pacmtantep cee aatntekne cra toad Senta a ene NE SS aida een e hr ae ~~ me apy ety CL A a inl AD sn OE Agen adn AA RT Nye Yn el ep ey RM A ay BM SN i; i JOHNSONIA pn Dees fyi aelony Published by KOV 27 1945 THe DepartTMENT OF MOLLUSKS AS ata RA Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy i Harvard University Le) 4% e MONOGRAPHS OF THE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF THE WESTERN ATLANTIC VOLUME I NUMBERS 1 To 18 Edited by WILLIAM J. CLENCH Curator of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zodlogy PRINTED AT BOTANICAL MUSEUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1941-1945 CHARLES WILLISON JOHNSON 1863-1932 Curator, Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia, 1888-19038 Curator, Boston Society of Natural History, 1908-1982 Business Manager and Associate Editor, The Nautilus, 1890-19382 Brooks, W. Sprague, October 1932: Charles Willison Johason. Bulletin Boston Society Natural History Number 65, pp. 3-5, Portrait. Gray, Arthur F., April 1933: Charles Willison Johnson, 1863-1932. The Nautilus, 46, number 4, pp. 129- 134. Rehn, James A. G., September 1932: Charles Willison Johnson. Science (n.s.) number 1967, pp. 226-227. [ui | 5\ a? Paraty. ony 71 \9*? ur 21 Coe i=) ee PREFACE MONOGRAPH of our Western Atlantic mollusks has been long delayed. Through the years there has appeared a very large body of literature that has dealt with this vast region. he majority of such reports, however, have been generally limited to re- stricted portions of this area or have been concerned with specialized groups of mollusks. This literature has appeared in many different journals or special reports, much of it in- accessible to the general student. Johnsonia came into being ds an idea several years ago. During the summer of 1941, it became a reality through the generosity of a friend, the ready response of a devoted staff, and the hearty codperation of an understanding Director. Its continuance as a pub- lication is due entirely to a large number of subscribers many of whom have not only supported its issues, but in addition, have supplied material upon which these studies have been based. Additional financial support has been given, wholly unsolicited, by many friends throughout the past four years. 'To all these friends, to the Milton Fund and to the Coolidge Foundation I want to express my gratitude for this very substantial aid which enabled Johnsonia to continue, particularly during the early years of the war. To my staff, thanks are hardly adequate to express my indebtedness for their devotion and enthusiasm, which even a war could not lessen. To the few of us who remained at home, ideas came from Florida, Cuba, Liberia, France and the Philippines; even sketches, made in the field, were sent in to aid in a better understanding of certain species. ‘To Julia, my wife, I am particularly indebted for her encouragement, her ideas and the un- inspiring task of typing the original manuscripts. Much remains to be accomplished in the Western Atlantic. Scattered records cover most of the shoreline from Greenland to Patagonia, yet few places have been intensely studied or adequately collected. Gaps in the ranges are extensive, particularly along the Atlantic shores of Central and South America and when many of these unsurveyed places have been well collected, the ranges of several species will be considerably extended be- yond their present known limits. The above deals only with our inter-tidal area. Research and exploration of our off- shore waters will yield a rich harvest to any investigator interested in making studies of this kind. Even waters of moderate depth have been explored but little other than off portions of southeastern Canada, New England and south to the Carolinas. Shallow water areas off the West Indies, Central and South America are practically unknown. Deep water dredging will, of course, continue to yield very many new forms as well as new data for years to come. Local collectors can add enormously to our knowledge of life histories and ecology, even of our common species. There are probably no more than ten species in the West- ern Atlantic that have been adequately studied. Though the anatomy of several genera has been studied sufficiently to place them in their proper taxonomic position, many have not been investigated at all and but very few have been worked out in any detail. Thus the future holds much in store for the student of our marine mollusks. [ iii ] CONTRIBUTORS R: Tucker Abbott... 6 4.0 Srp a eg em ea C. Guillermo; Aguayo: wo: arsine. ee ee Season eS Joseph’ C. Bequaert: @ 2 2. hehe eh Me eee ek Mernl] Ei Champion 6h ke ee ga Wollam Je Clench 5 2) 0 eee OR Se Gani pam hop mao mn Ome pemnlES Isabel Peréz Farfante’ 220.052 2 es ae eg ee ee ea) Rem eS Lillian Ce Simith oro! Se ay 2 ec 2 + % % % ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Department of Mollusks is greatly indebted to numerous friends for the gift or loan of choice material. Their names appear after many of the records, and the number of these records indicates the high value of their contributions. This applies not only to known species, but also to new forms which they generously allowed us to describe. To Marion A. Bills and Frederick P. Orchard, we are more than ordinarily indebted for a very superior grade of photographic work. Without their expressed ability and knowledge, the plates on the following pages would have fallen far short of their present excellence. Our obligation to Howard J. Allgaier, Printer, is rather clearly indicated on all of the printed pages of this book. ‘To Walter Duncan of the Storrs & Bement Paper Company and Krnest W. Sprague of the Folsom Engraving Company, both of Boston, we are grateful for their aid and their willingness to approach many vexing problems from our point of view. Last, and by no means least, we owe many thanks to Samuel Fish of the McNamee Bookbinding Company of Cambridge, who always finds time to bind Johnsonia betore the date of mailing. STAFF Editor, WILLIAM J. CLENCH Business Manager, R. Vucker Asporr k Associate Hditors, Josern C. BEQUAERT, MERRILL E. Champion, Ricuarp W. Fosver, DorornHea SLATER, Linwian C. Smitu, Rura D. TurRNER Secretary, DorRovrHEA SLATER [iv ] Acrosterigma, /-3 Americardia, 7-3 Amiantis, 3; 0 Bathymurex, /7 Batillaria, 5 Callogaza, 72 Casmaria, 16 Cassis, 16 Cerastoderma, /-3 Cerithidea, 5 Chicoreus, 17 Clinocardium, /2 Clypidella, 70 Columbarium, /5 Conus, 6; 18 Cardiidae Cassididae Columbariidae Cienfuegos, Cuba, 7 a ee ae Voyage of the Argo,’”’ J, CONTENTS Figures in 7falics refer to Johnsonia numbers GENERA AND SUBGENERA Cremides, 10 Cypraecassis, 9 Dalium, 9 Dalloeardia, 7.3 Dinocardium, 7-7 Diodora, 11; 18 Dosinia, 3 Echinus, 4 Favartia, /7 Ficus, 7; 18 Fissurella, 70; 77 Galeodea, 16 Gaza, 12 Laevicardium, 7-3 Littorina, 7 COLLECTING Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, /2 The Voyage of H.M.S. “‘Challenger,’’ 8 Harvard-Bahama Expedition 1904, 14 Apgar, A.C., 1891, 73 BOOK REVIEWS Gualtieri, N., 1742, 12 Dall, W.H. and C. T. Stimpson, 1901, 14 Livona, 72 Lucapina, 10; 18 Lucapinella, 70 Macroeallista, ~ Microcardium, 7/2 Modulus, 74 Morum, 9 Murex, /7 Murexiella, 7/7 Murexsul, 77 Muricanthus, 7/7 Papyridea, 1-3 Phalium, 76 Phyllonotus, 77 Poirieria, 17 Pterynotus, /7 Pteropurpura, /7 Sconsia, 9 Semicassis, 16 Serripes, 7/3 Siratus, 77 Strombus, 7; 78 lectarius, 4 Trachyeardium, /-7 Trigoniocardia, 7.3 Trochotugurium, & Tugurium, 8 Xenophora, 8 FAMILIES COMPLETED FOR THE WESTERN ATLANTIC Conidae Ficidae Modulidae VOYAGES EXPEDITIONS LOCALITIES Santa Barbara de Samana, Santo Domingo, 4 Potamididae Strombidae Xenophoridae Voyage of the ‘‘Chazalie’’ 72 Harvard—Grand Bahama Expedition 1936, 14 Whiteaves, J. F., 1901, 72 NEW GENERA, SUBGENERA, SPECIES, SUBSPECIES AND NAMES Balboiana, 10: 2 Bathymurex, 17: 44 Casmaria atlantica, 16: 2 Cassis m. spinella, 76: 15 Cerithidea c. beattyi, 5: 3 Cerithidea p. veracruzensis, 5: 5 Conus r. abbotti, 6: 6 Conus s. atlanticus, 6: 20 Conus bermudensis, 6: 34 Conus f. burryae, 6: 29 Conus brasiliensis, 6: 24 Conus ecaribbaeus, 6: 23 Conus fosteri, 6: 34 Conus juliae, 6: 26 Conus b. lymani, 6: 35 Conus perryae, 6; 31 Conus vy. piraticus, 6: 14 Dinocardium r. vanhyningi, 73: 11 Lucapinella 1]. hassleri, 70: 20 Murex aguayoi, 77: 15 Diodora aguayoi, 7/7: 11 Diodora wetmorei, 18: 6 Kehininus, Ficus carolae, 18: 3 Fissurella barbouri, 70: 9 Fissurella clenchi, 70: 11 Fissurella n. ecrusoe, 10: 5 Lucapina eolis, 78: 4 Lucapinella s. tobagoensis, 178: 5 Murex f. arenarius, 77: 34 Murex argo, /7: 31 Murex ariomus, 77: 39 Murex Murex Murex Murex Murex Murex atlantis, 77: 41 bequaerti, 77: 40 burryi, 77: 47 earnicolor, 7/7: 48 ciboney, 1/7: 20 ce. kugleri, 77: 19 Murex woodringi, /7: 9 Murexiella, 77: 49 INTRODUCTION EGIONAL SCOPE: The area covered by Johnsonia extends from Baffin Land and Greenland in the north to Golfo de San Jorge, Argentina in the south. This southern limit includes the Patagonian fauna but not the Magellanic which is primarily developed along the southwestern coastal area of South America and extends through the Straits of Magellan and north on the east coast to the Golfo de San Jorge. The vast eastern American coastal area, the islands composing the West Indies and the open ocean of the North and South Atlantic east to the thirtieth meridian is considered the Western Atlantic Region. Our plans as outlined on page 16 (Johnsonia, no. 1) have been changed to include species from all depths and are not limited to those occurring in water of less than 25 fathoms. Scientific Name. A\l names employed are the earliest known to us that are acceptable under the International Rules. In a few cases where a personal opinion had to be ren- dered, the name most widely used was accepted. Synonynies. The first reference is to the original and all subsequent references are to known or believed synonyms. Localities in parentheses are the original localities as cited by the author of the name in question. A few supplementary references are given in ‘ases Where much additional information is available and where there are better figures. Description. As far as possible our descriptions follow a standard pattern so that com- parative statements can be found readily. Attempts are made to have the description supplement the figures rather than parallel them. Important characteristics, however, are mentioned in the description even though such characteristics are apparent in the figures. In our formal description we do not describe a particular specimen or a few selected speci- mens, but the species as a whole. As a consequence, certain characters are deseribed which do not always agree with those of the specimens figured. 