water
and will not deprive him of any of his water.

The manager should not waste any time telling
the farmer about the value of "N" in Cutter's
formula. He doesn't know anything about it and
cares less. He should talk plain English ; give the
farmer to understand he is working for him and
that his interests as manager are identical with
those of the settler and that his success as a water
user and farmer means success also for the manager.

It will perhaps seem that in this case the man-
ager must do the major portion of the teaching (or
work), but it is my firm belief that in doing so he
will gradually obtain the farmer's viewpoint and
thus he puts himself in a good position to cooperate
which is absolutely necessary to be successful.

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION AGE and bound copy of THE PRIMER OF IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of The Primer of Hy-
draulics add $2.50 to above price.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

331

•

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•

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'VYntev Us OPS

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Ini'oi-osi'.s of 'the '^aruiors on ioe
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EDITED BY GEORGE J. SCHARSCHUG

•

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•

SETTLERS' ORGANIZATION WIDENS ACTIVITIES

President Smith of National Federation of Water Users Outlines Plans

A MEET IXC
•i*. in the near
future of the
National Feder-
ation of Water
Users' Associa-
tions, as sug-
gested editorially
in the August
issue of THE
IRRIGTION AGE,
now seems as-
sured. Arrange-
ments to widen
the scope of
activities of the
Federation and
make it a still
more effective
weapon in be-
half of the Fed-
eral Water
Users, are also
under way.

Prom inent
irrigators on the
Federal projects

recognize that with the revaluation of the systems
at hand, the settlers are face to face with problems
even more serious than those confronted in obtain-
ing passage of the Twenty Year bill. The putting
into operation of various features of the new law
will also present added complications.

In order to meet this situation with a united
and thoroughly representative front, the Executive
Committee of the National Federation has taken
steps to enlarge this committee and to include in
its membership a representative from every project.
Where the regular Water Users' Association is
dominated by the Reclamation Service, as is the
case on three or four projects, the Executive Com-
mittee proposes to recognize some minority organi-
zation of the settlers until such time as the regular
Association joins the Federation.

The value of the National Federation to the
individual Water User and to the various project
associations is far greater today than ever before.
In the conferences in Washington in May, 1913,
Secretary Lane pledged himself to deal so far as
possible with the Federation officials as the recog-

A Prune Orchard i

nized represent-
atives of the
Water Users.
The Secretary
did this because
he believed it
was better to
deal with an or-
ganized body
than with
numerous i n -
d i v i d u a 1 s or
A s s o c iations.
Under the new
law and the
policies which
the Secretary is
inaugurating on
the projects the
value of the
F e d e r a tion is
believed to be
recognized more
at Washington
now than when
Secretary Lane
met with the Fed-
eration in 1913.

Some indications of the plans of the Executive
Committee are outlined in the following letter,
written by Earl B. Smith, of Somerton, Ariz., presi-
dent of the National Federation, to H. A. Bustrin,
of Phoenix, Ariz., vice-president of the Land Own-
ers' Protective Association on the Salt River
project:

"Your Salt River Valley Water Users' Asso-
ciation always cooperated with the Executive Com-
mittee of the National Federation of Water Users
up to the end of the Washington Conference with
Secretary Lane in May, 1913, but since that time
it has not cooperated. You have all had the benefit
of all the work this Committee has done, and we
are disappointed that your Association saw fit to
abandon us, and it is difficult for us to understand
the reason as none was ever given or offered. My
knowledge of you is only obtained from your com-
munications to THE IRRIGATION AGE. I am well
acquainted with your Mr. Sam Barrett.

"There are only four or five Associations that
have not cooperated with us, all of which, we think,
are under the control of the United States Reclama-

Joaquin Valley of California.

332

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

tion Service for certain unknown reasons. The
Service thinks we are its enemy, whereas we are
only the enemy of the persons who have controlled
its policies in the past.

"Some time ago I recommended to our Com-
mittee that we enlarge the scope of our Committee
to include one from each project Water Users' As-
sociation, and where the regular Association did
not see fit to cooperate with us, that we recognize
a representative from some minority organization
on the project. This recommendation was approved
by all the members of our Executive Committee,
but we did not see fit to push the matter during
the period of time while the extension bill was
under consideration as we all had all we could at-
tend to in the way of correspondence during that
long period. ' Now that that bill has become a law,
I think we should more thoroughly organize for
future work, which I think will be as important as
the extension matter.

"The Irrigation Congress has gone to the dogs,
apparently, and if our committee could be strength-
ened we might reorganize such an institution
through the instrumentalities of our enlarged Com-
mittee. THE AGE would be our organ, undoubtedly.
But that organ needs our help in order that it may
be of influence among the actual Water Users.

"I will now ask you if your Land Owners' Pro-
tective Association, of which you are the vice-
president, would be willing to delegate a commit-
teemen who would represent the Water Users of
Phoenix up to the time when the regular Associa-
tion should see fit to again cooperate with us.

"I wish you would think this matter over care-
fully and consult your Association regarding it,
and if the idea should seem to you feasible, I should
feel encouraged to make the same proposition to
the other four projects who have been influenced
to not cooperate."

HOW WILL 20- YEAR BILL AFFECT SETTLERS?

Big Questions Arise as New Law is About to be Enforced

WHAT proportion of the settlers on the Federal
projects will accept the conditions provided
in the recently passed twenty-year payment bill? ,

How will the bill affect those who prefer to
continue their payments and complete title to their
land and water rights under the original Reclama-
tion Act?

These are two big, outstanding questions on
every Federal project. Their answer hinges largely
upon Secretary Lane's forthcoming public notice
concerning readjustment of payments and opera-
tion of the law. The answer also will be affected
greatly by the results of the revaluations of the
projects, which the Secretary has ordered.

A hint of what this revaluation may bring is
contained in the order opening a new unit of the
Truckee-Carson project in Nevada. The settlers
now on the project have contracts with the gov-
ernment providing for payments of $22 and $30
per acre for their water rights. The cost of water
rights in the new unit has been fixed at $60.

The Underwood amendment to the Twenty-
Year bill has also caused much speculation among
the irrigators as to its future effects on Federal
Reclamation. Congressman Taylor of Colorado de-
clares the members of the House from the East
and South were solid for this amendment because
they felt it would prevent abuses of the Reclama-
tion fund, such as have characterized its history in
the past, and would also force the Reclamation
Service to "operate on a business basis."

In accepting the amendment, many Western
Senators took a very gloomy view of its "pork bar-
rel" possibilities.

"I consider the provision put in the bill in the
House a very unwise if not a vicious provision ;
but we were confronted with the proposition of no
bill at all or agreeing to this amendment," said Sen-
ator Wesley L. Jones of Washington. "I felt com-
pelled to sign the conference report rather than

have the bill fail, because I know the condition of
many of the settlers under the various irrigation
projects; and for their relief and for their help it is
absolutely necessary and essential that the other
parts of this bill should be passed.

"We are simply forced to take this bill with
this amendment, and that is all there is to it, to
get the relief that is absolutely essential to the set-
tlers under many of these various irrigation proj-
ects. For that reason, and that reason alone, I
signed the conference report."

Senator Myers of Montana declared :

"I view with great alarm the adoption of this
report. I would rather stay on the 10-year payment
plan of Reclamation projects than to adopt this
report and have the bill amended in this way.

"I think the expenditure of the Reclamation
fund is right where it belongs and ought to be —
under the administrative department of the Gov-
ernment. It can handle it better, it knows the
needs better, it knows conditions better than Con-
gress can possibly know them ; it has been well con-
ducted. I have no fault to find with the administra-
tion of the Reclamation Service of the Government.

"If we take the control of these expenditures
away from the Reclamation Service and put it in
Congress, I think it will make just what is popu-
larly called a "pork-barrel" proposition out of it.
It will not be decided on its merits. It will be sub-
ject to wirepulling and intrigue and pressure and
influence of all sorts, wholly independent of merit,
and will be decided in a manner far removed from
the merits of the proposition.

"I know by experience what it takes to get
money from Congress for reclamation projects, and
1 predict that when this is put in the hands of Con-
gress every reclamation project in the West will be
up against just the same thing that the Flathead
(Indian) reclamation project in Montana is up
against every year.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

333

"There are three Government reclamation
projects in Montana ; and if I had to go through
what I have to go through every year for the Flat-
head project in the case of every one of three
others, making four in all, I would not be able to
do it; that is all there is to it. I would not have
any time or life left.

"Our conferees come back here and tell us
what is undoubtedly true, that unless we recede the
House conferees say the bill shall fail and they will
put in a provision for interest the next time. That
is another threat hanging over our heads. That
very same condition might arise if this becomes a
law. Every time a bill appropriating money for
reclamation projects is passed, when we fix it the
way we think it ought to be, it will go to confer-
ence and the House conferees will have it in their
power to say it must be changed so-and-so, and if
it is not the whole bill will fail and nobody will get
a dollar."

Refusal of the House to agree to the "court
jurisdiction" amendment, which was advocated
strongly by the National Federation of Water
Users' Associations was a disappointment to the
settlers generally, but it has not ended the fight.
The Water Users feel that they should have the
right of litigation, when a question concerning
their interests arises, and the leaders are already
preparing to renew the battle for "court jurisdic-
tion" before a future session of Congress.

Although it is now history, it is interesting to
study the argument of the Reclamation Service
against the court amendment. It furnished what
little excuse the members of the House committee
on Irrigation could stir up for refusing the request
of the settlers. The plea, which was made by A. R.
Honnold, Denver attorney of the Reclamation Serv-
ice, follows:

"I believe that the amendment is not consonant
with or in keeping with the United States Judicial
Code or court decisions, but is a radical departure,
hedged about with no restrictions, and gives the
United States court jurisdiction of all cases arising
in the future between Water Users and the associa-
tion and others.

"It confers no rights on the United States that
it does not now enjoy.

"The Water Users have a method of enforcing
the law. Under the code and the equity rules one
or more settlers may sue on behalf of all concerned
and similarly situated.

"It does not restrict associations or districts to
those contemplated by the Reclamation Act, but
embraces all such as are legally organized. All such
associations and districts are creatures of State
statute.

"Water Users' associations represent all users
thereunder and costs are apportioned against all.
Perhaps but a part wish to sue or are in a position
to benefit by the suit. On account of the compara-
tive small cost to each farmer by such cooperative
litigation it will be easy for unscrupulous lawyers
to induce the association to permit of bringing a
suit on the slightest provocation.

"It permits any such organization legally con-
stituted under State law to bring suits against
United States officials regarding water rights.

"It means many legal complications and will
entail large expense without compensating benefits.

"In the enforcement of the homestead laws
under projects the General Land Office and the local
land officers will be forced to follow decisions of the
United States courts in various States, and which
may be different in the various States.

"Possible private irrigation promoters under
the guise of irrigation districts or Water Users' as-
sociations may tie up Government construction of
reclamation projects for long periods of time by
raising questions regarding the water supply.

"Government construction might be held up for
long periods by injunctions pendente lite, etc.

"The amendment will greatly complicate the
disposition of Government business and interfere
with its dispatch.

"It will have the effect of nullifying to a certain
effect much of the very things the bill sought to do.

"It has not been considered by the Judiciary
Committee nor by the Department of Justice.

"I believe the amendement is entirely foreign
to the general purposes of the bill to which it is
attached and should be stricken therefrom.

"The judicial code of the United States pro-
vides, in chapter 2, the first section, that the United
States district courts shall have original jurisdic-
tion of all suits of a civil nature, at common law or
in equity, brought by the United States. To that
extent the first part of the bill confers no new rights.
However, the jurisdiction which is given to the
courts of all suits brought by Water Users' associa-
tions or otherwise is unlimited, and if at any time
projects are turned over to the farmers and the Gov-
ernment has no remaining interest in them, still the
United States courts would be vested with juris-
diction of all cases relating to individuals regardless
of the land involved. To that extent it looks to me
like it would be a burden upon the Water Users."

IRRIGATED LAND LOTTERY

The second unit of the Truckee-Carson project
will be thrown open to settlement this month.
Uncle Sam will allot the 40 and 80 acre homesteads
by a lottery at Fallen, Nev., Sept. 18.

There is a lot of valuable land for general farm-
ing, dairying and beet raising in the new unit. A
sufficient water supply now seems assured.

The cost of water right under this unit of the
Truckee-Carson project will be $60 per acre, the
payment required when application is made amount-
ing to $3 per acre. The remainder of the construc-
tion charge, $57 per acre, shall be paid in fifteen an-
nual installments, the first five of which shall be $3
per acre each, and the remainder $4.20 each.

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION AGE and bound copy of THE PRIMER OF IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of The Primer of Hy-
draulics add $2.50 to above price.

334

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

MAY GROW SUGAR BEET SEED IN NEVADA

J

Almost Ready to Harvest. Fields Near Deming. X. M.

W. FERGU-
• SON is ex-
p e r i m e n ting
with the raising
of sugar beet
seed on the
Truckee - Car-
son project in,
Nevada. Mr.
Ferguson found
that there were
many beets left
on his place
from last year's
crop that were
not injured by
the winter
weather. He
called the atten-
tion of Professor
S. C Knight, of

the University of Nevada to this and Mr. Knight
suggested that a test be made of the beets in grow-
ing seed. It was agreed that a dozen should be sent
to the experiment station at the University and
that a number would be reset on the ranch where
they grew. Tests of the beets were made and it
was found that they came through the winter and
still tested 23 per cent sugar.

The samples which Mr. Ferguson has dug up
show that the growth and development of the seed
is most prolific, every stalk being loaded with seed.
It is the intention of Mr. Ferguson and Prof.
Knight to make thorough tests of growing beets
from the seed thus produced and if possible deter-
mine whether it is feasible to produce beet seed in
Nevada.

Practically all of the beet seed for this country
comes from Germany and Austria. It is a won-
derfully scientific industry in those countries, hun-
dreds of chemists being employed in order to in-
sure the production of seed that can be depended
upon to germinate. Now that those countries are
at war with the probability that the beet fields will
be neglected and destroyed by armies, the securing
of seed for America becomes a serious problem.

The process of raising beet seed is rather slow.
For instance, the beets grown last year are set out
this spring and will bring forth a crop of seed the
coming fall. Then in turn, that seed would be
planted next spring, so it takes two years to secure
the seed.

If seed can be grown here to advantage, there
are a number of Nevada farmers who are raising
beets this season that could save a good supply for
next year and soon have this valuable home in-
dustry well under way if the necessary scientific
methods can be applied in the United States to de-
termine whether the seed grown will germinate.

Secretary H. E. Roe of the Nevada Sugar
Company says there is an ample supply of seed now
on hand in the Fallen factory for all requirements

fcr seeding in

1915, so if seed
could be pro-
duced next year
it would fill the
requirements for

1916, and west-
ern Nevada
would sail along
with the beet in-
dustry regard-
less of condi-
tions across the
water. The ex-
periment will be
watched with
much interest in
all the other
beet districts.

KANSAS IRRIGATORS MEET

The third annual meeting of the Kansas State
Irrigation congress will be held in Scott City, Sep-
tember 22 and 23, according to an announcement
by H. B. Walker, irrigation engineer in the Kansas
State Agricultural college, who is secretary of the
organization.

Problems relating to the construction of wells,
pumps, engines, central power plants and the prepa-
ration of land, to the care of crops and to irrigation
legislation, will be discussed. It is stated that
Kansas has between two and three million acres
of shallow water land. Practical Kansas irrigators
will make the addresses at the meeting, over which
E. E. Coffin of Scott City, president of the congress,
will preside.

Scott City is situated in the great shallow water
district which extends southward to the Arkansas
river, and persons who attend the meeting will have
an opportunity to visit some of the numerous pump-
ing plants in the vicinity. Demonstrations will be
given of the proper methods of handling water.

PARK FOR UMATILLA FOLKS

Federal Water Users on the Umatilla project
in Oregon are considering plans for the establish-
ment of a summer resort on the banks of the big
reservoir created by the diversion dam near Her-
miston. It is proposed to plant shade trees and
grass and make other improvements. Several boats
have been placed on the lake.

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION ACE and bound copy of THE PRIMER OF IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of The Primer of Hy-
draulics, add $2.50 to above price.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

335

SILO PROVES ITS WORTH ON IRRIGATED FARMS

Farmers Tell of Success With "Feed Ice Boxes"

Filling home-made stave silos in the Southwest.

CTUAL

farmers are
proving the
value of the
silo on the irri-
gated farms of
the West.

E n s i 1 age
proved exceed-
ingly valuable
in many sec-
t i o n s of the
West this year,
when the warm
and dry weather
began to cut
down the pas-
turage.

The West-
ern Washing-
ton experiment
station at Puy-
allup began
feeding from
one of its silos

early in July. The oats, vetch and corn put into
the silo last fall, were all found in excellent condi-
tion and were relished by the stock.

Years ago many silos were erected in Western
Oregon, but more than half of them were failures
because they were not air-tight. The result was
lost enthusiasm, a backset to this system of pre-
serving the feed.

While a good silo may cost a little more at the
beginning than a poorly constructed one, it is the
cheaper of the two and the only practical one. Had
the farmers of Oregon built air-tight instead of
leaky silos in the first place their dairy and live
stock industry would have been far more profitable
to them than at the present time.

Many irrigation farmers have started in this
year with home-made pit silos. Writing of his ex-
periences with such a silo, A. H. Weeks, of Valley-
ford, Wash., says:

"My pit silo is 10 feet 6 inches in diameter from
wall to wall of earth. I hired the digging done and
furnished the powder to loosen the clay. Labor
and powder cost me $15, cement $14, gravel $2,
lumber cut to make forms $3, mixing concrete and
filling cost $7.50. making a total of $41.50 cash
outlay. The silo is 10 feet diameter and 14 feet
deep. The hauling of the gravel and work of mak-
ing and putting up forms we did ourselves. Figur-
ing wages for time and teams, I consider the cost
to be about $60.

"My forms are made of segments sawed from
1x12 common boards and braced across from joint
to joint by 1x4. with small pieces of board nailed
over the ioint to hold together. I then set these
forms in the pit and set 2x4 pieces under each joint

The above cut is from a photograph made by the Santa Fe Railroad.

so as to hold
them the right
distance apart,
plumbed and
braced these
circles to hold
them in posi-
tion. I used
1x12 16 feet for
the backing,
and poured the
concrete be-
t w e e n them
and the dirt,
using a 2x4 to
tamp the con-
crete with,
making a wa.ll
3 inches in
thick ness. I
used one part
Port land ce-
ment and 9
parts of gravel,
which makes a
very good wall, but does not turn water. The last
two feet at top I used 1 to 6 parts cement and
gravel. I covered the bottom same as main part
of sides.

"I put in what I considered was 12 tons of
green fodder for silage; this filled about 10 feet
when settled. I cut this fodder from about four
acres of ground. I also cut and shocked about
seventeen acres, which we cut with a hand cutter,
and fed before starting on the silage. We got rela-
tively the same amount of feed from the four acres
made into silage as we did from the seventeen acres
of dry fodder. The silage, however, held the cows
up in their milk flow to quite a degree, noticeable,
at least when they began to fail on the dry fodder
after threshing.

"When the spring freshets came my silo took
in a considerable amount of water. I thought I had
lost my feed but instead it proved the saving of it.
I am digging it out of the water today and feeding
it along with alfalfa hay and green oats and peas
and the cows seem to like it as well as they did be-
fore the water entered. We dip the water out so-
as to keep the silage solid enough to stand on, and
feed as usual. In filling I tamped the fodder well
as it fell from the cutter and added four oil barrels
of water. Two or three days after filling I put two
barrels more on, and a week later two additional
barrels. Then I left the pit open until December,
after having filled up above the silage to about level
with oats, straw and chaff. I am well pleased with
my pit silo and contemplate later of puttiijg a stave
silo on top of the pit silo."

Fred A. Hutton, who is farming near Dixon,
(Continued on page 347.)

336

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The GRIMES

The Pump
that You Will
Eventually
Buy— So Why
Not Save Your
Experimental
Expense?

The Sooner You
Install a GRIMES,
The Sooner You Will
Begin Reducing
Your Pumping Costs
and Solve Your
Pumping Problems

Screw Principle
the Archimedian
Effective Use of
This— a simple but

Well- Just Like
Ditch, Stream or
Water from Lake,
It Raises the

Moderate Initial Cost

Requires Very Little
Attention

Cannot Get Out
of Order

A Durable, One-
Piece Machine

Unaffected by Sand,
Gravel or Mud
Conditions

Always Ready for
Instant Use

Can be Operated
With Any Form of
Power Available

Low Power
Consumption

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

337

rigation Pump

Loveland, Colorado,

August 15th, 1914

The Grimes Irrigation Pump Company,
Denver, Colorado.

Gentlemen :

It gives me pleasure to advise that the 40*
diameter Grimes pump you installed for me is
doing everything you guaranteed it would do. I
am elevating more water, to a height of 34 feet,
than my 8" pipe will carry under pressure with an 8
horse-power engine.

When operated to the full capacity of the
engine it requires a 12* pipe to carry off the flow.

I see no reason why this pump should not
give me good service for a number of years as it is
certainly made to last.

I believe you will make a large number of
sales in this immediate vicinity as the pump is
attracting the attention of the farmers for quite a
' distance around.

If you have any prospective customers, who
will want to know what I think of this pump, if
they will write me, I will be glad to tell them all

they want to kn<>\v.

