SB |}
R2 Fz Ui S-PEPART MENT OF AGRIGULTURE.,
fy ; BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN No. 43.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Rurean

fi APANESE BAMBOOS

AND THEIR INTRODUCTION INTO AMERICA.

SEED AND JPLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION,

Isscep Juny 3, 1905.

Bul. 43, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S Dept of A

S griculture

PLATE |.

A COMMERCIAL GROVE OF BLACK BAMBOO (PHYLLOSTACHYS NIGRA), NEAR KYOTO,
JAPAN.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN No. 43.

B T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

JAPANESE BAMBOOS

AND THEIR INTRODUCTION INTO AMERICA.
DAVID G. FAIRCHILD, AGRICULTURAL EXPLORER.

_SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Issuep JuLy 3, 1903.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1903.

eae
wy"\

SEeay a
B2F3 3

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Brveriy T. Gatitoway, Chief of Bureau.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

A. J. Pirrers, Botanist in Charge.

W. W. Tracy, sr., Special Agent.

S. A. Knapp, Special Agent.

Davin G. Farrcurip, Agricultural Explorer.
Joun E. W. Tracy, Expert.

Grorcr W. Oxiver, Expert.

MAR 311908]
‘Ds ot D, co) ay

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U.S. DerarrmMenr or AGRICULTURE,
Bureau or Puan INpusrry,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., May 16, 1903.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper entitled *‘ Jap-
anese Bamboos and Their Introduction into America,” and respectfully
recommend that it be published as Bulletin No, 43 of the series of this
Bureau.

This paper was prepared by Mr. David G. Fairchild, Agricultural
Explorer, who has been detailed by you to accompany Mr. Barbour
Lathrop on his expeditions in search of valuable seeds and plants, and
it has been submitted by the Botanist in Charge of Seed and Plant
Introduction and Distribution with a view to publication.

The illustrations which accompany this paper, consisting of eight
half-tone plates, are considered essential to a full understanding of the
text.

Respectfully, b. T. Gattoway,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James WILson,
Secretary of Agriculture.

uy EAPC Es

The bamboo has long been known as one of the best of ornamentals
wherever the climate is sufficiently mild to permit of its cultivation,
but besides its value as an ornamental the bamboo has in its native
home a multitude of uses which make it one of the most important
plants in the economy of Japanese life.

Both Mr. Barbour Lathrop and Mr. Fairchild are conyinced that
the bamboo may be adapted to many uses in America, and the present
bulletin is intended to call attention to the possibilities in this direction
and to describe some of the most important species.

A. J. Prrrrrs,
Botanist in Charge.

Orrick OF BoTANIsT IN CHARGE OF

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DisTRIBUTION.
Washington, ID (Ok May 8, 1903.

5

COME TEE NET

MTOM CHOM mo ae 08 3 ae Sal Sos s Se ae
General considerations: ........-.<.------------
General characters of the Japanese bamboos. ----
Propagation of Japanese bamboos ....--.--------
Suitable location and soil conditions for bam boos
Japanese management of bamboo groves -..---. -
Profits of bamboo culture in Japan ...-.-.-.------
Culture of the edible bamboo -...--.-----.-...-
Different species of bamboos ..-......-....-----
hy llostachysmnitist eee 8 ee te Sees 2
Phyllostachys quiliol 22222. - 22222 24.5 22.52
Ry igstachy sien Onis a 8 ee see eee
“Madaradake”’ or ‘‘Ummon-chiku”’ -_..---
Bhylostachtys:Mipra),..5..2s\sseessseces tees
Phyllostachys castillonis ---..---- fees Sine
Pinyllostachysaureas-- 2.2.22 es. 2-2-2221. -
Phyllostachys bambusoides -...----.---.---
Phyllostachys marliacea _......=-----------
ARindinaria japonica 5-55 asc Sue See |
AHN GUANA siNLON es Seen ae St oe
AmnNGInaAashINdSie= =e ee cok oe
Arundinaria hindsii, var. graminea
{See ieoi| OV RTSENSONUT EL AY Ray Sh ess Re re ws a ae a ee I eS a
Bambusa palimata:: 2525/52. 2 sbe0. 2-8-2
Bambusa quadrangularis -.-......---.------
Ra MOUs umes) ee cane See ee ee oes Soe
SOLS RCULUSLIR) 7 aS ee a er ee ree Ble
Hexenipimon Or platesio'..- 25 - sone scm sees

Si

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page.
Pare 1. Commercial grove of black bamboo ( Phyllostachys nigra), near Kyoto,

Japan «2.22 > adsetes eee BS ee ee ee Frontispiece.
Il. A well-kept forest of timber bamboo ( Phyllostachys quilioi) on good
Man cy MS net neat ee Gt oa le as Seal ee 36
Ill. Fig. 1.—A well-kept forest of timber bamboo (Phyllostachys quiliot)
on poor soil. Fig. 2.—A badly kept forest of timber bamboo ( Phyl- ‘
lostachis:quaiioy)) One Od SOM ne seas ey ee he ee ee 36 a
TV. Bamboo groves in Japan. Fig. 1.—A hillside forest of edible bam-
hoo, 20 years old. Fig. 2.—A grove of edible bamboo more than
‘3 100 yearsold. Fig. 3.—Twelye-day-old shoot of Phyllostachys quilioi rh 2
in forest of same timber:species =2=- 2246 -=-- eee =e oe eee ee 362 os

V. Bamboo groves in Japan. Fig. 1.—Clump of Arundinaria simoni, .
showing persistent sheaths. Fig. 2.—Grove of Phyllostachys quilioi, ,
age unknown. Fig. 3.—Plat of a species of bamboo called ‘‘ Han-
Chika?” 2. 0 sae Soe Bee ee ae caer eee 36

VI. Fig. 1.—Black bamboo plant, showing the effect of the death of the ‘

rhizome. Fig. 2.—Properly dug young plant of black bamboo.

Fig. 3.—Rhizome of bamboo, with young shoots and roots spring-

ing inom miodes:: 55. a5 se oe 2 oe at ee

VII. Fig. 1.—A few dwarf hamboos. Fig. 2.—Embankment of Bambusa
reitchii in Tokyo. Fig. 8.—Sawdust on surface of shoot, indicating
presence of culm-boring larva. Fig. 4.—Longitudinal section of
shoot, showing culm-boring larva. ......----------- Bo ‘

VIII. Bamboos in California. Figs. 1 and 8.—Phyllostachys quilioi (2) on
the grounds of a nursery company at Niles. Fig. 2—Clump of
Phyllostachys quilioi, the second year after transplanting at Niles.
8

B. P. I.—56. 8. P. 1. D.—33.

JAPANESE BAMBOOS AND THEIR) INTRODUCTION
INTO AMERICA.

INTRODUCTION.

This bulletin represents a small part of the work accomplished by
Mr. Barbour Lathrop’s third expedition in search of valuable seeds
and plants, and comprises material gathered during a four months’
stay in Japan.

Its object is to call the attention of American cultivators to a group
of the most beautiful and useful of all plants which has hitherto been
neglected by them, either because they believe it adapted only to a
tropical climate or to be of only ornamental value, and to point out
how far both of these views are fallacious.

Anyone who has attempted to collect data in an Oriental country
will appreciate the difficulties which are encountered in working
through an interpreter, and will understand that some of the state-
ments in this bulletin must depend upon the accuracy of the trans-
lations. Mr. K. Yendo, of the botanic gardens in Tokyo, was,
however, particularly well fitted to interpret on botanical matters,
and it is hoped few errors have been made.

The writer wishes to express his indebtedness and gratitude for
assistance to Mr. T. Makino, of the Tokyo Botanic Gardens, who is
the Japanese authority on bamboos; Mr. Isuke Tsuboi, of Kusafuka,
near Ogaki, who is one of the best amateur cultivators of these
plants; and especially to Mr. H. Suzuki, of Yokohama, for most
valuable advice and assistance regarding transplanting and shipping.

The valuable work of Sir Ernest Satow on ‘* The Cultivation of
Bamboos in Japan,” in Volume XXVII of the Transactions of the
Asiatic Society of Japan (1899), and above all, ‘‘ The Bamboo Gar-
den,” by Mr. Freeman Mitford (1896), which is the most attractive and
useful book ever written on this group of plants, have been drawn
upon largely, especially in the preparation of the descriptions of the
various species.

; 9

10 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

The bamboo groves of Japan are not only one of the most striking
features of its landscapes but one of its most profitable plant cultures.

The largest well-kept groves in the world, except perhaps those of
Burma, are growing in the central provinces, and some of these are
several square miles in area. In the Tropics generally the bamboo is
cultivated in small clumps, but in Japan it is grown with almost the
same care that is given to the field crops.

No other nation has found so many artistic uses for the plant as
the Japanese, and in no other country, except it be China, is such a
variety of forms employed by the common people.

The plant is a necessity to the Japanese peasant; it forms one of the
favorite themes of the Japanese artist, and out of it are manufactured
some of the most delicate works of Japanese art. The bamboo is in
fact one of the greatest cultivated plants of this plant-loving race.

It is a popular misconception that bamboos grow only in the Tropies.
Japan is a land of bamboos, and yet where these plants grow it is not
sO warm in winter as it is in California. In regions where the snows
are so heavy that they often break down the young stems and where
the thermometer drops to 15° (F.) below the freezing point, the largest
of the Japanese species grows and forms large groves.