'To describe or figure all variations of a single species would be impossible, both as to cost and as to space at our command. Measurements» Under measurements we usually list large, average and small. By large, we mean the largest specimen that we have seen. The average specimen is gener- ally one that appears typical in size for the species and not the average of a long series of measurements. When a series of measurements seems to be necessary, it will be indicated for that particular species. The measurements under small are given only when a small specimen can be determined as adult. Types. A reference to type figures is given when such is available in the original diag- nosis of the species. The location of the actual specimens used by the original author is given when such information is known. When the original type specimens are known to be lost, we have selected others to represent them under the term Neotypes. Common Name. A common name will be given when such a name is available or when one can be derived obviously from the original Latin designation. Very many of our Western Atlantic species are without such names. [ vi] Remarks. \n this category attempts are made to give comparisons with related species and other data of diagnostic value. In addition, general information of interest regarding life histories, ecology and economic value is included. Range. Under this caption, the extremes in the range of a species is given. The range is based upon our own material and the published record. Limitation of the range, based upon the published record, is made only when we question the accuracy of new data or when the original was apparently in error. Such is indicated with a query. ‘The range, however, only sets the known or believed limits in the distribution of aspecies. It should not be assumed that any species is to be found everywhere between these limits, as spe- cies found only on sandy beaches would not occur along rugged rocky shores. Also spe- cies showing a preference or even a tolerance for brackish water seldom occur in localities free of any admixture of fresh water. Records. All records are based upon our own specimens or upon specimens that have been loaned to us for study. To accept published records would be to include possible errors in determination. We certainly do not mean to indicate that our own work will be free of errors, but only that if we are at fault in our understanding of a species, our error will be more or less consistent for the records involved. Records will be given at length whenever possible, limiting them only when the local- ities are close to each other. This procedure will give the necessary data for an under- standing of the geographical distribution, the relative abundance or rarity of a species, and the localities that have been collected. Voyages. Under this caption there will appear a brief description of certain voyages that have been made in the Western Atlantic region. These are important as they serve as part of the historical background of investigation in this area and their names will ap- pear in the records many,times. Names of vessels such as the Albatross, Atlantis, Bache, Bibb, Blake, Challenger, Hassler and others will appear frequently and their significance and the extent of their investigations will thus be made clear. In addition, the included references about their explorations will lead to much information for those who are in- terested. Collecting Localities. From time to time and as space allows, we will publish data on certain localities that are known to be rich in material. This is part of our over-all plan to make Johnsona encyclopedic, not only concerning our moilusks, but also on other data that have a direct bearing on them. Expeditions. Accounts regarding expeditions that have been made in various parts of the Western Atlantic area will be included. The personnel and places visited will be given as well as general data of interest and importance. Published material on these ex- peditions will be referred to so that others planning similar trips will be able to obtain all the information possible regarding regions in which they are interested. Book Reviews. Where space allows we will include sketches regarding publications dealing with shells of the Western Atlantic. This is to give a more detailed account than could possibly be obtained from references that are given in the synonymies. Many of [ vii ] these sketches will cover books that are rare and not accessible to many students. Some idea about them can thus be had for those not able to consult the originals. Plates. Specimens figured on our plates are the most perfect examples that we are able to obtain. Selection is made to represent best the species in question. If we are unable to figure a specimen, we refigure the original plate, if such a published figure exists. Review Number. Vhe final number in the volume is a review of all the previous issues. In this number there are included species overlooked or those described since the original issue was published. In addition, we plan to include new or overlooked information, ad- ditional synonyms and records. Each succeeding volume will bring up to date all genera that have been previously published and indexed so that the last volume will cover its own subject matter together with the aforementioned material. ERRATA No. 1, page 2, line 26, read bituberculatus No. 1, page 8, line 13, read bituwberculatus No. 1, page 5, line 14, read pugilis pugilis No. 1, page 5, line 15, read pugilis No. 1, page 5, line 16, read pugilis No. 1, page 15, line 25, read Charleston No. 2, page 2, line 8, read papyratia No. 9, page 1, line 22, read Plate 1 and Plate 2 No. 12, page 12, line 18, read barbudensis and Chicoreus No. 15, page 4, line 31, read pagodum No. 15, page 4, line 82, read pagodus No. 16, page 2, line 43, read cicatricosum No. 16, page 9, line 12, read P. cicatricosum No. 17, page 28, line 24, read Cichoreus Agassiz Pages i to viii published November 27, 1945. [ viii ] JOHNSONIA Published by THe DreparrMent or Mouuusks Museum of Comparative Zoblogy, Harvard University 14 43 | Cambridge, Massachusetts mn of Comp. 87 Zoology “7, . , OCT 25 1941 — Li BRAR* OCTOBER 25, 1941 NUMBER | THE GENUS STROMBUS IN THE WESTERN ATLANTIC BY W. J. CLENCH AND R. T. Apporr The genus Strombus is widely distributed throughout the tropical portions of the globe, though in certain areas various species extend into subtropical and temperate zones. In the western Atlantic region there are nine species and subspecies, and these collectively range from North Carolina and Bermuda south through the West Indies to southern Brasil. Only one species appears to be at all of any great economic value, namely Strombus gigas. This species is employed extensively for food and fish bait in the West Indies, especially in the Bahamas. Cameos are often made from the shell, and in a pulverized state it is used in the manufacture of finer porcelains. This species is the source of the large pink pearls which a few years ago were highly valued in European markets. As a food, espe- cially in the form of chowder, it ranks with clams and scallops in taste and nutrition. Strombus may be exceedingly abundant in certain areas. Though obtainable nearly everywhere in the West Indies, S. gigas is really only locally abundant in a few places. West End, Grand Bahama is such a locality. During the senior author’s short stay of two weeks in 1986 at this settlement, 16,000 specimens were shipped to Florida for the novelty trade. These specimens were collected on the shallow grassy sand-flats within two or three miles of the settlement. Fortunately, the Bahama government has now restricted such wholesale collecting. We have also seen thousands of iS. pugilis alatus during certain seasons on the sand-bars at Sanibel Island, Florida. At Santa Barbara de Samana at the eastern end of Santo Do- mingo S. pugilis occurs in considerable numbers. Across the bay at San Lorenzo we found raninus pugilis alatus gigas Plate 1. Young specimens, natural size. JOHNSONIA Strombus (AS) this species six to eight feet deep on the floors of the vast caves that were originally the homes of the aborigines. It must have formed a very important food supply. Fluck (Nau- tilus, 19, p. 83, 1905) mentions the abundance of S. pugilis nicaraguensis, and states that ‘*the natives find it in such quantities that it is regularly sought after as an article of food. ’”’ All of the species in this genus live in comparatively shallow water, occurring in the intertidal zone and down to a depth of ten fathoms. We have seen S. gigas in six to eight fathoms of water in the Bahamas, though it generally prefers much shallower water. Young specimens differ considerably from the adults. We have figured four of the common species for comparison. All are natural size. (Plate 1). Strombus Linné Strombus Linné 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 742, no. 289. Genotype, Strombus pugilis Linné (Montfort, 1810). Shell generally subovate to fusiform with a narrow, oblique aperture and a wing-like or expanded lip in adult specimens. The canal is short and recurved to the right. A shallow depression or ‘‘stromboid notch’ occurs near the canal at the base of the aperture, forming a ‘‘wave’’ in the aperture margin. Young shells are likely to appear quite different from the adults owing to the lack of the widely expanded lip. The animal is furnished with large eyes at the ends of thick pedicels. The tentacles are slender and arise from the middle of the eye-pedicels. The foot is narrow, arcuate and without ventral sole. It creeps with an interrupted motion and when out of water and turned over it can push itself over onto its ventral surface and certain species can even jump a few inches by means of the very muscular foot. Subgenus Strombus Linné Strombus raninus Gmelin, Plate 2 Strombus raninus Gmelin 1790, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 3511 (no locality). Strombus bituberculata Lamarck 1822, Anim. s. Vert., 9, p. 690 (Seas of Antilles). Description. Shell 40 to 110 mm. in length, solid, bluntly spinose, mottled in color and strongly sculptured. Whorls 9.5 to 10, regularly increasing in size. Color a mottled chocolate brown interspersed with a dirty white which renders the whole shell greyish. Occasional specimens have a pinkish tinge. ‘Two or three rather broad and lighter bands occasionally occur around the middle of the body whorl. An aluminum-like glaze is some- times present on the parietal wall and outer lip. Interior of aperture is usually suffused with light to dark salmon pink. Parietal wall glazed, with a milky white deposit on the lower half, and the color mottlings showing through the upper half. Aperture long, com- paratively narrow, slightly oblique, and with the characteristic stromboid notch strongly developed near the base of the outer lip. Basal canal moderately short and recurved toward the right. Outer lp thickened and extended above into a short wing which is generally no higher than the spire. Spire moderately pointed. Suture indistinct and slightly wavy. Nuclear whorls smooth. Spiral sculpture consists of very fine thread-like striae on the early post-nuclear whorls. These later become larger and much coarser, and fan out over the expanded lip in the last whorl. Axial sculpture consists of fine, then rather coarse, costae which on the penultimate and last whorls pinch up to form large blunt spines just below the suture. The last two spines on the body whorl are by far the largest. Some- times one or two spiral rows of small nodules are formed around the middle of