Very truly yours,

W. W. NICHOLS.

EACH PLANT BUILT TO ORDER TO MEET
VARIED INDIVIDUAL NEEDS AND CONDI-
TIONS. ESTIMATES GLADLY FURNISHED.

Fill Out Mail TODAY

The Grimes Irrigation Pump Co.

1022 First National Bank Building /

DENVER, COLORADO 'Ve

The GRIMES Pump
Will Lift a Given
Quantity of Water
to a Greater Height
With Less Power
Than Any Other
Water Elevator
on the Market.

WE CAN PROVE THIS
BY OUR MACHINES'
RECORDS WHEREVER

INSTALLED. ^

' V?

s ^vV

A*

j? s

338

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

DRYLAND DREDGING

DRY LAND dredging is one of the newer indus-
tries that is developing rapidly. Oil and gas
engines are the motive powers most generally used
for this work. The steam engine on this class of
work has proven successful from a financial stand-
point, but the great weight of the outfit, together with
the extreme difficulties of supplying it with water and

A Dry
Land
Dredge
Driven
by a
Heer
Two-
Cylinder
Opposed
Engine.

fuel, have made it prohibitive in some parts of the
country.

The dry land dredges are regular dirt-eaters.
A one-half yard machine will shovel from 409 ^ 600
yards of dirt in 10 hours. The machine's operation is
similar to that of a steam shovel.

The work is very hard on an engine, because of
the sudden variation from no load to overload. In
dropping the empty bucket, there is practically no load.

When the bucket is being loaded, an overload is
thrown on the engine, yet the engine must hold onto
its load until the bucket is lifted, swung around and
emptied.

SEEKS EXPORT TRADE

A SPECIAL bed for camp and all outdoor use,
that is a clever and practical idea, is being of-
fered to the export trade by the Enterprise Bed Co.,
of Hammond, Ind. It is both a tent and a cot, built

in such a man-
ner that it folds
away into a
v e r y small,
compact pack-
age that is
easily picked
up and carried,
and yet opens
up into a full-
^^ sized and com-

The "Enterprise" Tent Cot, Set Up and Folded, fortable bed.

It is just

the thing for hunting, fishing, or lor any form of
camp use, and is ideal for convalescents or anyone
afflicted with lung trouble, as it enables the occu-
pant to sleep out the year round.

The frame of the cot is made of very strong
maple, and the canvas top or tent is of especially
treated canvas, that is made waterproof by a spe-
cial process, which has been perfected after years
of experimenting. The end and side openings of
this cot are all fitted with both storm curtains and
heavy mosquito netting, that can be adjusted by
the occupant from his position inside the cot.

HULL YOUR SEED QUICKLY, PERFECTLY and ECONOMICALLY With a
"MATCHLESS" CLOVER and ALFALFA HULLER

That's just what you will do if you use a "Matchless" Huller on the job. It's trie one huller that will hull all the Clover or Alfalfa you
can get to it without sacrificing the quality of the work. Here's the reason! We use square steel brads in our hulling cylinder. This construction
has every advantage over rasps of spikes, because no set of spikes will knock the seed out of the damp pods Rasps gum up and are easily destroyed.
Our system of separation is unique and effective. This consists of a series of rotating troughs with perfoiation in the bottom, with provision for
adjustment to meet the various conditions of clover. The Patented Steel Scrapers attached to .the bottom of these troughs thoroughly scrape the
separator bottom and insure a steady and positive delivery of the pods to the hulling cylinder, regaidless of the condition of the clover. This con-
struction enables you to hull seed under conditions in which no other huller can operate; enables you to hull earlier in the morning and later in the
evening than with any other — this insures a longer day, thus increasing your earning power. Give us an opportunity to piove to you right
on your own farm that the "Matchless" is the speediest and cleanest huller on t,ie market. WRITE FOR CATALOG TODAY, or call at our nearest

THE AULTMAN & TAYLOR MACHINERY COMPANY, MANSFIELD, OHIO.

Sole BuilHers of Aultman-Taylor "Starved Rooster" Line of Machinery.
BRANCHES: Minneapolis, Minn.; Portland, Ore.; Lincoln. Nebr.; Kansas City. Mo.; Wichita, Kan.; Decatur, 111.; Indianapolis, Ind.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

339

GATE STRUCTURES FOR IRRIGATION CANALS

MOST of the gate structures in American irriga-
tion canals a few years ago were of wood, but
more recently concrete, both plain and reinforced,
has come into common use. Wood has the ad-
vantage of cheapness and of easy handling and the
disadvantage of rapid depreciation, while concrete,
which has the advantage of permanence, is more
costly. The kind of material used, as well as other
features of gate structures, varies in different irri-
gated regions of the West. One section often uses
features especially adapted to it, of which other sec-
tions, that could use them equally well, are ignorant.
The U. S. Department of Agriculture is endeavor-
ing to bring together such designs for gate struc-
tures as are adapted to many localities so that each
locality may profit by the practices of others, and
has just issued a new bulletin (No. 115) entitled,
"Gate Structures for Irrigation Canals." It is in-
tended to be of assistance to engineers and others
with technical knowledge of the subject.

Small and medium-sized structures are for the
most part described in the new bulletin, as it is be-
lieved that most of the problems confronting the
engineer located in isolated regions of the West re-
late to this class. The bulletin should also be of
value to directors of mutual water companies who
are themselves irrigators and who are called upon
to pass upon questions of construction and mainte-
nance.

One of the important questions dealt with is
that of the materials to be used for gate structures.
Shall they be of wood or concrete? The best prac-
tice, according to the department's investigator,
seems to be to make a structure of combined wood
and concrete, using concrete for the parts that are
inaccessible and not easily replaced, and wood for
the accessible parts which can be replaced easily.
Local conditions affecting the relative prices of
these materials will also help to determine which
material should be used.

Because of the high cost of water rights, and
the inability of settlers to make the payments re-
quired, there is much to be said in favor of the
cheaper wooden structures for original construc-
tion with a view to their replacement with more
permanent structures of concrete as the wood de-
cays. This will lessen the first cost and will bring

the heavier cost after the lands have been put under
cultivation. The use of wood has the further ad-
vantage that in case of mistakes in either the type
of structure or the location it is not so costly. It
frequently happens that structures are found to be
placed too high or too low, or they are too small and
not of the best type. A few years' experience in
their operation will demonstrate these facts, after
which a more permanent structure of wood or con-
crete may be put in.

Fuel Oil and the Bessemer
Cut Power Cost
More Than l/2

FREE CATALOGUE — WRITE TODAY

The Bessemer Oil Engine not only reduces your
power cost but at the same time gives you steam
plant reliability plus, and the continuous output
of power that characterizes the electric motor

BESSEMER

FUEL OIL ENGINES

Not experimental— there being 15000 Bessemer Gas
and Oil Engines in daily use. For your mill mine or
factory power plant they form the ideal unit. Single
and double cylinders ready for quick delivery 15
to!65 H.P. The Bessemer (.Derates on low gravity' fool
oils costing but one-third the price paid for fuel mis
used In other engines. Write for catalogue of this oil
engine possessing a scure of exclusive better features

THE BESSEMER GAS
ENGINE COMPANY

12 York

Street,

Grove

City,

Pa.

FIFTEEN THOUSAND POWER PLANTS

YOU SHOULD USE
The Enterprise Tent-Cot

"The Perfect Outdoor Bed"

For Porch, Lawn or Camp

THE TKNT <
OPKN ANI> Ft

Manufactured
Exclusively by

The Enterprise Tent-Cot will protect you from all the dis-
comforts and dangers of sleeping out. You sleep 17 inches

above the ground under a storm-proof covering that enables you to use the Tent-Cot every night in the year, and all the doors
anu windows are fitted with both storm and mosquito curtains that can be raised and lowered at will ol the occupant.
For anyone afflicted with lung trouble there is nothing equals the Tent-Cot. It also has a splendid appearance and can
be set up on your porch, lawn or roof and taken down when not in use. Can be set up in a space 30x78 inches and only
requires about 30 seconds to operate. It is ideal for hunters, fishers and campers as it eliminates all the annoyance of "mak-
ing camp." With a Tent-Cot you carry your camp with you under your arm and sleep safe and sound any place.

SPECIFICATIONS— Length of cot open. 6 ft. 6 In.: width of cot. one person. 28 in.: width of cot. two persons. 44 in.: height of bed from
ground, 17 In.; height -if, toot over cot. 32 in. ; size of cot fo ded. for 1 person. 28x36: size of cot folded, for 2 persona. 44x36- weight I
person. 2» Ibs.: weight. 2 persons. 44 Ibs.; frame Is of hard maple, painted green; covering is of heavy waterproof canvas in colors,
tan or olive green.
hKlCK— Tent -Cot 28 in. wide, open 1 side. 89.00; Tent-Cot 28 in. wide, open 2 sides. W.50; Tent-Cot 44 In. wide, open 2 sides $11 50

ENTERPRISE BED COMPANY, HAMMOND, INDIANA

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

340

THE IEE1GATION AGE.

BRIEF NOTES FROM IRRIGATION PROJECTS

Kansas

Many new pumping plants have
been installed in Kansas this year.
An electrically propelled centrifugal
pump is pouring 1,800 gallons of wa-
ter per minute on to the Schuyler
Jones farm near Valley Center, in
the Arkansas valley. Four crops of
alfalfa have already been cut on this
farm and two more are expected,
while neighboring farms, not irri-
gated, will have but two or three cut-
tings.

Walter Underwood has installed -a.
Skinner irrigation system on his truck
gardens in Hutchinson.

E. G. Hoover has installed a ten-
inch pump, pulled by a 20 horsepower
engine, to irrigate his 160 acres near
Wichita.

Chas. I./ Zirkle & Co. have put in
two pumps, each with a capacity of
1,100 gallons per minute and capable
of irrigating a half section, near Hut-
chinson. They are using gas and oil
and the cost per acre for irrigating
is figured at about 35 cents.

William C. Mueller, living near
Hanover, is pumping water from the
Little Blue river. He is using a 15
horsepower engine and a pump with
capacity of 750 gallons per minute.
He is throwing the water up about 25

feet.

C. S. Drake of Valley Center states
that he has sold $500 worth of canta-
loupes off one and one-half acres of
land which he is irrigating.

Page M. House, living near Wichi-
ta, is of the opinion that any man can
make a living from five acres of land
irrigated by water pumped from the
underflow of the Arkansas river. Mr.
House has installed a small plant on
his place and by means of electric
power pumps 300 gallons of water per
minute from a 15-inch casing in a well
47 feet deep. His entire plant, includ-
ing well, pump and motor, was in-
stalled for $500.

Land near where Mr. House has a
tract of 42 acres is worth $300 per
acre, but good living for a family may
be made, from five or ten acres, said
he. Mr. House has two acres in corn
which he has irrigated and from
which he expects to get 200 bushels.
He set out black raspberry plants last
spring and from them gathered a few
berries this year.

Plans are being made to irrigate the
forty-acre alfalfa field at the Kansas
Boys' State Industrial school. Ex-
periments indicate the idea is feasible.

Washington.

The directors of the West Okano-
gan Valley Irrigation district of
Washington have secured the cooper-
ation of the Great Northern railway
in the construction of the irrigation
canal which will water 12,000 acres
adjacent to Oroville. Construction
will begin this month. A large
amount of the land to be brought un-
der this canal has been listed for sale
at reasonable prices for the purpose
of encouraging immigration.

Samuel Lapioli has finished install-
ing an electric pump on his 10-acre
tract and will irrigate his garden and'
orchard at Hayford, Wash.

A United States government engi-
neer has been in Eltopia, Wash., mak-
ing soil surveys in connection with
the Palouse irrigation project.

Water users under the Wenatchee
Canal company of Washington voted
down a proposition to form an irriga-
tion district to take over the system.

Sentiment is quite unanimous that
in the near future an irrigation dis-
trict will have to be formed in order
to take over the high-line canal. It
supplies water to 13,000 acres, but the

"One-Half the Alfalfa Seed^
Sown is Wasted Every Year"

This statement has been made by many recognized
Alfalfa experts — men who know what they are talking
about.

They say that they secured better stands
of Alfalfa with 10 pounds of seed, drilled
with the Superior Special Alfalfa and Grass
Seed Drill than with ^ 20 pounds of seed
sown broadcast.

THE SUPERIOR 20 X 4 SPECIAL ALFALFA AND GRASS SEED DRILL

There are 20 discs on this machine set 4 inches apart. The con-
struction is such that all the seed is sown at an even depth, and
an equal amount of seed in every furrow.

None of the seed is wasted, when drilled in the ground
with a Superior Alfalfa and Grass Seed Drill

REJUVENATES OLD ALFALFA FIELDS
RENEWS OLD PASTURES AND MEADOWS
PRODUCES BEST STANDS OF MILLET
INCREASES YIELDS OF WINTER WHEAT BY
CULTIVATION and SOWS CLOVER AT SAME TIME

Saves More Than Two Dollars an Acre on
Seed Alone

Send for Superior Alfalfa Drill folder
and read the strong warranty

Go to your local dealer and ask to see the Superior Special Alfalfa
and Grass Seed Drill. If he will not supply your needs, we will.

THE AMERICAN SEEDING-MACHINE CO., Inc.

SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

FREE — A copy of "Boyd's Farmers' Alfalfa Guide," pricelOc.will be mailed free lo
any reader of Irrigation Age who wilt write for the book and mention Irrigation Age.

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

341

maintenance fee of $1.50 per acre an-
nually has been much less than the
cost of maintaining the big ditch.
The company announces this is the
last season it will guarantee to keep
the canal in safe condition.

Water users realize the gravity of
the situation and already there is
much talk of immediately proceeding
to hold another election, but the elec-
tion call will probably include no
acreage about which there is any dis-
pute. It is deemed better to put the
burden of proof on them and allow
their rights to be established in court.

Permanent construction plans for-
mulated by the directors of the Union
Gap Water Users' Association of
North Yakima, Wash., for the im-
provement of the big ditch that wa-
ters a large acreage on Parker
Heights were given the decided ap-
proval of the stockholders in an al-
most unanimous vote for the issuance
of $90,000 bonds. There is a large
amount of land under the ditch now
unwatered, which it is felt will re-
quire water in the near future, and

CORN

HARVESTED with binder attachment, cuts and
throws in piles on harvester or winrows.
Man and horse cut and shock equal to a
1 corn binder. Sold in every state. Price only
$20.00 with fodder binder. J. D. Borne, Haswell, Colo. ,
writes: "Your corn harvester Is all you claim for It: cut. tied and
shocked 65 acres mile, cane and corn list riir." Testimonials
and catalog free, shonvipg pictures of harvester. Address
PROCESS MFG. CO., Salina, Kansas.

BINDER

: ATTACHMENT with corn harvester cuts
and throws in piles on harvester or in
winrows. Man and horse cut and
shock equal with a corn binder. Sold
in every state. Price only $20.00 with fodder binder. J. D.
Borne, Haswell, Colo.,writes: YoorcoTtharvesterlsallyouclaini
(or It; CHI, tied and shocked 65 acres milo.cane aid con last year."
Testimonials and catalog free, showing pictures of harvester.
Address PROCESS MANUFACTURING CO., Salina, Kansas.

The Royal

does the work of several
typewriters in owe— it writes,
types cards and bills! All
this without a dollar for
"special" attachments. The
one machine does it all.

Write Direct

for our new Brochure, "BET-
TER SERVICE," and a beau-
tiful Color - Photograph of the
New Royal Matter-Model 10.

ROYAL TYPEWRITER CO., Inc.
Ri»l Tvpewtittr Buildlni Broadway, N. V.

with these demands in mind steel
flume will replace wornout wooden
flumes, the ditch will be relined and
the grade changed in several places,
and right of way will be purchased
where it has not already been secured.
The bonds will be payable in 20 years.

Oregon.

The title to $100,000,000 of land in
Eastern Oregon is menaced by the
suit of the Pacific Livestock Company
against the State Water Board, ac-
cording to Superintendent of Water
Division Cochran. The company has
asked the Federal Court for an in-
junction against the State Board ad-
judicating water rights in the Silvies
River for 70,000 acres. The suit at-
tacks the Oregon water right statutes.

A pamphlet describing irrigated
lands open for settlement on the Tu-
malo project in the Deschutes valley
and giving prices of privately owned
lands on the project and in the vi-
cinity, is being published by the Ore-
gon state immigration commission

and the Oregon Development
league.

Utah.

As a result of experiments carried
on by the Federal Department of
Agriculture, in co-operation with the
Utah Agricultural College, means
have been found for converting the
greater part of Washington. Iron,
Millard and Beaver counties, in
southern Utah, from desert wastes
into garden spots capable of pro-
ducing bountiful crops of grain and
general farm products. Two wells
have been sunk near the experiment
station and water discovered, while
indications are that subterranean
streams abound at intervals through-
out the district, which has never been
susceptible to cultivation because of
lack of water.

One well is 33 feet deep, and by
means of a pump and a gasoline en-
gine produces a flow of 6,000 gallons
an hour. The other is 60 feet deep
and has a flow of 20,160 gallons an
hour. This is capable of supplying
water for about 100 acres.

Fairbanks-Morse & Co.,

DEMAND

Oil Engine Reliability

Why take chances with an engine
that may fail you in the hottest,
dryest time ?

Reliability has taken first place in
the building of Fairbanks- Morte
Oil Engines.

Fuel cost is low because they run
as well on kerosene or low grade
distillate as on gasoline.

What are your needs ?

Chicago Kansas City St. Louis Omaha
St. Paul Denver Salt La Ice City Los Angeles
Spokane Portland Seattle Atlanta (654-246)

DOWN and
One Year

To Pay • fl

For any Size— Direct from Factory <,

You can now get one of these splendid money-making, labor-
saving machines on a plan whereby it will earn its own cost and
more before you pay. You won't feel the cost at all.

'24 W NEJ BUTTERFLY

No. 2 Junior— a light running, easy cleaning, close skimming, durable,
lifetime guaranteed separator, Sklma 95 quarto per hour. We also make four other
efzesup to our big 600 Ib. capacity machine shown here— all sold at similar low prices
and on our liberal terms of only $2 down and a year to pay.

30 DAYS' FREE TRIAL BBSS,

You can have 30 days FREEtriaUndseeforyourself
how easily one of these splendid machines will earn 4
its own cost and more before you pay. Try It along- j
side of any separator you wish. Keep It If pleased.
If not you can return it at our expense and we will *_
refund your 92 deposit and pay the freight charges j |
both ways. You won't be out one penny. You take II
no risk. Postal brings Free Catalog Folder and direct I
from factory offer. Buy from the manufacturers!
and save half. Write TODAY.

Albaugh-Dover Co., 2253 Marshall Blvd., Chicago, III. I

Ov«r 2O.OOO

342

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Idaho.

Jesse S. Richards was successful in
a suit in Pocatello, Idaho, for recov-
ery of damages in the amount of
$9,200 against an irrigation company
for non-delivery of water. A great
many points were involved in the
case, and it was preferred against the
Portneuf-Marsh Valley Irrigation
company. The jury returned a ver-
dict awarding Richards $6,640.

North Dakota.

Practically every farmer under the
Federal pumping project at Willis-
ton, N. D., has used water exten-
sively this year. This is the first
season that the plant has been oper-
ated to capacity.

South Dakota.

An old engine from a Missouri
river steamer is now the backbone of
an irrigation plant at Forest City, S.
D. It is pumping water from the Mis-
souri river for hundreds of acres of
land.

Colorado.

Water is now being brought over
the divide in Colorado for irrigation
purposes. It is coming from the west
slope through the $1,000,000 tunnel of
the Greeley-Poudre irrigation dis-
trict. The system when completed,
will put water on 125,000 acres of
land in the vicinity of Greeley and
Purcell, Colo., and will cost approxi-
mately $5,000,000.

All the water now being brought
through the tunnel is in litigation be-
fore the United States Supreme
court in the Colorado- Wyoming suit.

The tunnel is more than two miles
long and takes water from the Lara-
mie river into the Cache La Poudre
and then through a system of canals.

Morgan county, Colo., irrigation
systems were able to draw their
water directly from the South Platte
river during August. This is the first
time this has occurred in thirty
years.

The Jackson lake reservoir, holding
1.500,000,000 cubic feet of water, has
not been touched, and the big Empire
reservoir has run water only two
days.

J. K. Samples, water commissioner,
s~ys that when the irrigation season
closes Jackson lake will be full and
other reservoirs more than half full
for use in 1915. A dry winter would
have little effect on crop prospects
for next year, say experts.

It is estimated that 100,000 acre feet
of water is now stored in the various
reservoirs in the Arkansas River val-
ley. This means good crops in that
section next year, as the amount of
stored water is sufficient when added
to the natural flow of the river, to
water the 600.000 acres under irriga-
tion in the valley, allowing three feet
to the acre.

The Water Supply & Storage com-
pany of Fort Collins, Colo., has filed
an application for permission to
change the storage of water in the
reservoir known as Lone Pond, from
that lake to the Black Hollow reser-
voir, further east on the company's

Irrigated Lands
in the West —

Offer Attractive Opportunity
To the Man Who f^noivs How

There has been an unusual
revival of interest, during the
past few months, in the irri-
gated lands of our Western
states.

This increase has been brought about
not because of the economic revolution
which has engulfed the old world —
though that is a good reason for invest-
ing surplus money in rich farm lands —
but because the keen American farmer
is beginning to see that the irrigated
valleys of the West offer certain profit
and perfect security.

