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Jobos Bay
National Estuarine
Sanctuary
anagement Plan
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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
Sanctuary Programs Division
Washington, D.C. 20235
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DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Box 5887, Puerta De Tierra
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00906
Jobos Bay
National Estuarine
Sanctuary
Management Plan
JULY 1983
Ma
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
Sanctuary Programs Division
Washington, D.C. 20235
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Box 5887, Puerta De Tierra
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00906
U.S. Depository Copy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF FIGURES i
LIST OF TABLES i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i i i
I . INTRODUCTION 1
1 1 . MANAGEMENT CONTEXT 5
A. Regional Perspective 5
B. History of the Site 8
C. Physical Features 8
1. Climate 8
2. Geology 9
3. Hydrology 9
D. Habitats and Biological Features 12
1. Mangroves 12
2. Salt Flats 14
3. Other Forest Types 15
4. Seagrass Beds 15
b. Coral Reefs 16
6. Vertebrates 16
E. Sanctuary Administration 18
1. Bureau of Sanctuaries and Natural Reserves 18
a. Sanctuary Manager 20
b. Sanctuary Technician 20
c. Future Staff Needs 21
2. Estuarine Sanctuary Advisory Committee 21
3. Volunteer Program 21
F. Resource Protection 22
1. Commonwealth Entities and Statutes 23
a. Environmental Quality Board 23
b. Planning Board 23
c. Regulations and Permits Administration 24
d. Department of Natural Resources 24
Page
2. Federal Laws 26
a. Clean Water Act 26
b. Marine Mammal Protection Act 27
c. Endangered Species Act 27
d. Coastal Zone Management Act 27
3. Enforcement Capabilities of Relevant Commonwealth
and Federal Ayencies 28
a. Commonwealth Marine Police 28
b. DNR Ranger Corps 29
c. U.S. Coast Guard 30
d. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 30
III. MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 31
A. Resource Management 33
1. On-site Management Units 33
a. Mar Negro Unit 33
b. Cayos Caribes 36
c. Seagrass Beds 37
d. Punta Pozuelo 37
2. Off-site Management Considerations 38
6. Research Program 41
1. Introduction 41
2. Facilities and Equipment 41
3. Data Management 43
4. Monitoring Program 44
5. Research Prospectus 45
6. Research Priorities 45
C. Interpretive Program 46
1. Introduction 46
2. Off-site Educational Activities 46
3. On-site Educational Activities 46
a. Hiring an Education Specialist and Volunteers 47
b. Public Orientation 47
c. Publications 48
d. The Sanctuary Emblem and Uniform 48
e. Student Programs 49
f. Interpretive Devices and Trail system 50
4. Recreational Considerations 50
Page
I V . L ITERATURE CITED 53
V. APPENDICES 5b
A. Partial List of Organisms Inhabiting Thalassia
Beds and the Coral Reef 55
B. Fish Families and Species Found in Jobos Bay 59
C. Birds of the JOBANES Area 71
D. Jobos Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary Management
Advisory Committee 77
E. Suitability Index of Possible Sites for the
Construction of the JOBANES Visitor Center 81
El. Candidate Sites Map for the Location of the JOBANES
Visitor Center 85
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2012 with funding from
LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation
http://www.archive.org/details/jobosbaynationalOOunit
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Fiyure 1. Geographic Location of Puerto Rico 6
Figure 2. Regional Perspective of JOBANES 7
Figure 3. Jobos Bay Hydrologic System as Estimated for a Year
Average Rainfall (McClymonds and Diaz, 1972) 1U
Figure 4. Marine Current Patterns in the Jobos Bay Watershed 11
Figure 5. Typical Mangrove Profile of the Jobos Bay Area 13
Figure 6. Cross Section of Coral Zonation at Jobos Bay 17
Figure 7. Department of Natural Resources Organizational Chart 19
Figure 8. The Natural Resource Units of JOBANES 34
Figure 9. First Story of the JOBANES Visitors Center 39
Figure 10. The Sanctuary Emblem 49
Figure 11. Interpretive Units for Cayos Caribes and Punta Pozuelo... 51
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of Events Concerned with the Designation
of JOBANES 2
Table 2. Research Scope for JOBANES 42
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am specifically grateful to Jose Gonzalez Liboy, Sean Furniss,
Boris Oxman, Barbara Cintron, Donald Erdrnan, Eugene Crommett, Ralph Schmidt,
Carlos Diaz, Gloria Thompson, Ed Lindelof, and Ariel Lugo for giving so
generously of their time to reviewing and criticizing the manuscript. I
express my appreciation to Arlene Carrion, Lourdes Matos and Idalia Bussher
who patiently typed three drafts of this plan, and to Jose A. Ortiz for his
drawings.
11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is greatly committed to maintain the
productivity of its estuarine areas. Important coastal resource areas
subject to serious present and potential use conflicts were evaluated by
Puerto Rico's Coastal Zone Advisory Committee and listed in Puerto Rico's
Coastal Management Program. After a careful viability analysis in which
both, ecologic and economic realities were considered, the Jobos Bay site
on the south coastal plain of Puerto Rico was selected as one of the most
representative. In September 1981, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) awarded a grant to the Department of Natural Resour-
ces, establishing Jobos Bay as the eleventh national estuarine sanctuary.
As specified in Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act, the
purpose of the estuarine sanctuary program is for "...acquiring, developing,
or operating estuarine sanctuaries to serve as natural field laboratories
in which to study and gather data on the natural and human processes
occurring within the estuaries of the coastal zone..." NOAA provides finan-
cial assistance to states on a fifty percent matching basis for land
acquisition and development of research, education, and resource protection
programs for the estuarine sanctuary.
Consistent with NOAA Estuarine Sanctuary Guidelines, this Management
Plan has been prepared for the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary
(JOBANES). The plan was developed to assure the protection, productivity
and adequate management of JOBANES for the benefit of the scientific com-
munity, the general public and the ecosystem itself. The plan presents a
management strategy which details natural resources management, educational,
and research programs to achieve its goals.
n i
I. INTRODUCTION
The idea of a national estuarine sanctuary program was conceived in
the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resource's Final Report
entitled: Our Nation and the Sea, and the Department of the Interior's
National Estuarine Study. Based on these reports, the Coastal Zone
Management Act (CZMA) of 1972 (P.L. 96-583) was passed by Congress. The
Act was amended in 1976 (P.L. 94-370) and 1980 (P.L. 96-464). Section 315
of the Act established the National Estuarine Sanctuary Program for
"acquiring, developing, or operating estuarine sanctuaries, to serve as
natural field laboratories in which to study and gather data on the natural
and human processes occurring within the estuaries of the coastal zone...".
This program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
(OCRM), Sanctuary Programs Division.
To ensure that the National Estuarine Sanctuary Program adequately
represents regional and ecological differences, the Guidelines for the
Estuarine Sanctuary Program establishes a classification scheme which
reflects geographic, hydrographic, and biological characteristics. This
system presently recognizes eleven biogeographic categories that are
defined in the Guidelines. As defined in Section 304 of the CZMA, an
estuarine sanctuary is "...a research area which may include any part or
all of an estuary and any island, transitional area, and upland in, adjoining
or adjacent to such estuary, and which constitutes, to the extent feasible,
a natural unit, set aside to provide scientists and students the opportunity
to examine, over a period of time, the ecological relationships within the
area."
In September 1981, NOAA awarded a grant to the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico's Department of Natural Resources (DNR), establishing Jobos
Bay as the eleventh national estuarine sanctuary. This sanctuary will
ensure long-term productivity of Puerto Rico's second largest estuarine
zone. Table 1 depicts main events that led to the establishment of the
Jobos Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary (JOBANES).
The sanctuary is owned by DNR, which is financially assisted (through
50 percent matching funds) by NOAA in three ways: preacquisition, acquisition
and development, and operation grants. The first two grants involve real
estate appraisals, land acquisition costs, and the development of the
management plan. The operation grants, which amount up to $50,000/year
for five years, are for those costs necessary for monitoring the sanctuary,
protecting the health of its ecosystem, and for the establishment and
maintenance of educational and research programs. DNR will be responsible
for fully financing JOBANES after the last operation grant is awarded.
The sanctuary site covers an area nearly 1,140 ha (2,800 acres).
Included in this area are: 17 islets known as Cayos Caribes (67 ha,
15b acres); the mangrove forest of Mar Negro (490 ha, 1 ,20u acres) with
its complex system of lagoons, mud and salt flats, and channels; the rest
of the area consists of sand beaches, coral reefs, seagrass beds, and
territorial waters. These components identify JOBANES with the West Indian
biogeographic category.
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF EVENTS CONCERNED WITH THE DESIGNATION OF JOBANES
DATE
EVENT
1974
-- First Commonwealth inquiries to NOAA to
propose a site for an estuarine sanctuary.
1975
-- NOAA Office of Coastal Zone Management
examined several sites in Puerto Rico.
April 1981
-- The Commonwealth confirms its intention
to proceed with the proposal for the
establishment of a National Estuarine
Sanctuary (NES).
May 1981
-- DNR acquired Cayos Caribes. These 17
islets covering an area of 63 ha (155
acres) were appraised at $1,852,590.
August 1981
— The Governor of Puerto Rico endorsed the
proposal for the establishment of NES.
-- NOAA environmental review on the proposed
action on JOBANES finds that the action
will not have a significant environmental
impact.
September 1981
« Public hearings on the establishment of
JOBANES.
•
-- Land acquisition award for $400,00 is
granted to DNR for the acquisition of
Mar Negro, former Lugo Vinas Farm. The
450 ha (1,000 acres) land was appraised
at $542,370.
March 1982
-- NOAA grants DNR a $150,000 Supplemental
Award to complete land acquisition.
May 1982
-- Sanctuary Advisory Committee is formed.
July 1982
— Sanctuary Manager is hired.
August 1982
-- First Draft Management Plan was submitted
to NOAA.
December 1982
-- First Operations Grant for JOBANES.
The sanctuary will serve two primary purposes: (1) to preserve
relatively undisturbed areas so that a representative West Indian ecosystem
will always remain available for estuarine research and education, and
(2) to ensure the availability of such ecosystem for use as a control in
the study of impacts of human activities in similar areas.
Consistent with NOAA Estuarine Sanctuary Program Guidelines, this
management plan was developed for Jobos Bay. The plan was prepared to
maintain the protection, productivity, and adequate management of JOBANES
over a long period of time. The plan is divided into two main sections.
The first generally describes sanctuary resources from a local and regional
perspective, sanctuary administration and legal base for resource protection
The second section presents the sanctuary management strategy. It details
goals, objectives, and activity programs for the natural resources, educa-
tion, and research, indicating exactly how the overall management strategy
will be implemented.