For many years the gardens of France and England have been
beautitied by clumps of these Japanese bamboos, and even in America
occasional plants can be found growing in the open air, which prove
the possibility of acclimatizing these representatives of this most use-
ful family of plants. A temperature of 6° F. has not proved fatal to
a large number of the hardy kinds in England.

Although nearly every description of those regions where bamboos
grow gives some account of their uses, there is still in the minds of
many Americans a doubt as to the value of these plants for growth in
the United States.

Bamboos are not like new grains or fodders which will yield prompt
returns in money, but they are essentially wood-producing plants,
whose timber is unlike that of any temperate-zone forest trees, and is
suitable for the manufacture of a multitude of articles for which our
own woods are not well adapted. They are the most convenient plants
in the world for cultivation about a farmhouse, and in those regions
where they can grow would, if introduced, prove themselves in time
one of the greatest additions imaginable to the plants of the common
people.

The Japanese and Chinese, who are the most practical agriculturists
in the world, have for centuries depended upon the bamboo as one of
their most useful cultures, and the natives of tropical India and the
Malay Archipelago would be much more at a loss without it than the

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 1

American farmer without the white pine, for they are not only depend-
ent upon it for their building material, but make their ropes, mats,
kitchen utensils, and innumerable other articles out of it, and at the
same time consider it among the most nutritious of their vegetables.
To enumexyate the uses of such a family of plants as this would be like
giving a list of the articles made from American pine, and it would
not serve the purpose of this bulletin so well as to simply point out
the fact that the wood of this bamboo is suited to the manufacture of
a different class of articles and fills a different want from that of any
of our American woods. Every country schoolboy is aware of the
superiority of a bamboo fishing pole over any other. Its flexibility,
lightness, and strength distinguish it sharply from any American poles,
and make it better suited for a fishing rod than one made from any
wood grown in this country. It is because the American schoolboys
are so firmly convinced that the bamboo fishing poles are the best that
the importers are warranted in shipping into the United States from
_ Japan every year several millions of them.¢

The thin, flexible ribs of the imported Japanese fan are made from
the wood of the same plant,and no one can fail to recognize the pecul-
iar fitness of the material for this particular use.

These are two uses of bamboo wood which illustrate its character,
and must be familiar to nearly everyone. When one realizes, how-
ever, that they are selected from over a hundred, which would be just
as familiar to the Chinese or Japanese, it seems highly probable that
this wood must be applicable to many other needs among Americans,
which a closer acquaintance with it would reveal. Santos Dumont
has employed bamboo extensively in the framework of his dirigible
balloons, and Edison once used it in his incandescent lamps.

Americans see in America only the imported poles or manufactured
articles as a rule, and from these it is very difficult to imagine the
multitude of uses to which the green, uncured stems are put. It is
for just such things as can be made quickly from the green shoots that
the plant is peculiarly fitted, and this suitability for making all sorts
of handy contrivances is one of the principal reasons why it should be
made a common plant among the farmers of those parts of our coun-
try where it will grow.

The bamboos belong to the family of the grasses, and if this fact is
kept in mind many peculiarities of their habits and characters will be
easily understood. They should be distinguished, however, from the
reeds, of which we have a number in America, especially such -as are
called ** bamboo reed” or ** Arundo” (Arundo donaz), a rank-growing
grass, with stems bearing long broad leaves to their very bases.

«The writer was informed by a large grower near Kyoto that 10,000,000 are
exported from Japan every year, and that the largest share of them goes to America.

12 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

These reeds, although useful, have very soft stems, which are entirely
different in texture from those of the true bamboo. The canebrakes
of the South are made up of a species of bamboo, but unfortunately
the wood of this species is of very little value. The tall, plume-like
stem of the bamboo, which sometimes reaches a height of 100 feet, has
many of the characteristics of a giant grass (PI. 1). It is composed
of joints, is hollow (Pl. VIII, fig. 1), and grows to its full height from
a creeping underground stem ina few days, quite as does a shoot of
quack grass. The rapidity with which a new culm grows is one of the
most remarkable facts about it, and often bewilders the layman, who
is accustomed to judge the age of a tree by its size (Pl. VII). Over
a foot a day is not an unusual rate during the most rapid growth—a
rate of 3 feet per day has been recorded—and a shoot more than 20
feet high may be less than fifty days above the ground. Its develop-
ment may be compared in a rough way to that of a shoot of asparagus,
and anyone who has seen how easily a young stem of bamboo can be
snapped off by merely shaking if will appreciate this comparison.

In common with the stems of grasses, those of the bamboo have a
hard, siliceous exterior, which makes them more impervious to mois-
ture and more durable than ordinary wood of the same weight. The
presence of partitions at short intervals, which cut up the hollow stem
into natural receptacles, is another valuable characteristic. These
partitions can, however, be easily removed, and the hollow stem used
as a pipe, or the pipe can be split open from end to end to form two
semicylindrical troughs. The ease with which the ereen stems can be
split into slender pieces, which range in size from half that of the
stem itself to the fineness of a horsehair, is one of the most remarkable
qualities of the wood, and makes it adapted to innumerable kinds of
basket, sieve, screen, and mat making. The fact that no long process
of curing is necessary before stems which have been cut fresh from
the forest can be used is one of the qualities that makes the plant of
such great convenience in the peasant homes of the Orient. Many of
the articles of bamboo manufacture could be replaced by metal ones,
but it is the convenience of having always at hand a stock of material
which can he easily made into a host of improvised things that makes
the plant so valuable. This latter is a point which should appeal espe-
cially to Americans, who are called the handiest people in the world.

The employment of the young sprouts as a vegetable.is alone worthy
of the serious attention of our cultivators, for the fondness which
many American residents show for bamboo shoots indicates the possi-
bility of creating a demand for them in America.

But in addition to the uses of the bamboos as timber and food plants
their value from an wsthetic standpoint is incontestable. They are
among the most graceful forms of vegetable life that exist, and add
an indescribable charm to any landscape (Pl. 1). No one who has

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 13
ever seen them in China or Japan can fail to have been impressed
with their beauty or convinced of the great charm which they lend to
the otherwise often monotonous character of the scenery. They are
waving plumes of delicate green foliage, which, whether seen against
the sky line or backed by a darker mass of forest, always give a pecul-
iar softness to the scene.

Nearly every farmhouse has growing near it a clump of some one
of the useful species, and the graceful mass of culms transforms what
would be an uninteresting plaster and tile house into a pretty, pictur-
esque home.

It is, however, the introduction of the hardy representatives of this
remarkable family of plants into the United States that should attract
the attention of Americans, and the object of this bulletin is to show
how the various kinds of bamboo are cultivated in Japan, and to
suggest how these methods of cultivation can be applied to American
conditions.

As might be expected, in a group of plants containing hundreds of
species, there is a great range of hardiness among them. Some of the
Japanese forms are able to thrive in the coldest regions of Hokkaido,
the North Island, while others are too tender to be grown successfully
even in the comparatively mild climate of the central provinces.

There is also a great range in the size of the different species. Some
are so small that they creep over the ground, forming a reed-like, rank-
growing greensward (PI. VII, fig. 2), while others grow to a height
of 40 feet or more and produce stems which are 6 and 7 inches in
diameter (Pl. IV). Certain forms are suited only for potting purposes
and are chosen by the Japanese gardeners as objects upon which to
practice their dwarfing art (PI. VII, fig. 1), while others are grown in
forests which are many acres in extent.

While the introduction into America of some of the smaller forms
is a desirable matter, the main interest attaches to securing and estab-
lishing the hardy forest species.

As previously remarked, there are many plants of Japanese bam-
boos already growing in America. Clumps of the very hardy kinds
may be seen occasionally in private gardens or public parks in the
South, even as far north as Washington; but owing either to the diffi-
culty of getting the plants ora failure to understand their manage-
ment these have never become popular farm plants. Potted specimens
of the small species are to be met with in many florists’ collections, and
some are used as lawn plants, but the employment of even these is
very limited.

In California, where the Japanese and Chinese species thrive very
well, there are many large specimens, and even one small forest, while
a number of Californians are enthusiastic bamboo fanciers. Dr. H.
Tevis, of San Francisco, has probably the largest collection on the

ws

14 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

Pacific coast, and his brother has a grove at Bakersfield in which
stems over 40 feet high are said to be growing. The Golden Gate
Park has several clumps which are very promising, and Mr. McLaren,
the superintendent, was most enthusiastic over an offer by Mr. Lathrop
to present several thousand to the park, with which to start a grove or
two of more than a half acre in extent. In the grounds of a nursery
company at Niles, Cal., there are several rows (PI. VIII) of the tim-
ber bamboo, individuals of which are certainly 25 feet in height; and
a beautiful little grove, probably of Phyllostachys quilioz, in the town
of Berkeley, was destroyed a few years ago to make way for a street.
In Florida the well-known nursery firms have already imported many
different species.

Mr. Lathrop is assisting the Department of Agriculture in an attempt
to introduce on a large scale the best of the Japanese timber sorts
and arouse the interest of a large class of cultivators in those regions
where the plants are likely to succeed, and it is to be hoped that the
time is not far off when many thousands of young plants will be set
out through these sections of the United States.

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

Bamboos are not trees, although their stems or culms are sometimes
as large as tree trunks, and it is essential that their character as grasses
be kept in mind.