The Colonization Department of the Santa Fe
Railway was organized for the sole purpose of
giving those looking for homes in the Southwest
and California facilities for investigating the
sections that interest them. Our data has
grown in volume, until today we are in position
to give definite information about every part of
the Southwest and California served by Santa
Fe lines. This service is free.

C. L. SEAGRAVES,

General Colonization Agent

A. T. & S. F. Ry., 1100 Railway Exchange
Chicago

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

343

line. Nearly all the irrigation com-
panies on the Poudre are made de-
fendants. The purpose of the pro-
posed change is not stated in the
complaint.

Tentative plans for the reclama-
tion of 500,000 acres of seepage lands
in the San Luis valley in Colorado,
have been made, according to Gover-
nor Ammons. The state is to have
the co-operation of the federal gov-
ernment and owners of large tracts
in the basin. The reclamation of the
lands will not only double the present
enormous crops of the valley but may
solve the estrangement between the
government and the state over the
uses of the water rights of the Rio
Grande, according to Governor Am-
mons.

Arizona.

John S. Williams and other Bisbee,
Ariz., men are planning the irrigation
of 1,500 acres of land southeast of
Casa Grande. They will install a
pumping plant. Water is obtained in
this district at from 50 to 60 feet.

New Mexico.

The Urton Lake, Land & Water
company will construct water storage
dams and pumping plants near Fort
Sumner, N. M., at a cost of about
$1,775,000 for the purpose of reclaim-
ing about 80,000 acres of land. M. A.
Otero is president of the company.

Texas.

C. F. Siegel of Sweeney, Texas, is
installing a sub-irrigation system on
his lands. He is laying tile in the
same manner as does the Illinois
farmer for drainage and believes it
will serve him for both irrigation and
drainage.

The Bedell Moore estate is plan-
ning to install a $16,000 irrigation
plant on the Rio Grande between
Eagle Pass and Del Rio, Tex.

Land owners in the Harlingen dis-
trict near Brownsville, Texas, have
voted in favor of issuing bonds to the
amount of $750,000 for a public irri-
gation enterprise. The issue is for
the purpose of purchasing the present
canal system of the Harlingen Land
and Water company at a cost of
$350.000. The balance will be used
in improving and extending this
system.

A receiver has been appointed for
the San Antonio, Uvalde and Gulf
railroad and for the Medina Irrigation
company. Bonds of the companies
aggregating $2,750,000 are held by the
Bankers' Trust company of St. Louis.

Permit has been granted by the
Texas Board of Water Engineers to
the Brazos River Irrigation company
for a project in Jones county to irri-
gate 10.200 acres, the water to be
taken from the Clear Fork of the
Brazos river and Bitter creek.

The permit calls for the use of
eighty cubic feet per second directly
from Clear Fork and for the storage
and diversion of 1,000 acre feet ner
annum from the same stream. The
storage and diversion of 21,430 acre

feet per annum from Bitter creek, a
tributary of Clear Fork, is also pro-
vided. The estimated cost of the
project is $22.5,000.

J. M. Thomas of Dallas is head of
the irrigation company.

Montana.

Twelve thousand acres on the Pipc^
stone bench, 25 miles east of Butte,
Mont., have been brought under irri-
gation. Water is taken from Pipe-
stone creek and a reservoir with a
drainage water shed of 26 square
miles in the heart of the Montana
Rockies.

Work on the Flathead Indian
project in Northwestern Montana is
being resumed. Congress having ap-
propriated $200,000 to continue the
work.

About 25 desert entrymen around
Lewistown. Mont., have combined to

create a water supply for 10,000 acres
of land. The main canal is well un-
derway.

Signatures covering 2,000 acres
have been obtained from farmers
whose land lies under what is known
as the "high line ditch" at Buffalo
Rapids, Mont., for the purpose of cre-
ating an irrigation district.

The Bass Creek Lake Dam com-
pany, located near Missoula, Mont.,
has authorized an extension of the
present dam to double its capacity.
The lake at present covers 100 acres
and the dam is 10 feet high.

The Yellowstone river is the lowest
in years and at many places the irri-
gation ditch intakes are above the
stream, so that pumping stations
have had to be installed. The present
(Continued on page 344.)

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344

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

MAKE THE IRRIGATION CONGRESS USEFUL AGAIN

CONCERNING the sale of the Irrigation Con-
v> gress to the Canadian land boomers, the Albu-
querque (N. M.) Herald says :

"For years one of the most aggressive and most
powerful forces for progress in the whole West, the
National Irrigation Congress, founded here and
once entertained in Albuquerque, in 1908, has fallen
upon evil days. Now it is the International Irriga-
tion Congress, has been adopted by Canada, which
has a friendly way of absorbing American con-
gresses of this character, and this year will meet
in Calgary, Alberta.

"For several years the Irrigation Congress, in
the eyes of the pioneers and workers who were its
organizers and chief supporters through many
years, has looked more like an organization main-
tained for the purpose of paying a salary to a secre-
tary than for any other use which it may accom-
plish. As an organization of the irrigation states,
organized and working to a definite end, it was all
powerful ; as an international organization largely
devoted to discussion of the theoretical side of irri-
gation, its interest has waned and its influence has
vanished. Resolutions passed by it are received
with no more attention in Congress than would be
paid to a memorial from the Friendly Islands. In
the United States it has trouble finding a city which
cares to entertain it, and last year it went to Can-
ada chiefly because there was no anxious line of

communities bidding for the privilege of entertain-
ing it on this side of the line.

"Yet the Irrigation Congress has done a great
deal of work for the West. Its backing resulted in
the Reclamation Service and the creation of the na-
tional policy of federal aid in reclamation. It may
become useful again ; its influence may return. But
it will not be so until the organization returns to
the irrigation states which created it, confines its
activities to those states and comes down out of
the international clouds of theory to concentrate
upon a definite purpose."

EXCESSIVE FREIGHT RATES

Reparation Awarded

Shippers paying freight into the inter-mountain
territory will be interested to know that they can
now not only enjoy practically the same rates, with
few exceptions, as those enjoyed by the Pacific
coast terminals, but also can soon recover the ex-
cess paid above the legal rates for the past three
years. This is in accordance with a recent opinion
of the United States Supreme Court upholding the
decision of the interstate commerce commission of
July 22, 1911, which was enjoined by the railroads
before the commerce court.

IRRIGATION NOTES

(Continued from page 343.)
condition is due to light snow in the
mountains last winter.

California.

A new pump for irrigation pur-
poses has been installed on the Nuevo
Rancho property near Los Angeles.
Cal.

The Modesto, Cal., irrigation dis-
trict is preparing to issue $610,000 in
bonds, to finance improvements. The
lands and water rights under the
project are valued at more than $16,-
000,000. Water is taken from the
Tuolumne river.

The board of assessors held a
hearing at Fresno, Cal., Sept. 1 on
the proposed reclamation of overflow
lands along the San loaquin and
Sacramento rivers. Forty million
dollars will be needed to finance this
immense scheme. Of this amount
$5,000,000 has been appropriated by
the United States, $5,000,000 is now
being raised by the state, and the re-
mainder, $30,000,000, will have to be
paid by the owners of the lands bene-
fited. '

Louis Clark and fourteen other
landholders near Fresno, Cal., are
about to sink a 500-foot well and in-
stall a co-operative pumping plant to
irrigate 960 acres. It is a citrus fruit
proposition.

The Oakdale. Cal., irrigation dis-
(Contnued on page 345.)

The CROCODILE WRENCH

THREADING
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MONKEY WRENCH

BEFORE

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The Crocodile Wrench is drop forged from the finest tool steel and scien-
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A pipe wrench, a nut wrench, a screw driver and three dies for cleaning up
and re-threading rusted and battered threads; also for cutting new threads on
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Teeth and dies are case-hardened in bone-black, making them hard and keen.

The dies on this wrench are tempered to wear and would be of inestimable
benefit to any farmer or ranchman, as they would often save valuable time,
besides an extra trip to town for repairs.

Sent free with each order for Irrigation Age for one year — price for both
$1 .00; also sent to old subscribers who renew their subscription for one year.

Address: IRRIGATION AGE, 30 No. Dearborn St., Chicago

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

345

This decision will entitle shippers to obtain
reparation with interest at 6 per cent for the three
years affected. It is estimated that several million
dollars can be collected from the railroads by ship-
pers through competent assistance.

The roads will shortly issue new rates from the
five different zones as described in the decision of
the commission of July 22, 1911, and the differences
between these rates and those previously in effect
must be paid by the railroads on presentation in
proper form of the shippers' claims.

Most shippers, however, will not be in a posi-
tion to file their own claims and will find it more
economical and surer to delegate some one well
versed in all the phases of this particular traffic
problem to recover for them on a commission basis.
Shippers are familiar, no doubt, with the numerous
freight audit bureaus doing work of a similar na-
ture, but probably remember as well the exorbitant
rates of commission charged usually for this kind
of work.

Therefore it will pay interested persons to
be careful in selecting the bureau through which
their claims are to be placed. This paper, after a
careful investigation, recommends to all its readers
and friends affected by the decision, the services
of the Shippers' Claim Department, Chicago, which
offers to handle all claims in connection with the
decision to a conclusion before the commission or
otherwise for the small charge of 25 per cent of the
actual money recovered.

It is important that paid freight bills for the
past three years be submitted for collection at once,
in order to secure prompt payment of the claims im-
mediately after the publication of the new tariff
upon which they depend. Shippers will understand
that no charge will be made by the Shippers' Claim
Department for services unless claims are recovered
from the transportation companies.

Address Shippers' Claim Department, Room
212, Boyce Building, Chicago.

IRRIGATION NOTES

(Continued from page 344.)
trict proposes to issue $400,000 in
bonds, to finance the construction of
laterals and other improvements to
water additional land. As the result
of the irrigation development in this
district, two schools closed since the
decline of the wheat industry, will
be reopened this fall.

A large dam for irrigation purposes
is to be built across Oak creek, near
Mojave, Cal., by W. W. Kaye and
James Arp, who plan to found an
agricultural settlement there. The
dam will be 92 feet high and 1,096
feet in length.

After futile efforts to bring about
a settlement of differences between
the land owners of the Tulare basin
and those of the San Joaquin delta,
the California Reclamation Board has
filed a suit against Laguna Lands,
Limited. L. A. Nares, Lemoore Canal
and Irrigation company and others.

The purpose of the action is to
abate an alleged public nuisance by
causing a restoration of water, which,
it is alleged, has been diverted from
the Kings river. It is set forth in
the complaint that dams and obstruc-
tions have been built to divert the
waters to the San Joaquin, and that
prior to August 10. 1913, a waterway
known as Zalda canal was built to
carry waters of the Kings river to
the San Joaquin.

It is alleged that the diversion of
the waters will cause a marked rais-
ing of the flood plane in the San
Joaquin during the freshet season and
that thousands of acres of reclaimed
lands will be endangered.

The 70,000,000 gallon reservoir of
the Happy Valley Land and Water
company of California, has been com-
pleted. This is the largest reservoir
in Shasta county; it is for storage
(Continued on page 346.)

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346

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION NOTES

(Concluded from page 345.)
purposes only. The company has six
other reservoirs at various points.
The system is capable of watering
6,000 acres of land at a yearly cost
that will not exceed $2 per acre.

FOREIGN

Approximately 400,000 acres of land
in the southern portion of Alberta
will be put under irrigation by the
Dominion Government, or by the
municipalities, which obtain from the
government the right to operate a
system of irrigation in the various
districts, some time in the near future,
according to the statement of F. Pet-
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Dominion, with headquarters in Cal-
gary.

It is learned from Cameron Bey,
governor of Sonnar Province in the
Sudan, that the new dam on the Blue
Nile will be located about 160 miles
below Khartum; the height of the dam
had not been decided and he thought
the width would be somewhat less
than the dam at Assouan. If begun
this summer it will take about three
years to complete, as work can be
carried on only during the dry season.
Drillings already taken show an ex-
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there are V-shaped fissures which will
have to be overcome. The canaliza-
tion would be straight with few diffi-
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MOLINE, ILL.

THE IRKIGATION AGE.

347

SILOS ON IRRIGATED FARMS

(Continued from page 335.)

Cal., has an interesting story to tell of his experi-
ences with a concrete silo. He says :

"We have on our farm near Dixon, Cal., the
first concrete silo constructed in the Sacramento
valley. It is 12 feet in diameter, 30 feet high, and
holds approximately 70 tons. For eleven years we
have filled this silo with alfalfa twice a year, spring
and fall. During that period we have never lost a
single pound of silage.

"We follow the rule of cutting the crop just a
little younger than when cutting it for hay. It is
mowed and hauled to the feed chopper immediately,
preserving all the freshness possible. Many a load
is thus stored in the silo within half an hour from
the time it is mowed, and for excellence and succu-
lence it cannot be beaten. Damp and cloudy weather
frequently prevails while we are filling our silo,
and the alfalfa is heavily laden with moisture. On
these occasions we put up our best silage, a feed
most relished by our cows. If these natural condi-
tions do not prevail, we make a practice of running
a small stream of water from a hose into the blower
when filling the silo.

"In a few days after the silo is filled the fer-
mentation is in process, the moisture may be seen
oozing out around the doors and even through many
pores in the walls of the silo. Our opinion is that
a little moisture added to that in the alfalfa itself
adds to its succulence and assists in packing it into
the silo, the latter an essential which should not be
overlooked. During the filling process the injunc-

tion to keep the silage built up high and well
tramped around the sides of the silo should be kept
in mind. There will be no spoiled or moldy silage
if that practice is faithfully followed, and the silo
is up to the requirements as such.

"We feed but little hay in summer, finding it
more convenient to cut the alfalfa and feed it fresh
from the field. The ground, by this practice, is at
once cleared of the crop and ready for irrigation.
J-ly this method we are able to harvest seven and
eight crops in a season, whereas it is possible to
get not more than six crops where we allow our
alfalfa to mature for hay. Our acreage is entirely
taken up by alfalfa, and we have no land on which
to grow corn, this furnishing the reason why our
experience has been entirely with the former feed."

SEEKS TO PROTECT CAREY ACT MEN

GOVERNOR WEST of Oregon may call a spe-
cial meeting of the legislature to meet Dec. 1,
to consider the irrigation situation in his state.

"I want to see settlers get relief and I want to
see the companies get justice," declared the gov-
ernor. "It is impossible to get the legislature, to
consider the reclamation situation at its regular
session and I propose to have it deal fairly with the
people who have invested money in these projects.
The man who has his money invested is entitled
to fair treatment.

"The Carey act projects comprise a moral ob-
ligation of the state to the settlers to see that they
are not beaten out of the land on which they have
settled, and that they are furnished water.

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BRANCHES:

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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

348

THE IKK I GAT I ON AGE.

These Smooth Running Internal Com-
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It's a large capacity, light draft mill that
grinds all kinds of feed — fast and fine.
Fully guaranteed. Write for prices. We
are general Northwestern Distributors for
the New Holland Mill.

The "INGECO" catalogue
will Interest you

All Sizes

\V2 to 350 H. P.
Vertical and Hor-
izontal — Port-
able. Semi-Port-
able and Station-
ary.

Give us an idea of your
requirements and we
will advise you on the

jype and size, of -IN- "INGECO" Farm Engines

GECO Engine that

will give you best re- "INGECO" Standard Oil (6 to 60 H. P.) and

suits. We make Kerosene Farm Engines (2J£ to 15 H. P.) are

prompt shipments. engines of the "throttling governor" type — not

ordinary gasoline engines fitted with make-shift

attachments for operation on cheaper fuels. Work

perfectly on kerosene, distillates or other light oils at a saving of about one-
half over present market prices of gasoline. Can be operated on gasoline
also if desired. The quickest-starting, easiest running and most economical
engines on the market. Uniform speed under variable loads. No compli-
cated parts. No exposed flame.

ENGINES AND OUTFITS FOR
IRRIGATION WORK

If you are considering the purchase of power equipment for irrigation use,
complete plant, engine or pump, write us. We can supply your needs
exactly and promptly.

INTERNATIONAL GAS ENGINE COMPANY

General Sales Office and Factory - Holthofl Place, Cndahy. Wls. (Suburb of Milwaukee)

Distributing stocks conveniently located in all parts of the II. S.

THE IKKIGATION AGE.

349

*if -vtt \ir i^f — njjf—ijiif — inn — im — •nit -•ait ">_? w w
©

The Passing of
an Aristocrat

YOUR horses demand much, need
much — and get much. For in-
stance— costly stable, rigs and
sheds for them; harnesses; hay and oats,
and its storage space; time spent each
day in the year caring for them, feeding,
watering, currying, harnessing, frequent
blacksmith, harness, and vehicle repair
bills; occasional veterinary bills.

All that an international Motor Truck asks for is a shed, and a small ration of gasoline and oil — that's all.
And when it's not working it wants only the shed. For profit and economy buy an

International Motor Truck

You will find that it costs considerably less than horse and wagon keep, it -goes four times as fast and as
far as the horse, saves you many hours of time, and will run twenty-four hours in a day if necessary. In reli-
ability, strength, and ease of management, it is best.

Solid tires eliminate common tire troubles.
The wheels are high enough to give ample
road clearance. The simple, sturdy motor
has plenty of power. Brakes are powerful.
A single lever controls the car.

It will pay you to find out all that an
International Motor Truck will do for you.
Write for catalogues, facts and figures to the

WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helen., Mont.; Port-

land, Ore.; Spokane, Wuh.; Salt Lake City Utah; San Francuco. Cal.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)
Chicago USA

Sofaool P^or Yourr

TERM OPENS

SEPTEMBER

FIFTEEN

St. Mary -of -the -Woods

DEGREES CONFERRED: B. A., B. S., PH. B.

STRONG FACULTY

Located four miles west of Terre Haute, Indiana. Large campus, perfect drainage, commodious build-
ings, steam heat, electric lights, large airy rooms, many with private bath, and spacious halls, libraries
and parlors. School plant consists of fourteen modern buildings, artistically grouped and completely
equipped. Nothing lacking for convenience or comfort. Combining all the best features of school
life with home environment on a country estate of 1,600 acres.

BOATING, HORSEBACK RIDING, SWIMMING, ARCHERY, GOLF and all outdoor athletics
for girls under the constant supervision of a graduate of the Sargent School for Physical Educa-
tion. School course comprises INTERMEDIATE, ACADEMIC and COLLEGIATE depart-
ments. Special courses in MUSIC, ART, LANGUAGES, DRAMATIC ART, and DOMES-
TIC SCIENCE. Information gladly furnished on application. A beautifully illustrated
catalogue to be had for the asking. Address

SISTER SUPERIOR, Box 41,

St. Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana

College Building Conservatory of Music Academy Building

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

350

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

DEPENDABLE POWER

FOR

IRRIGATION

When you buy an engine for irrigation pumping, look first to the quality. Depend-
ability is the all-important consideration. You can't afford to risk failure of your
pumping outfit at the critical time. It will cost you less in the long run to pay what
a good engine is worth.

Lauson and
Kerosene

"Frost King"
Engines

are particularly well adapted for irrigation pumping because of their absolute reliability. "Lauson"
Engines are built up to a standard, not down to a price; have more drop forged and case hardened
parts than any other engine on the market, and will run as true after five years' use as when new.

By using a carburetor of special design ordinary kerosene distillate is used, securing the full rated
horse power as with gasoline. The cold process type of carburetor is used because it is cleaner and
more efficient than the oil heating system used by others.

For continuous heavy work there is no engine on the market today that equals the Lauson. We'll
be glad to submit proof without obligating you in any way.

Built in Sizes

from

6 to 50 H. P.,

Horizontal Portable or

Stationary Types.

80 to 100 H. P.

Multiple Cylinder

Vertical Type.

68 MONROE STREET, NEW HOLSTEIN, WIS.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

351

Purity

Permanence

Corrugated Inverted Siphon

Replacing a steel syphon which had rusted to failure.

<I Since it has come to be generally admitted that iron resists cor-
rosion in proportion to its purity, the results of chemical analysis have
assumed a great importance. Analyses of iron and steel samples by the
carbon method (pencil, paper and carbon) may eliminate, at very low
cost, the most stubborn of impurities and establish wonderfully high stand-
ards. The methods of well equipped laboratories are somewhat different.
These show today what they have been showing for years — Arco-American
Ingot Iron is the purest on the market.

<I Write the nearest Manufacturer for particulars and prices on Amer-
ican Ingot Iron Corrugated Culverts, Siphons, Plates, Sheets, Roofing
and Formed Products.

Arkansas, Little Rock

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
California, Los Angeles

California Corrugated Cul-
vert Co.
California, West Berkeley

California Corrugated Cul-
vert Co.
Colorado, Denver

R. Hardesty Mfff. Co.
Delaware, Clayton

Delaware Metal Culvert Co.
Florida, Jacksonville

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Georgia, Atlanta

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Illinois, Bloomington

Illinois Corrugated Metal Co.
Indiana, Crawfordsville

W. Q. O'Neal 1 Co.
Iowa, Des Moines

Iowa Pure Iron Culvert Co.
Iowa, Independence

Independence Corr. Cul. Co.

Kansas, Topeka

The Road Sup. & Metal Co.
Kentucky, Louisville

Kentucky Culvert Co.
Louisiana, New Orleans

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Maryland, Havre de Grace

J. N. Spencer.
Massachusetts, Palmer

New England Metal Cul. Co.
Michigan, Bark River

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Michigan, Lansing

Michigan Bridge & Pipe Co.
Minnesota, Minneapolis

Lyle Corrugated Cul. Co.