II. MANAGEMENT CONTEXT
A. Regional Perspective
Puerto Rico is the easternmost of the Greater Antilles, located between
the U.S. Virgin Islands and the Dominican Republic (Figure 1). Its total
area is approximately 9,000 km^. Old volcanic mountains occupy nearly 75
percent of the islands's total area, giving it a rugged topography. A
jagged insular shelf extends three to eight kilometers seaward. Bordering
the coast is an interrupted band of alluvial plains and parallel to them,
from east to west, are the Luquillo Mountains and the Central Cordillera.
Its location, climate, hydrological conditions, and geographic features have
created a unique marine environment which supports one of the world's most
extensive coral reef systems, mangrove forests, and estuarine bays. The
island also shelters some rare and endangered plant and animal species as
well as a variety of marine mammals and species of fish.
The Jobos Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary (JOBANES) is located on the
southern coastal plain of the island of Puerto Rico (Figure 2). The sanc-
tuary covers an area of approximately 1,140 hectares (2,800 acres). The
municipalities of Guayama (1980 pop. 40,187) and Salinas (1980 pop. 26,438)
include the land of the region within approximately 15 km of the sanctuary.
This region experiences seasonal population variations, particularly during
summer weekends when visitors to nearby beaches number several thousands.
Las Mareas, a low income coastal community of about 700 residents, lies to
the west of the sanctuary. The northern limit abuts with lands owned by the
Agui rre Corporation, currently used for sugarcane crops. East and west of
JOBANES is the Aguirre State Forest. The ecological conditions of this
forest are similar to those of the sanctuary, except that the forest has
larger areas of xerophytic vegetation. Adjacent to the northeastern limit
of the sanctuary lies the Aguirre Sugar Mill and the Aguirre Thermoelectric
Power Plant (ATPP).
The sanctuary has a major access road, State Highway No. 3 (Figure 2).
This road is reached through the Las Americas Turnpike. Highway 3 leads to
two main access roads: Route 703 to Las Mareas and Route 710 to Punta
Pozuelo, the closest land area to Cayos Can'bes. The eastern part of Mar
Negro can be reached through the Aguirre Thermoelectric Power Plant road.
The sanctuary property lacks internal roads.
Jobos Bay is one of the best protected harbors of the south coast of
Puerto Rico. Due to this fact, the area is attractive, not only for its
natural environment, but also for heavy industry development as well. In
the 1960's several studies were conducted to determine resources availabil-
ity (particularly water) required to establish industries in the area. The
Aguirre Thermoelectric Power Plant (ATPP) was built in 1973 to meet Puerto
Rico's anticipated future energy needs. During the past ten years several
petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries have been established near the
bay, including Smith Kline and Freuch Company (Sk&F) and the Phillips
Puerto Rico Core Petroleum Complex. A regional sewage treatment plant has
been proposed and designed to meet the needs of these industries and nearby
communities. The plant will be located 10 km east of the sanctuary.
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bottom of the bay, winds, and industrial discharges. Before the establish-
ment of the ATPP, the mean temperature in the bay was 26.2°C with maxima
about 30°C. Currently the mean temperature is 26.4°C with a recorded
maximum of 37.75°C.
0. Habitats and Biological Features
1 . Mangroves
The principal plant associations of JOBANES consist of mangroves
and associated salt flats (Figure 5). The mangroves are sediment traps
that retard water movement and trap suspended materials, gradually raising
the land level and producing organic soil. Their rich protected substrate
provides a habitat for a large variety of organisms, which in turn, serve as
a food base for marine fauna. Some fish and shellfish found in the mangrove
roots are of commercial value, while others spend part of their life cycle
there breeding and spawning. Mangroves provide nesting sites for both native
and migratory birds. In addition, mangroves offer an undeveloped recreational
potential as well as an excellent research opportunity.
Four species of mangrove are found within the estuarine sanctuary.
These are: red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), white mangrove (Laguncularia
racemosa), black mangrove (AvicennTa" germinans) and buttonwoods (Conocarpus
erectus).
Of the five mangrove forest types described by Lugo and Snedaker
(1974), all but the riverine and dwarf types occur within the sanctuary.
These are: the fringe forest, the basin forest, and the overwash forest.
Fringe forests occur along the seaward edge and along the coastal
lagoons and canals that connect the entire system with the open sea. The
degree of structural development of these mangroves is primarily controlled
by the quality of the soil in which they grow and the wave intensity. Fringe
mangroves are usually exposed to the tides, a relatively constant salinity
regime, low nutrient concentrations, wave action, strong winds, and salt
spray. Based on tree density, the red mangrove comprises about 75 percent
of the fringe and white mangrove, the remaining 25 percent (Cintron et al.,
1978).
Associated with the submerged prop roots characteristic of the red
mangrove is a rich community containing a wide assortment of organisirns.
Competition for space on these roots is high. Invertebrates present include
crustaceans, molluscs, bryozoans, sponges, echinoderms, polychaetes, and
coelenterates. Vertebrates include fish and a wide variety of tunicates.
Algae from different taxonomic groups are also \tery abundant.
Emergent segments of the prop roots, as well as the stems of other
mangrove species, are also used as substrate for invertebrates, especially
crustaceans and molluscs. Associated with these diverse root and stem
communities is a rich variety of abundant wildlife, especially birds.
12
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Fringe mangroves, as well as other types, also serve as nurseries
for many species of fish which migrate to adjacent coral reefs or seagrass
beds during their life cycle. Dissolved and particulate organic material
and other nutrients are also exported to these adjacent subtidal communities.
Because of their location and the land-sea interface, red mangroves
play an important role in protecting coastal land. Mangrove stands act as
buffers absorbing the force of wave energy, therefore attenuating and
preventing coastal erosion.
Even though basin mangrove forests are much better developed along
the north coast of Puerto Rico, they do appear in JUBANES in close association
with the fringing forests. These forests are normally separated from direct
contact with sea water except during very high tides or during stormy weather.
The dominant species is the more tolerant black mangrove and to a
lesser degree, the white mangrove. Sometimes the buttonwood is found within
the innermost reaches of the forest. Various species of decapod crabs are
usually associated with either the soils or the tree stems of these forests,
for example, the fiddler crabs of the genus Uca, the colorful Goniopsis
cruentata, and others. Many birds also use these habitats.
Offshore, overwash mangrove forests develop over shallow platforms
or islets (cays) within the inner shelf. These are overtopped daily or less
frequently by high tides and extend laterally. With extensive prop root
development, water circulation eventually is reduced within the inner zones.
The inner red mangrove trees die due to salt accumulation from reduced water
circulation (this species is not very tolerant to high salinities) and are
replaced by stunted black mangroves, a species more tolerant to high salini-
ties. Finally, salinity increases beyond the threshold tolerance of the black
mangroves which die at the core of the islet. A hypersaline lagoon is then
formed. This process may be set back by natural or human induced forces such
as hurricanes or mangrove cutting, respectively (Cintron et al., 1978). All
stages of this process are represented within the sanctuary, particularly in
Cayos Caribes. These overwash mangroves also have associated prop root
communities and commonly serve as bird rookeries within the area.
2. Salt Flats
Hypersaline lagoons and salt flats occur inland from the mangrove
forests. They are formed as a result of reduced inland runoff, higher
evaporation rates, and reduced rainfall (Martinez et al., 1979). Dead black
mangrove trees are often seen within these lagoons. Where vegetation does
exist, it consists mainly of salt plants (Batis maritima and Sesuvium portu-
lacastrum). Both of these species have thick fleshy leaves adapted to water
storage. Generally, these species are not found intermixed. Sesuvium appears
to prefer drier soils and typically grows on higher grounds than Batis; the
latter is often found in wetter substrates like those associated with the
mangrove fringe (Silander, 1981).
14
3. Other Forest Types
Besides the mangrove and salt flats associated with them, the
general area surrounding JOBANES contains other vegetation types such as
marshes, evergreen littoral woodlands, secondary forests and agricultural
lands. A small swamp forest is located in the northern portion of the
Agui rre State Forest, north of Jobos Bay. Standing waters with salinities
of 1 to 2 ppt were recorded during January and February 1981 (Si lander,
1981). This forest consists of two tree strata. The pond apple (Annona
glabra), almond (Terminalia catappa), ucar (Bucida buceras) and scattered
white and black mangroves are the predominant species of overstory trees.
The understory displays the same species along with red mangrove and the
calabash tree (Crescentia cujete). The ground layer is characterized by
the large mangrove fern (Acrostichuym aureoum) and the giant sedges
(Cyperus alterni folius) .
A coconut palm stand, composed by two isolated tracts of land,
is located near the east-central region of Mar Negro. Probably it is a
result of mangrove clear cutting to grow coconut palms (Cocos nucifera).
Little is known about the history, ecology, and physiographic features
of the area. The land crab (Cardisoma guanhumi ) inhabits this area.
4. Seagrass Beds
There are four species of seagrasses found within the sanctuary,
which are: Thalassia testudinum or turtle grass, Syrinsodium fili forme,
Uiplanthera wrightii, and Halophila baillonis. Thalassia is the most
abundant seagrass followed by Syringodium. Depth, irradiance, atmospheric
exposure and wave action appear to be the most important factors affecting
the distribution of these beds within the region. However, these species
grow intermixed at some locations. Diplanthera only occurs in shallow
areas while Halophila is typical of deeper areas (Vincente, 1975).
From the intertidal zone to depths of about 10m, Thalassia beds
are present. Large, wel 1-devel oped meadows have generally been observed
at depths of 2m or less. These meadows occupy most of the shallow bottom
just offshore the mangrove fringe. Dense growth of Thalassia has also been
observed in semi -enclosed areas with good circulation and clear waters.
Thalassia is absent from the exposed reef front which continuously
receives the impact of the incoming waves. However, on the innundated
central portion of the reef flats Thalassia develops among the coral rubble.
Thalassia is also present in the shallow lagoon side of the reefs where it
occurs in a rather variable band just behind the reef flat.
Seagrass beds within the area display a high diversity which allow
for a wide variety of organisms, some of which, like the queen conch, are
of high local commercial importance. Other associated organisms include
other mollusks, coelenterates (including isolated corals), echinoderms,
sponges, fish, sea turtles, and manatees. Algae of different groups are
also abundant and diverse (Glynn, 1964; Matthews, 1967). Many species of
reef fish are entirely dependent on seagrass beds for nutrition and migrate
daily for feeding purposes. The endangered hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys
imbricata) have been sighted in the seagrass beds within the sanctuary.
15
5. Coral Reefs
The islets of Cayos Caribes are fronted by a broad reef -flat ter-
race containing a dense mat of green zoanthid, Zoanthus sociatus. Seaward
of this flat the coral reef begins to appear. The coral reef, together with
the mangrove forest and the seagrass beds, forms one of the most complex,
diverse, and productive coastal communities on planet Earth, typically
inhabited by a wide variety of invertebrates (Appendix A).
The coral reef generally presents a marked zonation (Figure 6).
Finger coral (Pontes) characterizes the leeward or protected area of the
coral reef. The reef flat area, usually less than 0.5 m and exposed at low
tide, has fire coral (Millipora) and zoanthids almost exclusively as its
components. The surge zone receives high wave energy. It ranges in depth
from one to six meters. The prime species of this area is the elkhorn coral
(Acropora palmata). The reef slope has some sharp dropoffs of 18 meters.