the body whorl. Within the aperture, between the canal and the stromboid notch, there are usu- ally small submarginate costae or wrinkles. On the upper and inside corner of the aperture Western Atlantic JOHNSONIA 3 two or three heavy folds or lamellae run along the inner parietal wall. Opereculum much smaller than the aperture, somewhat sickle-shaped, chitinous brown, and without marginal serrations. A thin, horny periostracum generally covers the outer shell, though in some ‘ases it is absent when the specimen has undergone considerable wave action and wear. length width (including spines) (large) 102 82 mm. Pelican Id., Barbados. (average) 90 65 Alicetown, Bimini Ids., Bahamas. (small) 40 25 Lake Worth, Palm Beach Co., Florida. Types. As the type locality was not given by Gmelin, we here designate it as Puerto Plata, Hispaniola. Gmelin connects his description of raninus with Knorr’s figure (Verg- nugen Schnecken Muscheln, 6, pl. 29, fig. 8, Nurnberg, 1772). We now select this illus- tration as the type figure. Remarks. For many years this species has been known as bitwberculata Lamarck. How- ever, In conformity with the present rules of nomenclature we are obliged to accept the name raninus which Gmelin applied to this species some thirty years prior to that of Lamarck. Strombus raninus Gmelin and S. gallus Linné are closely related species. The latter is characterized by the long extension or wing of the outer lip, and by its higher spire. The former, unlike gallus, possesses rather heavy folds or lamellae in the upper and pari- etal corner of the aperture. ‘There are only two large spines on the body whorl of raninus, the other spines being much smaller, whereas in gallus there are three to five moderately long spines regularly increasing in size. Plate 2. Strombus raninus Gmelin. Natural size. 4. JOHNSONIA Strombus Range. This species is found from southeastern Florida, through the West Indies, south to Colombia, South America. Records. Fioripa: Pelican Shoals, off Key West; Lake Worth. Banamas: Bimini Islands; Cat Island; Eleuthera; Grand Bahama; Great Inagua; Long Island. Cusa: Cayo Frances, Caribarien; Cienfuegos. Hispaniota: Monte Christi; Santa Barbara de Samana; Puerto Plata; Gonave Island. Jamatca: Montego Bay; Port Antonio. LESSER ANTILLES: Barbados. CenrraL AmEriIcA: Bluefields, Nicaragua; Porto Bello, Panama. SoutH AMERICA: Cartagena, Colombia. Strombus gallus Linné, Plate 3 Strombus gallus Linné 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 748, no. 428 (no locality). Description. Shell 95 to 150 mm. in length, solid, bluntly spinose, mottled in color and strongly sculptured. Whorls 9.5 to 10, regularly increasing in size. Color a light mottled brown over a dirty white, and sometimes with a pinkish background. Lower three fourths of parietal wall and outer lip glazed with a creamy orange. Interior of aperture white. An aluminum-like glaze is rarely found in this species. Aperture long, comparatively nar- row, slightly oblique, and with a slightly developed stromboid notch near the base of the outer lip. Basal canal slightly lengthened and recurved toward the right. Outer lip ex- panded, shghtly thickened, and extending above into a long wing which is always much higher than the spire. Spire somewhat high and pointed. Suture distinct and moderately indented. Nuclear whorls smooth. Spiral sculpture consists of thread-like striae on the whorls of the spire. These later develop into thick smooth lines on the body whorl and fan out over the expanded lip. Axial sculpture on the first post-nuclear whorls consists of fine costae which on the succeeding whorls pinch up to form a series of evenly spaced rounded nodules just under the suture. On the body whorl the nodules give place to moderately long spines which regularly increase in size. On the upper and parietal corner Plate 8, Strombus gallus Linné, Four fifths natural size. ERRATA Page 2, line 26 read bituberculatus Page 3, line 13 read bituberculatus Page 5, line 14 read pugilis pugilis Page 5, line 15 read pugilis Page 5, line 16 read pugilis Page 15, line 25 read Charleston Western Atlantic JOHNSONIA 5 of the aperture there are sometimes three or four very fine lamellae running back out of sight. Operculum similar to that of S. raninus. The periostracum is usually wanting. length width (including spines) (large) 150 70 mm. Port Antonio, Jamaica. (average) 1G} 70 Barbados. (small) 95 55 Matthewtown, Great Inagua, Bahamas. Types. Port Antonio, Jamaica is here selected as the type locality. We also select as type figures those of Bonnani in his Recreatio Mentis Oculi, Rome, 1684, 3, figs. 809, 310. Remarks. See under S. raninus. Range. West Indies south to Brasil. Records. BAHAMAS: Great Inagua; Little San Salvador. Jamaica: Port Antonio. VirGin Istanps: Guana Id., Tortola. Lesser ANTILLES: Barbados. Sourn AMERICA: Bahia, Brasil. (Dall, 1897, p. 122). Strombus pugilus pugilus Linné, Plate 4 Strombus pugilus Linné 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 744, no. 480 (Jamaica). Strombus pugilus peculiaris M.Smith 1940, World Wide Sea Shells, Lantana, Florida, p. 85, sp. 500 (Florida). Description. Shell 52 to 100 mm. in length, solid, always spinose, with the longest spines on the penultimate whorl. Whorls 8 to 9, regularly increasing in size. Color a rich uniform salmon pink, with a deep orange glaze on the parietal wall and within the aper- ture. End of canal tipped with bluish purple. On occasion, an aluminum-like glaze is superimposed on the parietal wall and palatal lip. Aperture long, comparatively narrow, slightly oblique, and with the stromboid notch near the base of the outer lip. Basal canal short. Outer lip expanded or winged, and in fully adult specimens the upper shoulder extends up to form a definite projection or point. Parietal wall smooth and with a high fs, en “4 —_ 7 “ Plate 4. Strombus pugilis Linné, Natural size. 6 JOHNSONIA Strombus glaze. Base of columella moderately recurved to the right. Spire extended slightly. Su- ture slightly indented and over-lapping the whorl above. Nuclear whorls smooth. Sculp- ture consists of a series of moderately coarse axial costae on the first few post-nuclear whorls. From the fourth whorl on, these costae pinch up to form a single row of spines just below the suture. In this species the spines are longest in the penultimate or second to last whorl, and usually disappear one half whorl before the aperture. Spiral sculpture consists of numerous thread-like striae. In young specimens, as in the adults, these threads are confined to the very upper shoulder of the whorls, as well as a small portion at the base. Occasionally short submarginate costae or wrinkles are developed on the inside of the lip, and at times on the lower inside of the columella. A thin velvet-like, greyish periostracum covers the outer shell. Operculum much smaller than the aperture, somewhat sickle-shaped, chitinous brown, and with 7 to 10 small saw-like teeth on its outer margin. length width (including spines) (large) 103 65 mm. Puerto Plata, Hispaniola. (average) 85 56 Montego Bay, Jamaica. (small) 52 34 Itaparica, Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Types. In Linné’s Systema Naturae ‘‘Jamaica’’ is given as the type locality for pugilis, and reference is made to the figures of Lister (Conch. pl. 864, fig. 19) and P. Bonnani (Recreatio Mentis Oculi, Rome, 1864, 3, fig. 299). Lister’s figure is valueless, but Bon- nani’s is a distinguishable illustration of the West Indian form. We therefore designate that of Bonnani as the type figure for pugilis Linné. We also select Montego Bay, Ja- maica as the type locality. Remarks. In the past there has been considerable confusion regarding both the nomen- clature and the identity of Strombus pugilis Linné and JS. alatus Gmelin. A large series of carefully localized material reveals different and distinct characters as well as separate geographical distribution. In addition, recourse to the earliest publications clarifies the position of these two forms. There is no doubt that alatws Gmelin, illustrated in Martini Conchy-Cab., (1), 3, 1777, pl. 91, fig. 894, is the Florida form, though unfortunately this figured specimen is without spines, a fact which has led people to believe erroneously that this is characteris- tic of Gmelin’s species. Thus as the nomenclature now stands, the typical form is Strombus pugilis pugilis Linné of the West Indies, and the Florida form which we consider a variety will stand as Strom- bus pugilis alatus Gmelin. However, 8. pugilis pugilis does reach southeastern Florida at Lake Worth, the only locality so far reported. This locality has a few typically West Indian species not recorded elsewhere north of the West Indies. The three forms of pugilis are readily separated. Typical pugilis is uniformly colored a rich salmon, and we have never seen West Indian specimens that possess the browns, purples or mottlings found in a/atus. In addition, the peculiar development of the longest spines on the penultimate whorl is quite different from the general uniformity in size of the spines of a/atus. On the whole, typical pugilis has a shorter spire than alatus, and also possesses the upturned and pointed shoulder of the outer lip. S. pugilis nicaraguensis Iluck differs in its much smaller size and its youthful spiral sculpture covering the last whorl in the adults. It resembles typical pugilis somewhat in coloration, and its spines are like those of alatus. It appears to be a well marked subspecies. An indistinguishable form of pugilis in which the spines are distorted and somewhat Western Atlantic JOHNSONIA 7 flattened has been named peculiaris by M. Smith. We have before us similar specimens which are only aberrant individuals and as such do not warrant names. Range. This species ranges from southeastern Florida, through the West Indies, to Central America and south as far as southern Brasil. Records. Fuoripa: Lake Worth. Banamas: Great Inagua. Cusa: Cayo Frances, Caribarien; off Havana. Hispanioua: Monte Christi; Puerto Plata; Santa Barbara de Samana; Miragoane. PurErtro Rico: Mayaguez; Ponce. VircGin IsLanps: ‘Tortola. Jamaica: Montego Bay. Lessrr AnriILLES: Tobago. CENrrRaL AMERICA: San Blas, Panama; Cavech, Guatemala (Hinkley, 1920, p. 41). Sourm America: Cartagena, Colombia; Praguary, Sao Paulo; Ilha de Sao Sabastiao, Sao Paulo; Cidade da Bahia; Sao Goncalo, Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Santa Caterina, south lat.26°, Brasil (Dall, 1893, p.111). Strombus pugilis alatus Gmelin, Plate 5 Strombus alatus Gimelin 1790, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 8518, no. 14 (no locality). Description. Shell 70 to 100 mm. in length, solid, generally spinose, and color varia- ble. Whorls 9 to 10, regularly increasing in size. Color ranging from mottled salmon or orange brown to dark uniform brownish red. Many specimens, especially young, have a zig-zag pattern, and in others there is a tendency towards banding. Within the aperture the color varies from purplish to very dark purple. End of canal tipped with purple. Often an aluminum-like glaze is superimposed on the parietal wall and outer lip. Aperture long, comparatively