They have the power of producing seeds, which resemble (in Japa-
nese species, at least) kernels of rice or barley, but they flower as a
rule only at intervals of many years, and very few of the flowers ever
form seed. The formation of mature seed is so uncommon in Japan
that Mr. Makino, of the Tokyo Botanic Gardens, who is writing a
monograph on the family, says he has never seen the seed of certain
of the common species.

In the almost total absence of the method of reproduction’ by seed
the bamboos have developed their rhizomes, or underground stems,
and it is upon these that the spread and multiplication of the individ-
uals depends. Unlike an ordinary tree, therefore, a clump of bamboos
has underground stems in addition to its root system. A mass of these
creeping rhizomes, which grow out in various directions from the base
of the clump, give rise every year to the new shoots which increase
the diameter of the clump. A single rhizome, according to Dr. Shiga,
chief of the bureau of forest management in Tokyo, continues grow-
ing for four seasons and then ceases, but from the bases of the shoots
it produces new rhizomes grow out which have a similar period of
growth. If these underground stems or rhizomes are injured or
checked in any way from spreading freely through the soil, the clump
of aérial shoots will remain small; but if given rich soil and abundance

GENERAL CHARACTERS. 15

of moisture a few plants will spread gradually until they cover a con-
siderable area.

The new shoots of bamboo are produced by different species at
different seasons of the year. The majority of Japanese species send
up their new stems in the spring, beginning in April and May, and
it is these sorts that stand the best chance of succeeding in America,
because our cold winters will kill back any young growth produced
late in the summer.

This growing period is the most critical one in the life of the plant,
as the shoots during development are easily injured by winds, frosts,
or droughts, and it is upon the growth of these young stems that the
beauty of the clump during the summer depends.

If one examine a rhizome of bamboo (PI. VI, fig. 3) it will be seen
to have at short intervals partitions or nodes, above each of which is
situated a small pointed bud, and from each bud arises a number of
fibrous roots. It is by the elongation and thickening of these buds
that the new shoots are formed, and if it is injured, though the rhizome
may remain alive for many years, it will not produce any new buds or
shoots from these nodes.

When a bud at the node of one of the underground stems has
swollen until it is much larger in diameter than the rhizome which
supports it and has sent down a number of good, strong roots, it
begins to elongate and push its way up through the soil. Tough,
overlapping sheaths protect the tender tip from injury, as well as the
undeveloped branches on the sides of the elongating shoot. These
sheaths are borne on alternate sides of the stem by each internode or
joint (Pl. IV, fig. 1), and are, according to Sir Ernest Satow, char-
acteristic of each species.“ They are tough and board-like, many of
them, often covered outside with fine bristles and characteristically
marked; and the tip of each is provided with a leaf-like appendage
called pseudophyll, which varies in shape with each species. These
protecting organs remain closely attached to the stem until it has
nearly finished its growth, when they stand out from the stem, allow
the young branches hidden beneath to develop, and finally drop off.
In some species the sheaths remain attached longer than in others,
and in certain species they neyer drop off, but gradually dry up and
break to pieces.

Until the young stem has attained its full height it is quite branch-
less, like a shoot of asparagus. On reaching maturity, however, the
sheaths fall back and the young branches elongate and unfold their
leaves. Most large forest bamboos have no branches near the ground,
the first four or six nodes failing to produce them. When grown in

«The Cultiyation of Bamboos in Japan, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, Vol. XX VII,
Part III, 1899, Price, 5 yen.

16 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

dense masses even the first twenty or more are often devoid of
branches. The smaller the shoot the more likely it is to branch from
the lower nodes.

The leaves of bamboo vary greatly in size, but have one general
lanceolate form, some being nearly a foot long by 6 inches wide, and
suitable for wrapping material; but the majority of forest forms at
least have leaves from 2 to 6 inches long. Mr. Mitford points out
in his most interesting book, ‘‘ The Bamboo Garden,” that the leaves
of all hardy species in England have not only the parallel longitudinal
nerves which are common to all bamboos, but delicate cross nerves
which give a leaf the appearance, when held up to the light, of being
covered with a network of veins. All species tested by him which
did not have these ‘‘ tesselated” leaves, as he calls those leaves with
cross as well as longitudinal veins, proved tender in England.

Little use is made of the foliage of most species of bamboo, a few
only being used for fodder where better food in not obtainable. One
species in Hokkaido is said to be browsed over by the few cattle
which are there. When first produced the young foliage is often of a
dark-green color, but as it becomes older it changes to a lighter shade
of green, and on very old culms it often has a yellowish tinge. These
differences in the color of the foliage are what give such a variable
appearance to a bamboo forest.

Although produced in a few weeks, a stem requires three or four
years to harden and become fit for use, and if left standing in the
forest too long, or until it becomes yellow, it loses much of its
elasticity. Culms that are twenty years old have lost much of their
beauty, the foliage becoming scant and the stems yellow and scarred.

The roots of the bamboo resemble those of Indian corn. ‘They are
brittle and easily broken and are never of any great size, but are
formed in large masses from the nodes of the underground stems.

PROPAGATION OF JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

If Japanese bamboos produced seed, the cheapest and safest way to
propagate them would be by importing large quantities of the latter
and growing them in seed beds; but as none of the useful species bears
fruit, except at very long intervals, it is necessary to propagate the
plants by other means. Two methods have been practiced, one of
which, however, is only used to a limited extent.

The safest way is the simple one of digging up young plants,
separating them from the mother clumps, and transplanting them
to the desired situation. This method seems very simple, but there
are several essential points regarding it which must be attended to if
the transplanting is to prove a success. If the transplanting is only
from a forest to a location near by, it may be done at any time during

PROPAGATION, 17

the growing season. In /fapan this period extends from April until
July, inclusive. If, however, the plants are desired for planting in
a foreign country, America, for example, they should be dug early in
April, set out in nursery rows, and allowed to grow until the middle
of July. Those which in July show a new growth from the rhizome
should then be transplanted again into the same kind of soil, and in
October they will be in condition for digging and shipment. Mr.
Tsuboi, of Kusafuka, cuts back the culms on his young plants to one or
two nodes when he first digs them in April, at which time they form
a rosette of leaves near the ground (PI. VI, fig. 1). When treated in
this way they produce small plants which would be very economical
for shipping, as they require little box space.

Much depends upon the selection of the young plants whether or
not a vigorous clump results from its planting in a few years. The
mother plant should be inspected to see if it is in good health. If the
branches are affected by what is known as ‘‘ witches’ broom,” which
makes gnarled, irregular tangles of the small branches, young plants
should not be taken from them. <A species of smut (Ustilago) some-
times affects the young branches and produces an appearance similar
to that of the witches’ broom, but this is less abundant than the former
disease. The larva of a species of beetle, whose habits are not yet fully
known so far as could be ascertained, sometimes causes considerable
damage by boring into the young shoots and penetrating through seg-
ment after segment of the young growth, stunting the culm and com-
pletely ruining it for timber purposes (PI. VII, figs. 3and 4). A young
plani in bloom is considered worthless for transplanting, as it seldom
gives rise to new shoots.

The proper way is to select a young plant with branches near the
ground and cut down with a spade or other cutting tool on all sides of
the base at a distance of not less than 8 inches, severing the rhizomes
which connect the plant with the mother clump. Dig out a good-sized
ball of earth with the roots inclosed in it, shake off the superfluous
earth, cut back the stem to two branch-bearing nodes, and transfer to
a nursery row (PI. VI, fig. 2). Tf no rhizome is dug up with the plant,
or if the rhizome is dead, the plant may live on for several years, a
rosette of leaves forming at the top of the stem, without the formation
of any new shoots (PI. VI, fig."2). Mr. Tsuboi is of the opinion that
plants with dead rhizomes will live for seven or eight years and appear
pertectly healthy. The plant is kept alive by the fibrous roots, but
has no power to form anew rhizome. In the purchasing of plants
from nursery companies the principal point to ascertain is whether
the rhizome is alive and in vigorous condition. The part above ground
may be to all appearances in good health, while the rhizome is dead,
making the plant worthless.

If these properly dug plants which have been set in nursery rows

27088—No. 43——083——2

18 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

in April are inspected in July some of them will have begun the for-
mation of new shoots from their active rhizomes. Plants of which
the rhizomes show no signs of activity, it should be emphasized, are
probably weak and should not be chosen for the second transplanting,
especially if designed for a long ocean yoyage. In October the
twice-transplanted bamboos, hardened by this transplanting process,
are dug and their roots, together with a ball of earth, are wrapped
with coarse straw twine, surrounded with a layer of moist sphagnum,
-and packed carefully in well-aired boxes. All holes in such boxes
should he carefully closed with wire netting to keep out rats during
the yoyage. Very little foliage should be left on the plants when
they are shipped in this way (see Pl. VI, fig. 2). October is the
best month for shipping from Japan, because the plants have by that
time gone into a dormant condition and travel safer, and the extreme
cold weather will not have begun before they reach their destination
in America.

Even with these precautions, the plants on arrival after a sea voyage
require special attention. According to Mitford, who has had much
experience with their importation, they should not be planted out in
their permanent places before they have recovered from the effects of
the journey. The balls of earth should be first thoroughly soaked in
water and the plants then potted and placed in a cool house for the
winter. The leaves, or bare culms, if the leaves are lost, should be
copiously syringed twice a day, but the roots should not be kept too
moist. Early in May the plants should be hardened off as one hardens
off geraniums for bedding out, and at the end of May or beginning of
June they will be ready to plant in their permanent places.