The most abundant species of this zone are the brain coral (Pi pi on' a) and
the star coral (Montastrea). Storms and sediments deposition are two
natural phenomena that cause extensive damages to the coral reef.
6. Vertebrates
The Jobos Bay area was divided by Martin and Pathus (1975) into
four zones to make a fish survey. A recent survey conducted by DNR in 1981
accounted for 68 families and 263 fish species (Appendix B). The most
common sport and commercial fishes are whalebone anchovies, herrings, jacks,
and parrot fishes.
Garcia and Rivera (1981) studied the lizard populations in the
mangroves of the southern region of Puerto Rico. Anoles (Anolis cristatellus,
A. pulchellus, and A. stratulus) and the ground lizard (Ameiva exsul) were the
only lizards present in the Jobos Bay area. Tree frogs (Eleutherodactylus sp.)
and the marine toad (Bufo marinus) are the only amphibians inhabiting JOBANES.
The relatively undisturbed mangrove ecosystem of Mar Negro makes
the area a haven for pelicans, herons, shorebirds, and waterfowl. A total
of 87 species have been reported within the sanctuary area (Appendix C).
Four endangered birds have been sighted in Jobos Bay: the brown pelican,
the peregrine falcon, the Puerto Rican plain pigeon, and the yellow-shouldered
blackbi rd.
Two other endangered species can be found in JOBANES: the hawksbill
sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus
manatus). The sea turtle forages in shallow waters and feeds on the bottom
of reef areas and Thalassia beds. It has preference for invertebrates,
algae, and submerged mangrove roots.
The manatee historically was found in shallow coastal waters and inland
lakes throughout much of the tropical and subtropical regions of the New
World Atlantic, including the Caribbean Islands. However, at the present
time, manatees are now rare or extinct in most parts of their former range
(Brownell, 1980).
16
FIGURE 6. CROSS SECTION OF CORAL ZONATION AT JOBOS BAY
17
Even during the latter half of the 1800's, manatees were not common
around Puerto Rico, although estimates of numbers are not available.
Evermann (1900) stated that "the only marine mammal is the manatee (probably
Trichechus latirostris), and it is of very rare occurence, owning no doubt,
to the absence of broad sluggish rivers in which it finds its favorite
environment." They are now less common. The decrease in the population is
attributed to silting of rivers and hunting pressure. Recent surveys indicate
a total Puerto Rican population of less than 100 animals. Small groups are
frequently sighted on the south coast, and around the estuary of the Fajardo
River. Current population trends are unclear. A small number of manatees
are still being taken each year in fishing nets (Brownell, 1980).
E. Sanctuary Administration
The Department of Natural Resources (DNR) of Puerto Rico administers
the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary (Figure 7). The management of
JOBANES is a duty of the Forest Service Area. Currently, this area is being
reorganized to become the Area of State Forests, Sanctuaries, and Natural
Preserves. This area will be responsible for the administration of JOBANES
and other marine or estuarine sanctuaries that may be established. The
Bureau of Sanctuaries and Natural Reserves (BUSANAR) will manage all of these
sanctuary areas.
1. BUSANAR
The responsibilities of this bureau are listed below:
° Establish an Advisory Committee for each one of the sanctuaries;
-- Appoint or reappoint committee members.
-- Approve committee chairperson and vice-chairperson.
-- Assist sanctuary managers to convene Committee meetings
and review and approve agenda of topics to be addressed.
-- Review committee recommendations and take appropriate action.
° Review the management plan for each sanctuary;
° Prepare program budget and cost benefit analysis of proposed
or existing management activities;
° Coordinate federal and local government and private entities
concerned with the protection and management of sanctuary
resources;
° Ensure that onsite management activities are consistent with
Federal and Commonwealth statutes;
° Act as direct liaison between the Commonwealth and NOAA on
sanctuary-related issues;
18
SECRETARY
AREA CHIEF
FOREST SERVICE
BUREAU
BUREAU OF SANCTUARIES
AND NATURAL RESERVES
Dl VI S ION OF MARI NE
AND ESTUARINE
SANCTUARI ES
DIVISION OF
NATURAL RESERVES AND
WILDLIFE REFUGEES
MARINE SANCTUARIES
SECTION
ESTUARINE SANCTUARIES
SECTION
JOBANES MANAGER
SANCTUARY STAFF
FIGURE 7 . ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF DNR'S STATE FORESTS ,
SANCTUARIES AND NATURAL PRESERVES AREA
19
° Coordinate among DNR and NOAA offices involved in sanctuary
activities, and the individual sanctuary managers and the
public;
° Disseminate information about the National Marine and Estuarine
Sanctuary Programs to promote public support of sanctuaries;
° Review plans for land and water development that may affect
JOBANES; and
0 Oversee development of any facilities constructed for JOBANES,
including awarding contracts and reviewing site analyses and
design specifications, securing leases, easements, etc.
The bureau will have a Division for Sanctuaries, composed of a Marine
Sanctuaries Section and an Estuarine Sanctuaries Section. Positions for this
Bureau will be funded jointly by DNR and NOAA.
a. Sanctuary Manager
The manager is the primary spokesperson for JOBANES. The manager's
role is multi-functional in scope. He is responsible for the overall
administration of the sanctuary operations. Major responsibilities include:
° Development of the management plan;
° Day to day operations of JOBANES, including public relations,
environmental education, ecological research, administrative
functions, and some maintenance, construction, and law
enforcement duties;
° Supervision of sanctuary staff and other DNR staff assigned to
the sanctuary, including rangers, maintenance workers, and
interpretive employees;
° Representing the sanctuary viewpoint on local issues and at
public forums;
° Implementing a Volunteer Program to assist in the daily opera-
tions of the visitor center, maintenance of facilities and
trails, and other projects as the need arises; and
° Encouraging research at the sanctuary. He will assist potential
researchers in preparing the research proposal.
b. Sanctuary Technician
The Sanctuary Technician is the manager's aide. He will be involved
with visitor center duties (contacts visitors, interprets exhibits, assists
volunteers, and performs some maintenance and housekeeping roles). He
will be responsible for collecting and maintaining meteorological data.
He will assist researchers in surveying and monitoring activities as required
20
c. Future Staff Needs
Management of JOBANES will depend heavily on the maximum use
of the existing. DNR personnel. However, some additional personnel must
be hired, including permanent positions for an educational specialist, a
secretary, and a maintenance employee.
The education specialist will assist the sanctuary manager with inter-
pretive and educational programming, conducting public and student tours
and workshops, development of educational materials and programs, and
being responsible for the sanctuary library. The education specialist will
coordinate his activities with the sanctuary volunteers.
2. Estuarine Sanctuary Advisory Committee (ESAC)
In order to receive maximum guidance and input from local fishermen,
residents of Guayama and Salinas, educators, researchers, Commonwealth
agencies, and others who would be interested in preserving the environmental
quality of this area, an Estuarine Sanctuary Advisory Committee (ESAC) has
been formed. This committee will assist DNR in preparing the annual report
and in reviewing proposals for research and educational activities within
sanctuary lands or waters. Appendix D lists the members of ESAC.
The Advisory Committee operates under the following guidelines:
° The membership is limited to between 10 and 15 persons, assuring
a workable and productive body.
° Criteria for committee membership would require individuals who
are experts in specific fields and/or represent sanctuary user
groups and whose judgment would be objective, not subject to
a conflict of interest due to a particular affiliation.
° Committee members will serve tnree-year terms with the initial
appointments being staggered to ensure continual committee
action and expertise. The committee chairperson and vice
chairperson will be selected to serve one-year terms.
° The committee meets at least twice a year.
° The sanctuary manager maintains close contact with the committee
Committee members are advised of sanctuary activities through
periodic mailings or meetings with the sanctuary manager.
3. Volunteer Program
Un December 2, 1982, the Department of Natural Resources established
CICA, a non-profit organization under the supervision of DNR's Scientific
Research Area. It was created with the intention of involving young persons
in scientific projects that will tend to stimulate their interest in the
study of the natural resources of Puerto Rico.
21
CICA is the logo for "Cuerpo de Investigadores Cientificos Auxiliares,"
which means Scientific Research Auxiliary Corps.
CICA has a selected volunteer membership, particularly high school
and college students. The purposes for the creation of CICA are:
-- To assist DNR in public orientation and education on natural
resources conservation;
-- To facilitate the participation of its members in some of DNR's
scientific research projects;
-- To develop among its members a positive attitude toward the
surrounding natural environment;
-- To emphasize on its members the need to acquire scientific
knowledge to understand nature;
-- To instigate its members to pursue careers in natural sciences
and in scientific research;
-- To stimulate its members to become guardians of the natural
legacy of Puerto Rico;
-- To foment technical reading and writing abilities among its
members; and
-- To sponsor among its members their participation in scientific
activities in and outside Puerto Rico.
Presently, there is a single chapter in DNR's Central Office in San
Juan, known as the Founders Group. This group has a four-position staff.
CICA regulations provide for the creation of regional chapters.
Given the relationship between CICA and JUBANES, a regional chapter is being
organized in Guayama. This regional chapter will be under the guidance of
the sanctuary manager. The chapter headquarters will be at the J06ANES
visitors center. Its members will play a supporting role in monitoring and
data collection activities and will be key elements for the educational
program, assisting the sanctuary's education specialist.
To assist in the daily operation of the visitor center, maintenance
of trails and facilities, and other projects as required, seasonal volunteers
will be needed. Some possible manpower sources are the Boy Scouts, conser-
vation groups, college interns, the local community, or even the U.S. Armed
Forces Reservists. The sanctuary manager has the responsibility to seek
sources of labor and to coordinate their activities at JOBANES.
F. Resource Protection
Puerto Rico, a Commonwealth of the United States, has a strong public
policy governing the protection of its environment and the conservation and
protection of its natural resources. The sanctuary ecosystem is protected
22
by Commonwealth and Federal statutes and regulations. Those laws and
regulations that control activities which might impact the sanctuary are
identified and discussed below. Several agencies are charged with imple-
menting and enforcing these laws and regulations.
1 . Commonwealth Entities and Statutes
Four Commonwealth entities are primarily responsible for planning
and managing actions and for regulating private sector activities in coastal
areas: The Environmental Quality Board, the Planning Board, the Regulations
and Permits Administration, and the Department of Natural Resources. This
section describes their organic laws, supplemental statutes, and regulations
which affect JOBANES.
a. Environmental Quality Board (Law No. 9, June 18, 197U, as
amended)
The Environmental Quality Board (EQB) has the following powers
and duties relevant to the sanctuary:
° regulation and control of air and water, solid waste and noise;
° establishment of standards for air and water quality in coordi-
nation with other concerned agencies;
° establishment of policies for the handling and disposal of solid
wastes; and
° granting of permit and licenses for the installation and operation
of solid waste and treatment plants.
