. 1 . i)'' f , \ ' > ,S ' t ' i, ( ( I », ' ' ' ' s ) 1/ 1^ . Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2009 witii funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries and Member Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/journal45ameruoft iix^^JU\^JA^ ^^ /TVJUP'UK.^'*-^ AMERICAN : Veterinary Review EDITED BY PROF. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. Member Central Society of Veterinary Medicine (Paris). Honorary Fellow lioycU College Veterinary Surgeons (England). Foreign Corregjwnding Member Academy qf Medicine, Bruxelles (Belgiqve), AND Prof. ROBERT W. ELLIS, D.V.S. WITH THE COLLABORATION OF Prof. W. J. CoATES, M.D., D.V.S., New York- American Veterinary College. Olaf Schwarzkopf, V e t e r i n a r i a n, 3d Cavalry, Instructor Mounted Service School, Ft. Riley, Kan. Prof. W. Rp-iD Blmr, D.V.S. , New York- American Veterinary College. Prof. S. Stewart, Kansas City Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo. Prof. M. H.McKiLLiP,M.D., V.S.,McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago, 111. B. F. Kaupp, M.S., D.V.S., Commissioner of Public Health, Spartanburg, S. C. Prof. M. H. Reynolds, University of Minne- sota, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Wm. H. Dalrymple, M.R.C.V.S., Veter- inarian Louisiana Ag. Exp. Sta., Baton Rouge, La. John P. O'Leary, V.M.D., Veterinary In- spector in Charge, B. A. L, Troy, N. Y. A. T. Kinsley, M.Sc, D.V.S., Path. Kansas City Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo. Prof. S. SissoN, S.B., V.S., Prof. Comp. Anat., Ohio State University, author of Sisson's Vet. Anat., etc., Columbus, O. J. G. Rutherford, V.S., H.A.R.C.V.S., Ex- Veterinary Director-General and Live Stock Commissioner, Ottawa, Canada. J. F. De Vine, D.V.S., Dept. Agr., Goshen, N. Y. D. Arthur Hughes, Ph.D.. D.V.M., Insp. Comm. Dept., U. S. Army, Chicago, John R. Mohler, V.M.D., Chief of Patho- logical Division B. A. L, Washington, DC. Prof. L. A. Merillat,V.S., Chair of Surgery, McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago, D. E. Salmon, D.V.M., Ex-Director of the Veterinary School, Montevideo, Uru- guay. Prof. Veranus a. Moore, Director, New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y. Richard P. Lyman, Dean Vet. Div. Mich. Agr. College, East Lansing, Mich. C. J. Marshall, V.M.D., President A. V M. A., Philadelphia, Pa. A. D. Melvin, M.D.C, Chief of B. A. L, Washington, D. C. Geo. H. Glover, M.S.. D.V.M., Director Div. Vet. Sci., Colo. Agr. Coll., Ft. Collins, Colo. J. Desmond, Ex-Chief Gov't Vet. Surg., Adelaide, So. Australia. Nelson S. Mayo, M.S., D.V.S., Secretary A.V. M. A., 47j3 Ravenswood Avenue, Chicago, 111. And several others. VOLUME XLV. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 WEST lS2d STREET. ^7759, 7. ia..5-^ SF (oO\ MAS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XLV. PAGE Another Monstrosity 92 Prolapsus or Eversion of the Rectum in a Colt 231, 232 Cyclopia or Synophthalmia 237 Six Experimental Cases of Tetanus in Carnivora — Cat No. 1 335, 336 Cat No. I, apparently dead, shows extreme muscular contraction 337 Dog No. I, taken when Tetanus was general 338 Dog No, 2 339 Three Useful Knots and How to Use Them — Figs. I and 2 448 Figs. 3 and 4 449 Figs. 5 and 6 450 Figs. 7 and 8 451 Ventral Hernia 468 Epithelioma 469 " The Natural Bridge, the most sublime of Nature's works " 507 Skyland Elevation 4,000 Feet — Near Luray, Va 508 Caverns of Luray, Luray, Va 509 Bow Line on a Bight, i, 2, 3, 4 565 Bow Line, i, 2 566 On Board S. S. Finland 577 Rachianesthesia 610 The New Quarters of the Ontario Veterinary College 623 Antemortem Inspection of Cattle 630 Postmortem Inspection of Cattle 631 An inspector watching the preparation of beef tongues for packing 632 Insanitary conditions in an uninspected slaughter house 633 The inspection of neck glands of hogs. If tuberculosis is present it is usually found here 634 Inspection of the viscera of hogs 635 Dressing and inspecting carcasses of hogs and putting on the marks of inspection 636 Hysterocele 665 Cow Moose in Labor — Refuses Assistance — Dies 668 Twin Foals — Horse and Mule 669 Front view of mansion, "Oud Bussem," showing a workman's dwelling to the right and the meeting house to the left 684 in INDEX TO AUTHORS. PAGE Alcalay, S. J 73 Archibald, R. A 56 Arinsburg, J. M 577 Bergh, H 91 Blair, W. Reid 577 Brown, F. F 467, 469 Buch, John M 44 Clawson, Arthur B 527 Conn, G. H 238 Cooper, James M 90 Davis, Carl F 546 De Vine, J. F 196, 360, 480, 604, 678 Dwinal, C. F 86 Eichhorn, Adolph 44, 577 Ellis, L. J 582 Ellis, Robert W 235, 345, 348 Fayville, Geo. C 669 Ferguson, J. J 361 Ferguson, Wm. P 482, 483 Forsythe. W. D 347 Eraser, Thomas 577 Frederick, Harry 93 Gay. Carl W 30 Gilliland, S. H 278, 392 Gilyard, A. T 660 Greenwood, R. A 670 Hadley, F. B 577 Hamilton, H. M 667 Harkins, M.J 76 Harries, T. B 577 Higgins, Charles H 205 Holmes. W. B 577 Howard, S. R 230 Huson, Calvin J 480, 481 Jolliffe. R. C 46s Joly, A 323 Julien, R. C 577 Kenny, Thomas B 423 Kingman, H. E 448, 56=; Kinsley, A. T 308 Lacroix, J. V 467, 469 Lamb, L. 0 669 Lambrechts, T 577 PAGE Lee, Daniel D 581 Leonard, John Lynn 227 Liautard, A. .94, 97, 100, 239, 241,349, 352, 471, 474, 569, 572, 575, 671, 674 Lockhart, A. A 79 Lynch, W. H 484, 562 McCord, F. A 667 McLaughlin, John A 293 McNeil, J. H 479 Marshall, C. J 575 Mayo, N. S 330 Mohler, John R 44, 628 Moore, Harry C 575 Morgan, David Benjamin 654 Morris, Robert T 223 Neflf, S. C 89 Nelson, Conrad L 577 Noack, Otto G 558 Norton, O. M 359 Peck, S. A 470 Pressler, H. A 318 Potteiger, C. R 645 Rasmussen, H 360 Reynolds, M. H 69, 214 Roadhouse, Chester L 237 Ross, Crittenden 567, 668 Salmon, Daniel E 178 Schroeder, E. C 537 Schwarzkopf, Olaf no, 253 Shepard, E. D 575 Sisson, Septimus 408, 513 Spline, R. E 19, 161 Stanton, Edwin M 233 Starr, F. M 236 Steckel, L. M 453, 4';5 Steele, Garrison 108, 249, 552, 687 Steffen, Mart R 65 Stoute, R. A 347 Torrance, Fred 579 Van Antwerp, E. A 664 Walsh, S. S. N 333 Wight, A. C 356, 4d'i Wolf, Chas. F 82 Wright, A. C 357 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLV. PAGE Abdominal Case, Interesting 95 Abdominal Neoplasm 350 Abortion, Contagious, Treatment of, with "Bissulin" 352 About Malleine 136 Abscess, Hepatic, by Foreign Body 575 Abscess of Myocardium Follows Foot and Mouth Disease in a Bull 574 Absence of Left Kidney in Dog, Case Report 348 Abstracts from Exchanges. . .94, 239, 349,471,509,671 Accident to a Horse, Unique... 350 A Complicated Case 473 Actual Practice, Dystokia and a Few Cases Met in. Case Re- port 86 Advantage of a Sanitary Milk House on the Farm 645 yEgagropile in Small Colon Kills a Horse 675 A Little of the Warmth of Hu- mor for Our Campaign no A Modern Veterinary Building.. 622 Amputation of the Uterus in Cows 475 Anaphylaxy, a New 142 Animal Diseases, Money Given for Study of 154 Animals, Humane Treatment of. 625 Animals, Some Common Dis- eases of and Their Treatment. 196 Another Monstrosity, Case Re- port 91 Anthrax Bacterium, Viability of the 76 Anti-Narcotic Law, Federal 388 Another Observation of Larvar Cylicostoma 675 Antiseptics Versus Germicides.. 223 Antituberculous Immunity 611 Application of the Roentgen Rays 5 Army Veterinarians. Death of One of the Aged — Apprecia- tive Tribute to His Life 108 Army Veterinary Department. 108, 249, 687 PAGE Army Veterinary Service Bill, the Best of Fortune for, Crowd Behind It and Finish the Work in the Senate 552 Arrival in Paris and London 678 Arsenical Treatment of Surra in Horses 472 Atloid Hygroma in Dog 99 Auricular Catarrh in Dogs 266 A. V. M. A. at New Orleans 158 A. V. M. A. Meeting at New Or- leans, Pleasurable Anticipations in Connection with 505 Bacillemia amongst Tuberculous Subjects 498 B. A. I. Employees, New York City the Logical Place for the Third Annual Meeting of the National Association of 511 Barium Chloride as an Evacu- ant in the Horse 79 Basedow's Disease in a Dog 100 Belgian Review 100 Best of Fortune for the Army Veterinary Service Bill, Crowd Behind It and Finish the Work in the Senate 552 Bibliography — Poultry Diseases and Their Treatment 487 Productive Horse Husbandry. 112 The Common Colics of the Horse 485 Veterinarv Hygiene 245 Year Book 486 Bilateral Luxation of the Lens in a Dog 569 Biorization of Milk 558 Blood Counting, Some Results of on Cattle 527 Blood, Spontaneous Sedimenta- tion of the 7 Bon Voyage 275 Botryomycosis in a Cob 571 Botryomycosis of the Upper Lip. 09 Bovine, Indolent Placentae 562 Bovine Piroplasmosis, Trypan- blue in 677 Bovine Tuberculosis 537 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLV. Bow Line on a Bight — the Bow Line 562 British N'eterinary Oflficer of the Highest Rank Tells Experience of British Army Veterinary Department 249 Broncho-Pneumonia, a Case of Contagious, Caused by Bacillus Coli Communis, Case Report . . 233 Calving Case, Peculiar 671 Campaign of Lobeck Bill Con- tinued from Wisconsin — Con- gress Engrossed in Anti-Trust Legislation 510 Cancer in a Chicken, Case Re- port 238 Canine Leishmaniosis 385 Canine Medicine 618 Canine Piroplasmosis 98 Canine Practice, X-Rays in 673 Cartilages, Necrosis of the Nasal 573 Case, a Puzzling 95 Case of Bovine Tuberculosis in Man 476 Case of Contagious Broncho- Pneumonia Caused by Bacillus Coli Communis, Case Report.. 233 Case of John's Disease Success- fully Treated 473 Case of Psammonia 94 Cases of Malarian Urticaria in Horses 576 Cases, Reports of .84, 230, 333, 456, 567. 664 Catarrh. Auricular, in Dogs 266 Cattle, Potato Poisoning in 94 Cecum, Impaction of the, Case Report 84 Ccsarian Operation in the Canine 660 Cholera. Hog — Distribution and Use of Serum and Virus 69 Chondroma of the Fingers 242 Chronic Hone and Articular lameness, Passive Treatment of 65 fhronic Pyometry -'42 linical CascR 171 linical f*a«c«. Some 351 llnical PoM-Pharvngcal Surgery STo oil. liotryomycofttH in a 571 olirn, Panto|M>n in 575 Minmcnrrmrnf Kxerctsrt of New York University, Eighty- fccond 389 PAGE Commissioned Veterinary Corps for the Army 687 Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics, Journal of 501 Complement-Fixation, Diagnosis of Dourine by 44 Complete Removal of the Preg- nant Uterus and Ovaries in a Bitch 474 Complicated Case 473 Compound Comminuted Fracture of the 7th and 9th Ribs 471 Congenital Opacity of the Cor- nea 239 Congress in London, The 626 Congress, Official Steamer to the 276 Constriction and Occlusion, In- testinal, with Distemper Origin 97 Constriction, Unusual Case of, Case Report 667 Contagious Pustular Dermitis... i.^o Control of Bovine Tuberculosis in a Dairy State — Some Statis- tical Facts 147 Control of Glanders 581 Coprostasis, Rectal and Intestinal in Dogs 352 Correspondence .102, 247, 356, 478, 577, 678 Cow Moose in Labor — Refuses Assistance — Dies, Case Report 667 Cows, Sterility in 268 Cryptorchid, l-'lank Incision for Operation of 571 Cyclopia or Synophthalmia, Case Report 237 Cylicostomosis, Larvar 383 Cystic Calculus in a Bitch, Enor- mous. Case Report 93 Cystotomy. Interostinir 572 Cyst. Ovarian, in a Marc, Spon- taneously Discharged ; Recov- ery Follows 34Q Death of a Foal — Toxicity of •Morphia— Case Report 465 Death of One of the Aged Army Ve t c rinarians — Appreciative Tribute to His Life 108 Dermitis, Contagious Pustular... 140 Diagnosis, Now Methods of 379 Diagnosis of Dourine by Com- j)lcmcnt-l*"ixation 44 DiaphraKuiatic l'"lexure of Large Colon. Obstruction of, Case Rcpf)rt 89 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLV. IX PAGE Differentiating Tubercle Bacilli from the more Common Acid- Fast Forms 240 Digestion, Some Mechanical Fac- tors in 408, 513 Discussion of Professor Kins- ley's Paper 318 Diseases, Parasitic, of the Dog and of the Cat, Parasites and. . 616 Dislocation, an Unusual 96 Distemper Abscess, Mischiefs of. 354 Dog and Cat, Porrigo by Micro- sporum in loi Dog, Atloid Hygroma in 99 Dog, Basedow's Disease in a.... 100 Dog, Intestinal Obstruction in... 355 Dog, Polioencephalitis Simulating Rabies in 676 Dog's Stomach, Foreign Bodies in 97 Dog Swallows Twenty-two Tacks — Recovers, Case Report 235 Dry and Ascending Necrosis of the Septum Nasi and Turbin- ated Bones in a Horse 244 Dystokia and a Few Cases Met in Actual Practice, Case Re- port 86 Editorial — A Modern Veterinary Building 622 A. V. M. A. at New Orleans. 158 Bon Voyage 275 Campaign of Lobeck Bill Con- tinued from Wisconsin — Congress Engrossed in Anti- Trust Legislation 510 Control of Bovine Tuberculo- sis in a Dairy State — Some Statistical Facts 147 Eighty-second Commencement Exercises of New York Uni- versity 389 European Tour and the Tenth International Veterinary Con- gress ii;6 Federal Anti-Narcotic Law... 388 Hearings Begin on the Lobeck Bill 146 Hearings on the Lobeck Bill.. 276 Hopeful Outlook for Veteri- nary Legislation 391 House Committee on Military Affairs in Congress Again Compliments the Veterinary Profession i S Humane Treatment of Animals 625 PAGE Editorial — Money Given for Study of Animal Diseases 154 New York City the Logical Place for the Third Annual Meeting of the National As- sociation of B. A. I. Em- ployees 511 Official Steamer to the Con- gress 276 On Board the Finland 390 Pleasurable Anticipation in Connection with A. V. M. A. Meeting at New Orleans... 505 Swift, Strong Rush to Final Victory 504 The Congress in London 626 The Glanders Question 271 The Mule " Infernal but Eter- nal" 159 The One Thing Lacking 619 The United States Government Saves Money by Increasing the Efficiency of Its Veteri- nary Service 144 Volume Forty-five 18 What The Army and Navy Journal Does for the Mili- tary Veterinarians and What We Hold It Should Do.... 12 Embolism and Thrombosis in a Foal 671 English Review . .94, 239, 349, 471, 569, 671 Enormous Cystic Calculus in a Bitch, Case Report 93 Epithelioma, Case Report 469 Ether, Surgical Applications of. Besides Anesthesia 499 European Chronicles — About Malleine 138 A New Anaphylaxy 142 Antituberculous Immunity 611 Applications of the Roentgen Rays 5 Auricular Catarrh in Dogs 266 Bacillemia amongst Tubercu- lous Subiects 408 Canine Leishmaniosis 385 Contagious Pustular Dermitis. 140 Infection by Koch Bacillus Is an Immunizing Disease .... 493 Infectious Paraplegia 263 Journal of Comparative Pa- thology and Theraoeutics. . . 501 Larvar Cylicostomosis 383 I TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLV. PAGE European Chronicles — Medicine Canine 6i8 Myoclony I33 Nervous Lesions in Intoxica- tion by Worms 269 New Methods of Diagnosis... 381 On Glanders 378 On Rabies Again 136 Parasites and Parasitic Dis- eases of the Dog and of the Cat 6i6 Prof. Eberlein's Surgical Treatment of Roaring 10 Rachianesthesia 608 Sterility in Cows 268 Strong and Weak Organisms with Virulent Microbes 496 Spontaneous Sedimentation of the Blood 7 Subcutaneous Tuberculosis . . . 261 Surgical Applications of Ether Besides Anesthesia 499 Tenth International Veterinary Congress. London 1, yjT, 607 Water in Veterinary Practice. . 614 European Tour and the Tenth International Veterinary Con- gress 156 Evacuant in the Horse, Barium Chloride as an 79 Examinations, State Board, Test Applicants' Fitness to Practice 654 Examinations, State Veterinary Board 330 Exchanges, Abstracts from — 94.239 349.471.569,671 Expert Examination of Stallions under State Laws .... .... 253 Extra-Utcrinc Gestation in a Sow 355 Faradization in Veterinary Ther- apeutics 476 Fatty Degeneration of the Kid- neys in Cat 352 Federal .\nti-Narcotic Law 308 I'Vdrral Meat Inspection and the Desirability of Supitlemental State and City Ins|)cction 628 Fifth Season's kcp<»rt n|)on the Pcrmannit \\\\\w of the Ven- Irirle Striiipiiig Operation for •' KoarinK." Case Report 456 Finuers, (Ihonilroma of the 242 Finland, on Hoard the 390 I'tanlc Incision for Operation of Crvptorchi'I 571 PAGE Foal, Death of a — Toxicity of Morphia — Case Report 465 Foal, Embolism and Thrombosis in a 671 Foals, Twin — Horse and Mule, Case Report 669 Foetuses, Twin 96 Food, Tissue 293 Foreign Bodies in Dog's Stom- ach 97 Foreign Body in the Pharynx.. 474 Foot and Mouth Disease in a Bull, Abscess of JMyocardium Follows 574 Fracture, Compound Commi- nuted Fracture of the 7th and 9th Ribs 471 Fracture of Incisive Teeth in Horses 240 Fracture, Recovery of Several Cases of 572 French Review. . .97, 241, 352, 474, 572, 674 ^ . Fundamentals of Good Sanitary Control Work 214 Gangrene, Septic, in Cows...... 243 Gelding, Sunstroke in American Thoroughbred 569 Gelding, Sabulous Deposit in a.. 672 Generalized Alopecia in a Horse 676 Generalized Porocephalosis in a Cynocephalus 243 Germicides, Antiseptics versus.. 223 Glanders 378 Glanders, Control of 581 Glandular Lymphosarcoma and .Aortic Ossilication in a Horse 674 Glanders Question, Tlic 271 Goats, Pleuro-Pneumonia of, in India 47-' Goats, Tuberculosis in "h"^ Health and Disease, tlu- Tntoroel- lular l-'hiid and Its Ktlation to. 423 Heart Disease anlt1V . 474 Nymphomania in Mare — Oopho- rectomy Followed by Recov- ery—Return of Condition After Year's Time, Case Re- port 345 Obituary — A. J. Ransom 125 Charles Jamieson, D.V.S 362 D. W. Patton, M.D.. D.V.M... 583 Edward I. Carter, D.V.S' 125 Egbert Le Fevre. B.A.. M.D.. 362 John Buford Archer, V.S 583 Thomas B. Hillock, V.S 125 W. B. Lewin 125 Obstruction of Diaphragmatic Flexure of Large Colon, Case Report 8c; Oesophagus. Impaction of the.. 349 Official Steamer to the Con- gress 276 Official Tour, Tidings from First Party of 577 Official Tour, Tidings from Second Party of 604 On Board the Finland 390 On Glanders 378 On Rabies Again 136 Opacity, Congenital, of the Cor- nea 239 Operation, the Cesarian. in the Canine 660 Organisms, Strong and Weak, with Virulent Microbes u/> Osteitis Sequelae of Distemper, Interesting Case of 24 1 Osteoporosis in Horses Jji Ovarian Cyst in a Mare, Spon- taneously Discharged ; Recov- ery Follows 3.jg Pantopon in Colics S7S Paraplegia. Infectious 263 Paralysis, Raeen made un- coagulable by the addition of some special salts, sulphate of mag- nesium, chloride of sodium, oxalate of soda, citrate of soda or in preference fluoride of sodium, used as dilution to tlie tenth and in .solution of 3 per cent. The technic of the operation consists in a.spiring a little o\er 1 c.c. of the .solution of fluoride into a syringe of Pravaz or a like of 10 c.c. size, introducing the needle into the vein (the jngular I)est), taking 9 c.c. of blood and then after withdrawing empty it into a cylindrical vial, or test tube, doing it .slowly and being careful to avoid the formation of foam. The vial or tube is then put on a stand, and left in a vertical position until sedi- mentation is Completed, 24 hours is the maximum, when meas- ures arc taken of the height of the red sediment (iiematies ). that of the white (leucocytes), that of the entire contents as far as the level of the plasma and the peculiarities between the differ- ent layers are called upon to give the elements of the clinical ex- amination of the blood. EDITOKIAL. The process of sedimentation begins and will take between 12 and 24 hours to Ije completed. The dropping of the red corpuscles begins almost immedi- ately, progresses rapidly and then liecomes slower. As the hema- ties are falling and collect at the bottom of the glass, the plasma becomes clearer and forms at the upper part of the tube a column whose height will vary. Soon then, on the surface of the red sediment there appears a greyish white ring formed by the white corpuscles. And when the pnxress is completed there is a red deposit which represents the volume of the hematics and a white which represents that of the leucocytes. At this point Mr. Cesari goes on with the deductions that can be made bv the examination of these three portions, contained in the glass tube and terminate by the consideration of the clinical applications of his method. The various indications thus obtained upon the composition of the blood by sedimentation permit us to see the importance of the applications of the method to the clinic. First of all. for all that concerns anemias, it is certain that sedimentation will immediately give information upon the de- gree of globular poverty of the blood; it will also permit us to appreciate the functional work of the hematopoietic organs and also that of the hemoglobinic value by the rapidity of the drop- ping of the hematics; and finally it will help to rapidly control the efficacy of the treatment prescribed, whose effects shall be measured by the increase of the red sediment. For the leucemias. it is scarcely necessary to indicate the diagnostic value of the test by sedimentation. The peculiarities as well as the variations offered by the leucocytar sediment during the various diseases will, no doubt, furnish precious information from the diagnostic and prognostic point of view, when they will be fully appreciated, as they must be later on l)y practitioners. Clinical ol)servations will establish them. The article of Mr. Cesari, the description and the application of his method will attract attention. For veterinarians especially. 10 EDITOBIAI.. it will prove of great advantage, being simple, not demanding expenses, and of easy utilisation. As the author says, it needs very little to make it most appreciable and useful. W"\\\ clinicians put it to a test? Prof. Eberlein's Surgical Treatment of Roaring. — Although this question is now pretty well settled, in Europe, where the operation of Williams has received such success as confirmed by the many operations recorded by Prof. Hobday in England, and also by the fact of its having been raised in the veterinary schools as the classical operation, its practice being one of the many branches of the department of operative surgery, although all those are facts well established, improving methods, so named by their originator, are now and then brought out. From the Archiv. f. wcisens unci prakt. Tierheilkindc , the Annales of Brussels are producing a new modus operandi, recom- mended by Prof. Eberlein from Berlin. There is no doubt, says the learned professor, that the sur- gical treatment of roaring gives the best results, 70 per cent. recoveries being proved by statistics. Prof. Eberlein operates as follows : After having the animal well secured on his back, he divides the musculo-cutaneous layer, the crico-thyroid membrane and anesthetizes the ventricles of the glottis. He introduces then the index finger of the left hand in the left ventricle, and stretches the dorsal portion of the cor- responding vocal cord by flexing slightly the finger and raising it gently. He then makes with a special pointed bistouri an angular incision measuring i to 1 '/I. centimeters, with an edge running along the anterior border »)f the vocal cord and tho other along the ventral border of the arythcnoid cartilage. The result of the operation, according to the author, depends, in the first place, on the good direction of this ancjular incision. One must watch that the first incision runs exactly along the an- terior border of the vocal cord and especially that it does not EDITOBIAL. 11 encroach on it transvcrsally. The very important part to be en- acted in the process of recovery by the vocal cord is annihilated when this cord is cut or divided transversally. Then the author takes out the left index finger from the ventricle and introduces it in the angular wound, and by a slight cork-screwing motion pushes it easily towards the corresponding crico-arytenoid articulation. This has for its object the isolation of the mucous membrane of the ventricle. Once the bottom of the cul-de-sac is loose, the index finger is then fiexed slightly and with a blunt bistouri the mucous membrane is isolated, being extended over the finger as a finger-glove, by pressure of the thumb. The mucous mem- brane of the right ventricle is removed in the same way. It seems to us that the method of Prof. Eberlein, good as it may be, has not the simplicity of that of Williams. Bibliographic Bulletin. — The following are thankfully acknowledged : The Mechanical Transmission of Surra by Tahanus Striatus, by Mr. Bruin Mitzmain, M.S., Veterinary Entomologist under the direction of Archibald R. Ward, B.S.A., D.V.M., Chief \^eterinarian (Bureau of Agriculture, Philippine Islands). Veterinary Notes. December, 1913. Parke, Davis & Co. Report on Epizootic Abortion in Sheep, Part III, Abortion, with appendix to Part III by Sir J. McFadyean, M.R.C.V.S., M.B., CM.. B.Sc, L.L.D., and Sir Stewart Stockman, M.R.CV.S. Hog Cholera, Farmers Bulletin, Dept. Agriculture of Ten- nessee, George R. White, AI.D., D.V.S., State Veterinarian. Agricultural Journal, South Africa, Nov., 1913. Bulletin of the Dept. of Agriculture No. i. Medical Milk Commissions and Certified Milk, by Ernest Kelley. P. S. — In the February Review, just received, on page 657, there is a letter from Sir John McFadvean to the London Times 12 EDITORIAL. referring to a statement made at the London Medical Congress by Prof. Harvey Gushing, of Harvard University (I l)eHeve), in relation to American veterinary surgeons. About the time that this statement found its way in English veterinary papers. I felt it my duty to call the attention of my American confreres to it, and to that end mailed in my chronicle for December, 191 3, remarks upon it. By some way or another these did not find their way to our .\merican office. (?) But I do not wish it to he supposed that / should have overlooked and neglected my obligations towards the American profession and ignore the ridiculous and gross error of the American surgeon. A. 1 . WHAT thp: army and navy journal does for THE MILITARY VETERINARIANS AND WHAT WE HOLD IT SHOULD DO. " You never can tell, sir, you never can tell." — Repeated with frequency by the waiter in Bernard Shaw's drama, " You .Vrrrr Can Tell." With the equanimity and calm demeanor of a very dignified newspaper. The Army ami Xavy Journal takes pains to correct us at one point in what we said in our editorial on the .\rmy Veterinary Service Bill (H. R. 4541 in the House and S. 4331 in the Senate) in our I'^ebruary issue. In its edition of I'Y'bruary 2 1 St it .says: Wc would suKRest to tiu- Amkkkan \ i-.i iki.n ak'. Kkvikw llial .;i iuom' care- ful readiiiR of the .Iriiiy and .Vd.T Journal would liave saved it from the mifttakc of .sayiiiK <>f this pa|)er : " It has always puhlislud tiie news of the trauHfers from niu* regiment to another, from one ^)art of the country to anf»thcr, from one detail lo another, of every commissioned and noii-com- tntSKioned officer mentioned in .Army orders; l)Ut never so much as a word came out on orders for veterinarians." The same ride jjoverns our i)uhlica- tion of orders relatinK to veterinarians as of other oflicers, and whenever we receive an order relative to the chauRe of station or transfer of a veterinarian wc publish it under the head of the orRanization to wliicli lie is attached, — /Inuy and S'avy Journal, hchruury 2\, 1014. The correction ,stan(ls; for. on looking (Acr its news of the reRiment-s. wc lind that the Joiirmil is right, in this One point we were mistaken, and. ;i(kin>wU'diMng nur iTfur. with uncov- EDITORIAL. 13 ered head we may hope to bow ourselves into the good graces of the Journal again, conservative a newspaper as it is. However, the quotation printed above, taken from The Army unci Navy Journal, is noteworthy hot' so much for what it says as for what it leaves unsaid. Sir Robert Clive, winner of the Ijattle of Plassey, who subdued a large portion of India and brought it under the British crown, was, late in his career, ar- raigned before i'arliament for supposed malfeasance in office, in that it was believed he had plundered the nalx)bs. Macaulay states that in the midst of the trial, he said, concerning the re- straint he ])laced upon himself at times when he might have en- riched himself, " Sirs, when I think of this abnegation, I am astonished at my own moderation." The writer of the note quoted from The Army and Navy Journal, when he had finished it, must, from the restraint he placed upon himself, have had the same feeling as Sir Robert Clive. The silence of that note speaks volumes. We can take it for granted that The Army and Navy Journal found nothing else to correct in our editorial, else it would have done so. This perhaps was not born of charity; for this service newspaper can speak with trumpet tones when it is in the humor. Is the Journal aware that inadvertently it paid us a great compliment, for. if we are not mistaken, and we wish it to cor- rect us if we are wrong, the note quoted contains the first ref- erence by name to the American Veterinary Review, or to any other veterinarv magazine. American or foreign, that ever appeared in its columns? We challenge the Journal to look over its files from the Civil War days or thereafter until the present and see if it can find a single reference to an American veterinary magazine in all those years. There may be smattering reference to \eterinary bills in Congress ; but has there ever appeared in all its tomes an article, short or long, in which there was a valiant ex- position of the need for improvement of the veterinary service of the army? This service newspaper is proud of its champion- ship in its editorial columns of every good and worthy military cause, of everything v\hich would look towards impro\ement of 14 eoitobiaim any part of the army service. It has stood as staunchly for the enHsted man as for the commissioned officer. But where, oh where, in any editorial, short or long, has it espoused the cause of the army veterinarian? The reason is not that he is too insig- nificant; because the Journal has devoted yards of space to more humble men than he. Is it because the army veterinarian has been forgotten ? Not at all. The Journal is an authorit}' on the branches, branchlets and twigs of the military organization and knows something about the army veterinarian and the part he plays in the military scheme, and that is why it recently took us to task. The reason is, in its note it did not deny it, that the Journal has been studying the legislative colors and knows pretty well how the tints are being mixed in the legislative halls for military "bills in Congress." If, forsooth, it thought it said too much in what we quoted from its columns in our February article, it makes amends now by saying little that we can quote for our direct helpfulness. Is this because some knowing one has said to it : " See what you have done. Do not encourage the veteri- nary service. You see how you are quoted and used when by chance you refer to it." If this is the case we may expect the good and discreet army newspaper to relapse into its whilom silence. We can have our last word at any rate, even if the Journal says no more now, and we will inform it that, should H. R. 4541 or S. 4331 pass, it will give space in short articles, mayhap in editorials to the army veterinary service, not in the well-packed columns to the rear, but well forward in the Jour- nal, there may appear articles (speak it now with bated breath) on veterinary officers and their work. Now it is our duty, as we have been corrected, to likewise correct in turn. In the note quoted in the beginning of this edi- torial the army service newspaper, in speaking of the place where it publishes army orders concerning detailing regimental person- nel, .s.ivs, " The same rule governs our publication of orders relating to veterinarians as of other officers." This reminds us of what the genial Oliver Wendell Holmes said of " My Country EDITORIAL. K 'Tis of Thee," that the song and his Harvard classmate, Smith, its author, became famous from the use of the "My," which made the song personal to the American people. In this case it is the " other " that would make this part of the quotation apply to the army veterinarian were it not that the " other " is horribly untrue, because the army veterinarians are not yet offi- cers. The Army and Navy Journal is excusable for this lapsus linguae, and we may credit this " other " to its sense of courtesy. When it is not Homerically nodding, the service newspaper knows that the army veterinarian at best, if success does not fail him this time, congressionally is in process of becoming an officer. We will close our quarrel with our New York neighbor, the army service newspaper, if it will write an editorial of twenty lines in which it will point out the truthfulness or the untruth- fulness of the statements made by Mr. Hay in favor of the veterinary profession on page six of Report 239 of the present Congress, or in the letter of the surgeon general of the army in the same report, pages seven and eight. G. S. THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS IN CONGRESS AGAIN COMPLIMENTS THE VETERINARY PROFESSION. The Committee on Military Affairs of the House of Repre- sentatives in its Report (No. 239, 63d Congress, 2d Session, page six) again compliments the profession and says: "It is thought that it will greatly improve the service to give the rank provided in this bill, and in that way much money will be saved by virtue of increased efficiency in this service. The veterinary surgeons of this country are a body of highly trained and intelligent men, who have made and are making great strides toward progress in their profession ; and it is not reason- able to expect that the Government can secure the best talent of the profession unless some fitting and substantial recognition is given to it. " The War Department has given its approval to this bill. The Secretary of War recommends that the veterinarians be placed in the Medical Corps. This bill is so drawn that the Secretary of War will be able to place these 16 EDITORIAL. officers under the control of any department which he may deem best for the interests and efficiency of this service." The whole profession is more interested in the -\rmy Veteri- nary Service Bill now than ever, in view of the fact that it is an administration measure. The House Military Committee Report sets this forth fully, as is seen in the following quotations : CONSOLIDATION OF THE VETERINARY SERVICE OF THE ARMY. War Department, Washington, June 28, 1913. Sir — I have the honor to return herewith H. R. 4541, a bill to consolidate the veterinary service. United States Army, and increase its efficiency, and to invite attention to the memoranda of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps and the Surgeon General. I am of the opinion that the interests of the service would be served best by the attachment of this corps to the Medical Department, as is the Dental Corps, for the reasons set forth l)y the Surgeon General. Very respectfully. LiNDLEV M. Garrison, Secretary of War. The Chairman Committee ox Military Akeair.s. House of Rcl>rcsentatk'es. War Department. Office of the Chief of the Quartekma.stek Corps, Washington. June 26, u>i.v Memorandum for the Chief of Staff. 1 1. Referring to your memorandum of June 1,^, requesting remark on H. R. 4541, a bill to consolidate the veterinary service. United States Army, and increase its efficiency and inviting special attention to the recommendation of the Surgeon General, 1 desire to advise you that this matter lias received careful consideration. 2. The l)ill H. R. 4541 is satisfactory to this office, except two more veter- inarians are required i^or the Quartermaster Corps than those whidi will be authorized by section i, and it is recommended tliat the word "seventeen" I)C substituted for "fifteen," line 7, page i, and that the word "sixty-four" be substituted for "sixty-two," line g, page I. ?,. While it is believed that the e defined as nonsus- ceptibility to disease or, as the ability to resist the action of the causes of disease. The body may be immune because of inherent properties or, because it has acquired immunity. Immunity due to inherent properties is called natural immunity, while the im- munity acquired during life is called acquired immunity. Natural Immunity. — Natural immunity is demonstrated by the nonsusceptibility of certain animals to the action of some of the micro-organisms causing disease in man. It is an immunity of species, race and. at times, of family. Generally speaking, the natural susceptibility to infection by micro-organisms differs with the different classes of animals, with dift'erent genera, with dift'er- ent species, and even with different varieties and individuals. Acquired Immunity. — Specific acquired immunity results only after a pathological condition exists or has existed. In these cases, the individual becomes immune because he has sur- vived a natural course of the disease, as occurs after an attack of scarlet fever; because he has gone through a modified form of the disease, as obtains in vaccination against smallpox ; or because he received substances prepared by some other individual 26 B. E. SPUNE. or animal that has gone through a natural or modified course of the. Wien, May 21. 1008. Landkteiner, K., Miillcr, R., and Pritzl, O. Uber kotnplcinentbindungsreaktionen mit dem serum von dourinetieren. Wiener klinincbe woclienschrift, jahrgang ao, no. 46, p. I4ai'i422. Wien, Nov 14, 1907. — Zur frage der kompleinrntbinclungsrcaktionen bei syphilis. Wiener klinische wo- chenikcbrifr, jahrgang ao, no. 50, p. is''5'.Sf>7. Wien, Dec. 12. 1907. I.,evadili, C, and Vamiinourlii. T. l-a rraction de» lipoidcs ilans Ics trypanosomiases ct lc« spirilloses exprrimentulrs. Hulletin de la soci^ti patliologir (■x<>ti(itic, tome 1, no. 3 p. 140144, Paris, i<)(tH. Manirufel, Unlersurhungen iiber spczifische agglomeration und koninliMurntbindiina bei trytianoftomen und siiir»rhaelrn, Arbrilen ntis dem kaiserlichcn gesundlicitsamte. band jR. heft I. p. t7J-H)7- I'rrlin, March, looK. Mantrufel and Woiiln-. Uber die dingnostische bedetitunif der komplcmciitbindungs- renklion bei trypanottomeniiifrktionrn. Arbeiten aiis dem kaiserlichcn gcsiindlicitsamtc, hand 29, heft 2. p. 4.'Si-477' Merlin, 1008. Mattes, Wilhclm, Agglutinnlionserscheintingen bci den trypanosomen der schlaf- krankheit, nagana, dourinc, beschiilseuche und dcs Kongokustenfiebers. Centralblatt fitr halciertoiogie, etc., nbleilung I, originate, band hi, heft 6-7, p. 5.l8-.^7.1- Jenn Aug. 10, tt}t J. Mohler. John K. Dourine. Report of Committee on Diseases. Proceedings of the Ameriran Veterinary Medical Association, igia, pp. 00115. Lansing, Mich. Pavlon/virl. Kccherches »nr I'application dr la mrlhode Wassmniinn. dans le diag- nostic de la dowrint. Archiva vetcrinara. vul. :. lu. •. ]. '..i h • itncliMirm. Ntarrli- April, 191a. DIAGNOSIS OF DOUBINE BY COMPLEMENT-FIXATION. 55 Schilling, Claus, and Hosslin, V. Trypanosomen-infektion und komplementbindung. Deutsche medizinische wochenschrift, jahrgang 34, no. 33, p. 1422-142S. Berlin, Aug. 13, 1908. Watson, E. A. The serum reactions and serum diagnosis of dourine. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1912, \tv. 411-420. Lansing, 1913. Weber, Hans. Ulier inimunisirungs- und heliandlungsversuche bei trypanosomen- kranklieiten. Zeitsclirift fur experiincntelle pathologic und thcrapie, band 4, heft 2, p. S76-626. Berlin, 1907. Winkler and Wyschelessky, S. Die agglutination, prazipitation und komplementbin- dung als hilfsmittel zum nachweis der trypanosomenkrankheiten, im besonderen der be- schalseuche. Berliner tierarztliche wochenschrift, jahrgang 27, no. 51, p. 933-936. Berlin, Dec. 21, 1911. Zwick and Fischer. Untersuchungen iiber die beschiilscuche. Arbeiten aus dem kaiserlichen gesundheitsamte, band 36, heft i, p. 1-103. Berlin, 1910. Dr. S. J. Walkley Writes from Washington, D. C. — Under date of March 14, a comnuinication was received at the Review office from Secretary Walkley of the National As.sociATioN Bureau of Animal Industry Employees, where he was at work in the interest of the Lobeck Bill, H. R. 9292. The doctor states that in an interview with the Chief of the B. A. I., he was convinced that there was no opposition to the movement. In fact, he had advised inspectors in charge through- out the country who had consulted him to affiliate with the move- ment, and expressed the hope that the efforts of the organization would result in mutual benefit to the employees and the depart- ment. Dr. Walkley stated that at that writing no definite date had been set for the hearing on House Bill No. 9292, and he wished to offer a final appeal to all veterinarians and veterinary students to use all possible influence in having publicity given the legislative work on the Lobeck Bill in their local newspapers. Upon almost everv Congressman's desk, he states, he noticed copies of their home papers. Autotherapy Night was the announcement on a postal issued just prior to the March meeting of the \^eterinary Medical Association of New York City: and we have since been informed that many medical men graced the meeting with their presence, in addition to the large attendance of veterinarians, and that that interesting and truly wonderful method of treating disease was thoroughly discussed by an enthusiastic gathering. Market Horses, by Carl W. Gay, is the title of an article on page 30 of the present issue. This commonsense talk by Dr. Gay before the members of the New York State Breeder's Asso- ciation is just what we need by veterinarians throughout the countrv. A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE VALUE OF LEUCOCYTIC EXTRACT FROM A THERAPEUTIC STANDPOINT.* By R. a. Archibald, Oakland, Cal. Subsequent to the publication of an article in the Journal of Medical Research, Vol, 24, No. 3, June, 191 1, by Hans Zinsser, Geo. W. McCoy, and C. W. Chapin, on the protective influence of leucocytic substances upon experimental plague, the writer conceived the idea that if leucocytic substances could be obtained in sufficient quantities to be not only thereputically practical, but commercially possible, that a decided step forward would be made in the biological treatment of infectious diseases. Prior to the publication of the above mentioned article, Hiss and Zinsser, Journal of Medical Research, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1908, and Vol. 15, No. 3, 1909, demonstrated in an experimental way that leucocytic extracts could be prepared by injecting into the pleural cavities of rabbits, ten c.c. of a meat extract broth con- taining three per cent, starch and five per cent, aleuronat. At the end of 24 hours, a copious and very cellular exudate will have accumulated in the pleural cavities. This is obtained by killing the rabbits and removing the exudate which is immediately centri- fugeid. The leucocytic sediment is diluted with twenty volumes of sterile di.stilled water to one volume of sediment, and auto- digestion is permitted to take place in the incubator, following which the extract is stored in a refrigerator until used. In experimenting with animals, Hiss and Zinsser ob.scrveil that pneumococcus, staphylococcus, menenococcus. typhoid, dys- entry .ind cholera infections in rabbits and guinea pigs were pro- foundly modified wlu*n injections of leucocytic extracts prepared as above described were administered intraparitoncally or sub- cutaneously, during the course of the infection. In many cases, animals were saved by these substances from inftciioiis wliicli * PrenrnleH lo Ih* fiflirlh annivcmary mrrilnK of ihr Amrriinn Vctcriimry Mcdiivil AMOriation. Nrw York, .September, 1913. fift BEPOET ON THE VALUE OF LEUCOCYTIC EXTBACT. 67 proved rapidly fatal in untreated control animals, even when the protective injections were made as late as 24 hours after in- travenous infections. In applying this method of treatment by subcutaneous injec- tions to infections in man, Hiss and Zinsser observed distinctly beneficial results in cases of epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis, lobar pneumonia, staphylococcus infections and erysipelas. Hiss and Zinsser's idea was that injecting into infected sub- jects the substances composing the cells usually found in exudates in a diffusible form, that such substances would, following ab- sorption, relieve or stimulate the fatiguel leucocytes. Later, Zinsser, assisted by McCoy and Chapin, conducted a series of experiments on white rats, with a view to ascertaining whether substances obtained from normal leucocytes would modify in any way the course of experimental infection with the bacillus pestis. As the result of their experiments these work- ers found that the use of emulsions of normal leucocytic sub- stances obtained from rabbits exerted a distinctly protecive in- fluence even when such substances were administered 24 hours after the inoculation of rabbits with virulent plague organisms. While the results obtained by the above mentioned investiga- tors were intensely interesting from a practical standpoint, their method of obtaining leucocytic substances must be considered as having little value, as the injection of a proteid substance into the plural cavities of rabbits yields such a small amount of leucocytic substance as to rob it of much value from a therapeutic standpoint. For the purpose of throwing some light upon the nature of bactericidal substances in leucocytic extract, Wilfred H. Man- waring, Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 3, Sep- tember, 19 1 2, conducted a series of experiments. Man waring started out with the assumption that there exists powerful bac- terioloytic substances within the cytoplasm of certain ibody cells, and that this fact is amply demonstrated in the automatic sterili- zation of old abscess cavities and the sterilizing of the pneumonic lung, w^hich is assumed to be due to the liberation of endolysims. 58 R. A. ABCHIBALD. the result of cellular disentegration. His work was with a view of extending the present knowledge of these lytic substances, and to determine the approximate chemical nature of the bacteriolytic substances that might be extracted from leucocytes. In obtaining leucocytes for these experiments, Man waring at first followed the practice of injecting rabbits with a five per cent, suspension of aleuronat into the plural cavity ^ but he found that he was decidedly handicapped in his study of the nature of the extract so obtained on account of the small amount of sub- stances available. By injecting aleuronat into the plural cavity of a rabbit, one seldom secured more than a single cubic centi- meter of leucocytes. In order to overcome this obstacle, he selected the horse for the continuation of his work. His treat- ment consisted in injecting into the plural cavity of the horse from three hundred to five hundred c.c. of a five per cent, aleuro- nat in two per cent, starch paste solution, the starch being added to aid in holding the aleuronat in suspension. Following such an injection there are usually found from one to three litres of pleural exudate daily for the first week, the yield then decreases, and usually ceases entirly about the 15th day. The exudate con- tains about five per cent, of leucocytes. Manwaring's experi- ments show that while the extraction of a bacterial substance from leucocytes is attended with considerable difficulty, still he was enabled to demonstrate that it could be done by carefully observed techni(|ue. Manwaring, while not l)eing able to arrive at a final conclusion as to the nature of the bactericidal substances in leucocytic extracts, did reach the logical conclusion as the re- sults of his investigations, that the bactericidal substance i)resent is probably an enzyme. About this time Jobbling and Strouse. Journal of Experi- mental Medicine. Vol. 16, No. 3. September, \<)\2, published an article on their "Studies of the Extent of Leucocytic Proteo- lysis." These investigators used in their experiments leucocytes obtained from inflammatory pus, also fresh dog leucocytes ob- tained by plural cavity injections of aleuronat. Their conclusions were that the proteolytic action of Icuco- REPORT ON THE VALUE Of LEUCOCYTIC EXTRACT. 59 cytes is a readily established fact, and that this action depends upon the presence of two proteases, one capable of acting in an alkaline, and the other in an acid medium, with possibly a creptic ferment which is apparently capable of acting in either an acid or alkaline medium. We could, did circumstances permit, go on and recount the results obtained by other investigators, showing that leucocytes do contain intracellular substances which possess poleolytic prop- erties, but from a study of the question from a therapeutic stand- point the result obtained by later investigators, and the personal work of the writer and his co-workers indicate that the proteoly- tic action brought about by the parenteral injection of leucocytic substances, does not influence in a marked degree the progress of an infectious disease. The writer was able to demonstrate in vitro bacteriolytic properties in leucocytic extracts produced by the method devised by him, but he long ago reached the conclu- sion that such bacteriolytic powers were not sufficient to account for the profound changes actually produced in animals suffering from bacterial diseases while undergoing a course of treatment by the parenteral injection of leucocytic substances. For the reason of these profound changes, we must look elsewhere than to the direct lytic action upon the invading bacteria. As the result of experimental blood counts and tests made and being made, we believe that the great therapeutic benefits derived depend upon the production of a hyper-leucocytosis, and attend- ant phagocytosis, rather than upon any direct action of the leu- cocytic extract itself. It is a well established fact that the parenteral injection of protein substances increases the leucocytic count, and even the injection of a foreign vegetable proteins, such as nuclein prepa- rations, produce in many infections marked beneficial effects. It would soon, however, in carrying out leucocytotherapy that in order to produce a hyperleucocytosis without unnecessary strain upon the organism that it is eminently more logical for the organism to care for parenteral injections of substances similar to its own elements than to any elements which are of an alien character. 60 B. A. ARCHIBALD. It is also a well established fact that in the treatment of diseases any method that will stimulate the leucocytic producing organs to more active functioning, thereby producing a leucocy- tosis, is and must of necessity be of positive benefit. The great problem before us then in this connection is to ascertain the simplest and most innocent means of accomplishing this end. About the beginning of the year 191 1, the writer instituted a series of experiments with a view of obtaining leucocytic sub- stances in quantities that would render them not only therepeu- tically practical, but also commercially possible. The general plan adopted was the obtaining of leucocytes directly from the blood of normal animals, avoiding any changes in their character, as might be possible during the process. It would be obviously impossible for us with the time at our disposal to go into detail as to the various methods instituted to bring this about. Suffice it to say that after much experimental work had been done the following general technique was adopted. The blood is obtained under aseptic precautions from the jugular vein of a horse or other domestic animal, is allowed to flow into sterile flasks con- taining a sufficient quantity of a one per cent, sodium citrate solution to prevent coagulation. The blood is then centrifuged, the serum and citrate solution is syphoned off, and the corpuscles are treated with a five-tenths of one per cent, solution of acetic acid and again centrifuged. This process is repeated several times, until the red blood corpuscles are eliminated. The leuco- cytes are then washed with physiological salt solution three or four times to remove most, if not all trace of the acetic acid, after which they arc ground in a mortar with quartz sand. To the washed and ground IcucDcytes is then added about five volumes of sterile distilled water to one volume of leucocytes. This mix- ture is exposed to a temperature of 58° C. for one hour, when it is placed in the incubator for a perio{l of twelve hours, and again exposed to a temperature of 58° C. for one hour. This process of exposure to diflFcrent temperatures is continued for two or three days, or until auto-digestion is roniplcic. Tl is then centrifug^ed, the supernatant fluid decanted and sullicicnt trikrcsol added for preservative purposes. BEPOBT ON THE VALUE OF LEUCXKJYTIC EXTEACT. 