This should be in soil which has been especially prepared the pre-

vious autumn by double digging to a depth of 18 inches. In setting
out, great care should be taken not to trample down the soil too
roughly about the roots, as there is great danger of injuring the brittle
buds on the rhizomes or the tender fibrous roots. It is best, Mr.
Mitford says, to consolidate the plants by watering freely. After
planting, the ground should be thickly covered with a mulch of dried
leaves (Pl. II), under which is a layer of cow manure; and this muleh
should be kept on during the summer months to allow the plants to
form a good strong system of underground stems and fibrous roots.

The above method, which embodies the experience of such students
of the bamboo as Mr. Mitford, Mr. Tsuboi, and Mr. H. Suzuki, is
probably the safest one and in the end most economical.

Tt has been found unnecessary by such cultivators as Mr. J. MeLaren
and Mr. John Rock, of Calrfornia, to pot the plants on arrival in such
awarm climate as California. They are merely heeled in, given plenty
of water, and set out the following spring.

The other method of propagation is to dig up, in the winter, lengths

LOCATION AND SOIL CONDITIONS. 19

of 1-year-old rhizome 3 feet or so long

2,
ashes, allow these wet ashes to dry, and pack carefully in a tight box
in fine, almost dry soil (PI. VI, fig. 3). Upon arrival these rhizomes

rub the cut ends with wet

are set out in properly prepared ground. ‘The shipment should be
timed to arrive at its destination in the early spring, so that the cut-
tings can be set out at once. This method is recommended by Mr.
Mitford for the commercial nursery propagation of the bamboo, but
he does not advise its employment if the plants are to be shipped long
distances, and the author has failed to find that it has been successfully
tried. Mr. John Rock, of Niles, Cal., thinks bamboos could be
propagated quickly in this way.

Even with the best of care in transplanting by the first described
method the Japanese bamboo growers count on losing at least 10 per
cent of their young plants, and if the conditions are not altogether
favorable, as high as 20 per cent of failures may be expected.

SUITABLE LOCATION AND SOIL CONDITIONS FOR BAMBOOS.

In Japan some of the best groves are surrounded by paddy fields,
and the soil is a rich, stiff loam, lightened with a mixture of sand.
Those visited by the writer are on the open plain and stretch up and
down a small brook for 5 miles or more. Whatever winds blow over
this small plain must strike the forests, but it is safe to say that such
winds are not strong ones. A favorite site for a bamboo grove is the
base of some range of hills or a broad valley where some mountain
stream has brought down and deposited a mass of alluvium. These
situations have the double advantage of suitable soil and shelter from
strong winds. This latter point is said by every grower to be an impor-
tant one, for the young shoot, as soon as it is tall enough to come in
contact with the branches of the older ones, is thrashed about by the
winds and its growing tip is injured. This injury stops its growth at
once and the resulting culm is imperfect. Wind-breaks of conifers
are sometimes planted to protect a grove which is in an exposed posi-
tion. In America, where the prevailing winds are probably as a rule
stronger than they are in Japan, special attention will have to be given
to this matter of wind-breaks.

The quality of the soil on which a bamboo stem is grown influences
materially the texture of its wood. So fully is this realized by the
Japanese that there is one particular mountain side which has the
reputation of producing the hardest, flintiest bamboo in the country.
The culms grown at Togeppo are cut up and made into the cylindrical
ash boxes, or ‘*‘haifuki,” upon the edge of which the smokers strike
their metal-trimmed pipes in order to knock out the ashes. After
years of use the edge of the Togeppo ash box remains smooth, while
that made from a stem grown in the lowlands is splintered to pieces.

20 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

Potash and phosphoric acid are very important elements in the for-
mation of a strong, tough wood, and although their use in fertilizers
does not make so much difference in the rapid growth of the culm as
that of nitrogen they are quite as important.

A well-drained soil is just as necessary for bamiboos as for many
trees, for although these plants require much moisture they are not
swamp plants, like canes or reeds. Land which is occasionally over-
flowed can be planted to advantage with bamboos, according to Mr.
Tsuboi, if they are set on low mounds or ridges; but stagnant pools of
water will kill the rhizomes if allowed to stand over them for many
weeks. Embankments of canals, the borders of ponds, and river
banks are suitable situations, especially in dry regions. Large clumps
are growing along the canals in Eeypt, and Algiers has many varieties
growing in her trial gardens which are watered only by irrigation.
There are in California, Oregon, Texas, and throughout the Gulf and
Southern States thousands of suitable locations. The banks of small
streams, the deltas of rivers, low, irrigated islands, like those in the
San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers, would produce big forests of
these valuable plants, while the banks of irrigation canals, wherever
such occur in mild climates, could be made beautiful by them. Any
soil which has a large admixture of gravel in it does not prove satis-
factory, as the gravel prevents the rapid spreading of the underground
stems. Such compact soils as the gumbo soils of the Southwest will
probably grow the plants well, but they will presumably not spread
as rapidly on such stiff ground as they would upon a lighter loam. If
it is the object to produce a large number of big culms, the best soil
is one with a fair admixture of vegetable humus. The rhizomes
spread rapidly in such humus and produce a fine crop of new shoots.
As the roots of the forest species penetrate 3 feet into the soil, the
writer is assured that a clay subsoil at this depth is a desirable soil
condition. In the cultivation of the edible bamboos (Phyllostachys
mitis) a lighter, more sandy soil seems to be preferred to that deemed
suitable for the timber kinds, 7. guéléoi and P. henonis. Most bam-
boos will not withstand much drought without losing their leaves, but
they are not so dependent upon a moist atmosphere as most people
imagine. If they are supplied with plenty of water at the roots their
leaves will keep green in a fairly dry climate. They must not be con-

sidered, however, as drought-resistant plants, but as suitable for irri-.

gated land or regions in which there is at least a moderately regular
rainfall. At Niles, Cal., Mr. Rock has bamboos 20 feet high which are
watered only twice a year with about 2 inches of water each time

(Pl. VIL).

tA evens

MANAGEMENT OF GROVES. 21
JAPANESE MANAGEMENT OF BAMBOO GROVES.

One of the best posted bamboo growers in Japan informed the
writer that twenty years ago he did not know that his groves, which
were then in a neglected state, had any money value, but that to-day
those parts of his farm on which the groves are situated are its most valu-
able portions. The attention which he bestows upon them now is very
inexpensive, but almost as careful as that given to any other of his
crops. The following forest methods are largely those which Mr.
Tsuboi described as, from his experience, the best. These are appli-
‘able with slight variations to the three principal timber bamboos in
Japan, and pertain ina general way to the culture of the ornamental
species. .

The land chosen for a bamboo groye should be dug over to a depth
of 13 feet the autumn previous to being planted, and, if a heavy soil,
should have worked into it a good quantity of trash from the stable.
The plants should be set out at an equal distance from each other at
the rate of about 300 to an acre, or 12 feet apart each way. If the soil
is a dry one, the ball of earth and roots should be planted below the
surface of the soil, but if a wet one a mound should be made and the
plants set in the upper portion of it. After planting it is important,
as already remarked, that the soil between the plants should be given
a heavy mulch of straw, under which is a layer of cow manure. This
mulch should be maintained during the entire year. In the beginning
the roots should be supplied with an abundance of water and in the
autumn should be given plenty of rotted manure. If some of the
plants die, they should be replaced by others so as to maintain as com-
plete a stand as possible. It is essential as the new shoots spring up
that the ground at their bases should be shaded by the foliage. The
semiobscurity of a Japanese grove is not only its greatest charm, but
one of the necessary factors of its growth. The sooner the ground
can be shaded by the plants the better.

For the first three years at least all the shoots that appear should be
allowed to mature, but after the grove is once well established only
the largest shoots should be permitted to grow, the others being cut
out as soon as they appear above the ground. This thinning process
throws the strength of the plants into a comparatively few large culms,
and gradually increases the height and strength of the forest.

In regions where the snows are so heavy that they break down the
plants the practice of bringing the tops of several culms together and
fastening them with rope is sometimes followed. The wigwam-like
masses formed in this way are able to support without injury the
weight of snow.

No culm should be cut for timber purposes until it is at least four
years old, as before this time the wood is not mature. On the other

22 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

hand, if left standing too long the wood becomes too brittle and loses
in value, and the forest besides is benefited by the cutting out of the
four-year-old stems. ‘The crop of new shoots is larger. This thinning-
out process should be so done that as few gaps as possible are made in
the forest and the semiobscurity below the mass of foliage is main-
tained.

The crop of new shoots varies in size every alternate year. A poor
crop would mean 6 to 7 per cent of new shoots and a good crop 12 to
l4 per cent. As there are commonly 10,000 culms in a hectare“ (or
4,545 in an acre) of properly planted grove ten to fifteen years old,
this would mean the production of 600 to 700 culms per hectare for a
light crop and 1,200 to 1,400 fora heayy one. These figures were
very kindly furnished the writer by Dr. T. Shiga, chief of the impe-
rial forest management in Tokyo.

The experience of Mr. Tsuboi has been that some kinds of forest
trees if standing in a grove prevent the growth of the bamboos near
them. Oaks and chestnuts, he declares, are especially objectionable
in this respect, while persimmons do not seem to affect in the least
the production of new bamboo shoots. The effect of weeds ina forest
is undesirable, and although comparatively few species are able to live
in such a deep shade these should be dug out as from any cultivated
field. Attention to these various details makes a great difference in
the amount and quality of timber produced. A grove is not to be
looked upon as merely a thicket and left to take care of itself, but as
a plant culture which requires attention. Plates Il and III show the
effects of different methods of treating parts of the same grove.