narrow, slightly oblique, and with the stromboid notch near the base of the outer lip. Short basal canal. Outer lip expanded or winged, the upper margin or shoulder sloping down. Parietal wall smooth and glazed. Base of columella moderately recurved Plate 5, Strombus pugilis alatus Gmelin, Natural size. 8 JOHNSONIA Strombus towards the right. Spire extended. Suture slightly indented and over-lapping the whorl above. Nuclear whorls smooth. Sculpture consists of a series of moderately coarse axial costae on the first few post-nuclear whorls. From the fourth whorl on, however, these costae pinch up to forma single row of subsutural spines which in this species are longest and generally of the same size on the last two whorls. Occasionally completely non-spinose specimens are found. Spiral sculpture consists of numerous thread-like striae. In young specimens the entire shell possesses these fine threads. In adults, however, the last two whorls are lacking in these striae except near the base of the body whorl. Often submar- ginate short costae or wrinkles are developed on the inside of the lip, and occasionally on the inside of the columella. A thin velvet-like greyish periostracum covers the outer shell. Operculum similar to that found in typical pugilis. We have before us several albino specimens from Sanibel Island, Florida. In some the aperture is slightly tinged with pink. length width (large) 100 54 mm. Passagrille, Sarasota, Florida. (average) 81 5D Sanibel Id., Lee Co., Florida. (small) 70 AT Naples, Lee Co., Florida. Types. We here select as type figure Martini, Conchy-Cab. (1), 3, 1777, p. 191, fig. 894. No locality was mentioned by Gmelin, and we now designate Sanibel Island, Lee Co., Florida as the type locality. Remarks. See under pugilis. Range. This subspecies is known to occur only on the southeastern coast of North America, from North Carolina south to Florida and west to Texas. Records. Norviu Carouina: Shackleford Island. Sourn Carouina :(Mazycek, 1913 p. 13). Frioripa: North Inlet, Lake Worth; Pavilion Key, Chokoloskee ; Bonita Springs; Naples: Sanibel Id. ; Egmont Key, Manatee Co. ; Cape Romano; Long Key, Sarasota Co. ; Lemon Bay, Hillsboro Co. Texas: (record for state only). Strombus pugilis nicaraguensis [/uck, Plate 6 Strombus pugilis nearaguensis Fluck 1905, Nautilus 19, p. 32. Description. Shell 85 to 62 mm. in length, solid, spinose, with the color slightly vari- Plate 6. Strombus pugilis nicaraguensis Fluck. Natural size. Western Atlantic JOHNSONIA 9 able. Whorls 8.5 to 9, regularly increasing in size. Color a light salmon to rosy salmon, usually with a lighter band midway across the body whorl. Knd of canal tipped with bluish purple. Aperture a glazed orange within, Aperture long, comparatively narrow, slightly oblique, and with a moderately indented stromboid notch near the base of the outer lip. Short basal canal. Outer lip expanded or winged, and in fully adult specimens the upper margin or shoulder extending up, but hardly forming a definite point. Parietal wall highly glazed. Base of columella moderately recurved to the right. Spire extended. Suture slight- ly indented and somewhat overlapping the whorl above. Nuclear whorls smooth, Axial sculpture consists of a series of coarse costae on the first few post-nuclear whorls; from the fourth whorl on, however, these costae pinch up to form a single row of subsutural spines, which in this subspecies continue to increase regularly in size to the last whorl. Spiral sculpture consists of numerous thread-like costae which completely cover the whorls even in adult specimens. At times short submarginate costae or wrinkles are developed on the lower part of the inside of the lip. A thin velvet-like greyish peristracum covers the outer shell. Operculum similar to that found in typical pugilis. length width (including spines) Holotype 61 41 mm. Wawa River, Nicaragua (Plate 6, left figure). Paratype 55 37 Wawa River, Nicaragua (Plate 6, right figure). Types. Holotype no. 87959 and paratype no. 141218, Mus. Comp. Zoél. Beaches be- tween Principolka and Wawa Rivers, Mosquito coast, Nicaragua. William Fluck collector. Remarks. (Kor comparison with other species see under remarks of S. pugilis pugilis). Range and Records. Known only from the type locality. Strombus costatus Gmelin, Plate 7 Strombus costatus Gmelin 1790, Syst. Nat., 1, Part 6, p. 0 (no locality). Strombus accipitrinus Lamarck 1822, Anim. s. Vert., 7, p. 200 (no locality). Strombus inermis Swainson 1822, Appendix of Bligh Catalogue, p. 7 (no locality). Description. Shell 80 to 185 mim. in length, solid, heavy, bluntly spinose, uniform in color, and strongly sculptured. Whorls 10 to 11, regularly increasing in size. Color a uniform white to a yellowish white. Parietal wall and outer lip glazed white or cream. An aluminum-like glaze is often found on the parietal wall, columella and outer lip of heavy shells. Interior of aperture white or creamy white. Aperture long, comparatively narrow, oblique, with a slightly developed stromboid notch near the base of the outer lip. Basal canal short and slightly recurved. Outer lip expanded, very much thickened in some specimens and not in others. Spire pointed. Suture slightly indented and overlapping the nodules on the whorls above. Nuclear whorls smooth. Spiral sculpture consists of thread- like striae on the whorls of the spire. These later develop into rather thick corrugations on the body whorl. Axial sculpture on the first post-nuclear whorls consists of fine, ir- regularly placed nodules. On the succeeding whorls the subsutural nodules are larger, evenly spaced, but rather flattened. Four to six moderately long, blunt spines are devel- oped on the body whorl. On the upper and parietal corner of the aperture there are five or six fine lamellae or wrinkles which disappear within the aperture. Operculum much smaller than the aperture, slightly sickle-shaped, brown, and without the saw-like teeth at the margin. Periostracum generally covering the entire shell. length width (neluding spines) (large) 185 140 mm. Arthurstown, Cat Id., Bahamas. (average) 150 115 Clarencetown, Long Id., Bahamas. (small) 80 65 Santa Barbara de Samana, Hispaniola. 10 JOHNSONIA Strombus Plate 7. Strombus costatus Gmelin. One half natural size. Types. We here select fig. 829, pl. 81, Martini, Conchy-Cab., (1), 3, 1777, as the type figure. No locality was given by Gmelin, and we now designate Clarencetown, Long Island, Bahamas as the type locality. Remarks. 'This species occurs quite commonly in the Bahamas on reefs and sand flats. The development of spines or nodules is quite variable even among specimens from the same locality. This is generally a rather massive shell, becoming much thickened in old specimens, especially at the lip. The aperture is always white, and generally with con- siderable aluminum-like glaze on the lip areas. Both Gmelin and Lamarck refer to the same figure in Martini as the type of their spe- cies (see above). The earliest name, costatus, of Gmelin has preference over Lamarck’s name accipitrinus. Swainson in his description of znermis refers to Lister’s figure (Conchy- horum, 1770, fig. 856) which is unquestionably costatus with only moderately developed spines. Range. Florida, through the West Indies, to Central and South America as far south as Brasil. Records. Fuortpa: Sanibel Island; Tortugas; 40 miles N. W. of ‘Tortugas. BErR- MUDA: St. Georges (fossil). Banamas: Bimini Islands; Cat Island; Eleuthera; Grand Bahama; Great Abaco; Great Inagua; Long Island. Hispaniota: Puerta Plata; Santa Barbara de Samana. Jamaica: Port Antonio. Lesser ANTILLES: St. Kitts. CENTRAL AmeEricA: Bluefields, Nicaragua. Sour America: Bahia, Brasil (Dall, 1897, p. 122). Strombus samba Clench, Plate 8 Strombus samba Clench 1937, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 16, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 1. Description. Shell 150 to 180 mm. in length, solid, spinose, roughly sculptured. Whorls 9% to 10, regularly increasing in size, Color of shell pale yellowish. Parietal wall and outer Western Atlantic JOHNSONIA a2 pm ae 1] Plate 8. Strombus samba Clench. Two thirds natural size. lip brownish yellow, merging into deep pink within the aperture. A heavy aluminum-like glaze is always present on the parietal wall and outer lip. Aperture long, comparatively narrow, slightly oblique, and with a moderately developed stromboid notch near the base of the outer lip. Basal canal short and slightly recurved. Outer lip shghtly flaring and greatly thickened, the upper portion or shoulder extending above to the height of the spire. Columella short. Spire pointed. Suture rather indistinct, slightly indented, and at times overlapping the spines on the whorl above. Nuclear whorls smooth. Spiral sculpture on the first few post-nuclear whorls consists of fine striae. On the body whorl these de- velop into coarse thread-like lines, and in some specimens become rough corrugations. Axial sculpture on the spire often consists of pointed nodules, while on the last two whorls, moderately long spines are present. Operculum much smaller than the aperture, somewhat sickle-shaped, brown, and without saw-like teeth on its outer margin. Periostracum horny, yellowish brown, and generally covering the entire outer shell. length width (including spines) (large) 180 140 mm. Paratype. West End, Grand Bahama. (average) 159 130 Holotype. West End, Grand Bahama (Plate 8, left fig.) (small) 150 185 Paratype. West End, Grand Bahama (Plate 8, right fig. ) Types. Holotype no. 116054, Mus. Comp. Zo6l. Wood Cay, West End, Grand Ba- hama, Bahamas. William J. Clench collector. Remarks. 