61 As to the changes produced following the parenteral injec- tions of the above described preparation, will state that we do not propose to enter into at this time a long technical description of the various experiments instituted and being instituted for the purpose of throwing some light ujxjn the action brought about by mjection of leucocytic substances. In conjunction with Dr. Gertrude Moore, to whom I am deeply indebted for kindly con- senting to help in this work, the results of our investigations along these lines we hope will be published in some scientific journal in the near future. Wt will simply state at this time that the use of leucocytic substances parenterally injected give rise to a marked leucocytosis accompanied by profound changes in the leucocytes themselves. You will please pardon us, however, if we briefly give the results of one experiment, which will serve to bear out the statement above made. Following the subcutaneous injection of two c.c. of leucocytic extract obtained from horses' blood into a rabbit, the blood changes were observed at frequent intervals for a period of 36 hours. The injections were made at 9 a. m., at 10.30 a. m. a marked leucopenia was observed, which was followed by a leu- cocytosis, which reached its maximum at 3 p. m. of the same day. The leucocytic count then dropped to slightly above the normal at midnight, when another upward curve was observed, which reached its maximum at 2 p. m. the day following. This was followed by a gradual decrease to near the normal. It will be interesting to note that two distinct curves occurred in the total leucocyte count within the period of thirty-six hours, at the end of which time the count showed a tendency to persist at a point about one hundred per cent, above the normal. While the total leucocyte counts were intensely interesting, the differential counts were infinitely more so. The polymorphonuclear neutro- phils increased about one hundred per cent., the small mononu- clears decreased about one hundred per cent., the large mononu- clears decrease about twenty-five per cent., while the eosino- philes increased about eight hundred per cent. In all our experi- 62 ft. A. ARCHIBALD. ments we found that there occurred a marked eosinophilia. In fact, in one rabbit, the eosinophils showed by differential count forty-four and two-thirds per cent, of the total count. Much study has been given to blood pictures in this connec- tion, according to the methods of Arneth, who, you no doubt are aware, claims to be able to estimate the resisting power of an individual by a differential count of the polymorphonuclear neutrophiles with respect to the number of their nuclei. Arneth claims that in cases with low resisting power there is a prepon- derance of cells with one nucleus, while in cases with good re- sisting power the percentage of leucocytes with from three to four or five nuclei is increased. It is too soon, and we are not yet prepared to interpret the probable significance of the profound changes that were observed, and we crave your indulgence to defer ofTering any opinion on this phase of the question to a later date. These brief notes of some of the changes observed are simply made at this time to demonstrate that in the study of the action following the parenteral injection of leucocytic sub- stances we must conclude that the changes produced are of in- tense interest and will require much more thought and study l)efore an interpretation of the results produced is even attempted. Experiments are already under way to determine the different effects, if any, following the parenteral injction of lucocytic sub- stances obtained from various animals into a series of animals of the same sj)ecies, with a view of ascertaining whether an ex- tract from a different species will give rise to the same changes as an extract from the same species. Manoukhine and other Russian workers have in the treatment of pneumonias and other infections used leucocytes taken from the patient's own blood and claim to have had splendid results, but whether future invest i- gatir)ns will solve the problem as to whether more benefit may be derived from the use of an individual's own leucocytes, the leucocytes of another individual of the same species, or the leuco- cytes of an individual of a different species, is yet to be de- termined. Another vital question that requires investigation is to deter BEPORT ON THE VALUE OF LEUCOCYTIC EXTRACT. 63 mine whether leucocytic substances obtained from a hyper- immunized animal possesses specific therapeutic powers. Prac- tically no research has been conducted along these lines, but what little work has been performed tends to demonstrate that a leucocytic extract obtained from a hyperimmunized animal dif- fers in no respect from that obtained from a susceptible animal. The practical therapeutic application of leucocytic extracts lias been followed out during the past year not only in our own practice but also by other practitioners. Various infections have been treated with, in some types of infections, encouraging re- sults, while in others the beneficial results were not so marked. The diseases to which the treatment has been applied and which have given the most gratifying results, are such infec- tions as purpura, influenza, pneumonia, etc. In the case of pur- pura the agent seems to be, if you will permit us to use the term. a specific. In such cases, about the third day following the daily injections of the extract, the swellings, no matter how marked, disappear from the extremities and the mucus membranes clear up. In fact, all the characteristic clinical manifestations of toxe- mia incidental to this infection disappear and the animal makes an uneventful recovery in from ten days to two weeks. Appar- ently hopeless cases of purpura make nice recoveries following the daily intratracheal injections of the extract. The extract is administered in daily doses of from seven to ten c.c. intra- tracheally. It is given intratracheally for the reason that when given subcutaneously it was found to cause intense swellings, which, while giving rise to no unpleasant sequelae, have a ten- dency to alarm owners or attendants. Just why marked swelling follows the subcutaneous injection of the extract we are not pre- pared to state, but it is possible that on account of the slight acid reaction possessed by the extract, a so-called acidosis is produced with an accompanying oedema. In conclusion, we hope to be pardoned for touching so super- ficially upon the various phases of this subject, but the problem possesses such magnitude that it is obviously impossible during the limited time at our disposal to go deeper into the subject 64 B. A. ABCHIBALD. matter at this time. Our only excuse for presenting the matter in such a crude manner is that perhaps other laboratorians ma) be stimulated to take up the work and that as a result of in- vestigation by a number of individuals working independently a therapeutic remedy of positive value for the alleviation of human and animal suffering will eventually be produced. Horses Saved the City. — In the recent snow-bound condi- tion in New York City the horse proved to be still master of the situation ; whether it was for the purpose of hauling fuel to keep the population from freezing to death, food to keep them from starving to death, or the fire apparatus to keep them from burn- ing to death. A horseless city, as have been the asinine aspira- tions and predictions of some advanced people, would, in the re- cent series of snowstorms, have caused a sad spectacle in New York, Philadelphia and other large cities! Promoted to the Rank of Salissa. — Dr. Jacques E. Aghion, Bey, veterinarian of the state domains, Sakha, Egypt, an old subscriber and contributor to the pages of the Review, was on leave of absence during the past summer, during which time he visited the veterinary schools of Lyon and of Alfort. meeting the principals of each, and visited the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London, where he was courteously received by Sir John Mcr'adyean. But higher honors were in store for him in his own country. His Highness the Khedive promoted him to the rank of " Salissa," which entitles him to be called " Bey." Seventeenth Annual Report United States Live SToric Sanitary A.ssociation. — This report will come from the printer before March i. It is of unusual interest and value to every live stock sanitarian. The article on " Federal Meat Inspection " by Dr. V. A. Moore, dean, New York Veterinary College, is worth several times the (jricc of the book. Please send immediately your orders for as many copies as you can ti.sc at $i per copy, enclosing remittance to cover. John J. Ferguson, Secretary-Treasurer, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111. THE PASSIVE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC BONE AND ARTICULAR UMENESS. By Mart R. Steffen, M.D.C, V.S., Brillion, Wis. In the following treatise I desire to show that in the treat- ment of chronic or confirmed lameness whose pathology involves to a greater or less extent osseous structures, including such con- ditions as spavin, ringbone, splint and sessamoiditis, the surgeon can obtain prompt and more satisfactory results as far as cos- metic effect is concerned without resorting to actual cautery. In the appended table of nineteen cases of high-grade, chronic bone lameness fourteen cases were permanently and completely cured of lameness without leaving the slightest scar \ and in over half of these cases the exostosis disappeared entirely, while in the remainder it was reduced in varying degrees. The results in the five cases which did not make a complete recovery are shown in the table, one of these cases having been submitted to actual cautery later with recovery following. The veterinarian whose practice is among drivers and the vet- erinarian wliose patients consist of pure-bred or high-grade draft horses finds it greatly desirable to overcome such lameness with- out marking the patient for life. Once a horse is fired for spavin he remains always a spavined horse, whether he recovers from the lameness or not. He permanently wears the tag of unsoundness. With the treatment which I shall outline and which I have used successfully for a number of years this is not the case. I could show the reader horse after horse which has been treated in this manner for spavin or ringbone which would pass the average examination for soundness; in which not only scars of operation such as follow firing and sometimes blistering are absent, but in which also all trace of previously existing exostosis has disappeared. Furthermore, in many of these cases the results were obtained with the patient doing -his regular work every day- Careful selection of cases is of course essential. On this point 65 66 MART R. STEFFEN. I have only one rule which I adhere to absolutely. I treat no case which does not "warm out" of the lameness. The horse that goes just as lame after he has been driven a mile or two as he did the first few hundred rods is not a good case for treatment ; not only my treatment, but any other form of treatment. Such cases have a lameness which is to a great extent mechanical ; encroach- ments of the exostosis upon the articular cartilage, into the articu- lation, adhesions to tendons or ligaments, destruction of the ar- ticular cartilage, etc., etc. I think most surgeons will agree with me that the cases in which a reasonable assurance of recovery can be given are those in which the horse " warms out " of the lameness. The other form — never. Actual cautery is practically the only genuinely empirical treatment to which modern veterinarians have clung tenaciously. Tenaciously is the word exactly. Not only should we try to get away from it l^ecause it is em- pirical. It is also decidedly barbarous, cruel, and in the light of present-day progress in surgery and medicine has no place in our professional armamentarium. A few of us there may be who do our firing under local anaesthesia, but they are not the ones who do the most firing. The busy surgeon puts a twitch and a side-line on his patient and " goes to it." And though his patient may go sound at the ex- piration of six to eight weeks of idleness he bears the brand ever after of .spavin, ringbone or sj)lint or whatever unsoundness the case may l)e. Give your patient every chance. I tell you that you can get a complete recovery in seventy per cent, of these cases without the iron; get recovery just as quick if not more quickly, with no scars or marking and no protracted |>crione, front R weeks Sound. 13 Driver. Rin«iionc. hlnh, front 7 weeks Sound. 14 Driver RinKl>(>nc. hl«h. hind 8 weeks Improved. Fired Inter. Souml . lA Drafter RinKbonc. high, front 4 weeks Improved; not sound. in Driver KetMamoiditis. front 7 weeks Sound. 17 Driver Rxnatosis on Ot Calcis 0 weeks Sound. IH I)rivrr Si.li'ii 1 wit-k Sound. I'l ! I ■ ■ Sound. .■cnt. See Examination Notice on page 17 (advertising forms), for Food Inspector. HOG CHOLERA DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF SERUM AND VIRUS.* By M. H. Reynolds, State Univeksitv anu Live Stock Sanitary Board. Serum Only. — It seems to me that there can no longer be question but that treatment by the serum-only method is a useful procedure and that by it a satisfactory percentage of treated hogs can be saved, which would otherwise have been lost. Its range or usefulness is, of course, limited. Serum-only is useful when properly utilized in infected herds with acute type of the disease and where there is plenty of natural virus. State serum used by the serum-only method should be administered by permit holders, usually veterinarians, but in some cases by trained lay- men. Serum-Virus Method. — The serum-virus method is capable of being made either a great blessing or a curse to live stock inter- ests, depending entirely upon the extent to which its use can be controlled and wisely directed. Up to this time it is doubtful if more good than harm has been acomplished the country over. More than one veterinary sanitarian has expressed the wish that the serum-virus treatment had never been developed. I wish to offer what I believe to be a fundamental proposi- tion ; namely, that virus should be administered exclusively by men in State employ — at least temporarily in State employ. No one should administer virus who has not had proper scientific training to make accurate diagnosis and to operate safely and intelligently. Under proper official control, serum virus is the proper pro- cedure for healthy herds in infected territory and for apparently healthy hogs in infected herds where the supply of natural virus may be limited. Serum-virus treatment should be very rarely used in uninfected territory and then exclusively by men in regular State employ. 'Presented at a national conference of federal and state officials engaged in hog cholera control work, Chicago, March 3, 1914. 69 70 M. ri. RKYNOLDS. I would not propose to force it upon anybody, but hope to offer something so much more desirable that owners will accept it as a privilege and have no temptation to use virus in any other way. First; the State should employ a limited number of field veter- inarians on full time for services in infected districts where there are no competent local men and for the administration of serum- virus in occasional cases (which should be very rare) in unin- fected territory. Minnesota has these held men already available. For work in infected territory we propose to employ local veterinarians who will work for the time being in State employ. A large number of replies from veterinarians to whom the plan has been submitted comes like a great sigh of relief. Practically everyone approved the plan heartily and offered to serve in the way suggested. This plan proposes to supply serum, virus, and veterinary service. The veterinarian would be paid from a fund supported by farmers for whom work is done. The charge for veterinary service would be based upon the amount of serum used, or possibly upon the number of pigs treated. When a farmer wishes to have his herd treated by the serum-virus method, he will pay the legal price for State serum or actual cost in case the supply of State serum is insufficient and commercial serum must be used. In addition to this he will pay in advance for veterinary service. There would be flat rate for all sections of the State. Serum would be shipped express C. O. D. to the owner. Virus would go to the veterinarian who is to administer the treatment. The question of pay fnr vctcnn.ii \ ^cin ice has not been defi- nitely settled. The rate of pay u\u>\ In- placed so that there can l)e no reasonable suspicion of graft or excess pay ; otherwise the plan will very soon fail, l)ecause it will lack public confidence. The veterinarian can well afford to work for the State under this plan, — nuich cheaper than he could under the old plan for the private owner — for many rea.sons. I am counting on the i)ublic spirit of my profession and a wiltingncs.s to r'Hitribnlc a public service on acrnunt of a ])ublic HOG crior-ERA — DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF SERUM AND VIRUS. 71 calamity. I am hopinj:^ that our l>est veterinarians will accept this plan and agree to do the work for a little less, not very much, but somewhat less than their usual rates. Our first estimate is that the veterinarian would be paid about $8 for an eight hour day, plus expenses and mileage for his auto or team. He would go out and do the work on an order from the State. When it is finished the veterinarian would send in his report and receive a check. Under the present law we could supply State serum and veterinary service for approximately one cent per cubic centi- meter. At present the State is paying three- fourths of the cost of pro- duction and owner about one- fourth. I personally believe this should be reversed. The State should pay about one- fourth and the owner about three-fourths of the cost of production, and to- gether they should add a small margin for business safety. In case such a change as this is put into effect, the State would pay about one-third of a cent per cubic centimeter ; and the owner would pay one cent per cubic centimeter for serum and from one- fourth to one cent per cubic centimeter for veterinary service, de- pending on the amount of work that could be done as one job. This would make a total, if our laws should be changed so as to make the State serum plant self supporting, of one and one- quarter to two cents per cubic centimeter, total cost to the owner for serum, virus and veterinary service. It would seem that by this plan the dose, method, prompt reporting, determination as to when and where virus may be used and who may use it, will be under direct State control. Men who get poor results can be promptly dropped from the list of permit holders employed by the State for the work. V^accination cholera, a small percentage of which is inevitable, will be under State observation from the start, and adjacent farms be protected. The veterinarian doing the work will have no money trans- action with the owner, no slow or bad accounts, no large advance H. H. BETNOTJ>S. investment in serum, express, telegrams, and long distance 'phone calls — no hard feeling -with the owner and loss of good clients. Pie will do the work upon an order from the State, send in his report, together with statement of time, mileage and expense, and receive a check. The owner will be reasonably assured of good serum, careful administration and honest virus. As previously suggested, there is at present no thought of forcing this upon hog owners. The plan is to offer them some- thing so much better and so much cheaper than they can get by in- dependently using serum, virus and private veterinary service and so violating the law, that they will be glad to avail themselves of the plan as a privilege. Whether we can put this entire plan into operation for Minne- sota, at an early date, depends on the solution of one or two prob- lems with reference to proper handling of funds and administra- tion. Dr. Salmon Elected to Honorary Membership. — At the January meeting of the Montana Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, in l>ozeman, Dr. D, E. Salmon was elected an honorary member of the association. It was a very interesting and in- structive meeting. Dr. Salmon presented an interesting and valu- able contrilnition to the literature on hog cholera, and the pro- duction and use of hog cholera serum, which will l)e given to the profession through the medium of the I^kvikw as soon as space will permit. A resolution indorsing the Army Veterinary Serv- ice Bill, adopted at that meeting, is published on page 122 of this issue. Continues to Be of Greatest Educational Value. — The following from the British West Indies : " Please find enchased post-office order for $3.f)0 for foreign sub.scription to the American Veterinary Review, which continues to be of great interest and educational value to me, and which I consider to be the greatest es.sential to the successful practice of modern veteri- nary science. The publication and Dr. Robert W. l-'llis have my .sincere good wi.shcs for continued success." WATER IN HEALTH AND IN DISEASE. By S. J. AuALAY, D.V.M., Elgin, III. The question has many times arisen in my mind whether veterinarians during their whole career have paid much attention to the action and the hibricating power water plays in healthy and sick animals which come under their control. The role water plays as a food and as a dissolvant will be treated from two standpoints: (A) from the experiences and discoveries made by faithful and reliable men who made a special study on the subject. For this English, French and Spanish lit- eratures are consulted, in combination with what personal knowl- edge a practitioner may acquire from treating about i,ooo to 1,500 cases a year. (B) From the Book of Nature; that is, from the way nature provides food to its beings that derive nourishment from what apparatus or arrangement they are endowed with towards gaining their sustenance without using any volition. (A) All authors agree that water must be used in order to be healthy, but disagree as to the times of its use. Some claim that water of no kind should be taken during meals. They claim that nature has provided for W'hat moistening of the food is needed, the three pairs of salivary glands which by frequent use will fully supply the amount of water needed for softening and lubricating the ingesta taken in. This school, which for our purpose may be called " the dry school theory," advocates that it is objectionable to use water with the meal. Among the authors who have studied the water question in live stock one is referred to the splendid work " Feeds and Feeding," by Professor Emer- itus, A. Henry, of Wisconsin. He used to say in class " that the stomach of the horse being so small any amount of water allowed to a horse ought to be given about half an hour before the grain feeding, as otherw^ise the grain may be washed out of the stomach and carried into the duodenimi and thus the action of stomachal 73 S. J. ALCALAY. juices will have no opportunity of working their corroding action (the HCl action) on the feed. I'robably many authors could be cited, but our space being- limited we shall endeavor to study the foreign and American authors, and only those topics which have a more or less close connection to veterinary medicine; or if the application of the findings by the different authors is possible in our profession. Xow let us enter into the chemistry of water. Generally speaking, water, besides its H2O basic constituents, carries in solution carbonates mostly of lime. All " Ca " compounds are very useful in the body, provided they may be associated with different chemical ingredients useful for the building up of differ- ent tissues such as bone, cartilage and the like. Water has the property of dissolving substances and forming both positive and negative " ions " for this reason, water is considered as a power- ful and general solvent ; that is why it is never pure in nature. This solving property is the one that interests us the most. All foods, with the exception of NaCl. must be digested so they should be available to be taken into circulation and only in a liquid stage. Whether this be in the animal or vegetable kingdom, the function of water in this case is plainly understood. All the toxic matters generated, whether by healthy or dis- eased tissues, are mostly excreted in a li(piid or semi-liquid stage through urine or sweat, and never totally dry. Even the evacua- tion of feces is rendered much easier when the alimentary canal is well supplied with licpiid matter. Now the " Wet School theory " : Kneip having had great suc- cess in the use of water both externally antl internally came to a series of discoveries which may l)e summarized as follows : (a) Water for internal use is the best means to unload the system from many of its noxious products, and any amount musr l)e ingested Initween and with meals. He claimed that judicious use of water will prevent formation of stone in the liver, bladder or the like. Many diseases are prevented or overcome by good use of water; it prevents formation of stone in the liver and bladder. WATF.n IN HEALTH AND IN DISEASE. T5 (b) Externally. — The Spanish Shirt is, to his estimation, a \ery useful remedy towards immunizing the system against re- frigeration or taking cold. ' (B) A hypothesis is advanced that all that which is created over the surface of mother earth is intended for the use and happiness of its inhabitants ; and also that nature is an open book for we men, or otherwise animals, endowed with good judgment to study. Now then we see that all foods contain at least 5 per cent, of water. This refers to nuts, but generally speaking the amount oi water contained in natural food stuffs, legumes or the like, usually goes as high as 80 and even 90 per cent. Milk, the only food for mammipera at the beginning of their lives, con- tains a very great amount of \\;ater. I would have put " fmis '' to this article if it were not for what I have seen ; veterinarians forbidding the use of water in their calls out in the country. It may Ije true that ice cold water is injurious, but otherwise water should be ordered always, and every time. Water helps the system towards absorbing the drugs l)Oured in. I always found that water heated before l^eing mixed to medicine is of a greater help. The heat conveyed to the stomach by the water seems to have a soothing action. But water may be given to a horse even when he is perspiring from hard work or warm weather. Even in case of fever water may be allowed with a few drops of HCl or acetic acid. In these cases the amount of water should be limited, say to 2 or 3 quarts, not to exceed one gallon ; and when the animal is cooled off then the regular amount of water may be allowed. This is my personal experience used with success. Note. — The Spanish shirt is a long shirt made of a porous material such as burlap, which is wetted and as much water as possible is squeezed out. This shirlr is put on next to the skin before going to bed. I have seen this process used and that person who liad it on never took cold for that whole season. — S. J. A. The Review Appreciated in Ceylon. — The Municipal Veterinary Surgeon of Colombo, one of our subscribers in Ceylon, expresses great happiness in receiving his numbers of the American Veterinary Review. VIABILITY OF THE ANTHRAX BACTERIUM. By M. J. Harkins, V.M.D., Philadelphia, Pa. In the year 1850 Davaine (1) and Rayer (2), in 1855 Pol- lender (3) and soon after Branell (4) found in the blood of ani- mals dead of anthrax peculiar rod-shaped bodies, the etiological importance of which was later proved by Davaine (5) in i8()5. However, it remained for Robert Koch (6) in 1876 to be the first to artificially cultivate the anthrax bacterium, the first micro- organism of any pathogenic disease to be isolated. In the same year Koch (7) showed that anthrax infected material such as blood, hide, hair, etc., subjected to all possible conditions such as dryness, moisture, decomposed, in a diluted or undiluted form, did not impair the infectiousness of the micro-organism in the slighest degree. M. A. Barber (8) has shown that the inoculation of sensitive animals with the minutest quantities, single micro-organisms for instance, of highly virulent strains will produce death. At one time the anthrax spore was considered the most re- sistant form of spore, but to-day it is well known that certain sapr.)phitic .spores belonging to the group of the potato bacilli are much more resistant. Nevertheless the anthrax spore is one of the most resistant of the known pathogenic micro-organisms. This resistance of the anthrax spore is not infrecpiently demon- strated in nature, as evidenced by sudden outbreaks of the disease in districts believed to be entirely free from anthrax. According to Sirena and Scagliose (9) anthrax spores are preserved in moist or dry earth from 2 to 3 years, in drinking water 17 years, and in ichor 15 months. An estimate of the extraordinary power of the resistance of anthrax spores in nature may be obtained from the reports of Wancke, Kissuth, Miiller, Sickert (10) and others, among which is an observation that gravel taken from pits in •Ke«d before lite PcnimylvanU Slalc Veterinary Mnlical AMociation, nl riiiliicl(l|ilii;i. March, 1914. The MuWord Uborainrlea, (ilciioldcn, Pciin*ylvan{a. 76 VIABILITY OF THE ANTHRAX BACTERIUM. 77 which twenty years previous anthrax cadavers had been buried was responsible for an outbreak of anthrax when the gravel was used as a dressing for walks and driveways. Just as remarkable though not occurring under natural conditions are instances where anthrax spores remained alive and virulent for ten to twelve years in an emulsion or on dried silk threads as reported by Aiello and Drago ( 1 1 ) and for seventeen years reported by Busson (12). It has also been reported that gelatin cultures eighten and one-half years old showed growth when transplanted in fresh suitable medium (Szekley (13)), but no reference is made regarding virulence. In March, 1900, Dr. M. P. Ravenel immersed several short pieces of suture silk, approximately 5 cm. in length, in a liquid culture or suspenions of anthrax bacteria which were dried and placed in a glass test tube, the tube was sealed with a cotton plug and tight fitting rubber stopper. The sealed tube came into the possession of Dr. John Reichel, who kept it at room temperature from 1905 to 191 4. The threads in the test tube were thoroughly dry and without a trace of nutrient media. This point has an important bearing on the question which naturally arose. Could the culture be regained from the dry silk threads and would it prove virulent? To determine the first point the test tube with the threads was opened carefully on January 26, 19 14, and two threads re- moved with sterile forceps, cut in half and dropped into approxi- mately 5 c.c. neutral plain boullon. The cultures were incubated at 37.5 degrees C. for 48 hours, when a moderate filamentous growth was observed, which appeared to be adhering to the thread. The surrounding medium remained clear. A smear of these extensions from the threads stained with Loeffler's alkaline methylene blue revealed a micro-organism conforming in every way with the anthrax bacterium. Subcultures on neutral plain agar and in neutral plain bouiUon gave abundant growths of characteristic anthrax bacterium. Having shown that the anthrax spore on the threads could give rise to typical anthrax bacterium at this time, the virulence 78 M. J. HABKINS. of the sul3cultures was next determined. Accordingly two white mice, two guinea pigs, a rabbit and a sheep were inoculated with the following results : TABLE Animal. Number. Date. Result. Bacterial Findings. White mouse... 4202 1/29/14 Dead 24 hrs. Anthrax bacterium isolated from heart blood. White mouse... 4203 " " " " " " Guinea pig 4208 2/2/14 " 48 hrs. " " •] ;; [[ '[ Guinea pig. .. . 4209 " " " " " Ribbit 4210 " " 72 hrs. " " Sheep 1226 2/24/14 " 4S hrs. " " From this observation the following conclusions may be drawn : 1. Anthrax spores dried on threads and without nourish- ment remain viable i. c, able to propagate for thirteen years and eleven months. 2. The spore under these conditions retain some virulence, if not all, for the same length of time. REFERENCES. I. Davaine — llutyra and Marek Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Do- mestic Animals, Vol. I, Page i. 191 2 (English translation). J. Kayer — llutyra and Marek Pathology and Therapeutics of tlic Diseases of Do- mestic Animals. Vol. I, Page i, igu (English translation). 3. Pollender — llutyra and Marek Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals, Vol. I, Page i, 191. > (English translation). 4. Hranell — llutyra and Marek Pathology and Therapeutics of tiie Diseases of Do- mestic Animals, Vol. I, Page i, igi.- (English translation). J. Davaine — Hutvra and Marek I'athology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Do- mestic Animals, Vol. I, Page i, iqij (English translation). 6. K. Koch — llutyra and Marek Pathology ai\d Tlierapcutics of the Diseases of Do- mestic Animals, Vol. I, Page i, 191J (English translation). 7. K. Koch--(i. Soherheim — " Milzhrand " — llandhnch dcr Pathogenen Mikro- ori^anisincn, Hd. Ill, Sritc 5H8, 1913. H. Ilarher, M.A. — The Effect on Mice of Minute Doses of It. .\ntliracis. Jour, of JnfccliouH Diseases. Vol. VI, No. t;, Nov.. 1900, 9. Sirrna ami Scaglif)Hc — " Milzhrand " — Ilandhuch dcr Pathogenen .Mikroorganis- men, Hd, III, Seitr fuj, 1913. 10. Wanckc, Kissuth, Sliiller, Sickcrt — " Milzhrand '"—llnndliuch der Pathouenen Hd. Ill, Seitc 648, 191.). II. Aicllo and Drago " Milzhrand "--llandhuih dcr Pnthogenen Mikroorganismcn, Hd. Ill, Sciir hiJ, i9>.1. I J. HuMon—" .Milzhrand " Ilandhuch dcr Patlxigencn .Mikroorganismcn, Md. Ill, Seiie 61 J, 191 J. l.t. S/rklcv " .Mllzhranrl "' llHiidlitu'li dcr Palliogcnrn Mikr.iorgiiniHi 8«ite (• IM. Ill ]\as Not MissF.n a Ni'mukr Sinck 1897. — Dr. S. K. HcT."*hcy. of West Virj^Hnia, say.s: " r.ncloscd fhitl chock- for the Rkvikw in advance. I cannot see how any successful veterinar- ian can l)c without it. 1 have not missed a iiuinber since 1897.'* BARIUM CHLORIDE AS AN EVACUANT IN THE HORSE. By A. A. LocKHART, V.S., M.D.V., Carnduff, Sask., Can. I am prompted to publish my experience with barium chloride as a rapid evacuant for the horse, with the hope that it may stimulate others who have had experience with this drug to give some account of its action in their hands and perhaps help to prevent some who are not familiar with its use to avoid serious accidents through not fully appreciating the danger which may attend a slight overdose. During the past three years I have used in the neighborhood of two pounds of this drug, giving it entirely in solution by the mouth. In that time I have had two deaths, which I can attribute directly to it, and though I am still using it cautiously I never feel f|uite easy concerning the result until I have had a report next day. When I first commenced using this drug, I was under the im- l)ression that the correct dose for a horse by the mouth was from oii to 3iv. Winslow, in his latest edition, gives these amounts and also states that he has found it a perfectly safe drug in these doses. He also states that a dose of oii may be repeated in an hour w hen necessary. I may sa)' that my experience does not bear out these state- ments. The largest dose I ever exhibited was 5iii to a good sized work horse. This dose was given about 1 1 a. m. About 9 p. m. I was called out with the message that the animal had been purgmg violently all afternoon and appeared to be in a very bad condition. I found the patient in a truly alarming state, breathing verv much disturbed, actions of the bowels about every five minutes or less with considerable tenesmus. Very little feces were being passed at this time on account of the bowel being pretty well 79 80 A. A. LOCKHART. emptied. The flanks were extremely hollow and the animal kept lying down and getting up at intervals. I gave immediately a large dose of morphine and atropine hypodermically, which seemed to have a beneficial effect, but in the morning the patient was paralyzed and unable to stand prop- erly even in a sling. It succumbed in about two days in spite of maximum doses of strychnine. I had a similar fatal result in a light draft horse which re- ceived oiiss. The last occasion on which I had a toxic condition from this drug was this winter. I was called to a farm some twelve miles distant, and upon arrival found a team of horses, both of which presented symptoms of impacted colon, which diagnosis was confirmed upon rectal examination. They were as nearly alike in size as two peas (about 1,050 pounds), and both had received a pint of oil about twelve hours before my arrival. I immediately gave each horse barium chloride Siss in solution. Alx)ut an hour and a half later I left to attend another call. At this time one horse had been passing feces at short intervals for three-quarters of an hour and was standing apparently quite easy. The other one was in considerable pain, had passed a lot of flatus but very little feces. That night the owner called me up on the 'phone and said that the horse which was suft'cring and seemed so sick when I left had become easy about half an hour later. Its lx)wels had been moving nicely and it was wanting to eat. The other one, however, had purged all afternoon, and he thought it must be paralyzed, for it could not get up. The following day this animal was got into a sling when it was found it could sup- port its weight allright. Fl. ext. nucis vomica was prescribed in ."ii (loses every two hours and a good recovery ensued. in conclusion I may say that I have found no drug w hiili has given me such satisfactory results in the capacity of a cpiickly acting cathartic in the horse as barium chloride given by tin- moutli, prnviiicd the amount which the animal 7vas caf^ahk of standing had not been exceeded. In my oi)inion the one and only drawback to the drug is that the effective dose seems to be 80 perilously near the toxic dose that it is almost impossible to use BABIUM CHLOBIDE AS AN EVACUANT IN THE HOBSE. 81 it effectively without incurring some danger. Whether one is justified in using it at all under these circumstances is also a matter for debate. To anyone commencing the use of this drug my earnest advice is never to exceed oiiss as a dose for any horse. For light horses round i,ooo pounds oi to 3iss is my opinion the very limit of safety. Doses of this size will in the majority of instances give resuhs; but whether they are absolutely safe I have my doubts. Personally, I would not repeat a dose of barium under eighteen hours unless I was quite indifferent to whether the animal died or lived. Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association held its an- nual meeting in Baton Rouge, on February 17th, with Vice-Presi- dent Dr. F. J. Douglass, of New Orleans, in the chair, and Sec- retary Dr. Hamlet Moore, of New Orleans, at his desk. The pro- fession throughout the state was well represented. The chief business of the meeting was to consider plans for the reception of the A. V. M. A. in New Orleans in December. Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, of Baton Rouge, was unanimously elected president for the ensuing year, with Dr. Sheard Aloore, of Donaldsonville, La., vice-president, and Dr. Ferdinand J. Cam- bon, of New Orleans, secretary-treasurer. A Big Meeting in New Orleans in December. — Our esteemed collaborator. Dr. N. S. Mayo, in sending a report of the annual meeting of the Alabama Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, held at Auburn in March, for publication in the Review, says in his letter of transmittal (speaking of the meeting), " It was fine " ; and added : " There will be a big meeting in New Orleans next December." This report, from the secretary of the A. V. M. A. who has been mingling with our brothers in the Southland, and reading the signs of the times in their counte- nances, will be cheerfully received by our readers throughout the country. JtTST Can't Do Without It. — An Arkansas brother writes: " Please send me the Review for another year, just can't do without it." THE STOMACH TUBE A USEFUL PROBANG. By Chas. F. Wolf, D.V.M., Pioneer, Ohio. In the American Veterinary Review of January appeared an article in which, to my mind, one of the most useful instru- ments is not mentioned. The editorial referred to on page 423 contains a statement of method used by the celebrated Johann. in which a loop of wire is pushed down the oesophagus with the hope of encircling an object which is producing choke. I will venture that in most any community there are men, same as there are about here, that will try the methods known to farmers and barn men, of causing the animal to " jump over " something, pour lard down his " throat," or " punch " it down with a broom- stick. If you use a fence wire bent into a loop, isn't the farmer likely to try it next time and so save the fee, besides possibly doing injury to the animal? I find most chokes of whole apples and potatoes (round objects) in calves. First, I locate the offend- ing object and if in the cervical region I try to force it back to the mouth by use of both hands, using a sort of milking motion to urge it toward the mouth. In many instances this procedure has removed the offending object. If it fails to do so, or the choke is low, I immediately use the stomach tube to first locate the object, then expel it. The stomach tube has a decided advantage over the probang in this : The ob- ject (often an apple or potato) is slippery from the saliva, and the probang tends to dodge it, while the tube fits as a disc against it and tends to hold on instead of wedging beside the object. Right here let me say that T prefer a tube of large caliber (as large as you can handily pass). Then, too, if necessary, the tube will carry water or oil right to the spot you want it. The move- ments of peristalsis naturally carry the body onward, and with but a little assistance usually l)0(lies that will get well down will pass right on into the stomach. In case of choke in the calf, and 82 STOMACH TUBE A USEFUL PBOBANG. 83 the bloat that usually follows, if one is quick there is not necessity of enterocentesis ; the bloat escapes through the tube as soon as the tube reaches the rumen. My reason for using a large tube is this, A stream of given volume broadened out flows with less force than if confined, and produces less reflex contraction against the penetration of the water; also, when the pump is removed larger particles of matter will 1)6 removed without clogging the tube. This is applicable whether the tube is used as a stomach tube or as a rectal tube. I use a special steam tube into which a Phillips' tube readily wedges, and often have removed whole kernels of corn without clogging the tube. The larger the tube, also the more easily it grips the surface of the foreign object. In nearly fifty cases of choke in various animals only once have I found it necessary to perform a radical operation, as recorded in Merillat's Surgery; and I believe I never have drawn an ounce of blood by the use of the tube. Just one other point: Use a tube eleven feet in length. A high headed horse may take so much tube that your pump will not reach the floor. They Need Room to Turn Around in Nebraska. — Dr. G. R. Young, Omaha, Nebraska, ex-president of the Missouri Val- ley Veterinary Association, has recently rented twenty acres within the city limits, on which, he says, to use the doctor's own expression, " I will have a nice place for my business." We sug- gested to him that he might raise a few horses or mules, and still not be crowded. The doctor's duties have also been increased by his appointment to the State Board of Examiners for a three- year term. Massachusetts Board of Registration in Veterinary Medicine. — Secretary Babson announces that the Massachusetts Board of Registration will hold its annual June examination of two days on June 24 and 25, 19 14. For particulars write to Dr. E. W. Babson, Gloucester, Mass. The Very Best Printed. — A Minnesota subscriber, in re- newing his subscription, writes : " Enclosed find check for re- newal of subscription to the Reviev/. It is the very best printed Thank you for European chronicles and all." REPORTS OF CASES. IMPACTION OF THE CECUM. By a. T. Gilyard, D.V.M., Waterbury, Conn. The purposes of this article are : First, to apologize for hav- ing overlooked the paper on Equine Typhlitis with Impaction, written by Dr. Willis Wilson, and printed in the American Veterinary Review of May, 19 13. jMy attention was called to this valuable contribution by the Editor's note following my paper on Impaction of the Cecum, which appeared in the March (1914) edition of the American Veterinary Review. I have since read Dr. Wilson's paper with keen pleasure and much profit ; and have come to the conclusion that impaction of the cecum is not rare, but that it occurs more frequently in some localities than in others. Second, to give a brief account of a treatment which I have recently used for this disease. In the aforementioned paper presented at last summer's meet- ing of the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association. I sug- gested, since all purgatives had failed in my cases and the cases of which I had read at that time, that a trocar with rubber tube attached be carried in by the way of the rectum and pushed into the cecum that water might be pumped in, in an attempt to float the impacted mass. Dr. R. P. Lyman, dean of the veterinary department of the Michigan Agricultural College, who was present, suggested that tlie trocar be driven through the abdominal wall instead of in- .scrted by way of the rectum, and as T had often used tliis method for introducing anti ferments in obstinate ca.ses of intestinal Hatuience. I determined to try it, in impaction of the cecum. On the afternoon of Sunday, l-'ebruary 15, 1 was called to an aged grey gelding wliicli had l)een colicky, with some a])pe tite and occasional Jxjwel movements since Tuesday, l'Y*bruar\ 10, Thi.s horse had a group of melanotic tumors on tbc tail and anus an dominal wall, I pressed outward with my fingers until an assist- ajit located and marked the spot, which w^as one inch posterior to the last rib and eight inches below the level of the external angle of the illeum. We prepared the field and I plunged a long, fine-bore Williams trocar forward and downward. Again I explored and felt the canula inserted in the cecum, which lay about two and one-half to three inches from the abdominal wall. We then introduced with the aid of a small-bore rubber tube and a small pump seven and one-half gallons of warm water in which had been dissolved one-half pound of sodium chloride and one pound of magnesium sulphate. The operation, owing to the smallness of the apparatus, oc- cupied a whole hour. At 9.30, one-half hour after starting, there was a small evacuation from the bowels and at 11.30 there had been nineteen movements of the bowels, quite watery and having a very foul odor. The horse was then put in a box stall, where in the morning we found evidence of the bowels having moved three times; the stools, although soft, contained quite a quan- tity of incompletely masticated ingesta. Monday, February 16, no pain, drank water and eagerly partook of three feeds of hay and oats. Per rectum the cecum could be felt to contain very little ingesta. Tuesday, February 17, external manifestations the same, no exploration until 6 p. m., when colicky pains set in same as before treatment. Examination at that time revealed the cecum again filled. Regretted having allowed food and repeated the treatment of Sunday night, obtaining fifteen evacuations in two hours. I then decided to withhold all food for a few days, in hopes that the walls of the cecum would become active enough to pre- vent another impaction of that organ. On the i8th, 19th, 20th and 2 1st we gave powdered nux vomica two drams and sodium chloride one ounce twice daily. The salt created an abnormal thirst for water, and the water thus taken seemed to complete S6 BEFOBTS OP CASES. the emptying of the cecum, which on the i8th contained some soHd food, aUhough it was not distended. During these four days the bowels continually discharged very foul smelling feces and each day the amount of solid ingesta in the cecum decreased. During this time the horse continually called for food, but none was allowed, although the external appearance of the horse showed nothing to indicate that he was ill. On the 22(1, I could find no solid ingesta in the cecum; but I was able to palpate imperfectly a hard spherical mass about six inches in diameter, which lay within the cecum, seemingly attached to the internal surface of the wall of that organ, this object responded to ballottement, and my best opinion is that it was a melanotic tumor. As the animal appeared so well I ordered bran mashes and small feedings of hay continuing the nux vomica. The next day, February 23, I arose at 5.30 a. m. and went to the dog show in New York. During that forenoon the horse went down; they say that he seemed exhausted and could not be raised, so they killed him and called the dead wagon. When I arrived home on the 24th, I learned with extreme regret, not unmixed with anger, that through some misunderstanding the horse had been skinned and cut to pieces and the parts that had not been used had been buried. Just what caused that horse to go down when apparently doing so well will always remain a mystery to me, but the fact that an impacted cecum may be emptied by this method, I have established, at least to my own satisfaction, and I hope some time to meet my fourth case that I may be able to try it again. DYSTOKIA AND A FEW CASES MET IN ACTUAL PRACTICE. By C. F. Dwinal, D.V.S., Bangor, Maine. Dystokia is an unfavorable termination of parturition and may be of two kinds, maternal or foetal, the most common of which is foetal; and this occurs more often in bovines than in the equine or canine families and fortunately easier remedied in lx>vinc than other families. Many animals with fir.st jjarturi- lion need assistance when there is no abnormal presentation or deformity in foetus, due no doubt to nervous condition i)revcnt- ing normal dilatation of genital organs. BEPOBTS OF CASES. 87 Early assistance many times avoids serious trouble, and this is true in mares more than in cows, and in this we are often handicapped, since it is customary for an owner to wait or allow some one to attempt to correct trouble who is not skillful enough to do the work, and perhaps has torn or lacerated the genitals to such an extent that it is nearly impossible to accomplish the act of delivering without serious results. I have seen the vulva and vagina in a mare so swollen by the rough work of a layman that it was nearly impossible to pass the hand through the canal, much more to deliver the foetus. In another case I found a small portion of an intestine pro- truding through the vaginal wall, caused either by strong trac- tion or by the foot of the foetus being forced through the wall. The worst condition which I find for delivering is in an ani- mal so exhausted either by long continued labor pains or my efforts to assist by an empiric so that the animal is unable to rise from the recumbent position or even roll up on the side, as every effort to change position of foetus is immediately fol- lowed by labor pains which force the hand suddenly back, if not entirely out of the animal. I was called to treat a case of a cow in a similar condition. Previous to my seeing it a non-graduate had undertaken to effect delivery by means of a grapple on the studding, and a set of blocks, which were attached to the calf, the cow being fastened by the neck with a chain; and from all appearances there had been some strong pulling, all to no good results; only to exhaust the cow very much. After first giving stimulants to the cow I amputated the head, forelegs at shoulders, opened the thorax and abdomen and re- moved contents from each, all of which were somewhat decom- posed. As the owner informed me, the cow had been due to calve six months before and supposed she had a dead calf in pasture, and did not bother to hunt for it and would have still thought so had he not seen a foot protruding from the vulva the night before, when the cow came up from pasture. After this dissection of foetus, delivery was comparatively easy. Then I used an antiseptic douche and removed all particles of foreign matter, gave stimulants to be repeated regularly, and recovery took place in a fevv^ days. Another case came under my care not long since. A two- year-old heifer with first calf had been in labor nearly twenty- four hours when I was called; meantime a neighbor had been endeavoring to assist her and had removed both hind legs, it being a lumbo-sacral presentation. S8 RKPORTS OF CASES. On examination I found it to he a large calf, and I was puzzled when I could not turn it in any way from the position it then occupied, and I could not reach the head to find out w hat the trouble was, so by means of the eml)ryotomy knife I removed everything down to the head and neck, which was a long job; then I found that there were two heads grown together, and so heavy that I ccnild not move them in the uterus. The heifer was destroyed, as the owner did not want me to operate on her, and there was found to be grown together two heads, the union being from about the middle of maxillary bones. It presented a peculiar appearance, with two mouths, four nostrils, two large eyes, three ears, one in center of fore- head being double size; it weighed thirty pounds. A third case in a mare was very interesting to me, and the foetus was in a position which I have never seen before or since; neither have I read of anything like it. This mare was a fast pacer, and the owner expected a fine colt, so he had a man in constant attendance for six weeks prior to time of parturition, who was to call me as soon as any signs of foaling presented themselves. Late in the evening I was called and when I arrived the head, neck and forelegs, and about half of body were present; the mare was almost frantic. She would rush around the stall and after going around two or three times would sit down just like a dog. The colt, of course, was dead. I amputated the portion of body presenting itself and then I found the hind legs crossed under abdomen and feet were pushed up on either side, so that they were parallel with the ex- ternal angle of the ilium. By drawing each one down separately, I was enabled to straighten them out ; then by forcing the mass back into the uterus, and turning it over, delivery was easy. When this took place the mare collapsed, and for three days lay on a good bed of straw. Then we put her in slings for three weeks. Outside of a ruptured perineum, which I closed up with silk (but for some reason would not stay sewed), she made a good recovery. Cases of this kind I find very hard to correct and often re- quire a long time, and I have l)een so fortunate or unfortunate a.s to see a great many of them; although there arc many other things in veterinary practice that I would prefer to these cases. BEPORTS OF CASES. 