Minnesota, Lyle

Lyle Corrugated Cul. Co.

Missouri, Moberly

Corrugated Culvert Co.
Montana, Missoula

Montana Culvert Co.

Nebraska, Lincoln

Lee-Arnett Co.
Nebraska, Wahoo

Nebraska Cul. & Mfg. Co.
Nevada, Reno

Nevada Metal Mfg. Co.
New Hampshire, Nashua

North-East Metal Cul. Co.

New Jersey, Flemington

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
New York, Auburn

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
North Carolina, Greensboro

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
North Dakota, Wahpeton

Northwestern Sheet & Iron

Works.
Ohio, Middletown

The Ohio Corrugated Cul. Co.
Oklahoma, Shawnee

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Oregon, Portland

Coast Culvert & Flume Co.

Pennsylvania, Warren

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
South Dakota, Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Metal Cui. Co.
Tennessee, Nashville

Tennessee Metal Culvert Co.
Texas, Dallas

American Rolling Mill Co.

Atlas Metal Works.
Texas, El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.
Texas, Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.
Utah, Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Co.
Virginia, Roanoke

Virginia Metal & Cul. Co.
Washington, Spokane

Spokane Corrugated Culvert

& Tank Co.
Wisconsin, Eau Claire

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.

writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

352

THE IREIGATION AGE.

SUCCESS OR FAILURE

OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
DEPENDS UPON THE PROPER SELEC-
TION OF PUMPING EQUIPMENT

WORTHINGTON

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

ARE BUILT BY ENGINEERS WHO HAVE MADE
A CAREFUL STUDY OF THE IRRIGATION
PROBLEM — THEY REPRESENT THE HIGHEST
DEVELOPMENT IN THE DESIGN OF PUMPING
MACHINERY FOR THIS CLASS OF SERVICE.

WE WILL BE PLEASED TO MAIL UPON APPLICATION, COPIES
OF OUR CATALOGUE W202-89 AND SPECIAL BOOKLET W204-89

HENRY R. WORTHINGTON

115 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. WORKS: HARRISON, NEW JERSEY

Branch Offices in all Principal Cities.

W271.8

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION FROM WELLS

353

An Arkansas Installation. Layne Patent Screen and Patent Enclosed Line Shaft Centrifugal Pump.

With the twenty-three hundred successful working plants using our system of irrigation, which inoculates and
energizes the dormant forces, there is now being produced in previously non-productive districts throughout the
United States and in portions of Europe and Asia over eleven million dollars worth of FOOD PRODUCTS
ANNUALLY. That our system is not an experiment is forcibly demonstrated by the fact that much of this pro-
duction is from localities which were arid and barren previous to the introduction of our system.

Write for new
catalog.

Houston, Texas

LAYNE & BOWLER COMPANY

The World's Largest Water Development Company

Address nearest
office.

Memphis, Tennessee

Welsh, Louisiana

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Plainview, Texas

Jackson, Mississippi

SEND FOR THESE

Free Books

Minnesota — North Dakota — Mon-
tana— Oregon — Washington

There are big opportunities awaiting you in the Great Northwest
—a chance to become independent on low priced irrigated land in
a new and growing country. These great states comprising "The
Zone of Plenty" need men of brain and brawn to develop their immense resources.

Make a Fresh Start in the Bigger Crop States

There is room in this immense empire for nineteen people where there are now but five.
These beautifully illustrated 36 page books, with maps, tell all about the low priced
irrigated land — its location and the easv
terms on which it may be secured.
They also contain bona fide experience
letters from settlers who took advantage
of this opportunity and made good.
These books are yours for the asking.

SEND TODAY

E. C. LEEDY. General Immigration Agent.

Great Xorthern Railway. St. Paul, Minn.

Please send me your free book regarding opportunities in

(Name State)

Name

Town .*

State ...

354

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

Learn How To Take Care of Your

BALLS BAND

^AR*

RUBBER FOOTWEAR

It's not while rubber footwear is
being worn that it gets the most
abuse — it's how you care for it
after you get home and take it
off, that makes it wear a long time
or a short time.

For the benefit of the eight and
one half million men who wear
''Ball-Band" Rubber Footwear, we
have prepared a booklet

"More Days Wear"

This booklet is sent free. It tells you
how to treat your rubber footwear so
as to get the most out of it. "Ball-Band"
Rubber Footwear if rightly treated will
outlast ordinary rubber footwear two to
one. Send and get the booklet.

When you buy rubber footwear look for
the Red Ball. It's the "Ball-Band" Trade
Mark and it stands for Quality.

50,000 stores sell "Ball-Band."

Mishawaka Woolen Mfg. Co.

346 Water Straet

Mishawaka, Ind.

"The House That Pays

Millions for Quality"

BUCKEYE

Power
Working Heads

DESIGNED
especially for
IRRIGATION
and pumping large
quantities of water
from deep wells.

Made in four sizes.
Range of stroke, 5 to
24 inches. Size of
cylinder can be varied
to meet requirements of
depth and diameter
of well.

The frame is attached
to the base of the pump
so that it can be hinged
back out of the way
when the pump rods
and valves are being
removed.

Write TODAY for Catalogue R
Manufactured by

MAST, FOOS & COMPANY

SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

PAYS FOR ITSELF IN ONE MONTH

Delays Pay No Dividends.

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind.

Below are descriptions of our proposed ditches. What will it cost per
cubic yard to make them with the Reclamation Ditcher?

Mail This Coupon Today.

— — — — — — — — ,

i

i

I
1

Length

Width in
Bottom

Average
Depth

Maximum
Depth

Minimum
Depth

Slope of
Sides

Character of Soil

and Keeps on Saving You Money at the Same
Rate Thereafter.

THE RECLAMATION DITCHER

Cuts Canals and Laterals for less than any other
machinery — because it plows the dirt out with One
Continuous Sweeping Motion.

We guarantee the cost per yard and prove it before
you buy.

The J. D. Adams Mfg. Co.

Indianapolis, Ind.

Name

Address

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

355

You Need

R eliable
Footwear

Why not get the best your money
can buy? You save in the long run

Cutter's

Cruiser's and Sportman's

Boots

will meet your service require-
ments. <I This is our No. 106
16" Chocolate Chrome Sporting
Boot— Hand made throughout.

Send today for illustrated
booklet describing the Cut-
ter line of Driving, Cruis-
ing and Sporting Boots.

It

Will Pay
You

A. A. Cutter Company

Eau Claire, Wisconsin

SAMSON TURBINE

When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to
the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans-
mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of
the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given
power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER
transmission machinery can be used.

JAMES LEFFEL & CO,

Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

316 Lagonda Street

The Lennon

Metal Flume

will never crack, leak, rot or burn. It has the
lowest co-efficient of friction and therefore the
highest carrying capacity of any known type.
Its material is

Armco-American Ingot Iron

a material which represents the utmost durability yet
achieved in iron or. steel for exposed

situations.

Write the nearest manufacturer for
Full Information on Armco-American
Ingot Iron Flumes, Culverts, Tanks,
Silos, Roofing and Formed Products.

CALIFORNIA — Los Angeles and West

Berkeley. California Corrugated

Culvert Co.
COLORADO — Colorado Springs,

Lennon Metal Flume Co.
COLORADO — Manitou, Lennon

Flume Co.
MONTANA — Coast Culvert &

Flume Co., Portland, Ore.
NEBRASKA— Wahoo, Nebraska

Culvert & Mfg. Co.
OHIO— Middletown, American Rolling

Mill Co.

OREGON— Portland, Coast Culvert

& Flume Co.
TEXAS — El Paso, Western Metal

Mfg. Co.
TEXAS— Houston, Lone Star Culvert

Co.
SOUTH DAKOTA — Sioux Falls,

Sioux Falls Metal Culvert Co.
UTAH — Woods Cross, Utah Culvert

Co.
WASHINGTON— Coast Culvert &

Flume Co., Portland, Ore.

356

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

IRRIGATION ENGINES

TWO CYLINDER OPPOSED

Unequalled for shops, factories, mills, mines, blowers, air com-
pressors, electric generators and any other machinery requiring
steady, regular, even power at low cost. Does not require special
attachments for electric lighting work. Can be direct connected by
solid coupling to generator and it will pull steady enough to burn a
tungsten light without a nicker.

Heavy Foundations Unnecessary

Because lack of vibration does away with need of heavy bracing.
Merely necessary to provide enough foundation to hold up its lighter
weight. Requires less space than other types. Much easier to
install.

TWO ENGINES IN ONE

Are provided in this engine as it can be run indefinitely on one
cylinder either through choice or necessity. Provides you with an
emergency power plant in case of trouble with one cylinder and
keeps the machines moving without completely shutting down as
required in others. Equipped to run on

Gas, Gasoline, Kerosene or Distillates.

Write for catalog "E" of
"The reliable engine with the jerk left out."

The Heer Engine Co.

Gates and Flumes

The simplest and quickest erected
flume joint on the market, consequently
lowest in initial and final cost. Can be
fabricated in the field on large jobs, effect-
ing a great saving in freight.

We manufacture :

Main Headgates

Lateral Headgates
Gate Valves

Metal Flumes

Steel or Wood Pipe

We carry a complete stock of Wire Mesh

and Steel Bars for Concrete

reinforcement

Designs and estimates furnished on all
irrigation structures and supplies.

Write us your requirements and full in-
i formation will be sent.

Power Pumping Plants — Reasonable

The Fitts Machinery & Construction Co.

Main Office, McPhee BIdg., Denver, Col.

EDWARDS REVERSIBLE
4 HORSE ROAD GRADER

AN UP TO DATE MACHINE FOR BUILDING
AND MAINTAINING ROADS

Having a complete line of adjustments it is
equally well adapted for making ditches, both
for dry land irrigation and rice field work.

I also manufacture THE RURAL ROAD GRADER
and IRRIGATION DITCHER, STUMP PULLERS
and other machines.

Write for descriptive catalog and prices.

C. D. EDWARDS, Albert Lea, Minn.

Wash and Wring
With

No backache, headache or tired feet.
Time, labor and money saved. A tubful
of clothes washed and wrung out dry in
a few moments time with the

MODEL II

Made also for two rinse tubs

A.B.C.
Power
Washer

Famous the world over for its marked superior-
ity. The pioneer All Steel Adjustable Height
Frame Washer with Sliding Power Wringer.

Simple, durable, low price. Guaranteed. Write for Four-
teen Days' FREE Trial Offer and Illustrated Booklet.

ALTORFER BROS. CO.

Dept. 9510

ROANOKE, ILL.

Year

THE IRRIGATION AGE

VOL. XXIX

CHICAGO, OCTOBER, 1914.

No. 12

THE IRRIGATION AGE

With which is Merged
The National Land and Irrigation Journal

MODERN IRRIGATION

THE IRRIGATION ERA
ARID AMERICA
THE WATER USERS' BULLETIN

THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL
MID-WEST

THE FARM HERALD
THE IRRIGATOR

D. H. ANDERSON

PUBLISHER,

Published Monthly at 30 No. Dearborn Street,
CHICAGO

Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postoffice
at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 8, 1879.

D. H. ANDERSON, Editor

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The "Primer of Hydraulics" is now ready; Price $2.50.
If ordered in connection with subscription $2.00.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE
To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . . $1.00

To Canada and Mexico. ' l.SO

All Other Foreign Countries 1.60

In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local
banks. Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or
New York draft.

Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of
America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary.

The Executive Committee of the National Federation
of Water Users' Associations has taken action whereby
THE IRRIGATION AGE is created the official organ of this
vast organization, representing 1,000,000 persons on the
government irrigation projects.

Interesting to Advertisers

It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age
is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in
advance circulation among individual irrigators and large
irrigation corporations. It is read regularly by all inter-
ested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the
world. The Irrigation Age is 29 years old and is the
pioneer publication of its class in the world.

Thirty years old.

A Long The November issue of THE IRRIGATION
and AGE will witness the beginning of the

Useful thirtieth year of life and work of this

Life magazine. And what a life and a work

it has been ; one filled with hard strug-
gles, with bitter fights, with some defeats and some
victories. For its publisher THE AGE has acquired
some unrelenting foes and thousands of life-lasting
friendships.

THE AGE has weathered, during its long life,
many storms, in which many another ship sank. It
has steered straight toward the goal of right and
justice, day in and day out, in sunshine or in storm,
and today, at the beginning of its thirtieth year, it
stands pre-eminent and alone in its field. Merged
with THE AGE today are The National Land and Ir-
rigation Journal, Modern Irrigation, The Irrigation
Era, Arid America, The Drainage Journal, Mid-
west, The Farm Herald, The Irrigator and The
Water Users' Bulletin.

The last named journal became a member of
THE AGE family when The National Federation of
Water Users' Association made THE AGE its official
organ, and this magazine with renewed vigor

opened its guns on the Federal bureaucracy, which
has controlled the Reclamation Service for years
arrogantly and with a policy of rule or ruin — rule
and jobs for the bureaucracy; ruin for the hapless
settlers.

In absorbing these various competitors, the
publisher of THE AGE was actuated only by a desire
to better serve the subscribers and advertisers. For
the subscribers, and all interested in irrigation,
these absorptions meant a better magazine because
from each of our former competitors we acquired
some ideas, features or contributors, and thus added
strength to THE AGE. For the advertisers in the ir-
rigation field, we feel we have done a service for
which mere advertising rates, however high they
might be placed, cannot pay. We have concen-
trated in one magazine the vehicle for their adver-
tising.

The record of THE AGE is remarkable. It is
one of which we feel justly proud. We have suc-
ceeded where others failed, because THE AGE is built
upon solid foundations, and each year it has grown
better and stronger. Each year its influence has
spread. It is read today in every corner of the

358

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

world and is quoted in foreign publications as the
final authority in irrigation affairs.

Since its birth thirty years ago, THE AGE has
witnessed tremendous strides in irrigation. The
Great American desert of our school day geogra-
phies was still a realty when THE AGE began telling
the story to the world of how water only was needed
to make these arid lands the richest in America.
Today the Great American Desert is the food bas-
ket of the United States. The message of irriga-
tion, carried to foreign lands by THE AGE, has
brought fortune and happiness to many other peo-
ples. Within the lifetime of THE AGE gigantic irri-
gation projects have been constructed in South
America, Asia, Africa, Europe and Australasia, ad-
ding millions upon millions of wealth to nations,
and creating homes for untold thousands.

It is worth while to have had a part in this
great creative work.

The past year has been one of accomplishment
for THE AGE. In the battle in behalf of the settlers
on the Federal projects, we have helped accomplish
much. The extension of payments for water rights
on these projects to cover a period of twenty years
instead of ten has been obtained. Secretary of the
Interior Lane has been brought to see the dangers
of the bureaucracy, which so long ruled the Recla-
mation Service, and has taken steps to at least neu-
tralize it if not wipe it out. Before he gets through,
we believe the Secretary will cleanse the Service
thoroughly of the bureaucrats.

We hope to see justice meted out to the set-
tlers, who have struggled to build homes on these
projects. Many of them were led to settle there
through reading stories of these projects in THE
AGE, and we will stand shoulder to shoulder with
these men and women and continue to fight for their
rights as long as we have one ounce of strength.

THE AGE has been of great educational value
to irrigators throughout the world — more, perhaps,
during the past year than ever before. It will strive
to give to its subscribers during the next year even
more articles of educational value. It is the real
irrigation farmers and those who want to become
irrigators whom we want to help.

Despite the great war which is devastating half
the world, THE AGE starts on its thirtieth year fac-
ing what promises to develop into the most pros-
perous era in irrigation affairs, particularly in the'
United States. The war means tremendous oppor-
tunities for the irrigation farmers — markets for
every ounce of produce they can raise. The war
makes necessary the development of every acre of

land susceptible to cultivation. This means that
many projects, either embryo or partially finished,
must be rushed to completion. From some investi-
gations which we have made, we are confident there
will soon be plenty of money to carry on these pro-
posed improvements.

The development of pumps for irrigation to a
high state of perfection has also made irrigation
feasible and possible in many districts, previously
abandoned to the prairie dogs and rattlesnakes or
on which farmers struggled to make livings by con-
serving meager rainfalls.

Irrigation development during the next year
and hereafter will be on sane lines in the United
States. A commission of prominent men from the
Western states will meet at Helena, Mont., this
month, to pave the way for the complete elimination
of "blue sky" from irrigation affairs ; to codify so
far as possible the various state irrigation laws and
to frame measures to be placed upon the Federal
statute books, which will provide for Federal and
state co-operation in irrigation construction, untan-
gle Carey Act snarls, clear up other difficulties and
aid in further development of the West. We also
hope to see Congress appropriate $100,000,000, as
advocated by Secretary Lane, to construct addi-
tional irrigation projects.

The next year will also witness a rapid spread
of the "irrigation habit" to the central, southern and
eastern states. Drouths during recent years have
awakened the farmers in these sections to the possi-
bilities of irrigation, and there are today irrigation
plants in nearly every state in the union. We ex-
pect to live to see the United States veritably an
irrigated nation.

THE IRRIGATION AGE looks forward with much
pleasure to the work ahead. It will continue always
to try to be of real value to its readers and its ad-
vertisers. To our friends, old and new, we say,
"Thanks for the support in the past," and ask
them to continue it. We shall try to merit this
support.

If you are a Federal Water User, read every
line of Fulton H. Sears' article on "The Price of Ex-
tension of Payments." Mr. Sears' reasoning is re-
markable. He seems to have hit the nail squarely
on the head. If he has also succeeded in penetrat-
ing to the inner secrets of the Secretary of the In-
terior and the Reclamation Service — virtually read'
ing their minds — he has uncovered conditions which
must arouse every Federal Water User to immedi-
ate action.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

359

A large part of the settlers on the
Buy a Yuma (Ariz.) federal irrigation pro-

Bale of ject raised Egyptian long fibre cotton

Long Fibre this year. They had a good crop and
Cotton were in a fair way to get on their feet,

when war in Europe broke out. The
war has practically ruined the cotton markets of
the world.

Although we have not heard any very pessi-
mistic reports or wild calls for help from the settlers
on the Yuma project, we believe the cotton growers
there will be hit harder by the destruction of their
market than will any planters in the South or any-
where else. This is because these settlers have
little or no capital with which to harvest and store
their crop, and if their bankers are like most bank-
ers we have met in the neighborhood of United
States irrigation projects, the settlers are unable
to borrow any capital.

The reason that there has not been any pitiful
appeal for help, such as has gone up from the
Southern cotton growers, is that the Federal Water
User is, in nine cases out of ten, the gamest man
who lives, and ready to tax his every resource and
bit of strength before he will yell "quits." And the
men and women on the Yuma project are among
the bravest of all the Water Users.

However, from such reports as we have ob-
tained, THE IRRIGATION AGE believes the cotton
growers on the Yuma project, and possibly in many
other districts in the Southwest, need help. If you
can afford it, we urge you to get in touch with
some of these irrigators immediately and help them
finance their cotton crop by offering to buy one or
more bales of cotton from them at ten cents a
pound. The Egyptian cotton they are raising is
worth more than that in the open market — lots
more when the markets are normal — and you can-
not lose any money by buying that cotton at ten
cents a pound. It will help out these settlers,
steady the market, prevent speculation and you will
be performing a patriotic duty.

THE AGE has not had time to get word back
from the Yuma project as to whether the settlers
will sell their cotton at ten cents a pound. As this
is the price agreed upon among the "Buy-a-Bale-of-
Cotton" clubs which are helping the South, we be-
lieve the Yuma folks will be glad to accept the help,
in the spirit it is offered, and sell their much higher
grade product at the same figure.

We urge you to write to Earl B. Smith, of
Somerton, Ariz., president of the National Federa-
tion of Water Users' Associations, who is a settler
on the Yuma project, and offer to take some of the
Yuma cotton. We vouch for Mr. Smith as a clean

man and we are confident he will do everything he
can, as intermediary, between you and the settlers
in buying one or more bales of cotton.

Buy a Bale of Long Fibre Egyptian Cotton.

It takes only an additional minute to
Mention add to your letter to advertisers: "I
The Age saw your advertisement in THE IRRI-
Next CATION AGE."

Time Won't you please add this line to

your next letter? It will not only be
a courtesy to THE AGE, but you will be performing
a duty which subscribers owe to a magazine like
THE AGE.

Some advertisers "key" their advertising in
the hope that in this way they can trace most of
the results. But even this does not allow every
answer to be traced to its place of publication, be-
cause subscribers will not use the "key," but insist
upon their own ways of addressing the advertisers.
For this reason a great many answers to advertis-
ing are received which are credited to general pub-
licity— and wrongly.

By telling the advertiser you saw his adver-
tisement in THE AGE you will show him that you
are interested in the magazine in which he is ad-
vertising; it will create more advertising for the
publisher, and he, in turn, will be able to give you
and all other subscribers a better magazine.

Have you begun to figure yet, Mr.
Make 1915 Farmer, on next year's crops? Upon
the Banner your shoulders largely rests the re-
Year for sponsibility for American prosperity
Production during the next few years. You
answer: "That's my regular job."
True, the prosperity of the farmer generally means
prosperity for the nation, but the truism means
more today than ever before.

The great European war means that the
United States must feed the world. The United
States must also grow practically everything its
own citizens need.

Farm products are bound to be in great de-
mand next year, no matter what is the outcome of
the war. Europe, yes, all the lands of the earth,
will come to us for relief. The farmers must pre-
pare to supply their wants.