EQB has promulgated the following regulations:
° Regulation for Water Quality Standards;
° Regulation for Control of Atmospheric Pollution; and
° Regulation for the Control of Solid Waste.
b. Planning Board (Law No. 75, June 24, 1975, as amended)
The Planning Board (Board), initially created pursuant to the
Planning and Budget Act (Law No. 213, May 12, 1942), was reorganized in
accordance with its new Organic Law on July 1, 1975. The Board coordinates
all government sector activity and guides private actions toward the integrated,
balanced development of the Island's resources. The Organic Act provides for
a variety of devices which, when adopted by the Board and approved by the
Governor, have the force of law. Those that directly affect JOBANES are the
following:
° Integral Development Plan, which sets forth policies and strate-
gies for development. On January 26, 1976, the Board adopted a
document entitled, "Integral Development Plan: Public Policies
and Specific Objectives." The Governor gave his approval to the
document on April 10, 1979.
23
° Land Use Plan, which provides specific guidance for physical
development including public infrastructure.
° Four-Year Investment Program, which provides guidance to the
government budget process, establishing fiscal limits and
indicating priorities for operating expenditures and capital
programs. This document is revised periodically and guides
the Bureau of Management and Budget in the preparation of the
annual executive budget which is submitted by the Governor to
the Legislative Assembly.
Pursuant to the Organic Law, the Board adopted the Puerto Rico
Coastal Management Program (PRCMP) as an element of the Land Use Plan on
June 22, 1978. The Governor approved the PRCMP on July 12, 1978, making
Puerto Rico eligible to receive continuing Federal assistance under the
Coastal Zone Management Program for implementation of the program. One
element of the PRCMP that relates to the sanctuary includes the Jobos Bay
Special Planning Area.
The Planning Board exercises its authority over physical devel-
opment directly through the initial review of all development proposals and
through the adoption of major zoning district changes, and indirectly,
through the promulgation of Planning Regulations which are implemented by
the Regulations and Permits Administration, as described below. The Planning
Board is also responsible for assuring consistency of all activity in coastal
areas with the PRCMP.
c. Regulations and Permits Administration, (Law 76, June 24, 1975,
as amended)
The Regulations and Permits Administration (ARPE) was created to
relieve the Planning Board of the administrative effort related to the
granting of permits and enforcement of the Planning Regulations. In addition
to the responsibilities assigned under its Organic Law, ARPE may carry out
other functions by delegation of the Board pursuant to formal resolution
and in accordance with specific guidelines. ARPE issues permits for
construction and for use of land and structures. It has a small team of
building inspectors who work out of regional offices in major cities of the
island. ARPE is responsible for prosecuting violations reported to it by
other agencies, including the DNR rangers.
d. Department of Natural Resorces (Law No. 23, June 20, 1972, as
amended)
The Department of Natural Resources (DNR) was established in
accordance with its Organic Law on January 2, 1973. It represents the
amalgamation of various powers and duties previously vested in the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and the Department of Public Works, the Public Service
Commission, and other agencies into a single jurisdiction with comprehensive
responsibility for the planning and management of all natural resources.
The Organic Law makes specific mention of the following: conservation and
development of water resources; control over the extraction of materials from
24
the earth's crust; regulation of hunting and fishing; propagation and manage-
ment of forests and wildlife; and coordination of several programs related to
watershed protection that were sponsored by various Federal agencies.
The following statutes supplement the authority of the DNR Organic Law
as it applies to JOBANES:
Law 83, May 13, 1936 (Fishing Law)
Law 113, July 1, 1975 (Forestry Law)
Law 70, May 30, 1976 (Hunting Law)
Law 1, June 29, 1977 (Marine Resources Development Corporation)
The Fishing Law, last amended in 1977, regulates all aspects of resi-
dential and non-residential commercial and sport fishing in territorial
waters. It prohibits the use of explosives and certain types of equipment,
and requires licensing for fishing activities within inland and coastal
waters. A Fish Conservation Advisory Committee with one representative
each from DNR, Tourism, the University of Puerto Rico, the commercial
fishermen's association and sport fishermen's association is provided
for under this statute.
The Forestry Law establishes public policy with regard to forestry and
provides, among other things, that the Commonwealth will maintain, conserve,
protect, and manage forest areas for the legacy of future generations. To
this end, Article 9 of the Act prohibits certain activities without written
authority of the Secretary of DNR. Prohibited activities include:
0 damages to property -- cutting, killing, destroying, uprooting
or injuring any tree;
° burning;
° pasturing cattle;
° unlawful tenancy; and
° removing or damaging signs.
The Agui rre State Forest is adjacent to the eastern margin of JOBANES.
As a State Forest, the area is subject to the provisions and restrictions
of Law No. 133, The Forestry Law.
The Hunting Law was developed to promote the conservation and intelli-
gent handling of the wildlife resources of Puerto Rico from constantly being
threatened and detrimentally affected by human activities. This law provides
for regulation of the introduction of exotic species into the island, hunting
activities, and wildlife conservation.
The Marine Resources Development Corporation (CODREMAR) is responsible
for promoting the commercial development of marine resources in Puerto Rico.
It administers elements of the Fisheries Law.
25
DNR was assigned the responsibility for developing the PRCMP and for
its continuing implementation under Section 306 of the Coastal Zone Manage-
ment Act. The PRCMP, as adopted by the Planning Board and approved by the
Governor, sets forth public policies to promote the conservation, preservation,
and wise use of Puerto Rico's natural environmental and cultural resources.
Routine checking of boundaries and regular patrolling of JUBANES by
the sanctuary manager and law enforcement personnel will prevent illegal
or unauthorized activities in the area. Penalties for violations of these
regulations and laws provide for imprisonment or a fine, or both, at the
discretion of the court. DNR regulations are enforced by the Ranger Corps
(Cuerpo de Vigilantes) which operates through the Department's regional
offices and detachments in the state forests.
2. Federal Laws
a. Clean Water Act (CWA) (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.)
The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the basic scheme for restoring
and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the
Nation's waters. The CWA contains two basic mechanisms for preventing
water pollution: (1) the regulation of discharges from known sources, and
(2) the regulation of oil and hazardous substances discharges. The Act also
regulates the disposal of wastes from vessels and the discharge of dredged
materials.
(1 ) Discharges
The CWA's chief mechanism for preventing and/or reducing water pollution
is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), administered
by EPA. Under the NPDES program, a permit is required for the discharge
of any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters (which include
State waters, the contiguous zone, and the ocean). EPA can delegate NPDES
permitting authority to the State for state waters.
(2) Oil Pollution
Discharges of oil and hazardous substances in harmful quantities are
prohibited by the CWA. When such discharges do occur, the National Contingency
Plan (NCP) for the removal of oil and hazardous substance discharges,
will take effect. The Coast Guard, in cooperation with EPA, administers
the NCP, which applies to all discharges of oil in the contiguous zone and
to activities under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act. The NCP establishes
the organizational framework under which oil spills are to be cleaned up.
(3) Recreational Vessels
The CWA (33 U.S.C. §1322) requires recreational vessels with toilet
facilities to contain operable marine sanitation devices. The regulations
state that boats, 65 feet in length and under, may use either Type I, II,
or III MSD's which must be certified by the Coast Guard. Types I and II
are chemical treatment devices and Type III is a holding tank. The CWA
requires non-comrnercial craft to comply with marine sanitation device
regulations issued by EPA and enforced by the U.S. Coast Guard.
26
(4) Dredging and Discharging Dredged Materials
Section 404 requires permits from the Army Corps of Engineers (based
on EPA developed guidelines), prior to filling and/or discharging dredged
materials within three miles of shore including wet loads, or the transporta-
tion of dredged material for the purpose of dumping it into ocean waters.
b. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (MMPA) (16 U.S.C. 1361
et seq.)
The MMPA applies to U.S. citizens and foreign nationals subject
to U.S. jurisdiction and is designed to protect all species of marine mam-
mals. The MMPA is jointly implemented by the National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS) of the Department of Commerce which is responsible for
whales, porpoises, and pinnipeds other than the walrus, and the Department
of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), which is responsible for
all other marine mammals, including the only other marine mammal present,
the West Indian manatee. The Marine Mammal Commission advises these imple-
menting agencies and sponsors concerning relevant scientific research. The
primary management features of the Act include: (1) a moratorium on the
"taking" of marine mammals; (2) the development of a management approach
designed to achieve an "optimum sustainable population" for all species
of population stocks of marine mammals; and (3) protection of populations
determined to be "depleted."
c. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA)
(16 U.S.C. 1531-1543 et seq.)
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides protection for listed
species of marine mammals, birds, fish, invertebrates, and plants. The
FWS and NMFS determine which species need protection and maintain a list
of endangered and threatened species. The most significant protection pro-
vided by the ESA is the prohibition on taking of listed species. The term
"take" is defined broadly to mean "harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound,
kill, trap, capture, or collect or to attempt to engage in such conduct"
(16 U.S.C. 1632 (14)). The FWS regulations interpret the term "harm" to
include significant environmental modification or degradation and acts which
annoy listed species to such an extent as to significantly disrupt essential
behavior patterns (50 CFR 17.3).
The ESA also protects endangered species and their habitats. This is
accomplished through a consultation process designed to insure that projects
authorized, funded, or carried out by Federal agencies do not jeopardize
the continued existence of endangered or threatened species or "result in
the destruction or modification of habitat of such species which are deter-
mined by the Secretary (of the Interior or Commerce) to be critical"
(16 U.S.C. 1536). Critical habitat for endangered species is designated
by the FWS or NMFS depending on the species.
d. Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1461 et seq.)
In 1972, Congress passed the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
in response to public concern about balancing needs for preservation and
development in coastal areas. The Act authorizes a Federal grant-in-aid
program to be administered by the Secretary of Commerce, who in turn
27
delegated this responsibility to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
The CZMA was substantively amended on July 16, 1976 (P.L. 94-370)
and on October 1, 1980 (P.L. 96-464). The Act and its amendments affirm a
national interest in the effective protection and careful development of
the coastal zone, by providing assistance and encouragement to coastal
states (and U.S. territories) to voluntarily develop and implement management
programs for their coastal areas. Financial assistance grants under Sections
305 for program development and 306 for program implementation were authorized
by the CZMA to provide coastal states and territories with the means for
achieving these objectives.
The basic requirements of the CZMA provide broad guidelines to states
for developing their coastal management programs. The program development
and approval provisions are contained in 15 CFR Part 923, revised and
published March 28, 1979, in the Federal Register.
The Puerto Rico Coastal Management Program was approved in two
stages. The approval of the plan for the Island of Culebra as a separate
segment was granted on April 1, 1977. The Culebra plan was then integrated
into a Commonwealth program upon the approval of the Puerto Rico Coastal
Management Program on September 18, 1978. The Program is based on the
island-wide land use plan established by the Puerto Rico Planning Board
and adopted by the Governor on June 22, 1978. The Department of Natural
Resources (DNR) is the agency designated to administer the coastal program.