89 OBSTRUCTION OF DIAPHRAGMATIC FLEXURE OF LARGE COLON. Uv Dr. S. C. Neff, Staunton. Va. November 5th I received a call to see a horse live miles from the city. Upon my arrival at the place, I found the horse lying upon the sternum with both front legs extended as far out as possible ; every few minutes it would roll upon its side, but would not stay in this position any length of time, but would soon re- sume the sternal posture; always with both front legs extended as far as possible. Occasionally it would set upon its haunches like a dog. After making a careful examination I told the owner it was a case of obstruction of the bowels, at the same time ex- plaining to him that I considered it a very serious though not a hopeless case. I gave a drench composed of aromatic spts. am- monia 2 ounces, turps. 2 ounces, aloin y^ ounce, linseed oil qt. ; left ale. one-half pint to be given in two doses one hour apart. Saw horse again in four hours, symptoms the same, repeated the drench given the first time, less the aloin ; also gave one grain of arecoline and one-half grain of strychnine. Left one grain of arecoline to be given in two hours, 4 ounces of ale, Vj to be given in quart of linseed oil in 4 hours, balance to be given in water in 8 hours. I saw horse about seven o'clock on the morning of the 6th, symptoms about the same. Repeated the drench given when I first saw him, also gave grain of arecoline, 3^ of strych- nine, leaving same to be given in 6 hours, also ale. and one quart of oil at the same time. Saw horse again in 12 hours, pain not quite so bad, but no action from bowels; repeated treatment of morning, leaving medicine to last during the night. I left telling owner that I would see horse next morning ; upon arrival owner stated that horse had been restless the entire night, but in the last hour had seemed a little more comfortable. Up to this time horse had neither ate or drank. I offered it a little water, and I think it took 3 or 4 swallows. I again gave oil and stimulants, saw horse again in the evening, no action from the bowels, gave oil, eggs and milk. I kept up about the same treatment for seven days at which time his bowels began to move a little. The 8th day they were opening up well, but no diarrhea ; by the evening of the 9th day of sickness his passages had begun to thicken somewhat, but pneumonia had developed in the right lung. Horse died 12 days after I began treating him. No doubt others here have had similar cases and possibly had better results from their treatment. The reason that I selected this case to write 90 REPORTS OF CASES. about was to bring about a discussion in regard to the line of treatment that I gave. Whether I gave too much, too Httle or the right kind of treatment, during the first seven days I gave 3 gallons of linseed oil, ^ ounce of aloin, 8 grains of arecoline, 3 grains of strychnine, aromatic spts. of ammonia terps and nux., also Yi gallon of ale. and one quart of whiskey. From the 3d to the 9th day of his sickness I gave him every 12 hours Yi doz. of eggs and one gallon of milk, always using stomach tube both for giving medicine and feeding him. Rectal injec- tions of one to two gallons of warm water were given every 4 or 6 hours. The pneumonia, I am sure, was caused by some of the oil entering the lung while the owner was drenching him As owner stated that he had been having some trouble to get horse to swallow. At no time was there more than one degree of temperature until pneumonia developed. TRAUMATIC LUXATION OF THE PATELLA. By James M. Cooper, M. D. V., Cincinnati, O. A most interesting case of traumatic luxation of the patella from the trochlea came under my observation recently. A team of bay horses were being driven over a street viaduct, when the off horse fell on the asphalt paving. In falling he fell first on the left side, and in attempting to regain his feet, fell again on the right side. When released he regained the standing posture. On examination he carried the right leg, the foot being about two feet from the ground, in a cramped position. There was a marked prominence of the stifle joint, which stood out in a rotund manner. This prominence at the stifle was general. hard to the touch, tlie preponderance of which was situated ex- ternally. The patella could not be outlined, and there was ab- sence of inflammatory j)henomena. On attempting to force the limb downward, the patient manifested great pain, and each attempt in this direction was met with failure, the foot being continually kept from the ground. There was no crepitus. The animal was hauled in an aml)ulance to the owner's stable, where the patient was sui)jected t(j the sling. Here effort was made to correct the dislocation. This procedure was extremely difficult and painful, the patient falling in the sling with a groan, hwery act of forcible manipulation met with no success, the leg re- mained raised, and the cramped attitude constant. Owing to the unique character of the case, it was decided to REPORTS OF CASES. 91 let the animal rest, and advised hot fomentations appHed to the stifle joint, and later the application of an anodyne liniment. Next day there was no change, and every effort at correction met with no result. On the third day the foot would come down to the coronary band of the opposite limb, and sometimes rest there, but otherwise there was no change in the condition. At this period consultation was sought, and the diagnosis confirmed of outward dislocation of the patella. United attempt was made to correct the luxation, but without success. Being at a loss to bring the joint into its normal position, It was decided when treating the patient, for the attendant to adhere to our instructions, and forcibly manipulate the parts, and to move the affected limb backward, forward and from side to side, with the possibility of bringing the patella back into its place. On the fourth day, while engaged in this practice, the attendant reported hearing a snap, and the leg came down sud- denly. On examination later the patient displayed extreme lame- ness, the stifle being greatly swollen and painful, and the animal would walk on the toe like an azoturia patient. On palpating the stifle joint, the animal would evince great pain by grunting. The vasti and rectus muscles were tense and contracted. The stifle was carried outwardly. The next two days showed quite a modification in the patient's condition, but continued to walk on the toe as described, and with abduction of the limb. Ten days later lameness disappeared, and the swelling nearly all gone. In fourteen days, nothing could be discerned, and up to the present time, five months since the accident, the animal performs his wonted duties, without any attending sequel. Judging from the scarcity of case reports regarding this condition it must be of rare occurrence. This instance was a genuine case of patella luxation, without any complication, as fracture or ligamentous tear, as the subsequent perfect recovery would seem to indicate. In conclusion I would suggest, in consequence of my experience, the proper course to pursue would be, when cases of this kind present themselves, to cast the animal, and administer an anaes- thetic and forcibly reduce the luxation, which I am confident can be easily done. ANOTHER MONSTROSITY. By Dr. H. Bergh, Suisin, Cal. Responding to a call to attend a cow (a large Durham), I found her straining considerably. She had delivered a calf early 92 REPOBTS OF CASES. in the morning and of course the attendant thought everything was O.K., until he found out that she was again in distress. On arrival I examined the cow and found another foetus in her. Within .m hour 1 had ihc calf delivered, and by looking at the dead calf, discovered .something very unusual alwmt it. As the picture .show.s, it had only one eye, between the ears. It had no iiplicr jaw, the lower jaw was turned upward and contained tlirce large teeth; had a large tongue, one large ear and one .small one. A very short and heavy neck. The tail was only j>j inches long. Everything else aliout the calf was perfect. BEPOBTS OF CASES. 93 I ENORMOUS CYSTIC CALCULUS IN A BITCH. By Harry Frederick, D.V.M., Suflfern, N. Y. In looking over literature on calculi, I find that those occur- ring in the urinary bladder of dogs are usually small, and there is likely to be more than one present in the bladder so afifected. The case occurring recently in my practice was directly the op- posite. The patient was a five-year-old undersized shepherd bitch and quite fleshy. The owner said that she had been passing l)l(K^d in the urine for at least six months and possibly more, but he had noticed nothing else abnormal. Examination by palpation of the abdomen revealed very plainly a hard object encased in the bladder. Diagnosis — calcu- lus. The owner was told that an operation was the only treat- ment indicated and that that might fail on account of the size of the calculus. The operation w^as not immediately performed. In a few days the patient w as suddenly taken very ill and died as a result of uremia and septicaemia. I should also add that I observed the animal a few days be- fore her death and that the urine had a very offensive odor and was passed often, the blood appearing in the last portion only. Upon post mortem a calculus of the following description was found: Shape, oval; size, 2 in. by i^ in. by VA in. ; weight, 57 grams (2 oz. avoir.); surface, rough (sand-like); color, l)rown. The mucous membrane of the bladder was badly lacer- ated and inflamed and the walls of the organ much thickened. School for Health Officers at Harvard. — Beginning with the past fall, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are to maintain in co-operation a school for pul>lic health officers. The object of the school is to prepare young men for public health work, especially to fit them for ad- ministrative and executive positions in health organizations. The requirements for admission are adequate instruction in physics, chemistry, biology and French or German. The medical degree is not a pre-requisite. but the administrative board strongly urges it. \\'oirLD H.vvE Good Work Appreciated. — An Ohio sub- scriber says, in renewing his subscription : " Good work should be appreciated in every field. Hence I have great pleasure in renewing my subscription to the Review." ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. A Case of Psammoma [Capt. B. A. Jarvis, Army Vctcrin.]. — This aged mare has had abscesses of the off shoulder and later, after an attack of impaction of the stomach, but for a long time has been in good condition. Returned to her work, she has fits of sulkiness, lasting two or three days to a fortnight. Sometimes she is taken while at work, stopping, unwilling to move for half an hour or more and then walks quietly to her stable. She seemed, between the attacks, very quiet and presenting nothing abnormal. 1-eft in a box, she stands sometimes with her head near a corner. When the sulky fits became more frequent, she remained for hours in one position, head down near the ground, all legs drawn together. She frequently had rigors. Often she stood quite still, with a straw in her mouth. She for days kept turning her head and neck in an upward and backward direction towards the near side. There was no other peculiar symptom. Psammoma being diagnosed, the mare was destroyed. A large psammoma about the size of a large goose's tgg was found in the left ventricle of the brain. Also a small tumour in the right. It was as big as a walnut. — {Vet. Record.) Potato Poisoning in Cattle [E. McSwinney, M.R.C.V.S.]. — Calves from seven to nine months have for a week fed once daily with heavy food of small cooked potatoes and a little Indian meal, with hay, grass, etc. Two get very sick. They passed a small quantity of Ihiid feces, refu.sed food. One is found stretched apparoutlv uncon- scious, with corneal reflex absent. Slow, almost iinpcrcci)tible respiration. Another is lying on the chest, head turned to the right. Tic is drow.sy and semi-conscious. Breathing regular and at times snoring. A subcutaneous injection of strychnia (Vj grain) was made to both and 15 miiuites later one of ten ounces of hot normal saline solution. The rumen of both calves was punctured, and foul-smelling gas escaped. Soon the calves began to show some imj)rovement, and then received a drench of oil with pint of very strong tea afterwards. This was given again M AISSTRACTS FKOM EXCHANGES. 95 two hours later. The next morning the calves were found in good health. The food was changed and no more cases of sickness re- turned.— Vet. Record. ) Interesting Abdominal Case [Prof. F. Hobday, F.R.C.V.S.]. — Pedigreed bull bitch had metritis which, rebellious to treatment; necessitated the removal of the uterus and ovaries. This was done under the influence of morphia, with the abdomen painted with tincture of iodine. The muscles were sutured with catgut and the skin with silkworm gut. Nine days after, while everything seemed to progress well, the bitch showed uneasiness and when she is examined a piece of the omentum is seen pro- truding from the wound. The dog was secured and the omentum carefully excised and the stump returned in the abdomen. One of the ligatures of the muscles had given way, and through the opening the omentum had slipped. The muscles were resutured again, also the skin and the wound dressed with iodine and anti- septic cotton over, kept in place with bandage. In a few days the cicatrix was perfect. — (Vet. Journ.) A Puzzling Case [E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S.]. — Five- year-old Labrador bitch is lame on the left fore limb. A week l)efore she was struck on the right flank by the front of a motor, liight days after, when taken for a walk, while going she stopped, sat down, raised her left fore paw from the ground and walked home lame. After a few hours rest she appeared all right. This manifestation returned on several occasions. No lameness is now present, but the leg is icy cold and pulsations of the radial artery are almost imperceptible. Walked a short distance the lameness appeared. Examination of the heart shows cardiac impulse very weak, and the sounds difficult to detect. Pulse of the femoral is very irregular. Animal is in good condition and has good appe- tite. Treatment : Digitalis and iodide of potassium are pre- scribed with massage and liniment on the affected limb. A week later the conditon of the heart is improved, then the pulse was felt at the radial artery and the report was that the lameness has also disappeared. — {Vet. Nezvs.) Uncommon Renal Conditions in Calves [IV. J. Young, F.R.C.V.S., D.J^.S.M.]. — Two conditions are not infrequently met with. Fibro-plastic ncpliritis. — Erroneously named, as nephritis is absent. It is met only in calves and as a rule both kidneys are af- 96 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. fected, the lesions being in the form of disseminated white patches on the surface. Sometimes there are depressions over the region of the lesions and at other times the kidney is atrophied. On section the white spots are wedged shaped, with the base of the WTdge towards the cortex. The cause of this condition is obscure, perhaps of microbic origin, always it has not been proved; per- haps the excretion of toxic substances say others. It is also sup- posed that it is the result of incomplete development. High feed- ing has also been considered as the cause. The condition must not be mistaken with tuberculosis. Melanosis. — Was found in the kidneys of calves from three to six weeks old. The deposit was confined to the kidneys, which were of normal size and consistency. The pigment was in the cortical portion of the organ, the pelvis being normal. — (Vet. Record. ) An Unusual Dislocation [T. 0. Richardson, F.R.C.V.S.] — Concise record of the case of a bay hunter gelding which in a nm with the Cheshire hounds jumped quite a small fence and sustained such an injury that he was shot immediately. . Both metatarsals were protruding through the skin on the anterior aspect of the fetlock. Capsular and lateral ligaments of the fet- locks being ruptured. On the off leg the suspensory ligament was divided, the extensor and flexor tendons being intact. On the near leg the extensor tendon was ruptured, the suspensory liga- ment and the flexors being intact. — (TVf. Record.) Twin Foetuses [/. JVricjJit Conchie, M.R.C.V.S.]. — A preg- nant three-year-old heifer is in labor since several hours and is in extreme exhaustion. On examination it is found that a very large calf is in breacli presentation in a very small pelvic space. I'esides, (juite a numl)cr of feet, six or seven, are felt. Thoy were fore and hind linibs. One first pair of hind legs was drawn out and removed with part of the foetus at the loins. The other hind legs were treated in the same way and as some fore legs had also I)een removed, attempts to turn over the foetus and secure the head failed us, the poll only could be reached. As the ca.se was hopeless and the animal prettv well worn out, she was destroyed. The bodies of two calves joined at the sternmn were found nt l>ostniortein. with the forelegs round one another's necks and fetl extending backwards. The union seemed to be made up of cartil- age and fibrous tissue. A photograph of both beads illustr.itcs the report. — {Vet. Record.) ABSTBACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 97 FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Foreign Bodies in Dog's Stomach [Prof. Coquot]. — After a few general remarks on the subject the following case is re- corded. A fox-terrier is taken out for a walk by an office boy who amuses himself in throwing stones in a river close by. The dog, excellent swimmer, jumps in the water and goes after the stones. The next day he is sick, has all the symptoms of colic of carnivor- ous animals, vomits and throws up saliva, viscuous glairs and one stone. The abdomen is painful, and by auscultation deep, loud noise is heard, due to the presence and knocking of stones which had been swallowed. An emetic is given, two large stones are thrown up, successively followed by two others. During the night the dog vomits again two more stones, and the next morn- ing is found in perfect health. The seven stones weighed to- gether 460 gramms, and their size varied between that of a hen's €gg and a large nut. — (Rec. de Med. Vet.) Methylene Blue in the Treatment of Wounds [Major E. Laricux, Army Vet.]. — Peroxyde water and tincture of iodine are excellent for the dressing of all wounds, but for the author methylene blue is superior. He has used two formulas, one is composed of blue 2 gramms, alcohol at 90 degrees 10, 5 per cent, solution of phenic acid, 100 gramm, the other has 3 gramms of blue, 5 of borax, 120 of distilled water. Larieux has used either with the greatest results ; in a very short time he has been able to return horses to work. He mentions among the cases he restored by that treatment, contused wound of the fetlock, fistulous with- ers, broken knees, fistula of the croup due to the prick of a stable fork, deep wounds of the canon, superficial and extensive saddle and harness wounds, etc. The drug is much cheaper than any others and the only objection to its use is the coloration it leaves on the tissues to which it is applied. But with a little care and attention that can be reduced to the minimum. — (Ibid.) Intestinal Constriction and Occlusion With Dis- temper Origin [Assistant Major Bonaiid, Army Veterinarian]. — Six-year-old half bred stallion had distemper which had re- lapsed two months after. A few days after the beginning of this second attack he had mild colic with complete absence of feces. Soon however the symptoms become more severe. The horse is 98 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCIIAXGES. restless, looks at his flank, is covered with profuse perspiration, lays on his back often. Rectal examination shows an organ empty, but the cause of the obstruction is not detected. The con- dition soon gets worse, colic more severe, general aspect is very bad. Through the rectum, always empty, a large swelling is finally detected in the dorso-lumbar region. It feels slightly elastic and almost painless. Notwithstanding rectal injections, the administration of pilocarpine, of cafeine, the horse died after an illness of 12 hours. At the postmortem the abdomen was the seat of the principal lesions, viz.: 10-12 litres of sero-bloody fluid, omentum con- gested, the intestinal circonvolutions are here and there adherent to the trunk of the mesenteric and to a round mass which is a large abscess of the mesenteric lymph glands, containing a great quantity of thick, yellow pus. The small intestine runs through the thick walls of the abscess and the three arterial fasciculi of the great mesenteric are also involved with them. — ( Rcr. J'cfcr.) Canine Piroplasmosis [L. Naudin]. — Scottish setter is ill since a few weeks, has lost a great quantity of flesh, and is very anaemic. There is no fever, no sugar in the urine and very little albumin. He has a great many fleas over his body and the ex- amination of the blood revealed a number of hematics with piro- plasms. The diagnosis is certain. For one month the dog is treated with chlorure of calcium and injections of methylarseniate of soda with very little benefit. Finally, three days apart, two intravenous injections of 10 c.c. of a solution of trypanblue (i p. 100) are made and as the result is not entirely satisfactory, two more injections are made two weeks after of 25 gramms of the same solution. Five weeks after the progress was well marked. the condition improved gradually and linally clinically recovered. was returned to his owner. However for some time after hema- tics with parasites were found in his blood, but the piroplasni were in state of degeneration, viz., with a globular form. — {Rci'. Ceil, fir Med. I'rt.) Tt'HKKCi'i.osis IN Goats \Mr. Cluiiissc]. — It is accepted that goats are rarely aflfected with tuberculosis; but perhaps this is due to the possible error made I)etween the Isions of vermiform broncho-pncinnunia and the only few typical cases that bad been observed. Prof. Moussu however has dcmonstrattMl that goats livinfi; in places with tuberculous bovines could easily contract tuherculoHis. Closer examination of the lesions would demon- ABSTKACTS FKOM EXCHANGES. 99 strate that after all the disease is not so rare. The writer de- scribes the lesions he has found in his capacity of Sanitary Veter- inarian in an adult she-goat, where the lungs, after being affected with pneumonia, had besides characteristic lesions of tuberculosis. The bronchial and mediastinal lymph glands were diseased also. Numerous tuberculous bacilli were found in the glands and in the pus of the pulmonary abscesses. — (Hyg. de la Viande ct du Lait.) Atloid Hygroma in Dog [Prof. Coquot and Lcbarqiie]. — This is a very exceptional affection in canines, say the authors, they have found no record in their French literature. One year old setter had two swellings, occupying a symetric situation, a little belov/ the poll, on each side of the neck. The history of the lesion is unknown, but it is not traumatic. The swellings are as big as the fist, occupy the lateral faces of the 3d and 4th cervical vertebrae, they are distinct one from the other, painless, fluctuating and mobile under the skin. By pressure free riziform or hordisform granulations are felt in their cavity. The diagnosis being established of an atloid hygroma, puncture of the tumors was made, about 250 cubic centimeters of fluid were taken off, and their cavity injected with iodurated water ( i in 50) 30 c.c. in each, followed by a massage of 10 minutes. The result was that four days after the tumors were replaced by two iodur- ated small masses which graduallv disappeared. — (Rcc. de Med. Veter. ) BOTRYOMYCOSIS OF THE UpPER LiP SUBMAXILLARY AND Retro-Pharyngeal Lymph Glands in a Horse [/. A^ Ries, Go7'ernmcntaI Veterinarian]. — Five-year-old gelding has a dif- fused induration of the upper lip without apparent cause. There is difficulty in the prehension of food. Soon hard and painless, swelling of the sub-maxillary glands makes its appearance. A l)lister applied is followed by the formation of several small ab- scesses. The upper lip became very hard, of the size of the fist,, it is indurated. It shows many little tumors from which pus can be squeezed out. The general condition gives way from want of nourishment. Iodide treatment externally and internally is pre- scribed. After a few weeks the retro-pharyngeal glands become involved and the treatment seemed of no benefit ; the anmial was destroyed. — (Rec. de Med. Vet.) Poisoning With Sulphur [Mr. Brissot]. — Five pounds of sublimate sulphur are mixed carelessly with moist bran and given to five horses for their evening meal. One fine mare, three years 100 ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. old, ate the largest share of it. The next morning she has diar- rhoea, the feces being mixed with yellow greenish fluid. She can scarcely stand up or walk; she staggers, the features are de- pressed, the abdomen retracted, skin cold, pulse imperceptible, temperature 36 degrees. She has now and then muscular shiver- ings and repeated nauseas. Prognosis is serious, symptomatic treatment prescribed of stimulating frictions on the legs and body, cafeine and ether. The animal died a few hours after. Post mortem revealed nothing abnormal in the thoracic or ab- dominal cavities until the stomach and intestines were open. While a strong odor of rotten eggs came out, these organs were found filled with a yellow greenish semi-fluid alimentary mass, from which came out a strong odor of sulphureated hydrogen. The mucous membranes were yellow and covered with sulphur powder. The cause of death was evident and it was only then that information was given of the peculiar meal the animal had hzd.— (Ibid.) BELGIAN REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Large Ovarian Myxo-Sarcoma in a Slut [Prof. Hehrant and Adjunct Antoinc]. — Small size fox terrier slut, about 8 years, is in good condition, but has an enormously developed abdomen. She is not pregnant, and ascitis is at once suspected. Examination of heart, urinary analysis and of the liver does not reveal troubles in their functions. Several explorating punctures are made and give no result. Cyst of the ovary is suspected and laparotomy performed. The abdomen open exposes a mass having the appearance of a pregnant uterus and it is so large that the incision of the muscles has to be enlarged, when it can be brought out. It is an ovary, as large as a man's head. It was removed, the alxlomen closed and after a week the slut had re- covered. The diseased ovary weighed 3 kilos 750 gram (over eight j)ounds and a half) and on histological examination proved to l)c a myxoma with sarcomatous centers. — {Annates de Belg.) Basedow's Disease in a Dog [By the same]. — Rare in do- mestic animals, it has been seen by the authors in a dog, 3 or 4 years old, wlicrc tlie ocular troubles cojisisted in marked oxoph- thalmia. Tliis had bcin "\< (i\((l lu t. ic, luit had disappoarod with rest and io(luratiout three inches of it extended beyond the opening of the sheath. He should have removed two inches more of the prepuse and left the penis protruding only one inch from the sheath. Dr. P. F. Bahnsen, of Georgia, gave a very fine and interest^ ing demonstration of his method of casting and restraining ani- mals by means of a single rope. He put the mule in position for castration, for single foot operation, etc. Three mules were exhibited to show the results of low teno- 120 SOCIETY MEETINGS. tomy or cutting the flexor tendons below the fetlock for contrac- tion of those tendons. In each case the results were permanently good. C. A. Gary, Secretary-Treasurer. Note. — The foregoing secretary's report was received after Dr. Mayo's report was in type ; so we have given our readers the benefit of both reports. [Editor.] ALABAMA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The seventh annual meeting was held in the Veterinary Col- lege of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute at Auburn on March 5, 6 and 7, 1914. While the attendance of veterinarians was not large, an exceedingly interesting and practical meeting was held. The veterinary students attended all meetings and assisted at the clinics. President Thatch of the college welcomed the association with an inspiring address. Dr. Peter Bahnson, State Veterinarian of Georgia, discussed the question of " Inspecting Horses and Mules for Inter-State Shipment." The requirement of some States for a veterinary certificate of health for all horses and mules coming into the State brought out a vigorous discussion. Dr. Jolly, of Atlanta, contended that a careful veterinary in- spection was more important to the shipper than to the State, as it should prevent shipping horses suffering from shipping fever that frequently caused heavy losses to the shipper. Dr. Andrade read a paper on " How to Prevent the Spread of Disease in Shipping Horses and Mules," in which he advocated a careful inspection and vaccination with strepto-bacterins of all animals l^efore shipping. Dr. Ferguson read a paper on " Differential Diagnosis of Black Quarter and Malignant Odema," and Dr. I. S. McAdory told in a practical way " How and When to Use the Stomach Tul>c." Dr. C. H. t'ary presented the subject of " Emphysema " and urged a more tiiorough scientific study of this common dis- ease, particularly as to its pathology. This subject was dis- cussed by various veterinarians. It seemed to be the opinion that this disease has been much neglected by veterinarians. Messrs. W. B. Smith and J. K. Jones, veterinary students, presented the subject of " The Facial Sinuses and Their Relation to Surgical Operations," and illustrated the subject with a finely prepared set of specimens. Dr. A. II. I'rench read a paper on " Distemper in Dogs " that was very practical and created a SOCIETY MEETINGS. 121 good deal of discussion. Dr. N. S. Mayo read a paper on " In- ternal Antiseptics." The Inter-State meeting was devoted largely to the coming meeting of the A. V. M. A. at New Orleans. Dr. F. J. Douglas, of New Orleans, was there and told of the plans for a clinic. Drs. Geo. R. White, of Tennessee; G. A. Roberts, of North Carolina; and C. A. Gary, of Alabama, told what was being done to make the New Orleans meeting one that the whole South would be proud of. Everything indicated a large and very successful meeting at New Orleans next December. The clinic at the meeting was one of the finest ever attended by the writer. There was a great variety of subjects, and with such artists as Gary, Jolly, Bahnson, George White, French and others to instruct, it made a clinic second to none in interest and practical results. N. S. M. VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF MANITOBA. The annual meeting of the above association was held at Brandon March 4, 1914, President E. P. Westell in the chair. There was a large attendance of members. The minutes of last meeting were read and adopted. Re- ports were presented by the secretary. The financial statement showed a satisfactory balance on hand, and members expressed pleasure in the fact so reported. The registrar reported the fol- lowing, who had been registered after passing the prescribed ex- amination: G. A. Mack, 1902; F. M. Schnell, 1913; E. L. Houck, 1913; G. W. Johnston, 1913 (McKillip Veterinary Col- lege) ; J. H. Dann, 1913 ; A. W. McCaskill, 1913 ; G. A. Bowman, 1913; J. A. Leadbeater, 1913; G. K. Hobson, 1913; H. R. Mc- Ewen, 1913 ; J. F. Skinner, 1913 (Ontario Veterinary College). An invitation was extended by the Police Magistrate Bates, president of the Kennel Club, to attend the Dog Show taking place that day in Brandon, the first bench show of its kind held in Brandon. The election of officers resulted as follows : For executive committee, Drs. Hilton, Westell, McGilvray, Robson, Coxe, S. T. Martin, Lee; president. Dr. Lee; vice-president, Dr. Martin; sec- retarv treasurer, Dr. Hilton; board of examiners, Drs. McGilv- ray, Westell and Hilton. President Lee, taking the chair, thanked the association for the honor done him. He hoped he would be able to fill his office, though he did not feel he could do so as well ^ as it had been done in the past. 122 SOCIETV MEETINGS. Dr. Part read a paper on " Obstetrics," and after discussion took place it was decided to hold the next semi-annual meeting in Winnipeg at the time of the Exhibition. The auditors were re- elected and the meeting adjourned. During the afternoon the members of the association attended the dog show and then spent a very interesting time at the Fat Stock Show, ending up the day at a banquet held at the Cecil Hotel, as guests of Drs. Coxe and Robinson. PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. On March 3 and 4, while the state ^\•as enveloped in the heavi- est blanket of snow it has known for many years, the veterina- rians of Pennsylvania convened in Philadelphia to enact the pro- gramme of the 31st annual meeting of their organization. And while the road conditions were such as to make it impossible for a great many to attend (practically holding them in their houses in some sections), still the attendance was good, and the meeting a successful one in every respect. Representation of all committees were in attendance, so that committee reports were given according to program, and only about four papers from the large and attractive program were not presented. Eleven new members were elected, six from outlying cities and five from Philadelphia. The following officers and trustees were elected for the ensuing year : President, H. B. Cox, Philadelphia; vice-presidents, Thomas Kelly, Philadelphia: R. M. Staley, ITarrisburg; P. K. Jones, Pitts- burg; treasurer, R. V. Bridge, Philadelphia; corresponding secre- tary, John Reichel-Cilenolden ; recording secretary, E. H. Yunker, Philadelphia. Board of Trustees: C. T- Marshall, chairman, Philadelphia; ]'. U. Schneider. TMiiladolpliia : L. A. Klein, Philadelphia: J. W. Salladr, Auburn; ('. W. Si)ringer, Uniontown. MONTANA VETERINARY MF.niCAL ASSOC L\'nON. Rksc)lutions Passed aj Last kKcaji.AK Mr.KTiN(; in Boze- man: Wc the mcml)ers of the Montana Veterinary Medical As- sociation, assembled in regular mid-winter session, realizing the present inefficiency of the organization of the U. S. Army Veter- SOCIETY' MEETINGS. 123 inary Service, do unanimously recommend the following resolu- tions : Resolved, That we do indorse H. R. No. 4541, known as Army Service Bill, which is now before Congress, for the reasons that it provides for greater service to be rendered by the army vet- erinarians to our country; that it renders possible more efficient service, by them, to the army; that it makes provision for the proper rank and professional standing, which their training and entrance requirements into the army service demand; and finally tha tit makes provision for the retirement and care of the army veterinarian after he has spent all of his useful life in the service of his country. Resolved, That copies of these resolutions be forwarded to each member of both houses of Congress, from jMontana, under the seal of this association, signed by the president and secre- tary, and that they be requested to use their good offices for the passage of this bill. Dated at Bozeman, Montana, this 27th day of January, 19 14. H. Welch^ President. A. D. Knowles, Secretary-Treasurer. B. A. I. VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF CHICAGO, ILL. The seventh annual l)anquet and dance, to w^hich invitations Avere extended to all members of the force stationed at Chicago, 111., was held Saturday evening, February 14, 1914, at the Saddle and Sirloin Club. Dr. Y. A. Moore, director of the New York State \^eterinary College, Cornell University, was the guest of honor, and the prin- cipal speaker of the evening. His topic was " The Veterinary Inspector and His Problems." Other speakers were : Dr. S. E. Bennett, inspector-in-charge Bureau of Animal Industry, Chicago, 111., who spoke on " Friend- ship " ; Dr. L. Enos Day, " The Ladies," and the president of the association, Dr. A. L. Faunce, " Our Association." Dr. A. M. Casper was toastmaster. The banquet was followed by a dance greatly enjoyed by all present. This was the first time ladies graced our l)anquet board. This innovation was voted a success and the banquet the best ever. 124 SOCIETY IIEETINGS. The following officers were elected at the regular meeting, February 13: Dr. A. L. Faunce, president; Dr. C. L. Norris, vice-president ; Dr. B. J. Stocler, secretary and treasurer. Note — A news item on this meeting appeared in our ]\larch issue, page 735. ARKANSAS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The seventh annual meeting of the above association was held on February 16 and 17, 19 14, at Ft. Smith. The meeting was called to order by Dr. J. F. Stanford, president; roll call by Dr. J. B. Arthur, secretary. The opening address was delivered by Mayor H. C. Reed. After the regular routine of business several interesting discussions were taken up in regard to eradi- cation of the Texas fever tick, hog cholera and glanders. The second day was devoted to a clinic which was held at Dr. X, G. May's hospital, where a large number of both major and minor operations were performed by the attending veterinarians. The officers elected for the coming year were as follows : Dr. J. B. Arthur, president ; Dr. X. G. May, vice-president ; Dr. R. M. Gow, secretary and treasurer. The next meeting will be held at Little Rock, January 5 and 6, 191 5. R. M. Gow, Secretary and Treasurer. Fayette villa, Ark. YORK COUNTY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION. The regular quarterly meeting of the above association was held at the National Hotel, York, March 3, 1914. Interesting discussions were had on " Capped Hocks in Horses and Mules," " Tetanus," ** Azoturia." " Influenza," " Pneumonia and Pleur- isy," and " Di.stemper in Dogs." Secretary Bausticker reported the society to ht in a flourishing condition, and stated that there was not much evidence of contagious diseases throughout the county. The following officers were elected: President, Fred. Hartcnstcin, New I'reedom; ist vice-president, C. A. Kain, York; 2d vice-president, J, J). Smith, Dallastown; treasurer, M. H. Gladfelter, York; Secretary, E. S. Bausticker, re-elected. Next meeting June 2, 191. E. S. Bausticker, Secretary. OBITUARY. EDWARD I. CARTER, D.V.S. Dr. Edward I. Carter, a native of Shropshire, England, died at Pittsburgh, Pa., Feb. 14, 1914, in the 65th year of his age. He graduated with highest honors at Montreal \^eterinary Col- lege in 1 88 1, then came to Pittsburgh, where he soon gained a large and lucrative practice, and retired New Year's Day, 1897. He soon sutTered reverses and was reduced to penury, and never regained his former prestige or practice. THOMAS B. HILLOCK, V.S. Dr, Thomas B. Hillock died at his home in Columbus, Ohio, on March 4, 1914, at the age of 68 years. Dr. Hillock gradu- ated from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1872. He was at one time state veterinarian of Ohio; was treasurer of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, and member of the Ameri- can Veterinary Medical Association. He was loved by all who knew him. Dr. W. B. Lewin Dead.— Dr. W. B. Lewin, Russell, III, died in February. Dr. Lewin was an old subscriber to the Re- view, and we were grieved and surprised to learn of his death. Veterinarian Killed in Automobile Accident. — Dr. A. J. Ransom, of Gainesville, Florida, was instantly killed by being thrown from his automobile as it collided with a mule on March 14. The doctor was thrown from the car, landing on his head and breaking his neck. He leaves a wife and one daughter. Dog Tramped 2,000 Miles. — Footsore and almost starved, Bonnie, a 3-year-old Scotch collie, returned to his old home in Olathe, Kansas, after a weary tramp of 2,000 miles. In October, 19 12, the dog was given away to be taken to a home in Southern Florida. He stayed there with his new owner for two weeks, but seemed to be discontented and would eat only occasionally. He left one night and nothing more was heard from his until he walked into Olathe sixteen months afterwards. His feet were sore and bleeding and the toenails were worn off. — (Otir Dumb Animals.) 125 NEWS AND ITEMS. RUSH SHIPPEN HUIDEKOPER. A portrait of Dr. Rush Shippen Huidekoper, the lirst dean of the Veterinary School at the University of Pennsyhania, was presented to the University by Mr. Joseph G. Rosengarten, one of the trustees, and has been hung in the Faculty Room at the Veterinary School. The formal ])resentation was made by Dean Louis A. Klein at the Founders' Day exercises in the Academv of Music on February 23. Wasington's birthday being celebrated each year by the University of Pennsylvania as Founders' Da v. We publish below the presentation address of Dr. Klein. Hav- ing enjoyed the privilege of a personal acquaintance with Dr. Huidekoper, and having been for a few years closely associated with that great veterinarian, we feel sure that there are many hundreds of veterinarians throughout the country who will enio\' learning through the splendid remarks of Dr. Klein, of the plac- ing of his portrait in the Faculty Room of the school he founded. and having their memories refreshed on his professional career. The Presentation by Dean Klein. It is my pleasant privilege to present to the University this portrait of Dr. Rush Shippen Huidekoper, the first dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Huidekoper was i^repared for the medical profession at the University. Graduating with the qlass of 1877, he became a volunteer assistant to the late Dr. D. Hayes Agnew and had an oj)portunity to study the methods which had made that eminent .surgeon famous as a teacher. He was engaged also in general medical practice, was a member of the stafTs of the Gliildren's Hospital, IMiiladelphia Dispensary and l"^nivcrsity Hospital. aneen amplified and extended, it has not been necessary up to this time to add any additional subjects except those studies which have de- veloped into separate subjects since the school was organized. J)r. Huidekoper held the chair of Theory and Practice of Medi- cine and was Pro-tempore Professor of Anatomy, but during the first two years of the school he gave instruction not only in these subjects but taught also histology and zootechnics, held clinics, conducted a very large practice, and edited a veterinary journal. His capacity for work was marvelous. As a veterinarian he soon attained national prominence and (lid much work of service to the veterinary profession at large. He also wrote several books on \eterinary subjects. In whatever ]X)sition he was placed he rose above the mediocre, but he was at his best as a teacher. Blessed with an excellent memorv and im- bued with a thirst for knowledge that made him an industrious student, he was especially fitted for this work. His lectures were characterized 1)y lucidity, methodical arrangement and precision of statement, and he possesed to a remarkable degree the power of awakening the enthusiasm and winning the regard of his students. His former students invariably speak of his kindly in- terest, of his great industry and enthusiasm and of the fullness of his knowledge. With all their added years of life and of experience they still have the highest regard for his abilitv and learning. Only a good teacher could stand this test. Every student of Dr. Huidekoper's who yet lives, everv alum- nus of the veterinary school, every veterinarian who knew him, and all his other friends will feel deeply grateful to Mr. Joseph G. Rosengarten for presenting to the University this memorial of one who rendered such valuable and faithful service in the first vears of the veterinarv school. 12S NEWS AND ITEMS. Rules and Regulations for the Importation of Horses, Asses and Mules Into Rhode Island, In Effect On AND After March 2, 1914. AX'hereas, the disease known as glanders or farcy, which dis- ease is contagious not only to horses, asses and mules, but to hu- man beings, has, in the opinion of the Veterinarian appointed by the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Rhode Island, be- come prevalent in Rhode Island and the States bordering on said State, and in Indiana. Now, be it known that by the power vested in the Rhode Island State Board of Agriculture by Chapter 119, Section 3 of the General Laws of Rhode Island, 1909, the following rules and regulations have been duly adopted by said State Board of Agri- culture : Section i. All horses, asses and mules brought into Rhode Island from the States of Massachusetts, New York, Indiana and Connecticut must be accompanied by a permit upon which shall appear distinguishing marks describing such animal, issued by the said State Veterinarian of the State of Rhode Island ; and the ar- rival of all such animals must be reported to the said Veterinarian within twenty-four hours after destination is reached, and they must remain in quarantine on the owner's premises and at the owner's expense until released by the said State Veterinarian. Sec. 2. All horses, asses and mules so brought into this State from Massachusetts, New York, Indiana and Connecticut, having first passed an examination and an opthalmic mallein test, as recognized by the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, made by a competent veterinarian Ijefore shipment, and the certificate of health having been issued by such veterinarian and duly approved by the proper authorities having jurisdiction over the diseases of domestic animals of the State from which such shipment is made, may be rclca.scd from quarantine by the State Veterinarian or his deputy. Such certificate shall contain a description of the animal examined by such veterinarian, together with distinguishing marks that appear on the same. Sec. 3. All hor.ses, asses and mules brought into this State, not accompanied by such health certificate as provided in Section 2 hereof, shall be examined by a veterinarian in such manner and such tests made as the State Veterinarian may direct, at tiie ex- pense of the owner or owners, upon arrival in this State, and the certiBcatc of health issued by such veterinarian shall be subject to the approval of the State Veterinarian before such animals are releaseid from quarantine. NEWS AND ITEMS. 12ft k Sec. 4. All releases from quarantine will be issued by the State Veterinarian or some assistant to be approved by said Board of Agriculture. All horses, asses and mules found to be diseased will be killed as by law provided, the carcasses burned or buried or turned over to a rendering company for treatment in such a manner as not to menace the public health and will prevent a spread of the disease, and the premises disinfected at the owner's expense. Sec. 5. The foregoing rules and regulations do not apply to horses, asses and mules that enter the State in their daily work or to such animals as are being transported through the State by common carriers aboard cars ; but none of such animals while in transit shall, if unloaded for any necessary purpose, be permitted to go beyond the care and control of such common carrier. Official Mallein Test for Horses: Order Number Four. After March 15, 1914, the State of Colorado Will Adopt As the Official Test for Horses and Mules the OPHTHALMIC-MALLEIN TEST. This test has been adopted by the U. S. Government and a number of other States. A book of instructions will accompany each letter and your attention to a careful reading of the instructions is asked. Special attention is asked to the last page of this booklet, in which the new system of recording all tests are made. All authorized veterinarians by me have had their names and addresses sent to every State veterinarian in the United States, and it will be necessary that every mallein and tuberculin test be recorded in my ot¥ice by a duplicate chart. There has been no change in the tuberculin test for tubercu- losis. The inter-dermal test is not a recognized test but by one State and will not be accepted by the State of Colorado. Any authorized veterinarian failing to record in this office a copy of all tests made will have his name struck from the author- ized list of Deputy State Veterinarians for Inter-State testing, and notice to this effect will be sent to all State veterinarians. The regulation tuberculin test must be made by all authorized veterinarians and in the application they sign upon which the authorization is based they agree to make all tests as per instruc- tions of this office. If veterinarians do not care to follow these directions they can inform this office and be stricken from the list. Dr. W. W. Yard, State Veterinary Surgeon. 180' NEWS AND ITEMS. March i, 1914. Sanitary Order Regulating the Sale of Virus for Hog Cholera : to all Manufactures of Hog Cholera Serum or Virus Who May Wish to Operate in the State of Colo- rado.— As the State Live Stock Sanitary Board of the state of Colorado is given authority under the laws of the state to make such rules and regulations as are necessary for the eradication of any and all contagious and infectious diseases, the State Live Stock Sanitary Board has this day ordered the state veterinary surgeon of the state of Colorado to take such steps as in his judg- ment will control and eradicate the disease of cholera. It is hereby ordered by the state veterinary surgeon that the sale or use of virus or virulent blood shall only exist under the following conditions : All persons, firms or corporations wishing to sell or use virus must first obtain permission from the state veterinary surgeon, Dr. W. W. Yard, State Capitol, Denver, giving a thorough ex- planation as to conditions under which the blood is to be sold and used. Only such veterinary surgeons as are graduates and hold state licenses as the state veterinary surgeon may authorize, shall lie allowed to use hog cholera virus or virulent blood in the treat- ment of hog cholera in the state of Colorado. .Ml firms, corporations and persons interested in the welfare of the state and the i)ublic health are asked to cooperate with the .sanitary authorities in every manner possible in order tliat bog cholera can be controlled in the state of Colorado. D. W. Yard. State Veterinary Surgeon. Attest: E. McCrillis, Secretary. Dr. a. D. Knowles Rkmnquishes His Country i*K actice AND Goes into the City, — Dr. A. D. Knowlcs. formerly of T^iving.ston, Montana, has taken up his residence in But to. tliat state, and will engage in city in.stead of country practice. I)k. M()K(;an I. Smead. Veterinarian, has acccDted a posi- tioti in the Biological Laboratory of Parke. Davis & Co.. Detroit. Mich. The doctor was formerly at i'ort Huron, that state. He conclu(>k we began to receive inquiries as to where it could be procured in this country, and are pleased to be able to tell our readers that the book j.h also published in this country, by the Chicago Mrdical nenerit obtained bv the use of malleine. EDITOUIAL. 139 " In looking over my notes," said Mr. Mouilleron, " I see that from January, 1893, to January, 191 3, 1 have the record of 42,653 tests of malleine, and on this number, rather sufficiently high, I have had no positive error, that is on animals whose re- action was positive, except in five cases. All the others that had reacted and were killed had the diagnosis revealed by malleine, confirmed at post mortem. The five cases that gave negative reaction being killed proved also to be glandered." As Mr. Mouilleron has had the opportunity of seeing cases where the thermic reactions were late (in three cases, 18 hours after the injection; twice, 22 hours after; twice, 26 hours; and in one case the local reaction having appeared at the fifty-second hour, although the hyperthermy had developed normally and remained three days), the question might be asked if the conclusions of the five negative cases had not been made too hastily. By the use of malleine, glanders has been wiped out and kept out for years from the stock of that large company. After this powerful exhibition of the results and of the benefits that were obtained by the use of malleine, Mr. Mouilleron makes some restrictions on the method of the application of the reactive agent and gives some indications upon the value of the three principal manifestations, the condition of the temperature, the local and the general reaction, which are the elements upon which the diagnosis is established. " The reacting trial does not always appear in the normal de- lay; one and sometimes two may be wanted and 3-et the three factors not having an equivalent diagnostic value, it is neverthe- less possible to make out if one is or not in the presence of a concealed manifestation of the disease. " Alone, the hyperthermy is not sufficient to diagnose glanders ; it may give a certain suspicion which demands a further observa- tion of the suspect subject, and a second test after ordinary length 140 EDITOBIAL. of time, by which the diagnosis may be definitely estabHshed. First, when malleine was introduced in the fight against glanders a great importance was attached to that reaction, to its graphic, and there was a tendency to condemn animals with this single manifestation. There was a true and abusive excess which has, however, disappeared a long time since. " If the thermic elevation alone is not sufficient to reveal the existence of glanders, the local reaction, on the contrary, even if alone, is sufficient to clearly demonstrate it. It is not necessary that the oedematous swelling be very large, with its peculiar form, warm, painful and with lymphatic tracts radiating in all directions, it is sufficient that it be present, a little spread, thick and, above all, that its sensibility be exaggerated to conclude with certainty at the presence of the glanderous affection. " For the general reaction, it may be absent without diminish- ing the value of the diagnosis; it has always appeared to the author, apart in very virulent cases, such as in acute glanders, that it seemed to have an individual character, nervous and irri- table subjects always presenting it ; dull and lymphatic on the con- trary' manifesting it only rarely." 