Therefore it is well to begin now taking stock.
Look over your farm carefully. Study every inch
of ground. Figure if there is not some way that
you can get bigger production. Work every acre
of your land and work it to its full capacity. This
is your opportunity.

Profit during the long winter evenings by

360

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

studying the latest methods in agriculture. We
can learn something new every day and something
worth while. Get your farm machinery into first-
class shape.

See to it that your seed-beds are most care-
fully prepared. Make up your mind to cultivate
your growing crops so thoroughly next year that
the possibility of crop curtailment or failure will
be reduced to a minimum.

Help make 1915 the greatest year for crop pro-
duction in the history of the nation.

The widespread impression that the
Plenty population of this country is increas-

of Food ing faster than the food supply is
Being erroneous. This is proven by a report

Produced issued by the committee on statistics
and standards of the Chamber of Com-
merce of the United States, located at Washington,
D. C. It shows that comparisons of the first and
last years of a decade may lead to unwarranted con-
clusions. It shows that in the decade from 1899
to 1909, the population in the United States in-
creased 21 per cent, while the yield of cereals in
1909 was on the whole only 1.7 per cent greater
than in 1899. The report points out that 1909 was
a poor year for corn, while other cereal yields in
1909 showed increases as follows : Buckwheat, 32
per cent; rye, 15 per cent; edible beans, 122 per
cent; rice, 142 per cent; but as corn was much the
largest factor, it pulled down the whole statement
of percentages so as to show only a small net in-
crease. The report draws proper attention to the
great development of sorghum grains throughout
the West and Southwest, and then shows that if
1899 and 1912 are compared, corn, wheat, oats and
rye show greater percentages of increase than the
increase of population.

The report then takes up the increasing acre-
age devoted to vegetables and to the growth of
fruits and nuts, showing that, as all of these are
human food, they are of vast importance in the
study of the future of the nation's food supply. The
report also shows by a diagram that the ratio exist-
ing between grain exported and the total crop has
shown very little variation, and scarcely any de-
cline, between 1900 and 1913.

The report in conclusion makes a number of
optimistic statements as to the improving methods
applied to the cultivation of lands in the United
States, and ends with the following words :

"The steadily broadening work of the Federal
Department of Agriculture and the State Agricul-
tural Colleges throughout the country gives assur-
ance that we may expect a steady increase in pro-

duction per acre in the coming years. If, therefore,
we survey the field in sober thought rather than
the Cassandra-like spirit of prophecy, the outlook
seems to be for a greater variety, increasing abun-
dance, and a more reasonable price of food for the
people."

We have little use for the man who
Newell will accept a salary from one concern

Again and then go forth and sing the praises

Boosts for of his employer's rival.
Canada But where in the dictionary are

there proper words to describe a man
who will accept pay from his government to help
develop and settle up its desert lands, and then go
forth and boost for the lands of an alien nation?

Such a man is Frederick Haynes Newell, Di-
rector of the United States Reclamation Service.

Newell's name appears above an article in a
recent issue of Power Farming, of St. Joseph, Mich.
The article describes a Canadian project in most
glowing, Newellistic terms, and is printed, without
doubt, for the purpose of inducing American farm-
ers and other American citizens to cross the border.

This is not Newell's first offense of this nature.

It should be his last — at least as an employe
of the government.

Secretary Lane should eliminate this Canadian
publicity booster from the payrolls of the United
States government. He won't violate any neu-
trality by swinging his axe on Newell, and he will
win the plaudits of thousands upon thousands of
patriotic men who disapprove absolutely of the
Newell type of man, and of thousands of settlers
on the Federal projects who know Newell far too
well.

The "Interstate Irrigation Commission" began
work on the first day of this month at Helena,
Mont. This commission was organized at the sug-
gestion of Secretary of the Interior Lane and con-
sists of three delegates from each of the arid states.
The commission is to work for more uniformity of
state laws on irrigation and for a solution of various
irrigation project problems, through federal and
state co-operation. It is a big job, but there are
some very able men among the members of this
body, and THE IRRIGATION AGE hopes to see it ac-
complish some real results.

Citizens of all political faiths in the Western
part of South Dakota are working diligently to
obtain a favorable vote at the November election
for an irrigation amendment to the state constitu-
tion.

THE IERIGATION AGE.

361

fijygjijijiSfijlfiiljgjHfi^

no

t ' t '/ rt 't

yyaler ussr

A LOopariuient Devoted to too
Interests of the Farmers on the
Government Irrigation Projects

EDITED BY GEORGE J. SCHARSCHUG

215ISISIE)SJSMSISlfflfflSElSMSlSIHSI3I3IM3ISMSJSISISJS^^

THE PRICE OF EXTENSION OF PAYMENTS

By FULTON H. SEARS, of Fallen, Nevada

When Congress au-
thorized the issuance of
$20.000,000 worth of
Reclamation Certificates
to provide funds to aid
in the completion of the
Federal Irrigation proj-
ects, a clause was in-
serted in the bill direct-
ing that this money
should be distributed in
accordance with the ad-
vice of a board of army
engineers. Among the
engineers named by the
President to visit the
projects and apportion
the funds was Brig. Gen.
William L. Marshall, re-
tired. Many Water Us-
ers, no doubt, recall
meeting Gen. Marshall
during that inspection Fn|ion „ Scars memher o( the £;

trip. Federation of Water

It was in May, 1913,
that a number of Water

Users, who had gone to Washington to confer with
Secretary of the Interior Lane concerning needed
legislation, again met Gen. Marshall. The general
had been appointed consulting engineer to the Sec-
retary of the Interior at a salary of $7,500 a year.

One of us asked the doughty old general what
he thought of the large gathering of Federal Water
I'sers, who had come in response to the Secretary's
invitation.

"A lot of - - farmers, seeking to repudi-

ate their obligations to the government," was Gen.
Marshall's reply.

The Water Users are to meet Gen. Marshall
again — this time as a member of the supervisory
board, which will be the final court on the revalua-
tion of the projects. He is one of the three mem-
bers appointed by the Secretary. This board is
instructed to consider the reports of the various
project revaluation boards, "and to definitely and
finally estimate and determine the cost of construc-
tion of each of said projects, or units thereof."

Federal Water Users still have faith in their
government. Notwithstanding odious conditions
imposed upon them by the Reclamation Service,
misrepresentations of conditions on the projects

ecutive Committee of the National
Users' Associations.

and the overbearing,
cold-blooded, Czar-like
attitude of the bureau-
crats who have ruled
the destinies of the
Water Users, the con-
fidence in the final
justice, integrity and
fairness of their govern-
ment is still unshaken
among the settlers. That
is why they have fought
almost unbearable con-
ditions bravely and si-
lently, with little or no
complaint.

Now the costs of the
projects are to be fixed
for all time. There is
an item of something
like $40,000,000 involved
— money expended on
these projects in various
ways, but producing no
benefits to the settlers.
Who is going to pay this bill?

The original Reclamation Act provided that
the estimated cost of the projects should form the
basis of payment for water rights by the settlers.
In accordance with this law of 1902, contracts were
issued to settlers, specifying the amounts which
they must pay per acre for their water rights. The
settlers felt that the price named in their contract
would govern finally the amount they would be
required to pay, notwithstanding future estimates
or costs. That was, as lawyers say in describing
a contract, the "meeting of the minds."

This evidently is also the view of Secretary
of the Interior Lane, for in his public notice of
September 24 concerning the extension act, he
states specifically that present contracts are to be
recognized and there shall be no increase in the
cost of water rights to settlers holding such con-
tracts without the consent of the settler. The
notice provides further that those who desire to
come under the terms of the Twenty Year bill must
make application, which includes consent to abro-
gation or revision of water right contracts now held.
In plain English, then, those who desire to ex-
tend their water payments over twenty years must

362

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

agree to pay any increased charges which may be
fixed as the result of the project revaluations.
Those who can handle their payments within the
ten years allowed under the original Reclamation
Act will pay such an amount as is provided in their
present contracts.

No one can say offhand just what the increases
in charges will amount to, but that they are liable
to be very large is conceded on all sides. It is a
well known fact that the costs of practically all the
projects were underestimated and the area of irri-
gable land, suitable for agricultural purposes, was
overestimated.

The Secretary's notice also announces that in
the future there shall be two classes of water pay-
ments— those for construction and those for opera-
tion and maintenance. This seems to eliminate the
betterment charges, which have been used by the
Reclamation Service to cover excessive additional
charges in some projects.

Secretary Lane should be commended for his
recognition of the present contracts and for his
elimination of the betterment "joker." He must
also be commended for stating his order plainly and
clearly — something exceedingly rare in Reclama-
tion Service documents.

The Secretary's two orders, the first concern-
ing the revaluation boards, and this second one in
regard to water payments, are both so general in
terms that there is much of conditions which he
must meet and comply with at which the settler
can only guess.

The price which he must pay for an extension
of time in which to pay for his water, is but one of
the riddles.

It is therefore to the interest of every Water
User that he become thoroughly acquainted with
conditions, the Secretary's plans and the purposes
of the revaluation, as it concerns him, before he
rushes in madly and agrees to abandon his present
contract. The Reclamation Service can and should
do much to enlighten the settlers. The Water Users'
Associations should make it their business. to in-
form each settler fully upon these great questions.

In order that the associations can do this in a
competent manner there should be a conference of
delegates from the various projects, at which the
revaluation and the extension bill could be fully
discussed. Secretary Lane, Comptroller Ryan,
Legal Adviser King and the supervisory board on
revaluations should be invited to attend and to
elucidate fully their plans. The Water Users must
be fully informed that each may know how to act
for his best interests.

I earnestly urge an early meeting of the Na-
tional Federation of Water Users' Associations and
of the unaffiliated associations and various other
organizations of Water Users at an early date.
Ogden, Utah, has offered to entertain such a meet-
ing. The Executive Committee of the National
Federation has had some correspondence concern-
ing a date for such a meeting, but none has yet
been set.

What do you think about it, Mr. Federal
Water User? Stir up your local association and
your fellow Water Users. We must act now or ac-
cept whatever conditions the Department of the
Interior and the Reclamation Service chooses to
impose upon us.

RAISES CORN FOR SILAGE IN THE UNCOMPAHGRE

DJ. SCHAMBACH is the hero of the hour on
• the Uncompahgre project in Colorado. Not
only has Mr. Schambach erected the first metal
silo in the project, but he has also raised 30 acres
of corn this year. The silo has a capacity of 305
tons, and the cornfield is expected to furnish food
for sixty cows for a period of nine months.

More corn will be planted next spring by other
farmers and a number of silos will be erected as
the result of Mr. Schambach's experiments.

"The silo is the solution of the dairy business
in the Uncompahgre valley," said Mr. Schambach.
"I have studied the dairy business for a number of
years for the purpose of finding out why the dairy-
man as a rule usually went broke unless he got out
of the business before such a calamity befell him.
I soon became convinced that one of the principal
troubles was in the feed. In the first place, it cost
the dairyman too much, and in the second place,
the kind of feed being used did not bring the maxi-
mum results. No dry feed can take the place as
a milk producer of the green food, and I soon con-
cluded that the silo represents in a large measure
the difference between success and failure in the
dairy businss."

DO STATES OR U. S. OWN WATER ?

The transcript of a case which is expected to
settle the question of whether the federal govern-
ment or the various states own the unappropriated
waters within their boundaries has been filed in the
Colorado Supreme Court by Ethelbert Ward, spe-
cial assistant to the attorney-general of the United
States.

The suit is called the "United States, plaintiff
in error, versus the Palisade Irrigation District
Company and others." It began in 1908, growing
out of a dispute over the waters of the Grand river.

The government claims that it withdrew, in
connection with the Grand valley reclamation proj-
ect, 1,200 feet of these waters from further appro-
priation in 1902. Since that time further appropri-
tions were made by private companies under the
state laws.

The United States brought suit at Grand Junc-
tion against the state in 1912, and was awarded a
priority dating from 1908. This did not satisfy the
federal authorities, who claimed a priority of right
over the water dating from 1902.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

363

$1,000,000 IN CROPS BURNED UP BY RED TAPE

Cold Blooded Policy of F. H. Newell Scored by Nebraska Man

By WALTER v. HOAGLAND

ON June 7, 1902, the Federal
Congress passed the Rec-
lamation Act which provided for
the loaning of the public lands
fund of certain western arid
states for the construction of
irrigation projects in the arid
states to irrigate the government
lands. The Reclamation Service
was organized and one of these
projects was started by the con-
struction of the Pathfinder Res-
ervoir in Eastern Wyoming, for
the conservation of the waters of
the North Platte River for irri-
gation purposes. The Reclamation officials set aside
three tracts of land situated in the state of Wyoming
and Nebraska for Reclamation. One is known as the
Interstate Canal, irrigating a tract of land consist-
ing of 129,270 acres, north of the North Platte River
in Scotts Bluff County, Neb. There was a second
project contemplated, known as the Fort Laramie
unit, consisting of about 100,000 acres in Wyoming
and Nebraska on the south side of the North Platte
River; the third project contemplated was . a large
tract of land known as the Goshen Hole unit.

The Reclamation Service constructed their Path-
finder reservoir, holding a capacity of more than
1,000,000 acre-feet of water at a total cost of
$1.794,365.94. The Inter-State canals, reservoir and
irrigation works have been constructed for irrigat-
ing the 129,270 acres at a total cost to the govern-
ment of $4,909.-
793.34. These
figures are offi-
cial and were
given me by the
project engineer.
The government
is collect ing
from the settlers
under the proj-
ect the sum of
$55.00 per acre
or some thing
more than $7,-
000,000.00, if all
of the land un-
der the canal is
taken and paid
for. This would
net some thing
more than $300,-
000.00 more
than the total
cost of the irri-
g a t i o n works

Walter V. Hoagland, of North Platte, Neb.,
chairman of the judiciary committee of the State
Senate of Nebraska, and republican candidate for
Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska.

Filling a Concrete Silo with Kaffir in Texas. — Courtesy of Santa Fe Railroad.

and Pathfinder reservoir com-
bined. The Secretary of the In-
terior estimated when they
started the project that the land
could be M'atered for $35.00 per
acre, but this cost has been in-
creased by $20.00.

Reclamation officers have
abandoned the Goshen Hole unit
because their estimates of the cost
of construction are so great as to
make it prohibitive. The officials
are now attempting to get the set-
tlers owning land under the Fort
Laramie unit to place all of their
lands in trust under the control
of the Secretary of the Interior for the construction
of that project at a cost of something in the neighbor-
hood of $75.00 per acre, but the conditions are so
harsh that it is difficult to get the owners of the prop-
erty to place their property outside of their own con-
trol, and but a small percentage have signed the trust
agreement. If this project should succeed, there must
necessarily intervene a number of years before any of
the water from the Pathfinder Reservoir can be used
upon any of this property.

The records of the flow of the North Platte
River show that in the years of the greatest scarcity
of water in the North Platte River the government
can impound in this reservoir from the flood waters
not less than 600,000 acre-feet of water and in years
of plenty, the maximum flow shows that the govern-
ment, if the reservoir was large enough, could easily

impound more
than 2,000,000
acre-feet of
water. On June
25, 1914, the
government had
actually im-
pounded in this
reservoir from
the flood waters
during the past
year 1,093,280
acre-feet of wa-
ter. This was the
full capacity of
the r e s e r voir
and the govern-
ment kept the
quantity of stor-
age above 1,-
000,000 acre-
feet until July
16, 1914.

Mr. A n -
drew Weiss, the

364

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

project engineer, says that during the present season
there are 57,000 acres of crops under the Inter-State
unit, and that he figured 2}/2 acre-feet of water per
acre of land. This would require a total of 142,500
acre-feet of water for use this year on the Reclamation
project; and for which the government officials filed
water appropriations in Nebraska and Wyoming. The
Reclamation officials have also contracted for im-
pounding rights in this reservoir with the owners of
private lands for
88,500 acres of
land in Scotts
Bluff and Mor-
rill counties,
Neb., which Mr.
Weiss says will
take an addi-
tional 143,500
acre-feet of wa-
ter. On these
latter contracts,
the government
is to receive
about $750,000.
Under these
contracts the
govern ment
merely turns the
water loose
from the reser-
voir and the pri-
vate ditches are
c o m p e 1 1 ed to
rely upon the
State Board of
I r r i g a tion of
Nebraska t o
have the water
turned into their
ditches.

When the
government is
applying water
upon all of the
129,270 acres
under the Inter-
State unit it will
not require i n
excess of 300,-
000 acre-feet
from the reser-
voir. The R e-
clamation offi-
cers are charging $5.00 per acre-foot for the water in
the reservoir and if they are permitted to sell the bal-
ance of the capacity of the reservoir, or at least about,
750,000 acre-feet, the government will receive an addi-
tional sum of about $3.750,000.00, which will be clear
profit on this project, if the government is permitted
to collect the full sum of $55.00 per acre from the
farmers on the Inter-State unit. In addition to this,
after the agitation was started the present year, the
service started to sell temporary water from the canal
for this season at 30 cents per acre-foot, which will
still more increase the profits to the government.

The appropriators of water for irrigation pur-
poses from the North Platte River extend from the

made up of

Small irrigation plants, in Idaho ard Utah — 587GC is a pumping plai

9 H. P. Vertical Oil Engine and 3-inch Vertical Centrifugal Pump. This pump is iii a 60-
foot pit. Plant at Lehi, Utah. 591GC is a plant located at Springfield, Idaho. This consists
of a 3-inch Vertical Centrifugal Pump being driven by a 2 H. P. engine, delivering 350 gallons
per minute into the irrigation ditch. The engine is mounted on a farm wagon and can easily
be moved to other wells or used for other power purposes. 584GC is located near Bountiful.
Utah, and consists of a 4 H. P. engine with walking beam operating a 6-inch cylinder at a
depth of 72 feet. 564GC is located at Layton, Utah, and consists of a 5 H. P. Motor driving
a 5-inch Centrifugal Pump which delivers about 800 gallons per minute into the flume. —
Courtesy of Fairbanks-Morse & Co.

Wyoming line on the west for a little more than 300
miles east along the river, and it requires some time
for the water to flow from the reservoir to the east
end of the irrigated territory at Kearney. This is
variously estimated at from 12 days to a month, accord-
ing to conditions of the river and the volume of the
water. The records show that by reason of the im-
pounding of water by the government in its canal as
late as July 9, 1914, the river in Nebraska went

dry at Kearney,
on July 14, 1914,
and the Kearney
Canal had no
water although
it had the sec-
ond right on the
Platte river, and
the company
was compelled
to operate their
power plant
with coal. The
records of the
Kearney Power
Company show
that d u ri n g a
period of 1,406
d a y s, covering
irrigation s e a -
sons of seven
months each, be-
t w e e n July 1 ,
1901, and May
1, 1905, this
company was
operated but 51
days on steam.
However, since
the construction
of the P a t h-
finder reservoir,
this company
has been d e-
prived of water
as long as five
months at a sin-
gle time, cover-
ing the months
of the irrigating
season, when the
river, prior to
the construction
of the dam, had

never before been known to go dry. These are facts
beyond dispute.

Until the year 1910, the Reclamation officials per-
mitted enough water to flow in the river in addition
to the natural flow to furnish water for the irrigation
ditches and made no attempt to collect compensation
for the water. Since that time the government has
refused to turn down any water during the irrigating
season except what the people would pay for, but after
the irrigating season was over, the Reclamation officials
have each year permitted the water to flow down the
river and go to waste. They claim this was done be-
cause they had to empty the reservoir in order to per-
mit repair work on the gates.

TFIE IRRIGATION AGE.

365

One question which
the citizens of Nebraska
have been asking them-
selves is why is the gov-
ernment not willing to let
the water go down the
river during the season of
the year when it will bene-
fit the people and not wait
until the crops have been
destroyed by the sun's
rays.

Since 1910, with a
'.-apacity of only 142.500
acre-feet of water for its
own lands and less than
an additional 150,000 acre-
feet for use upon lands
where water was sold, the

government has been storing each year from 700,000
to 1,000,000 acre-feet of water for which it had no
beneficial use and has stood by and watched more than
a million dollars' worth of crops burned up each year
lor want of water while the Nebraska State Board
of Irrigation was compelled to shut down the head
gates of the irrigators in Nebraska.

In addition to this it is well known that when the
\\atiT is in the river there is not only an evaporation
for rain, but also a raising of the water table in the
valley adjacent to the river, so that the valley crops
can get moisture from subirrigation. When there is a
dry bed of sand one-half mile wide and 200 miles long,
the hot winds blow across the sand, cook the crops
and draw all of the moisture out of the ground, pre-
vent the few local showers that we do have from cross-
ing the river, and lower the water table in the adjacent
Lnd so that the crops dependent upon rain and sub-
irrigation are destroyed.

The people are now up in arms along the river and
are demanding that the Reclamation officials at Wash-
ington cut out their red tape and solve the problems
of the Platte river watershed in some equitable man-
ner that will permit the conservation and beneficial use
of the large amount of water in the Pathfinder Res-
ervoir.

Frederick H. Newell, the Director of the Re-
clamation Service, has in the judgment of our people
pursued a cold blooded policy of using the funds of
the Reclamation Service for the purpose of perpetuat-
ing the Service at the expense of and by the exploita-
tion of the people.