'This species is closely related to S. gigas, though it possesses characters some- what approximating S. costatus. It differs from S. gigas by its smaller size, very much 12 JOHNSONIA Strombus thickened and shorter lip, and by the presence of a great deal of aluminum-like glaze. The soft parts, particularly the portion extruded while crawling, are nearly entirely black, while the color of S. gigas is orange red. S. samba approximates large specimens of .S. costatus in size, in thickened lip and in the presence of the aluminum-like glaze, but differs in possessing pink within the aperture, and in having at times blunt spines on the spire. Range and Records. Known only from the type locality. Strombus gigas Linné, Plate 9 Strombus gigas Linné 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 745, no. 435 (America). Strombus gigas horridus M. Smith 1940, World Wide Sea Shells, Lantana, Florida, p. 181, sp. 1629a, (Lake Worth, Florida). Description. Shell 190 to 800 mim. in length, solid, massive, spinose, color varying, and roughly sculptured. Whorls 9 to 11, regularly increasing in size. Color of outer shell yellowish. Half of parietal wall farthest from aperture yellow, flecked with brown; half nearest aperture glazed, brownish or deep pink. Outer lip glazed, white to pinkish white. Interior of aperture suffused with pink. ‘The aluminum-like glaze is rarely found in this species. Aperture long, comparatively narrow, oblique and with a slightly developed stromboid notch near the base of the outer lip. Basal canal short and slightly recurved. Outer lip large and flaring, moderately thickened, but never to any great degree. Usually the outer edge is irregularly waved. Upper end of the lip is broad and raised, but usually Plate 9. Strombus gigas Linné. One half natural size. OS Western Atlantic JOHNSONIA ils no higher than the spire. Collumella short. Spire pointed. Suture rather indistinct, slightly indented, and sometimes overlapping the above whorl as far as the base of the spines. Nuclear whorls smooth. Spiral sculpture on the first post-nuclear whorls consists of very fine striae which on the succeeding whorls become larger and more indistinct. On the body whorl and expanded lip these striae develop into larger and rough corrugations. Axial sculpture on the early whorls consists of small evenly spaced nodules. There are present on all succeeding whorls pointed nodules, regularly increasing in size, which cul- minate on the body whorl in rough and moderately long spines. Coarse longitudinal striae often are present on the body whorl. Operculum much smaller than the aperture, some- what sickle-shaped, and chitinous brown. Periostracum horny, yellowish brown, and generally covering the entire outer shell. length width (large) 300 210 mm. Puerto Plata, Hispaniola. (average) 250 180 Wood Cay, Grand Bahama, Bahamas. (small) 190 160 Middle Sambo Id., Key West, Florida. Types. We here select as type figure that of Bonnani (Recreatio Mentis Oculi, 1684, 3, pl. 821. Montego Bay, Jamaica is here designated as the type locality, since Linné only gave ‘‘America”’ in his original description. Remarks. 3S. gigas occurs from low water to depths of six or eight fathoms. Its favorite haunt is the sandy and grassy bottom, though it may also be found among coral and loose rock. Its widely expanded lip and deep pink coloration differentiates it from all other species of this genus. M. Smith (1940, p. 131) has given the name horridus to a malformed specimen from Lake W orth, Florida. It appears to us to have no value,even as a subspecies. Range. Bermuda and southern Florida, south through the West Indies to northern South America. Records. Ftoripa: Bahia Honda Key; Middle Sambo Id., off Key West; Lake Worth. BErMupaA: Castle Harbor; Hamilton Sound. Puerto Rico: San Juan; Tal- laboa Bay; Guanica Harbor. Banamas: Middle Bight, Andros; Bimini Islands; Cat Island; Fortune Island; Grand Bahama; Great Abaco; Great Inagua; Long Island. Cuspa: Cienfuegos; Havana; Guantanomo Naval Base; Bahia Honda. Hispantona: Miragoane; Gonave Id.; Monte Cristi; Puerta Plata; Santa Barbara de Samana. Ja- MaAIcA: Montego Bay. VirGIN IsLANpbs: St. John; St. Thomas; Tortola; Virgin Gorda. Lesser ANTILLES: Barbados; Trinidad. CariBBEan IsLtaNpDs: Swan Island. CENTRAL AMERICA: Progresso, Mexico (Weisbord, 1926, p. 86). Sourn America: Cartegena, Colombia (Dall, 1889, p. 136). Strombus goliath Sowerby, Plate 10 Strombus golhath Sowerby, 1842, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1, p. 35, pl. 10, fig. 118 (no locality). Description. Shell about 200 to 800 mm. in length, solid, massive and nodulose. Color cream to yellowish brown, and according to Reeve’s figure (1851) there are clear spiral bands of dark brown on the body whorl and parietal wall. The specimen we have examined, however, is cream colored throughout, other than a few axial streaks of dark brown on the spire. Interior of aperture a deep cream with a slightly pinkish caste. The upper mar- gin of the outer lip is expanded and forms a flattened shield in front of the spire, and joins the shoulder of the body whorl. The shell is rather coarsely nodulose along the shoulder 14 JOHNSONIA Strombus Plate 10. Strombus goliath Sowerby. Two thirds natural size. of the body whorl. In addition there are several coarse and deeply incised spiral grooves running over the body whorl which fan out over the expanded lip. length width (including lip) 310 231 mm. American Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 18124 Remarks. The exact locality of this species is unknown. On various occasions it has been reported from the West Indies and the west coast of South America. We suspect that this species may be found eventually along the northeastern coast of South America. This species is closely allied to S. datessimus Linné of the South Pacific, though the latter differs in its much smaller size, its lack of nodules, the deeper stromboid notch, and the fact that its spire is half buried in the upper expansion of the outer lip. We are in- debted to the American Museum for the loan of the specimen from which our description was made. Our plate 10 is a copy of Reeve’s figure which was originally drawn from a small specimen. Western Atlantic JOHNSONIA 15 Key to the Western Atlantic Strombus (adults) 1. Shell longer than 190 mm. (6% inches) 3 2, Shell shorter than 190 mm. (6% inches) 5 3. Aperture colored deep pink gigas 4, Aperture colored a pale salmon or cream goliath 5. Shell heavy with a greatly thickened outer lip 7 6. Shell solid with a strong but not thickened outer lip. 9 7. Aperture colored white costatus 8. Aperture colored pink samba 9. Outer lip definitely winged above 11 10. Outer lip not definitely winged above 13 11. Wing as high or higher than spire gallus 12. Wing shorter than height of spire raninus 13. Spines on penultimate and last whorl equal 15 14. Spines on penultimate whorl longest pugilis 15. Shell longer than 65 mm. (24 inches) alatus 16. Shell shorter than 65 mm. (et inches) nicaraguensis BIBLIOGRAPHY Dall,W. H., 1889: A Preliminary Catalogue of the Shell Bearing Marine Mollusks and Brachiopods of the Southeastern Coast of the United States, with Illustrations of Many of the Species. United States National Museum, Bulletin 37, pp. 221, 74 plates. Dall, W. H., 1893: Additional Shells from the Coast of Southern Brazil. Nautilus 6, pp. 109-112. Dall, W. H., 1897: List of Species Collected at Bahia, Brazil by Dr. H. Von Ihering. Nautilus 10, pp.121-123. Hinkley, A. A., 1920: Guatemala Mollusea. Nautilus 34, pp. 37-55. Mazyck, W. G., 1913: Catalogue of Mollusca of South Carolina. Contributions from the Charlestown Museum, 2, pp. 16-39. Reeve, L., 1851: Conchologia Iconica, 6, Strombus. Smith, Maxwell, 1940: World Wide Sea Shells. Lantana, Florida. pp. 139. Text figures. Sowerby, G. B., 1842: Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 1, pp. 25-39. Tryon, G. W., 1883: Structural and Systematic Conchology, Philadelphia, 2, pp. 189-196. Tryon, G. W., 1885: Manual of Conchology (1) 7, pp. 99-122. Weisbord, N. E., 1926: Notes on Marine Mollusks from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Nautilus 39, pp.81-87. 16 JOHNSONIA Strombus JOHNSONIA During the past several years there has developed an ever increasing interest in the study of shells. This interest is not only in the shells alone, but also in the life histories of the animals, their distribution, and other information concerning them. ‘* Johnsonia’’ aims to aid in this study, to present both descriptions and figures of shells, particularly the species that are to be found along the Atlantic shores of the Americas. Parts will be published, each complete for a genus, giving all of the species known to occur in the Western Atlantic. The term Western Atlantic includes the shore line from Greenland south to Patagonia, with Bermuda and the West Indies considered as part of this province. All species that are to be found in depths of less than 25 fathoms of water will be con- sidered fully, with descriptions, figures and original references. Deep water species, those known only from depths exceeding 25 fathoms, will be listed and the original citation included. All parts will be sold at the cost of printing and mailing. Genera will appear not in any systematic order but on the basis of interest and the availability of material for study. A general introduction will be included for each genus, followed by a short description of the genus. Each species will include the original citation, a list of the recently con- sidered synonyms, and a detailed description with measurements. Under the remarks, comparisons will be made with all of the closely allied species as well as other data of general interest. Following this, there will be the type designation and type locality. Under distribution the full extent of the range will be given as well as several specific locality records. These records are based upon material that is contained in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, unless otherwise noted. We will attempt to give as much information as it is possible for each species. At the end of each genus a few references will be added that lead to additional information. Our present plan is a ‘‘pay as you go” policy. A single work, embracing all of the species of this vast area, would cost far beyond our resources and would take many years of work to complete. This plan makes possible the immediate publication of several genera. Each genus will be sold separately, the cost of each will be based upon the number of pages that are included. Much of the Western Atlantic region still remains unexplored for shells. Many sec- tions of this coastline, sometimes hundreds of miles in extent, are but partially and even wholly unknown. Material from these areas is much to be desired. The gulf coasts of Alabama, Louisiana, Texas and Mexico are very poorly known, and all sections of the Central American coast have hardly been touched. Very little of the Atlantic of South America is known at all, at least as far south as Rio de Janeiro, and beyond Rio de Janeiro much information is wanting except in the vicinity of Uruguay and northern Argentina. The name ‘‘Johnsonia”” that we have selected is a tribute to Charles W. Johnson, a scientist who did so much for the study of our Western Atlantic mollusks. William J. Clench, general editor Museum of Comparative Zodlogy Cambridge, Massachusetts JOHNSONIA Published by Toe DeparrMent or Mouiusks Museum of Comparative Zoéblogy, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 19937 FEBRUARY 15, 1942 FICIDAL NUMBER 2 THE GENUS FICUS IN THE WESTERN ATLANTIC BY WVIAC PNCH The genus Ficus (fig or pear shells) is rather widely distributed throughout the tropical and south temperate portions of the globe. As arule specimens would appear to be rather rare with the exception, perhaps, of those of our own species, /”. papyratius, which is quite abundant especially along the west Florida coast between Pavilion Key and the Cedar Keys. There are now eighteen species and subspecies known, three of these occurring in the Western Atlantic. Two of the latter are known only from deep water. This genus has long been known under the name of Pyrula Lamarck (Piru/a) but unfortunately Réding’s name, Ficus, has one year priority. Ficus Réding Ficus Réding 1798, Museum Boltenianum, p. 148 (Sherborn and Sykes reprint, 1906). Shell fig or pear shaped, rather thin but strong, highly glazed within, outer surtace moderately sculptured with rather fine axial and spiral ridges, usually forming a reticulated surface. Color generally a dull brownish or grayish white which is not always regularly suffused throughout the shell. Normally there is a series of dots or blotches and even of Sculpture, five times natural size. Ficus papyratius Say Natural size. bands of darker color which are spirally arranged. Soft parts of the animal extend and nearly envelop the shell, foot capable of great expansion. No operculum. Ficus papyratius Say Pyrula papyratia Say June, 1822, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2, p. 238 (Georgia and East Florida). Pyrula reticulata Lamarck August, 1822, Anim.s. Vert. 7, p. 141, no. 9 (Indian Ocean). Pyrula fortior Mérch 1877, Malak. Blitt. 