'J'o resume, there is no necessity to be as exclusive towards the use of malleine as it had been reported it was ordered, as after its powerful assistance already rendered, it may no doubt render immense services by the delicate sensibility of its revealing (|ualities wherever large collections of horses mav exist.* Contagious Pustular Dkrmitis. — Army veterinarians have often opportunities (hat are not offered to the private prac- titioners of seeing and ob.serving, from beginning to end, epi- zootic affections. An opix)rtunity having presented itself to Messrs. i'onlaine ami Mcspoulet. of the Satnnur Cavalry School, to observe an cpizefore the apparition of these pustules, there was a symptom which so far has not been described in classical works, viz. : That the horses would lick themselves persistently over different parts of the body, even in places where eruptive lesions would not appear after. The evolution was ordinary ; a small pimple on the skin, with ihe hairs raised and soon becoming the seat of a citrine exuda- tion. The lymphatic blood vessels starting from this spot were very painful; after forty-eight hours the soreness would dis- appear and a scab was formed under which there was greenish pus in a small cutaneous excavation. Left to themselves, the pustules would get well in about 20 days and the hairs grow over. Pus, taken after pulling the hairs, and crust were taken foi microscopic examination to make cultures and experimental in- oculations. The pathogenous agent was found to be a fine rod with round extremities and having sometimes the form of a cocco-bacillus : it takes the Gram. In cultures the microbe is polymorphous; in peptoned beef bouillon it appears much finer than in the pus ; it first clouds the medium, then collects in the bottom of the tube, forming a deposit more or less abundant. On other cultures, gelose. serum, etc., there are formed after a few days small whitish yellow spots. On horse serum the colonies described in classical works were not found by the authors. They believe that the bacillus that they have observed is somewhat different from the classical bacillus. Experimentally the disease can l)e easily reproduced in putting 142 EDITOBIAIi. pn the intact skin of a healthy animal one drop of pus, or of cul- ture or in rubbing virulent products over it. After an incubation of two to four days, pustules appear similar to the spontaneous one. In cases of natural contagion, the authors believe that the in- cubative stage lasts longer, sometimes more than one month; frictions and rubbings with soiled harnesses being the cause. Laboratory animals, white mice, guinea pigs and rabbits, readily take the affection by subcutaneous inoculation of pus or cultures. The bacillus resides dessication, but is readily destroyed with antiseptics ; the microbian virulency is so much greater when the lesions are more lecent; they are so much more active when they are younger. This affection will certainly be also observed by other veteri- narians having the care of a large number of horses. A New Anaphylaxy. — Prof. Ch. Richet has presented recently l^efore the Academie des Sciences here new facts relating to anaphylaxy which are of great interest. He has obtained a magnilicent anaphylaxy with no colloid substances. He took for his investigations the white globules of the blood of dogs; no change in the leucocytosis after a first chloroformization; but after a second, a strong leucocytosis. Thus discovering a paradoxical fact which contrasts entirely with what is known of anaphylaxy. The conclusions of the researches which were made in collab- oration with Dr. Lassablicre are: i. Dogs chloroformed a first time never present leucocytosis either during cliloroforiiiization or in the days following; 2. On the contrary, when chloroformed a second time, they exhibit a strong anaphylaxy which begins, the next (lay after tin* administration of chloroform, to reach its maximum the eighth day ; a lap.se (jf three weeks having been left iKtwecn the two chloroformizations. EDITOBIAL. 143 This phenomena can only be explained by the hypothesis of an anaphylaxy of a type unknown to this day, an indirect ana- phylaxy. Indeed, in this case of preparation and appearance of the anaphylactic accidents, in particular here the leucocytosis, initial manifestation, are due not to the chloroform itself, but to albumines produced by the alteration of the liver and of the kidney under the influence of the chloroform. It seems then, says Dr. Richet, that anaphylactic substances must be classified into two groups: i. Those that produce ana- phylaxis immediately, in a few minutes, by passing directly in the blood; 2. Those that promote later anaphylaxis in bringing albuminoid breaking up, an auto-intoxication harmless the first time and injurious the second; it is the indirect anaphylaxis. In pathology this indirect form may play a part no less im- portant than the direct, the only one which has been studied till now. Bibliographic Items. — We have received : Quarterly lUiUetin Chicago Veterinary College, December, 1913. Agricul- tural Journal of the Union of South Africa, December, 1913, January, 19 14. Report of the Veterinary Director General. — Dr. Fred. Tor- rance, Department of Agriculture of Canada. It forms an illus- trated pamphlet of a little over one hundred pages, resuming the work done during the year ending March, 191 3, giving detailed statements for each one of the diseases that prevailed during that year, and received the attention of the staff of the Department. Interesting facts relating to glanders and the extensive use of malleine, to hog cholera and the value of the use of serum, to tuberculosis where the test with tuberculine has been extensively applied, of dourine with the methods of diagnosis of Dr. Watson, anthrax, mange, rabies, etc., etc. In the form of appendix, re- ports are introduced by several of the inspectors of the staff. There are also a few illustrations. — The Treatment of Tetanus, 144 editObial. by C. O. McClintock and W. H. Hutchings; Diagnosis of Dourinc by Complement Fixation, by John R. Mohler, A. Eich- hom and J. N. Buck, of the Bureau of Animal Industry. ' A. L. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT SAVES MONb:Y BY INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF ITS VETERINARY SERVICE. An Open Letter to Senator Charles S. Thomas, of Colorado. " It is thought that it will greatly improve the service to give the rank provided in this bill, and that in that way much money will be saved by virtue of increased efficiency in this service." — From the Report of the House Committee on Military Affairs, February 9. 1914. (p. 6, Report 239, 63d Congress, 2d Session). Ignorance is wasteful; efficiency, carrying with it a sense of responsibility, saves money. The denser the ignorance, the greater the waste; the higher the efficiency, the more money is saved. This, as a business principle, is undebatable. Its wis- dom, whether applied to Government business or commercial business, cannot be made plainer by putting it in the form of an adage. Hence, proceeding on this as a principle, the MiHtary Committee of the Hou.se of Representatives has recommended that the Army Veterinary Service Bill be made a law. Senator Charles S. Thomas, of Colorado, a member of the Sul)-Committee of the Senate, in who.se hands the bill, S. 4331. " To Con.solidate the \'cterinary Service, U. S. Army, and In- crease Its ICfficiency," has been placed for consideration, is said to l)e questioning in his mind the consistency of supi)()rting that bill on the hypothesis that any measure passed which increases the money expenses of the Government by so small an amount as a few picayunes, whatever be the actual gain in stalwart effi- ciency in its service, is contrary to the Democratic policy of retrenchment. This is retrenchment run stark mad. It is false EOITOBIAL. 145 economy, misplaced penuriousness which does violence to the sound judgment and truer sense of economy in this instance recommended by the Democratic members of the House Com- mittee on Military Affairs in their statement placed at the head of this letter. Try to make up a balance sheet, placing in the one column the most insignificantly paltry sum of money which additionally must be charged against the Treasury if the proposed veterinary bill passes; in the other column place what the Government gains. What do you find? The increased cost per annum is $31,376.26. That we can figure to a nicety and we could have told it to the thousandth part of a mill, if that had been wanted. On the other side of the balance, the complete gain is unfigurable. But it far and away outbalances the few dimes asked for it. The Govern- ment proposes to use the military veterinary service as part of that great sanitary machine — the Medical Department; it is to become part of the grand sanitary system of the army. What the economic value of that sanitary system has been to the army the countr\' and the world is well known to Senator Thomas and to everyljody else. He knows what it did in the discovery of the cause and means of prevention of yellow fever, of dengue, of hook worm, in the prevention of typhoid fever. Is the sum total of the gain in human health and the prevention of death to be balanced in the fine figuring which carries the money summary to the third or fourth digit beyond the decimal point? Shame on us, if that is the length of our consideration. The Surgeon General of the Army tells Senator Thomas that he proposes to attach the veterinary service to the medical department to en- large its sanitary work, meaning in two directions, in prevention of the frightful losses in army animals and the prevention of diseases transmissible from animals to man. There are prob- lems to be solved in the department of veterinary medicine in- volving millions of dollars to this country. The Senator from Colorado is told by the medical experts of the army, who have accomplished so many marvels, that similar performances may be expected with the building up of the veterinary service. As a 146 EDITOBIAL. plain business proposal, with the gains large for the American people in higher efficiency, in delivery from wasteful ineffi- ciency, the Army Veterinary Service Bill should pass. A cent placed near enough to the eyes will shut out the light of the sun. It is unwise to be blinded by a penny-wise, pound-foolish policy of retrenchment carried to that extremity where it is as unsound in principle as it is unbusiness-like. , , G. S. HEARINGS BEGIN ON THE LOBECK BILL. The Review has urged the support of the profession of the country to H. R. 9292, increasing the standing of the veteri- narians in the B. A. I. service, and benefiting them financially. Increased compensation means increased efficiency ; so that while our brothers in the B. A. I. service can better provide for their families under the conditions that the passage of this Bill would bring about, the government would also benefit by its passage in increased efficiency and the attraction to the service of high- class men. Dr. S. J. Walkley, secretary of the National Asso- ciation of Bureau of Animal Industry Employees (whom the executive committee of that body have chosen to represent them at the Nation's Capitol, wrote us from Washington, under date of April 14, that the Bill would come up for a hearing at 10.30 a. m. Monday, April 20, before the House Committee on Agri- culture. We sincerely hope that in our next issue we may be able to write some pleasant information as a result of the hear- ings before that committee. The Buffalo branch of the national B. A. I. organization are sending Prof. V. A. Moore, of Cornell ; and the Milwaukee branch are sending Prof. M. P. Ravenel to Washington to appear Ixjfore the committee in the interest of the measure; and the fact that both 01* these gentlemen were ap- pointed by Secretary of Agriculture Houston last summer to investigate the meat inspection system in their respective terri- tories and report their impressions to the Secretary of Agricul- ture, would seem to suggest tli.it ibrir arguments before the House Committee on Agriculture would have some weight. We EDITOBIAL. 147 understand that their impressions, as expressed to Secretary Houston in the report of their investigations, was to the effect that they considered B. A. I. men very much overworked and underpaid; so it is not difficult to imagine their line of argu- ment before the House Committee on Agriculture. Secretary Walkley will also appear before the committee with a forceful argument for the passage of the Bill; and also Congressman Lobeck, the father of the Bill. And following the work of these gentlemen before this committee, every member of the profession should add his boost with his Congressman and Senator, after the Bill has been reported out of committee. Keep pushing until it becomes law. THE CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN A DAIRY STATE— SOME STATISTICAL FACTS. During March, the lay press (or perhaps we should limit ii to the New York Globe, as we do not remember seeing the articles in other papers) pubHshed a series of articles, criticizing the New "^"ork State Department of Agriculture to an extent that would tend to shake the public's confidence in that great department of the Empire State, and to cause a feeling of uneasiness (to say the least) on the part of milk consumers; more especially those with families of children where milk forms a very large and very important part of the daily food ration. The Review's confidence, however, was not shaken; felt no vibration whatso- ever ; crediting the wild statements of the critics to a misconcep- tion on their part of the pc>licies of the Department of Agricul- ture, and a misconstruction of their methods of dealing with the momentous question of controlling tuberculosis in a dairy state, and not working a hardship upon its citizens by extensively cur- tailing the milk supply. Our confidence remained unshaken be- cause of our high regard for the Commissioner of Agriculture and the gentlemen of our own profession that are in charge of the Bureau of Veterinary Service of the Department. Had the critics gone to the proper source for their information, or care- 148 EDITOBIAL. fully investigated the general information that they received, they would not have frightened milk consumers witliout good cause, nor mjade public their own lack of information on a subject upon which the}- were attempting to enlighten the public. Had they understood the principles of the Bang method, and the sys- tem of its application by the New York State Department of Agriculture, they would not have horrified the public by making the unqualified statement that diseased cows were being used to supply milk to the old soldiers and inmates of other state insti- tutions mentioned. The following extract from a statement from Commissioner Huson shows that the Department is guided in its work by a law enacted in 1909: " The law providing for the preservation and segregation of reacting animals that show no physical evidence of disease was enacted in 1909 and has been in successful operation since that time. The same veterinarians that were charged with the duty of putting this law into operation are still engaged in the work of its enforcement. The law is not perfect, and experience has shown the necessity of various amendments. Last year, and again this year, this Department urged before the Legislature the enactment of such amendments to the law as would tend to more completely safeguard the situation. One of these amend- ments provided that a person must be the actual owner of an animal for at least four months in order to be entitled to indem- nity. The purpose and object of this amendment was to provide for the payment of indemnity to the actual dairyman and farmer and prevent, as far as possible, traffic in diseased or suspicious animals. Other amendments no less important were proposed, among them a physical examination of all dairy herds and the removal therefrom and immediate slaughter of all animals that showed such physical evidence of disease as rendered them unfit as a source of milk supply. These amendments failed of passage and some of the men now iK'ing heard in criticism were active in opposition to their enactment." CTiicf Veterinarian Wills, of the Bureau of Veterinary Serv- ice, says that the statement made by the critics that there are EDITOBIAL. 149 200,000 tuberculous cattle in the state is not indicated by the facts on file in the office of the Department, and that the state- ment that 40 per cent, of the tuberculous animals in the state are spreaders of the disease is grossly exaggerated. We repro- duce below statistics relative to the extent of bovine tuberculosis in New York State, taken from a public statement from Dr.Wills, who says : " We believe that these records are the most accurate and complete of any in existence, so far as the State of New York is concerned." And further along he adds: "Any fair- minded person must concede that the bureau of veterinary serv- ice of the Department of Agriculture, with the assistance of the veterinary profession and the cattle owner, is to be given some credit for the improvement in conditions." The following figures show the work of the Veterinary Bu- reau for the (fiscal) years 1909 to 1913 in tuberculosis work: 1909-10 1 910- 1 1 911-1912 191213 Number tested Number reacting Number localized cases... Number generalized cases. Number no lesion cases.. Total indemnity i Number testea privately 14,181 3.029— 1,685 1,240— 104— 14,800 21% -42% -3% 17,909 2,993— 2,069 824— 100 — 54.100 5.993 425 19% 28% pl 3% 21,421 4,178 — I 2,690 1,117—: 93—2 186,965 12,038 473 9% 9% pl. .2% pl 18,668 2,891—16% 1.940 581—22% pl. 85-3% 146,414.75 20,545 Number reacting Number held on Bang System: 528 276 407 23.902 3,418 14-3 33.459 4,651 139 39,213 Total reacted Percentage reacting 8.7 . ._.- The above figures show that while the number of cows tested in the period of time was increased from year to year, there being over fifteen thousand more cows tested in 19 12- 13 than there was in 1909-10, the percentage reacting had decreased from 14.3 per cent, to 8.7 per cent, during that period. Any one familiar with the subject of bovine tuberculosis knows that dairy cattle are much more susceptible to it than beef cattle, and in view of the foregoing facts will be willing to commend the De- ])artment of Agriculture of the State of New York (dealing as it is practically exclusively with dairy cattle), for the progress that 150 EDITORIAL. it has made, rather than condemn it for what it has not been able to accomplish. Its critics probably feeling that complete eradi- cation was the least to be expected. And yet they offered no solution, except the tuberculin test, which the Department thor- oughly understands, and fully appreciates the value of. The fol- lowing, extracted from a public statement made by Consulting Veterinarian to the Department, John F. De Vine, explains the methods employed by the New York State Department of Agri- culture in applying the Bang system ; which application was mis- construed by the critics as feeding the milk of diseased cows to inmates of state institutions. They also feared contamination from vegetables grown in fields fertilized with manure from the segregated animals, which Dr. De Vine refers to : " The Bang method, briefly, is that where an owner requests that his herd be tested by the state, or, where the owner has his herd tested by his private veterinarian and a certain number of animals react, and the owner asks for state appraisal, these ani- mals are then carefully examined as to physical evidence of tuber- culosis and such as exhibit any clinical evidence of the disease (the positive determination of which is often aided greatly by the fact that they have reacted to the tuberculin test) ; or, any animals that are otherwise undesirable are immediately slaugh- tered under the same rules and regulations as are provided for by our federal meat inspection laws. With animals that appear physically sound and possess value as dairy cattle, both as pro- ducers and reproducers, an attempt is made to preserve them. They are segregated and placed on the experimental farms. These farms may be ihc owners, as is the case with several oi tl\e big Holstein breeders of the state at present (in which case no indem- nity is allowed by the state) ; or, if the owner does not wish to segregate or keep these animals, they may be placed on one of the state farm.s or any other farm where the owner from his recognized reliability and ability in stock feeding and dairying is considered a desirable person to prove the feasibility of raisinr healthy calves frr.ni diseased mothers. The milk from these dis- eased animals is in all cases thoroughly pasteurized, and tin EDITORIAL. 151 calves raised separate and apart from, the diseased animals in the hope of weeding and breeding tuberculosis out of the dairy herds without the great loss of immediate condemnation and slaughter of the excellent dams so affected. " While it is a known fact, and admitted by every fair-minded person versed on the subject of dairying, that these Bang herds, after being carefully, repeatedly and periodically examined as they are for clinical evidence of tuberculosis (this examination being far more rigid and positive in condemning than can ordi- narily be carried on with animals which have not reacted to the tuberculin test) are much safer as milk producers than is the average dairy herd which has never been subjected to the tuber- culin test and which are very irregularly and ofttimes inefficiently examined. In other words, a conscientious dairyman who finally decides both for public health and economical reasons to have his herd tuberculin tested, he having learned of the character of the disease and the necessity and advantage of having a tuber- culosis free herd, does so. Ofttimes this very man from his business ability has one of the best appearing and best producing herds in the community. The tuberculin test reveals several dis- eased animals. Immediately the community begins to talk and these animals are shunned as if they were afflicted with the small- pox. As a matter of fact they are no worse the day after the test than they were the day before, and right across the fence his neighbor John Smith's herd is often many times more danger- ous, but nothing is said about John Smith's herd and he con- tinues to ship milk and the public continue to consume it. The conscientious dairyman's cattle are immediately separated, the diseased from the well, and the milk before being used is pas- teurized at a sufficient temperature to destroy all living tubercu- lous organisms. This then is the herd that has been made doubly safe by taking out the clinical cases and by pasteurizing its prod- uct; and this is one of the things that the Department is con- demned for. "Another criticism is the danger of the tubercle bacilli in the manure to the public in consuming vegetables grown in the 152 EOITOBIAL. ground where this fertiHzer is used. While there is the same element of danger in this as there is for one to ride in a public conveyance or walk through a public street or a pasture field and touch the grass which cattle have grazed on, still it is entirely too technical and imaginary unless we are to live in sterilized houses or wear antiseptic masks. No less an authority than Dr. W. H. Park. Director of the Department of Health Laboratories, New York City, states that the danger is too remote to be considered and points out and agrees with other authorities that the tubercle bacilli do not multiply outside the living body, and that the or- ganisms passed with the faeces instead of falling into and being nourished by a suitable medium, such as milk, immediately after leaving the body begin to perish, and death and dilution con- tinue tx)th from exposure to air and sunlight and from fermenta- tion due to the myriads of saprophytic bacteria, so that in the matter of a few weeks only a few of the most virulent organisms are still alive. These in all probability would perish on any vege- tables that grow above the ground during the growth, due to further exposure to the sunlight. Again the dilution continues when the vegetables consumed in the raw slate are washed or peeled. According to our present knowledge, it requires great iuunl>ers of the Ixjvine tuliercle organisms to produce the disease in the human, such, for instance, as might be contained in a quan- tity of raw milk. .And lastly, it has been conclusively shown that the danger from the transmissibility of the bovine type to the human is during the infant period when great quantities of the organisms are consumed daily with or in a lluid that is favorable to the virulence of the organisms, and at a time when human- kind is susceptible to the di.sea.se. It would, therefore, seem since the New York City Heahh Department and the State Health Dq)artmcnt sanction this method of the Agricultural Depart- ment's atteini)t to control tuberculosis witiioitt causing a milk famine or ruining tlic dairy indu.stry, that the policy of tlu- ( om- nii»»ioner of .Agriculture )"honld not be so criticised. "Another crilici.sm, which seems to be often repeated, is thai many of the cattle are slaughtered from time to time after being EDITOKIAL. liio placed oil these Bang farms. This simply adds evidence to the careful way in which the Department keeps in touch with these animals, and any animal :hat shows the least evidence of the dis- ease advancing, or of any (;ther disease, or becomes unprohtable, is immediately slaughtered and inspected to determine tht titness of the carcass for food, either by a capable veterinarian or a physician who has had special training in this work. When any of the carcasses are passed for food, they are always sold as such to the best possible advantage, every pound being accounted for in the Department's records, the proceeds of which go direct to the State Treasurer and in no way benefit anybody but the tax- payers as a whole. " I, therefore, fail to see why this criticism is indulged in. Can anyone suggest a more sensible and safe way? " Statement showing amount of indemnities paid by state on account of condemned tuberculous cattle, also the sums paid into state treasury from receipts from sales of carcasses and hides. " For the fiscal year ending September 30, 19 10: Indemnity $114,800.65 Receipts from sales of carcasses and hides 22,104.37 Percentage of cash returns 19-25/100 " For the fiscal year ending Septemljer 30, 191 1 : Indemnity $154,100.43 Receipts from sales of carcasses and hides 23,881 .57 Percentage of cash returns 15-49/100 "For the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912: Indemnity $186,965 .80 Receipts from sales of carcasses and hides. ..'... 34,231.34 Percentage of cash returns 18-3/10 " For the fiscal year ending September 30, 1913: Indemnity S146.414. 75 Receipts from sales of carcasses and hides 36,67' . 73 Percentage of cash returns 25-5/100 " Increase in percentage of cash returns for the year ending September 30, 1913. over previous year. 36-88/100 per cent." 154 EDITOBIAI,. While the assumption that the criticism of the New York State Department of Agriculture through the public press may have gone forth through the country and been read by veterina- rians, who would naturally be desirous of knowing the facts, would be sufficient reason for our reference to it, our real reason is that the problem that New York State is attempting to solve, i. e., the most economic method of controlling bovine tuberculo- sis in a dairy state, is not an easy one, and any suggestions that will help the Department to improve its system, we feel sure, will be welcomed. The criticism referred to, while wholesale, car- ried with it no suggestions to help them to improve their system. That must come from those who know something about that which they are criticising. It must come from the veterinary profession; and we are sure that if any members of the veterinary profession who have been pondering these questions (and many there are who have made a life study of them) have any criti- cisms to make on New York State's system of dealing with the control of bovine tuberculosis, they will be gratefully received by those in charge of that important work in that commonwealth. Honest commendation is equally helpful; as it is in any cause. MONEY GIVEN FOR STUDY OF ANIMAL DISEASES. Rockefeller Institute Takes Up Cholera and Tubercu- losis. The danger to health and the enormous economic loss result- ing from animal diseases, such as hog cholera and tuberculosis, have at last been recognized by great business and financial in- terests as a matter affecting the economic welfare of the country. The government has long realized them, and the trades affected have long suffered fn;m them, but tiicir nionientousiicss has never until now been properly realized by the country at large. That a crisis has now been reached which has forced attention is indicated by the announcement this week lliat John H. Rocke- feller has given a million dollars for the stiidv and eradication of EDITOBIAL. 155 these diseases, and that James J. Hill has pledged $50,000 for the study of hog cholera, with more to follow. The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, one of the greatest scientific institutions in the world, has received from John D. Rockefeller $1,000,000 as an addition to its general en- dowment for the purpose of organizing a department for the study of animal diseases. It announced also a pledge of $50,000 from James J. Hill to aid in the study of hog cholera. Heretofore the Rockefeller Institute has confined its investi- gations to research work in the fundamental problems of biolog- ical science and to investigations in the field of human diseases. The formal announcement of the opening in the near future of its new department contains this statement of the scope of the inquiry : " Animal diseases are important, not only because of their economic significance but because of their close relationship to human diseases. The loss to the country entailed by animal diseases is to be calculated not only in terms of animals destroyed but with reference to the discouraging effects on enterprise in animal husbandry which such epidemics as the recent epidemic of the hog cholera always exert. It has been estimated that in the northwest alone hog cholera has killed $60,000,000 worth of swine during the last year. " In the history of medical science, the work of Pasteur on anthrax, and the more recent observations in this country on Texas fever in cattle, which opened the door to present knowl- edge concerning insect carriers of malaria, yellow fever and other diseases are conspicuous illustrations of the value on studies of animal diseases." It was said at the office of the Institute that no announcement will be made as to where the animal research work will be carried on until after the organization of the department is completed. May Study Bovine Tuberculosis Also. It is understood that one of the big features of the work of the new department will be a study of cattle tuberculosis, with 156 EDITOBIAL. which so many animals are affected throughout the country. Bovine tuberculosis is often contracted by persons through the bacilli in milk that is not properly pasteurized and its danger through other dairy products, like butter and cheese, is also recognized. Some states pay thousands of dollars annually to cattle raisers and farmers for tuberculous cows that are con- demned and killed by order of inspectors of the State Agricul- tural Department. But the meat industry suffers losses running into the millions through this same cause for which it receives no recompense whatever. The problem of hog cholera is one that is confronting the meat industry with as much danger as the scourge of animal tuberculosis ever did. What these diseases have cost the industry will never be accurately reckoned. The losses are almost un- thinkable. The trade believes it to be high time that the best thought and effort ol)tainable be devoted to a campaign against these diseases. The announcement that the Rockefeller Insti- tute has taken up the work will be hailed with gratification. — Quotations from The National Prorisioncr of April 4. h)14. THE EUROPEAN TOUR AND THE TENTH INTER- NATIONAL Vin I'.RINARY CONGRESS. When this issue goes into the mail, but six weeks will remain to the time when good-byes will be sung out from the steamer, and handkerchiefs will be fluttering from the pier as a merry body of veterinarians and their kinsfolk set off for a tour of luirope, with the Tenth International Veterinary Congress, London, as their objective point, under the most auspicious condition imagin- able. For June 13th is the day that the vessel carrying that dis- tinguished cargo will steam out of New York Harbor. It is therefore imperative that any who expect to be of that merry party, and have not yet signified their intentions to Dr. Eichhorn to that effect, do so at once; thus insuring to themselves and to the entire party more commodious quarters on the steamship, and materially aid in the making of arrangements for the com- EDITOBIAL. 157 lort of the party en route. We have said this before, and will promise not to repeat it again, but feel at this time that another word may not be amiss, as Dr. Eichhorn has received several letters from prominent veterinarians, veterinary institutions and \ eterinary societies abroad, inquiring as to the approximate num- ber of the American party, so that they may arrange accordingly in their etiforts to make the trip more enjoyable and more protit- able by their co-operation. xVnd we will also mention again, and for the last time, the desirability of Americans becoming mem- bers of the Congress, even though they cannot attend this coming meeting. This membership, which only costs $5, indicates the interest taken in international affairs by American veterinarians, and insures to them the publications of the Congress, which are worth much more than that sum. Send your money to Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, and he will fix the matter of membership up for you. We are also recently in receipt of a list of some forty-six London hotels, from Sir Stewart Stockman, but have refrained from pub- lishing them for the reason that the management of the Ameri- can touring party have selected St. Ermin's Hotel, St. James' Park, as the London headquarters of the American party, and the other hotels can therefore have no special interest for them. The location of the St. Ermin's is ideal, being only three minutes' walk from the meeting place of the Congress, and very conven- ient to all the important public buildings, art galleries, etc. The prices in this great hostlery are moderate, as rooms with light and attendants may be had from 5 shillings up. Breakfast, 2 shillings ; luncheon, 2 shillings ; and dinner, 5 shillings, in the hotel, and there are any number of restaurants and eating places all around it. To have reservations made for you in hotel head- fjuarters with all your friends, Dr. Eichhorn must hear from you as soon as i)ossible. Eor while you do not get to London until Au- gust 2d or 3d, the management want all their arrangements com- pleted before the party sails from New York June 13th. There may be a few^ American veterinarians who will not find it possible to take all the time required for the European tour, but \vho ex- ISS EDITOBIAL. pect to go direct to London for the Congress. To them we would suggest the advisability of requesting Dr. Eichhorn to make reservations for them at the St. Ermin's ; thereby adding to the pleasure of their trip. THE A. V. M. A. AT NEW ORLEANS. While the fifty-first annual meeting of the A. V. M. A. is still a long way off, it is difficult to refrain from talking about it. Especially in the presence of the activity that is being mani- fested by our friends in the South. At each of the recent asso- ciation meetings in the South some action has been taken bear- ing upon the coming meeting of the A. V. M. A. in New Orleans. The Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association, of which Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, of Baton Rouge, is president, and Dr. F. J. Cambon, of New Orleans, is secretary-treasurer, bears the an- nouncement of the coming meeting in red letters upon its sta- tionery. And under date of March 28, 1914, exactly nine months prior to the opening day of the meeting, we re- ceived (just too late for our April issue) a list of the com- mittees that have been appointed to prepare for the 19 14 meet- ing. Maybe they do not expect to make some preparations ! We do not intend to get really started on the New Orleans meeting until we have shipped our good friends off for the Study Tour and Tenth International Veterinary Congress, but publish below a list of the committees that arc to arrange for it, which in itself is a guarantee of a record-breaking meeting: FINANCE COMMITTEE. F. J. Camlxjn, Chairman, 208 Perrin Building, New Orleans, La. Jos. L. Drexler R. P. Flower PROGRAMMES, BADGES, CONCESSIONS, ETC., COMMITTEE. H. G. Patterson, Chairman, 222 Burgundy St., New Orleans, La. J. A. Goodwin S. C. Aymond R. W. Tuck A. N. F.irhclborgcr S. B. Staples. EDITOBIAL. 159 CLINICS COMMITTEE. F. J. Douglass, Chairman, 719 Girod St., New Orleans, La. S. Moore H. C. Flapper E. A. White G. W. Stubbs E. F. Karstendick A. S. Withers Paul Quilty J. M. Martin F. A. Hoell ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE. H. Moore, Chairman, 610 North Rampart St., New Orleans, La. H. F. VuUiamy P. L. T. Armstrong F. Collins B. E. Barham C. F. Breaux H. Morris L. M. Holmes Stanley Cook, B.A.L M. A. Quilty C. B. Maxwell EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. W. H. Dalrymple S. Moore F. J. Cambon Louisiana State Univer- sity, Baton Rouge, La., ex-officio F. J. Douglass, Chairman, 719 Girod St., New Orleans, La. H. G. Patterson H. Moore E. P. Flower J. A. Goodwin Jas. L. Drexler R. W. Tuck H. F. Vulliamy E. A. White L. M. Holmes THE MULE " INFERNAL BUT ETERNAL." The mule has a champion — and a powerful one. It is no less than Henry Watterson, who in his Louisville Courier-Journal takes up the cudgels for that much abused animal. " Marse Henry " denies vigorously an assertion in the Army and Navy Journal that the supply of mules is diminishing. He shows that while the horse is losing his hold, the mule is emphatically hold- ing his own, and gives good reasons for this fact, such as these : " In war the mule plays with high credit the role of Gunga 160 EDITOBIAL. Din. He is bullyragged. He is blasphemed. He is belabored. But he is always on hand when needed, and he is always needed. In peace he is sportive. His humor is sometimes mistaken for spitefulness when he kicks a well-meaning farmer into a pro- tracted sojourn at a hospital or sends his soul sky winding into the hereafter with his body not far behind. But when it comes to pulling a load, uphill or on the level, subsisting upon a limited menu, and starving the veterinarian, he puts it all over his hand- somer and more aristocratic cousin, the horse." Not content with this eulogium of the mule, the eloquent Louisvillian soars further into the empyrean in laudation of his beloved subject, traces his ancestry and prophesies for him a glowing future, thus : " There is still plenty of work for the mule to do. It is his proud distinction to cost almost as much as a small automobile. He was perhaps 7,000 years old when the automobile was in- vented. He is built on the original model. He has the same tendency to backfire that made it a risky business to start him when Alexander set out to cross the Indus, when Tamerlane crossed the Ganges, when Hannibal crossed the Alps, when Charles Martel double-crossed the Moors, when Washington crossed the Delaware and when the farmer boy tried to cross a swollen creek in the last freshet." The truth is, the mule is considerable of an animal. No one who has experience with him will doubt, as " Marse Henry " says, " Although he is sometimes infernal, the mule is eternal." — From the Chicago Inter Ocean. Report of Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association. — This report, cov- ering over 250 pages, tells the story of the great meeting in Chicago, December 2d, 3(1 and 4th, 19 13, and impresses one with the wonderful growth both in numerical strength and sani- tary importance of tliat organization during the last few years. Alway.s characterized l)y its earnestness and activity, it has recently l)CCome a power in the fiekl of sanitation second only to the American Veterinary Medical Association ; and a close second at that. Its effort to effect pure animal food products is amongst the noblest work of man; and Secretary Ferguson's remarks on the injection of hog cholera .serum in the ham of the live hog are surely a propos. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. THE RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE.* By R. E, Spline, M.D., New York. (Continued from April issue.) Bacterial Vaccines. — Bacterial vaccines were introduced in 1902 by Sir A. E. Wright, of London, who demonstrated that the phagocytic power of leucocytes is much greater when the leucocytes are suspended in a blood-serum obtained from pre- viously immunized animals than when suspended in normal blood-serum; and further, that the phagocytic power of the leu- cocytes is dependent upon the presence in the blood-serum of certain substances having a sensitizing effect on the invading organisms. These substances were called "opsonins " by Wright, who concluded that they are naturally increased during the pro- cess of immunity; and he discovered that they may be increased by injecting bacterial vaccines. Definition. — Bacterial vaccines are suspensions in physiolo- gical salt solution of killed pathogenic bacteria. The suspensions are sterilized and accurately standardized to contain a definite number of bacteria in each cubic centimeter. Therapeutic Action. — The therapeutic value of the bacterial vaccines is dependent upon their stimulating action on the body cells of the patient; thereby producing various antibodies — agglutinins, bacteriolysins, opsonins, precipitins, and other anti- bacterial substances — and leading to a state of active immunity, which in some cases mav last for a number of vears. ♦Read by invitation before the Wisconsin State Veterinary Society at Milwaukee, February 10, 1914. From the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories, New York. 161 162 t B. E. SPLINE. Vaccines vs. Serums. — Therapeutic serums are fluids con- taining antibodies already formed, and are injected into the cir- culation to supply anti-bacterial elements without stimulating the body cells to the production of these substances. Hence, in the use of serums, the antibodies formed in the body cells of the horse or other animal are supplied to the patient ; and a condition of passive immunity is established, lasting only a few weeks. Therefore, serums diflt'er from bacterial vaccines; the latter con- fer active imtnunity and contain no antibodies. Preparation. — Bacterial vaccines are prepared by the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories from cultures of pathogenic bacteria which have been grown upon suitable media under the most favor- able conditions. Several strains of the respective organisms are used; for it has been demonstrated clinically, as well as in the laboratory, that different cultures of the same organism may vary widely in biochemic properties; and that most vaccines should be polyvalent in order to possess the greatest efficiency. Polyvalent means that the suspension contains several cultures of the same species of bacteria — that is, several " strains " of the organism are used — the cultures being obtained from many dif- ferent sources of infection in which that species of organism is found. All of the bacterial vaccines prepared in the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories are polyvalent. The bacterial cultures are washed off with physiological salt solution and thoroughly shaken to separate the organisms ; the bacterial suspension is subjected to a careful count; the organ- isms are killed by heating the suspension and by the addition, after cooling, of 0,25 [ iv cent, trikresol. The suspension is then diluted with sterile physiological salt solution containing 0.25 I>cr cent, trikersol until each cubic centimeter contains the desired numlicr of bacteria. Dosage. — Wright expressed the opinion that, by following the opsonic curve, indications might I)c obtained for the intro- duction of vaccines l)oth as regards the size of the dose and the frequency of the injections. Suffice it to .say. however, that the opsonic index tm fortunately has not fulfilled those expectations KELATIOA OF VACCINE THEKAPY TO VETE81NABY PRACTICE. 163 with which it was first greeted ; and that any attempts at vaccine treatment must still be made upon a more or less empirical basis and with no more definite and accurate methods of dosage and frequency of injection than is afforded by cHnical symptoms. But even so, there can be no doubt that a certain amount of good may be accomplished ; how much, it is as yet impossible to say. So much depends upon individual cases, the personal factor of the observer, etc., that conclusions could only be drawn with great care. As yet, we do not know enough of what may or may not be accomplished to warrant any dogmatic statement. The general rule in vaccine therapy is to begin with small doses and progressively increase ; immunity being more effectively pro- duced by repeated injections of gradually increasing doses than by a single injection of a large dose. At the same time the clini- cal effects in the individual case must be made the basis for the size and frequency of the doses; for the dosage is influenced by the nature of the infection, and also by the individual susceptibil- ity. Should no improvement be noted, the size of the dose may be increased, or the intervals shortened, or both. If a pronounced clinical reaction occurs — characterized by fever and aggravation of local symptoms — it indicates that the dose has been too large ; and the next injection should be smaller. We have sufficient evi- dence, however, to show that much larger doses than the maxi- mum quantities now recommended may be given in most cases. The avwunt of vaccine required varies according to the age and personal characteristics of the patient; and the type, dura« tion, extent and severity of the infection. It is important to bear in mind, however, that the packages containing six different dilu- tions, as marketed by most loboratories, do not in any sense con- stitute a complete treatment. It is impossible to prepare any six graduated doses which would meet the conditions of every case; some cases might require 12 to 15 doses, while 4 or 5 might suffice for others. As a general rule, the intervals between the doses in acute in- fections vary from one to three days. After the acute symptoms have subsided — as shown by a drop in the temperature and by 164 R. E. SPLINE. Other signs of improvement — the intervals may vary from two to live days. In sub-acute and chronic infections, the vaccine should be given every three to seven days; the doses being increased ac- cording to the clinical symptoms. Autogenous vs. Stock Vaccines. — A great deal of discussion has arisen regarding the question as to whether it is advisable to use autogenous vaccines, that is vaccines that are prepared from the cultures of the bacteria obtained from the patient; or whether it is better to make use of stock vaccines pre- pared from cultures of the organism causing the infection, but not derived from the particular individual to be treated. As long as we know so little of what vaccines may accomplish, it is clear that our clinical knowledge is not sufficient to decide such a ques- tion. We can only speak theoretically, and theoretically we must admit the existence of many strains of a given type of organism and also the possibility of individual differences in the organism. Upon this basis autogenous vaccines would appear to be prefer- able to stock vaccines, since autogenous cultures comply with the scientific requirements of a vaccine. From a practical standpoint. however, stock vaccines are more satisfactory to use for various reasons: (i) It is frequently impossible to prepare an autogen- ous vaccine for lack of proper facilities. (2) It requires several days to prepare an atitogenous vaccine and this necessitates loss of valuable time in the treatment. (3) Since it has been demon- strated that different cultures of the same species of organism vary widely in biochemic properties, it is obvious that a poly- valent stock vaccine will pmduce a high grade of immunity. (4) An autogenous vaccine adds materially to the cost of an other wise inexpensive treatment. Use ok Vaccines and Serums in Vktekinakv Practice. — The practical application of vaccines and scrums in veterinary practice tnay pnjperly l>c cjuisidercd under three headings : 'I'hosc used for prophylactic purixi.ses; tho.se employed as therapcuiit measures: and those used as diagnostic agents. f*rof>hyla(tic / 'mc/mw. -The principle of prophylactic itiocii- lation is l>est illustrated bv reference to human medicine. When BELATION OF VACCINE THEBAl'V TO VETEBINABY PRACTICE. 1(J5 and how the discovery was made that the virulence of smallpox is greatly diminished by the introduction of virus through the skin is not known; but the principle was evidently extensively utilized in Turkey for prophylactic purposes early in the i8th century. Led by the popular belief, which was prevalent in Glou- cestershire during the latter half of the i8th century, that indi- viduals who had accidently become infected by cowpgx were thereby protected against smallpox, Jenner put this idea to a test in 1796. To this end, he inoculated a healthy boy 8 years old with material taken from a cowpox vesicle on the hand of a dairymaid and, a couple of months later, showed by inoculation with cowpox virus that the child was actually immune. After this, vaccination was extensively practiced in different European countries and introduced into America. The source of material for a long time was obtained from cows that had developed cow- pox; in some instances from horses affected with grease, the affections having been shown to be identical. Rabies. — While the actual principle underlying the preven- tive vaccination against smallpox was scarcely recognized by Jenner and his contemporaries, their work nevertheless consti- tutes the basis of all modern vaccine work. To it may be directly attributed the successful preventive treatment of another preva- lent disease, the pathogenic agent of which has not yet been isolated, namely, rabies. We owe the discovery of this treatment to the genius of I'asteur; and to him undoul^tedly belongs the credit for having first recognized the fact that, by the use of suitable attenuated virus, full protection may be afforded against the corresponding virulent affection. In Jenner's case, nature had performed the experiment for him; but Pasteur was the first who purposely employed animal experiments to demonstrate the principle ir (juestion. The idea underlying Pasteur's Antirabic Treatment is to im- munize the bitten animal within the period of time that the actual disease reciuires for its development. To accomplish this, it was necessary to so change the nature of the virus that the incubation 166 B. E. SPLINE. period following its injection would be materially shorter than that of the actual disease. This was accomplished by passing the natural or " street virus " through a series of 50 rabbits, when Its period of incubation was found to be reduced to 6 or 8 days. Further passage does not change it; and such virus, which no longer produces symptoms of the furious type of rabies in dogs or guinea-pigs, but merely the paralytic type, is now termed " fixed virus." Pasteur then found that the virulence of the virus can be still further diminished by desiccation and that after 12 to 14 days it is lost altogether. The plan of treatment is to inoculate the animal on succesive days with material of increas- ing virulence, beginning with that which is altogether innocuous. The mortality from rabies, which formerly ranged between 14 per cent, and 16 per cent, has been reduced to about i per cent, under Pasteur's vaccine treatment. Blackleg. — A very valuable and practical method of vac- cination against blackleg or quarter ill was devised by Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas in 1879. By this method, a vaccine is pre- pared from diseased muscles by attenuating the virus by means of dififerent degrees of heat. One portion is heated at 100° C, the other at 90° C, for 6 hours. That portion prepared at the high temperature makes the first or weaker vaccine, while that prepared at the lower teperature is the second or stronger one. The high temperatures attenuate the virulence of the virus. The spores, however, remain capable of germinating, but are not capable of exerting their pathogenic infiuence. The spores germ- inate and multiply slowly, so that little by little the newly pro- (I'.iced viru.s immunizes the tissues. The immunity becomes posi- tive in 8 to TO d.iys after the second vaccination. The practical value of tlie protective vaccination has already I)fen definitely established, and the immunity obtained persists for 3 to 12 months. In 1886, Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas sub- jected 13 head of cattle to protective vaccination before a Com- mission at Chaumont. When these cattle were later inoculated with virulent material, they all remained healthy; while out of 12 non-vaccinated animals 11 acquired blackleg as the result of KELATION OF VACCINE THEKAPY TO VETEBINAKY PRACTICE. 