One important element in the culture of this peculiar timber plant z
is the fact that a whole forest may bloom and die in a single season,
and that it is not possible—as yet—to tell beforehand when this bloom-
ing will take place. The intervals between these periods are, howeyer,
so long that they are not taken into consideration by the Japanese
farmer when he buys a bamboo grove. Little accurate information
is obtainable regarding the length of life of the various Japanese
species, but Phyllostachys henonis has the reputation in Japan of
blooming oftener than either P. guilioi, P. mitis, or P. nigra, the
other three important timber species. A small grove near Kawasaki
which bloomed this season (1902) was reported by the owner to have
once bloomed about sixty years before. As there always remain in
the field a number of living rhizomes, after the death of the forest,
these renew the latter in a few years, so that the actual loss to the
owner does not include the cost of replanting. This is the case at
least with the Japanese bamboos. As culms which have bloomed are
poor in quality, the practice is followed of cutting them as soon as
possible after they show signs of blooming.

«About 23 acres.

PROFITS OF CULTURE. 23

In Japan, where bamboos and rice are often grown in adjoining plats
of ground, some trouble is experienced from the underground stems
spreading into the neighboring fields. To prevent this a ditch 2 feet
wide and as many feet deep is dug about the grove and kept open by
several rediggings during the year. This method is said to be a satis-
factory one. It is a difficult matter, however, after a field has once
been planted to bamboos, to clear it satisfactorily for other crops, for
there is a mass of these tough rhizomes that are very difficult to dig
out.

The harvesting of bamboo poles is not done before August, as
culms cut earlier than this date are likely to be attacked by insects,
not having had time to sufficiently harden. A Kyoto grower of black
bamboos remarked that the Kobe exporters, by insisting on haying
their bamboos for export cut earlier than this date, had seriously
injured the foreign demand, as the quality of the wood was much
injured by this early harvest.

A saw is often used in cutting the shoots, by making cuts on oppo-
site sides of it near the base. When cut, the poles are classified, tied
into bundles, and stacked like hop or bean poles to dry. In the
lumber yards of Japan these stacked poles of bamboo form a promi-
nent feature.

PROFITS OF BAMBOO CULTURE IN JAPAN.

Dr. Shiga, chief of the bureau of forest management of Japan,
when asked whether bamboo growing was profitable or not, said
promptly that it was the best paying plant culture in the country,
yielding a net return of 250 yen per hectare, which is the equivalent
of about $50 gold per acre. The species referred to by Mr. Shiga in
this case was the edible one. Twenty per cent of this amount repre-

-sents the profits from the sale of edible shoots. Mr. Tsuboi’s profits

on his groves of Phyllostachys quilio7, a strictly timber species, ayer-
aged $20 an acre, while those of one of his friends near Kyoto were
$40. The profits of a good grove of edible bamboo are evidently
greater than those from one grown for timber only, and the author
was informed by one of the best bamboo growers near Kyoto that his
profits per acre were about $90 on land which, cleared of bamboo,
would not bring more than $80, while good rice land sold for $200.
A second grower of bamboos near Kyoto, who ships for the export
trade from Kobe, informed the writer that the culture in his province
of Phyllostachys quilioi yields a net income of about $40 per acre,
while 7”. Aenon7s brings in only about $30. Five years ago the black
bamboo brought in a profit of $200 per acre, but now scarcely nets $50.
Rice culture in this region, according to Mr. Tsuboi, barely pays more
than for the cost of labor and manure, the former reckoned at 35 to
40 sen, or 174 to 20 cents gold, a day. All of these figures, however,

24 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

have no practical bearing on the profits of bamboo growing in
America, where a market for the culms can only be made after a con-
stant reasonable supply has been assured.

The cost of the attention which is necessary in order to grow bam-
boos is so much Jess than that required for rice growing, suitable land
is so much cheaper, and so much less risk is run from bad weather,
that the statement that it is the best paying culture in Japan seems
correct, and such inquiries tend to confirm it.

CULTURE OF THE EDIBLE BAMBOO.

Only one species of bamboo is commonly grown in Japan for food,
and this is the largest one (Phyllostachys mitis), known as ** Moso.”
It was introduced from China, where its value as a food plant has been
known for centuries, and its common name indicates its origin.“ One
other sort, 2. aurea, is also said to have edible shoots, but those of
the remaining kinds are understood to be too bitter to be eaten.

The method of cultivating this species differs from that described
for the timber sorts. The best soil is a more friable one, and if not
naturally with a good admixture of sand it must be top dressed every
year with 1 inch of light sandy loam and a mulching of straw or grass
and weeds cut from the meadow. The young plants are set out more
sparsely than if designed for timber, not more than 120 to the acre.
Liquid manure is given freely to the newly set out:plants, and as long
as they are grown for their edible shoots large amounts of rich ferti-
lizer containing much soluble nitrogen must be supplied them. In
Japan the cost of the fertilizer is the principal expense of cultivation.
In five years, if the transplanted mother plants are of good size, they
should yield shoots large enough for sale, but ten years are required
to bring the plantation into a profitable bearing condition. Weedine
is done more carefully than in timber groves, though for the first
five or six years all the shoots which come up are allowed to stand;
but later, when the plantation is established, all small-sized ones are
promptly removed as soon as they appear above ground. In order to
obtain a supply of fresh culms a regular system in cutting out the old
ones is followed. A definite number of selected stems, as soon as they
are fully grown, are marked with the year of their production, and
nine years later all of those bearing the same date are ent out. Each
spring the same number (about 80 per acre) of new culms are spared
from being dug out when small for market, and each autumn a similar

“Moso is the name of one of the twenty-four paragons of Chinese filial piety.
The story is the case of a boy whose widowed mother fell ill and longed for broth
made of young bamboo shoots. The shoots not being procurable in winter, his devo-
tion was such that he went out in the snow to dig for them. The gods rewarded his
devotion by causing the shoots to grow suddenly to an unheard-of size. Japanese
artists are fond of illustrating their works of art with drawings of the boy Moso.

CULTURE OF EDIBLE BAMBOO. 25

number of 9-year-old stems are cut and sold for timber. These are
only a small proportion of the total number of bamboos on an acre,
for this ranges from 640 to 680. If this system of thinning out is fol-
lowed a plantation may be kept in bearing almost indefinitely. Near
Kyoto the practice is followed of cutting off the top of every shoot
left standing, before it is fully mature, to a height of from 12 to 14
feet. This prevents the wind from moving the culms too much and
induces the formation of a bushy mass of luxuriant foliage and a great
number of medium-sized shoots, which are more profitable than the
few larger-sized ones that result if the mother plants are not topped.

The tenderest shoots and those which bring the highest prices are
the ones dug up before their tips have pierced the surface of the soil.
These bring, early in the season, as much as 1 yen per ‘‘kwan” (about
6 cents gold per pound), while the later product must sometimes be
disposed of for a tenth of this price. The market season in Tokyo
begins in December and closes in June. Although bamboo shoots are
very nutritious, they are not easily digested, and many Americans do
not like them for this reason. Old residents in Japan, however, often
grow very fond of them and have adapted them to their Western menu.

Miss Fanny Eldredge, of Yokohama, has very kindly furnished the
following recipes for cooking bamboo shoots:

1. Bamboo sprouts with cream sauce.—These sprouts are cut when about a foot above
the ground, by digging down to the rhizomes which bear them. After being gath-
ered, the outside sheaths are removed and the shoots are soaked for half an hour
in cold water. They are then cut in thin slices, about 3 inches long by 1 inch square,
and thrown into boiling water containing a small teaspoonful of salt, and are boiled
from an hour to an hour and a half, or until tender. The pieces are then drained
and a white sauce is poured oyer them, which is made in the following way: To a
half pint of cream or milk adda teaspoonful of butter; season with salt and black
pepper. Allow this to boil up and serve at once. If desired, this sauce may be
thickened with flour.

2. Bamboo shoots in butter. —Slice and cook as in the preyious recipe, until tender.
Into a saucepan put three tablespoonfuls of butter, seasoned with pepper, salt, and a
little chopped parsley. When heated, put in the bamboo. Shake and turn until
the mixture boils; then lay the bamboo on a hot platter, pour the butter over it, and
serve at once.

8. Bamboo shoots, Japanese style.—Slice and cook the bamboo until tender, as in

~ recipe No. 1; then put into a sauce made as follows: Take one coffee cup full of soy

sauce (this is the basis of Worcestershire sauce and obtained only at Chinese or
Japanese grocers or at some of the largest groceries in our large cities), one-fourth
cupful of water, one heaping teaspoonful of sugar; let boil for half an hour in this
sauce, and serve.

DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BAMBOOS.