Other major agencies assisting in program implementation include the Puerto
Rico Planning Board, which has statutory planning, zoning, and land use
responsibilities; the Regulations and Permits Administration, and the
Environmental Quality Board.
3. Enforcement Capabilities of Relevant Commonwealth and Federal
Agencies
The JOBANES area is under the jurisdiction of several Commonwealth
and Federal agencies. The Commonwealth agencies are the Marine Police,
Puerto Rico Ports Authority, and the DNR Ranger Corps. The Federal agencies
with law enforcement authority are the: U.S. Coast Guard, Army Corps of
Engineers, and the Fish and Wildlife Service.
a. Commonwealth Police Marine Division
The Marine Division patrols coastal waters and enforces all regulations
of Law No. 19 which is similar to the Federal Boat Safety Act of 1971.
The Puerto Rican marine police, the DNR Rangers, and the U.S. Coast Guard
help each other upon request or in specific instances of emergencies.
There is a marine police division with six personnel and two boats in
the city of Arroyo (10 km east of JOBANES), and another division based at
Ponce. These divisions receive their orders from the Regional Police
Headquarters at Mayaguez and Ponce. The central offices in San Juan handle
administrative, not operational, aspects of marine police enforcement.
28
b. DNR Ranger Corps
The Ranger Corps, created as the enforcement arm of DNR in 1978,
performs the following:
° arrests for violation of the laws administered by the DNR,
when this takes place in their presence. The rangers may
patrol property and waters under state authority. Access
to private properties requires previous permission from the
owner except, when a crime is being committed in the Ranger's
presence or during apprehension of a person who has violated
the laws administered by DNR;
° demands presentation and inspects any permit, franchise,
resolution, license, or document granted by the Secretary
of DNR in which authorization is given for any activity or
operation under the jurisdiction and powers of the DNR in
public or private lands within the limits of the Commonwealth
of Puerto Rico;
° emits cease and desist orders for any activity or operation
that is taking place without the authorization of the
Secretary of DNR and issues judical summons for violations
of the laws administered by DNR;
0 executes subpoenas issued for the examination, investigation,
and processing of any violations to the laws administered
by DNR;
° carries arms in accordance with the ordinances of the Police
Superintendent and conducts searches related to violations
of DNR laws in accordance with the Rules of Criminal
Procedure of Puerto Rico that are in force.
° obtains and executes search warrants in accordance with the
duties responsibilities, and obligations established by the
law that created the Rangers Corp and confiscates and
possesses any wildlife, marine life or land or forest
component in possession or under the control of persons who
intend to transport them by way of land, air, or water in
violation of the laws administered by DNR; and
° confiscates and possesses any arms, machines, equipment or
means of transportation that have been used in violation of
the laws administered by DNR. Any confiscation will take
place according to the dispositions of Law No. 39 of
June 4, 1960, as amended.
The Guayama Ranger Office is responsible for patrolling the JOBANES
area. The Office has one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, one
sergeant, and six rangers assigned to the Marine Division. Two rangers
and a sergeant patrol the sanctuary and the Agui rre State Forest. A boat
will be acquired for this detachment. Meanwhile, marine patrolling will be
provided in coordination with the Police Marine Division unit at Arroyo.
29
The Ranger Corps has arrangements and agreements with the Immigration
Division of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Coast Guard, the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Ports Authority of Puerto Rico, and
the Department of Police, and appears to be the only law enforcement
authority patrolling coastal and marine waters of the sanctuary area on a
periodic basis.
c. U.S. Coast Guard
The Greater Antilles Section (GANTSEC) of the U.S. Coast Guard, which
includes Puerto Rico, covers 1.2 million square miles. The agency is
required to provide search and rescue, law enforcement, and marine navigation
and support to and for all U.S. Coast Guard units. Both the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency rely on the
U.S. Coast Guard to enforce their laws in marine waters.
With the limited number of units and the numerous responsibilities
of these units, the U.S. Coast Guard will not be able to perform routine
daily patrols for the sanctuary. They will be able to perform a one-time
patrol of the area when and if they are in the area, on an as-needed basis,
or provide emergency patrol of the sanctuary in the event of confirmed
poachers, an oil spill, or other such emergencies.
d. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
At the present time, there is virtually no FWS law enforcement
presence in the JOBANES area. There is only one Resident Agent with
enforcement authority in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands responsible
for wildlife inspections and other duties associated with the Migratory Bird
Treaty Act, ESA, and the MMPA. His primary responsibilities also include
the preparation of legal cases to be tried under the various applicable
Federal statutes. Two FWS Refuge Officers and one FWS Inspector assist the
Resident Agent in enforcing applicable federal laws.
30
III. MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
In order to provide adequate management and efficient development of
the sanctuary resources, the following management strategy has been developed.
The strategy has three major management categories: resources protection,
interpretation, and research.
Goal I. To protect and maintain the natural resources of the sanctuary
so that scientists and students may have the opportunity to
examine, over time, the ecological relationships within the area.
Objectives:
1. Develop and implement an interpretive program that will educate
the public about the significance of these estuarine resources
and the need for their protection;
2. Develop and implement management strategies for the sanctuary
that provide for surveillance and enforcement of existing natural
resource protection measures; and
3. Develop and recommend additional regulations for the sanctuary
designed to minimize adverse impacts to important resources.
Goal II. To promote and coordinate scientific research to expand knowledge of
significant estuarine resources and to improve management decision-
maki ng.
Objectives:
1. Provide an up-to-date compilation of resource information about
the sanctuary;
2. Conduct scientific research to expand knowledge of the estuarine
systems within the sanctuary;
3. Establish and utilize a system for interaction with recognized
research institutions, offering the sanctuary as a natural
field laboratory;
4. Gather information on the physical, chemical, biological,
geological and meteorological processes occurring in the
sanctuary; and
5. Assess the range and possible impacts of the various human
activities within and surrounding the sanctuary.
Goal III. To enhance public awareness, understanding and educational use of
the sanctuary's natural resources through an interpretive program.
Objectives:
1. Prepare a profile of present and potential sanctuary users that
identifies their interests and backgrounds;
31
2. Prepare a list of resources that can be used to implement the
interpretive program;
3. Design programs and exhibits that encourage conservation practices
and which are in tune with visitors' profiles;
4. Inform the public about sanctuary programs and activities;
5. Inform visitors, users and participants in sanctuary activities
of rules, regulations, safety procedures and conservation
practices;
6. Prepare a year-round schedule for educational programs that
provides for special interest groups as well as the general public;
7. Offer workshops that will provide teachers, volunteers and staff
with information and techniques for interpreting the sanctuary to
students, tour groups and potential supporters;
8. Establish and utilize a system for interaction with other National
Estuarine Sanctuaries in the interest of exchanging information
and educational material regarding the protection and management
of estuarine ecosystems; and
9. Al low multiple recreational activities (such as fishing, hunting,
or motor boating) that are compatible with sanctuary goals.
A management program for each one of the three major categories was created.
The programs further detail a series of activities that will define the
management strategy for JOBANES. These programs will be reviewed annually by
the sanctuary administration and the Sanctuary Advisory Committee.
32
A. Resource Management
In order to provide adequate management and development of the
sanctuary, the area has been divided into five management units (Figure
8): Mar Negro, Cayos Caribes, Seagrass Beds, Punta Pozuelo, and the
manager's residence.
1 . On-site Management Units
a. Mar Negro Unit
The Mar Negro area forms the bulk property of the sanctuary. It
has an area of 405 ha (1,000 acres) of which nearly 55 percent are mangrove
forests and associated vegetation. The remaining area consists of lagoons
and channels.
Fringe and basin forests characterize the mangroves of Mar Negro.
The mangrove fringe protects the shoreline. Martinez et al . , (1979)
reports that there is a strong horizontal gradient in topography, water
turbulence, and tidal amplitude in the fringe. Tidal and wave energy
decay rapidly inland, producing a salinity gradient. Toward the outer
edge of the fringe, red mangrove becomes established, while inland the
black mangrove is the dominant species. Since mangrove fringes are
exposed, they are subject to periodic destruction by storm waves of
scouring by strong currents. During storms, large amounts of debris may
be deposited in the outer fringe, reducing circulation of the inner
fringe and inland (Cintron et al . , 1978). Mangrove fringes have important
roles in organic matter export, water quality control, and as base for
sessile organisms. The fringe is the preferred perching and roosting
site for herons and pelicans.
Basin forests have sheet flows over wide areas of yery small topographic
relief and low salinity gradients. Black mangrove dominates those basin
areas where high salinities (50+ ppt) prevail, while white mangroves
dominate low salinity basins (30 - 40 ppt) (Martinez et al., 1979).
Some basin forests are subject to higher natural stresses. The mangrove
may defoliate through a stressful period, such as a drought, and flourish
again when normal conditions are established.
The Mar Negro Unit is also characterized by three lagoons: Mar Negro,
Zauta, and Chica. Mar Negro Lagoon lies close to the westerly limits of
the sanctuary, adjacent to the community of Las Mareas. It has an area
of 2.8 km^ and maximum depths of around three meters. It serves as
anchorage for local fishing boats. This lagoon receives raw sewage
discharges from Las Mareas. Zauta Lagoon is smaller than Mar Negro, but
reaches depths up to eight meters. Wildlife is more abundant in this
lagoon, because of its lower level of human disturbances. Chica Lagoon
is a very inaccessible area, almost in the middle of Mar Negro. It is a
shallow lagoon with an area nearly one square kilometer. The great blue
heron and the endangered brown pelican inhabit this area. No studies
have been conducted in this lagoon.
33
34
Seasonal lagoons are formed during flood periods, typically from April
to November. Their transitional phase represents a brackish or hypersaline
lagoon, which produces mud flats or salt flats, respectively.
There are two isolated coconut palm stands south of Chica Lagoon. Land
crabs (Cardisoma guanhumi ) are known to inhabit the area.
Management Actions
a. Remove debris to assist in the natural regeneration of the
area;
b. Regulate public access to bird perching and roosting sites
on mangrove fringes;
c. Construction within fringes and basin forests will be on
pilings to maintain adequate water flow and drainage with
sufficient undisturbed stands left between structures;
d. Avoid road construction within mangrove basins;
e. Evaluate the impact of raw sewage in Mar Negro Lagoon to
assess management measures for the conservation of the lagoon
components;
f. Establish research/monitoring plots to conduct scientific
projects; to be completed by 1984;
g. Provide access to research plots and restrict public access
to these areas;
h. Build a docking facility and/or ramp in Las Mareas to
provide adequate access to the western margin of JOBANES by
1984;
i. Maintain Chica Lagoon in its present undisturbed conditions
to allow for its natural succession;
j. Identify suitable hunting areas to select and designate a
hunting reserve within the Mar Negro Unit. To be completed by
early 1984;
k. Construction of an interpretive boardwalk/trail in the
hypersaline lagoon ecosystem west of Zauta Lagoon by 1984; and
1. Establish a boundary system to delimit the sanctuary
property, to provide public orientation, and to identify
research/monitoring plots and critical wildlife areas.