24, p. 48 (Antilles; Campeche [Mexico] ). Description. Shell 60 to 100 mm. in length, thin but strong and generally evenly and moderately sculptured. Whorls 4 to 5, regularly increasing in size and strongly convex. Color a dull pinkish or whitish brown, not always evenly disposed but occasionally some- what mottled owing to the uneven disposition of the darker brown color deposited on the inside of the whorls. Spirally arranged spots are sometimes present though they are usually small and faint. Interior of aperture glazed brown usually well below the lip margin. Inner or parietal wall thinly glazed. Outer edge thin, not produced to form a definite lip. Aperture subovate, and nearly as long as the shell and extending below to include the canal. Spire depressed, sometimes to the extent that the shell is flattened on top. Nuclear whorls smooth, following whorls reticulated by the crossing of axial and spiral ridges or cross threads. Spiral threads generally a little stronger, especially every second or fourth thread. Occasionally irregular growth ridges are present which are usually a little thickened on the inner side of the whorls. length width whorls (large) 95 53 mm. 4+ Sanibel Id., Florida (average) 75 55 44 Bonita Springs, Florida Types. Neoholotype, Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. No. 39373, St. Augustine, Florida (here selected by H. A. Pilsbry). Swift collection, W.Stimpson collector. Length 86.3; width 39 mm. (Say’s original type is lost. ) Remarks. This species cannot be confused with any other in the Western Atlantic as it is the only shallow water Ficus in this area. It is generally distributed along the coast but rather uncommon other than on the coast of Florida. Though listed as occurring in the West Indies, the only specific record that we have been able to obtain is that of Grand Bahama Island listed below. Range. North Carolina south to Venezuela along the coast. Records. Norvu Carona: Beaufort (ANSP); Cape Lookout (USNM). Souru Caro.ina: Bird Key, Ball’s Bay; Isle of Palms; Magnolia Beach; Sullivan’s Id., Charleston (all CM). Fiortpa: St. Augustine (MCZ; ANSP); Miami (USNM): Key West; Pavilion Key; Sanibel Id.; Cedar Keys (all MCZ); Crooked Id., Calhoun Co., Santa Rosa Id. (all ANSP). Texas: (MCZ). Mexico: Progresso; Silan (all ANSP). VENEZUELA: Maracaibo(ANSP). Banama Ips. East End Bush, Gd. Bahama Id. (MCZ). The references below are for the two deep water forms. Ficus howelli Cl. and Ag. 1940, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 14, p. 85, pl. 14, fi Santa Clara Prov., Cuba). Dredged by the “‘Atlantis,’’ station no. 3332, in 175-2 type, MCZ. no. 135140. Ficus atlanticus Cl. and Ag. 1940, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 14, p. 85, pl. 14, fig. 1 (off Sao Salvador, Bahia, Brasil; S. Lat. 11° 49’; W. Lone. 37° 10’). Dredged by the ““Hassler,”’ station no. 12, in 450 to 500 fathoms, 1872. Holotype, MCZ, no. 104657. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bayer, C., 1939: Catalogue of the Pirulidae in the Rijksmuseum Van Natuurlijke Historie. Zoologische Me- dedeelingen 21, pp. 369-383. Smith, E. A., 1894: A list of the Recent Species of the Genus of Pirula Lamarck. Jour. of Malacology 3, pp. 64-69. o@. 2 (Bahia de Cochinos, 25 fathoms, 1939. Holo- ! ANSP (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); CM (Charleston Mus.): MCZ (Mus. Comp. Zoél.); USNM (United States Nat. Mus.). JOHNSONIA Published by Tue DepartMENt oF Mouuusks Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Harvard University Jie 4 Compa Pa ‘ Zoology FEB 28 1942 LiBRA* THE GENERA DOSINIA, MACROCALLISTA AND AMIANTIS IN THE WESTERN ATLANTIC BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH Cambridge, Massachusetts FEBRUARY 2, 1912 79.937 VENERIDAB = = / NUMBER 3 Dosinia Scopoli Dosinia Scopoli 1777, Introductio Historiam Naturalem, p. 399. This genus possesses about 100 species, most of which are to be found in the tropics, though a few occur well into temperate seas. It is a remarkably compact group that does not show much variation among its several species, though the characters upon which specific differentiation exists are rather surprisingly constant. The shells are subcircular to circular in shape, generally compressed and usually sculp- tured with concentric ridges. The color is white, yellow, or pale brown, rarely with a secondary color pattern of rays or spots. The animal has a large muscular foot which pro- jects below. The two siphons are united and possess simple orifices. Only three recent species occur in the Western Atlantic, and these are found from Virginia to Brasil. Dosinia elegans Conrad, Plate 1 Dosinia elegans Conrad 1846, American Jour. of Science (2) 2, p. 8393 (Mullet Key, Tampa Bay, Florida). Description. Shell subcireular, compressed, rather thin and sculptured with concentric ridges. Color generally yellow to straw-yellow which is invested in the periostracum. Plate 1. Dosinia elegans Conr. Natural size. Gulfport, Florida. Ay 2 JOHNSONIA Dosinia Beaks high, rather sharp and pointing forward. Ligament deeply immersed. Lunule well defined and deeply impressed. Escutcheon weakly defined. Sculpture consisting of mod- erately fine concentric ridges with about 8 to 10 to one centimeter on the central portion of the disc. Interior of shell a flat white with the muscle scars and pallial complex high- lighted. Hinge-plate broad. Right valve with the posterior cardinal bifid. Anterior lateral tooth small and tubercular. Beak cavities deep. Pallial sinus triangular and deep with its apex sharply pointed. length height = width (large) ral 65 24mm. Sanibel Id., Florida (average) 66 60 26 Sanibel Id., Florida Types. The type locality is Mullet Key, Tampa Bay, Florida. Conrad’s type specimens are not in existence. We here indicate a new neoholotype (MCZ 45308) and a neopara- type, this latter deposited in the ANSP. ‘They are from Kgmont Key at the entrance of Tampa Bay, Florida. Remarks. The two North American species e/egans and discus are quite readily told apart. D. elegans possesses 8 to 10 ridges per centimeter and D. discus has 20 ridges per centimeter in the mid area of the disc. Conrad’s original description of elegans leaves much to be desired as certain of his statements seem to be conflicting with the facts as now known. The remaining Western Atlantic species, concentrica, occurs in the West Indies and extends south to Brasil. Its distribution on the Central American coast is unknown. If it does exist in this area it may possibly overlap the distribution of e/egans and, conse- quently, cause some confusion in determination. ‘Though the two are remarkably similar, they can be differentiated, however, on the greater width of concentrica which appears from the specimens we have examined to be nearly proportionate at all stages of growth. A ratio can readily be worked out based upon the measurements we have given for the two species. The ridges which compose the concentric sculpture number about 8 to 10 per centimeter for both elegans and concentrica. Other differences exist in all three species, but, similar to the characters given above, they are relative and difficult to give quantitatively in an outline description. Range. Along the coast from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Yucatan, Mexico: also Cuba and possibly elsewhere in the Greater Antilles. Records. FtLoripa: Cape Sable; Pavilion Key (MCZ); Cape Romano (ANSP); Naples: Sanibel Id. ; Lemon Bay (all MCZ); Osprey (ANSP); Sarasota; Egmont Key : Gulfport ; Clearwater (all MCZ); Mexico: Progresso, Yucatan (ANSP); Isla Mujeres, Yucatan (C.G. Aguayo); Cusa: Caibarien (C.G. Aguayo). Dosinia concentrica Born, Plate 2 Venus concentrica Born 1780, 'Pestacea Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis, p. 71, pl. 5, fig. 5 (Mauritius and Jamaica). Cytherea patagonica Philippi 1844, Abbildungen Neuer Conchylien 1, p. 169, pl. 2 [41] fig. 1 (Patagonia). “enus philippt d Orbigny 1846, Voyage L” Amerique Meridionale 5, p. 558 (Martini- que to Rio de Janeiro). Dosinia floridana Conrad 1866, American Jour. Conchology 2, p. 280, pl. 15, fi (Florida Keys, Gulf of Mexico). Holotype, ANSP. no. 58958. g. + be) Western Atlantic JOHNSONIA 3 Description. Shell subcircular, compressed, rather thin and sculptured with concentric ridges. Color a light yellow which is invested in the periostracum. Beaks high and rather sharp and pointing forward. Ligament deeply immersed. Lunule well defined and deeply impressed. Escutcheon weakly defined. Sculpture consisting of rather fine concentric ridges with about 9 per centimeter on the central portion of the disc. Interior of shell a flat white with the muscle scars and pallial complex high-lighted. Hinge plate broad. Right valve with the posterior cardinal bifid. Anterior lateral tooth small and tubercular. Beak cavities deep. Pallial sinus triangular and deep with its apex sharply pointed. length height ~~ width (jarge) 80 ofl 34 mm. Monti Cristi, Hispaniola (average) 68 66 3il Virgin Islands Types. We select Born’s figure as cited above, with Jamaica as the type locality. Remarks. See also under D. elegans. Born’s reference to this species as occurring in Mauritius either was an error or possibly he had confused more than one species with concentrica. As far as we have been able to determine, most West Indian records of elegans reter to this species. Philippi’s citation of this species from Patagonia (as patagonica) is certainly in error. As far as now known, Brasil is the southern limit of the genus Dosinia in the Western Atlantic. Conrad’s floridana is unquestionably a synonym of concentrica. We have seen the holo- type specimen. His statement relative to the color markings *‘a few yellowish-brown ir- regular linear stains’’ is true but these are not natural as one would infer from his descrip- tion. These linear marks appear under a lens to be iron rust. Range. West Indies from Cuba south and from Panama south to Brasil. Records. Hispaxioua: Monti Cristi; Puerto Plata (MCZ); Purrro Rico: Ponce (MCZ: ANSP); Virein Isnanps: Long Bay, St. Thomas (ANSP); Brasit: Victeria: Bahia; Salinas; Reconcavo; Hha de Itaparica; Nictheroy; Bahia de Guanabara (all P. KE. de Oliveira); Rio de Janeiro (ANSP). Plate 2. Dosinia concentrica Born. Natural size. Cidade de Bahia, Brasil. 