The bamboo family is a large one and scattered over a great portion
of the warmer and mountain regions of the globe, and, owing to the
fact that the plants so infrequently bloom and that their elassification

26 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

depends upon the characters of the flower, it is not a very well-
known group of plants. The monograph by Munro“@ is one of
the most comprehensive attempts to give in one book descriptions
of all of the known species. Of the hundreds of described forms
only a small proportion are of much economic importance, and of
these only a few are hardy. When the interior of China, the slopes
of the Himalayas and Andes, and the mountains of the Malay
Archipelago have been searched oyer for valuable hardy forms,
the comparatively short list of species suitable for introduction will
doubtless be largely increased. Anyone wishing to know what a
large territory there is to search over for hardy bamboos and how
many remain to be introduced and tested, will find these subjects dis-
cussed in a very interesting chapter called, ‘* Future possibilities,” in
Mr. Mitford’s book, ‘‘The Bamboo Garden.” Nor should attention
be confined to the hardy forms, when the tropical species are so many
and various and have been so little studied from an economic stand-
point. There are forms in Burma which could doubtless be introduced
with great advantage into the Philippines, and species from the semi-
tropical regions of China which are worthy of establishing in Hawaii.
In fact, the more familiar one becomes with the bamboo question the
truer does Mr. Mitford’s statement, from the wsthetic standpoint,
appear, that ‘‘we have only touched the fringe of what we may hope
to achieve in the decoration of our wilderness gardens with the erace
of these royal grasses.”

At present, only a limited number of forms are eligible for intro-
duction into the United States, and the majority of these are found in
Japan.

The following popular descriptions of the more important economic
sorts are given to assist in determining those common species which
may be introduced in the near future, or which are already growing in
America. The nomenclature followed is that given by Mr. Mitford
in his ‘‘ Bamboo Garden,” except in such species as are not included
by him, when Sir Ernest Satow’s work, ‘* The Cultivation of Bamboos
in Japan,” is followed. This is not an attempt to clear up the nomen-
clature of these badly mixed species.

The different common species of Japanese bamboos which resemble
each other have been so often taken for one another that a convenient
method of telling them apart is a very desirable thing. Such a method
Sir Ernest Satow has drawn attention to in his book. It consists i
comparing the forms and markings of the sheaths that surround the
young shoots and in the leaf-like appendages or pseudophylls which
are borne at their tips. He has published colored plates to illustrate

«Monograph of the Bambusaceze, including descriptions of all the species. London,
1870, 157 pp.

DIFFERENT SPECIES. 27

these characters. The difficulty in using them, however, is that the
sheaths are only obtainable in the season when there are young shoots.
Mr. Mitford points out that the form and coloration of the winter
buds in the axils of the branches, from which new branches develop,
are important means of distinguishing the species. The characters
which determine whether a bamboo belongs to the Bambusa, Phyl-
lostachys, or Arundinaria genera, which are all it is necessary to con-
sider here, are unfortunately largely floral ones and for practical
purposes nearly useless. The genus Lambusa belongs to a section
(Bambuse vere) in which the flowers have six stamens, while P/y//os-
tachys and Arundinarva both belong to the Zr7glossx section, where
the flowers have three stamens. Avundinaria is distinguished from
Phyllostachys by haying round stems, while those of the latter are
grooved or slightly flattened on one side. The sheaths in Avund/naria
remain attached much longer than in Phyllostachys, as a rule those of
the latter genus dropping off as soon as the culms are mature.

Puytiostacuys Mitts, A. & C. Riviere.
(JAPANESE NAME: ‘‘ Moso-chiku’’ or ‘‘ Mouso-chiku.”’ )

The largest hardy species in Japan, growing to a height of over 50
feet and producing, not uncommonly, culms over 6 inches in diameter.
In England specimens have been grown to a height of 19 feet anda
diameter of 14 inches. The culms are gently curved shortly after leav-
ing the ground, while those of other sorts with which it might be con-
fused rise straight from the base. (Compare figs. 1 and 3, PI. IV.)
Its sheaths are of a light-brown color, marked with dark umber-brown
blotches and round dots and covered with bristles. The pseudophyll is
broad at the base, tapers to a point, but 7s not wavy in outline. The sheath
spreads right and left from the base of the pseudophyll and is fringed
throughout with hairs, which are straight when they lie between the
pseudophyll and the stem, but curled on the right and left sides where
they are free to develop. Thé internodes are generally shorter than
those of the other large species and the leaf sheaths are fringed at the
insertion of the leaf witha number of rather coarse hairs. The branch
buds are purplish brown and strongly marked. The leaves vary from
1 to 6 inches in length and are too variable to be convenient characters
for quick determination. This is the great edible bamboo of Japan
and China, the method of cultivation of which has been described. It
is not as hardy in England as Phyllostachys quilioi and P. henonis.

Puytiosracuys Quinior, A. & C. Riviére.
(JAPANESE NAME: ‘‘ Madake.’’ )

The second largest hardy species, growing to a height of 30 to 40
feet in Japan and 18 feet in England, with a diameter of 4 inches and
1} inches, respectively. The great timber bamboo of the Japanese.

28 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

The culms rise straight from the rhizome, and the branches are pro-
portionately long, compared with the height of the stem.

Its sheaths are marked with purple or reddish blotches, which are
much more pronounced in character than those of the preceding Species,
and the pseudophyll has a wavy outline. The branch buds have green
bases, and only the tips are brown. The new shoots appear above
ground in Japan a month later than those of the following species
(2. henonis), that is, in June. The internodes are proportionately
longer than those of 7”. »7¢7s, but the leaf sheaths are fringed with long
hairs, as they are in that species. The leaves yary in length from 2
to 8 inches, but are proportionately broader, according to Mitford.
This species is hardy in England and has a more vigorously spreading
rhizome than that of P. m7tis or P. aurea.

Puytvosracuys Hernontis, Mitford.
(JAPANESE NAME: ‘‘/Tachiku.’’ )

A somewhat smaller kind of bamboo than the preceding two species.
Considered by Mitford the prettiest one cultivated in England. Height
in Japan from 20 to 30 feet, with a maximum diameter of a trifle over 3
inches. In England specimens 14 feet high and one-half inch in diameter
oceur. After P. mitis and P. quilioi the commonest timber form in
Japan. Culms rise straight from the base. Sheaths are a straw color,
with few or no spots of any kind and with a distinctly wavy pseudo-
phy! like the blade of a Malay 27s. |New shoots appear before those
of P. quilioc—that is, in Apriland May. The leaf sheaths are fringed
(at least on young plants) with delicate hairs, which are neither so long
nor bristlelihe as those in P. mitis and P. quilioi. Branch buds
are a pale yellowish-green. The pipe is thinner walled than that of
P. quilvo/, and its use in the arts is restricted because of the inferior
quality of the wood. The rootstock is said to run freely in England,
where it has proved hardy.

‘“MADARADAKE”™ or ‘‘ UMMON-CHIKU.”

A form closely related to 2. henon?s, which is distinguished by hay-
ing dark blotches on its culms that are presumably caused by some as
yet undetermined species of fungus. These spots are regularly pres-
ent on almost all internodes and give to the stems a very decorative
appearance, making them much sought after for fancy furniture. The
extent and beauty of these blotches vary with the amount of shade
which the plants are given and the kind of soil upon which they are
grown. The best location is said to be a moist river bottom, and the
less direct sunlight that is permitted to strike the young shoots when
in growth the better. A rare sort, except in certain localities in Japan.
Some of the best groves the writer has seen are in Hikone, in the
province of Mino, on Lake Biwa.

DIFFERENT SPECIES. 29

Puytvosracuys Nigra, Munro.

ce

(JAPANESE NAMEs: ‘‘ Gomadaké,”’ *‘ Kuro-chiku,” or ‘* Kurodake.”’)

The black bamboo is not as generally grown in Japan as the three
species just mentioned, but it is nevertheless an important culture.
Formerly more money was made out of it than has been the case in
recent years, because the foreign demand, it is said, has fallen off.

It is a smaller species than the other timber sorts, seldom growing
over 20 feet high and 14 inches in diameter.

The culms when young are covered with dark-brown to purple spots,
which spread as it grows older until the whole culm becomes dark-
brown, almost black, except just below the nodes, where there is an
ash-gray line. This dark color at once distinguishes the species from
all other Japanese sorts. Branch buds are brown, mottled with black.
There is a great variation in the intensity of this dark color of the culms,
and this is said to vary with the kind of soil upon which the plants are
grown and the amount of sunlight to which they are exposed. There
are, however, at least two varieties of this species, one with much more
intensely brown culms than the other. Mr. Mitford calls the lighter
sort P. nigro-punctata, and remarks that it is hardier than 2. niyra,
but not so pretty. Light, hillside soil is claimed as better adapted to
the production of intense color than rich alluvium, and it is found
necessary to renew old plantations, in order to prevent the color from
fading out.

This is one of the hardiest forms grown in England, attaining in
exceptional cases 20 feet in height, and it is certainly one of the most
decorative kinds. Nothing could exceed the delicate beauty of the
groves of this species which are to be seen near Kyoto. Their dark
stems, ash-gray nodes, and light-green foliage make them unique
among decorative plants. (See Pl. I.)

The uses of this species are limited to the manufacture of furniture,
numerous household articles, and fancy fishing poles, for all of which
these black bamboos are peculiarly suited.

PHYLLOSTACHYS CASTILLONIS.“
(JAPANESE NAME: ‘‘ Kimmei-chiku.”’ )

The golden-striped bamboo is one of the most decorative forms of
the group. It is not easily confused with other Japanese sorts when
its characters are fully developed, for each culm is of a beautiful
golden-yellow color, striped with brilliant green. The leaves also are
variegated with stripes of green and white. The contrast between
the golden yellow of the stems and the green stripes on the young

«No authority is given by Mitford for this name, and the author has been unable
as yet to work out its correct name. The nomenclature of the bamboos needs work-
ing over.