35
b. Cayos Caribes Unit
Cayos Caribes are a chain of 17 tear-shaped islets, 1.8 km long. They
are about 2 km southeast of Mar Negro and adjacent to Punta Pozuelo of the
Aguirre State Forest. These islets are separated by scour channels reaching
depths up to six meters. Cayos Caribes are of particular interest because
of the proximity and interactions between seagrass beds, mangroves, and the
coral reef. The West Indian manatee has been reported foraging close to
this area (Belitsky, 1979). Most of these islets are covered by mangrove,
although some contain small areas of evergreen littoral woodland and/or
secondary vegetation. There are five species of trees, four species of
shrubs, three species of vines, and two species of herbs found in these
littoral woodlands and among the mangroves. All four species of mangrove
occur on these islands.
Some of the islets of Cayos Caribes can be classified as "overwash
mangrove islands." A principal feature of these islets is that they are
subject to the daily influence of the tides. The wave regime regulates to
some extent the structural development of the vegetation, especially mangroves.
Observed differences in leaf areas, biomass and productivity of the mangroves
on these islands are probably due to variations in the degree of wave exposure,
salinity and nutrient concentrations.
Uther islets within the Cayos Caribes chain contain hypersaline lagoons.
These lagoons represent an advanced stage in a series of successional events
brought about by changes in topography and salinity of the soil. As soil
salinities inside the islands increase due to restricted water circulation
and high evaporation, death of Rhizophora leads to colonization by Avicennia.
As salinities continue to increase, the growth of black mangrove becomes
stunted and the island assumes an "annular" appearance with a ring of red
mangroves around the inner core of stunted Avicennia (Cintron et al., 1978).
Eventually, conditions become so restrictive that no trees can grow in the
core and a depression and lagoon are formed.
Management Actions
a. Build a 1U m. tower for wildlife and landscape observation
in Punta Caribe, the last outer islet of Cayos Caribes, by
198b;
b. Evaluate the ecological features of Punta Caribe to
develop a xerophytic forest and mangrove nature trail and a
boardwalk with sections in the coral platform, mangrove
fringe, and a hypersaline lagoon;
c. Assess the islet channels and leeward lagoons to develop
an underwater trail; and
d. Construct adequate sanitary facilities for visitors and
investigators.
36
c. Seagrass Beds
The general climatic and oceanographic features of the Jobos Bay watershed,
the low incidence of waves, and the protection afforded by offshore islets
and reefs, all tend to produce extensive seagrass development within the
area. The primary function of these beds is as a photosynthetic agent providing
carbon complexes and producing oxygen for the marine biota.
Thalassia is the dominant seagrass in Jobos Bay. It is a sessile vascular
plant similar to long slender grass. It covers near 35 percent of the bay
floor where the depth is less than two meters. In areas less than one meter,
Thalassia covers abut 70 percent of the bottom, and its condition is fair.
It has a biomass around 250 grams dry weight/rn^ and about 40 grams of associated
species. Once the depth increases beyond 1-6 m; the grass becomes quite
sparse and contains about one-tenth as much biomass (PRWRA), (1972).
The ecological importance of Thalassia is that it provides a habitat
for benthic organisms that depend on this plant for food and coves, such as
sea turtles and manatees.
Management Actions
a. Identify shallow seagrass areas;
b. Assess the disturbance from speeding motor boats in
seagrass beds; and
c. Determine measures for protecting seagrass areas.
d. Punta Pozuelo Unit
This area is part of the Agui rre State Forest and it is the closest
point to Cayos Caribes. A site suitability analysis was was done to determine
the location of the visitor/research center Appendix E). The selected site
was an old gravel runway, 500 m. north-east of Cayos Caribes. The environ-
mental conditions in Pozuelo are similar to those of J0BANES. The site was
chosen for five major reasons: the land is owned by DNR; surrounding lands
are government property; its soils have the capacity to support a structure;
it has good road access; and it is close to the proposed interpretive area
in Cayos Caribes.
Management Actions
a. Build a visitor/research center to provide for public
orientation and education and research facilities for local
and visiting investigators.
The preliminary design for the center was drawn by the
the U.P.R. Graduate School of Architecture. The center
will be a three story hexagonal building 910 m2 in area,
37
of concrete and wood (Figure 9). The first story will
be 380 m^. It will include: a reception/information
counter, an exhibition room, an auditorium with seating
for 52 persons, a research/monitoring laboratory, a
library, staff offices, storage areas and restrooms.
The second story will be 260 m^. It will have three
dormitories with 12 bunk beds, two bathrooms, a fully-
furnished kitchen, and a living room. Both stories
will be surrounded by a balcony. The third story will
hold an observation deck. The building is estimated to
cost about $120,000. Construction is proposed to start
early in 1984.
b. Construction of a 250 meters long interpretive boardwalk.
c. Manager's Residence
The sanctuary manager's residence is located on Route PR-3
in the community of Puente Jobos, four kilometers north of
Cayos Caribes and six kilometers east of Mar Negro. This
two acre site has a house with an office and a workshop,
and parking for five vehicles. Utilities include tap
water, electricity, telephone, and a septic tank. The
house is owned by DNR's Forest Service.
Management Actions
a. Reconditioning the structure to provide a temporary residence/
office for the sanctuary manager until the visitor/research center is
bui It.
b. Maintain the residence in good condition.
2. Off-site Management Considerations
It is expected that the sanctuary will not change existing activity
uses adjoining the site. Agriculture is the predominant surrounding land
use. The coastal plains are used mainly for sugarcane cultivation, cattle
grazing and dairy fanning. There are two industrial sites and a residential
community adjacent to the sanctuary.
When the Aguirre Thermoelectric Power Plant (ATPP) was under
construction in 1973, an effort was made to ensure that Jobos Bay and the
existing mangrove forests in the area would be minimally affected. This
environmental concern continues through a monitoring program by the ATPP
and the Environmental Quality Board.
The power plant's operations contribute to air pollution with emissions
of sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides, and particulates. However, the
calculated ground level concentrations in the area of the sanctuary meet
the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Smoke plumes generated by
the power plant do not detract from the sanctuary's aesthetic beauty
since the prevailing winds generally blow out of the south-southeast.
38
Researchers and students will be able to use the field laboratory for on-
site, rapid cleaning, sorting, identification and processing of field specimens
and for first-cut tabulation and data reduction. The laboratory's collections
and guidebooks will assist in the identification of specimens. One of the
early goals of sanctuary management will be to accumulate study specimens of
representative species of flora and fauna to aid visitors in this task. The
laboratory will also offer a good "staging area" for field work, where
equipment can be checked out and minor repairs made. It will not be practicable,
due to laboratory space and instrument limitations, to carry out complex
procedures at the visitor center, but complete biological, chemical and
geological analytical laboratories are available at DNR Headquarters at San
Juan. Additionally, some visiting scientists with their own equipment may
make use of the line voltage and counter space of the laboratory to set up
their own instruments temporarily.
There are several chemical analyses that require highly sophisticated
equipment that would not be available at the center. However, DNR's Research
Area has a wel 1 -equipped laboratory that provides analytical support for the
Marine, Terrestial, and Geologic Divisions within the Research Area. This
laboratory is equipped with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, an
emission spectographer, and UV spectographer, and a gas chromatographer.
The laboratory conducts analysis on sedimentation dynamics, nutrients, heavy
metals, phenols, pesticides, hydrocarbons, and bioassays among other tests.
A multipurpose 17 foot Boston Whaler boat, equipped with a trailer and a
70 hp engine, has been acquired for JOBANES. This unit is available for
aquatic sampling and research and for passengers and equipment transportation.
In addition, the DNR's Research Area has a 65 foot oceanographic exploration
vessel, the Jean A. This vessel is fully sound and its crew has extensive
experience in oceanography and diving.
3. Data Management
Effective management relies to a great extent on an efficient data
classification, storage, and retrieval system. Such a system is essential
for day-to-day management as well as for future planning and future resource
problem solving. At present a moderate amount of information exists on Jobos
Bay and surrounding environs. It is anticipated that this information base
will expand significantly with the establishment of the estuarine sanctuary.
A data management system therefore is needed to handle this information
effectively so that proper management of the Sanctuary could be achieved.
The Natural, Cultural and Environmental Resources Inventory (NCERI) of
the Department of Natural Resources is a data management system which has
been in operation since 1973. It has the capability to accept most of the
data base for the sanctuary. With certain modifications the system can be
expanded to accept additional information.
A study is needed to evaluate the existing data management system within
DNR in terms of its compatibility with the sanctuary data/information management
needs. Specifically, the existing data banks and information on JOBANES
could be incorporated into the existing NCERI.
43
The proposed library for the visitor/research center will function as a
complement to the data bank. The library will hold a collection of books,
reprints, documents, and photographs that can enhance the educational and
research programs of JOBANES.
Other off-site libraries that can provide investigators updated
information related to estuarine ecosystems are: DNK's library, the libraries
of the Center for Energy Environmental Research, the Environmental Quality
Board, Department of Marine Sciences of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR),
Mayaguez campus, and the library of the College of Natural Sciences of the
UPR, San Juan campus with one of the larger scientific collections in Latin
America.
4. Monitoring Program
The absence of a long-term data collection system justifies the
establishment of a monitoring program in JOBANES. This is a most important
research activity and will provide a data bank for the Sanctuary. The program
will be divided into four phases: photographic monitoring, water quality,
meteorological, and biological monitoring. To support the monitoring program,
permanent research/monitoring plots will be established. The sanctuary staff
and personnel from DNR's Scientific Research Area will be responsible for the
monitoring program.
The photographic monitoring phase intends to document changes in vegetation
structure and composition, changes in land and water as a product of alterations
of existing environmental conditions, natural succession, and changes during
critical events, such as oil spills, hurricanes, floods, or a severe drought.
Permanent ground-level stations will be selected. An aerial photograph survey
of the Jobos Bay watershed will be conducted in February and August, (the
climax months for climatic extremes), eyery two years or during critical
events. Infrared photography will be encouraged, particularly for vegetation
analysis.
In 1980, the Environmental Quality Board established four water monitoring
stations within the Jobos Bay watershed. Parameters currently being monitored
include temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, color, salinity, nitrates, nitrites,
total phosphorous, turbidity, total nitrogen, fecal coli forms, oil and grease,
and heavy metals. These parameters are monitored ewery two months. The
water quality monitoring phase will be expanded to include more stations
within JOBANES and other parameters, such as pesticides, suspended solids,
phenols, and tidal level fluctuations.
Selected meteorological equipment will be installed to monitor temperature,
precipitation, wind velocity, solar radiation, and relative humidity. This
equipment will enhance the meteorological monitoring phase by providing
important new kinds of data. The sanctuary technician will be in charge of
this phase. The meteorological station located at the visitor/research center
will also serve in the interpretive program.