107 a similar inoculation and 9 of them died. Protective vaccination is now practiced with good results in those districts where the disease usually appears as an epizootic. Vaccination has reduced the number of cases so that the disease is only one-twelfth as prevalent as formerly. Experiments, conducted by Kitt, showed that, by heating the diseased muscle for six hours at 97° C, a suitable vaccine could be obtained which would produce lasting immunity by one injec- tion. This method of vaccination is especialy to be recommended, and has been used in the United States since 1897. The best sea- sons for using the protective vaccination are the spring and fall, but this may be regulated by local circumstances and by an ob- servation of the time of year when previous outbreaks occurred. In the case of young stock, it is advisable to give a second vac- cination in 3 months. Anthrax. — In 1881, Pasteur conclusively established the fact that anthrax bacilli, when grown at a temperature of 42.5° C, will continue to actively multiply for a time, but no longer form spores. Further, he proved that the bacilli, when attenu- ated to a certain degree, will retain this degree of virulence if their cultivation is continued at body temperature. Finally, when the attenuated organisms are grown at 37° C, they may again form spores whose degree of attenuation will be that of the bacilli in which they develop : in this way, the virulence is fixed and may l>e indefinitely perpetuated. Upon this experi- mental work is based the practical method of protective inocula- tion against anthrax, worked out by Pasteur with the co-opera- tion of Roux and Chamberland. The vaccine is prepared by growing the bacilli in bouillon at a temperature of 42.5° C. After 12 days' growth, the cultures are attenuated to such a degree that they will kill guinea-pigs but not rabbits. Such an attenuated culture, when grown at 37° C, represents the second or stronger vaccine. After 24 days' growth at 42.5° C, the cultures are so attenuated that they will kill white mice but not guinea-pigs. Such an attenu- ated culture, when grown at 37° C, represents the first or weaker vaccine. Protective inoculation is carried out by the subcutane- 1er of bacteriologists since the time of Pasteur. I'Y'rry (1910) and McGowan (1911) independently isolated the same bacillus (B. bronchisepticus), which was claimed to be the pri- mary ctiologic factor in the disease. The extensive investiga- tions carried out by Torrcy and Rahc ( 1013) in the Dej)artment of K-xpcrimcntal Pathology of the L(X)mis Laboratory, Cornell University Medical School, cnverin^ a period of 2'/. years, have ^ i^ the csscnti.il .ind Kficcilic f.'K'tor (»f canine distemper. ( anini; DiHtempcr Prophylactic is used as ;m immmiizing KELATION OF VACCINK THEKAPY TO VETEKIXARY PUACTICK. 169 agent against canine distemper. It is advisable to give three doses at intervals at 3 to 5 days and at least one month before probable exposure, in order to produce a thorough immuniza- tion. The prophylactic vaccine may be given at any time, pro- x'ided symptoms of the disease have not appeared. If the vaccine is used after exposure and the dog contracts the disease, the severity of the symptoms will be lessened and the duration of the disease shortened. However, in vaccinating animals that are known to have been exposed, it is advisable to consider such animals as already infected, and to use the vaccine as outlined under Canine Distemper Treatment. The initial prophylactic dose contains 350 million of the specific organisms; the second dose 700 million, and the third dose 1,050 million. Equine Influenza. — Equine Influenza has been known from earliest times under various names (equine contagious pleuro-pneumonia, stable pneumonia, shipping fever, catarrhal fever, typhoid fever, etc.), and its infectious nature has l>een recognized since the second half of the last century. The term " influenza "has been used since the beginning of the last century for all acute febrile affections of horses that spread rapidly and which have a pronounced miasmatic-contagious character. Schiitz (1887) undertook extensive bacteriological experi- ments to establish the nature of the disease, and indicated a dip- lococcus as the causative factor. This bacterium was later proven to be a streptococcus closely related to the streptococcus of strangles. It has been a much debated question as to whether this organism is found solely in strangles; and a review of the bacter- iological investigations in strangles, influenza and contagious- pneumonia indicates that this organism predominates in these conditions. The very fact that contagious pneumonia and strangles so frequentlv occur side by side in the same stable, and are so often found following so closely symptoms of influenza that in the initial stage a differential diagnosis is often extremely difficult or impossible, has led the majority of observers to be- lieve that these diseases are closely related. Eerry (1912) isolated a streptococcus in pure culture from 170 R. E. SPLINE. the lower trachea in a case of typical influenza, as found in var- ious stock yards and sales stables. He also obtained this strep- tococcus from cultures taken from the blood of horses suffering with this disease. The cultural characteristics of this micro- organism are apparently identical with the streptococcus of strangles. There is considerable evidence that these streptococci are alike, and they are apparently always found in influenza, stran- gles and contagious pneumonia. Moreover, there is little doubt that they are responsible for the severe symptoms manifested in these diseases. There is very convincing evidence that the organisms, isolated by Schiitz and Ferry, are only secondary invaders which accom- pany or complicate the disease; for, the very excellent work of Gaffky indicates that the primary causative factor of equine influenza is undoubtedly a protozoon which can be classed among the filterable viruses. In view of this fact, it cannot be expected that any positive immunity will result from the use of a bacterial vaccine. Nevertheless, it is quite certain that, without the sec- ondary infection, the course of the disease is very mild. The vaccine, used for prophylaxis and treatment of the disease, is. therefore, entirely logical ; for it protects animals from the more severe symptoms of the disease which arc due to these secondary invading organisms. Equine Influenza Prophylactic is used as an immunizing agent to prevent the complications which usually accompany equine influenza; .such as fatty degeneration of the heart nuisde, acute nephritis, intestinal catarrh, pleuro-pneumonia and septi- cemia. It is always advisable to give 3 doses at intervals of 3 to 5 days for a thorougli immunization. If the vaccine is u.sed after exposure and the horse contracts the disease, the severity of the symptoms will I)e lessened and the duration of the disease short- ened. However, in vaccinating animals that arc known to have l)cen exposed, it is advisable to consider such animals as already infected, and to use the vaccine as outlined under b'quine Influ- RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 171 enza Treatment. The initial prophylactic dose contains 1,200 million of the combined organisms; the second dose, 3,600 mil- lion; and the third dose, 6,000 million. Contagious Abortion. — The tendency toward natural im- munity of cattle infected with contagious abortion has raised the question of the production of artificial immunity by various methods. Bang's investigations along this line indicate the possi- bility of securing such immunization in cattle as well as in sheep and goats. Mohler and Traum have been conducting a number of experiments on 5 large dairy herds in an endeavor to find a suitable biologic product for immunization and control of this disease. Suspensions of the Bang bacillus, killed by heating or carbolic acid, were injected. Over 250 head of cattle have been thus treated from 3 to 5 times with the product prepared from one strain of the organism. Since the different strains have been found to vary somewhat, other experiments have been conducted with suspensions made from a number of the most virulent strains. The outlook for prophylactic treatment along this line is somewhat encouraging, but a definite decision on the value of this line of vaccination must be deferred until the completed in- vestigations of various workers are reported. Prophylactic Serums. — The importance to the veterinarian of three diseases, in which prophylactic inoculation is carried out by means of serums instead of vaccines, necessitates a few words concerning tetanus, hog cholera and strangles. Tetanus. — The early work of Behring and Kitasato on the immunization of rabbits, and the experiments of Tizzoni and Catani on mice and rats, formed the basis of the serum immuni- zation and serum therapy for tetanus. The serum of horses is now exclusively used for this purpose, since Schultz found that horses and sheep may also be successfully immunized against tetanus and produce a potent, immune serum. Immunization is advisable and indicated in all cases in which tetanus is feared within a short time. Such a possibility exists particularly for contusions, which have become contaminated with dirt or ma- nure; also, whenever tetanus is frequently observed, in certain 172 B. E. SPLINE. localities, to follow operations, including castration, docking of the tail, operations for umbilical hernia, various skin injuries, etc., and when, during the operation, careful asepsis cannot be carried out. Recent work in the held of medicine by Ashhurst and John have clearly demonstrated the fallacy of employing tetanus anti- toxin subcutaneously. Their work has decisively demonstrated that the antitoxin should be administered in all cases both intra- spinously and intravenously; and, further, that whenever pos- sible, injection of antitoxin should be made in the sheath of the nerve supplying the affected part. IIoG Cholera. — One can only hope to secure practical re- sults from a method of immunization against hog cholera which will afford protection against primary infection with the filter- able cholera virus. After the demonstration of the latest facts concerning the etiolog\' of the disease, by establishing the virul- ence of the filtered tissue-fluids of affected animals, experiments were undertaken to work out a suitable method of immunization ; and already they have led to valuable results. The idea of using serum from hogs, which recovered from cholera, for immunizing purposes was first utilized by Preisz in 1897. According to the experiments of Dorset, McBryde, Niles and many others, hogs which acquire an imnumity from an infection of hog cholera, when injected with virulent blood, produce a serum which pro- tects su.sceptible hogs for at least 3 weeks against infection. The results in practice have proven very satisfactory; for, by thfe aid of this method, it is possible to considerably reduce the loss in herds which have been affected, and in many cases to check the outbreak abruptly. It is advisable to treat all herds, which are threatened by the infection, with the immune serum, and espe- cially those in which the disease has already appeared. Moreover. the drove should l)e retained in the same place until the infection h eradicated. In case the disease appears again in the same herd, it is advisable to repeat the injection with immune serum. Stkanc.i.ks. — Antistrcptococcus Scrum prepared by the use of the streptococcus e(|ui is being used with encouraging results for the prtjphylaxis of strangles. For tins purpose not less than 50 to 100 c.c, of the scrum should be used. ISKLATIOX OF VACCINK TIIKKAPV TO VKTEKl.NAUV I>I{A( riCK. 173 Therapeutic Vaccines. — The list of diseases in which vaccines may be used from a therapeutic standpoint is a long one, yet the actual number of different types of diseases is more or less lim- ited. Suppurations. — The ever-present staphylococcus is respon- sible either primarily or secondarily for numerous suppurative conditions. Bacteriological examination has revealed the fact that these infections are of a mixed nature, the streptococcus being almost always associated with the staphylococcus, and, many times, the colon bacillus is also present. The use of a mixed bacterial vaccine containing the staphylococcus, streptococcus and colon bacillus finds its application in the treatment of infected wounds, including open joints, nail punctures, wire cuts and various surgical wounds; as well as abscesses, navel ill, poll evil, bstulous withers, etc. Thomason reports the cure of navel ill, fistulous withers and poll evil by the use of mixed vaccines. In treating suppurative conditions with vaccines, however, it is nec- essary to employ deep incisions and passive hypermia, in order to bring the vaccine into the focus of the disease. Canine Distemper. — According to the work of Torrey and Kahe, the bacillus bronchisepticus is the infective agent essential for the transmission of canine distemper ; but certain characteris- tic symptoms of the disease are due to secondary infection by other micro-organisms, notably the streptococcus and the staphy- lococcus. In treating the disease, therefore, it is essential that a vaccine composed of all of these organisms be used; and the treatment should be begun as soon as possible after the diagnosis has l)een made. Reports from a large number of veterinarians indicate that Canine Distemper Treatment is of distinct service if used early in the disease. Animals, that are known to have been exposed to canine distemper, shoidd be considered as already infected; and it is adrisable not to vaccinate such animals with the prophylactic vaccine, but to use the Canine Distemper Treatment which has been found to produce better results in such cases. A safe initial dose seems to be 175 million of the combined 174 B. E. SPLINE. organisms — ^very small or very young dogs receiving one-half of this amount — each succeeding dose should be increased by 175 million of the combined organisms. The doses are usually given at 2 to 3 day intervals, depending upon the reaction and general condition of the animal. Treatment should be begun as soon as possible after the diagnosis has been made. Equine Influenza. — Bacteriological investigations indicate that the streptococcus is the predominating organism in strangles, influenza and contagious pneumonia. These closely allied dis- eases are now being treated with a vaccine composed primarily of streptococci, staphylococci and pneumococci, obtained from these diseases. A proper dosage of equine influenza treatment, which is a polyvalent vaccine, depends somewhat upon the indications in each case. A .safe initial dose seems to be 300 million gradu- ally increased according to the symptoms; colts receiving one- half of the adult dose. Animals, that arc known to have been exposed to equine influenza, should be considered as already infected; and it is advisable not to vaccinate such animals zvith the prophylactic vaccine, but to use the Equine Influenza Treatment which has been found to produce better results in such cases. Pneumonia. — Numerous reports show that the course of croupous pneumonia is favorably influenced by the use of pneu- monia vaccine, composed of pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci. In delayed resolution after pneumonia, it is un- doubtedly of great benefit. The initial dose is 5CX) to 1,000 million progressively increased. White Scours an Enteritis. — Extensive bacteriological studies of Jensen, Poels, Joest and others have shown that white scours of sucklings is caused by the bacillus coli communis. A polyvalent colon vaccine has been used with very favorable re- sults by many German investigators. This product is also very useful in treating enteritis and numerous other associated dis- ca.Hes of the aJKlominal organs. Therapeutic Serums. — Hefore leaving the subject of thera- (leutics, mention mu.st l)e made of tetanus antitoxin and anti- streptococcus serum. RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 175 If tetanus antitoxin is employed intraspinously and intraven- ously, many valuable animals can be saved and the expense of the treatment materially reduced. Anti streptococcus serum prepared by the use of the strepto- coccus equi, is being used with encouraging results by many for- eign investigators in the treatment of strangles, pneumonia, pur- pura hemorrhagica and septicaemia. Many reports have been published in which the use of this serum has been followed by good results in strangles, influenza, bronchitis and pneumonia. In this country, Norton has reported the succesful treatment of strangles and influenza by the use of antistreptococcus serum. Diagnostic Agents. Tuberculin. — One of the most serious problems concern- ing the live stock industry is the increasing prevalence of tuber- culosis among cattle and hogs. Tuberculosis often develops so insidiously that a long period often elapses before any symptoms are shown; and yet, during this time, the infected animal may communicate the disease to others in the herd. Tuberculous in- fection produces certain changes in the animal body, as a result of which it reacts to the second infection, or to the injection of the toxins of the tubercle bacillus, in a different manner than the body of an animal which has not been infected. This condition has been variously styled " allergy," " hypersensitiveness " and " anaphylaxis." Anaphylaxis manifests itself in pronounced in- flammatory reaction, following the administration of small quan- tities of toxins which would have no effect on healthy animals. This hypersensitiveness is particularly evident with respect to the tul)erculin which Koch prepared from glycerin bouillon cultures. Practical experience and observations have confirmed Koch's declaration that, on account of its specific action on the tubercu- lous animal, tuberculin is admirably adapted as a diagnostic agent. Tuberculin is the bacteria-free filtrate containing the metabolic products of the tubercle bacilli grown on glycerinated bouillon, and can be used for detecting the presence of tubercu- losis in cattle and other animals. When injected into a tubercu- 17(J 1{. K. SPLINE. lous animal it produces a rise in temperature, but not when in- jected into a healthy animal. The injections may be given sub- cutaneously in the neck, about midway between head and shoulder. Mallein. — Infection with glanders produces a peculiar anaphylactic condition of the animal body, similar to that ob- served in tuberculosis. This condition manifests itself by an in- creased susceptibility to the toxins of the bacillus mallei, which i.s the organism that causes glanders. This hypersensitiveness is utilized for diagnostic purposes by administering the toxin of the glanders bacillus to the suspected animals, and the resulting reaction is considered as an index of the presence or absence of infection. Mallein is the toxic substance produced by the bacillus mallei when cultivated in the local glycerinated medium. The diagnostic value of the mallein reaction has been con- firmed by the practical experience of the last two decades; and, at the present time, it has been firmly established that mallein is an extremely delicate and reliable agent for the diagnosis of glanders. In performing the test, ophthalmic mallein is by far the best preparation to use. It is the most sensitive; gives the most ac- curate results; is absolutely reliable; and is much more convenient to api)ly than is the sulxrutaneous test. Conclusions. In conclusier eight inches of the duodenum in same condition as fundus of .stomach. Numennis red points .scattered over mucosa of entire small intestine. The mucosa of caecum and upper colon very slightly congested, but the remaining two-thirds intensel\ so. Hemorrhage here and there sufficient to stain the feces with HOG CHOLEBA — PKOUUCTION AND USE OF HOG-CIIOLEBA SEBUM. 181 blood. Cover glass preparations and cultures from splenic pulp revealed only hog cholera bacilli. In other experiments by sub- cutaneous inoculation of cultures he observed extravasations on auricular appendages of heart and on the lungs, with minute hemorrhages throughout the parenchyma of the lungs. Now let us compare these lesions with those given by Dorset as those of acute hog cholera. He mentions red or purplish blotches of the skin, small hemorrhagic spots in the lungs, hem- orrhages on the surface of the heart, spleen almost without excep- tion quite large, dark and soft, kidneys with dark red points over the surface frequently reminding one of the speckling of a tur- key's tgg, the lining membrane of the stomach very much inflamed and red, frequently showing evidence of ulceration, the outer .surface of the small intestine may be literally covered with bloody spots and the inner surface may be dotted with similar lesions. The outer surface of the large intestine may show the same hemorrhagic spots and the inner lining is frequently blood stained and has small areas of bloody extravasation. It is frequently fotind that the feces contained in the large intestine are bloody, due to hemorrhages. The lymphatic glands are enlarged and reddened, at times almost black. Dorset recapitulates as the importatit lesions found after death in acute hog cholera : I. Reddening of the skin. 2. Bloody spots in the lungs, on the surface of the heart, in the kidneys, on the outer surface and inner lining of the intestines and stomach. 3. Reddening of the Kmphatic glands. 4. Enlargement of the spleen. All of these, with the exception of hemorrhages on the outer surface of the intestines, were observed by Smith in the autopsies of acute cases of disease produced by inoculation with cultures of the hog cholera bacillus. It is clear, therefore, that it not only is difficult to make a diagnosis, except by laboratory methods, between disease caused by the hog-cholera bacillus and that caused by the filtrable virus, when they occur separately, but that it is equally difficult to specify 182 DANIEL E. SALMON. precisely the part played by each in the complex which we desig- nate hog cholera. To illustrate the practical application of these facts in explain- ing the phenomena of hog cholera, as encountered in dealing with this disease, a recent experience of the writer may be related. A carload containing about 90 shotes, supposed to be susceptible to hog cholera, were received at the plant of the Highland Serum Co., to be used for the production of virus and for testing serum. About half of these pigs were placed in a pen at one side of the grounds supposed to be free from infection, the other half was placed in infected pens. It was not long before those in the infected pens began to sicken, and inoculations were made with blood taken from them, both immediately before and immediately after death. Now, although the disease in these pigs assumed a very violent form, causing death in about two or three days from the appearance of the first symptoms, and although the lesions were very marked and coincided with those which we consider characteristic of hog cholera, particularly hemorrhages of the skin, of the surface of the heart, of the lungs, of the outer and inner coats of the intestines, of the lymphatic glands, and of the kidneys, with enlargement of the si)lcen, we never succeeded in rq)roducing the disease by inoculation of the shotes which had been held in the pen supposed to be uninfected. Three or four of this lot contracted the disease by infection, but these animals appeared immune to subcutaneous and intramuscular inocula- tions with the blood of those which sickened spontaneously, and, also, to the stock virus which we had on hand. Pigs from this lot were then inoculated with fresh cholera virus from three dif- ferent .sf)urces in which we have the utmost confidence, and in no case did cholera develop from these inoculations. What are wc to conclude from such an oxporicnce? in the first place, if the disea.se which dcveloi)ed spontaneously was chol- era, it should have been inoculablc by subcutaneous and intramus- cular injection of the blood of the dying and recently dead ani- mals. In the .second place, if these pigs haut Colonel . When he was a boy his father did not kcq) horses, and the Colonel was very anxious to have a horse. so he induced his father to buy one. He was later telling a friend one day of his great desire to own some good horses and • rrr*rnir«l lo the New York Sinle Ilrccdern' AwiocUtion, ut Syr(Ku»f, IVIuviaiy. itliers who have onjcn-od their acquaint- V\ ic most intimatclv concerned witli the staltis VETEBINABy EDUCATION. 205) I'f veterinary education within our own borders, as we are more vitally affected by conditions which reflect upon our own energies, than by circumstances which have but a remote bearing on our well being. With this reflection we must carefully consider what the great universities of this land are doing for veterinary edu- cation, and determine whether or not they are living up to the traditions of the individual institutions in other phases of ad- vancement. We can justly lay claim to the first institution which considered it necessary to extend the course of study from two to three years, at a time when other colleges beheved two years sufficient in which to give an adequate training. This one act on the part of the far-sighted dean of the School of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science of McGill University, Dr. D. McEachran, has borne fruit, and there is not now a recognized school on this continent or elsewhere which considers less than three years adequate, in fact, a great many colleges whose courses now extend over four years are considering the advisability of adding another year to their curricula. Such is the trend of modern thought along all educational lines, and to those who are assisting in the maintaining of lowered standards in any of the veterinary colleges, there should be extended the severest con- demnation from their colleagues. We cannot go farther without mentioning the name of Pro- fes.<5or James Law, so long connected with Cornell University, who successfully placed veterinary science in New York State, from a legislative and educational standpoint, on an equal foot- ing with human medicine, at a time when schools within that state were not equipped to meet the high standards demanded by legislative enactment. This advance has stimulated other states in the Union to an increased effort, and the federal govern- ment, through its Bureau of Animal Industry, indicates those institutions whose curricula are such that they may be expected to develop men suitable for service in the special work of the Bureau. Canada is forging ahead, and the examination required for entry into the Health of Animals Meat Inspection Service, is a step in the right direction, but the progress is slow and the 210 CHAS. H. HIQGINS. schools are not provided with sufficient funds to meet the demands of present-day educational requirements. As a profession, and I believe that trained veterinarians are professional men of the highest order, a greater amount of time is demanded in the study of its many branches than is required for proficiency in any other line of endeavor. That there has been a tendency on the part of some of those financially inter- ested in the exploitation of veterinary education to consider it as a trade rather than a profession, we are, perforce, compelled to admit. This tendency, however, has practically disappeared and the institutions now engaged in educating veterinarians are strengthening all phases of their curricula. As to the exact re- quirements and special training which may be insisted upon, there is naturally some difference of opinion. Each teacher considers his subject the fundamental one for the laying of a proper foundation; were it otherwise, the natural enthusiasm which should always exist would be wanting, and the details would be imparted in such a half-hearted manner that a student could scarcely eliminate the unimportant from the important features. If it were feasible, I would suggest that all desiring to perfect themselves as veterinarians should first take the prescribed cur- riculum in any of our leading agricultural colleges, after which they would be able to absorb the many intricate details in chemis- try, physiology, anatomy, pathology and other subjects which vary with each species of animal that a trained veterinarian may at any lime be called upon to treat. While such a scheme may be impracticable for immediate application, 1 am of the opinion that the greater portion of the agricultural college training con- nected with the feeding and breeding of live stock should be in- chided in the curriculum. This with a training similar to that now given in human medicine at our leading universities, using the horse as a type instead of the human being, and supplcincnt- ing such instruction l)y tiie inclusion of special fcilnrcs CDnntili'd with the various species of animals, so as to m iii< a iupKtc familiarity with the most pronounced peculiarities of each, would matcriallv assist in thoroughly grounding those electing to be- VETEBINAKY EDUCATION. 211 come proficient in this art and science. After submitting to such an apprenticeship, the individual graduate would feel capable of successfully dealing with many disorders which now puzzle all but the most experienced. His powers of discernment and intui- tion would be so developed that the greatest barrier to success, that of proper diagnosis, would largely be removed through his being conversant with the idiosyncrasies common to each species of animal. In opposition to the above outline it may be argued that these requirements are being fulfilled to-day, but if this is so there are few schools which are meeting them in their broad- est conception, and the highest practical development possible will not elevate in an excessive degree one who must be as versa- tile in his proficiency as the veterinarian should be. Many are unaware that a veterinarian may, in an ordinary day's routine, be called upon to treat, — a hog, whose anatomical and physiological functions are very similar to those of man; a cow, with a very complicated digestive apparatus, requiring four stomachs and the usual complemental intestinal arrangements for the full performance of its functions; a horse, with yet another type of digestive system; a dog, whose digestive organs will readily assimilate bones and the innumerable ptomaines found in decaying meat; yet this is but a small list, for one might go on indefinitely detailing innumerable animals, including birds, which may be maintained as commercial assets, fancy stock or household pets. It may be pertinent to remark that the newly created fox industry, or the commercialization of foxes for their fur, is presenting problems of more than ordinary concern, if the final result of the experiment is to be a success from the finan- cial standpoint. The turkey industry on this continent has been seriously menaced with extinction for the past twenty years by an infectious disease, and science has offered little to relieve the ravages thus occasioned. Fully trained men are required to deal with these and many other problems equally important. These references are extraordinary, but indicate certain ramifications of the science which must be provided for in the education of the modern veterinarian. 212 CHAS. H. HIQGINS. In view of the versatility demanded of the trained veterina- rian, is it reasonable to expect that an ordinary mortal can in three or four years assimilate even sufficient basic knowledge for dealing with all or even a portion of these animals, when it requires five years in our best universities to perfect one's self in the art of ministering to the ills associated with the human species? Again, not only are we confronted with the variations which I have very superficially enumerated without specific de- tail, but we have variations in the action of drugs, a different series of contagious diseases, some of which may be intercom- municable among all or a few species, and last but not least, as a diagnostician, the trained veterinarian must determine the loca- tion of a disorder, not by interrogating the patient as is the case in human medicine, but by properly directed observation and elimination. It was Hierocles,* who, at the latter end of the fourth or the beginning of the fifth century, indicated the difficulty of diagno- sis in the following words : " In men there is an inborn faculty of speech by which they can express what is troubling them, nevertheless those skilled in the healing art consider the observa- tion of symptoms necessary. How much more needful, then, must it be in veterinary practice to observe these symptoms of disease recognized as such by our traditional art in animals which are dumb by nature." In fact, there is practically no guide save the knowledge which is secured by the closest application, assisted by intuition, and accompanied by a natural aptitude for the work in hand. From an environmental standpoint we are a meat-eating nation. We are not producing all that we consume in meat, meat food and animal products, yet we have one of the largest areas of fertile lands on the globe. The total value of live stock in * tbiJ. Hierocic* it by tome coniidered a lawyer, but hi* writing show tliut hr wu convrrnani, with a more than onlinary intimnry, with t)ir vrtrriiuiry art nn it «jlitt«d in hid ila)r, and in a manner which could l>r neriiml only bv actual fotitiirt and practice with iinttii.il- 'I wo hoAka writtrn by him were five hundred vpar» later the MM of a worit >* ' rndrij to |>er|>ctuatr (or all time the practice oi the Uyzantinc ▼tMrinarlan*. 'I ) ■•( ilir linal acntmrc quoted indicate* that the art of veter- \lUUy Itir'lirllir \i., \, UlwiWll inr II lililK lime. VETERINABY EDUCATION. 213 Canada approximates seven hundred millions of dollars.f Basing the yearly loss at five per cent., which is a very conservative esti- mate, due to preventible causes, there is an economic loss to the country of thirty-seven million dollars per year. The cost to the country of the Health of Animals Service, whose duty it is to protect the animals of Canada from the spread of contagious dis- eases within its borders and the prevention of their entry from without, is but three hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars or considerably less than one per cent. With this vast investment, it is apparent that the time is ripe for properly safeguarding this great live stock industry which is one of the principal assets of our country. Probably the best means of safeguarding this great interest is to see that adequate provision is made for the suitable training of such material as may present itself at the existing veterinary colleges. This raw material must first be equipped with the basic education necessary for the proper assimilation of such facts as may be presented in the purely technical studies required. Without such a founda- tion, the superstructure cannot be raised with a reasonable assur- ance that the individual will be capable of coping with the many problems presented to him after he has graduated. Sufficient schools of a proper standard are hot now available in Canada, therefore, we may ask, are our universities unequal to the task which is at their door? Other departments are being generously endowed and equipped, yet one of the most important phases of higher education is being silently ignored or overlooked. $5,000 FOR A Clydesdale Colt. — Fairholme Farms of New Jersey, the property of R. A. Fairbairn, announce the transfer to F. Lothrop Ames, of Massachusetts, of the ten-months-old Clydesdale colt, Fairholme Footprint. The price was $5,000, a record for a colt of that age. Fairholme Footprint is one of the most sensationally bred colts of the breed. * * * — (Breed- er's Gazette.) t The Superintendent of Compilation of the iqii Census, Mr. E. S. Macphail, has supplied figures from which the following values have been estimated: Horses, $426,- 903.930; milch cows, $123,362,225; other cattle, $76,228,020; sheep, $14,510,400; swine. $24,914,714. The total figures for poultry are not availahle but are estimated at $15,000,000. British Columbia figures are not available and are estimated at $61,591,761. The total from these figures is $742,511,050. FUNDAMENTALS OF GOOD LIVE STOCK SANITARY CONTROL WORK.* By M. H. Reynolds, University of Minnesota and State Live Stock Sanitary Board. The reasons for the existence of live stock sanitary control work are not many. I can think of but two. There is, first, the protection of human health against infectious diseases of lower animals; arid there is one other reason, the protection of live stock from preventible disease and consequent losses. Social and economical reasons for protecting human health are plain enough. Protection of live stock from infectious dis- ease means the protection of our whole social structure, because a prosperous agriculture is alisolutely essential to human well- l^eing and in our country animal husbandry is absolutely essential to a prosperous agriculture. No one can ever give us any reliable figures for value to the United States of the live stock sanitary control work which has twice eradicated foot and mouth disease. What financial state- ment can we ever have that will adequately express value to the South and through the South to the whole country, of original research work and subsecjuent control work which opened a way of eradication for Texas Fever, and which is now actually pro- gressing at the rate of from 25,000 to 40,000 square miles a year. The eradication of pletiro-pneumonia from this country can never be valued in dollars and cents. In this day no one can reasonably question a great need as justification for the existence of a well organized, well supported, and all around efficient state live stock sanitary control work. Present Situation. ICvery honest veterinarian who has stues not hinge upon the continuance in office or the personality of any one man. FUNDAMENTALS OF GOOD LIVE STOCK SANITABV CONTBOL VVOBK. lilD There are difficulties in the way of this board plan, but there are greater compensating advantages. Difficulties. Antagonisms. — A retarding factor all too common in veter- inary control w^ork on whatever plan, has been antagonisms be- tween state veterinary sanitary work and agricultural experiment station authorities. This difficulty has cropped up in so many states that there can be no question of its presence or its im- portance. The explanation of this is easy and the remedy is easy. The two fields over-lap. Two different state institutions receiving financial support from the same state legislature are trying to do the same work and easily become rivals for reputa- tion and for support before the same public. There should be organic relation in the work. Certain lines of work may properly be done by either one and for this reason there must be mutual agreement with the general principle in view that the first and chief duty of sanitary authority is police control work — not re- search. In the absence of some organic relation there must be over-lapping, competition and antagonism, if both bodies are ambitious and active. Future sanitary boards are going to need all the foundation and backing that can possibly be secured when they tackle the great problems of tuberculosis and hog cholera and glanders in earnest. So far, most state boards and state veterinarians have been only playing hide and seek with these problems of tremen- dous importance. There must be harmony and co-operation in place of divis- ion and antagonism. This unity and co-operation must include more than the agricultural college and station. It must include live stock and other agricultural organizations. If these two general propositions be true, then some at least, possibly a majority, of the board members should be there ex- officio to give harmony, stability and further freedom from polit- ical entanglement. These ex-officio members should represent permanent and 220 M. H. REYNOLDS. influential organizations of stockmen and veterinarians. And the agricultural experiment station should be represented on the membership to secure harmony and unity of service in a common field, and to add in stabihty. I do not believe it best or desirable for an agricultural college to do the direct executive work ex- cept when political or other conditions make such arrangement imperative. A sanitary board thus closely organized with such institutions as the state live stock breeders association, or agricultural college, or state dairyman's association, or state veterinary association would necessarily have greater stability, a more general public confidence, and immensely greater influence,' than members se- lected at random by a governor or frequently by his private sec- retary, who may know little of live stock sanitary work or its needs. Finding Executive Officer. — It is difficult to find a good executive officer for such a board. The only way we have at present of getting a good executive officer is to select the most promising veterinarian we can find in private practice ; take him into state work, and train him for a new job. He must, of course, have energy, be capable of learning office methods ; must be firm but tactful ; must have brains and capacity for appreciat- ing big problems and for dealing with general issues. It takes time to train such men for their work, but on the other hand if successful, he may be continued in office as long as the Board is satisfied with his work. Sudden changes in the political com- plexion of the state do not in the least affect his tenure of office or the probability of his being able to continue work under way. Hybrid plan.— -A few states have a plan that is a sort of un- l)rocluctive hybrid — a cross between the state veterinarian plan and the sanitary l)oard plan as approved by the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association. These states have a small sanitary commission, but their secretary is appointed for them by the Kovcmor under tlie title of state veterinarian. Serious weak- nesses in this plan are self-evident. The executive officer so ap- pointed may be entirely out of harmony with the policies of the FUNDAMENTALS OF GOOD LIVE STOCK SANITARY CONTROL WOKK. 221 board. His retention does not depend upon giving satisfactory service to the board but upon ability as a politician. There is necessarily instability and frequent changes where there should be stabilty and permanence. The Future. The possibilities for future work with bovine tuberculosis are simply fascinating. We have a large amount of reliable information concerning the disease. We have a simple, accurate and rapid diagnosis for it. We have the advantage now of many years of agitation and public education. The easy possibility of simple and compara- tively rapid eradication from pure bred herds has already been demonstrated in a practical way. Breeders here and there all over this country are advertising tuberculin-tested, guaranteed tuberculosis-free herds. We have a considerable number of definite propositions in control work settled for tuberculosis. The field is ripe. The prospects are immense. Infectious abortion is just beginning to be appreciated at its enormous importance. We already have two accurate means for diagnosis. We have an encouraging possibility in front of us for its seriousness and ready to co-operate. Breeders and even veterinarians did not concede its true importance. This field is already ripe now for the biggest and best work that any state live stock sanitary board can be made capable of doing. Can there be any question but that the appropriations usually provided by states for veterinary sanitary control work have been inadequate and unwisely inadequate? Can there be reason- able doubt that money intelligently used by an efficient sanitary machine is capable of bringing to the state an interest yearly earned by other public investments. Consider for a moment the entire livestock values of your state and their social significance. What in proportion would an annual appropriation of $50,000 a year be for your sanitary control work? An agricultural state can ill afiford not to spend money gener- M. H. REYNOLDS. ously to protect her live stock interests. Our appropriation is but a trifle in proportion to the interests which we are protecting with it. In order to secure large and increasing appropriations con- tinued through any number of years, it is absolutely necessary that the livestock sanitary authorities must do efficient and con- scientious work. Funds must be handled with the most scrupu- lous honesty and managed so as to bring the best possible returns for the state making the investment. It is necessary for such au- thority to have the confidence and backing of livestock interests and veterinarians of the state. And it must be clear that large appropriations and important legislation are not for the board — clear that the board is merely an agent responsible for wise hand- ling, and clear that funds and the benefit of what may seem strong legislation merely pass through the board to the livestock owner and a general public that is dependent on prosperous ani- mal husbandrv. He Drives a Shetland. — Big six cars may be all right for those who like them, but so far as President \^incent. of the University of Minnesota, is concerned a Shetland pony has more sense and is better company, according to the Minneapolis Tribune. That is why it is not unusual to sec a little Shetland hitched to a go-cart staiuling in front of the administration build- ing on the campus, while powerful automobiles sulk in front of it and behind it — the pony waiting for Dr. Vincent and the automobiles for regents or deans or just plain professors. " Pinto " is the Shetland's name and he belongs to the youngest of the Vincent family. He is said to be extraordi- narily intelligent, and to l)e able to detect sugar in an approaching pocket with a certainty that would do credit to a doctor of chemistry. Dr. Vincent has not vet ventured on the downtown strcet.s iK'hind the Shetland. Init he drives behind him between his home and the university without anv loss of his own dignity and considerably to the augmenting of that of the Shetland. — (Our Dumb Animals.) Dr. C. M. McFakland Has Rkmoved from St. Joseph, Mo., t») Spokane, Washington. ANTISEPTICS VERSUS GERMICIDES.* By Robert T. Morris, M.D., New York, Professor of Surgery, New York Postgraduate Medical School and Hospital. When we are giving information to royalty, it is customary to preface our remarks with the statement " as Your Majesty already knows," even though we are discussing so distant a ques- tion as that of partridges in America. When presenting notes on the subject of antiseptics versus germicides this evening to an audience of surgeons, I am stating only what your majesties already know, but commonly forget. Protoplasm is the basic unit of organic life. Bacteria and the body cells of higher organisms both consist of protoplasm. Things which commonly injure the one commonly injure the other. Bacteria are simple morphologically, but complex chemic- ally. The higher organisms consist of aggregations of single cells, each one of which is simple like the bacterium morphologically, but complex in its chemical relationships. In the course of evolu- tion bacterium and body cell have come to be peers as a result of the struggle for existence. Under ordinary conditions a very good balance of nature is maintained between bacterium and body cell. When the higher organism receives a wound, this balance is temporarily upset and the surgeon is called to the aid of the higher organism. He chooses one of several resources: i. A germicide which is de- structive to bacterium and to body cell equally, 2, an antiseptic which merely inhibits the development of bacteria, but is not in- jurious to their protoplasm or to that of body cells, or 3, saline solution with a salt content which makes it isotonic with the blood serum of man, or Ringer's solution containing various salts which are isotonic with human blood serum. The time for employment of germicides is chiefly in that brief • Read before New York Academy of Medicine (Surgical Section), December 5, 1913. Reprinted from N. Y. Med. Journal. January 10, 1914. 223 224 BOBEBT T. MOBBIS. interv^al between the receipt of a wound, and organization of effort on the part of body cells for purposes of defense. Germi- cides may also be employed for preparing the skin of the patient and the hands of the surgeon. As soon as the body cells of the patient have recovered from the shock of a wound, and have organized their defense, germicides may be equally injurious to bacterium and to body cells, with a certain advantage to be sure in favor of the patient, because there is the vis a tergo of his ag- gregation of body cells which continues to deliver energy to the body cells in the vicinity of the wound, and to their agents the phagocytes. The bacterium has to work alone, singlehanded. In the course of an aseptic operation, when bacteria are mostly kept out of a wound, and likewise in open wounds \\\ which the body cells have organized their defense, germicides may be extremely injurious. The surgeon is to depend instead upon antiseptics which are not germicides, or upon saline solution or Ringer's solution for mechanical cleansing purposes. We first noted the harmful influence of germicides in ab- dominal surgery because the peritoneum so forcibly resents in- jury in the pretty protoplasm of its dainty endothelium. Tlie •surgeon has not been so alert in perceiving the kind of harm which follows carelessness in choice between antiseptics and germicides which are to be employed in external open wound treatment. Bichloride of mercury, carbolic acid, hydrogen peroxide and iodine are all germicides. They injure the protoplasm of the cells called bacteria, and protoplasm of our body cells. They are extremely useful in a small part of the surgeon's work when wisely employed. When employed in every day service by sur- geons and by the laity as household remedies they may be ex- tremely harmful. The beef trust taught us a lesson. When dressed beef was immersed in very weak solutions of benzoate of soda, boric acid, or salicylic acid, it was found that saprophytes postponed their activities, even though the cells of the beef had lost their power of vital resistance. These simple antiseptics, which are nearly inert as germicides, will do for wounds what they do for beef. ANTISEPTICS VERSUS GEBMICIDES. 225 In the presence of the body cells of a living organism they inhibit the development of bacteria until such time as the body cells have organized their defense. Paraffin oil, we have lately come to learn, may be grouped among the antiseptics which are not germi- cides. It does not destroy bacteria nor injure body cells, but bac- teria will not grow well in its presence. Under certain circumstances it is desirable for us to employ antiseptics which are not germicides, but which have the peculiar effect of stimulating the development of repair cells. In this class we find the anilin which in its purified form is known as scarlet red, and dioxychinoHn sulphate, freed from its potassium ad- mixture. Scarlet red may overstimulate, and must be employed with skill. Purified dioxychinolin sulphate [Dr. Morris was speaking of Chinosol as we have learned on inquiry. He gave the chemical name in addition, but the latter was the only one quoted when the manuscript was edited.], when used as we formerly used bichloride of mercury, in the same strength of solu- tion, has a greater antiseptic power than the latter (according to the report of the Council of Pharmacy of the American Medical Association) and yet is a feeble germicide. Both these substances belong to the group chosen by the surgeon who wishes to employ an antiseptic which is not a germicide, and which at the same time has special function in stimulating the development of re- pair cells. In the course of development of the principles of the third or pathological era of surgery, we were all so deeply imbued with the idea of assuring chemical destruction of bacteria and their products, that we overlooked the influence which germicides ex- erted in destruction of body cells and their agents at the same time. This influence had to be met by unduly prolonged effort on the part of the reserve energy belonging to the aggregation of cells constituting a higher organism. We ran afoul of Newton's third law. The germicides which became popular during the pathological era of surgery have now passed into household use, and on the whole may perhaps be said to do more harm than good. The repair of a wound is long delayed by continued employment 226 BOBEBT T. MOBBIS. of such germicides as bichloride of mercury, peroxide of hydrogen and carbolic acid. According to the principles of the fourth or physiological era of surgery, which is just now emerging, the idea is to turn the patient over to himself, to give him home rule in the simplest way possible and to aid him in meeting his hereditary enemy — the bacterium — with his own defense organs — the body cells — without making the task more difficult by employing germicide bomb shells which throw fragments into the ranks of enemy and friend alike. The Report of the Veterinary Director General of Canada, Dr. F. Torrance, under authority of the Canadian De- partment of Agriculture, has recently been received, and, as might be surmised, is a very complete statistical report of animal diseases existent in Canada. Dr. Harry Kvenson Home on Leave of Absence: Dr. Harry Evenson, Wahpeton, North Dakota, who is in the fed- eral service in the Philippine Islands, is home on a visit to his native state. We congratulate the doctor, and trust that every minute of his visit will be a pleasant one. Horse Breeding in Montana is the title of a report pub- lished as Bulletin No. 4 by the State of Montana Stallion Regis- tration Board. The data for this report was compiled by Dr. !