30 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

shoots is one of the prettiest effects imaginable. The species grows
occasionally over 30 feet high in Japan and specimens 5 to 6 feet high
are already found in England, where the species has withstood a tem-
perature of 24 degrees of frost or 8° F. It is not a common species
even in the gardens of Japan, and Mr. Mitford says it is uncommon in
England. Very young plants sometimes show only slight traces of
the variegation on the stems, but develop this character later.

Mr. Tsuboi, who has the most exceptional taste in bamboos, and in
the dwarting of which he is an acknowledged connoisseur (see Pl. VII,
fig. 1), suggested planting a mixture of this golden bamboo with the
black species, 2. nigra. As a rule, mixtures of bamboos are said to
be objectionable, but such a mingling of golden and black stems is
worthy of an experiment.

Puy.iosracHys AuRrEA, A. & ©. Riviére.
(JAPANESE NAMES: “‘ Holei-chiku,’’ ‘‘ Horai-Chiku,”’ or ‘‘ Taibo-Chiku.”’ )

A smaller species than 2. mtis or P. quilio/, but attaining in Eng-

land a height of 14 feet and a diameter of culm of over three-fourths
of an inch. In Japan, culms have been observed over 14 inches in
diameter. It is not a golden bamboo, as its name implies, its stems
being about the color of 2. mitis. The distinguishing characteristic
is that the first 5 or 6 internodes near the ground are very short,
bringing the internodes, or joints, close together, often only a few
inches apart. These joints are not, as in 7”. heterocycla, set at an angle
to the direction of the-stem, but are generally parallel to each other
and quite horizontal. Branch buds are variable in color, but pale. Mr.
Mitford remarks that this species should be planted in large, bold
masses for good landscape effect, for if single plants are set out they
send up shoots only near the mother culm and produce a switch-like
effect. The shoots of this species are edible, according to the Japanese
books, and are of even better flavor than those of P. mctis; but this
variety does not appear to be grown for food.

Puy iostacHys BamBusorpEs, Sieb. & Zuce.
(JAPANESE NAME: ‘* Yadake.’’)

The arrow bamboo is that of which the stems are still employed in
the manufacture of the fine Japanese arrows used generally for archery
purposes. The plant is still a rare one in England, and Mitford says
that other sorts are sometimes sold by Japanese nurserymen under its
name. It is not very commonly seen in gardens, so far as observed,
even in Japan, and the arrow makers, it is said, get their main supply
of stems from wild plants. There are some of these manufacturers in
the town of Shizuoka, but the demand for arrows is so small that they
are doing a poor business. This species is distinguished from others

oe

DIFFERENT SPECIES. 31

by the fact that it does not have an actively creeping rootstock. Each
plant forms a separate small clump by itself. The branches are shorter
than the internodes and the middle branch of the three is longest,
whereas in other bamboos the middle branch is the shortest—some-
times wanting. Clumps of this form grow to 10 or 12 feet in height
in Japan, with a diameter of little over three-fourths of an inch. The’
internodes are long, and the sheaths, although withering the first year,
do not fall off until the following year. They are bright green in color,
with a purple edging. The leaves are large, sometimes over 12 inches
long by 14 inches broad, and are borne in fours, fives, sevens, or
eights. The hardness of the culms, their small cavity, and the smooth-
ness of the nodes, as well as their small size, are characteristics that
well adapt them for arrow making. This is believed to be a hardy
species, and it is quite unlike the ordinary bamboos in appearance.

Puytvosracnys Maruracrea, Mitford.
(JAPANESE NAMeEs: ‘‘Shibo-chiku”’ or ‘‘Shiwa-chiku.’’)

The ** wrinkled bamboo” is easily distinguished from all other kinds
by the fact that its culms are longitudinally channeled with shallow
grooves. It is a low-growing species compared with 7. gué//o7, which
it otherwise resembles, not being commonly over 12 to 14 feet high,
eyen in Japan. It is a rare kind, and its culms are used occasionally,
it is said, for decorative woodwork in the special rooms which in many
Japanese houses are kept sacred for the tea-drinking ceremony. A
beautiful and hardy form.

ARUNDINARIA JAPONTCA, Sieb. & Zuce.
(JAPANESE NAME: ‘‘ Mélaké’’ or Médaké;”’ not ‘ Makade.’’)

A well-known bamboo in Europe, where it is not very highly thought
of by some, but is praised as a valuable decorative plant by others. A
form distinguishable by its persistent sheaths which, instead of falling
off, like those of the genus Phyllostachys, remain attached until they
become frayed out and split to pieces. These ragged sheaths give to
clumps of the plant an untidy appearance. The culms are round and
without any groove or flattening on one side, as is the case with the
Phyllostachides. The pseudophylls of the ordinary sheaths are very
narrow, sometimes not over an eighth of an inch wide, and from 1 to 2
inches long; but those of the topmost sheaths develop into true leaves.
The leaves themselves are large, 8 to 12 inches by 14 to 2 inches.
This is said to be the hardiest species in Japan, growing as far north
as the island of Hokkaido, where the temperature falls below zero
Fahrenheit. Its culms are extensively used for fan making, and
millions of cheap paper-colored fans are made every year from the

a) JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

stems of this species. River banks and the margins of ponds and
canals are eminently suited to its growth, and the overflowed lands
of the Colorado River in Arizona might be planted to advantage
with this species. This bamboo is one of the few that has flowered
and fruited in Europe. According to Mr. Mitford, specimens in the
Bois de Bologne in Paris, and simultaneously all over France and in
Algiers, bloomed and produced fruit in 1867 or 1868.

ARUNDINARIA Sruont, A. & C. Riviere.
(JAPANESE NAME: ‘*Narihiraduke.’’ )

This species is easily distinguished by its broad, persistent sheaths
of a plain straw color that fall off only after the culms have attained
maturity. (PL. V, fig. 1.) It is the tallest of the hardy arundinarias
which are grown in England, the culms attaining a height of 18 feet
and a diameter of an inch. The shoots appear from midsummer until
late in the autumn, and Mr. Mitford remarks that many do not mature
sufficiently to stand the English winters. The sheaths nearest the
ground are short, though long enough to overlap the internodes, but
those of the upper joints, although 8 to 10 inches long, do not exceed
the internodes in length. They are at first of a fine green color, shad-
ing into purple, which soon fades, however, to a dull yellow. These
prominent sheaths, which are thick, stiff, and beautifully glazed on
the side next the culm, will easily distinguish this arundinaria from
any other common Japanese form. The species has flowered and
frnited in England, and it is quite universally grown in English
gardens. <A long description of it is given by Mr. Mitford in ‘‘The
Bamboo Garden.”

ARUNDINARIA Hinpsu, Munro.
(JAPANESE NAME: ‘‘Kanzan-chiku.”’ )

The Kanzan-chiku is a very common garden plant about Tokyo, and
clumps of it are to be found in many of the farmyards in central
Japan, where the culms grow to a height of 18 feet and attain a diam-
eter of over 14 inches. This species forms pretty clumps, with a fine
grass-like foliage, and although little farm use is made of it, it is
worthy of trial as an ornamental. Its hardiness has not been demon-
strated in England, but it seems likely to prove as hardy as forms like
P. mitis. It is distinguished from the preceding arundinarias by its
long, narrow leaves, sometimes 9 inches by five-eighths of an inch,
according to Mr. Mitford. The sheath is provided with a reddish
margin toward the tip.

DIFFERENT SPECIES. 33

ARUNDINARIA Hinpstl, var. GRAMINEA.
(JAPANESE NAME: ‘‘ Taimin-chiku.’’ )

A sort similar to the foregoing, but with considerably narrower
leaves and a longer, narrower sheath, with no evidences of a brown
margin.

BampBusa VEITCH, Carr.

(Synonym: Arundinaria veitchii. JAPANESE NAME: ‘‘ Kokumazasa;’’ sometimes only

* Kumazasa.’” )

The Kumazasa, by which is generally meant Bambusa palimata, and
this B. vettchii are sometimes confused. The latter may be distin-
guished by the fact that its leaf margins wither in late autumn and
make the plant look as if it were variegated. 2B. vedtchii is further-
more, as a rule, only about 2 feet high, whereas L. palinata grows to
5 feet in height. The sheath of B. veitchi/ is said by Sir Ernest Satow
to be longer and more persistent than that of B. palmata. The leaves
of B. veitchii ave much smaller than those of its taller relative and
warrant the name of ‘* Kokumazasa,” or lesser bamboo. This species
is suitable for lawn planting and is used by the Japanese to plant
under their pine trees and to cover with a thick mat of green foliage
a sloping hillside or embankment, for both of which purposes it is
admirably adapted (Pl. V). It must be kept from spreading into cul-
tivated ground by means of a broad ditch, 2 feet deep and 14 feet
wide. The variegated effect produced by the dead margins of the
leaves after being touched by frost is striking, though not very
attractive.

Bamepusa Pautmara, Hort. Ex. Kew Bull.
(JAPANESE NAME: ‘‘ Kumazasa.’’ )

A much larger species than the preceding and with leaves 12 to 13
inches long instead of 5 to6 inches. Altogether one of the most effective
plants for embankments, as it covers them with a mass of broad leaf
surface which is very attractive. Its rhizomes are said to be good
sand-binders. Large patches of this plant on a lawn or hillside are
striking objects of interest. Caution must be exercised to prevent
the rhizomes from invading cultivated fields. This can be done by
-ditching, as has been described for B. vestchii.