The biological monitoring program will include plankton and invertebrate
sampling, fish population sampling, and measurement of the plant communities,
including algae, seagrasses and mangroves. Surveys for presence of toxic
substances in fish, birds and phytoplankton may be performed. Population
studies of endangered and hunted species will be encouraged.
44
5. Research Prospectus
The sanctuary staff is committed to attract the scientific community to
JOBANES. Investigators will be encouraged to utilize the site for their
research studies by offering them: an on-site laboratory and housing
facilities; an expanding data bank; guidance and assistance in project design
and implementation; and the relatively undisturbed study area of the coastal
estuarine ecosystem of Jobos Bay. The only studies that will not be encouraged
are manipulative studies that affect the nature of the estuarine system.
The sanctuary manager and his Advisory Committee will provide guidance
in the design of research proposals. They can provide background information
on JOBANES, alert the research proponent about specific site conditions that
may affect the research, suggest ways to reduce living expenses, and identify
potential funding sources. The sanctuary staff will provide field assistance
as needed by the investigator.
All research proponents must complete the DNR's Scientific Research Area
research application prior to the beginning of the project. The permit holder
must submit a report of his/her research to the Area within 90 days after the
permit expiration date or when a publication first becomes available. It is
hoped that the investigator will provide the sanctuary with raw data collected
and/or published reports.
6. Research Priorities
The following research topics were ranked as priority projects for JOBANES
The effect of microclimates on mangroves
Long-term ecophysiology of mangroves
Growth rate of mangroves under environmental stress
Determination of population sizes of game birds and land crabs
Microbiology of the mangrove root faunal community
Assessment of the nesting status of birds
Identification of migratory chronology of birds
Distribution and status of the West Indian Manatee
Sedimentation effects in coral reefs
Growth rate of seagrass beds
Fish population studies
4b
C. Interpretive Program
1 . Introduction
The Jobos Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary will provide suitable
educational activities to facilitate information to universities, schools,
other organizations, and the general public. The goal of this program will
be to present the nature of the ecosystem components and their values to man
and nature.
This section of the management plan establishes a framework for the
Interpretive Program for JOBANES. As an island community, Puerto Rico's
population can benefit from an estuarine-oriented interpretive program. The
program will be administered in close cooperation with the local communities
and users of the sanctuary to encourage a better appreciation of the island's
coastal resources.
Interpretation of this complex environment will enhance visitor appreciation
and enjoyment of the sanctuary and generate concern for the protection of its
vital resources. Audiovisual materials, publications, exhibits, activities,
and interpreters will provide information that leads to increased knowledge
and understanding of this relatively unspoiled and significant ecosystem.
The mangrove boardwalk tour and the media presentation will focus the public's
attention on the value of the mangrove system to fishing productivity, wildlife,
and protection of coastal property. Boat tours to Cayos Caribes and Mar
Negro, exhibits, lectures and the audiovisual program will focus on the
importance of the system and its fragility. The information on endangered
species (manatees, turtles, pelicans, and other important species) will be
related to habitats (grassbeds, mangroves, and reefs) and provide a holistic
understanding of the relationship of individual species and habitats to the
ecosystem.
This interpretive program will include off-site and on-site activities.
The projected visitor center will be the focus for educational activities.
2. Off-Site Educational Activities
Lectures will be presented by the Sanctuary Manager or his designated
personnel to organizations such as schools, ecological societies, or youth groups,
News media will be encouraged to provide information about the Sanctuary
to the public. Such coverage will include newspaper and magazine articles,
and radio and television programs. WIPR, the Commonwealth public broadcasting
radio and television station, will play an important role in this objective.
The sanctuary manager and his staff will be encouraged to sponsor and advise
nature oriented groups, programs and workshops.
46
3. On-Site Educational Activities
a. Hiring an Education Specialist and Recruiting Volunteers
An Education Specialist will be hired in January lyBb to be
responsible to develop, coordinate, and implement the interpretive
program for JOBANES. This person will recruit, train, and supervise
sanctuary volunteers as needed. This specialist will work in
conjunction with the sanctuary manager and DNR personnel responsible
for information activities.
The sanctuary staff will encourage a volunteer program at
JOBANES. This will be an active program where volunteers will
fulfill specific tasks.
b. Public Orientation
A visitor orientation system is required to orient the public
to get to and to move within the sanctuary. This system will be
composed of two major units: signs and the visitor center.
Signs indicating main entrances to the sanctuary will be posted
in each direction on Highway 3, one kilometer before road 7U3 to
Mar Negro and road 710 to Punta Pozuelo. Signs will identify
other sanctuary facilities such as trails, camping and picnic areas,
rest rooms, parking, exits, and educational devices. All trails
will be named according to a relevant feature of the site, such as
Great Blue Heron, Red Mangrove, Fiddler Crabs or Zoanthus Trails.
The visitor center will be the main Sanctuary unit for
orientation and education. The center will have:
-- A scale model of the sanctuary showing all the natural areas and
facilities.
-- A large aerial photograph of the sanctuary.
-- A wall-sized schematic map illustrating in detail all the
sanctuary facilities.
-- An auditorium for lectures, meetings, and audio-visual
presentations.
-- An exhibit room designed to display a museum collection of shells
and local faunal specimens, and photographs and information
plates of some abiotic and biotic elements of the sanctuary
ecosystem.
-- A research/reference library of the cultural, biological, chemical
and physical features of JOBANES and the surrounding region.
-- An information counter attended by volunteers to provide public
orientation and educational materials.
47
c. Publications
The sanctuary staff, in coordination with the DNR Office of Education
and Publications, will publish a series of leaflets, as necessary, to describe
the sanctuary structure, components, and facilities. Among the leaflet
topics are:
(1) A Self-guided Tour to the Jobos Bay National Estuarine
Sanctuary
(2) The Mangroves of JOBANES
(3) Marine Flora and Fauna of JOBANES
These leaflets will be available to the public at the visitor center.
-- A sanctuary newsletter, published bimonthly, will be developed
by 1983.
-- A large schematic map (approximately 100 cm X 100 cm) showing the
sanctuary facilities and points of interest will be published.
Its main purpose will be orientation. The map will be available
at the visitor center. A pocket-sized checklist of the sanctuary
land flora and fauna will be available upon request at the
visitor center.
d. The Sanctuary Emblem and Uniform
To symbolize the main elements integrating the nature of the sanctuary
ecosystem, an emblem was created (Figure 10). The emblem shows a red mangrove
with its aerial roots, a great blue heron, one of the bird species that
forage in all types of water bodies within the sanctuary, the fiddler crab,
a typical inhabitant of mud and tidal flats, the West Indian manatee and the
sea turtle, two endangered species that frequent the waters of Jobos Bay,
and two fishes and the coral reef, which represent the marine environment.
The N0AA symbol has been integrated into this emblem. The sanctuary emblem
will be carved in a 100 x 150 cm mahogany panel and will be displayed in
front of the visitor center.
All sanctuary personnel and non-CICA volunteers will wear a representative
uniform, consisting of a light beige shirt/blouse, a sky blue pant/split
skirt or shorts, a black baseball cap with the sanctuary logo (JOBANES)
embroidered in yellow letters, and black shoes. Socks can be either white,
black or navy blue. A patch of the sanctuary emblem will be embroidered on
the upper right side of the shirt/blouse, and DNR emblem will be attached to
the upper left side of the shirt. This uniform will be used during working
hours in on-site and off-site activities.
e. Student Programs
Students at different educational levels will be invited to examine
the sanctuary ecosystem, the socio-cultural impact of the establishment
of JOBANES, and the effect of urban and industrial development upon the
area. Local school science clubs will be incited to develop science
projects within the sanctuary.
48
FIGURE 10. THE SANCTUARY EMBLEM
49
f. Interpretive Devices and Trail System
To promote educational/recreational benefits to visitors of the
sanctuary and to make their visit a pleasant one, it will be necessary
to build a system of interpretive devices and trails (Figure 11). The
main yoal of this system will be educational, but considerable overlapping
with recreational objectives may be present. Self-yuided tours to the
facilities will be encouraged, but guide tours managed by volunteers
will be available to the public. The following interpretive devices
are planned to be built or acquired with sanctuary funds:
-- An observation tower, 1U m. high, to be built in Punta Caribe.
-- A glass-bottomed boat with capacity for 20 persons.
-- A 200 m. boardwalk system, interconnecting the last four
islets of Cayos Caribes.
-- A 10 m. long dock in Mar Negro.
-- Interpretive plates along trails.
Trails will be developed or reconditioned to show particular
ecological or physiographical features of the area. Among the trails
to be developed are:
-- A xerophytic vegetation trail in Punta Caribe.
-- A hypersaline lagoon ecosystem trail in the Zauta Lagoon area.
-- A mangrove trail in the Mar Negro area.
-- A self-guided underwater native trail in the southern margin of
Punta Caribe.
4. Recreational Considerations
Hiking trails and a rustic camping area will be evaluated as possible
recreational facilities.
Intensive recreational activities are not the main objectives of the
sanctuary. However, there are multiple use activities that are compatible
with the objectives of the National Estuarine Sanctuary Program. Passive
recreation opportunities could be achieved with some of the educational units
to be established in the sanctuary. Almost all of the outdoor educational
system units overlap with recreational activities. Interpretative nature
trails, the observation tower, self-guided snorkel trails, and the glass-
bottomed boat will have a great extent of recreational experiences.
Sailing and canoeing will be permitted in all sanctuary waters; motor
boating will be restricted to some areas to be designated. Small scale amateur
and commercial fishing is allowed i n al 1 territorial waters within the
sanctuary. Hunting will be permitted according to current hunting standards.
Different areas in Mar Negro will be evaluated to designate a hunting reserve.
Hunting will be prohibited in Cayos Caribes.
50
Mata Redonda
B A H I A D E J 0 B 0 S
Punta Rodeo
OBSERVATION TOWER
XEROHPYTIC
FOREST TRAIL
ELEVATED MAN6R0VE TRAIL
BOARDWALK ACCESS TO
UNDERWATER TRAIL
SCALE
5m. m. * IOOm»i«r»
FIGURE li. INTERPRETIVE UNITS FOR CAYOS CARIBES AND PUNTA POZUELO
51
IV. LITERATURE CITED
Bel it sky, D. 1979. Manatee Study Puerto Rico Wildlife Studies.
Project No.: W-8-22. Annual Performance Report. Dept. Nat. Res., San
Juan, P.R. 30 pp.
Berryhill, Jr., H. L. 1960. Geology of the Central Agui rre Quadrangle.
U.S. Geol . Surv. Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-318.
Browne! 1, Robert L., Jr. 1980. West Indian Manatee Recovery Plan. Dept. of
the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Prepared in cooperation with
the Recovery Team composed of Oberheun, Brownell, Jackson, Irvine, Rose, Lee,
Shelfer, and Stansell.