From the investigation which I have made, the
general opinion of the people, not only in Nebraska,
but in all of the states where the Reclamation Service .is
operating, is that there are no red cprpuscles and no
red blood running in Mr. Newell's veins. We have
never been able to get a single concession from Mr.
Newell and have always been required to go beyond
him in order to get humanitarian methods applied.

It is almost inconceivable, in this day and age,
that it can be be said the administration of our Federal
Government at Washington would tolerate a policy
which permits its officials because it has wrongfully
squeezed $4,000 out of a few ditch companies this
year for temporary water, at 30 cents per acre-foot, to
stand by and see a million dollars in crops burn up on

ticking Fruit in a Utah Orchard. — Courtesy of Ric Grande Railroad

the s o-c ailed equitable
claim that it is not fair to
let all the people have
water when they have
squeezed a few pennies
from a part of the people.
This is Mr. Newell's pol-
icy and to the astonish-
ment of our people who
have always held Secre-
tary Lane in the very
highest esteem, it seems to
have the endorsement of
the secretary himself.

Our congressman, M.
P. Kinkaid, introduced a
resolution in the Federal
Congress requiring the re-
lease of this water for the

benefit of our people, and Secretary Lane by the
use of the powerful influence of the Interior Depart-
ment, according to the reports of Congressman Kin-
kaid to us, prevented the passage of the resolution.
Therefore Secretary Lane is morally responsible for
the cold-blooded, inequitable, unjust and illegal admin-
istration of the waters in the Pathfinder Reservoir.
On the very day that Mr. Lane by his influence
got the Congressional Committee to refuse relief, the
department, after we were without water for three
weeks and when it would take a couple of weeks
more to get the water to Kearney, ordered the re-
lease of an additional 1,000 second-feet of water. It
was estimated that this would keep the river flowing •
and all of the ditches supplied. The red tape of the
department cost us a delay of three weeks to give the
federal officers time to send a man here to investigate
and get his reports to Washington and then it took
about two weeks, when the irrigation season was over,
before we got the water. This illustrates the methods
used at Washington by the Interior Department and
while the department got water to the power company
at Kearney, the crops of our irrigators are lost. The
sun kept up with its deadly work of burning the crops
while Newell and Lane and the Interior Department
were unwinding red tape and squeezing our people.

Secretary Lane sent Mr. I. D. O'Donnell, the Su-
pervisor of Irrigation, to this territory and after I
had made a statement of the conditions, Mr. O'Don-
nell stated to our party that he believed that I was
eminently fair in my attitude for a permanent solution
of this problem. I took the position that the people
were willing to pay to the Government their equitable
share of the cost of the construction of this reservoir,
but they did not propose to be held up by the Govern-
ment officials and that while the Government was fur-
nishing a permanent solution of the problem, the Gov-
ernment ought to permit some of the surplus waters to
flow down the river so that the people who had con-
structed ditches to the river could have water for their
(Continued on Page 370)

Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA-
TION AGE and bound copy of THE PRIMER OF IRRIGA-
TION. If you desire a copy of The Primer of Hy-
draulics add $2.50 to above price.

366

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

FIX STANDARDS FOR YOUR FARM PRODUCE

The Community Which Cooperates Is Certain to Attract Buyers

By W. C. PALMER

North Dakota Experiment Station

THE lack of standardization in farm products
makes the marketing of them expensive and
difficult. The market demands standardized prod-
ucts and too often gets it in this way: Some one
buys the varied products that the farmers bring in,
and out of the assortment tries to make grades and
classes so far as pos-

'

The community which breeds one-kind of cattle,
or one kind of any other kind of stock, will attract
buyers, while the community that breeds no par-
ticular kind of stock, or has several kinds, will have
to hunt for a market, and when it finds the market
it will not have the prestige of the other one. The
stock can be produced cheaper, too, where several
are raising one kind.

The buyer who wants to pick up a carload of

cattle and has to

One-year-old apple orchard in the lower Yellowstone government project in Mon-
tana and North Dakota.

sible, and then it is
impossible to make
much of any quality
out of it. It requires
considerable work
and there is neces-
sarily much waste.
Considerable risk is
taken ; this all means
that the price paid
must needs be low in
order to make enough
margin to pay for all
the work, the waste,
the risk, and to leave
a profit.

It would take
but little more work,
and perhaps less, for
the farmers of a com-
munity to plan to-
gether and to pro-
duce considerable of
one thing, and that
of a good quality. Then the product would be
ready for the market when it leaves the farm. This
will bring the farmer a better price. It has cut out
the need of the middleman, whose job it has been
to get the stuff ready to market.

This is a community problem. To make it ef-
fective a number of farmers must produce the same
thing and all of the same quality, and prepare it for
market in the same way. Each farmer must stand
back of his product, must guarantee it so that all
the produce coming from this community is stand-
ardized and guaranteed. This will bring the mar-
ket to the community, and this community will be
ahead of all other places not so organized in pro-
ducing.

A community in which each farmer grows a
different kind of potato, and some mixed kinds, will
never attract potato buyers ; in fact such products
will be hard to sell at any price. On the other hand,
the community in which the farmers grow the same
kind and quality of potato will have the market
come to it. The cost of production would be no
more in the second case than in the first : in fact
the community that is planning and working to-
gether can produce the potatoes cheaper than the
community in which community concert is lacking.

The above cut was made from a Northern Pacific Ry. photograph.

visit 10 or 15 herds
scattered over a
state, will use up a
couple of w e e k s'
time and pay out a
lot of money for
livery and hotel bills
in visiting the herds,
and then if he finds
one or two animals
at each place it will
be expensive and
take a good deal of
time to get them all
together. On the
other hand, if the ten
or fifteen herds are
located in one place
he could visit them
in one or two days
and in three days'
time he could have
them bought and all
loaded 'on a car
ready for shipping, while in the other case it might
take three weeks or even more to accomplish the
same thing.

Xew Salem, N. D., and Northfield, Minn., are
good examples of communities that are planning
together in producing Holstein cattle.

The fruit growers of the West have organized
so they can standardize and guarantee their fruit.
They are so well organized that they can keep poor
varieties from being planted in their community.
The result is that a box of a certain kind and grade
of apples can be duplicated year after year, and
the quality can be depended on. It is on this point
that the Western fruit growers are in command of
the market even in the East, where there is more
fruit grown, but little community planning, stand-
ardizing, and guaranteeing.

To make the most of the opportunities in any
community it is necessary that the members of the
community, or a number of them, plan together in
their production ; that they agree on some one thing
or a few things ; and that good and uniform quality
be produced, such as the market wants. Then stand
back of the goods, guarantee them. The community
that will do this can keep the cost of production
down to a minimum, and sell its goods at a premium.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

367

EVERY IRRIGATOR SHOULD HAVE A GARDEN

By FRITZ KNORR

Superintendent j/ the Ne-
braska Agricultural S'a-
tion at Scotts Bluff,
Neb.t on the \t>rth
Platte Federal irriga-
tion project.

NO part of the
irrigated farm
will bring better
results in money
actually saved
than the kitchen
garden. To have
a large supply of
good • fresh vege-
' tables always on
hand during the
summer season to
furnish an abund-
ance of cheap and
wholesome food
for the family is a

problem that should receive more consideration in
the farm home. The fruits of the kitchen garden
should not be limited to summer use. In addition
to this, nearly all the vegetables grown may be
preserved in some form for winter use, making it
unnecessary for the farmer to purchase canned vege-
tables.

The canning of garden stuff has often .been
thought a difficult problem and something that a
farmer's wife could not undertake. With the guid-
ance of some of the bulletins issued by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture any woman may soon learn to
can successfully any of the common vegetables.

Lack of gardens is more apparent in the West
than in the East. The reason advanced is that a
garden requires "the best piece of land on the farm"
and "considerable time and money." It does require
some time and a little money to have a good garden,
but the actual expenditure of either time or money
is not large. The largest cash outlay is for two or
three hotbed sashes and a hand cultivator.

Experiments at the Scottsbluff, Neb., Agricul-
tural Station have demonstrated that with little
expense the garden can be planned to supply an
abundance of cheap and wholesome food for summer
and winter use.

At an elevation of 4,100 feet, thirty different
kinds of vegetables have been successfully grown
in the garden at the Experiment Farm.

A garden of one-third to one-half acre should
be large enough to supply the average family with
all the vegetables required and with some small
fruit as well.

Plant small amounts of the various vegetables
and make several plantings during the season.

If possible, protect the garden with a wind-
break.

Only well-decayed stable manure should be
used for fertilizer, and then as a top-dressing

An Irrigator's Kitchen Garden at Alamosa, Colo.

put on in the fall.
Care must be
used in irrigating
the different vege-
tables in order to
secure the best
quality and flavor.
A little care
used in gathering
seed will cut down
the seed bill the
following spring
as well as im-
prove the vege-
tables from year
to year.

Asparagus re-
quires rich, well-
prepared soil.

By withhold-
ing water until the
pods begin to set
and then forcing
a growth a much
earlier crop of beans can be secured.

Beets do not keep long in storage, and therefore
should be canned during the summer. The smaller
the beet, the more tender.

Brussels sprouts should be grown only for
summer consumption.

For early varieties of cabbage, the Early Wake-
field and Winningstadt have proved the best. The
same is true of the Danish Ball Head as a late
variety.

Bleaching cauliflower will produce better
flavored heads than growing them in the open.

Carrots should be so irrigated as to be kept in
a good growing condition.

Swiss chard has proved worthy of a place in
the garden.

There is no danger of giving celery too much
water.

It is better to under-irrigate than over-irrigate
for early corn.

Planting cucumbers in continuous rows insures
fruit from one to two weeks earlier than the hill
method.

Lettuce should be kept growing rapidly to
insure tenderness.

Growing onions from seed is cheaper and the
results are as good as when grown from sets.

For varieties of peas, Premium Gem, Nott's
Excelsior, and British Wonder have given the best
satisfaction.

For early potatoes, plant seed that has been
sprouted.

Rhubarb should have a place in every garden.
Over-irrigation of squash produces a rank
growth but little fruit.

Failure to secure a good crop of tomatoes is due
more to over-irrigation than to anything else.

Watermelons and cantaloups can be grown in
abundance, but only early varieties should be used.

368

THE IRRIGATION AGE

The GRIMES

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Low Power
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THE IRRIGATION AGE.

369

rigation Pump

Loveland, Colorado,

August 15th, 1914

The Grimes Irrigation Pump Company,
Denver, Colorado.

Gentlemen :

It gives me pleasure to advise that the 40"
diameter Grimes pump you installed for me is
doing everything you guaranteed it would do. I
am elevating more water, to a height of 34 feet,
than my 8" pipe will carry under pressure with an 8
horse-power engine.

When operated to the full capacity of the
engine it requires a 12' pipe to carry off the flow.

I see no reason why this pump should not
give me good service for a number of years as it is
certainly made to last.

I believe you will make a large number of
sales in this immediate vicinity as the pump is
attracting the attention of the farmers for quite a
distance around.

If you have any prospective customers, who
will want to know what I think of this pump, if
they will write me, I will be glad to tell them all

they want to know.

Very truly yours,

W. W. NICHOLS.

The GRIMES Pump
Will Lift a Given
Quantity of Water
to a Greater-Height
With Less Power
Than Any Other
Water Elevator
on the Market.

WE CAN PROVE THIS

BY OUR MACHINES'

RECORDS WHEREVER

INSTALLED.

EACH PLANT BUILT TO ORDER TO MEET
VARIED INDIVIDUAL NEEDS AND CONDI-
TIONS. ESTIMATES GLADLY FURNISHED.

Fill Out Mail TODAY

The Grimes Irrigation Pump Co. s^

1022 First National Bank Building S&s

DENVER, COLORADO S*#J& J

/'<**

S . C .• _;>•

& *'

*' /" <

•" <&

\> -O-

'S AV

y ^

370

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

RED TAPE BURNS UP $1,000,000

(.Continued from Page :>(>">)

crops and that it was not morally right for the Govern-
ment officials to use its power to squeeze the people
because of their necessity for water and make them
pay an exorbitant price and thus destroy millions of
dollars of crops each year while arriving at the so-
lution.

The course of the Reclamation officials appears
more inequitable when the Government's legal rights
are considered and when it is clear from consideration
of elementary principles of law that the Government
is not entitled, as a matter of law, to sell this water.

The Reclamation Act itself does not provide for
the sale of any water, but merely provides for reim-
bursement from the Government projects to the public
land funds. It is an elementary principle of law that
there is no private ownership in the public water ; that
the use of waters is an appurtenant to the riparian
owner, and the regulation and control of waters is ex-
clusively in the states and in the State Government,
and is not in the Federal Government; and that Fed-
eral regulation and control of the waters in the Inter-
State streams is prohibited by the Federal Constitution.

The Reclamation Act itself recognized this prin-
ciple by Sec. 8 of the Act, which says :

"That nothing in this act shall be construed as affecting
or intending to affect or to in any way interfere with the
laws of any state or territory relating to the control, appro-
priation, use or distribution of water used in irrigation or
any vested right acquired thereunder, and the Secretary of
the Interior, in carrying put the provisions of this act, shall
proceed in conformity with such laws, and nothing herein
shall in any way affect any right of any state, or of the
federal government, or of any landowner, appropriator or
user of water, in, to or from any interstate stream or the

waters thereof; provided, that the right to the use of the
vvater acquired under the provisions of this act shall be appur-
tenant to the land irrigated and beneficial use shall be the
basis, the measure and the limit of the right."

The United States Supreme Court in the case of
Kansas vs. Colorado, 206 U. S. 46; 51 Law Ed. 956,
denied the right of the Reclamation Service to control
the waters, except waters for irrigation of Government
lands and held that there was no power in the Federal
Constitution giving the Federal Government control of
the waters in the stream, and held that the control of
the waters of the stream was exclusively in the states.

The Reclamation Act can only be held Constitu-
tional upon the theory that it gives the Federal Govern-
ment, under the power to control its public lands, the
rights of riparian owners to appropriate the waters of
the public stream and to construct irrigation works to
irrigate its own lands. The act itself provides that the
Reclamation Service shall be subject to the laws of
the states and that beneficial use shall be the basis,
measure and the limit of the right, and the water taken
under the act shall be appurtenant to the land contem-
plated in the Reclamation Act, which was the Gov-
ernment land only. Therefore if there is any surplus
waters held by the Government within the reservoir,
in the bed of the public stream which are not required
by the Government and not necessary for the irriga-
tion of the Government lands, such surplus is public
waters and belongs to the riparian owners along the
stream in Wyoming and Nebraska, in accordance with
the laws of the states of Nebraska and Wyoming.
Therefore the Government has no legal or moral right
to withhold these surplus waters in the Pathfinder Res-
ervoir above what are required by the Government for

irrigating its own lands

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THE IRRIGATION AGE.

371

It may be said that these waters are collected from
the surplus and would go to waste if not impounded
by the Government, and if my conclusions are correct,
the Government would not be compelled to store the
water for the benefit of the people, and can let the
surplus go to waste. If the Government should take
such a position when it is spending millions of dollars
in experimental work in the agricultural department
and millions of dollars in protecting the banks of the
Mississippi and Ohio rivers from floods, for which
there is no return, it ought to receive the condemnation
of all honest thinking people. It is apparent that these
surplus waters could be kept in the reservoir without
the expenditure of a dollar on the part of the Govern-
ment, and could be released upon orders of the State
Boards of Irrigation of Wyoming and Nebraska, as
required by the people along the stream.

It is therefore apparent that the following facts
must be recognized :

1. The Government now holds in storage a vast
quantity of water in excess of any possible demand by
the Government upon the reservoir.

2. By withholding this water at this time the
Government can neither hold it for nor apply it for
any beneficial use, the only legal right the Govern-
ment has to any water is that given it under the laws
of the states to which it submitted when it made the
appropriation for the reservoir.

3. The portion of the water impounded from the
natural flow at times when the natural flow would have
reached numerous canals with rights prior to the Gov-
ernment, is clearly water that belongs to such canals
and the Government is holding it without right.

4. It is up to the Reclamation Department to at
once release a reasonable amount of the excess stored
water for the use of the people in the Platte valley
and to at once determine upon some fair and equitable
method of adjustment and permanent solution of the
trouble. The department should at once take the peo-
ple into their confidence, and turn the reservoir over
to the people upon being reimbursed for the moneys
invested by the Government in the reservoir.

5. If the Reclamation Department refuses to do
this it is up to the irrigators and riparian owners along
the Platte river in Nebraska to secure an adjudication
in the court against the Reclamation Department and
compel the department to recognize the rights of our
people.

The people of Nebraska and Wyoming as those

jointly interested in this enterprise of the Government,
started for the purpose of benefiting our people, and
the state officials and legislative machinery of Nebraska
and Wyoming, ought to co-operate and compel the
Reclamation Service to observe the laws of the states
of Nebraska and Wyoming in the administration of
the waters under the control of the Reclamation Serv-
ice, but for which the Reclamation Service has no bene-
ficial use.

Senator Norris of Nebraska has introduced a

joint resolution allowing suit to be brought against the

officers of the Reclamation Service to determine our

rights. It remains to be seen whether or not the Rec-

(Continued en Page 379)

>.00141

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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

372

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

BRIEF NOTES FROM IRRIGATION PROJECTS

Montana

Preliminary surveys in the Big
Horn Canyon Irrigation & Power
Company's project near Hardin, Mont.,
have been completed. These surveys
show that the fall of the Big Horn
river through the canyon is 405 feet in
a distance of 49l/2 miles of canyon
and it will be necessary to plan for
the construction of a dam 415 feet in
height in order to procure the benefit
of all the fall and the storage. A site
has been selected in the mouth of the
canyon for such a structure which
measures "about 90 feet across the
river at water level and 1,000 feet
across at an elevation above the water
of 415 feet.

The Tongue River Land & Live-
stock Company will irrigate 6,000
acres of the 23,000-acre Clarke ranch,
45 miles from Miles City, Mont. The
dam will be of concrete, 300 feet long,
outside of the abutments, eight feet
high and will weigh 711J4 tons. Its
base will be 13 feet wide and will rest
on bedrock. It will back the waters
of the river up probably a mile and a
half. The abutments on each side will
be six feet higher than the dam
proper.

A syndicate of Montana and Illinois
men has purchased the property of
the Beaverhead Ranch Company near
Dillon, Mont., and will colonize it.
The property includes 12,000 acres of
irrigated land and an irrigation sys-
tem with a chain of seven lakes and
numerous canals, ditches and streams.
It is the intention of the company to

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cut the vast tract of land into small
tracts ranging from 40 acres up and
to colonize it.

The Kalispell (Mont.) chamber of
commerce for some time has been in-
vestigating the proposition of small
pumping irrigating plants on farms.
There is a large acreage of land in
Flathead valley, particularly in the
river bottoms, where there is an abun-
dance of water equally distributed
over the land at a depth of from 10
to 15 feet.

Work has commenced on the exca-
vation and construction of the Little
Missouri River Irrigation Company's
project in Fallen, Mont. The con-
tract has been let to a firm of Glas-
gow contractors and includes the
building of the big reservoir a few
miles north of Alzada as well as the
excavation of the main ditch and lat-

erals. The new project will irrigate
about 30,000 acres of Little Missouri
bottom which is among the best land
in the eastern part of Montana.

New Mexico

Denver capitalists have raised $400,-
000 to construct the first unit of the
Eagle's Nest irrigation project in Col-
fax county, N. M., together with the
dam in the Cimarr.on canyon.

Colorado

Properties valued at $3,000,000,
owned heretofore by the Pueblo-
Rocky Ford Irrigation Company,
passed into the hands of the Chicago
Title & Trust Company as trustees
for owners of bonds by the issuance'
of a decree by Federal Judge Robert
E. Lewis. The affairs of the company
have been in the hands of receivers,
and the stipulations filed, praying for
the foreclosure in August. 1913,

Irrigation plant on the Carter sugar
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THE IRRIGATION AGE.

373

charged mismanagement. The total
indebtedness proved was $2.544,000.
The company owned about 500 acres
of land in the 'Arkansas valley with
irrigation improvements, ditches,
dams and water rights.

Texas

A deal has just been closed and
signed by the Donna, Tex., farmers,
the La Blanca Agricultural Company,
Beemer, Snyder & McDowell, b"y
which an irrigation district of 40.000
acres is to be formed, $800,000 worth
of 5 per cent bonds, running forty
years, to be issued, and the present
canal system is to be taken over, re-
constructed and extended. This will
settle the water question at Donna
and make the Donna proposition one
of the best, if not the best, proposi-
tion in the lower Rio Grande valley.

Farmers around Harlingen, Tex.,
have voted in favor of a $750,000 bond
issue to construct an irrigation proj-
ect.

The state board of water engineers
has granted a permit to the Brazos
River Irrigation Company of Dallas
to appropriate sufficient water from
the Brazos river and Bitter creek, a
tributary of that stream in Jones
county, to irrigate 10,200 acres of
land. This company is to operate an
irrigation plant to cost about $225,-
000.

Kansas

It cost 9 cents an acre to put water
on the Fort Lamed ranch in Pawnee
county. Kan., this year. E. E. Frizell
says that it cost 15 cents an hour for
fuel oil and 3 cents an hour for lu-
bricating oil, and in an hour two acres
can be covered with from four to six
inches of water. This is a consider-
able reduction from last year, when it
cost about 21 cents an hour, making
the cost per acre \Ql/2 cents. The dif-
fernce was in the cost of the fuel oil.
Mr. Frizell says that one-fourth of
the land in Pawnee county can be ir-
rigated for 9 cents an acre. The Fort
Lamed land is being irrigated with
water from the Pawnee river. He says
that there are 125,000 acres in the
valleys underlaid by sheet water at
a dentil of from 10 to 25 feet, and that
all of this land can be irrigated cheap-
ly by pumping.