BaMBusA QUADRANGULARIS, Fenzi.

(JAPANESE NAMEs: ‘‘ Shiho-chiku’’ or ‘“‘Shikaku-daké.’’)

The square bamboo is unlike any other Japanese species in the pos-
session, when fully grown, of square culms. These square stems are
often not apparent on young small shoots, but the older ones are sure

27038—No. 43—03——3

34 JAPANESE BAMBOOS.

to show this character. The squareness of these culms is aptly com-
pared by Mr. Mitford to the square stems of the Labiates. Small
groves of this bamboo are to be seen not far from Yokohama, and the
writer has seen stems among one of these groves that were about 20
feet high, while Mr. Mitford says the plant grows to 30 feet near
Osaka. The sheath is very thin and delicate and more open than in
most bamboos, gaping from the base and leaving the greater part of
the internode uncovered. The wood of this species is too weak to
make it of any great value, and its sensitiveness to frost is too great
to enable one to class it among the hardy sorts. It is, however, a
decorative plant and worthy of repeated trials in the frostless regions
of America. It is said that roots will form easily from the lower
nodes of the square bamboo if the portion bearing these nodes is buried
in the soil. This would facilitate propagation if the statement proves
correct.
Bampusa Vuuearis, Schrad.

(JAPANESE NAME: ‘‘ Taisau-chiku.’’ )

A species growing in Satsuma, the southern province of Japan, but
which is not hardy at Yokohama. It is propagated differently from
the hardy sorts, as new shoots are borne from the base of the culm as
well as from the rhizome. Short culm bases, without rhizomes, are
potted and easily transported from Satsuma to Yokohama, where new
branches appear from the nodes. This species is said to be easy to
propagate because of this character, but it will probably have a chance
to sueceed in the United States only in subtropical Florida and Texas,
where it will require a good soil, rich in humus.

‘¢SHAKUTAN.”

‘‘Shakutan” is the name of a very pretty species which is reported
to grow in the northern island of Japan and to be perfectly hardy.
The writer saw plants under this name in the Yokohama Nursery
Company’s grounds. They were very distinct from B. palmata, and
dried specimens were sent to Mr. Makino in Tokyo for determination.
The species is probably related to B. palmata, but the broad, large
leaves are mostly situated near the tip of the slender sheath-covered
stem, which rises from the ground with a characteristic curve, and is :
bare of leaves for several feet from the ground.

Plate V, fig. 3, shows a clump of what appears to be the same spe-
cies, from Tosa, one of the southern islands of Japan, which was
growing in Mr. Tsuboi’s garden under the name “‘ Hanchiku.” The
culms are almost covered with the light-colored persistent sheaths
from the ground to the leaves. The stems are not over one-fourth to
three-eighths of an inch in diameter, and are about 5 feet high.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Prate I. A commercial grove of the black bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) growing at
Kaiden, Shinkotari, near Kyoto, the property of Mr. Denkichi Fujibayashi.
Age unknown, but probably more than 30 years old. Photographed by Yendo.

Piare Il. A well-kept forest of Phyllostachys quilioi growing on good soil, showing an
open drainage ditch in foreground and the thick mulch of leayes and straw
which cover the ground. Age probably over 50 years. Photographed by
Yendo.

Piate III. Bamboo forests. Fig. 7.—A well-kept forest of Phyllostachys quilioi grow-
ing on poor soil filled with gravel Weeding has not been as recently done as in

ethat part of the forest shown in Pl. II. The two photographs from which
these plates were prepared were taken from points not 20 yards apart in the
forest of Mr. Isuke Tsuboi, of Kusafuka. Photographed by Yendo. Fig. 2.—A
badly kept forest of timber bamboo (Phyllostachys quilioi) growing on good soil
adjacent to the well-kept forest shown in Pl. II. This shows the effect of not
weeding, thinning out, or fertilizing. Photographed by Yendo.

Pirate IV. Bamboo grovesin Japan. Jig. 7.—A hillside grove or forest of the edible
species (Phyllostachys mitis) 20 years old, showing large size of the culms.
Fig. 2.—A grove of the same species over 100 years old near Tokyo. The bundle
of barley straw shown on the right will be used for mulching purposes. Fig. 3.—
A 12-day-old shoot of Phyllostachys quilioi in a forest of the same species on Mr.
Tsuboi’s place at Kusafuka.

Puate V. Bamboo groyes in Japan. Jig. 1.—Clump of Arundinaria simoni, showing
the persistent characteristic sheaths. J%g. 2.—Groye of Phyllostachys quilioi on
Mr. Tsuboi’s place at Kusafuka. Age unknown, but probably more than 50
years old. Jig. 3.—Plat of a species of bamboo called by Mr. Tsuboi ‘ Han-
chiku,”’ from Tosa Island, which has not been determined botanically so far as
known. An exceedingly pretty, decorative form, somewhat like Phyllostachys
palmata.

Puate VI. Bamboo plants. J%g. 7.—A young black bamboo plant of which the
rhizome, to be seen on the left, has died. The rosette of leayes still remains
alive, but no young shoots are formed. This specimen was dug in Mr. Tsuboi’s
garden at Kusafuka. Photographed by Yendo. Fig. 2.—Properly dug young
plant of black bamboo ready to transplant, showing several inches of rhizome
on both sides of the base of the stem, which is necessary for the production of
new shoots. This specimen was dug under Mr. Tsuboi’s direction and repre-
sents his idea of how a plant should be prepared for transplanting if dug late in
the season. Photographed by Yendo. Fig. 8.—Rhizome or underground stem
of bamboo (Phyllostachys quilioi), showing young shoots and roots springing from
the nodes. Dugin June. If dug in winter, the buds would all be in a dormant
condition. Photographed by Yendo.

Puare VII. Bamboo scenes. Jig. 1.—Dwarf bamboos at Kusafuka. Fig. 2.—Em-
bankment on top of a wall in a city street in Tokyo planted with Bambusa veitchii.
Fig. 3.—Y oung shoot showing effects of the bamboo culm-boring larya. Sawdust
on outside of shoot affords evidence of presence of larya within. Fig. 4.—Longi-
tudinal section of young shoot showing the culm-boring larva inside one of the
segments. Photographed by Yendo.

Puare VIII. Bamboosin California. Figs. 7 and 3.—Rows of Phyllostachys quilioi (?)
growing 25 feet tall in the grounds of a nursery company at Niles. Watered
twice a year with 2 inches of water each time. This species is called Bambusa
striata by Mr. Rock. Fig. 2.—Plant of Phyllostachys quiliot (?) which was set out
two years ago in the grounds of a nursery company at Niles.

36
O

PLATE II.

S. Dept. of Agriculture

nt Industry, U

Bul. 43, Bureau of Pla

KEPT FOREST OF TIMBER BAMBOO (PHYLLOSTACHYS QUILIOI) ON GOOD SOIL.

A WELL

PLaTE Ill.

Dept of Agriculture

Ss

Bul, 43, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.

KEPT FOREST OF TIMBER BAMBOO

(PHYLLOSTACHYS QUILIO!) ON Poor SOIL.

Fic. 1.—A WELL-

Fic. 2.—A BaDLy KEPT FOREST OF TIMBER BAMBOO (PHYL-

ON GooD SOIL.

)

LOSTACHYS QUILIOI

Bureau of Plant Ir S f Agriculture PLATE IV.

SHV3A Og ‘OOBWYg 378109 40 193404 30ISTIIH Y—'| *

See mae pr
ix Se Pecans
tw

ie)
>
=
o
fe)
°
i)
5]
[9)
<
m
o)
=
‘=
>
v
>
z

NVH1 aHOW ‘OOSWYg 318109 40 3A0HH

“ol4

SAHOVLSONIAHdG 30 LOOHG G10-Ava-3A13M{1—'&

PLATE V.

dustry

Bureau of Plant Inc

Fic. 1.—CLump oF ARUNDINARIA SIMONI, SHOWING PERSISTENT
LEAF SHEATHS.

Fic.

2.—GROVE OF PHYLLOSTACHYS QUILIOI, AGE UNKNOWN.

BAMBOO GROVES IN JAPAN.

Fic. 3.—PLoTt oF SPEciEs oF BAMBOO CALLED HANCHIKU.

PLaTeE VI.

Bul, 43, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

Fic. 1.—BLack BAMBOO PLANT, SHOWING THE EFFECT

OF THE D

EATH OF THE RHIZOME.

Fia. 2.—PROPERLY DU@ YOUNG PLANT Fic. 3.—RHIZOME OF BAMBOO WITH

OF BLACK BAMBOO,

YOUNG SHOOTS AND ROOTS
SPRINGING FROM NODES.

Bul. 43, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLaTe VII.

Fic. 1—A Few Dwarr BAMBOOS.

Fia. 4.—LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF SHOOT, SHOWING CULM-BORING LARVA.

Pate VIII.

Fis.

1.—PHYLLOSTACHYS QUILIOI |

) at Nites, CAL.

Fic. 2.—CLUMP OF PHYLLOSTACHYS QUILIO! THE SECOND
YEAR AFTER TRANSPLANTING.

BAMBOOS IN CALIFORNIA.

Fic.

. 8.—PHYLLOSTACHYS QUILIOI (?) AT NILES,

CAL.

Si Pe
ar
ery

ae)
Ar
ge

mote
i

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

TI

00009155430