•-. H. Riley and Miss M. Kleven, and is a very interesting and instructive little book of more than 60 pages, illustrated. New York State Veterinary Medical Society Will Hold Its Twenty-fifth Anniversary at Rochester, August 11,12 and 13, 1914. This will be a jubilee meeting in commemo- ration of the organization of the society in that city a quarter of a century ago. In addition to the rcadiii^^ and discussion of papers, and the excellent clinics, both siirj;ical and diagnostic (for which the New York State society is noted), an historical sketch of the organization and development of the society will lie presented by a committee appointed by tiie president to pre- pare same. SCISSORS AND^TISSUE SEPARATION vs. THE KNIFE. By John Lynn Leonaru, D.V'.M., Astoria, New York. Most of US have a hobby, as it is called, on some one thing or another in regard to our work ; and sincerely believe that there is no other method equal to it. My patrticular favorite happens to be the use of scissors in surgery in preference to the knife, and the separation of muscular fibres, whenever possible, instead of cutting them. Of course it is impossible to use the scissors in every case, but the numerous in- stances in which they may be used by one in the practice of handling them is amazing. Many of these are cases in which the average practitioner never even considers their value. A friend of mine who is a very prominent and successful human surgeon has used scissors as a general instrument ever since I have known him, and long before. No matter what the operation is, whether a serious laparotomy or merely a slight wound, the scissors are on hand and he never forgets to use them. While still a student I became interested in his methods and picked up a number of valuable points from him; the foremost of which, I consider his choice of instruments. At first I looked upon him as crank, but now I think I am just as much one. The most prominent operations in which the use of scissors may play an important part, and in which the separation of mus- cular fibres may also be combined, are laparotomies of the various kinds. In these operations the patients should of course be fasted, purged and catheterized so that the abdomen may be empty and thus ofYer the least amount of resistance possible. After the anesthesia is complete and the field of operation is prepared in the usual manner the loose skin is seized with a pair of forceps and lifted slightly. Then, using scissors having one sharp pointed blade and the other slightly blunt, thrust the sharp pointed one through the skin and under it as far as the length of the intended 227 228 JOHN LYNN LEONASD. incision and make one clean cut. By this method there is not as much annoyance from cutaneous vessels owing to the pressure of the two blades upon them in opposite directions just before severing, especially if the cutting edges are slightly dull, which they really should be, for this work. The muscle now being ex- posed, the points of the two blades, closed together, are used to carefully separate the fibres from one another in their longitudinal direction down to the peritoneum and retractor forceps inserted to hold the two walls apart. Next force the blunt point of the scissors through the peritoneum at one end of the incision, then, making sure that no organs are in the way, insert the blade the length of the opening above, at the same time gently lifting the membrane as much as possible and make another clean cut, as through the skin at the beginning of the operation. The abdom- inal cavity is now open, and for whatever is to be done inside there is no better cutting instrument than a pair of scissors. The stomach, an intestine, or the bladder may be punctured and in- cised the same as the skin, and for excising a part they are far superior to the knife. For the latter work the curved scissors are the best and most convenient to handle. I will now refer briefly to the two subjects separately. For removing warts and tumors of the various kinds, es- pecially those of the eyes or eyelids; amputation of the tail, toes and other small members ; and for trimming ragged wounds the scissors are by far more preferal)le than the knife when one is in the hal)it of using them, and are mucli safer and more harmless to the patient in case of accident either on the part of the operator or that of the patient. In regard to the latter I consider them indispensable in laparotomy, as there is practically no danger of injury to an internal organ, wliich is so liable to occur with the knife. Now as to separating the strands of muscular fibres in prefer- ence to cutting through them ! When a mason builds a brick wall he mismatches his bricks that the wall may be strong and hold firmly together. It is the .same with nature when she builds a miwcle out of fibres. When the mason repairs a hole in the SCISSORS AND TISSUE SEPARATION VS. THE KNIFE. 229 wall he follows the same method as in building it ; so does nature when she repairs an injured muscle. If the mason is compelled by some circumstance to place his bricks so that the ends come to- gether in a straight line he has a hard time keeping them in place until the mortar hardens and even then there is a great weakness left. Exactly the same with nature. If her fibres are cut in a straight line and placed back together again in the same manner she is put to a severe test and finds it very difficult to hold the two smooth surfaces in place until she can cement them together so that they will hold. If, on the other hand, the fibres are carefully separated from one another in a longitudinal direction and then replaced in their original position so that they overlap each other she has very little trouble in binding them rapidly and safely together again. Furthermore, there is far less danger of hernia occurring after the operation, less danger of hemorrhage during it, and two muscles, one upon the other but running in different direction, may be penetrated in this manner by the aid of retractor forceps. To close the wound very little stitching is necessary, for, as stated above, nature is so assisted in her own method of healing that with the over-lapping and slightly sw^ollen fibres firmly pressing against one another union readily takes place and very little mechanical aid is required. As Mark Twain once remarked : " A man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds." These ideas, however, are not new. They are old and have been in use by various human sur- geons for years. Yet veterinarians, as a whole, seem to be very slow to adopt them, whether it be unwillingness to depart from former customs, unbelief, or neglect to try out that which appears new. But I am fully convinced that if one once becomes thor- oughly acquainted with the above methods from a practical stand- point he will never depart from them. New Jersey State Board of Veterinary Examiners will hold its next examination for license to practice veterinary medi- cine in the State of New Jersey, on Friday and Saturday, June 26th and 27th, at the State House, Trenton, commencing at lo a. m. REPORTS OF CASES. PROLAPSUS OR EVERSION OF THE RECTUM IN A COLT. By S. R. Howard/ P.D.Q., Hillsboro, Ohio. " In all science error precedes truth, and it is better it should go first than last." Walpole. Subject was a fair conditioned long two-year old gelding, on thin and dry pasture, which co-exists with and often will cause prolapsus of rectum in horses and colts, and naturally I believed the pasture to be the cause of this case. Rectum was everted to the size of a quart cup, greatly con- gested, sHghtly torn and bleeding, but seemed to cause no an- noyance to the colt. Rectum had been emptied manually. The hair of dock was platted, and the eversion bathed for a considerable time with hot alum water, and at the same time sub- jecting it to pressure with hand cloth covered, thereby reducing and returning it, and which was then well greased. Left large syringe with which owner agreed to inject the rectum with warm milky water se\eral times per day. Should the part reappear (which it did occasionally) it was to be returned as had been done by myself. The colt was appropriately fed and allercle bacilli in milk and excreta from other acid-fast organisms, such as timothy grass bacillus, dung and butter l)acillns. the writer proceeds as follows: " 1 make my films and smears in the usual way, care being taken to spread the mate- rial uniformly and thinly. They hc lluii stained with hot carbol fuchsin, the films are then imnin-td m boiling water for 2 or 2,'/S minutes without being treated previously wiili any discolor- ABSTBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 241 ing agents. The slides with films of timothy grass, dung and butter bacillus thus treated are found to be decolorized, but the tubercle bacillus retains its stain even after 2^ minutes immer- sion. In some of the slides I met an occasional tubercle bacillus even after boiling three minutes. If a film treated in the same manner and boiled from 2 to 23^ minutes still shows stained bacilli, those may be safelv put down as tubercle bacilli." — (Vet. Rec.) Mitral Disease in the Horse [£. IVallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S.] — Twenty-five-year-old hunter has been, up to lately, in apparent health, having only on few occasions cedematous con- dition of the sheath. Now he is emaciated, has capricious appe- tite, an cedematous swelling is between the fore limbs, has ^ slight CEdema along the abdominal region, the sheath is swollen also. The pulse is difficult to count, is irregular and weak. Res- piration accelerated. Occasional cough is present, visible mucous membranes pale. Auscultation shows marked irregularity of the cardiac impulse. At the apex the sounds of the heart cannot be clearly differentiated from each other, the action of the heart is tumultuous. Towards the base of the heart, loud grating bellows murmur, systolic in character, is. detected, it conceals the first sound, the second sound is much louder than normal. No in- crease in the area of cardiac region. Distinct pulsation is clearly visible towards the base of the heart. Jugular pulse on both sides. No treatment is prescribed, the animal was destroyed. Post mortem revealed : Enlarged heart, left auricle much dilated, mitral valve thickened and hard, cauliflower growth between the insertion of the chorda tendineae, left ventricle hypertrophied. — (Vet. News.) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard. M.D.. V.M. Interesting Case of Osteitis Sequelae of Distemper [MM. Bordcnare and Camhan, Army Veter.]. — A mare, seven years old, pure Anglo- Arab breed, had distemper. She remained thin and delicate. She had a cutaneous manifestation, where she lost her hairs almost all over the whole body and recovered. For the following three years she had articular synovitis of the hocks which disappeared. She has had fistulous withers which remained more or less rebellious to treatment and finallv she now 242 ABSTKAGTS FBOM EXCHANGES. has all the manifestations of osteitis. There are exostosis at various points of the skeleton. Large on the inner face of the tibia, they are enormous on the right. The hock in that region measures 57 cm. round. On the opposite leg it measures 43. Both large metatarsal are deformed by the presence of exostoses. There is also a large one at the inferior extremity of the right fore-arm. The internal condyle of the right femur is large also, and there is one as large as a child's fist on the sternum at the girth seat. All those are painless. It is peculiar to notice that as these exostoses began to make their appearance, the condition of the withers improved, and radical, spontaneous recovery took place. Chronic Pyometry [Directeur Herbet]. — Ten-year-old cow, apparently in good health, has had for several years abdominal pains. She is a strong animal, does hard work, and her appe- tite has always been good. She shows, when examined, the symp- toms of chronic peritonitis with fluid in the abdomen. She died, was examined, and the cause of her peritonitis was made out. There was nothing wrong in the digestive organs. The uterus was very large, weighing seven kilograms. It had on the inferior and median part of the body a large ecchymotic spot, with a cir- cular ulceration about 10 cm. in diameter. The internal face of the uterus had no cotyledons ; there was no communication with the vagina; there was no neck of the uterus, and the vagina formed a true cul-de-sac of very large dimensions. The histo- logical study of the walls of the uterus showed the lesions of chronic suppurative metritis. As there was no communication l)et\veen the uterus and the vagina, there was then pyometry. — {Journ. de Zoot.) Chondroma of the Fingers [Prof. Dr. /'. Ball]. — ^The author says : " I have had occasion to observe a case of chon- drosarcoma of the finger, with numerous vi.sceral metastasis. in a ten-year-old dog. The small toe of the right hand seemed reduced to the first phalanx, which, at its free extremity, had a ncopla.sm, widening in its form, largely ulcerated on its surface granular and inflamed. The tumor was hard, and on .section, the .surface has an as|)ect Ccirtilaginous, viz. : the characters of ;i chondroma. The growth mea.sured 4 cm. in length and 5 in width. The post mortem revealed besides the presence of metas- tatic centers in the lungs and kidneys also one in the pancreas. The hiMological examinati suggest remedies. The principal recommendations v^cre tli' formation of an anny veterinary corps of non-commissioned offi- IBMY VETEBINABY DEPARTMENT. 251 cers and men to assist veterinary officers in the discharge of their duties, and the grant of combatant rank and titles to the latter. This was granted by the royal warrant of 5th October, 1903, and soon afterwards veterinary hospitals were established in the large military stations in the United Kingdom and in South Africa. A section constituted a unit, its war establishment being fixed at 2 officers and 113 non-commissioned officers and men. Veterinary officers are detailed for duty with the various units of the army, and to them is confided the veterinary super- vision and care of animals. They make frequent inspections for contagious disease, and bring to the notice of commanding officers any measures necessary for the health and condition of the ani- mals under their professional care. They superintend the dress- ing of simple cases by the regimental staff of units, sending the more serious ones to hospital for treatment. With a view to forming a reserve of officers to come to the assistance of the army in time of war, two officers' training corps have recently been organized at the Royal Veterinary College, Dublin, and the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, Edinburgh. Students are drilled and receive instruction on military organiza- tion and discipline, especial attention being paid to that which ap- plies to the. veterinary service. Selected candidates, after quali- fying, receive commissions in the special reserve of officers and undergo a further course of instruction for three months at the Army Veterinary School and in a veterinary hospital. During this training they receive the pay and allowances of their rank, and receive in addition an annual retaining fee up to the age of 40. The veterinary service of the territorial force, which hitherto has been on a regimental basis, is now being reorganized to re- semble the veterinary service of the regular army. Responsibility and efficiency go hand in hand, and it is realised in the United Kingdom that no branch of the Army can be of any great value in a critical situation unless it is given authority to take the initiative in duties which are strictly its own. The work of the officers of the army veternary corps includes the veterinary supervision, the care and treatment of sick animals, the discipline and maintenance of combatants under their charge, and the re- plenishment of medicines, dressings and other stores. Such duties bring the officers of the army veterinary corps into close touch with the general work of the army. They are as much concerned as those of other units in the provision of food, cloth- ing and other requirements to their men, in arranging their 2S2 ABMY VETEBINABY DEPABTMENT. camps and generally in exercising the same functions as officers of other units with the exception of actual combatant work. This system of training has evolved a class of officer in the veterinary service whose efforts has had a far reaching effect on horse economy and in the improvement in the health of the animals of the British army. Garrison Steele, M.D., D.V.M. RECENT INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ETIOLOGY OF CONTAGIOUS PNEUMONIA OF HORSES, AND THE SALVARSAN TREATMENT OF THIS DIS- EASE. Since the above article appeared in the American Veteri- nary Review of February, 1914, Staff-Veterinarian Luhrs, of the German army, has published the following statement, giving further results obtained in the investigations of this disease: Experiments with the Complement-Fixation Method of Contagious Pneumonia. In these experiments an alcoholic extract from lungs of dis- eased horse was used as an antigen. With this extract com- plement-fixation bodies show in the serum of every affected horse which is still in the fever stage. The reaction becomes negative after the fever ceases. A positive reaction could also be observed in some older horses, apparently well, but of which it could not be ascertained whether they had previously suffered from the disease. In new- lx)rn foals, and in horses which were known not to have been previously sick with the disease, a negative reaction was constant. The serum of young horses sick with febrile strangles or septicaemia acted always negative. Two glanders sera did not react to the antigen of contagious pneumonia, neither did llu- contagious-pneumonia .serum on glanders antigen. Several experiments with extract from bronchial glands ot cases of contagious pneumonia correspond with the abovi- results. Tlie same result was obtained when, instead of the antigen of contagions pneumonia, a liver extract of lues was used as api»lie(l in tlu* W'asserman nu'thod for human syphili?^. The fact is also noteworthy that Innnan luetic scnun produces a complement fixation with the extract of lungs of conl.igions pneumonia ami of the bronchial glands. ABMY VETEBINABY DEPARTMENT. 253 In all these experiments, extending over several hundred sera, the necessary controls have been made. It was not possible to secure a diagnosis of contagious pneumonia based on the Abderhalden dialysis test. Many such experiments were made, but the results obtained were extremely contradictory. Olaf Schwarzkopf. Expert Examination of Stallions Under State Laws. The Breeders Gazette, in its issue of April 2, 1914, brings the following note as correspondence : The Ohio Stallion Law. In several articles in recent issues of The Gazette I have seen mention of the Ohio law for the examination of stallions. I have witnessed quite a number of such examinations recently by the state expert. If these were any criterion, the stallion law of Ohio is a farce, pure and simple. It is a well Icnown fact, conceded by the veterinary profession generally, that thick wind and periodic ophthalmia (moon blindness) are hereditary and transmissible. The expert made no test of the wind, and gave only a glancing look at the eyes. The . teeth were not looked at. The stallion was not examined to see if he was afflicted with vesicular or coital exanthema. Section 3 of the law says that " upon such examination a certificate shall be issued to the owner setting forth the transmissible defects." Could such a thing be possible with this kind of examination? Darke Co., O. Stallion Owner. If this statement of the correspondent of the Breeders Ga- zette is correct, it is to be hoped that the " state expert," referred to in this note, was not a veterinarian. If so, he will by his ap- parent " mildness " of examination do a harm to the intent of the state stallion law, and contribute towards a. prejudice against the veterinary profession ; destroying in the very l^eginning the good prospects of a new kind of work that we are in a fair way of winning by our special study and training. Those of us who have had experience in the examination of stallions and mares for breeding operations know full well that only a thorough examination is just to all, and leads to uniform results. Often it is not an easy task, complicated by the argu- ments of the owner of breeding stock. The young practitioner will have to add to the phrase of the horse dealer of " serviceably sound " the often heard phrase of the small breeder of " sound for breeding." Particularly the owner of brood mares is apt to regard the most glaring defects of conformation and sound- ness as " not hereditary, but only acquired," and he will cite text- books on breeding as his authority, even if it is evident to a lay- man that the mare is not worth the service of a good stallion. 254 AKMY VETEKINABY DBIPAKTMENT. But here the complaint is reversed, and a stalHon owner him- self objects to the insufficiency of an examination. The case looks so strange to us that we feel justified in concluding that this examination was not performed by a veterinary " expert," who would certainly have better appreciated and understood the dicta of veterinary science and his responsibility. Olaf Schwarzkopf. Articles for June Issue — Some Already in Type : Com- parativc Medicine, W. H. Dalrymple; The Production of Arti- ficial Immunity Against Tuberculosis in Animals, S. H. Gilli- land ; Maine Livestock Industry, A. Joly ; The Tissue Food, John A. McLaughlin; The Intercellular Fluid and Its Relation to Health and Disease, Thomas B. Kenny ; Six Expcriuicntal Cases of Tetanus in Carnivora, L. S. N. Walsh ; and several others. Texas Or Tick Fever is the subject of U. S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 569, by Dr. John R. Mohler, Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. This little bulletin of 24 pages, with illustrations, covers every phase of the tick question, and is a valuable medium for the distribution of knowledge to the cattle raisers on this important question. The Canadian Standard Magazine for February. i<)r4, published at Calgary, All^erta, Canada, was recently received at the Review office, and contains a striking picture of our esteemed collalxirator, John Gunion Rutherford, published in connection with a very interesting sketch of Dr. Rutherford's life and ac- tivities in Canada, under the head of " Notable Canadians." Most of us feel that we know of all the greatness of this great veterinarian, but the Standard's account of his life, politically and in the interests of agriculture in Canada, show him to be even a bigger man than we had conceived him. Review Like Old Stock Pkkscuii'tion : Dr. H. N. !-ames, who has left Livcrmorc halls, Maine, to ojjcn a ho.spital in San- ford, that state, says in notifying us of his change of address,- " I must have the Review; it is like the old stock prescriptions." SOCIETY MEETINGS. CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION. The annual meeting of the above association was held in Hartford, at Hotel Garde, Tuesday, February 3, 1914. Meeting was called to order at 11.30 a. m. by President Whitney. After reading of minutes of the previous meeting, reports of the secre- tary and treasurer were read and approved. Two applications for membership were presented and referred to the board of censors. Officers elected: President, Dr. Geo, T. Crowley; ist vice- president. Dr. V. M. Knapp; 2d vice-president. Dr. A. T. Gil- yard ; secretary. Dr. B. K. Dow ; treasurer, Dr. Thos. Bland ; board of censors. Dr. G. W. Loveland, Dr. Geo. L. Cheney, Dr. H. Whitney, Dr. G. E. Corwin, Jr., and Dr. P. T. Keeley. Adjourned for lunch at 12.30 and reconvened at 2.30. Un- der the head of new business, the matter of illegal practice in the state was brought up for discussion, resulting in an action instructing the president to appoint five members, at a future date, to act as a prosecuting committee, and that money be ap- propriated out of the treasury to defray the necessary expenses of the committee. Later the president appointed Drs. G. W. Loveland, H. E. Bates, J. E. Underbill, H. Whitney and G. V. Towne as members of that committee. Arrangements were made for holding the semi-annual meet- ing in Waterbury the first Tuesday in August next. The day will be devoted to surgical clinics, and the banquet and business meeting will ])e held in the evening. President Crowley announced that papers for the meeting had been promised by Drs. Gilyard, Loveland and Cheney. The business being finished, the president called for the read- ing of papers; as there were no papers to be read, several inter- esting cases were described by members that had occurred in their practice, which were well discussed and manv opinions advanced. ^Meeting adjourned at 5 p. m. Members in attendance : Thos. Bland, H. E. Bates, C. H. Beere, G. T. Crowley, G. L. Cheney, G. E. Corwin. Jr., B. K. Dow, P. F. Finnigan, J. J. Flaherty, A. T. Gilyard. L. B. Jud- son, P. T. Keelev. G. W. Loxeland. J. J. Movnalian. T- E. Under- bill, H. \Miitnev, C. R. Witte and I. R. Vail. Visitors: Dr. B. D. Pierce. Springfield. Mass. ; T. E. Robinson. Westerlv. R- I. B. K. Dow, Secretary. 255 2oG SOCIETY MEETINGS. B. A. I. VETERINARY INSPECTORS ASSOCIATION OF CHICAGO. The regular monthly meeting of the B. A, I. Veterinary Inspectors Association was held at the Saddle and Sirloin Club, Friday evening, April lo, 19 14. The meeting was featured with a short talk by Dr. L. Enos Day, pathologist at the Chicago station, on tuberculin, its prep- aration, and theories as to how it causes the reaction. Several problems of post-mortem inspection were fully dis- cussed by the members present. Dr. W. N. Neil, the new inspector in charge, was elected to membership in the association. B. J. Stockler, Secretary. The Cornell Veterinarian Becomes a Quarterly. — We notice in the April issue of the Cornell Veterinarian that it has started as a quarterly instead of half yearly publication. That suggests progress, and recognition of merit by the profession. and we congratulate its editors. It is a high-class, strictly ethical periodical ; qualifications that must attract to it, the right sort of supporters. Veterinary Profession Represented : In looking over the excellent programme of the Louisiana State Medical Society, which held its 35th annual meeting in New Orleans, April 20 to 23, we find the veterinary profession represented by Drs. A. D. Melvin, VV. H. Dalrymple and R. W. Tuck. We frequently see physicians' names on the programmes of veterinary meetings, and should like to .see veterinarians' names more frequently on medical association programmes. It is a healthy cross. German Official Respect for the Horse. — An attache of the American I^mbassy in Berlin sends a circular that is being distrilnitcd through the German Army, as follows : Men and Horses. — In the army of the Fatherland horses have always played an important part. We owe a great debt to our horses for service, both in linus of war and peace. And it is hoped that all gnod soldiers will see to it that the rights of our dumb brother^ ik nspccted. Our horses are entitled i- \""^\, water, bedding and shelter just as exactly a.s a troojKT is. Hut Ixryond this it must be remembered that a horse slujuld not be insulted or distressed, citlier l)y cruel treatment or vehe- ment language. * * * — {The Horse Lover — April, 1914.) NEWS AND ITEMS. Secretary Mayo Bids for Five Hundred New Members: In starting on the second half of the century run of the A. V. M. A., Secretary Mayo is putting forth his best energies, and expresses an ambition to increase the membership by 500 mem- bers this year. With a continuation of the healthy condition now enjoyed by the association, growing steadily better from year to year, such a thing is quite within the range of possi- bility if every present member lends his little "boost." See how many yoti can bring in. United States Civil Service Examination — Veterina- rian (Male) — May 20, 19 14. — The United States Civil Serv- ice Commission announces an open competitive examination for veterinarian, for men only, on May 20, 1914. From the register of eligibles resulting from this examination certification will be made to fill vacancies in the position of veterinary inspector in the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, at en- trance salaries of $1,400 per annum, unless it is found to be in the interest of the service to fill any vacancy by reinstatement, transfer or promotion. It is probable that a large number of appointments will be made in the near future. Competitors will be examined in the following subjects, which will have the relative weights indicated: Subjects. Weights. 1. Letter writing 10 2. Veterinary anatomy and physiology 20 3. Veterinary pathology and meat inspection 30 4. Theory and practice of veterinary medicine 30 5. Education, training and experience 10 Total 100 This examination is open to all men who are citizens of the United States and who meet the requirements. Persons who meet the requirements and desire this examina- tion should at once apply to the United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C. 257 258 NEWS AND ITEMS. Dr. S. R. Howard Convalescent: The many friends of Dr. Howard, Hillsboro, Ohio, will be glad to learn that the doc- tor is now convalescent after a pretty hard siege, first from ill- ness, then from an accident, which resulted in the breaking of some ribs. He has our sincere sympathy. Dr. S. E. Bennett Leaves Chicago, Where He Has Been Inspector in Charge of the B. A. I. Service for Eight Years. — The employees of the B. A. I. Service in Chicago gave a " Smoker " to Dr. Bennett at the Saddle and Sirloin Club on the evening of April ist, and extended a welcome to his successor, Dr. W. N. Neil. Dr. Bennett has been placed in charge of hog cholera eradication in Indiana, with headquarters at Crawfords- ville. Many after-dinner addresses added to the evening's en- joyment. Dinner to New York Physician Fifty Years in Prac- tice.— The colleagues and friends of Faneuil D. Weisse, M.D., gave him a dinner at the Hotel Astor on March 28th last, at which 300 of his colleagues in the medical and dental professions, and friends, were present to honor the good doctor and celebrate the occasion of his fiftieth year in practice. Dr. Weisse is known to the medical profession everywhere, who acknowledge him as a past master in anatomy — having written standard works on it — and as the father of dental surgery in America ; which branch of surgery he raised to its present high standard in this country. And to-day, as Dean of the New York College of Dentistry, he is still exerting his best efforts in behalf of that branch of human surgery. But the name, Dr. Faneuil D. Weisse, also means much to the veterinary profession of America. Graduates of the American Veterinary College prior to its amalgamation with the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons in 1899, affectionately remember Dr. Weisse and his kindly words of advice in his open- ing addresses to the students each year. Those men whose privi- lege it was to have listened to him will never forget him, whether it was 29 years ago or 15 years ago, and will always associate the name of Faneuil D. Weisse, M.D., with the American Veterinary College; as he has always been a close friend of Prof. Liantarcl, and officiated as Secretary of the Board of Trustees from 1875 to 1885, and President of the Board from 1885 until the amalga- mation and adoption by New York University in 180Q. His place in the hearts of his friends and colleagues was attested by the festive gathering in his honor on March 28th, at which gathering (although fifty years active professional work lay behind him) he was among the merriest of those present. VETERINARY MEDICAL^SOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the Hates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list : Name of Organization. Alabama Veterinary Med. Ass'n. Alumni Ass'n, N. Y.-A. V. C American V. M. Ass'n Arkansas Veterinary Ass'n Ass'n M6d6caie Veterinare Fran^aise. "Laval" B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicago B. A. I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass'n California State V. M. Ass'n Central Canada V. Ass'n Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass'n Chicago Veterinary Society Colorado State V. M. Ass'n Connecticut V. M. Ass'n Delaware State Vet. Society Essex Co. (N. J.) V. M. A Qenesee Valley V. M. Ass'n Georgia State V. M. A V. M. A. of Geo. Wash. Un'y Hamilton Co. (Ohio) V. A Illmo Vet. Med. Ass'n Illinois State V. M. Ass'n Indiana Veterinary Association Iowa Veterinary Ass'n Kansas State V. M. Ass'n Kentucky V. M. Ass'n Keystone V. M. Ass'n Lake Erie V. M. Association Louisiana State V. M. Ass'n Maine Vet. Med Ass'n Maryland State Vet. Society Massachusetts Vet. Ass'n Michigan State V. M. Ass'n Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n Missouri Valley V Ass'n Mississippi Valley V, M. Ass'n Date of Next Meeting. Mar. 5-6-7, 1914 . . . . June 10, 1914 Dec., 28-31,1914.... January 5-6, 1915 .. . Ist and 3d Thur. of each month 2d Fri. each month. 3d Mon. each month . Monthly Missouri Vet. Med. Ass'n Montana State V. M. A Nebraska V. M. Ass'n New York S. V. M. Soc'y North Carolina V. M. Ass'n North Dakota V. M. Ass'n North- Western Ohio V. M. A Ohio State V. M Aas'n Ohio Soc. of Comparative Med Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass'n Oklahoma V. M. Ass'n Ontario Vet Ass'n Pennsylvania State V. M. A Philippine V. M. A Portland Vet. Med Ass'n Province of Quebec V. M. A Rhode Island V. M. Ass'n South Carolina Ass'n of Veter'ns. ... South Illinois V. M. and Surg. Ass'n. St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors December 10, 1913.. leb. and July June and Nov 2d Tues. each month May 28-29. 1914 .. . Aug. 4. 1914 Jan ,Apl., July Oct.. 3d Mon. each month 2d week, July. 1913.. Dec. 22-23, 1913 1st Sat. each month.. Place of Meeting. Mar.26, 1914 December, 1913. .. . Jan. 14, 1914 Pending Jan. 6-7-8, 1914 Oct. 4 Feb. each year 2d Tues. each month . Pending Sept., 1914 July 3, 4, 1914 Schuylkill Valley V. M. A Soc. Vet. Alumni Univ. Penn South Dakota V.M. A Southern Aux. of Cal. S. V. M. Ass'n South St. Joseph Ass'n of Vet. Insp.. Tennessee Vet. Med. Ass'n Texas V. M. Ass'n Twin City V. M. Ass'n Utah Vet. Med. Ass'n , Vermont Vet. Med. Ass'n Veterinary Ass'n of Alberta Vet. Ass'n Dist. of Columbia Vet. Med. Ass'n, Geo. Wash. Univ. . Vet Ass'n of Manitoba Vet. Med. Ass'n of N. J V. M Ass'n, New York City Veterinary Practitioners' Club Virginia State V. M. Ass'n Washington State Col. V. M. A. Washington State V. M. A Western Penn. V. M. Ass'n Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad 4th Wed. each month Feb. 3, 4, 1914 Jan. 14-15-16, 1914.. Aug. 29. 1913 Jan. 27, 28. 29, 1914 Semi-Annually —Call of Chair July. 1913 Sept. 24, 25, 1913. IstMo.&Tu.Dec.'ia August 11-12-13,19)4 June. 1914 Week of July 20, 1914 Nov. 1918 Jan. 14, 15, 1914.... Annually Auburn 141 W. 54th St.. New Orleans, La Little Rock. . . . Lee. Room, La- val Un'y, Mon. Chicago S. Omaha, Neb.. St. Joseph and vicinity .... San Francisco.. Ottawa Syracuse Chicago Ft. Collins Waterbury Wilmington .... Newark, N. J.. Rochester Atlanta Wash., D. C... Name and Address Secretary. Fall, 1913 1st Week in Feb.1914 Mar.3,4, 1914 Call of President 4th Tues. each month BeUeville. lU..., Chicago Indianapolis. . . . Pending Manhattan Lexington Philadelphia. . . . Pending Lake Charles . . . Houllon Baltimore Young's, Boston. I.An8ing St. Paul Stark ville Kansas City,Mo. Galesburg, III... Kirksville Helena Lincoln, Neb . . . Rochester Wilson Fargo Delphos Columbus Upper Sandusky. Jan. and June Pending Aug. 4-.')-6 1914.. Ist Wed. fol. the 2d Sun. each month June 17, 1914 Pending Jan. Apl., July, Oct.. 4th Tues. each month November. 1914 Nov., 1913 2d Thu. each month. . Spring of 1914 3d Wed. each month 1st Sat. each month. Feb. & July each yr . . January 8, 1914 1st Wed. each month. Monthly July 9-10 1914 lat&3dFri. Eve.... June 18-19, 1914.. . . 3d Thu. each month. . Feb. 10, 11, 1914. . . . Oklahoma City. Toronto Philadelphia . . . Manila Portland, Ore. . Mon. and Que. . Providence. . . . Pending Salem St. Louis Reading Philadelphia. . . Madison Los Angeles 407 Illinois Ave. Nashville College Station., St. P.-Minneap. Salt Lake City . . 514 9thSt.,N.W Wash 'ton, D. C. Winnipeg Trenton 141 W. 54th St.. Jersey City Staunton Pullman Walla Walla, . . . Pittsburgh Milwaukee C. A. Gary, Auburn. P. K. Nichols, Port Richmond. N.Y. Nelsen S. Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood Ave.. Chicago, 111. R. M. Gow, Fayetteville. J. P. A. Houde, Montreal. H. A. Smith. Chicago. III. E. J. Jackson. So. Omaha. F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo. John F. McKenna, Fresno. . A. E. James, Ottawa. W. B. Switier, Oswego. D. M. Campbell, Chicago I. E. Newsom, Ft Collins. B K. Dow, Willimantic. A. S. Houchin, Newark. Del. J F. Carey, East Orange, N. J. J. H Taylor. Henrietta. P. F. Bahnsen, Americua. I. M. Cashel. Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. L. B. Michael. CoUinsville. 111. L. A. Menllat, Chicago. A. F. Nelson. Indianapolis. C. H. Stange, Ames. J. H. Burt, Manhattan. Robert Graham. Lexington. ChestoD M. Hoskins. Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio. Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La H. B. Wescott, Portland. H. H. Counselman. Sec'y. J. H. Seale, Salem. W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. G. Ed. Leech, Winona. Wm. P. Ferguson, Grenada. Hal. C. Simpson. Denison, la. G. E. Mclntyre. Alexis. III. S. Stewart, Kansas City. A. D. Knowles Livingston Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City. H J Milks Ithaca, N. Y. J. P. Spoon, Burlington. A. F. Schalk. Agricultural College. E. V. Hover. Delphos. Reuben Hilty. Toledo. F. F. Sheets, Van Wert Ohio. J. C. Howard, Sullivan. C. E. Steel. Oklahoma City. L. A. Willson. Toronto. John Reichel, Glenolden. David C. Kretzer, Manila Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore. Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q. J. S. Pollard, Providence. B. K. Mclnnes. Charleston. F. Hockman, lola. Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo. W. G. Huyett. Wernersville. B. T. Woodward Wash'n, D. C. S. W. Allen. Watertown. J. A. Dell, Los Angeles. H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph 0. L. McMahon, Columbia. Allen J. Foster. Marshall M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn E. J. Coburn, Brigham City. G. T. Stevenson, Burlington C. H. H. Sweetapple, For. Saskat- chewan, Alta., (Jan M. Page Smith. Washington, D. C. J. M. Cashell, 2115 14th Street. Wm. Hilton, Winmpeg. E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick. R. S. MacKellar, N. Y. City. T. F. O'Dea Union Hill. N. J. Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia. R. J. Donohue, Pullman. Carl Cozier, Bellingham. Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley. W. W. Arzher^er. Watprtnwn PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. SubteriptUm price, j3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian subscriptions, J3.25; foreign eounlriet, $S.GQ ; students while attending college, $2; Student'i In Canada, $2.25; sirujle copies, 80 cents In U. S. Copy for advertlsomantt should be received by 10th of month. R^ected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly retjuested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing '.heir address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary Berlew. Great Indianapolis Drug House Makes Sucht Change in Name: By the request and with the unanimous consent of all the stockholders, the " Pit- man-Myers Company " has changed its name to " Pitman-Moore Company." There has hcen no change whatever in the personnel of the officers, direc- tors, stockholders, or in the management of the business. Harry C. Moore, whose name now becomes part of the corporate name, has been president cf the company and has had the general management of the business for several years. Advertisement running on nage 3 (.Adv. department.) STATEMENT OP THE OWNERSHIP. MANAGEMENT, ETC., OF THE AMERI- CAN VETERINARY REVIEW, PUnUSHEn MONTHLY AT ,509 WEST «5al) STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y., REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF AUGUST 34. i9>'' E.... Ill - irallon, give name* and addrcixei of atockholderi holding 1 per trt ount of iiock) — A. Liautard. 14 Ave. dc I'Opera, Poria, France; R' I isad Street, New York, N. Y.; G. M. Ellii, 509 We«t isad irrii, mortgager*, and other arrurity holder*, holding i per cent, or more t-nnd». mortgage*, or other •rruritiea — None. Roar. W. Ellii, nui. Mgr. 1 before me ihia i9tb day of March, i9>4, Mo*K* Moaaii, Notary Public, New York County, No. 13,1, New York Regiater No. 4049. (My commiaalon cxplrea March 30, 1914,) 260 American Veterinary Review. JUNE, 1914. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, April 15, 191 4. Sub-cutaneous Tuberculosis. — In human medicine, this question, it is well known, has been the subject of many com- munications, and the object of thorough study. In veterinary medicine, on the contrary, it is considered as ver\' rare, l)ut about fifteen cases are on record. At one meeting of the Societe Centrale de Medecine Veterin- aire, a very valuable paper was presented by Veterinarians Ch. Perard and G. Ramon where the sub-cutaneous tubercuk^sis of bovines was treated at some length and where the attention was called to this peculiar manifestation, which includes the lesions of the hypodermis and those located jjetween the fibres of the superficial muscles. The macroscopic aspect of these alterations differs from that of classic tuberculosis, and on the contrary are closer either to that of cancerous diathesis or of sporotrichosis or of blastomy- cosis. The microscopic and bacteriologic diagnosis is as difficult to make as the macroscopic. Named tnbcrculids in human medicine, those lesions have been explained by various theories. They are due to rare virulent bacilli, coming from a deep visceral center, or to bacillar remains free or inclosed in leucocytes, or again to emljolies of bacilli weakened and of little virulency or even of dead bacilli. The writers have observed animals during life. The skin was studded with nodosities of different forms, varying between 2(31 202 EDITOBl^VL. the size of a pea and that of a hen's egg, and were particularly located on the upper region of the body, the neck and the shoulder. These nodosities were hard, painless and sometimes adherent to the skin. At the post mortem, the subcutaneous tumors were found with their irregular form and their various distribution, some were adherent to the skin, most of them were on the surface of the superficial muscles or between their fibres. On a section of their tissue the most frequent appearance was that of a homogenous firm tissue, white-yellowish, some- times with darker punctiform spots, or again showing right across more or less irregular bands, radiating and resembling the caseification, called radiated by Bongert. Sometimes nodosities no bigger than a pea were found that showed in their center softened caseous matter or again under- going caseification. They are the type of caseous nodules. A third variety of lesions intermediate to those two types may also, with them, be found on the same animal. The lymph glands corresponding to the regions invaded by those lesions may be tuberculous, but most generally they are free from disease. In the cases observed l)y Perard and Ramon these tuberculids co-existed with lesions in the lungs and of some lymphatic glands and internal organs. The histological constitution of these nodosities varies very much and careful examination is re([uired to be certain that they are lesions due to the Bacillus of Koch. The presence of the bacillus in frottis and upon sections of tissues has been negative with the authors and experimental examinations were unsatis- factory. Altogether, these lesions, as far as their structure and tlu |K)int of view of virulcncy, resemble th(»sc of subcutaneous tulxrrculosis of man; and compared with the lesions ordinarily found in lx)vinc tulKTCulosis they form a special group by their macroscopic and microscopic aspect and also by their vaiiabli im)culal)ility. EDITOBIAL. 263 Infectious Paraplegia. — In one of the reviews that Prof. Cadeac, of Lyon, so frequently publishes in the Journal de Zoo- tcchnic, the learned writer treats of this disease, which has presented to us so many points of resemblance with the affec- tion that is so frequent in the States and that is known under a different name, that I felt an analysis of the professor would prove of unusual interest. Under the name of infectious paraplegia must be understood a disease, with enzootic aspect, observed in solipeds (horses and mules) characterized clinically by paresia or paralysis of the hind quarters and anatomically with congestive and hemorrhagic changes in the spinal cord. The history of the affection is somewhat recent, and it is not until 1885 that it is described successively in France, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Italy and in India. The disease essentially consists in a toxi-infection of the spinal cord and of its envelops. The microbian agent has been described as a small bacillus, a micrococcus by Blin and Lambert, as a colibacillus by Thomas- sen and as a steptococcus by Schlegel, Zwick and Perrucci. This last is the only one where the pathogenous action has been studied. It is found in the urine, in the serosity that infiltrates the geni to-urinary organs, in the blood, the spinal cord, the marrow of bones, and the parenchymatous organs. Once in the organism it gives rise to a spontaneous streptococcy, which is propagated by natural contagion and is transmissible by inocu- lation. Artificially, the paralysis of the hind quarters and all the troul)les of infectious paraplegia of horses can be reproduced in small animals. The injection of massive doses of culture of the microbes in the venous system of horses gives rise only to a temporary weakness of the hind quarter, and yet 10 cubic centi- meters in the jugular have been followed by the appearance of the disease with Perrucci, and repeated injections of small doses has with Zwick given rise to infectious paralysis. The natural infection takes place by the genito-urinary ap- paratus and the digestive canals. 264 EDITORIAL. The contagion occurs through the bedding of the animals and the tools used for them, sponges, curry combs, etc. Diseased animals infect rapidly those round them. The transmission may take place at some distance in large gatherings of horses. The introduction in a stable of a piece of the carcass from an animal that had died a natural death and which had been soiled with infected urine was followed by the development of the disease in that stable. Mares are more frequently affected than horses, as their genitals are less protected and the introduction of the germs can take place more readily. While the genital organs form probably the best door, the digestive canal is also an important entrance for the microbe. The introduction and propagation of the micrt)bc, accord- ing to its localization give rise to three forms of manifestations, hence three forms of disease, the bulbar, the brachial and the lumbar. The period of incubation seems to be short; animals Ijeing taken from one or four days after the exposure to an afTected animal. Without febrile indication, only a slight dullness, an un- willingness to move and then appear the symptoms of the var- ious forms. In the bulbar, dull «ind lazy to move, the animal is still and has a staggering walk. He stands (|uict in his stall, the head down, eyes closed and remains insensil)le to all excitement. I'rom the first, there is labio-glosso-pharyngeal paresia, mastica- tion and deglutition are difficult. Soon after one or two days, i these symptoms of paralysis are well marked; the respiration be- ' comes slow, the puUe almost imperceptible, the disease becomes genvraWzQi], the horse lays down and dies between 24 hours ami 2 or 3 days without convulsions. EDITORIAL. 265 In the brachial f()rm the horses, as they come out, mo\'e their forelegs with less freedom, like foundered animals; they stumble, fall f)n their knees. They sometimes get up of them- selves, but again may have to l)e raised. Gradually, however, the branchial forequarter is completely taken and is followed by the invasion of the hind legs. With the lumbar form, the first symptom is the paresia of the hind legs. The horse, while at rest, seems to be in perfect health ; as soon as he is moved shows inco-ordination of his movements, the hind legs tremble, the horse has a staggering walk, the fetlocks flex, the toes of the feet scrape on the ground, trotting is impossible. The loins are very sensitive to pressure. The tail is flaccid and motionless. The urine is expelled, cloudy, viscous, not tinted red brown as in hemoglobinuria. In horses the sheath is swollen, the penis hangs out; in mares the vulva is oedematous and the vagina congested. With either of the three forms, the disease may have a simi- lar development, very rapid, striking, or acute, or, again, sub- acute. In the rapidly striking, death occurs in a few hours by gen eral intoxication of the whole nervous system. The acute may last from 24 hours and not longer than three days. With it also, a fatal termination is the rule. In the sub-acute, the symptoms gradually subside, sometimes rapidly, and the animal appears in conxalescence. Yet if he has l)een kept in slings one must be careful not to be too hasty to take them off entirely, as relapses are very frequent. This sub-acute form generally lasts 8 or 10 days. The lesions are limited to the vagina and bladder in the lumbar form at the outset of the disease, but they rapidly extend and become generalized. The spinal cord and the envelops are congested more or less in the lumbar, brachial or bulbar regi(jn. There are also secondary general lesions. 206 EDITOBIAL. The diagnosis is based on four principal signs : Paralysis of the hind quarter, cloudy viscous urine, swelling of the external genital organs, contagiosity of the disease. In spontaneous cases, it may be sometimes difficult to differ- entiate the disease from hemoglobinuria, but the condition of the genital organs and the absence of hemoglobine in the urine are characteristic of the paraplegia. Epizootic cerebro-spinal meningitis resembles infectious paraplegia very much, by its contagious nature and the al)- sence of hyperthermia, but it is distinguished from it by the convulsive contractions of the superior cervical muscles and by the general troubles. The prognosis from any point of view is always serious. The treatment is prophylactic and curative. Isolation of the sick, disinfection of locals, stables, change of bedding, etc., etc. Curative treatments of various natures have been recom- mended and left aside. The use of slings, when possible, is al- ways to be recommended. Bleeding has done good. Boric irri- gations of the bladder, injections of artificial serum, poly\ alcnt antistreptococcic serum, caffeine, ether, nux vomica, strychnia, etc. — but almost always have given negative results. Auricular Catarrh in Dogs. — As writes Prof, llebrani in the Annates dc Medecine Vctcrinairc, the inflammation (*f the internal face of the external ear, of the concha, more com- monly known as auricular catarrh, whether its origin is parasitic or of other nature, is not always limited to the sui)erlici;d pari of the skin nor to the portion which can be explored. In other words, all the cases are not only localized catarrhal affectif)ns. There arc causes which may render the extent of the diseased process, nmy modify its depth and may in fact be the resnU of diathesic influence as for instance the herpetic diathesis. In Mich condition, it is easy to apprcciatr the (lilVutilty in obtain- ing a rapid and lasting recovery. EDITOBIAL. 2G7 Complications are not uncommon, and Prof. Hebrant calls the attention to three principals, which are important to bear in mind. First, the inflammation of the external auditory canal and of the membrana tympani. It generally occurs in neglected cases or in those which are rebellious to treatment. The inflammation, developed by continuity of tissue, promotes a circular swelling, a repletion of the glands which secrete more abundantly and whose products dry up and close more or less the passage of sounds. Sometimes pus drops into the canal, collects, reaches the tympanum, which is macerated and perhaps ulcerates. In another condition there is formation of polypy growths in the bottom of the external ear. This frequent complication is the result of chronic dermitis, developing on the papillary ele- ments of the skin. In all the cases or auricular catarrh, there is a local swelling of the skin, due to interstitial exudate; and when it is al)undant it may give rise to an increase in the size of the irregular folds of the bottom of the concha and thus obstruct it. This local swelling often remains, a true chronic dermitis, frequently observed even after the recovery of the original troul)le. The third condition referred to by the Professor is the in- flammation of the cartilage of the concha itself, and in relation to it there is mentioned the case of the dog which had that peculiar chondritis in both ears. The concha was such that the bottom of the cartilage was completely obliterated and the dog completely deaf. The dog was a pointer — his condition rendered him perfectly useless. Both ears were very thick, painful and the auditory canal completely obliterated, the circular cartilage forming a perfect hard ring. The concha at that point was several centimeters thick, adhering to the lining skin. That of the outside surface being loose over it. The amputation of the cartilages was the only way to relieve the deafness of the animal. This was done by the dissection of the cartilage, saving the external cutaneous covering. The wound of the left ear cicatrized after two weeks. 