4. JOHNSONIA Dosinia Dosinia discus Reeve, Plate 3 Artemis discus Reeve 1850, Conchologia Icon. 6, Artemis, pl. 2, fig. 9 (United States). Description. Shell subcircular, compressed, rather thin and sculptured with concentric ridges. Color a dirty straw-yellow, generally with a few darker brownish-yellow concentric bands somewhat irregularly disposed. Color invested in the periostracum. Beaks high and rather sharp and pointing forward. Ligament deeply immersed. Lunule well-defined and moderately impressed. Escutcheon weakly defined. Sculpture consisting of very fine con- centric ridges with about 20 to one centimeter on the central portion of the disc. Interior of shell a flat white with the muscle scars and pallial complex high-lighted. Hinge plate broad. Right valve with posterior cardinal bifid. Anterior lateral tooth small and tubercu- lar. Beak cavities deep. Pallial sinus triangular and deep with its apex somewhat rounded. length height = width (large) WA 65 24mm. Cape Canaveral, Florida (average) 65 58 19 Beaufort, North Carolina Types. As Reeve gave only “‘United States’’ as a type locality, we here designate it to be St. Augustine, Florida, as this location is well within the range limit of this species. The type specimen is in the Cuming collection (British Museum). Remarks. See also under D. elegans. Both D. discus and elegans were long confused with concentrica and, consequently, the older published records are not at all reliable as to just what species was indicated. The ranges for all these three species extend beyond the records that we have seen. The records, however, have all been studied by Mr. McLean or myself. It is to be borne in mind that any given species may not necessarily occur throughout the range that is indicated for it. Factors in its environment necessary for its existence may be absent in portions of this range and thus considerable distances may occur between records. The area along the west Florida coast from Tampa Bay south to Cape Sable is a region of this sort. Many species found in the northern Gulf area and again along the northeast coast of Florida from Cape Canaveral and north to the Carolinas are absent in southwest Florida. ‘femperature might be the limiting factor, but the data are as yet too Plate 3. Dasinia discus Reeve. Natural size. Amelia Island, Florida. Western Atlantic JOHNSONIA 5 incomplete, even for the distribution of our common species. There is a paucity of records for the Gulf coast of Mexico and the Atlantic shores of Central America. Range. Along the coast from Virginia to Yucatan. Records. Norru Carouina: Bogue Island; Beaufort (MCZ); Ocracoke; Swansboro (ANSP); Sout Carouina: Isle of Palms; St. Helena; Folly Id. ; Sullivan’s Id. (MCZ); Long Id. (ANSP); Georeta: St. Simon’s Id. (MCZ); Froripa: Amelia Id. ; St. Au- gustine; Cape Canaveral; Coronado; Daytona (MCZ); Mayport: Fernandina: Clear- water; Tampa Bay; Alligator Harbor; St. Joseph Bay; Crooked Id.; St. Andrew's Sound (ANSP); Mussisstpp1: Horn Id. (ANSP); Loutstana: Shell Id.; Grand Isle (MCZ); Texas: Indianola; Corpus Christi (MCZ); Port Aransas; near Galveston (ANSP): Mexico: Frontera (ANSP); Vera Cruz (MCZ: ANSP: M. E. Bourgeois): BanamMas: Cat Cay, Bimini Islands (MCZ). Macrocallista Meek: Macrocallista Meek 1876, Rept. United States Geol. Survey Terr. 9, p. 179 (geno- type, Venus gigantea Gmel.). This genus contains some of the most colorful members of the Veneridae. As the status of the genus is still unsettled the exact number of species cannot be given. The genus even in the broad sense, however, is not large and would, perhaps, include not more than twenty-five species. Most of these occur in the tropics, though a few range into tem- perate seas. The shell is generally ovate to elongate, usually with radial bands of color, smooth or with fine to moderate concentric ridges. Nearly all species possess a rather heavy though translucent periostracum, most of which flakes off, however, when the shells are dried. The lunule is usually defined but sometimes only poorly so. The pallial sinus is usually deep and generally obliquely truncated. There are three cardinal teeth in each valve, smooth, with the right posterior tooth bifid. Only two species occur in the Western At- lantic and these are to be found a little below low water line. Macrocallista nimbosa Solander, Plate 4 Venus nimbosa Solander 1786, Catalogue of the Portland Mus. pp. 161 and 175 (Flor- ida). Reference is made to De Favanne 1780, La Conchyliologie ou Hist. Nat. des Co- quilles, Paris, pl. 49, fig. 1, 1. Venus gigantea Gmelin 1790, Syst. Nat. ed. 13, 1, p. 3282. Paphia ala avis Roding 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, pt. 2, p. 175. Venus multiradiata Menke 1829, Verzeichnis Conchy.-Samm., Malsburg, p. 119. Callista (Macrocallista) gigantea Gmel., Meek 1876, Rept. United States Geol. Sur- wey Ikea: Os 40e 17s Description. Shell broadly ovate, moderately compressed, rather thin but strong, smooth and ornamented with radial bands of color. The color is dull to reddish salmon, paler in older and larger specimens. Moderately curved radial bands of darker salmon cross the shell from umbones to margin. ‘These bands of color are not solid but are interrupted by clear areas. Most of this color is invested in the shell. Beaks fairly high and pointing for- ward. Ligament moderately immersed. Lunule long and slightly impressed. Escutcheon outlined by a change in color. Sculpture consists only of very fine growth lines. Interior of shell dull white with a reddish blush diffused over the central area. Pallial line and sinus 6 JOHNSONIA Macrocallista Plate 4. Macrocallista nimbosa Sol. Natural size. Marco, Florida (Neoholotype). sharply defined, the sinus deep and somewhat obliquely truncated. Hinge plate long and narrow. Beak cavities moderately deep. length height = width (large) 150 (2 31.5 mm. Sanibel, Florida (average) 121 60 29 Sanibel, Florida Types. Type figure [here selected] De Favanne 1780, pl. 49, fig. I, 1 (reference above). Type locality [here selected] Marco, Florida. Neoholotype, MCZ 76665. Neoparatypes_ from the same locality. We have selected this locality as it is near the center of the range of this species. Remarks. This species is the genotype of Macrocallista. Though not rare within its range, it does net appear to be excessively common at any locality. It is easy to recog- nize as there is no other species in the genus that approaches it in size, shape or color. Range. North Carolina south to Florida and west to Texas. (Cuba/) Records. Norra Carouina: Beaufort (MCZ; ANSP); Schackleford Id. (MCZ). Soutu Carouina: Charleston (MCZ). Froripa: St. Augustine (ANSP); Cape Cana- veral (MCZ); Cape Sable (MCZ); Cape Romano; Sanibel Id. (WCZ; ANSP); Pavi- lion Key; Marco; Naples; Sarasota; Mullet Key, Tampa Bay; Clearwater; (MCZ): Santa Rosa Id.:; St. Joseph Bay; St. Andrew’s Bay; (ANSP); Beacon Hill (MCZ). Texas: Port Aransas (MCZ). Macrocallista maculata Linné, Plate 5 Venus maculata Linné 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 686 (O. Americano). Description. Shell subovate, rather compressed, rather thin but strong, shining, smooth and ornamented with rather regularly disposed squares of color. The shell is dull white with brownish red ‘‘squares”” irregular in shape, but generally somewhat evenly arranged over the entire surface of the shell. In addition, many specimens have two radial bands Western Atlantic Plate 5. Macrocallista maculata Linné, Natural size, Sanibel Island, Florida. of these markings showing up a little darker than the remainder. This color is invested in the body of the shell. The periostracum, when present, is dull yellowish and tends to diffuse the markings below. Beaks fairly high and directed forward. Ligament rather small and moderately immersed. Lunule rather long, slightly impressed, and not evenly divided by the two halves of the shell. Escutcheon not defined or only very indistinctly so by a change in color. Sculpture consists of exceedingly fine growth lines. Interior of shell a flat white. Pallial line and sinus sharply defined, the sinus large and obliquely truneated. Hinge plate short. Beak cavities moderately deep. length height = width (large) ah 60 36 mm. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (average) 66 4S 26 Cayo Frances, Caibarien, Cuba Types. Linné did not figure this species and we take as type figure that of his first reference, namely, Gualtiert 1742, Testarum Conchyhorum, pl. 86, fig. I. As type lo- ‘ality we here select Cayo Frances, Caibarien, Cuba. Remarks. This is a species of rather wide distribution, extending as it does from North Carolina to Southern Brasil. We have never found it abundant at any locality during our several field trips. This, like the last species, is very readily determined, as there is no other species that approximates it. Range. North Carolina south to Brasil including the West Indies. Records. Fioripa: Palm Beach; Sanibel Id.; (MCZ; ANSP); Sarasota; Naples; (MCZ); Osprey (ANSP). Bermuda (fossil) (MCZ). Banamas: Gt. Abaco Id.: Eleu- thera Id.; Cat Cay, Bimini Ids.; (MCZ). Cupa: Cardenas (ANSP); Cayo Frances, Caibarien; Cienfuegos: (MCZ). Hispanrota: Monte Cristi (MCZ). Virein Isianps: Guana Id., Tortola; Caneel Bay, St. John; (MCZ); St. Thomas (ANSP). Lesser ANTILLES: St. Kitts (ANSP); Nevis; Tobago; (MCZ). Mexico: Vera Cruz (M. E. Bourgeois); Isla Mujeros (C. G. Aguayo). VENEZUELA: Cumana (MCZ). Brasiu: Ci- dade da Bahia; Sado Gonealo, Est. Rio de Janeiro; Ilha de S. Sebastiao, Est. Sao Paulo: (P. de Oliveira). Amiantis purpurata Lamarck, Plate 6 Cytherea purpurata Lam. 1818, Anim. s. Vert. 5, p. 568 (Brasil). Chione purpurascens Gray 1838, The Analyst, 8, p. 306. Venus brasihana, var. 8 Gmelin 1790, Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3289 (non Gmelin 1792). 8 JOHNSONIA Amiantis Description. Shell subcircular, rather wide, moderately thin but strong, smooth to moderately ridged. Color creamy white or brownish (rare) or dull purplish with deeper purplish concentric bands at irregular intervals. Periostracum thin and dull yellowish in color. Beaks high and pointing forward. Ligament moderately immersed. Lunule long, deeply impressed and white in color. Escutcheon not defined. Sculpture consists of fine concentric ridges on the earlier portion of the shell with larger and well-flattened irregular ridges indicating growth periods. These are, in addition, intensified in appearance by a darker development of the purple coloration on and below these ridges. This deeper color is well indicated in the figure. Interior of shell a dull white with the pallial tine and sinus well high-lighted. Pallial sinus broad and pointed. Anterior muscle scars deeply im- pressed. Hinge plate broad and strong. Beak cavities deep. length height = width large 67 58 37 mm. Punta Médanos, Argentina =) ; ; ‘2 (average) 58 51 26 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Types. As Lamarck did not figure this species, we select as type figure, that of Reeve 1863, Conchologia Iconica 14, pl. 8, fig. 82. The type locality [here selected] to be Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Remarks. A distinctive species owing to its rather unusual purplish coloration. The large flattened concentric ribs are strongly developed (figured specimen) only in certain specimens. In others they are apparent but not so pronounced. Occasional examples are creamy white, completely devoid of the purplish color. Dall (1902, p. 870) gives Cuba as a locality from a citation of Arango but this record is very probably based on an in- correctly determined specimen. Range. Brasil south to Argentina. (Cuba?) Records. Brasii: Praia de Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro; Sao Gonealo, Sao Paulo; Imbituba, Sta. Catarina (P. de Oliveira). Urucuay: Cabo Sta. Maria (MCZ). ArGEN- TINA: Punta Médanos (A. Carcelles). Plate 6. Amiantis purpurata Lam. Natural size. Punta Médanos, Argentina. BIBLIOGRAPHY Dall, W. H., 1902: Synopsis of the Family Veneridae and of the North American Recent Species. Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 26, pp. 335-412, 5 plates. JOHNSONIA Published by Tue DreartMent or Mouuusks Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts vey Of COMDSs. Zo0\oo MAY 1 1942 NUMBER 4 CiBpRaks THE GENERA TECTARIUS AND ECHININUS IN THE WESTERN ATLANTIC BY Wes. CLeENCH AND R. TL. Angorr MAY 1, 1942 7 4 TO LITTORINIDAL The species of these two genera are found abundantly along the rocky shores of the West Indian region. The Spiny Periwinkles are familiar to those who have collected in tide pools and along stretches of sun and spray beaten rocks well above high tide. Tectarius Valenciennes Tectarius Valenciennes 1833, [in] Humboldt and Bonpland, Voyage Regions Equin. Nouv. Contin., pt. 2, 2, p. 271 (genotype, Tectarius coronatus Val., monotypic). Echinella Swainson 1840, Treat. Malac., p. 352 (genotype, Monodonta coronarius Lam.) non Echinella Bory de St. Vincent 1824. Echinellopsis Roverto 1899, Atti Soc. Ligustica, 10, p. 109 (for Echinella Swain. ). The genus Hehinella Swain. was based upon 7. coronarius Lam., a species very close to 7. coronatus Val., the type of Tectarius s.s. The shells of this genus are conical, ex- tended or occasionally subdepressed and usually roughly sculptured by strong tubercles that are generally arranged in spiral rows. A few species are strongly carinated. Opercu- Jum paucispiral, chitinous and thin. (see plate 2, fig. 5) Tectarius muricatus Linné, Plate 1 Trochus muricatus Linné 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 761 (Europa Australis). Description. Shell 15 to 80 mm. in length, solid and sculptured with small tubercles. Whorls 8 to 10. Color ash gray with white tubercles. Tip of spire often tinged with pink. Lip and columella white. Interior of the aperture light tan to chocolate brown. Aperture subcireular. Outer lip simple, thickened and slightly flaring at the base. Columella grooved, fig. 1 (Navassa Id.) fig. 2 (Navassa Id.) fig. 3 (Cienfuegos) fig. 4 (Cienfuegos) Plate 1. Tectarius muricatus Linné. Twice natural size. 2 JOHNSONIA, No. 4 Tectarius Uimbilicus a narrow oblique slit. Suture slightly indented, somewhat overlapped by the whorl above. Nuclear whorls possess very fine spiral threads. Succeeding whorls beaded by 8 to 4 rows of small rounded nodules. ‘The nodules of the top row are usually larger and form a slightly angular shoulder on each whorl. The last whorl has 10 to 11 beaded rows, between which are often developed one or two unbeaded spiral threads. The inside of the outer lip is minutely indented opposite each bead row of tubercles. The operculum is paucispiral, dark brown and chitinous. ‘This fits snugly and well within the aperture. length width (large) 30 21 mm. Swan Island, Caribbean Sea (average) 21 15 Havana, Cuba (small) 15 13 Gonave Island, Haiti Types. Gaultieri 1742 (Index 'Testarum Conchy.) pl. 45, fig. EK, referred to by Linné, is here selected as the type figure. As Linné’s reference to southern Europe was in error for this species, we here select Havana, Cuba, as the type locality. Common name. Spiny Periwinkle. Remarks. This is one of the most abundant species in the West Indies. It is found generally well above the high water line along rocky coasts. "Though commonly occurring within the spray zone, it is also capable of withstanding long periods of dryness and heat. The more active snails in the wetter zone grow to a large size because of their lengthened periods of feeding. On the windward side of Navassa Id. in the Caribbean Sea we found larger specimens than we did on the lee side where there was far less spray, (pl. 1, figs. land 2). 7. muricatus Linné belongs to the subgenus Cenchritis V. Martens 1900. Range. Bermuda, southern Florida, the West Indies, and Central America south to ‘Trinidad. Records. FLoripa: Jupiter; Key West; Tortugas. BERMUDA: Coopers Id. BaHamas: Grand Bahama Id. ; Bimini Ids.; Nassau, New Providence Id.; Mariguana Id.; Great Inagua Id.; Caicos Ids. Cupa: Havana; Banes; Cienfuegos. Hispanroua: Miragoane: Gonave Id.; Puerto Sosua; Beata Id. Jamarca: Dunn’s River. PuEerro Rico: San Juan; Guanica. VirGin IsLaAnps: St. Thomas; St. Croix; Tortola. LEssrrR ANTILLES: Antigua; St. Kitts; Martinique; Barbados; Brighton, Trinidad (H.G. Kugler). Carin- BEAN IsLanps: Navassa; Swan; Old Providence; Buen Ayre. CENTRAL AMERICA: Limon, Costa Rica; Porto Bello, Panama. Tectarius tuberculatus Wood, Plate 2 Trochus nodulosus Gmelin 1790, Syst. Nat. ed. 13, no. 1, p. 3582 (Oceano Australi) non Solander 1766. Turbo trochiformis Dillwyn 1817, Dese. Cat. of Recent Shells, London, 2, p. 826 (Southern Ocean) non Broechi 1814. Turbo tuberculatus Wood 1828, Index Testac., Suppl., p. 19, pl. 6, fig. 30 (locality unknown). Litorina tuberculata Menke 1828, Synop. Meth. Moll., Pyrmont, p. 25 (refers to Gmelin). Litorina thiarella Anton 1839, Verz. Conch. p. 58. Littorina dilatata d’Orbigny 1841, [in] de la Sagra, Hist. L’Ile de Cuba, Moll. 1, p. 207, pl. 14, fig. 20-23 (Havana). Description. Shell 12 to 20 mm. in length, solid and sculptured with fairly sharp tuber- cles. Whorls 7 to 8. Color brownish gray to lead gray with whitish tubercles. Edge of outer lip white. Columella and aperture dark brown with a clear white stripe below. Aper- ture subcircular. Outer lip simple, rather thin and projecting just below the columella. Columella wide, often excavated and forming a shelf. This shelf often runs to the upper corner of the aperture. Rarely, a small conical umbilicus is present. Suture indistinct. Western Atlantic JOHNSONIA, No. 4 3 fio. 1 (Havana) fie.2 (Havana) fig. 3 (Swan Id.) fig. 4 (Swan Id.) fig. 5 (Opereulum, 6 * ) foal bead Plate 2. Vectarius tuberculatus Wood. ‘Vwice natural size. Nuclear whorls possess very fine spiral threads. Succeeding whorls beaded by two or three rows of small pointed nodules. The second and third rows on each whorl usually have the largest nodules. The last whorl has seven beaded rows, between which run one or two rough spiral threads. These are crossed by rather coarse growth lines. Operculum (pl. 2 fix. 5) is paucispiral, dark brown and chitinous. leneth ~~ width (large) 20 14mm. Bermuda (average) 15 12 Havana, Cuba (small) ty 9.5 Knights Key, southern Florida Types. Gmelin refers to Chemnitz 1781, Conchy-Cab. (1), 5, pl. 168, fig. 1545-6, which are here selected as the type figures. We also designate Havana, Cuba, as the type locality. Common name. Common Prickly-winkle. Remarks. ‘This species is often confused with Hehininus nodulosus Ptr. (see next spe- cies). The two are superficially very similar in appearance and only close examination discloses the significant differences. Tectarius tuberculatus possesses a paucispiral opercu- lum, a strongly developed columellar ledge and nearly always a projecting lip just below the columella. On the other hand, /. nodulosus Pfr. possesses a multispiral operculum, has no columellar ledge and the aperture, though somewhat flaring, is never pointed below. The ecology of 7. tuberculatus differs materially from that of H’chininus. The former lives solely in tide and splash pools, while the latter is associated with 7. muricatus high up on the dry rocks. Tectarius tuberculatus \Wood belongs to the subgenus Nodilittorina v. Martens 1897. Range. Bermuda, southern Florida, south through the West Indies and Central America to Trinidad. Records. Ftoripa: ‘Tavernier; Jupiter; Knights Key; Tortugas. BERMUDA: Doe Bay. Banamas: Grand Bahama Id.; Bimini Ids.; Cat Id.; Long Id. ; Eleuthera; Great Abaco. Cupa: Havana; Cienfuegos; Matanzas. Hispaniota: Jeremie; Cap Haitien: Monte Cristi; Puerto Sosua. Jamaica: Port Antonio. Purrtro Rico: Guanica; Ponce. VIRGIN IsLaNbs: St. Croix; Virgin Gorda. LrssErR ANTILLES: Carriacou Id., Grena- dines; Martinique; Barbados; Trinidad. CarinBEaNn IsLaANpDs: Navassa; Roatan; Swan. CENTRAL AMERICA: Colon (Aspinwall), Panama. Echininus, new name Nina Gray 1850, Figures of Molluscous Animals, London, 4, p. 78 (genotype, Trochus cumingii Phil. ), non Nina Horsfield 1829, non Nina Gray 1855 (Echinoderm). 4. JOHNSONIA, No. 4 Echininus This genus is similar to Vectariws in appearance, but differs in having a multispiral operculum. (see plate 3, fig. 5) Echininus nodulosus Pfeiffer, Plate 3 Litorina nodulosa Pfeiffer 1839, Archiv fir Natur., (Wiegmann), 1, p. 357 (Cuba), exclusive of synonymy. Litorina scabra Anton 1839, Verz. Conch., p. 53, non Linné 1758. Litorina antoni Philippi 1847, Abbild. Besch. Conehy., 2, p. 145, pl. 2, fig. 18 (new name for scabra Anton). Litorina ( Tectarius) pfeifferianus Weinkauf 1882, Conchy.-Cab. (2), 2, pt. 9, p. 46, pl. 5, figs. 15-16. Description. Shell 12 to 20 mm. in length, solid and sculptured with fairly sharp tuber- cles. Whorls about 7. Color brownish gray to lead gray. Edge of outer lip white. Colu- mella and aperture black brown with a white stripe below. Aperture nearly circular. Outer lip simple, thin and with the base not projecting below. Columella rounded but not form- ing a ledge. Without an umbilicus. Suture indistinct. Nuclear whorls possess very fine spiral threads. Succeeding whorls beaded by one or two rows of sharp nodules. The second row usually has the largest nodules, though in the last whorl the second and third rows are prominent. There are six rows on the last whorl, between which are often two or three coarse spiral threads. These are crossed by fine growth lines. Operculum (pl. 3, fig. 5) is multispiral, dark brown and chitinous. length width (large) 20 15mm. Matanzas, Cuba (average) 16 1183 Havana, Cuba (small) 10.5 9 Tavernier, Florida Types. As Pfeiffer did not figure his species, we here select that of d°Orbigny 1841 [in] de la Sagra, Hist. L’Isle de Cuba, 1, pl. 14, fig. 17 and 19. In addition we select the type locality as Havana, Cuba. Common name. False Prickly-winkle. Range. Southern Florida, the Greater Antilles including the Bahamas (and probably southwards into the Lesser Antilles). Remarks. For comparisons and ecological data see remarks under Tectarius tubercu- latus Wood. The umbilicated species, 17. cumingu Phil., of the East Indies is an H’chin- ius s.s. We propose a new subgenus, Tectininus, with the non umbilicated . nodulosus Pfr. as its subgenotype. Records. Fitoripa: Jupiter (McGinty); Bonefish Key (Bales). Banamas: Grand Bahama Id.; Bimim Ids.; Acklin Id.; Great Abaco; Little San Salvador; Great In- agua: Eleuthera. Cupa: Bahia Honda; Matanzas; Havana. Hispaniona: Jeremie: Puerto Plata. Jamaica: Port Antonio. CarIBBEAN ISLANDS: Swan Id. | (Matanzas) fie. 2 (Matanzas) fie. 8 (Bimini Ids.) fie. 4 (Bimini Ids.) fig. 5 (Opereulum, 6X ) fi Oo, = 5 Plate 3. Eehininus nodulosus Pteiffer. ‘Pwice natural size. JOHNSONIA Published by Toe DrePartMENT or MOoLiusks