The pump of the Fort Lamed ranch
produces 3,600 gallons a minute. There
are now twelve irrigation plants, wa-
tering 1.500 acres, in Pawnee county.

Wheat grown this year under irri-
gation in Kearney county. Kan.,
showed some very fine yields. A. B.
Downing, of the Deerfield district,
from 400 acres threshed 10.000 bush-
els. The American Sugar Beet Com-
pany harvested nearly 40,000 bushels.

Oregon

It is considered probable that the
Tumalo irrigation project in eastern
Oregon will be extended, taking in an
additional 10,000 acres, Governor
West having taken the matter up
with government officials in the U.

S. Reclamation Service. The plan of
the executive is to use the $450,000
allotted to Oregon by the secretary
of the interior for cooperative work
for carrying out of the proposed ex-
tension. A large amount of this
money has been put into the Tumalo
project.

"The $450,000 allotted to Oregon by
the secretary of the interior for coop-
erative work will be lost to the state
unless tied up before the first of the
year," said the governor. "It is hoped

to see this money applied to either
completing the Central Oregon Irri-
gation Company's project or extend-
ing the Tumalo project. If applied to
the Tumalo project it would mean the
government's taking up the work
where the state will leave off Novem-
ber 1, and extending it so as to place
water upon 16,000 additional acres and
at a probable cost of about $40 per
acre. The government's report will
be awaited with interest."

(Continued on Page 374)

"One-Half the Alfalfa Serf
Sown is Wasted Every Year"

This statement has been made by many recognized
Alfalfa experts — men who know what they are talking
about.

They say that they secured better stands
of Alfalfa with 10 pounds of seed, drilled
with the Superior Special Alfalfa and Grass
Seed Drill than with "^| 20 pounds of seed
sown broadcast.

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There are 20 discs on this machine set 4 inches apart. The con-
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CULTIVATION and SOWS CLOVER AT SAME TIME

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Seed Alone

Send for Superior Alfalfa Drill folder
and read the strong warranty

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THE AMERICAN SEEDING-MACHINE CO., Inc.

SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

FREE— Acopyof'Boyd's Farmers* Alfalfa Guide," price 10c, will be mailed free to
any reader of Irrigation Age who will write for the book and mention Irrigation Age.

374

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

WAR HALTS BIG DAM IN SPAIN

Work on the great power dam at Barcelona,
Spain, where about 100 Texans were employed, was
entirely suspended on September 1, owing to a
lack of funds. The project was backed by an Eng-
lish syndicate, the intention being to build dams
at several other places in the peninsular kingdom in
addition to the one at Barcelona, concessions hav-
ing already been obtained. The total cost of the
work would have run up to many millions of dol-
lars.

Inability to secure funds, owing to the Euro-
pean war, is given as a reason for the cessation of
work. The officials stated that no definite informa-
tion could be given as to the time when operations
would be resumed.

The backers of the Spanish enterprises are said
to be the same people that were behind the build-

ing of the dam across the Medina River near Cas-
troville, Texas. That corporation was known as
the Medina Valley Irrigation Company, for which
there have been two receivers appointed, one by
the United States court and one by the state court.

Statement of the ownership, management, circulation, etc., re-
quired by the act of August 24, 1912, of IRRIGATON AGE, published
monthly at Chicago, 111., for October 1, 1914:

Editor, D. H. Anderson, Chicago, 111.

Managing editor, George J. Scharschug, Chicago, 111.

Business manager, E. H. Anderson, Chicago, 111.

Publisher, D. H. Anderson, Bpyce building, Chicago, 111.

Owners: (If a corporation, give its name and the names and ad-
dresses of stockholders holding 1 per cent or more of total amount
of stock. If not a corporation, give names and addresses of indi-
vidual owners.) Not a corporation. Individual ownership of D. H.
Anderson, Boyce building, Chicago, III.

Known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders, hold-
ing 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages or other
securities: (If there are none, so state.) None.

D. H. ANDERSON,

Publisher.

Sworn to and subscribed before me this second day of October,
1914. MICHAEL J. O'MALLEY,

[SEAL] Notary Public.

(My commission expires March 8, 1916.)

IRRIGATION NOTES

(Continued from Page 373)

Utah

The Keeler Automatic Headgate
Company, Provo, Utah, has been in-
corporated with a capital stock of
$10,000 by J. B. Keeler and others to
manufacture patented hydraulic ap-
paratus. Joseph B. Keeler is presi-
dent and R. J. Murdock is secretary.

The Uinta Land & Water Company
has filed application with the Utah
state engineer for 75 second feet of
water from Dry Fork, Ashley river,
Uinta county, for irrigation.

A party of Reclamation Service offi-
cials has completed a trip along the
Weber river in Utah for the purpose
of investigating conditions and com-
puting costs of 'one of the biggest ir-
rigation projects in the country. About
300 miles were covered and a thor-
ough examination made of the Weber
river system, opportunities for build-
ing reservoirs and the means of di-
verting the waters into Provo river,
through which it is proposed to con-
vey it to Utah valley, where canals
will be built to carry the water to
lands in Utah, Salt Lake and Toole
counties for irrigating large areas of
fertile land, now without water. The
proposed project will cost about $10,-
000,000.

A large number of farmers having
land under the Hammond canal near
Brigham City, Utah, are preparing to
organize. The farmers feel that if
they have an incorporated organiza-
tion they will then be iri a position
to work to each others' interests and
cooperate more successfully with the
Hammond canal people in the matter
of getting water for their lands.

Washington

The Horse Heaven Land Owners'
Association, representing the control
of 300,000 acres of unirrigated land in
Klickitat county, Wash., is making an
active effort to secure serious consid-
eration by the government of the
Klickitat Irrigation & Power Com-
pany's project for irrigation of these
lands.

(Continued on Page 378.)

Buying direct of HEWITT-LEA FUNCK Co.
Saved these 5 Farmers $1283

Saved $175.00

Received the lumber O.K. I
see it was shipped the tenth
and got here the twenty-fifth.
J am well pleased with It, be-
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here. Ilmveaavedabout J176,
enough to build my barn.
J. E. REYNOLDS, Junlus.

South Dakota

Saved $250.00

Material was all better grade
than I bad figured at our local
yards. Had more than needed
to finish my building. Had
enough for a few small sheds.
Saved me at least $250 on my
bill as I have exact figures.
A. M. STERN, Regan.

North Dakota

Saved $393.60

Lumber O. K. We had two of
our lumber dealers Inspect-
ing our lumber, but they
were dissappointed.. They
had no chance to shoot hot
air into us. We saved over
40% ($383.60.)
THOMAS SHEEH AN. Weaver.

Minnesota

Saved $326.00

We feel greatly Indebted to
your firm for the way you've
treated us— In quality of lum-
ber, promptness In delivery
and prices. Same quality of
lumber in local yards would
nave been nearly half more.
J. O. JOHNSON. Fallen,

Montana

Saved $139.00

Finished unloading on t le
nineteenth. A8 for lumber.
I am satisfied. I saved from
11.00 to (6.00 per thousand,
and better lumber.

CHAS. F. ROBER3ON. Opal,

Wyoming

Here are a few things these farmers say : Saved enough
to build my barn — enough lumber left to build some
sheds — carpenter said he never worked up lumber com-
paring with this for quality — the same quality of lumber
would have cost at least twice as much locally. From
these letters you can see the kind of saving you can
make and the kind of lumber and treatment you get
from Hewitt-Lea-Funck.

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forests and mills

big

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Hewitt-Lea-Funck Co., 271 Crary Bid*., Seattle, Wash.

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Name

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Post Office

Business

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

375

LEARN QUALITY OF YOUR IRRIGATING WATER

DR. A. E. VINSON, of the University of Arizona
Agricultural Experiment Station, is urging all
farmers in his state to have all water which they
propose to use for irrigation tested. He declares
some farmers have been led to make heavy invest-
ments because of the discovery of a large supply of
water near the surface, only to find later that this
water was very damaging to the land and fatal to
crops.

Too often the prospective settler or home-
steader considers only the depth to water and the
available supply when found. Modern pumping
machinery has increased greatly the depth from
which water may be lifted and better cultural
methods have increased the duty of the water so
that now a farmer can be successful under condi-
.tions that a few years ago were impossible. How-
ever, the effect of bad water is not so easily, and
in fact, rarely, to be overcome.

It happens occasionally that two waters occur
close enough together so that, although either alone
is unfit for irrigation, yet when combined in proper
proportion they give a water of usable quality. Such
is the case where a very pure, but prohibitively
black alkaline, water occurs near a strongly saline
but hard water ; sometimes the two may be blended
to give a neutral water of moderate salt content
that will answer well for irrigating. Again the

abundance of pure, sweet flood water may be avail-
able from time to time, which can be applied to
work out and carry away the alkali accumulated
from the application of alkaline pumped water be-
tween the flood periods. But these conditions are
not general, and usually the farmer will find it well
to consider the quality of his water supply before
going to the expense of testing out the yield.

All waters that have a strong saline taste are
too salty for use excepting under special conditions.
On light soils, well drained, and with an abundance
of cheap water so that the salts can be kept leached
out of the upper three or four feet of soil, excellent
results may be had indefinitely. In proportion to
the lack of these conditions, sooner or later the
detrimental effects of the alkaline water will be-
come manifest. In some cases it may be only a
fe\v .years ; in others a generation.

In Arizona the quality of ground water is apt
to be a local condition, sometimes confined to a
very smkll area. There are in general regions of
saline waters, of black alkaline waters, and of pure
waters, within which most of the waters are of the
same general character. But occasionally a good
water is found in a district where bad waters
abound, and the reverse is not unknown. Attempts
have been made to improve the quality of water by
prolonged pumping, but usually without success.

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376

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

One well, however, with very salty water occurred
in the Rilito valley near Tucson in a district of gen-
erally good waters. Recently this well has been
pumped freely and is now quite as good as other
waters in the neighborhood. In parts of the Casa
Grande valley and the Buckeye-Arlington district
the first stratum waters are very saline, while those
found at greater depth are very much less so. A
deep well was put down adjoining the University
grounds at Tucson and samples were analyzed from
different depths. The water at 700 or 800 feet in

this case did not differ materially from that found
at 100 feet — illustrating the uncertainty of applying
conditions in one neighborhood to another.

Water for irrigating cannot be judged solely by
the taste, since an injurious amount of black alkali
does not reveal itself in this way. Black alkali
waters usually make very satisfactory domestic
waters, since they are soft and work well with soap.
They are not more harmful to the health than other
waters with a little, pinch of baking soda added ; in
fact, in some cases they may be decidedly beneficial.

IRRIGATION CONGRESS MEETS IN CANADA

AS this issue of the IRRIGATION AGE goes to press,
the twenty-first annual meeting of the Inter-
national Irrigation Congress is being held at Cal-
gary, Alberta.

A program covering four days has been ar-
ranged by the officers. A. A. Jones, first assistant
secretary of the interior, is the most prominent
American scheduled to appear. Among other
Americans on the program are : J. M. Kennedy,
Montana Commissioner of Agriculture; J. B. Case,
of Kansas; D. W. Ross, of California; John Fair-
weather, of California ; George A. Snow, of Utah ;
J. T. twinkle, of Oregon ; F. H. Newell, Kurt Grun-
wald, of Colorado; H. B. Walker, state irrigation
engineer of Kansas ; J. C. Nagle, chairman of the
board of water engineers of Texas ; John Widstoe,

president of the Utah Agricultural college ; L.
Newman, of Montana ; F. C. Finkle, of California ;
John Barrett, of Washington, D. C., and E. F. Ben-
son, of Washington.

The balance of the program is filled by Ca-
nadian speakers, provincial officers and employes of
the Canadian Pacific Railway and its land com-
panies.

The European war has had a depressing effect
on the preparations for the congress, and almost
resulted in its complete abandonment. As it is,
there will be no distinguished visitors from abroad,
such as characterized the meetings of the congress
in the days when it was an honored institution of
the United States and working heart and soul in
behalf of the irrigated West.

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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

THE IKRIGATION AGE.

377

IRRIGATION DOUBLES YIELD IN OREGON

IRRIGATION of nine standard field crops of the
\Yillamette valley in Oregon, for a period of
seven years has shown that irrigation produces an
increased yield of 53 per cent as an average. At
the maximum price of $1 per acre inch of water
the average profit on these crops was $2.66 per
acre inch for all water used. Since the most profit-
able amount of water varies with different crops
from one to two acre inches to six acre inches, the
entire profit per acre is seen to be a highly im-
portant factor in lowering the production cost of
these crops.

In order to determine scientifically and accu-
rately the value of irrigation in the Willamette
valley the agronomy department of the 'Oregon Ag-
ricultural college instituted an exhaustive series of
tests seven years ago. The experiments have been
carried on continuously since that time, and now
for the first -time results have been compiled by
Professor W. L. Powers. Concerning the character
and extent of the tests Professor Powers says :

"The experiment to determine the practicability
and also the most advisable means and methods of
irrigation here has been enlarged and carried for-
ward with 60 plats, including nine different crops
of standard varieties. Seven years' data are now
on hand, showing profit from irrigation with all
but one of these crops. Careful weather and evap-
oration records have been kept and nearly 10,000

soil moisture determinations have been made in
connection with this work.

"Usable moisture has been found throughout
the dry season below the fourth foot of soil, but
upward capillary movement becomes retarded, and
the weathering processes and bacterial activity re-
tarded by drying out of the surface soil in summer.
A little irrigation seems to stimulate these life-giv-
ing processes in the soil. Irrigation has given a
higher sessional moisture content and this is asso-
ciated with higher yields. The greatest increase in
moisture has been in meadow plants, but the most
economical yields due to irrigation have been with
cultivated crops.

"Irrigation lowered the temperature of the sur-
face soil as much as 4 degrees in cultivated plants
and as much as 10 degrees in meadow plants.

"One irrigation has been better than two irri-
gations for most crops. The most economical in-
crease in yield of hay was secured by use of about
four acre inches' irrigation in a wet season and
about six acre inches in a dry season, while the
maximum yield has been obtained from six acre
inches in a wet season and twelve acre inches in a
dry season. The most economical returns with
potatoes has been secured with two acre inches in
a wet season and with three or four acre inches in
a dry season, while the maximum yield for potatoes

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When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

378

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

has been secured with three inches in a wet season
and six inches in a dry season.

"Experiments have shown that the moisture
content of the soil and evaporation from a water
surface make very valuable guides as to the best
time to irrigate. Potatoes have made a maximum
yield where the irrigation was applied whenever
the moisture content dropped to 20 per cent in the
first foot of soil. With clover the most economical
returns were obtained when the moisture content
dropped to 15 per cent in the first two feet of soil.

"Pumping with gasoline has proven somewhat
cheaper in fuel cost than electricity, yet the saving
in labor by electricity is more important than the
total fuel bll. The electric plant can also be made
to serve more acres and this lowers the overhead
cost per acre.

"Using $1, which is our maximum total annual
cost per acre inch, corn has given an average profit
of $0.43 per acre inch; kale, $0.60; beets, $1.15;
alfalfa, $1.65; clover, $2.71; beans, $2.79; carrots,
$6.83, and potatoes, $7.75 per acre inch of water

applied. The mean profit per acre inch as an aver-
age of all crops and including nearly 150 trials, has
been $2.66. The average increase in yield by crops
has been 53 per cent and the average depth of irri-
gation per season 504 inches."

AVOID TURKESTAN ALFALFA SEEDS

A warning to alfalfa growers to avoid the use
of commercial Turkestan seed is contained in De-
partment Bulletin No. 138, of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, which is shortly to be issued under
the title "Commercial Turkestan Alfalfa Seed."
Specialists of the department have been investigat-
ing the comparative merits of different kinds of
alfalfa seeds, and have reached the conclusion that
there is nothing to recommend the Turkestan va-
riety for general use in this country. Growers who
wish to avoid this variety can readily identify it by
the presence of Russian knapweed seeds. Their
chalky white color makes them especially con-
spicuous.

IRRIGATION NOTES

(Continued from Page 374)

Letters received by the executive
board of the Washington Irrigation
Institute, the second annual session of
which is to be held in North Yakima
in December, indicate that there will
be a large attendance from every sec-
tion of the state. Governor Ernest
Lister, President Bryan of Washing-
ton state college, B. A. Etchberry of
the University of California and Don
M. Bart, government irrigation ex-
pert in Idaho, will speak. The pro-
gram for the three-day session, De-
cember 16, 17 and 18, calls for one day
on engineering problems in irrigation
work, one on irrigation farming and
one on legal problems, legislation and
future development.

A proposition to irrigate the high
land on the flat not reached by the
Okanogan (Wash.) project, by con-
veying the water of Boulder creek into
the west fork of Salmon creek, thence
to Brown's lake, which they plan to
use as a reservoir, has been made and
a plan launched by H. S. Albertson,
S. T Sterling. Richard Malone and
others of Pogue.

The feasibility of the project has
impressed itself on the sponsors, who
have solicited the aid of Manager
Calvin Casteel of the Okanogan proj-
ect with the hope that he may in turn
be able to interest and influence the
Reclamation Service.

Work on all three of the United
States Reclamation Service pumping
plants in the lower Yakima valley in
Washington, including the Snipes
Mountain, the Grandview and the
Outlook, has been started. It is un-
derstood that $50,000 additional to the
$290,000 originally set aside for pump-
ing plants will be available. The lat-
ter sum would have allowed but two
of the three to be completed.

(Continued on Page 379)

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logues and full information, and we will tell you the
came of fie local dealer who handles our engines.

The IHC Line

GRAIN AND HAY

MACHINES
Binders, Reapers
Headers, Mowers
Rikes, Stackera
Hay Loaders
Har Presses

CORN MACHINES
Plasters, Pickers
Binders. Cultivators
Ensilage Cotters
Shelters. Shredders
TILLAGE

Peg. Spring.Tooth.
and Disk Harrows
Cultivators

GENERAL LINE
Oil and Gas Engines
Oil Tractors
Manure Spreaders
Cream Separators
Farm Wagons
Motor Tracks
Threshers
Grain Drills
Feed Grinders)
Knife Grinders
Binder Twins

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

CHICAGO USA

Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne Piano

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

379

RED TAPE BURNS UP $1,000,000

(Continued from page 371)

lamation Service and the present administration at
Washington will use its powerful political machinery
to prevent the passage of this joint resolution and thus
try to prevent our citizens from having a decision of
the courts to determine the rights of the people of
Nebraska and Wyoming to this water.

There is some indication on the part of under
officials working in the Reclamation Service that the
department at Washington may change its present
course and offer some equitable solution of the prob-
lem. It is to be hoped that the policy will be changed
and that it will be unnecessary to go into ligitation.
The people want amicable and contractual relations
with the government if it is possible. If it is not
possible, we must strictly enforce our state rights.

NEW ARMCO PUBLICATIONS

"Defeating Rust — The Story of Armco Iron,"
"Iron Roofs That Resist Rust," and "A Journey to
Armco Farm,'' are the titles of three new publica-
tions on "Armco" products recently issued by the
American Rolling Mill Co. of Middletown, O. In
the booklet on the story <>i "Armco" iron are shown
many illustrations of "Armco" iron used for roofs,
ventilators, gutters, lath, window frames, stoves,
refrigerators, culverts, pipes, etc. The booklet en-
titled "Iron Roofs That Resist Rust" contains an
article on why iron roofs resist rust and illustra-
tions and descriptions of many forms of "Armco"
iron used in roof construction. Rules for estimat-

ing amounts of corrugated iron required to cover
given spaces, tables of weights and list of products
manufactured of "Armco" iron are also given in
the booklet. "A Journey to Armco Farm" contains
an interesting story of the various uses to which
"Armco" iron is put.

CALL IT UMATILLA CORN

S. L. Carson, a settler on the Umatilla project,
in Oregon, has propagated a new variety of corn,
which seems well suited to climatic conditions in
the northwest.

Mr. Carson's corn is a cross of three varieties.
In color it resembles the White Dent. The shape
of the kernel is more like sweet corn. The stalks
do not run over five or six feet high but the leaf
blades start at the ground. This is a feature which
makes it excellent for ensilage. The ears are of
good size and well formed.

Mr. Carson has been working on this variety
for five years, weeding out that which did not come
true.

VOTE FOR $2,759,510 BONDS

The Paradise Irrigation District in Oregon has
authorized a bond issue, aggregating $2,759,510. No
attempt will be made to sell the bonds until the
money market, now disturbed by the European war,
becomes more settled. It is proposed to use the
money realized from the sale of the bonds to pay
off present indebtedness and to irrigate additional
land.

IRRIGATION NOTES

(Continued from Page 378)

California

Preliminary work is being done by
the property owners and business men
of the Terra Bella district around
Porteryille, Cal., for the formation of
a new irrigation company, which will
have for its purpose the watering of
the Terra Bella and Deer Creek or-
chard and alfalfa district, the water to
be secured by control of the floods of
the foothills during the spring and
fall.

It is stated by those in charge of
the work, headed by T. M. Gronen, a
banker, that there is ample water in
the foothills upon which no filing has
been made.

Some work has already been done
and it is estimated by those interested
that the system can be constructed
for about $1,000,000.