268 EDITOBIAI.. but that of the right had profuse granulations which demanded pecuhar attention and probably left lesions on the membrane tympany. At any rate, the result was complete in one sense, as hearing could take place l)y the left ear and the dog able to perform his duties. Sterility in Cows. — In the Deutsche tier, W ochenschrift , Doctor Gebauer, Veterinarian, calls attention to this subject and to the ovarian operation which is recommended against it. Notwithstanding the publications of Hess, of Zschokke and of Schumann, where was recommended the enucleation of the Corpora Lutea to overcome sterility of cows, this operation is still little practised by veterinarians because it is not known or again because they had no faith in it, by want of sufficient statistics. For the author, however, it is an operation easy and bene- ficial, which is bound to enter current veterinary practice. He has himself performed it several hundreds of times. The indications are given by the exploration of the ovaries. Dr. Gebauer examines systematically: i. Any heifer which has passed the second year without having shown manifestations of being in heat. 2. In stables where sterility prevails, all cows served since eight weeks about, whether or not again in heat. 3. Any cow which, about two months after calving, is not yet again in heat. It is sufficient to introduce the right hand in the rectum to easily detect the presence of the two ovaries and fcol them with the pulp of the fingers without it being necessary to pull them backwards. It is thus permitted to recognize if tiiey pre- sent abnormal protul)eranccs, answering to persisting or hyper- tropliied corpora Uitea or again to cysts. The ovary is then seizcti in the hollow of the hand, so as to bring the morbid ele- vation on the pulp of tile thumb, and it is s((iKTzed witli the index against it. The coriK)ra lutea is thus expelled tr<>m ihc EDITORIAL. 269 ovary, or if it is a cyst, it is burst. Ihere remains then a small cavity where the end of the thumb can be introduced. It must be remarked that cysts are rare and that it is almost always that corpora lutea, hypertrophied and generally single, that are easily enucleated. The operation is simple and one can readily make himself familiar with it in practising on fresh ovaries of cows killed. Following this method, there are no risks of tearing the ovary. Rupture of the cysts is without danger. When corpora lutea are present, it is good after their enucleation to apply over the ovary moderate pressures for a few seconds. If, exception- ally, hemorrhage should occur, hemostatic injections are resorted to. Ergotine has been used successfully twice by Gebauer. Sixteen cases are recorded then with their excellent results. Thirteen of these were in cows which without being pregnant had not been in heat since several months ; after the operation, ten became in season after 4-19 days; nine of them were fecun- dated after a few coverings and one after the second ; eight had a normal parturition. The three remaining became in heat respectively the 34th, the 50th and the 90th day after the opera- tion. They were fecundated. Ovarian squeezing is a simple operation that veterinarians can use with benefit to them and to their clients. Nervous Lesions in Intoxication by Worms. — Nervous symptoms, sometimes very serious, have for a long time been observed in subjects infected with worms, and yet there exists no anatomopathological description of the nervous lesions found in man or in animals that died because of the helmin- thiasis. At any rate, one has rarely the opportunity of making the post mortem of one where death was exclusively due to an intoxication from worms, which most commonly is complicated with a secondary infection. In such cases it would be difficult. 270 EDITORIAL. when considering the lesions found to select the part played by each of the morbid factors. Mr. Rachmanow, in the laboratory of Dr. Weinberg, of Pasteur Institute, has written for the Annalcs of the Institute an article where he relates the experiments that he was called to institute, while thinking that the study of the nervous system, in the experimental intoxication by worms, could determine if the toxines secreted Iw the worms were truly able to promote the formation of nervous lesions and to what point the nervous phenomenas observed in man and animals carriers of helminths could be said to be caused by the action of these parasites. In the Annates de I'lnstitnt, the writer states that he has made three series of experiments. In the first, he examined the central nervous system in the direct intoxications ; in a second, he treated the indirect intoxications or the anaphylaxy by worms; and in the third the condition of the nervous system in serial anaphylaxy was considered. From the experiments the following conclusions were drawn : 1. The central nervous system of guinea pigs does. not always react in the intoxication by worms. Nervous lesions are not found in this animal except when he presented during life more or less serious clinical symptoms. Some individuals may resorb products from worms without presenting the slight- est nervous reaction. 2. The lesions that are observed in the acute and sub-acute intoxication are on the nervous cell, the neuroglic cell and upon the fibre of the white substance. Besides the (lifforent degrees of chromatolysis, the nervous cell presents often a large number of sinuous canals hollowed in the whole thickness or in a part of its prf)toplasm. In severe ca.ses, the nucleus is disi)lacc(l towards the i)criphcry of the cell and shows a deformed luiclcohis. Tlic ncurofibrilla arc preserved in light forms of intoxication, but in severe cases they disappear. The neuroglic cell offers the various stages of the " aniiboid " transformation; it keeps its form, but its nucleus becomes pycnotic, or again it takes the aspect of the amil)oi(l cill n{ EDITORIAL. 271 Alzheimer. There is also found, especially in cases of chronic intoxication, an abnormal collection of neuroglic elements round nervous cells (phenomenas of neurophagy). In the same condi- tions the fibres of the white substance are also altered; they are tumefied, but in an irregular manner. 3. The lesions of the brain and spinal cord in anaphylaxy by worms are very small or do not exist, if the guinea pig dies with very acute anaphylactic shock in three to ten minutes. They are, on the contrary, very pronounced if the serious ana- phylactic phenomena have lasted some time, half an hour or more. They present the same characters in both the acute or the chronic intoxication. 4. The lesions of the central nervous system observed in animals, anaphylactized with horse serum, are exactly similar to those of the anaphylaxy by worms, 5. As the lesions of the nervous system are much more marked and frequent in the anaphylaxy by worms than in the direct intoxication by the parasitar products, it seems probable that the nervous phenomena, sometimes very severe, as for in- stance, symptoms of meningism, observed sometimes in some helminth carriers, must ])e considered as being of anaphylactic nature. A. L. THE GLANDERS QUESTION. Glanders, like the poor, is always with us, and from what we can learn, has always been with us. But is it always to stay with us ? Sometimes we think so, when we find that we are gaining so little in our fight against it in the big cities. For some time the watering trough has been conceded a prolific source of contagion, and many new kinds of troughs have been recommended to over- come the danger of contamination of the water; but glanders has continued on the increase despite these precautionary efforts ; the probable reason being that the improved troughs have not overcome the danger; the contamination remains. That has brought us face to face with the realization that the onlv wav to 272 EDITORIAL. remove the danger of contamination of glanders from horse to horse through the watering trough is a very radical measure. 1. c, the removal of the watering trough. That has been done in Minneapolis with a striking diminution of the cases of gland- ers in that city. It has been found necessary to do it in Philadel- phia, where glanders was found to l)e on the increase ; it has either been done, or about to be done, in Jersey City, N. J., and a strong movement is on foot in New York to substitute the trough by the faucet. This movement was started by the Grand Jury of Bronx County. Some of the members of said Grand Jury having lost a number of valuable horses from glanders had a committee of this Grand Jury make a personal investigation of some of the public watering troughs of the Bronx, which resulted in the presentment which follows : To Honorable John J. Brady, Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, in and for the County of Bronx: We, the members of the Grand Jury of the County of the Bronx, for the April Term. 1914, respectfully present as follows: We have heard the complaints made as to the prevalence of the infectious disease of glanders, so dangerous to the animal life of the County, and mure particularly to the horses thereof and so ravaging in its effects. Our investigation briefly has disclosed the fact that six of our commercial houses in our County have within three months lost sixty-eight horses through the disease and in each case the inception of the disease in the stables «)f the persons complaining was traceal)lc to the existence of the pu!)lic hor.sc-watering troughs in the County. These troughs, as is well known, exist on street corners and arc used by horses which are tlien with- out the knowledge of the owners and drivers suffering from this dread disease. The water becomes infected, is covered with slime, filth, and spreads contagion broadcast amongst the animals. These street fountains are in addition a source of great waste of water and in that way of great expense to the City. They cause blockades of our •trcet traflfic. The Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York has advised us that glanders is not alone costly to the owners of the horses, but also to the State, which is compelled annually to si)end thousands of dollars in butchering horses apparently well but glaiulers-stricken. We are also informed by com|)etent witnesses that it is the practice and habit of push-cart peddlers and truck-cart vendors to dip pails of water out f.f these trcnighs and with the water thus obtained to sprinkle their mcr chandise. Thus it will bo seen that the disease is even a menace to the public, irrespective of the horse owners. Ff»r all of these reasons we are of the impression that all fnrtlitr maintenance of these germ-breeding and disease-carrying troughs is a nuMiacc to the community second to none, and more particularly by reason of iIk- apiiroach of the heated season. EDITORIAL. 273 I We respectfully recommend that a copy of this presentment shall be for- warded to the Board of Aldermen of the City, the Commissioner of Health of the City, and the State Commissioner of Agriculture, to the end that proper steps may be taken for the eradication of the evil. We recommend that these troughs shall be abolished and in their place and stead erected hydrants or pumps with automatic shut-oflfs, and that each wagon driver desirous of watering his stock shall be compelled to carry with him a pail for that purpose and that purpose alone. Dated, April 23, 1914. A ^^, Levi A. Ward, A copy. Secretary. James V. Ganly, F. A. Wurzbach, Clerk. Foreman. This presentment has stirred into activity many bodies of men who have the horse interests and the welfare of the pubHc close to their hearts. Through it the Board of Aldermen of New York City introduced an ordinance to abolish watering troughs and substitute automatic shut-otf faucets, and compelling all horse owners to equip vehicles with pails from which the horses of that vehicle must be watered. This ordinance was referred to the Health Committee of the Board of Aldermen, where it still was at the time of this writing. A later meeting will be called at which all parties interested will be given an opportunity to dis- cuss the question. Further evidence of the activity aroused by the presentment is show'n by the fact that a conference was called on May 20th at the office of the Lincoln Safe Deposit Company in New York, at which there were present, representa- tives from the Van Owners' Association, from the American So- ciety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, from the Women's League for Animals, from the Horse Ow^ners Association, from the New York City Board of Health, and from the New York State Department of Agriculture. Dr. Emerson, Deputy Commissioner of Health, presented the sanitary side of the ques- tion in a manner that convinced his auditors; and finally, as a result of this conference a committee was appointed to confer with the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. As soon as this organization, and other similar ones, understood that the intention was substitution, not mere abolition on the part of those who are endeavoring to check the spread of glanders and protect public health, any opposition that they 274 EDITOBIAL. may have previously felt seemed to disappear, and their co-opera- tion is anticipated. Especially as the substitute can be shown to be far superior to the old method in supplying water to tired and thirsty animals, while not exposing them to the dangers of contagion that exist under the old method. Among the ad- vantages of the faucet system over the trough (leaving aside the (juestion of contagion altogether), is the saving of time, as a fountain that would supply a large trough can be fitted with numerous faucets from which many drivers can fill pails and water their horses at the same time. Besides, as suggested at the meeting of the Keystone Veterinary Medical Association in Philadelphia in May, the same pails can be used for " sousing " the horses in warm weather. The president of the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, who was present, expressed his approval and intimated that his society would be glad to furnish new pails to at least some of those who might not have them. And so it would seem that there will be no serious difficulty in establishing this new method of sup- plying fresh, clean water to the horses of those of our big cities who have not already adopted it, and its advantages from a sani- tary viewpoint are obvious, and need no argument. Whenever that has been accomplished it means that a great source of con- tagion has been eliminated; but it must become general to be effective, and we shall therefore hope for its accomplishment in the .shortest po.ssiblc lime in every city in our land. We trust. therefore, that veterinarians everywhere will see it as their duty to work this reform in their own cities. They will not find it difficulty to get tlie people with them if they take steps to convince them of the danger their animals are exposed to through this medium. Sanitarians have long since recognized the danger of the public drinking cup for human l)eings, and liow nuich more patent is the danger in the public watering trough for horses, when wc consider the different method of drinking in the case of the horse as compared with man. Call the liorse owners of your communities together and address them publicly on this very ini- |x>rtant sanitary question. The veterinarians of a conununity. EUITOKIAL. 275 flanked by one or two broad-minded, pul>lic-spirited physicians, can clearly demonstrate to the public the danger of the present system. We intended to discuss other phases of the glanders (juestion, but will take up another phase next month, and con- clude by requesting veterinarians throughout the country to let us know their attitude on the public watering trough, and what system of street watering of horses prevails in their respective communities. BON VOYAGE. There is only time to say the last word to our friends who will sail from New York Harbor June 13th on the steamship h'inland of the Red Star Line, beginning their trip on the Official Tour of Europe under the direction of Dr. Eichhorn. To those in New York and vicinity, it will be a pleasant thing to go down to the pier and see their friends off. At the time of this writing the fol- lowing had been booked for the trip : Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, Washington, D. C. ; Dr. C. J. Marshall and Mrs. Marshall, Phila- delphia; Dr. E, H. Shepard, Cleveland, Ohio; Dr. F. B. Hadley, Madison, Wisconsin; Dr. F. B. Harries, Calgary, Alberta, Can- ada; Dr. L. Enos Day and Mrs. Day, Chicago, 111. ; Dr. T. Lam- brechts, Montevideo, Minnesota ; Dr. W. Reid Blair and Mrs. Blair, New York, N. Y. ; Dr. W. B. Holmes, Springfield, llHnois; Dr. J. M. Armstrong, East Providence, R. I. ; Dr. S. Stewart and Mrs. Stewart, Kansas City, Mo.; Mr. H. C. Moore and Mrs. Moore, Indianapolis, Ind. ; and Mr. Joseph K. Kerrick, Phila- delphia, Pa. But it is altogether likely that several more will book before the time of sailing, as we know of some that have been endeavoring to get matters settled with that end in view that have not yet been able to do so. The Red Star Line dock is at Pier 59, North River, and the exact time of sailing may be obtained by communicating with the general office. No. 9 Broad- way; telephone 2100 Rector. We would like to see a large dele- gation at the pier to wish our brothers and sisters hon voyage, 276 EDITORI^U.. and know it will be appreciated by them. For those throughout the country who cannot get to the pier, the Rexiew says for them, bon voyage. OFFICIAL STEAMER TO THE COxNGRESS. For those who will attend the Congress in London, August 3d to 8th, but who cannot arrange to avail themselves of the official tour, the Bureau of University Travel have a nice ar- rangement to offer, whereby all those going to the Congress from this side may have the pleasure of crossing the Atlantic together, thus greatly enhancing the pleasure of the trip. They have chosen the steamship Minneapolis of the Atlantic Transport Line, sailing from New York July 25th. Minimum rate, first cabin, $85 ; 25 per cent, discount on all rates above the minimum. All going on either this steamer direct to London or the earlier one will be able to secure accommodations at the Hotel St. Ermins, as stated in the May Review, by communicating with the Bureau of University Travel, 31 Trinity Place, Boston, Mass. The rate at the St. Ermins is 14 shillings ($3.50) a day, Ameri- can plan. THE IIICARIXGS ON THE LOBECK BILL. As announced on page 146 of the May Review, the hearings on the Lobeck Bill came before the Committee on .Xgriculture in the House of Representatives on April 20, i()i4. and wo liaM- since received a copy of the hearings and read the addresses we stated were to be given at that time. We now urge, at the sug- gestion of National Secretary VValkley, that all veterinarians and veterinary students write to their respective Congressmen for a cojiy of the " Hearings," and urge the Congressman to usi- his influence to have the House Conunittee report favorably on n. K, 9292 at an early date. The doctor also recpiests that aii\ •me receiving lukewarm replies to their reciuests from ilicir EDITOKIAL. Representatives forward the letter to him (Dr. S. J. Walkley), Congress Hall Hotel, Washington, D. C, that he may endeavor to learn the cause of the lack of interest, and endeavor to over- come it. The cause is a good one, lend it your earnest support until it becomes an accomplishment. Dr. D. Arthur Hughes Goes to Fort Worth, Texas. — Our esteemed collaborator, Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, received telegraphic instructions on May 2 to proceed immediately to I'^orth Worth for temporary duty as veterinary inspector of meats in the Office of the Depot Quartermaster, Major Alexan- der M. Davis, of the Quartermaster Corps of the Army. I^r. Hughes' order reads that he is to return to Chicago at the ex- piration of his duty in Fort Worth. The opening of a depot at this point is a new army move incident to the Mexican crisis, the object being to purchase sub- sistence supplies in enormous quantities at Fort Worth, espe- cially fresh heti, for the field armies in eastern and northern Mexico in case of war, and for the militia and volunteer forces which will be probably mobilized in Texas at some points, pos- sibly at Fort Worth, Dallas, Houston, San Antonio or nearer the border, li hostilities break out it is expected that Fort Worth will be the big meat supply depot, as it is the largest packing house centre nearest the Ijorder, and it is of the high- est importance that that depot be established and thoroughly organized early. Consequently that office is engaged in gather- ing data on available stock for immediate use. the maximum capacity of business houses there and in neighboring cities to meet the expected draft on them for subsistence supplies. Prep- aration is being made for possible exigencies so that the Quar- termaster Corps may be ready to furnish supplies in enormous quantities and with the utmost speed in case of active warfare with Mexico. The army wants no repetition of that unpre- Dci redness and the terrible losses which occurred at Chickamauga l^ark and elsewhere during the Spanish- American War. Dr. and Mrs. A. T. Ayres. Oklahoma City, announce the birth of " Georgie," May i8. IQ14, weight 7>4 pounds. Georgie is welcomed into our circle of friends, and her parents are tend- ered the congratulations of the profession through the Review. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. THE PRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS.* By S. H. GiLLiLAND, V.M.D., M.D., Former State Veterinarian of Penn- sylvania, Late Director Pennsylvania State Department of Health Laboratories, Marietta, Pa. The experiments we are about to report extend over a period from 1900 to the present time. More than four hundred cattle (cows, yearhngs and cahes), hogs, rabbits and guinea pigs were used to obtain the information here presented. We beHeve a concise resume of these experiments of the State Livestock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania will be more interesting and instructive than an .attempt to review the volum- inous work others have done on this subject and thereby attempt to draw comparisons. This will be done in the complete i)ublica- tion of the work in the bulletin form. However, mention might be made of some of the early work done along this line. In 1889 Samuel G. Dixon published in the Medical News, October 19, p. 435, " Possibility of Establishing Tolerance for the Tubercle Bacillus," in which he obtained a resistance against tuberculosis in rabbits by the injection of involuted forms of tubercle bacilli. In 1892 and 1893 Trudeau found that by subcutaneous inocula- tion of living cultures of avian tubercle bacilli he was able to increase the resi.stance of a rabbit to infection of living virulent mammalian cultures. He also succeeded in immunizing rabbils to .such an extent that when inoculated in the eye with manuna- lian cultures the first inllammatory reaction gradually disap- peared, leaving the eye in a normal condition, while similar iii- (K'ulations in control animals led to the destruction of the eye. In i8<;4 E. A. dc Schweinitz, of the United States Bureau of * Kcad licforc the Pcnniylvaiiia Sutc Veterinary Medical AMOciatioii, riiil;Ml< 1|ilii:i, March. 1914, From Iht I^aboratory of the State LIveatock Sanitary Board of Pennaylvania. 278 AUTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 279 Animal Industry, reported in the Medical News some experi- ments made upon guinea pigs in which these animals were inocu- lated with tubercle bacilli of the human type cultivated upon glycerine beef broth for about twenty generations. These ani- mals with controls were afterwards injected with tuberculous material from a cow. The treated guinea pigs remained free from tuberculosis, while the check animals inoculated with the same tuberculous material from the cow died of tuberculosis within seven weeks. In Septeml^er, 1910, Schroeder & Mohler, of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry published a report upon the Immunization of Cattle against Tuberculosis, giving the results obtained by them with the Von Behring method, the Heyman method and the Pearson method. The latter is the one suggested by the late Dr. Leonard Pearson in connection with the experiments that are here reported. They found in a comparison of the methods that 88 8/10 per cent, of the ani- mals immunized by the Pearson method were successfully pro- tected for approximately two years, while only 66 2/3 per cent, were successfully protected by the Von Behring method. The Heyman and the subcutaneous methods, according to their experiments, gave a much lower percentage of animals success- fully protected. Von Behring announced December 12. 190 1. that he was engaged in studying the immunization of cattle against tuberculosis, and detailed experiments upon several cattle treated with injections of tuberculin and cultures of tuber- cle bacilli of varying degrees of virulence and from several sources, and afterwards inoculating the animals with tuberculous material or cultures of proven virulence. All of the pro- tected cattle except one were still living when this announce- ment was made. Systematic efforts to immunize against tuberculosis may be said to have commenced earnestly with the discovery of tuber- culin ])y Koch in 1890. Since this date there have been many investigators throughout the world who have reported the re- sults of their researches in the production of inmiunity in tuber- 280 S. H. GIIXILAND. culosis, and regret that time does not permit the presentation to you of abstracts of the residts of these patient investigators. In 1902 Pearson & Gilhland* piibHshed accounts of some experiments made by them upon the immunization of cattle against tuberculosis by the use of culture of living tubercle bacilli of the human type. It might be well at this point to describe the culture used to produce the immunity, as it was used in many of the later ex- periments. It is known throughout all the experiments as Cul- ture M, and was obtained from the sputum of a young adult that had a constant cough, though no involvement of the lungs could be detected on physical examination. Smears made for micro- scopic examination from the specimen of sputum slu)wed an extraordinarily large number of tubercle bacilli. The organism was obtained in pure cultures on dogs' blood serum by the pass- age through guinea pigs on October 15, 1899. Microscopic ex- amination of the bacilli revealed them to be irregular in size and shape. Many were curved and some S shaped. Heading not marked; stain deeply and fairly evenly. This culture at the time it was isolated and for some years afterwards, was found to l)e virulent for guinea pigs in ordinary doses, but not virulent for rabbits, goats or calves. Preparation of the Vaccine. — The method of preparation of the vaccine used throughout all the experiments was practically the same except where otherwise noted. A quantity of tubercle bacilli from a three to four-week old glycerine bouillon culture was taken, the excess of moisture removed by either blotting I>etween layers of sterile filter i)aper or drying over ealeiuni chloride in a dessicator for a .short time and then rubbed in a mortar or ground in a Hask with bronze l)alls. No effort was made to get tiie bacilli perfectly dry owing to the danger to the o|)crator in grinding them and making the suspension. It was not tlu" object to break tip the bodies of the bacilli, but to sepa- rate them so that a homogenous suspension could be obtained. During the prtxress of rubbing or grinding small (|uantities of * PbllaiklpbUi Medical Juuriul, Nov. ag, i9"->- AHTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 281 normal saline solution were added from time to time. The sus- pension was allowed to stand in a cylindrical receptacle until all clumps of bacilli had settled to the bottom, and then the super- natant, homogeneous suspension of tubercle bacilli was de- canted off. This suspension was further diluted with normal saline solution until its opacity was equal to a 24-hour old bouillon culture of typhoid bacilli. This method of measuring the dose suggested itself from the work of other investigators. For a comparison with the work of others the amount by weight of dried bacilli per cc. of standard suspension was determined. This was done by taking a large quantity of killed tubercle bacilli and dessicating over calcium chloride until perfectly dry. These were then rubbed in a mortar and suspended in normal salt solu- tion until the opacity was the same as the standard vaccine. By this method it was determined that i cc. of the standard suspension of vaccine contained the equivalent of 0.0013 gram (1.3 milligrams) of tubercle bacilH. This equivalent was de- termined with a very large quantity of dried tubercle bacilli, and the fraction of error for i cc. was infinitesimal. In some of the later experiments the vaccine was prepared by weighing the bacilli after the excess of moisture had l3een removed by dessication. These suspensions were prepared so that one cc. represented i milligram (o.ooi gram) of dried tubercle bacilli. This was believed to be more accurate than the opacity method. The vaccine was generally injected within a few hours, or at the most within a few days from the time it was prepared. It was found that some lots of vaccine had a tendency to clump if allowed to stand for any length of time. If the vaccine was not used within a few hours after its preparation it was kept in an ice chest and microscope and cultural examinations made to de- termine its sterihty. MctJiod of Vaccination. — In all cases except where other- wise noted the vaccine was injected into the jugular vein. The animal was either confined in a stanchion or cast, depending upon its size. The hair over the jugular vein was clipped with 282 S. H. GILLILAND. scissors and afterwards the skin was washed with a soUition of carlx)hc acid or creohn. The jugular vein was filled hy com- pressing the thumb at the lower portion of the neck. The needle was then inserted into the vein and a few drops of blood were allowed to pass through the needle to insure the same being open. The syringe was then attached to the needle and the re- quired dose injected directly into the blood stream. A syringe with a slip needle is best adapted for this work. The first experiment was started November 19, 1900, with the object in view of determining whether calves can be in- fected, to what extent and in what time, by large and repeated injections of tubercle bacilli of the human type. This experi- ment led us to believe that cattle were refractory to enormous (juantities of tubercle bacilli from certain human sources, and further, that such injections were capable of greatly increasing the normal resistance of cattle to virulent tubercle bacilli of bovine origin. About the same time another experiment was carried out in which four yearling calves were used, two of which received seven vaccinations between March 24th and June 2d. The other two animals were kept as controls. Approximately eight weeks following the date of the last vaccination of the two animals. they were injected intratracheally along with their controls with 10 cc. of a standard suspension' of a l30vine culture of tubercle bacilli known to be highly virulent for cattle. The four ani- mals were killed about three months from the date of intra- tracheal infection. Two vaccinated animals contained no dis- tinct lesions of tuberculosis, while the two C()ntrc»ls contained widely distributed active progressive lesions. The detailed re- sults of these two experiments were published by the late 1 )r. Leonard Pearson and the writer in the Journal of Comparatkc Medicine and Veterinary Archives of November. 1 ()()_', and at that time we concluded : I. That after repeated intravenous injections of cultures of tulicrcle bacilli from human si)utum the resistance of young cattle to virulent tul)erclc b.'icilli of bovine origin may be in- ARTIFICIAL IMMr.MTY AGAIXST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC AMMAL8. 2^3 creased to such an extent that they are not injured by inoculation with quantities of such cultures that are capable of causing death or extensive infection of cattle not similarly protected. 2. That by intravenous injection much larger quantities of culture of human sputum tubercle bacilli than are necessary to confer a high degree of resistance, or immunity, upon the vaccin- ated animal may be administered without danger to that animal. Since that time the question immunization of cattle against tuberculosis has been a constant study at the laboratory and experimental farm of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. The following experiments give the results of the work having a direct bearing upon the application of a practical method of immunizing animals against tuberculosis. There were other experiments conducted to obtain knowledge of the virulence of cultures, the best method of administering the vaccine, etc., that are not here recorded. Experiment 115A. This experiment was started in November, 1902, with the oliject of further determining the immunizing value of intra- \enous injections of cultures of tu])ercle bacilli of human origin, and also to ascertain the dosage and the method best adapted to achieve this purpose. There were fourteen yearling heifers and steers in this ex- periment, nine of which were vaccinated by various methods and five were kept as controls. All of the animals were de- termined to be free from tuberculosis by the application of the tuberculin test. Animals No. 45183, a brindle steer, and No. 45184, a black heifer, were given ten intravenous vaccinations between November 27, 1902, and March 2, 1903. Tl^e amount of vaccine administered at each vaccination ranged from 10 cc. to 30 cc. of a standard suspension of culture M. The interval between vaccinations varying from 8 to 14 days. Following the vaccination of the black heifer, No. 45184, on January loth, she was noticed to be much depressed, the respira- ti(jns were greatly increased, labored and painful. 284 S. H. GILLILANI). These animals were kept during the period of vaccination in a temporary stable in connection with the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. On June i6, 1902, 3 J/2 months after the last vaccination, they were placed with their controls in a pasture with a number of tubercular cows. They were removed from this pasture five months later and stabled with cows with advanced tuberculosis until killed. The brindle steer, No. 45183, was killed September 7, 1904, one and one-half years from the time the last vaccine was ad- ministered. On post-mortem examination this animal showed general progressive tuberculosis of the pleura, lungs, "mediastinal and bronchial lymphatic glands, omentum, peritoneum, liver, spleen, as well as the post-pharyngeal and mesenteric Lym- phatic glands. A striking feature in this case was the uniform distribution of the tubercular areas in the lungs. Evidently the tubercle bacilli were carried there by the circulation. The black heifer, No. 45184, which received the same treat- ment as the brindle steer. No. 45183, was killed at the same time and a very careful examination of all the organs, glands and membranes failed to detect any evidence of tuberculosis except in the posterior mediastinal lymph gland, which contained three caseous, well encajjsulated tubercles the size of a i)ea. The tul)erculin test of this animal prior to entering the experiment shows that she had an after temperature of 103.2 V. though she was considered at the time to be free from tuberculosis. It is the belief of the writer that the brindle steer, No. 45183. had a low natural resistance and became infected from the too frequent and too large doses of vaccine. This conclusion is based upon the character and distribution of the lesions in the lungs and other organs. The pathologic picture was one of a mild progressive generalized tuberculosis. In the case of the black heifer, No. 45184, she either con- tained a small lesion of tuberculosis before entering the experi- ment or else the immunity conferred by the vaccine was lost be- fore she was killed, one and one-half years following the last AKTIFiriAI, IMMT'MTV AGAINST TXTBERCULOSIS I\ DOMFSTIf AMMAI.S. 285 vaccination. Inoculations of guinea pigs from the lesion found in the mediastinal gland of this animal, proved that the bacilli had a much greater degree of virulence than the Culture used for the preparation of the vaccine. Two more animals, a spotted bull, No. 45185, and a brown and white heifer, No. 16025, were vaccinated three times with a standard suspension of tubercle bacilli, twice with culture M and once with culture U, as follows : Bull No. 45185. Nov. 27 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 10 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. Dec. 23 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. 1903 Jan. 24 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 5 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture U. Heifer No. 16025. 1903 Jan. 31 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 10 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. Mar. 21 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture '^l. Apr. 10 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 5 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture U. It will be noticed that the vaccine for the last vaccination of these animals was prepared from culture U. This culture was isolated by Dr. M. P. Ravenel from the mesenteric gland of a child in December, 1901. It was found to be highly, virulent for guinea pigs, and a six weeks' old calf inoculated intraven- ously with it on March 4, 1902, was killed in a moribund con- dition six weeks later and showed extensive tuberculosis of the lungs, some of the nodules having gone on to the caseation stage. The lymph glands were enlarged and microscopic scrapings from the same revealed enormous numbers of tubercle bacilli. This culture was used for the third vaccination with the idea that the first two vaccinations with culture M would give suffi- cient immunity to protect against infection from culture U and a higher resulting immunity would thereby be obtained. These animals wefe exposed to natural infection by asso- ciation with tubercular cows in the same manner as the con- trols. The exposure with tubercular cows started on June 16, 1903. The spotted bull. No. 45185, died of tympanites on Septem- ber 4, 1904, one year and eight and one-half months following 286 S. H. GILX,1LAKD. the last vaccination. On autopsy the mediastinal lymphatic glands were enlarged and contained caseous material, sur- rounded by a thick fibrous wall. The posterior mediastinal gland was 4 inches by 6 inches, which forced the oesophagus downward and may explain the tympanites. The brown and white heifer was killed September 7, 1904. one year and five months following the last vaccination. Au- topsy revealed two questionable lesions in the left lung. Three caseo-calcareous nodules in mediastinal lymph glands. Three caseous areas j/g inch to ys inch found in mesenteric lymph glands. Post-pharyngeal lymphatic glands enlarged and caseous. The lesions in both of these animals were well circumscribed and walled off by fibrous tissue. From this and later knowledge obtained it seems more probable to the writer that the vaccina- tion with culture U following so close upon the previous vac- cination with culture M was the cause of infection rather than from the association with the tubercular cows. The fifth vaccinated animal of this experiment received on November 27, 1902, a single vaccination of 10 cc. of culture ]\1. On January 20, 1903, this animal died of intestinal trouble and must be excluded from the experiment. The sixth and .seventh vaccinated animals, a red bull, No. 45191, and a red steer, No. 45192, received between November 27, 1902, and January 24, 1903, three intravenous injections of culture M and two intravenous vaccinations of culture U, as follows : 1902 Nov. 27 Vaccinated in JuRular Vein 10 cc. Standard Suspension M. Dec. 4 Vaccinated in Junular Vein 15 cc. Standard Susi)ension M, Dec. 15 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 cc. Standard Suspension M. •903 Jan. 10 Vaccinated in JuKular Vein 5 cc Standard Suspension U. Jan. 24 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 5 cc Staiidurd Suspension U. These animals were exposed to natural infection by associa- tion with tnl)crcular cows in the same manner as the otlur :ini- mals of this experiment. Tlic red bull, Xo. 45191, was killed .\i)ril 30. 1904, one year and three months following the last vaccination. A cartful ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 287 autopsy failed to reveal any lesion of tuberculosis. All organs, glands, etc., normal. The red steer. No. 45192, was killed April 26, 1904, one year and three months following the last vaccination. Both front knees of this animal had been greatly enlarged for three months and extremely painful. The capsules were enlarged and filled with a pink gelatinous material. Between the two rows of carpal bones the cartilages were eroded. On further autopsy there was found to be a moderate number of tuberculous deposits in the lungs about ]4, to y^ inch in diameter. The bronchial and mediastinal lymphatic glands were enlarged and contained dense calcareous deposits. The viscera, pleura, diaphragm and peri- toneum contain a few reddish growths. Microscopic examina- tion of these deposits and growths shows no tubercle bacilli. However, animals inoculated from the lesions developed tubercu- losis. A most striking feature was the sharpness with which the diseased areas were marked ofif from the normal tissue. The eighth vaccinated animal, a red bull calf. No. 16066, re- ceived five intravenous vaccinations of culture M between May 16 and August 5, 1903, the dose gradually increasing from i cc. on the first injection to 10 cc. on the last injection. On July 9, 1903, it was exposed to natural infection of the same degree as the other animals of the experiment. It was killed on September 7, 1904, after 14 months of ex- posure to natural infection. A careful post-mortem examination revealed no evidence of tuberculosis except a calcified nodule 1/3 inch in diameter in posterior lobe of left lung. Guinea pigs inoculated from this lesion developed tuberculosis in six weeks. The ninth and last vaccinated animal of this experiment, red steer No. 20027, received five intravenous vaccinations of culture U between December i, 1903, and July 14, 1904. The dose was 10 cc. at each vaccination except the fourth, at which time it was increased to 15 cc. On July 5, 1904, previous to the last vaccination, this animal was removed from the temporary barn in Philadelphia to the Experimental Farm in Delaware County and exposed to natural 288 S. H. GHXILAND. infection by association with tubercular cows. This animal steadily gained in weight and remained in good conditit)n. It was killed on December 30, 1905, one year and a half of constant exposure to infection. A very careful examination of all the organs, glands and membranes failed to show any evidence of tu1)erculosis except in left post-pharyngeal gland there was a cheesy focus one inch in diameter. The lesion did not have the appearance of an active one. The five control animals for this experiment, red steer No. 45186; black bull, No. 45188; black and brown heifer, No. 45168; red bull, No. 45189; and red heifer, No. 45190, were kept under the same conditions as the vaccinated animals and exposed with them to the same degree of natural infection. Post mortem of controls as follows : Animal No. 45186. Killed April 30, 1904 — Tuberculosis of lungs, 1 1. Pleura, 1 1. Post-pharyngeal glands, 1 1. Bronchial glands, 1 1. Mediastinal glands, 1 1 1. Peri- cardium, 1 1 1. All the lesions appear to l^e active and progressive. Annual No. 45188. Killed September 7, 1904 — Active tuberculosis found in left lung, 1 1. Bronchial glands, 1 1 1. Mediastinal glands, 1 1 1. Animal No. 45168. Killed September 7, 1904 — Tubercular lesions found lungs, 1 1. Bronchial glands, 1 1 1 1. Mediastinal glands, 1 1 1 1. Animal No. 45189. Killed April 30, 1904 — Lesions of tuberculosis in lungs, 1 1 1 1 1. Pleura, 1 1. Peri- cardium, 1 1. Cervical lymphatic glands, 1 1. Hronchial glands, 1 1 1 1. Mediastinal glands, 1 1 1 1 1. Lymphatic glands anterior to heart and l)elow trachea, 1 1. Liver, 1 1. Portal lymi)hatic gland, 1 1. Omentum, 1 1. Diaphragm, 1 1. In this animal the disease is rather widely distributed and of an active character. Animal No. 45190. Killed Septeml)er 7, 1904 — I^.sion.s of tuberculosis found in huigs, t t 1. r.rouoliial glands, 1 1 1. Mediastinal glands, 1 1 1 t. Liver, t t t t. Dia- phragm, t. Mesenteric glands, 1 1. Ni»Tl.— Tht extent of the (li«eii»e i« indicated hy t iiignii. One t mIkd mcins vrry vlilblly involved, wliilr "iv i i i i t i Nlgnu mcnnii extensive iiivnlvi'inciit nf tlif hkcui, gland or liMur namrd. AKTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBEBCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 280 Experiment 115D. This experiment was started with the object of determining the size of the dose, the number of doses and the best interval l)etween the injections of tuberculosis vaccine to produce a ser- viceable degree of immunity in calves against the disease by nat- ural infection. Thirty calves, ranging in age from 10 to 12 weeks, were selected for this purpose; twenty to be vaccinated, and ten to be used as controls. These animals were purchased in Somerset County and were received in Philadelphia during a warm spell of weather in July, 1903. They were given a tuber- culin test, which was only partially satisfactory, owing to the age and condition of the animals. However, they were selected from apparently healthy herds. These calves were placed on a pasture in Montgomery County, where they contracted lung worms (Strongylus Mi- crurus) during the period of vaccination, and twelve of the thirty died, leaving twelve upon which vaccinations had been started, and six controls. The animals to be vaccinated were divided into four lots. Lot I— Roan heifer, No. 16081 ; red and white heifer, No. 16087; and fawn heifer. No. 20002, were given four intravenous vac- cinations of a standard suspension of culture M between August 5, 1903, and January 6, 1904, the dosage increasing from 5 cc. to 15 cc. Lot II— Consisted of two animals: White heifer No. 16089; and bnnvn and black bull. No. 16092. They received, between Au- gust 5, 1905, and January 6, 1904, five vaccinations of a standard suspension of culture M, the dosage increasing from 4 cc. to 18 cc. Lot III— Consisted of three animals: Red steer, No. 16080; brindle bull. No. 16093 i ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^' -^o- 20005. They were given in all five vaccinations of a standard suspension of culture M. The 290 s. n. GiLLir.AND. dosage was somewhat larger than for Lot II, the first dose being 5 cc. and the last dose 20 cc. Lot IV— Consisted of four animals: Red bull, No. 16079; red heifer, No. 16084; brown and black heifer. No. 16095; ^'^<^1 spotted bull. No. 1 609 1. These animals received in all six vaccinations — five of a standard suspension of culture M and one of a standard suspension of culture U — between August 5, 1903, and March 18, 1904. The dosage was 5 cc, 10 cc, 15 cc, 15 cc, 20 cc. and 10 cc. The animals of these four lots with their controls were ex- posed during the period of vaccination to a moderate degree of infection by association in a pasture with tuberculous cows. Fol- lowing the vaccinations they were all constantly exposed to in- fection by being stabled with cows with generalized tuberculosis. Results of Autopsies — Lot I — Animal No. 16081. Killed December 30, 1904. All organs normal. Animal No. 16087. Killed April 8. 1905. All organs nor- mal, except pea sized, well encapsulated nodule in left post pharyngeal gland, with all the appearances of an inactive lesion. Animal No. 20002. Killed April 8, 1905. No evidences of tu1)erculosis could be found. Lot II— .\nimal No. 16089. Killed December 30, 1904. No tubercu- losis. Animal No. 16092. Killed y\pril 8, 1905. No lubcMculosis. Lot III— Animal No. 16080. Killed September 15, 1904. No tubercu- losis. Animal No. 16093. Killed December 30, 1904. No tubercu- losis. Animal No. 20005. Killed April 8, 1905. No evidences of tulKTCulo.sis found except in left pharyngeal gland there is a small noilulc % inch in diameter surrounded by a gray capsule. Guinea pigs inoculated from il)i>. nodtile developed tuberculosis. AKTIKU'IAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBEKCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 291 Lot IV~ Animal No. 16079. Killed September 15, 1904. No tuber- culosis. Small sections in the lungs show chronic bronchial pneu- monia. Animal No. 16084. Killed December 30, 1904. No tuber- culosis. A small greenish nodule found in one of the lungs. Upon histological examination it resembled a dense collection of lymphoid tissue rather than a tubercular process. Animal No. 16095. Killed April 8, 1905. No tuberculosis. Animal No. 16091. Killed April 8, 1905. No tuberculosis. Controls — Animal No. 16082. Killed September 17, 1904. Early active lesions of tuberculosis were found in the lungs, 1 1. Post- pharyngeal glands, 1 1. Mesenteric glands, 1 1 1. Animal No. 20007. Killed December 30, 1904. Active tuberculosis of lungs, 1 1 1. Bronchial glands, 1 1 1 1. Mediastinal glands, 1 1 1. Liver, t. Animal No. 20008. Killed December 30, 1904. The lungs contain one small area of suspected tuberculosis which was not proven by animal inoculation. Tuberculosis found in the bron- chial glands, 1 1 ; and mediastinal glands, 1 1 1. Animal No. 16086. Killed April 8, 1905. Tuberculosis of the post-pharyngeal glands, 1 1 1 ; and Omentum. Lungs normal. Animal No. 20003. Killed April 8, 1905. Active tul)ercu- lous processes found in the post-pharyngeal glands, ttt; and mediastinal glands. No tul>erculosis of lungs. Animal No. 16090. Died February 11, 1905. Was in very poor condition for two months. Extensive generalized tubercu- losis of lungs, 1 1 1 1 1 1. Bronchial glands, 1 1 1 1. Mediastinal, 1 1 1 1. Pericardium, 1 1. Pleura, 1 1 1 1 1. Diaphragm, ttt. Post-pharyngeal glands, ttt. Portal lymphatic gland, 1 1. Omentum, ttt. The average length of exposure to infection for the vac- cinated animals was i year, 172 days; while for the controls it was I year, 166 days. In brief, we find only two of the 12 vaccinated animals showed any evidence of tuberculosis, and in 292 S. H. GILLILAND. those the lesions were very small and inactive, while all the con- trols presented lesions of tuberculosis distributed throughout the body. One of the controls developed tuberculosis to such an extent that it died in i year and 190 days, showing that the de- gree of exposure to infection was severe. REFERENCES. To Dr. Leonard Pearson much credit is due for the original plans of these experi- ments, and only through his untiring efforts were means obtained from the Legislature by which it was possible to pursue this important line of investigation. Difficulties arose in the progress of this work that seemed insurmountable, and through the wise counsel, kindly suggestions, and encouraging words of this one man the parties in direct cliarge of the work were stimulated to exert their best efforts. The wri'ter is deeply conscious of the fact that these experiments could have been presented in a more concise, a more intelligent and a more able manner by the one whose untimely death was a severe blow to the entire veterinary profession. Tliese in- vestigations were originally planned and started by Dr. Leonard Pearson and the writer, who later secured the assistance of a number of men, and to these men I desire to ex- press my thanks: To Dr. M. P. Ravenel for the isolation of most of the cultures used in the prepar;i- tion of the vaccine. To Dr. C. Y. White and Dr. John Reichel for the histological examinations. To Dr. K. S. Deubler and Dr. John Reichel for the preparation of the vaccine for the latter experiments and general bacteriological work. To Dr. E. S. Deubler credit is due for many of the autopsies, the vaccinations of the animals and the supervision and management of the Experimental Farm following 1907. For general assistance during various phases of this work we are indebted to Dr. II. C. Campbell, Dr. -E. P. Althouse, Dr. E. Barnett and Dr. I. B. Powell. ( To be concluded in next issue. ) Alumni Dinner at New York Athletic Club June io, 1914. — The pleasant memory that lingers with those alumni of New York University who attended the dinner of the New York American Veterinary College at the New York Athletic Club a year ago will make them very receptive to the announcement that again this year they are to dine amid the surroundings that so delighted the artistic temperament of our good friend Howard from lioston, as to make it impossible for him to restrain the How of poetic sentiments that characterized his after-dinner re- marks. And while the symptoms were not so speakiuf/ly pro- nounced with everyone present, all were similarly affected, and, we trust, have told their brother alumni about it, so that the niiml)crs will be even greater on this second occasion. The veterinary alumni association meeting, as announced in the May Ukvikvv will be held in the middle of tlie day at the old veterinary building at 141 West 54th street, so that the nuMnbcrs may at- tend the commencement exercises at University Heights in the aftcmtHjii; The excellent music and splendid addresses are features that stand out prominently at this annnal fiitutioii. THE TISSUE FOOD.