Cintron, Gilberto, A. E. Lugo, D. J. Pool and G. Morris 1978. Mangrove of
Arid Environments in Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. Biotropica 10 (2):
110-121.
Evermann, B. W. 1900. General Report on the Investigations in Puerto Rico
of the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer FISH HAWK in 1899. U.S.F.C Bulletin
for 1900. Washington, D.C. Page 25.
Ewel , J. J. and J. L. Whitmore. 1973. The Ecological Life Zones of Puerto
Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Forest Service Research Publ . ITF-18, USDA,
72 pp.
Garcia, A. y Rivera, M. 1981. DNR Unpublished Data.
Glynn, P. 1964. Common Marine Invertebrate Animals of the Shallow Waters
of Puerto Rico. Histo. Nat. de P.R., Inst, de Cultur. Puertorriquena, San
Juan, P.R.
Lugo, A. and S. Snedaker. 1974. The Ecology of Mangroves. An. Rev. Ecol .
and Systm. Vol . 5.
Martin, F. D. and J. W. Patus, (1975). A comparison of fish faunas in a
highly stressed tropical bay - Guayanilla and Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico.
Proceedings 27th Conf. Southern Div. Am. Fish. Soc. Hot Springs, Arkansas.
Martinez, R., G. Cintron and L. A. Encarnacion. 1979. Mangroves in Puerto
Rico: A structural inventory. Dept. Nat. Res. Final Report to OCZM, NOAA.
149 pp.
Matthews, B. 1967. An Ecological Guide to the Littoral Fauna and Flora of
Puerto Rico. Dept. of Education. San Juan, Puerto Rico.
McClymonds, N. E. and Jose R. Diaz. 1972. Water Resources of the Jobos
Area, Puerto Rico. A preliminary appraisal, 1962. U. S. Geological Survey
and Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Water Resources Bull. 13. 32 pp.
53
PRWRA. 1972. Ayui rre Power Plant-Complex Environmental Report. Report
No. WRA E. S.-8. Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority and Westinghouse
Corp. San Juan, P. R. 198 pp.
Silander, S. 1981. La vegetacion del Area de Planificacion Especial y
Reserva Natural de Jobos, P. R. DRN (en preparacion).
Vicente, V.P. 1975. Seagrass bed communities of Jobos Bay. Agui rre
Environmental Studies, Final Report. Vol. I. Puerto Rico Nuclear
Center 196: 27-49.
54
APPENDIX A
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APPENDIX C
71
Appendix C. Birds of the JOBANES Area
Pellcano Pardo - Pelecanus occidentalis - Brown Pelican
Boba Parda - Sula leucogaster - Brown Booby
Tijerilla - Fregata magnificens - Magnif icient Frigatebird
Garz6n Cenizo - Ardea, herodias - Great Blue Heron
Martinete - But prices viescens - Great Heron
Garza Azul - Florida caerulea - Little Blue Heron
Garza Ganadera - Bulbulcus ibis - Cattle Egret
Garza Real - Casmerodius albus - Great Egret
Garza Blanca - Egretta thula— Snowy Egret
Garza Pechiblanca - Hidranassa tricolor - Louisiana Heron
Yaboa comun Nyctanassa violacea - Yellow-crowned Night Heron
Coco Prieto - Plegadis falsinellus - Glossy Ibis
Pato Quijada Colorada - Anas bahamensis - Bahama Duck
Pato Zarcel - Anas discors - Blue -winged Teal
Aguila de Mar - Pandion haliaetus - Osprey
Falc&n Peregrino - Falco peregrinus - Peregrine Falco
Falconcito - Falco sparverius - American Kestrel
Polio de Mangle - Rallus longilostris - Clapper Rail
Gallareta Comun - Gallinula chloropus - Common Gallinule
Playero Acollardo - Charadrius semipalmatus - Semipalmated Plover
Playero Blanco - Charadrius alexandrinus - Snowy Plover
Playero Maritime - Charadrius wilsonis - Wilson's Plover
Playero Sabanero - Caharadrius vociferus - Killdeer
Playero Turco - Arenaria interpres - Ruddy Turnstone
Playero Pico Corvo - Numenius phaecopus - Whimbrel
Putilla - Actitis macularia - Spotted Sandpiper
Playero Guineilla Grande - Tringa melanoleuca - Greater Yellowlegs
73
Playero Guineilla Pequefla - Tringa flavipes - Lesser Yellowlegs
Playero Aliblanco - Catoptrophorus aemipalmatus - Willet
Playero Gordo - Calidris canutus - Red Knot
Playero Manchado - Calidris melanotus - Pectoral Sandpiper
Playerito Menudo - Calidris minutilla - Least Sandpiper
Playero Patilargo - Micropalmna himantopus - Stilt Sandpiper
Viuda - H-»™«ntopus mexicanus - Black- necked Stilt
Gaviota - Larus argentatus - Herring Gull
Gaviota Cabezinegra - Larus atricilla - Laughing Gull
Gaviota Pico Corto - Gelochelidon nilotica - Gull - billed Tern
Gaviota - Sterna hirundo - Common Tern
Gaviota pequefla - Sterna albifrons - Least Tern
Gaviota Real - Sterna maxima - Royal Tern
Gaviota de Pico Agudo - Sterna sandvicensis - Sandwich Tern
Cervera - Angus stolidus - Noddy Tern
Paloma Cabeziblanca - Columba leucocephala - White - crowned Pigeon
Paloma Turca - Co lnmba squamosa - Scaly - naped Pigeon
Paloma Sabanera - Colnmha inornata - Puerto Rican Plain Pigeon
T&rtola - Zenaida aurita - Zenaida Dove
T&rtola Aliblanca - Zenaida asiatica - White - winged Dove
T&rtola Rabilarga - Zenaida macroura - Mourning Dove
Rolita - Columbina passe rina - Common Ground Dove
Cotorra Dominicana - Amazona ventralis - Dominican Parrot
Pajaro Bobo Menor - Coccyzus minor - Mangrove Cuckoo
Judio - Crotophaga ani- Smooth - billed Ani
Mucarito - Otus nudipes - Puerto Rican Screech Owl
Querequeque - Chrodeiles minor - Common Nigtfoawk
74
Zumbadorcito - Chlorostilbon maugeus- Puerto Rican Esmerald
Zumbador Verde - Anthracothorax viridis - Green Mango
Zumbador de Pecho Azul - Sericotes holoscericeus- Green throated Carib
Martin Pescador- Megaceryle a ley on - Belted Kingfisher
Carpintero - Melanerpes portoricenses- Puerto Rican Woodpecker
Pitirre - Tyrannus dominicensis - Gray Kingbird
Jui - Myiarchus ant ilia rum - Puerto Rican Flycather
Bobito - Contopus latirostris- Lesser Antillean
Jui Blanco - Elaenia martinica - Caribben- Elaenia
Golondrina de Horquilla - Hirundo rustica - Barn Swallow
Golondrina de Cuevas - Petrochelidon fulva - Cave Swallow
Golondrina de Iglesia - Progne dominicensis- Caribbean Martin
Ruiseflor - Mimns pol iglottOS - Mockingbird
Zorzal Pardo - Margarops fuscatus- Pearly-eyed Thrasher
Julian Chivi - Vireo altiloquus - Black-whiskered Vireo
Reinita - Coereba flaveola - Bananaquit
Reinita Trepadora - mniotil ta varia - Black and White Warbler
Canario de Mangle - Dendroica petechia - Yellow Warbler
Reinita Rayada - Dendroica striata- Blackpoll Warbler
Reinita Galana - Dendroica discolor - Prairie Warbler
Reinita Pechidorada - Parula americana - Northern Parula
Pizpita Dorada - Seirus aurocapillus - Ovenbird
Reinita Picatierra - Geothlypis trichas - Common Yellowthroat
Candelita - Setophaga ruticilla - American Redstart
Diablito - Lonchura cucullata - Bronze Mannikin
Mariquita - Agelaius xanthomus - Yellow- shouldered Blackbird
Chango - Quiscalus niger - Greater Antillian Grackle
75
Gorri6n Barba Amarilla - Tiaria olivacea - Yellow-faced Grassquit
Gorri&n .Negro - Tiaris bicolor - Black- faced Grassquit
76
APPENDIX U
77
Appendix D. Jobos Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary
Management Advisory Committee Members
1. Mr. Javier Blanco
Executive Director
Conservation Trust of Puerto Rico
2 . Ms . Barbara Cintron
Department of Natural Resources
3. Dr. Ariel Lugo
Project Leader
Institute of Tropical Forestry
4. Dr. Manuel Hernandez Avila
Director
Department of Marine Sciences
University of Puerto Rico
5. Mr. Donald Erdman
Scientific Advisor
CODREMAR
6. Dr. Braulio Jimenez
Director
Office of Environmental Studies
7. Mr. Sean Furniss
Refuge Manager
Caribbean Islands Refuges
8. Mr. Orlando Collazo
President
Pozuelo Fishing Association
9. Mr. Jose Rivera
President
Aguirre Fishing Cooperative
10. Dr. Eugene Crommett
Director
Graduate School of Architecture
University of Puerto Rico
79
APPENDIX E
81
Appendix E- Suitability index of possible sites for the construction of the
JOBANES Visitor Center
Suitability Rating 0 = none, 1 = low/a, poor, 2 = regular, 3 = high/a, good
CRITERIA BASED ON EXISTING 1 Ideal
CONDITIONS ONLY * c.
a Si te
Pozuelo
Waterfront
Inner
Pozuelo
Is la
Caribe
Mar Negro
N
E
s
w
Road access
3
3
3
i
0
1
2
3
Road qual ity
3
2
2
0
1
3
2
Construction suitability
of soil
3
2
3
3
3
1
1
Amount of soi 1 's
f i 1 1 ing required
3a
2
3a
3a
3a
la
la
la
Protection from waves
3
1
3
1.
3
2
3
Property obtainabi 1 ity
3
3
2
3
1
1
3
3
Environmental quality
a. Air
b. Noise
c. Water
3
3a
3
3
3a
3
3
3a
3
3
3a
3
1
3a
2
1
la
2
3
3a
3
2
2
Landscape aesthetic
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
Wildlife
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
Existing trails
3
2
3
3
2
1
1
Population density
3a
3a
3a
0
3a
3a
3a
la
Access ibi 1 ity to
a. Electricity
b. Tap water
c. Telephone
d. Sewage
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
3
I
1
0
0
o
0
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
Fast food/rest, facilities
3
3
3
0
1
1
1
2
Docking facil it ies
3
0
1 | 0
0
3
1
2
Poss ibi 1 ity for pier
3
1
3 1 3
0
3
3
2
Boats density
3a
1 |
3a j 1 I 2
0
la
2
3a
Visitor's number control
3
i
3 | 3
2
2
3
3
1
Proximity to hospital,
firehouse, and police
3
!
2 | 2
1
1
1
1
2
Total rating
Sui tabi 1 ity Percent
69
100%
5A S 59
36
52%
&l
A2
"51%
in
59%
TO
83
APPENDIX El
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