Settler^s in the Orland Federal
project in California have started a
cheese factory to take care of their
surplus dairy products. The follow-
ing officers have been selected:
President, J. A. Younggreen; vice
president, J. Lundeen; secretary, H.
L. Lundeen; treasurer, G. G. Ladine.
The factory will be run on a co-
operative basis and only dairymen
will be allowed to purchase stock.

The Carmel Cattle company has
purchased the Cox ranch, consisting
of 4,000 acres, situated five miles
southeast of Lost Hills, Cal. The
principal owners of this company are

The CROCODILE WRENCH

THREADING
BLANK BOLT

MONKEY WRENCH

BE/ ORE

Six Handy Farm Tools in One

The Crocodile Wrench is drop forged from the finest tool steel and scien-
tifically tempered. Every wrench guaranteed against breakage. It ig 8J£ inches
long and weighs ten ounces.

A pipe wrench, a nut wrench, a screw driver and three dies for cleaning up
and re-threading rusted and battered threads; also for cutting nejtv threads on
blank bolts. Dies will fit all bolts used on standard farm machinery.

Teeth and dies are case-hardened in bone-black, making thenvhard and keen.

The dies on this wrench are tempered to wear and would be of inestimable
benefit to any farmer or ranchman, as they would often save -Valuable time,
besides an extra trip to town for repairs.

Sent free with each order for Irrigation Age for one year — price for both
$l.oo; also sent to old subscribers who renew their subscription fvr'one year.

Address: IRRIGATION AGE, 30 No. Dearborn St., Chicago

380

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

James Ogden and Chandler, Bryant
and Clark of Los Angeles.

"\Ye will employ between 30 an'd
40 men and will plow and ditch and
put into alfalfa the entire 4,000
acres," said Mr. Ogden recently. "We
are principally in the cattle business
and will use our product for feeding-
stock. The Lost Hills district looks
good to me and outside of a few
little spots here and there, most of
the country is suitable for agricul-
tural purposes."

G. W. Pierce will sink a series of
irrigation wells on his ranch property
three miles west of Davis, Cal. Pierce
has 2,000 acres of excellent land in
the Putah district, and the wells will
form a portion of an extensive irriga-
tion system.

Land owners on the west side of
Fall river, in the vicinity of Glenburn
and Fall River Mills, Cal., propose
to irrigate several thousand acres
with water pumped electrically from
Fall river. The lift is a small one,
the supply of water is never failing,
and the power is available, now that
a new power company has completed
its installation and strung wires
through the valley.

A plan is on foot to irrigate a large
tract that is protected by levees
around the shore of Tulare lake in
California, the first to be irrigated
being a tract of 960 acres belonging
to E. E. Bush and J. F. Pryor, in the
Buena Vista reclamation district. A
15-inch pump will be installed to lift
the water from the lake over the
levee to the land adjoining. When
the tract is all irrigated it will be
planted to wheat, the prospects being
that wheat will be a paying crop next
season, even with the added cost of
irrigation.

A plan for the formation of the
most extensive irrigation district that
has ever been proposed in Los An-
geles county has been submitted to
the board of supervisors of that
county by land owners of San Fer-
nando valley. The district, if estab-
lished, will take in virtually the entire
valley and the estimated cost of the
work is more than $2,500,000.

More than 75 persons representing
vast property interests in the valley
have signed the petition.

The proposition is to build a large
system of conduits and pipes to con-
nect with the Los Angeles city sys-
tem and take Owens river water to
the valley.

O. M. Enslow has filed on 37,500
miners' inches of water in the Feather
river in California to irrigate lands
on the east side of the river west of
Palmero and Honcut. It is proposed
to divert the water at a point near
Hazelbush, and to carry it in a gen-
eral southerly and easterly direction
through Butte and into Yuba county.

GOOD ENOUGH

Heavy Deep Furrow

Sulky Plow

Save Moisture — Increase Yield

Plow deep — form deep moisture reservoirs — increase
the feeding area of the plant roots — liberate more plant
food. Do these things and your crops will be greatly
increased. The Good Enough Heavy Deep Furrow Sulky
is the most efficient plow for deep plowing on the
market.

The Good Enough Heavy Deep Furrow Sulky is a
tremendously strong and powerful plow. It will plow
any soil that is capable of being plowed and will turn a
furrow from 6 to 15 inches deep.

The landing lever controls both the front furrow
wheel and the hitch. The dial hitch can be adjusted to
either side and up or down. The draft is applied directly
to the beam through the heavy draft rod. The rear
wheel is locked in place, but can be instantly released by
means of. the foot trip at the ends of the rows.

Regularly furnished with five-horse evener, rolling
coulter and extra shares.

See Your Flying Dutchman Dealer

or Write for Information

Moliiie Plow Co.

Dept. 3

MOLINE, ILL.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

381

ADAM AND EVE'S FARM WAS IRRIGATED

ADAM and Eve were irrigation farmers. Sir Wil-
liam ^"ilcocks, the eminent English engineer,
whom Secretary of the Interior Lane sent recently
on an inspection tour of the United States reclama-
tion projects, is the authority for this statement. He
also declares the original garden of Eden had an
irrigation system just as scientific and correct from
an engineering point of view as any now in the
West.

Sir William, whose fame rests upon the build-
ing of the great Assouan dam, in Egypt, where he
has turned the land of the Pharaohs back to their
original fertility, has been recently engaged by the
Turkish government in reclaiming ancient Meso-
potamia. The success of the English engineer in
Egypt caused the Turkish government to loosen
its purse strings to the extent of $75,000,000, and
the work is now under way in sections. The Eng-
lish irrigation expert and his engineers have made
a careful survey of Mesopotamia and have discov-
ered parts of an ancient system of irrigation so well
preserved that some of the canals are to be used
in the new project after the mud of centuries is
taken out.

It was while on this survey that Sir William
found what he believes to be the location of the
traditional garden of Eden, with full equipment of
irrigation canals. He says the garden of Eden could
not have been a garden at all without the irrigation
system.

The supposed location of the garden is sur-
rounded by a wall or dike two feet high, with open-
ings for the canals. The English engineer said
that during high water in the rivers Euphrates and
Tigris the dike kept the water from flooding the
garden and in the dry season the gates were open
and the water entered the canals.

USE NORTHWEST BY-PRODUCTS

To provide a "safety valve" for the fruit in-
dustry of the Pacific Northwest a by-products con-
gress will be held in Spokane, Wash, Nov. 19, in
connection with the seventh National Apple Show,
out of which is expected to develop a big organiza-
tion designed to handle the low grade fruit problem
in a systematic way. Concerning the meeting Man-

ager Gordon C. Corbaley, of the apple show, says:
"When we recall that 60 per cent of our fruit
is marketed as extra fancy or fancy and that the
bulk of the remaining 40 per cent is wasted we can
clearly see the vital importance of immediate con-
structive action. The by-product side is the most
important feature of California's apple business, and
the men who have made a painstaking investiga-
tion of our situation in the northwest declare that
this business can be developed in a very large way
here."

FEDERAL PROJECT WORK

The Reclamation Service is asking for pro-
posals for the reconstruction of Dodson South Canal
at Dodson bridge, in connection with the Milk
River Irrigation Project, Mont. The work involves
about 71,000 cubic yards of excavation, 12,000 cubic
yards of puddled filling, 5,200 cubic yards of rip-
rap, 40 cubic yards of concrete, and the moving of
two steel bridge spans, abutments and pier. The
work is situated on the south side of Milk River,
about one and one-quarter miles south of Dodson.
The bids will be opened at Malta, Mont., on Oc-
tober 28.

The International Portland Cement Company,
of Irving, Wash., has obtained a contract for 10,000
barrels of Portland cement for use in connection
with the Umatilla Federal Irrigation Project in
Oregon. The contract price is $1.15 per. barrel,
F. O. B. cars at Irving.

The Reclamation Service has awarded con-
tracts for the construction of the Cave Creek cut-
off, Arizona Canal, Salt River Irrigation Project,
Arizona, as follows:

Schedules 1 and 2, involving 131,000 cubic
yards of excavation, to Martin & Gillis, of Phoenix,
Arizona. Contract price, $15,643.80.

Schedule 3, involving 300 cubic yards of con-
crete, most of which contains steel reinforcements,
and 107 square yards of grouted paving, Haney
Bros. & Company, of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Contract price, $2,956.

GALVANIZED METAL IRRIGATION FLUME inss"

Made entirely of rust -proof, galvanized iron. No bolts or rivets used in construction. This flume is

considered by experts to be the most service-
able equipment for the purpose on the market.
A careful examination of the construction as
shown herewith will convince those who are
acquainted with irrigation conditions of its
lasting quality and the ease with which it may
be put together. Complete information, with
prices, will be jfurnished on application to the

KLAUER MFG. COMPANY, Du,b0uwr-

Section of Flume

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

382

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

The Reclamation Service is asking for proposals for
the construction of divisions 1. 2, and 3 of the High Line
Canal and structures, Strawberry Valley Irrigation Proj-
ect, Utah.

The work involves approximately 384,000 cubic yards
of canal excavation, 2,300 cubic yards of excavation for
structures, 3,300 cubic yards of reinforced concrete, 167,000
square feet of canal lining, 230 lineal feet of tunnel com-
plete with concrete lining, laying approximately 1,700
feet of vitrified pipe of miscellaneous sizes; also 1,400
cubic yards of back filling and small quantities of rock
filling and stone paving and
the placing of sluice gates
and miscellaneous structural
steel.

The Canal will extend in
a southwesterly direction
from the power plant of the
U. S. Reclamation Service
near the mouth of Spanish
Fork Canyon, to a point near
Payson City, Utah. The bids
will be opened on November
15, at Provo, Utah.

The Secretary of the In-
terior has authorized the
Reclamation Service to exe-
cute the following contracts
for furnishing gates and gate
stands for irrigation projects
in Montana and Wyoming:

The Minneapolis Steel
and Machinery Company, of
Minneapolis, Minnesota,
Schedules 1, 2, and 3. Con-
tract price $12,589.00, f. o. b.
cars at shipping point.

The Hinman Hydraulic
Manufacturing Company, of
Denver, Colorado, Schedules
4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Contracts
price, $11,350.00 f. o. b. cars
at shipping point.

These contracts call for
structural steel and cast iron
sluices and regulator gates,
gate frames, gate stands and
accessories.

The Portland Cement
Company of Utah has the
contract for furnishing 3,000
barrels of portland cement
for use in connection with
the Strawberry Valley irri-
gation project in Utah. The
contract price is $1.28 per
barrel, f. o. b. cars, Salt
Lake City.

The Midland Bridge
Company of Kansas City,
has been awarded the con-
tract for furnishing and
erecting a steel bridge at
Arrowrock Dam, Boise irri-
gation project, Idaho. Under
this contract, the total cost
of the bridge, including
freight and erecting, will be
$2,333.83.

The Hinman Hydraulic
Manufacturing Company of
Denver, Colo., has been
given the contract for fur-
nishing steel flumes for the
Xorth Platte irrigation proj-
ect, Nebraska. The contract
price is $6,772.92, f. o. b.
cars, Denver, Colo.

GROWS COTTON IN MONTANA

A. T. Thompson has succeeded in growing
cotton on his homestead on the Huntley project in
Montana. He raised enough this year to pad a
quilt, which will be made up by the children on
the project and exhibited at the San Francisco ex-
position. Thompson formerly lived in Texas and is
well acquainted with cotton cultivation.

AN EXTRAORDINARY OPPORTUNITY

Good for Thirty Days Only

(This offer terminates November 10)

<I IRRIGATION AGE has arranged with the important magazines mentioned below for
a series of special Discounts in Magazine Subscriptions, good until Nov. 10th only.
The volume of subscription' business has grown enormously within the last few years.
Most people arrange their year's subscription in November and December. The conges-
tion resulting from the necessity of handling almost a year's business in a month or two
is a very serious problem. A remedy has suggested itself. Why not induce the public to
subscribe early, and thus eliminate many causes for complaints and inevitable delays? It
is worth something to accomplish this, and the following money-saving offers are made
with this end in view. Here are a number of the worth-while magazine combinations.
By subscribing now, an actual saving of from 25 to 100 per cent is possible. This is your
opportunity. Why not take advantage of it by sending your order TODAY?

Irrigation Age $1.00>

Our Special Pi ice
Until Nov. 10th
$1.50
Thereafter $1.85

Everybody's Magazine. . 1.50 / Until Nov. 10th
Delineator 1.40 1 $2.75

McCall's Magazine 50

Total regular price .. $2.00

Total regular price. .. $4.00 ) Thereafter S3. 40

Our Special Price
Until Nov. 10th
$1.55
Thereafter S2.00

Irrigation Age 1 . 00 \ Our Special Price

Woman's Home Companion . 1 .50 / Until Nov. 10th

Total regular price. . S2.75

Total regular price. . . $5760 .' Thereafter $3.40

Our Special Price
Until Nov. 10th

$1.60

Thereafter $1.85

Little Folks Magazine. . . 1.00 j
or Boy's Life '
or American Boy (

Modern Priacilla 1.00 I. . ,,
Pictorial Review l.OOf »z'75

Total regular price.. $2.00.

Irrigation Age $1.00 ^

Our Special Price
Until Nov. 10th
$1.75
Thereafter $2.25

Total regular price . . $4.00 ) Thereafter S3. 60

McCall's Magazine 50 ,

Irrigation Age $1 .00 \ Our Special Price

Total regular price. . $2.50

McClure's Magazine l.oOf $2.75

Our Special Price
Uutil Nov. 10th
$2.00
Thereafter $2.60

Total regular price. . . $4.00 ) Thereafter $3.30

Ladies' World 1.00 1
Modern Priscilla 1 . 00 ,

Irrigation Age $1.00 \ Our Special Price

Suburban Life / Until Nov. 10th
The Countryside Magazine 3.00 f $3.00
Total regular price . . $4.00 ' Thereafter S3. 50

Total regular price . . $3.00

Our Special Price
Until Nov. 10th
$2.25
Thereafter $3.15

Mother's Magazine 1.50

Irrigation Age $1.00 \ Our Special Price

Total regular price ... $3 . 50

Review of Reviews 3.00 / Until Nov. 10th

Irrigation Age $1.00"

Our Price Until
Nov. 10th. only
$2.50
SPECIAL

Total regular price.. . $5 . 50 ) Thereafter $3.90

Lippincott's Magazine... 3.00

Irrigation Age $1.00 ) Our Special Price

Total regular price. .. $4.00

Scribner's Magazine 3.001 Until Nov. 10th
or House and Garden \. . -

Irrigation Age $1.00"

Special Price
Until Nov. 10th
Only
$2.75
Thereafter $3.50

Harper's Weekly for 6mos. 2.50
Authentic comprehen-
sive, illustrated news of
the European war. As
a weekly record of cur-
rent history — brilliant,

Total regular mice... $4.00 ) Thereafter S3.<o

Irrigation Age $1 . 00 \ Our Special Price

Review of Reviews 3.00 / Until Nov. 10th

Woman's Home Companion . 1 . 50 f $3.25

Total regular price. . . $5.50 ) Thereafter $4.00

forceful, authoritative —
you will want Harper's
Weekly for the next few mos.
Rand-McNally War Map
of Europe $1 00

Youth's Companion with 2.00 1 Our Special Price
Tarbell's Life of Lincoln. I Until Nov. 10th
in two volumes, 991 / $3.75
pages, cloth binding 2.50 I SPECIAL
Total regular price. . $5.50'

A special war map, size
about 2x3 feet, printed
in colors, giving full in-
formation regarding the
fighting strength and
resourcesof the contend-
ing forces.

Total regular price . . $4.50 ,

Delineator . . 1 . 50 1 Our Special Price

Pictorial Review .... 1 00 V Until Nov. 10th

Woman's Home Companion . 1 . 50 (• $3.90

Total regular price. . $5.00'

f| Subscriptions can begin with any month. If you are already a subscriber, your subscription will extend
one year from the present date of expiration. The magazines may be sent to one address or each to a dif-
ferent address. This affords an opportunity for friends to subscribe together, and makes it possible to use
the magazine subscriptions as gifts to friends or relatives. Here is a rare opportunity to provide for
Christmas gifts while these low-priced offers are available.

fl Address all orders and send remittances by check, postal or express money order, to

IRRIGATION AGE, 30 North Dearborn St., Chicago, 111.

THE IRE IG ATI OX AGE.

383

What Will You Look For When
You Buy an Engine?

Power?

Then the "INGECO "will suit
you, for in every size its perform-
ance "on duty" exceeds the factory rating.
And it's always reliable.

Long

The sturdy construction of
the " INGECO " assures

you unusual service.

Simplicity ?

The "INGECO "has few
parts and its mechanism

is remarkably simple. All parts are accurate

and interchangeable.

Safety?

Fuel

r UCl

The "INGECO

works perfectly
on kerosene, distillates and light oils at about
half current cost of gasoline.

The "INGECO" leaves no
flame exposed. It's as near

accident and fool proof as an engine can be

made.

Mechanical Excellence?

is an internal combustion engine of the throt-
tling governor type, which is recognized every-
where as the highest standard of engine design.

In short,
"INGECO"

Oil Engines
represent the
highest degree
of engine effi-
ciency. Judged
by cost per
year of service,
they are in the
long run an un-
usually profit-
able invest-
ment.

"INGECO" Oil Engines are made in all sizes from Y^. to
350 H. P., vertical and horizontal; portable, semi-portable and
stationary types — air or water cooled. Uniform speed under
variable loads.

We are prepared to supply Complete Equipment for Ir-
rigation Plants, including both engines and pumps to meet
all requirements. Write us for suggestions and estimates of cost.

Do You Need
a New
FEED MILL?

Write for full information about the "New
Holland" for which we are General North-
western Distributors. It's a big capacity
mill of light weight and light draft — that
handles all sorts of feed in first class shape
at low fuel cost. You can easily do your
grinding with a 1H to 3 H. P. Engine.
Get better posted about It.

INTERNATIONAL GAS
ENGINE COMPANY

General Sales Offices and Factory
Holthoff Place, Cudahy, Wis.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.

384

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

American Ingot Iron

ARMCO CULVERTS

Purity

Permanence

'"TVHE great irrigation companies have many places where corrugated
iron pipe, gates and bulkheads can be used to advantage, the only
difficulty being that the ordinary material in this form has a rather
limited service life. This objection is overcome by the use of high-
purity iron. See Engineering News, Jan. 22nd, 1914, Corrugated Iron
Construction on the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Project, by
E. C. Mills, Engineer. (Copy mailed on request.)

The illustration shows part of a shipment of 26 cars of American
Ingot Iron Culverts, made to the South San Joaquin Irrigation District,
San Joaquin County, California.

Write the nearest manufacturer for particulars and prices on American Ingot Iron Armco Culverts
Siphons, Flumes, Plates, Sheets, Roofing and Formed Products:

Arkansas, Little Rock

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
California. Los Angeles

California Corrugated Cul-
vert Co.
California, West Berkeley

California Corrugated Cul-
vert Co.
Colorado, Denver

K. Hardeety Mfg. Co.
Delaware, Clayton

Delaware Metal Culvert Co.
Florida, Jacksonville

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Georgia, Atlanta

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Illinois, Bloomington

Illinois Corrugated Metal Co.
Indiana, Crawfordsville

W. Q. O'Neal 1 Co.
Iowa, Des Moi nrs

Iowa Pure Iron Culvert Co.
Iowa, Independence

Independence Corr. Cul. Co.

Kansas, Topeka

The Road Sup. & Metal Co.
Kentucky, Xouisville

Kentucky Culvert Co.
Louisiana, New Orleans

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Maryland, Havre de Grace

J. N. Spencer.
Massachusetts, Palmer

New England Metal Cul. Co.
Michigan, Bark River

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.
Michigan, Lansing;

Michigan Bridge & Pipe Co.
Minnesota, Minneapolis

Lyle Corrugated Cul. Co.

Minnesota, I. vie

Lyle Corrugated Cul. Co.

Missouri, Moberly

Corrugated Culvert Co.

Montana, MiNNoula

Montana . 'vil \vi-t Co.

Nebraska, Lincoln

Lee-Arnett Co.
Nebraska, Wahoo

Nebraska Cul. & Mfg. Co.
Nevada, Reno

Nevada Metal Mfg. Co.
New Hampshire, Nashua

North-East Metal Cul. Co.
New Jersey, Flemington

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
New York, Auburn

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
North Carolina, Greensboro

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
North Dakota, Wahpeton

Northwestern Sheet &. Iron

Works.
Ohio, Middletown

The Ohio Corrugated Cul. Co.
Oklahoma, Shawnee

Dixie Culvert & Metal Co.
Oregon, Portland

Coast Culvert & Flume Co.

Pennsylvania, Warren

Pennsylvania Metal Cul. Co.
South Dakota, Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Metal Cul. Co.
Tennessee, Nashville

Tennessee Metal Culvert Co.
Texas, Dallas

American Rolling Mill Co.
, Atlas Metal Works.
Texas, El Paso

Western Metal Mfg. Co.
Texas, Houston

Lone Star Culvert Co.
Utah, Woods Cross

Utah Culvert Co.
Virginia, Roanoke

Virginia Metal & Cul. Co.
\\usbiiiKtoii. Spokaiif

Spokane Corr. Culvi-rt &

Tank CO,
Wisconsin, Eau Claire

Bark River Bridge & Cul. Co.

When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age.