* By John A. McLaughlin, D.V.S., New York, N. Y. When I read my last paper, "The Tissue Medium," I earn- estly requested a full discussion and criticism of the thought 1 had advanced. I wished to hear from my fellow practitioners its strength or its weakness. Evidently I did not make my view- point clear, for what I desired most to hear discussed has been passed by in silence. 1 accept all blame for this, but in excuse will say that I had to crowd a vast deal in one small paper. I was, and am, attempting to study physiology in the light of anatomy, and anatomy, that is structural anatomy, in the light of physiology. Knowing the end product of food, that is its phy- siological ending, also its anatomical ending, knowing its source as well as its destination, I attempted to study the structural anat- omy of the parts involved by following it from its source to its destination. One of my critics insists that any theory to be of value must present original facts, replying to which I will state that 1 accept the facts presented in any text-book on anatomy or physiolog}'. If I am in error in one essential fact, then is my theory wrong. The following may present my view-point more clearly: If the different parts of a machine were found separated, and their purpose unknown, both its construction and its purpose would be disclosed as soon as it performed a recognized feat. If the separated parts were those of a flying machine, it would be impossible to tell it was a flying machine (without previous knowledge) until the parts were put together correctly, nor would it be known that the parts were put together correctly until it flew, when both its purpose and its correct structure would be known. When we see a printed paper passing from a multiple press, we are assured that the parts of that machine are put to- * Presented at the February meeting of tlie Veterinary Medical Association of New York City. 293 aw JOHN A. MCLAUGHLIN. getlier correctly, but with the same assurance we can affirm that the parts are put together on correct mechanical principles. To think otherwise would be absurd. So I was, and am, attempting the study of the organism, or rather a part of the organism, its anatomy and physiology as we would a man-made machine. To do this effectively, I sought a substance that was possessed of physical properties whose up- build or synthesis could be followed from start to finish, just as we might follow a product of some man-made device, from the raw material to the finished article. The tissue medium I con- sidered was such a substance; it is an end product (by an end product I mean the last of more than one product in which the intermediate products are but stepping stones to the finished article). (2) We know from whence it comes and to where it goes and the purpose it is intended to serve. (3) It comes from the food the organism partakes of and is intended as food for the tissues and its destination must be the tissues. (4) We know the structural anatomy and histology of the parts, and as sure as the multiple press is built on recognized mechanical principles so must the organism (and the parts which produce the tissue medium) be constructed on the same mechanical principles. In one respect, however, you have accorded me enlighten- ment. I was not as clear as I should have been on the subject of plasma; when I said if the tissue medium was not the plasma itself it existed in the substance of plasma, I was, I admit, rather vague, for I had been speaking of both as identical substances. That I might be more clear in this paper, I have entitled it Tlir Tissue road, between which and the tissue medium and the plasma there is a difference. On the term plasma I have been a little hazy also. I have used it to indicate the tissue medium — that fhiid which bathes the tissues; our text-books term it lymph; I think both terms could be substituted by a better one, for plasma implies that it is found only in the blood, lymph that it is found only in the lymphatic vessels; I propose to name it tissue plasma. Hy tissue food I mean the substance, simi)k' or compound, by which the tissues actually live, by the tissue medium T mean the THE TISSUE FOOD. 295 lluid they live in. They hve by tissue food, they h\'e in tissue plasma; tissue plasma is their material world as the outside ma- terial world is that of the organism; it is tissue food I am study- ing, not plasma, and it is the anatomical construction of the parts which produce and transport it to its destination I am attempting to interpret, and which when interpreted correctly will be found, must be found, to be constructed in accord with mechanical prin- ciples. In my last paper I studied the route of the tissue food or, as I then termed it, the tissue medium (plasma) from its source to its destination, and described the structural arrangement of the parts in which it was produced and transported from its source to the tissues. That description disclosed a route that was con- structed (or, I contended, was constructed) on approved me- chanical principles. In this paper I propose to study the tissue food, by reversing the order I then followed and beginning at the tissues, retrace its course to its source. The first step backward brings us into the circulatory appa- ratus. The circulatory apparatus and the tissues are anatomically distinct, so this first step backward actually transports us from one part of the organism to another, a most remarkable feat of transportation. This remarkable feat is accomplished by passing directly through the zvalls of the capillaries. It is essential to my purpose to discover the import of this physiological, phenomenon. What we must decide is whether it is an incidental occurrence, as absorption, or whether it is a genuine physiological function, As I contend that all physiological phenomena must have an anatomical explanation or a histological one, it is essential to my theory that this particular phenomenon must have an explanation in the histology of the capillaries, and I consider the assumption well founded that the capillaries are histologically, physiologically and regionally adapted to perform the work they do, and their function is the result of a special design on the part of the organ- ism. Nor is this function a simple one, but holds a very import- ant place in physiology; for this act of passing through the capil- laries is not merely one of passage, but one of filtering, and the 296 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. filtering is as important a physiological function as is the act of transportation. Transportation is essential, for if the tissue food should remain in the circulatory apparatus, it could not be of any benefit to the tissues, but filtering is also essential to prevent sub- stances that are inimical to the tissues coming in contact with them. To sum up the functions of the capillaries, they filter the good from the bad, permitting the good to pass their walls, re- taining the bad within their walls. Now we know what passes through and we know just what remains in the capillaries, plasma passes through, corpuscles remain in the circulatory apparatus. I infer from this that plasma represents the good and the corpuscles represent the bad. I infer also that the tissue food exists in the plasma and not in the corpuscles. With these remarks regarding the physiology of the capilla- ries, we can continue retracing the route of the tissue food with proper intelligence, for knowing that plasma and tissue food are found together, we can disregard the corpuscles even though they dominate the blood so thoroughly and follow the plasma, assured that where plasma is there also is the tissue food. The second step backward carries us to the lungs. You may ask: Why so far? To which question I must answer that the tissue food is a synthetic product and only cells are capable oi a synthetic power, and between the capillaries and the lungs therr are no cells. These cells, however, or oxygen, I contended in !n\ last paper had no part in the ui)build of the tissue food. I wa- vcry severely criticised for this statement, but my critic was alluding to plasma, which I believe holds oxygen within its sub- stance. This is where, in my previous paper, I made myself ambiguous and used the term plasma and tissue food as meaning; the same substance. It might he well to explain here how oxygen becomes part of plasma. This is my explanation : The corpuscles carry oxy- gen, in the capillaries they give up this oxygen; the inference is that oxygen enters the plasma in a pure state, but my explanalimi i.s that oxidized prmlucts when sufikiently prepared for cliuiini tion pass ihmugn the capillaries lo be excreted. In tiiy last p.ijxi THE TISSUE FOOD. 297 1 stated that oxygen was essential to elimination, and I might almost add that that constituted its entire function, and only after being thoroughly oxidized can the impurities of the blood be eliminated, but no elimination could possibly take place in the circulatory apparatus, so oxidized substances constituted the oxygen found in the plasma, and also represented its impurities. From the lungs to the next place where a synthetic process is possible, we must leave the circulatory apparatus entirely. Be- fore leaving, however, I might be asked if the blood has no effect on the tissue food; to which I answer, no, the tissue food once formed is altered only by the tissues themselves; when the tissues partake of this prepared diet, the tissue food is changed into tissue substance, tissue by-products and waste. In the circulatory apparatus there is but one organ that has a direct influence on the tissue food, that is the heart, and the in- fluence of this wonderful organ is confined to transporting it to the tissues. I argue that the tissue food is formed before it comes under this influence. The function of the heart is to pro- duce the circulation, without the heart the blood would remain motionless and the tissue food would never reach the tissues ; it is the dynamo, the power within the route we are studying. Let us see what this power encompasses. The heart exists for the benefit of the tissues; every organ exists for the same purpose; it produces the circulation, for otherwise the tissues would starve, the circulation transports the tissue food to the tissues, it is a case where the mountain actually goes to Mahomet, and the heart is the power that moves the mountain, or, if you will, he is the shepherd of his flock of tissues, but instead of leading his flock to the pasture, he sends the pasture to his flock. The organism is capable of movement, and can search for its food, but not so with the tissues, they remain stationary. The relation between the organism and its world and the relation between the tissues and their world (plasma) is reversed, in the former the organism moves; in the latter, the world moves. According to our text-books the function of the circulation is 298 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. to carry, or rather force, oxygen to the tissues. The explanation is that the blood enters the lungs to absorb oxygen, and the heart propels this oxygen-charged blood to the tissues, where it is ab- sorbed by the tissues. Instead of the blood absorbing oxygen from the atmospheric air, I infer that the lungs are anatomically and histologically designed to secrete oxygen and transport it to the blood vessels which constitute their ducts. It is a parallel function to the lacteals, which secrete tissue food from the food and transport it to their blood cul-de-sacs and that of the various glands (the mammary, for instance), which secrete milk from the plasma and transport it to the lacteal ducts. I cannot under- stand the logic that gives such varied methods of procedure to organs whose difference is only in their structure, but whose purpose is the same, but I can understand the logic that infers that this difference in structure is to meet the difference in en- vironment; nor can I understand the further argument that ascribes absorption to the lacteals, absorption in the lungs, ab- sorption to the tissues, secretion to the mammary glands and excretion to the kidneys. It would not be a perfect man-made machine if built in such manner. Now we will study the route by which the tissue food enters the alimentary lymphatics and leaves the circulatory apparatus (or rather enters it, for we are retracing our course) and tlu- structural arrangement of the parts which connect these two won- derful apparatuses. The connection is made, as we know, by tiie thoracic duct and the great lymphatic vein, and there can \k no question that these two vessels make a remarkably simple and complete connection. To describe the route, however, from tlii point onward, or rather backward, 1 lind very difficult; this is W cause the two ducts or vessels divide into three routes, each roiiu following a different course. The one going to the alinientar\ canal is nnr wrongly I have determini'd that the aim and end of elalM»ralinn is the tissue ftxtd. Anv analysis or criticism of my THE TISSUE FOOD. SOii paper should begin at my view-point. The question to be an- swered first is, " Is my view-point admissible, can structural anatomy be interpreted in the light of physiology, and z'ice versa, and is it a correct inference that when the food arrives at the tissues elaboration ends? " If not, most that I have said is error; Ixit if admissible, the greater part of the analyses and criticism directed against my views has been misdirected. As so much depends on my view-point, I would like to dis- cuss it for a moment. It may be divided into two parts: (i) That structural anatomy can be interpreted by the physiological phenomena occurring in the parts to be interpreted; (2) that the particular purpose of the organism is to produce tissue food. If the first part were applied to a man-made machine, it would be synonymous to saying that as a machine is built, so it must work, and as it works, so it must be built. Of the first part of my view-point, I do not imagine there will be any question ; of the second, however, there may be a great deal. Therefore I would like to discuss it a little further. I have described what I mean by tissue food, but even if I am in error as to its exact nature, or even if tissue food is non-existent, my view-point is correct, if you but admit that the end of elabora- tion is the production of some definite substance, and the destina- tion of this substance is the tissues. Having explained what I mean by the tissue food, I will now attempt to determine its composition. To do this, even approxi- mately, we must follow the liquid food from the alimentary canal to the tissues, but no further. The tissues must be recognized as the destination of food, its destination, anatomically and physio- logically, otherwise my theory falls to the ground. We know the composition of food when it begins its journey; wc know its composition when it arrives at the tissues ; we know each and every chemical, or other change, occurring while en route, and we can locate every histological structure in which each change occurs. The first of a series of such changes occurs in the alimentary canal, a second series takes place in the liver (according to our text-books), a third occurs in the alimentary 304 JOHN A. MCLAUGHLIN. lymphatics. We have followed these changes to their ultimate, and found that but one of these products is found in the tissue plasma — that one is the serum of the chyle. This fluid and the tissue plasma are very similar in composition, and I consider it a justifiable inference that the serum of the chyle is the tissue food, or the nearest approach to this substance, that is never found in its purity, but always in combination. The natural deduction is that the alimentary canal and the great lymphatic system produce the tissue food, and this is the theory I wish to advance. I have explained how the alimentary lymphatics, con- tinuing the manufacture of the tissue food, the same process is continued by the systemic lymphatics, the circulatory apparatus constituting a connecting link between the separated parts of the great lymphatic gland, or system, as our text-books desig- nate it. I wish now to refer to the theory of absorption. By absorp- tion I mean that particular process whereby food is absorbed from the alimentary canal and transported to the circulatory apparatus by the blood circulating through the mesenteric veins. This function is not specially provided for by any anatomical arrangement; the mesenteric arteries, it is true, go to the alimen- tary canal, but they go to carry plasma to its secreting cells, and the returning venous blood goes to the liver, but, anatomically speaking, the mesenteric veins are distinct from the alimentary canal, just as distinct as the lacteals would be if they were devoid of cells. As far as I can discover, our text-books claim no ana- tomical connection between the two api)aratuses, the function of absorption Ixjing the result of physical laws, and not tiie result of any particular anatomical design on the part of the organism as I claim for the lacteals and, for that matter, for all physio- logical phenomena. If. therefore, absorption is a fact, my vicw- jMiint has met an ol)staclc that is very dinicult to overcome; but. iinle.s.s it is overcome, it is impo.ssible to .study, or rather interpret, anatomy in the light of physiology or vice versa, and the organ- ism, unlike a man-made machine, works as it is not built to work, and |K*rforn)s a very impi>rtant function for which no anatomical THE TISSUE FOOD. 305 arrangement has been provided. Absorption appears to be a physiological incident, in a man-made machine it would spell failure. If absorption is a fact, of course it must be accepted; but we must also accept all the anatomical and physiological contradic- tions which go with it. Let us interpret those contradictions in the light of the glycogenic function of the liver. Sugar is ab- sorbed by the blood in the mesenteric veins and carried to the liver, where it is converted into glycogen and stored up for future use. To be of future use, it re-enters the circulation to be further elaborated, and meets the fate of most elaborated products — it ends nowhere in particular. From my view-point, it ends in the tissues, and ends in them as an integral part of the tissue food, or else it is of no value whatever. If we follow the glycogen from the liver onward (whether it is glycogen or some deriva- tive of glycogen, makes no difference), and we find it mixing with the chyle (blood) as it empties from the thoracic duct, and as one fluid, they both find their way to the tissues. This is a most extraordinary occurrence if glycogen is as important a substance as is claimed for it, and productive of many contradic- tory inferences. It is a very strange meeting this of the bile acids, glycogen and chyle, and eventually the tissue-waste prod- ucts and the corpuscles, and a still stranger meeting place. When we consider the size of the liver, its enormous blood supply, the vast amount of bile and glycogen it secretes, the explanation of its functions and its purpose in the organism, as given in our text- books, would hardly explain its importance in a man-made machine. These physiological contradictions are rivalled by those found in the anatomical arrangement of the blood vessels which have to do with absorption. The portal vein is but a receptacle of the blood (the venous blood, remember) of the mesenteric, pancre- atic and splenic veins ; this is a very strange arrangement to carry sugar to the liver ; it is just as strange if their purpose is to secrete bile. As far as I can discover, our text-books offer no explana- tion at all. These veins carry blood from the stomach, pancreas iJOG JOHN A. MC LAUGIILIN. and spleen, so the liver receives their venous blood and its own arterial blood, yet bile and glycogen are highly oxidized products. This chemical fact is not explained by our text-books, nor is any explanation offered why the liver continues the work of the pan- creas and spleen on the blood, nor do they explain w'hy the blood should enter the circulatory apparatus in two places : one at the entrance of the hepatic vein, the other at the opening of the thoracic duct; why it should reach the tissues at different times, for the hepatic vein being further away from the tissues than the thoracic duct, it must reach there at different times. So it is a logical conclusion there are two tissue foods, which sounds as incongruous as having two kinds of milk. Physiologically and anatomically, the function of absorption presents many contra- dictions. Just a word of explanation regarding the term elaboration. I have used this term to mean a function confined to the produc- tion of tissue food, it is therefore confined to the produc- tion of serum. Chemically speaking, and anatomically speaking, elaboration is possible only in the alimentary canal and in the great lymphatic system. A final w'ord regarding hunger, thirst and asphyxiation. I stated in my last paper hunger v^as peculiar to the alimentary canal, thirst to the lymphatics, and asphyxiation to the lungs. Hunger is a cry of the tissues for food, for nutriment ; the stom- ach is the spokesman for the alimentary canal ; thirst is a cry of the tissues for water, but water is included in tissue food; this cry of the tissues is responded to by the lymphatics, because it is the function of these glands to produce a liquid food, and the lymphatics of the throat constitute the spokesmen of that gland. The cry of the tissues for oxygen is a cry of distress; they are l)CComing poisoned, and the antitoxin to these poisons is oxygen, NoTt — " C, E. Slnlil, rrlyinK Icm on fnct« tlmn one theoretical rcanoning, endeavored U> fUlm for the liver » very comprcheniiive pntholoKical importance. lie called in qucH- lion the opinion m (o the excluNivc participation of the lactcnlx in the abtiorption of ntitri Uon, which, «inre the diHcovcry of the thoracic duct, had grndiially lieromc genenilly ad- milirc carefully prepared. They should be on the 330 STATE VETEBINABY BOARD EXAMINATIONS. 331 subject indicated, up to date, and prepared to bring out the can- didates' general and specific knowledge on the subject. So called " catch " questions should be avoided as far as possible, and every effort made to give the candidate a " square deal." The following questions on surgery were asked recently by a state board of veterinary examiners: Surgery. 1. Describe the gall bladder in the ox and horse. a. Describe the operation for removing gall stones in the horse. 2. Why does a cow chew her cud and when does she lose it ? a. How does she regain it? b. Describe the oesophageal groove {Sulcus Oeso- phageiis). 3. What is the operation for Stringhalt? a. Describe the operation. b. What is the cause of Stringhalt? 4. Describe the trifacial neurectomy. a. Why is this operation done? 5. What is staphylotomy? a. Describe this operation. b. Why is this operation done? 6. Give technic ligation of the carotid. a. Differentiate the circulation of the blood in the brain of the horse and ox. 7. What is keratoma? a. Give treatment. 8. Describe aneurism. a. Give treatment. 9. Describe paraphymosis. a. Give treatment. 10. What is the best treatment for canker and how to ap- ply it? Here the subject of anatomy, physiology, the impossible and improbable, with some surgery, is scrambled together into a remarkable conglomeration. 332 N, S. MAYO. We hope some of our skilled surgeons will tell us how they have removed the gall stones from a horse or performed trifacial neurectomy for facial neuralgia in the horse or cow. With such an amount and range of practical operations that should be per- formed by the average veterinarian, it is remarkable that so few were included in this list of questions. The variability of standards set for practice is probably as great as is the variation in size of the states. This should not be so. A movement has been started and is making some progress to have reciprocity between states. To insure fairly satisfactory results from such arrangements, there should be some similarity of standards of examinations. It has been suggested that there be a national examining board, but this is objected to as infringing upon the rights of the state, but some such arrangement seems highly desirable. Would it not be possible to have a committee of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association prepare sets of questions, say twenty or more on each subject, and submit these to the various state examining boards that they might select from among these fairly representative questions those the state board liked best? This would be a step only towards uniformity. There still remains the great factor of grading the answers submitted by the candidates, and this variation will be as great as the num- ber of individuals marking the papers. There is great need of some sort of uniformity, and any step will be progress from the present chaotic condition. ElGHTY-SFXOND COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES — NeW YoRK Univer.sity. — On June loth, the commencement exercises of New York University will be held in the auditi^ium at Uni- versity Heights. All alumni arc extended a cordial invitation to be present. Veterinary alumni attending the alumni meeting at 141 West 54th street in the middle of the day will be able to reach the campus easily in time for the commencement exercises. REPORTS OF CASES. SIX EXPERIMENTAL CASES OF TETANUS IN CARNIVORA. By S. S. N. Walsh, D.V.M., St. Louis, Mo. The object of the following experiments was not to determine the symptomatology of tetanus in the dog or cat, but to determine the effect of a certain line of treatment. These animals were used as controls. The cultures injected were highly toxic and the bacilli were not removed by filtration, the object being to pro- duce the disease as rapidly as possible, with the toxin formed in vitro and to allow the injected organism to reinforce this action with toxin formed in corpore. Taking into consideration the relative immunity of carnivora for tetanus, due to combination of bacteriocidal and phagocytic action, the symptoms produced in these three animals were likely caused entirely by the toxin formed in vitro. Behring and several other authors consulted, state that the muscles in tetanus are very sensitive. None of these animals showed any pain on palpation even when considerable pressure was put upon the tetanized muscles. Trismus was not marked in any of these animals, the symp- toms were those of the so-called " tetanus ascendens " which is the usual type when the disease is produced by inoculation. Muller and Glass state that in tetanus of the dog there is a rather constant loss of voice ; this dog could bark at any and all stages of the disease. The voice of one of the cats was not af- fected, but that of the other was lost. A short resume of facts a1)out tetanus toxin may be of interest. A bacterial toxin — exo- toxin may be defined as a sol uble-diff usable, secretory ana1x)lic, thermolabile product of l^acterial activity except (true toxins not bacterial), etc., which when injected or otherwise parenter- ally introduced into a suitable animal call fourth their antibody, i. c, antitoxin. Easily destroyed by light chemicals, etc. Specific in action and never act without an incubation period. It is pre- cipitated by ammonium sulphate. The purest product which has been obtained by precipitation is in the form of fine, yellow flakes which are soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol, and either do not give protein reactions. Tetanus toxin on standing loses its toxicity, but does not lose its combining power for antitoxin, showing that its toxo- 333 334 REPORTS OF CASES. phore group has been lost, while the haptophore group still re- mains intact, toxin minus its toxophore group is designated by Erlich toxoid. An injection of toxoid followed by a lethal dose of toxin produces no symptoms. Twenty-four hours after an injection of toxoid a sublethal dose of toxin is often fatal. In alligators toxin is neither destroyed nor is it eliminated for some time. Soon after injection it disappears from the blood, but can be demonstrated in the liver and some other organs. Metschnikoff tried to produce the disease in turtles by elevating the body temperature, but failed. Tlie toxin remained in the blood and no antitoxin was formed. (Demonstrated in blood by its toxicity for white mice.) The photodynamic power of 5 per cent, solution of eosin destroys tetanus toxin in one hour. It is known generally that tetanus toxin is not the only toxin of the tetanus bacillus which also elaborates tetanolysin. A haemolytic substance which as far as the disease is concerned is of little importance. A protiolytic ferment and acid are also products of the organism. The following table of Behring may be of interest, showing the relation of the size dose of toxin to the time required for the production of symptoms. 13 Lethal Doses — Symptoms in 36 Hours. 110 Lethal Doses — Symptoms in 24 Hours, 333 Lethal Doses — Symptoms in 20 Hours. 1,300 Lethal Doses — Symptoms in 14 flours. 3.600 Lethal Do.ses — Symptoms in 12 Hours. Ft is worthy of note that increasing the dose of tc^xin short- ens the incubation jjcriod up to a certain point, and past this point the j)eriod can not be shortened, /. c, enormous doses always have an incubation period, this appears as if the action might \ye enzymatic. Vaughan states tliat tetaiins and diphtheria toxins in them- selves arc non-poisonous, but tliat tiieir toxicity is entirely due to enzymatic action, 1. e., they split certain protein molecules in the animal Ixxly and liberate their poi.sonous fraction and this frac- tif>n proihiccs the symptoms. Nocard infected three sheep with the tetanus b.icilli at the tip of the tail— he introduced the organisms upon splinters. All three sheep were allowed to develop the disease, then the tails of two were amputated close to the rump. Result. — All died in KEPOKTS OF CASES. 335 same manner. Spores of B. tetani freed of toxin and aseptically introduced into animals will not produce the disease because of the rapidity with which they are taken up by phogocytes. Spores plus an injury as lactic acid, etc., will produce the disease. Knorr gives some comparisons of susceptibility of different animals as follows : One Gm. of horse is destroyed by -x toxin. One Gm. of goat is destroyed by 2x toxin.. One Gm. of mouse is destroyed by 13X toxin. One Gm. of rabbit is destroyed by 2,ooox toxin. One Gm. of hen is destroyed by 200,ooox toxin. The great resistance of carnivora for tetanus is common knowledge, but that this resistance is quite likely bacteriocidal Cat No. 1. and not an immunity which is absolute and protective against both toxin and bacilli are, I think, demonstrated in these three animals. The inoculation which the dog received would have been without doubt a fatal dose for an herbivorous animal as ox, 336 BEPOBTS OF CASES. horse, sheep or goat and yet it failed to kill this dog — although he had no treatment and no care ; he was in a cage with two cats, which were by no means friendly toward him. It is common knowledge as to what the effect of a similar annoyance would be on a horse. That this resistance is not the same in all carnivora, but varies with the individual, is shown in the cats. In Cat Number One: The first symptoms appeared in approximately ninety-two hours ; in ninety-eight hours more or in all lOO hours (these figures are rough, but close enough to serve the purpose) the animal was C.it No. I. moribund — according to tlie tabic of lU-hriug, he had in his sys- tem l)Ctwecn five and ten times more toxin than would have l)ccn required to kill him. Now a striking dilTerence is seen in Cat Number Two: Tliis animal showed symptoms at the same lime after injection a.s number one. Seventy-two hours after this, or 1 20 hours after injection, he was by no moans moribmul. I greatly regret that I killed the animal at this time, as from his general appearance I believe he would iiave gone on to recov- BEPOBTS OF CASES. 337 ery. In case number one there is no doubt absolutely but that he would have died of asphyxia during the night had he not l)een killed. Judging from these three animals, if one may draw any conclusion from so insignificant a number, I would say that the immunity of carnivora against natural infection with tetanus is purely a bacteriocidal one, and that these animals are no more resistant against the action of the toxin than other animals. This is in accord with the resistance or inherited immunity of the Cat No. I. — Apparently dead, shows extreme muscular contraction. dog for most all infectious diseases, the same probably acquired by his forefather, the jackal. For generations carnivora (wild) have preyed upon each other and eaten of cadavers, dead of various diseases, so that an inherent resistance to most infections has become a part of them; it is a common observation that domestication is caus- ing them to progressively lose this ; for example, the common cur who rustles his living from garbage, heaps is ever so much more resistant to infection than is the pet house dog. 338 BEPOBTS OF CASES. I think that even these few experiments clearly demonstrate that the immunity of carnivora for tetanus is in no manner similar to that which is possessed by the alligator and turtle. The why of the immunity of the alligator and turtle? I will not attempt to explain ; cold-blooded animals are not all immune, as the disease can l)e produced in frogs if their tem- perature is raised to 37.5 degrees C. A frog which I injected died with tetanic symptoms — whether or not these were due to I. — Taken when tela the surroundings I will not say. (He was put in a jar of water in a .small incubator.) In frogs kq)t at 20 degrees C, large do.ses of toxin arc with- out eflTcct; if later the temperature is raised, death occurs. Mor- gcwroth concludes from this that the haptophore group only combines with the nervous system at 20 degrees ('., and that ** 37-5 degrees C the toxophore groups unite. That is, the combinatiun of nerve .and haptoj)hc)re does nr»i prevent later additirm of tox()phr)re to the conibinatirm. BEPOBTS OF CASES. I 839 The results obtained on cats numbers 3 and 4, further sub- stantiate the theory that in the previous animals the symptoms produced were due to the toxin injected and not to that formed in the body. Conclusions drawn from so small amount of data are unquestionably insignificant and a source of error; but as far as these two animals are concerned, it clearly demonstrates that injections of bacilli or cultures w'hich contain no active toxin, are unable to produce any noticeable disturbance. Dog No. II. Another point which may be absolutely an error, is the fact that after injection of these cats with a broth culture which had I)een heated to 56 degrees C. for one-half hour, a subsequent injection of more than a lethal dose of toxin was without effect. I say this may be an error because I unfortunately did not con- trol this injection with injection of a white mouse to at least roughly determine the toxicity of the injected material. Dog number two show-ed several marked differences from any of the other animals. In the first place he showed evidence of great pain which seemed to be spasmodic in character. 340 BEPOBTS OF CASES. The symptoms came on more gradually and seemed to slowly extend from muscle to muscle. The others where the site of injection was in the thigh in the vicinity of the sciatic nerve, would show symptoms suddenly, and these were in every case confined to the leg infected, at the onset. In dog number two, the first evidence of the disease was a lateral deviation of the tail toward the injected side; this very gradually and regularly progressed until there was curvature of the entire spine, the convexity was toward non-infected, i. e., the left side. During the paroxysm of pain it seemed to afford the animal considerable relief to lie upon the left side. This animal was more responsive to stimuli than any of the others and taking of flashlight picture caused general convulsion each time it was done (three times). Neither of other two animals responded to this form of stimulus. During etherization, in no case in others, was there any- thing near complete relaxation of all muscles which had been involved; there was in each a relaxation of some muscles, but the extensor muscles of hind legs never approached even normal tonus, much less complete relaxation. On poisoning dog number two with strychnine, it was found that at intervals between the convulsions there was complete relaxation of all muscles, including the extensor muscles of hind legs. I mention injection of strychnine merely as a matter of possible interest and not because of any particular significance which it may have. It is generally concluded that the seat of action or better the cells stimulated or paths opened up by tetanus toxin and strychi nine are the same. I wished to determine whether these cells already being acted upon by tetanus toxin could also respond to strychnine in a normal manner, which in this case they did. Although being stimulated to the apparent maximum by tetanus toxin, there was still power to respond to the strychnine. Dog Number One: Puppy, female (breed, common; age, 5 months) ; general condition, good. Culture Used: Five-day-old in lactose peptone brt)th — this culture (2 m.) killed a white rat with tetanic symptoms in twenty- four hours. Injection: Jan. 7, 1914; injected M. 5 right thigii in region of sciatic nerve. Jan. 8, 1914: Normal, cha.ses ball, playful, etc. Jan. 9, 1914: Kxten.sion and tet.mus of the muscles of injected leg. Jan. 10, 1914: Tumefaction (slight) in groin on right BEFOBTS OF CASES. 341 r side; this extends down into the inner aspect of thigh, is not painful on palpation, the leg is in extreme extension and cannot be forcibly flexed. (No general symptoms.) Jan. ii and 12, 1914: Rather close observation revealed no appreciable change, no malaise, appetite good, etc., right hind leg rigid, no exag- gerated reflexes. Jan. 14: Observation at about 11 a. m. showed general tetanus (this came on within 12 to 14 hours) ; ears hang over face, corners of mouth retracted, very marked corrugation of forehead; emits a smacking noise at the sight of food; appetite is good and is able to swallow solids. Movement of jaws are not much influenced — general mus- cular rigidity. Palpation of any portion of body causes no pain. Marked oedema of leg into which injection was made seen mostly below the hock. While the symptoms were general was never observed lying down. Slight elevation of the head causes exaggeration of the mus- cular contractions about the head and the animal falls; a slight push also causes a fall. There is marked fixation of eyeballs, will bark at strange sounds. Jan. 14 to Jan. 22, 1914: Not much change; appetite good; some emaciation and atrophy of muscles of injected leg. On about the 14th three flashlight pictures were taken, none of the flashes causing any convulsions in the animal, and at this time a slight tap would produce the well-known general muscular contractions seen in strychnine poisoning and tetanus ; why these did not occur with the optic nerve the apparent path I will not attempt to explain. Jan. 25, 1914: Muscles of fore limbs and retracters of mouth are beginning to relax. At no time since Jan. 7, 19 14, has even forced flexion of infected leg been possible. The same remaining in a state of rigid extension. Jan. 26, 1914: Much harder push than that required to cause a fall a few days ago causes no fall. Elevation of head no fall. Dog Number One: Jan. 28, 1914: General muscular con- tractions rapidly subsiding. Except infected leg where atrophy is progressive and there is rigid extension. Jan. 31, 19 14: Gen- eral symptoms entirely subsided. Infected leg rigid extension. Feb. 12, 1914: Dog normal, except absolute rigidity of the leg injected, the same in state of extension ; forced flexion impos- sible. Three weeks before this dog was used for this experiment 342 REPORTS OF CASES. a spinal puncture was made (lumbar region) and two or three drops of fluid withdrawn. No fluid could be withdrawn while the animal was in state of general tetanus (this was not because of bad technique). This fact is mentioned only because it was done, because it prob- ably has no significance whatever; because this same phenome- non is often observed in the normal dog. March 21, 1914: In last month there has been a proliferative arthritis of the stifle with exostosis about the tibia near the joint; this has resulted in more or less ankylosis of the joint. The leg is still in state of extreme extension and cannot be flexed; exactly how much of this is now due to the arthritis I am unable to say. April 8, 1914: Leg is slowly relaxing and animal is begin- ning to use it; the arthritis has subsided. Dog Number Two: Animal, male cur; mouse color; weight, 30 pounds; general condition good. Culture Used: Four-day-old culture of B. tetani in beef infu- sion peptone broth. Injection: March 9, 19 14, at 10 p. m. in- jected two drachms of above culture into muscles of lumbar re- gion on right side of vertebrae. March 10, 1914: No symptoms. March 11, 1914: No symptoms. March 12, 1914: Observed at I p. m. showed slight tendency to carry rump to right side, i. e., back curved convexity to the left. Movements of right hind leg slightly restrained. Observation on night of 12th shows slight stiffness of both hind legs. Deviation of tail to right — this is marked; the stiffness of the legs is so slight that a casual observation would detect nothing. March 13, 1914: Marked deviation of tail to the right; the same is not elevated and remains a little below the horizontal position. Scoliosis with convexity to the left ; no tenderness over muscles affected. Animal is in great pain; whines, lies down and looks at lumbar region (no inflammation) ; locomo- tion is appreciably affected. Muscles of hind logs tense, more especially the extensors; the legs appear bowed. Pain seems to 1)C paroxysmal and shows desire to lie on side during paroxysm and when observed always lies upon convex .side. More or less constant erection of penis. March 14, 1914: No marked cliange; slight increase iu con- traction of affected mu.scles, and there seems to Ik* gradual in- volvcnuMil of a few more mu.scles as if the contractions spread !iy continuity. BEPOBXS OF CASES. 343 March 15. 1914: Mild general tetanus; gait is tilty. Eye has characteristic appearance. Motion of jaws is impaired; can open mouth wide, but to do so seems to be quite an effort. March 16, 1914: Has almost constant erection of penis. Some retractions of the corners of mouth. Is exceedingly re- sponsive to slight stimuli and easily goes into general convul- sions. Taking of flashlight picture on this date caused general muscular spasms. March 16, 1914: The following may be of interest because of similarity of action of tetanus toxin and strychnine: 9.48 p. m. given subcutaneously strychnine sulphate M gr. ; 9.50 was in death spasm which came on in same manner as in horses destroyed by intravenous injections of strychnine; artificial respi- ration was resorted to; 10 p. m. died; 10.35 P- "i- marked rigor mortis. Just before death there was general muscular relaxation, which also took place between convulsions. This was never complete (relaxation) in animals which had tetanus and were under the influence of ether. Autopsy showed nothing but lesions of death from asphyxia. Cat Number One: Cat, male, adult; general condition good. Culture Used: Seven-day-old culture of B. tetani in meat infusion peptone broth. Injection: Jan. 25, 1914, 10 m. injected into left thigh in region sciatic nerve. Jan. 26, 1914: General appearance nor- mal; jumps normally; refuses food. Jan. 27, 1914: Injected leg extended and rigid. Jan. 28, 1914: Eyes fixed (ears erect) ; tail erect ; lies on sternum with legs extended. Any sudden sound or slight stimulus causes general spasms. Jan. 29, 1914: General tetanus; opisthotonus; tail erect; legs extended; lies on side, unable to rise or cry; respiration shal- low; heart, rapid; pupils react to light; mouth half open, tongue protruded; extension of legs so extreme that volor surfaces of feet cannot be made to touch ground when animal is in standing posture. Any slight stimulus (touch, noise, etc.) causes general con- vulsions. Three flashlight pictures taken and none of the flashes caused the slightest movement of the animal (his eyes were open). Spinal puncture result no fluid. Post-mortem section of cord no fluid detected. On night of 29th attempt to etherize resulted in death after three or four inhalations (50 per cent, air) sudden extreme 344 BEPOBTS OF CASES. dyspnoea; mucus appeared in nose and mouth; apnoea; syncope attempts at resuscitation gave no results. This animal was prac- tically moribund at time of etherization. Post Mortem: Immediately after death there was relaxation of muscles of front legs, neck and tail. The hind legs remained rigid for one hour when observa- tions were discontinued. Cat Number Two: Male cat, large adult; condition good. Culture Used: Same as for number one, except the tube con- taining the broth had been exposed to light and under aerobic conditions for twenty- four hours. Injection: Jan. 26, 19 14, 15 m. injected into thigh, in region of sciatic nerve. Jan. 27, 1914: Normal. Jan. 28, 1914: Morning, injected leg flexed, and movements are difficult; night, leg extended rigid; no gen- eral symptoms. Jan. 30, 1914: Shows difficulty in masticating soHd food; stroking back causes usual rising of same and tail with synchronous purring. Injected leg rigid extension. Jan. 31, 1914: Unable to rise; hind legs extended; motion of fore- legs limited; is very nervous and apprehensive; cries a great deal; jumps at any sudden sound or slight stimulus. Etherization on night of 31st; was under in less than one minute and during this period struggled very violently. All muscles relaxed, except crural and muscles of ham in both hind legs which, although in not as high a state of contraction as before etherization, they still maintained a much greater tension than normal muscle tonus. Spinal puncture, no fluid. ICtherization continued until death; on dissection of the lum- bar cord no fluid was seen. Large percentages of normal cats and dogs give so-called " dry tap." So above has absolutely no significance as far as the negativity of fluid present is concerned. Cat Number Three: Half-grown female grey-and-white cat; poorly nourished. Culture Used: The same tube as was used on dog number one, the same having stood exposed to light since that time (f. e., since Jan. 8, 1914). This was heated before injection to 56 degrees ('. for one-half hour. Control cnlturo from this showed many bacilli. Injection: March 14, 1914: Injected seven minims into nnisclcs of thigh. Showed no symptoms, except a transient stilT- ness of the leg. which appeared on March 16, 1914, and disap- peared in twenty-four hours. March 16, 1914: 'i'he figures to follow are unfortunately BEP0BT8 OF CASES. 345 indefinite, as I was confident that I was about to inject enoiigli toxin to kill these cats. B. tetani was grown in 350 c.c. of broth for ten days ; the toxin from this was precipitated by means of ammonium sulphate and then dissolved in about 10 c.c. of water; 1.5 c.c. of this solution was injected into the left thigh of this cat in region of sciatic nerve. It is equally unfortunate that no control on the potency of this toxin was made, as it was destroyed in the autoclave after injection. To date (i. e., March 21, 19 14) this cat has shown no symp- toms. The culture was not filtered before precipitation with ammonium sulphate. March 29, 1914: No symptoms from any bacilli that might have been in the ammonium sulphate precipitation. Cat Number Four: Animal, half grown, poorly nourished, male cat. Culture Used: Same as for cat number three. Injec- tion: March 4, 1914: Injection made into muscles and subcu- taneous tissue of back. March 16, 1914: No symptoms; was injected with 1.5 c.c. of same solution of toxin as number three. March 21, 1914: Has shown no symptoms. March 29, 1914: Has shown no symptoms; any that might have developed at so late a period would have been due to bacilli in the toxin, as I mentioned already that the culture was precipi- tated without filtration. NYMPHOMANIA IN MARE— OOPHORECTOMY FOL- LOWED BY RECOVERY— RETURN OF CONDITION AFTER YEAR'S TIME. By RoBKRT W. Ellis, New York, N. Y. The subject, a black coach mare suffering from nympho- mania, had become so bad a kicker when in harness as to render her dangerous and entirely useless, and she had become very much run down in flesh. Her ovaries, which proved to be cystic, were removed on April 14, 191 3; the operation being followed by a rapid restoration to a normal condition, driving nicely single or double, and a return of her former physical condition. In fact, three months after the operation, while working everyday, she carried more flesh than she had carried at any previous time. This satisfactory state of affairs continued until thirteen months 346 UEPOBTS OF CASES. after the date of the operation, when she suddenly showed marked symptoms of estrum, which increased in intensity, and her vicious kicking propensity returned with it. I was naturally very much disappointed, and also somewhat at a loss to account for it, as I believed that with my patient unsexed the estral function and especially the nymphomania and kicking habit, had been eliminated. The facts that relief had followed the operation and continued for thirteen months made the return of this con- dition especialy hard to account for, to my client, and incidentally to myself. Dr. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio, in a paper presented to the American Veterinary Medical Association at Toronto in 191 1, and published in the American Veterinary Review of Febru- ary, 1912 (page 651), puts his subjects into three classes as fol- lows : " I. Mares that are mean when in heat only, and those that are continuously in heat but do not kick, will be cured by ovariec- tomy. " 2. Some mares that kick nearly all the time, whether in heat or not, will be cured by the operation. Some others will be benefited, and in some few cases it will do no good. " 3. Old mares that have kicked for years and have con- tracted the habit, and those that kick all the time when not in heat, but when in heat are gentle, the operation will not benefit at all." Unfortunately I am not in a position to state with any degree of accuracy in which one of the first two classes my patient be- longs, as I do not know whether or not she was contiiuiously in heat or kicked when not in heat before the operation, but only know from the history given that she always kicked in harness under the slightest provocation, such as some i)art of the harness touching her when brought to a stop after driving. I feel certain she was not in class 3, because the condi- tion had only existed a few months when my attention was called to her, and siie was operated upon almost directly afterward. 1 incline to the belief that she Ijclongs in class i, because of the fact of her showing symptoms of estrum and the kicking pro- pensity sinuiltaneously in this present relapse. Perhaps Hrotiier l''ulstow or some otlier genlk'inan who has had experience with this condition and the operative procedure for its relief, will throw srunc light on my case. Why should the estral function return in a castrated female after being absent thirteen months? Will the removal of the clitoris In; of any advantage in this case? REPORTS OF CASES. 347 IMPACTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINES. By W. D. FoRSYTHE, V.S., North Toronto, Ont., Canada. Having read in different journals many of the forms of treat- ment for the above mentioned condition, and havmg treated a great number successfully, I will outline my method, which is as follows : After examining the patient and feeling certain that you have a case of obstruction, give lo drs. of Barbadoes aloes, pure, that is, to a large horse ; then give i grain of arecoline and Yi grain of strychnia sulph. Never give more than i grain of arecoline at once to any animal; large doses act too severely. I have never used arecoline closer than 30 to 45 minutes between doses. Then give the animal a clyster ; endeavor to get the hose inserted well up in bowels, using a stiff hose. I am never afraid of injecting a heavy horse with arecoline when I use the strych- nine with it. Do not tap these cases on seeing that they are not coming your way, if you do you will get very little gas. I am pleased on reading literature, that arecoline is contra- indicated in gastric fermentation. In times gone by I have read so much about it being so serviceable in such cases, but believe that I have killed a few with it, so now I carefully pick my cases. It no doubt should be used cautiously in aged animals; don't like it in cattle practise. Of course, with our typical animal I order walking exercise. By the way, I consider it a waste of time and medicine and a great annoyance to an animal suffering with this disease to drench him at any time with bulky medicines or whiskey. Don't use it; don't mask the symptoms; and as long as you can spend time with your animal, watch him, never use anodynes of any kind, so long as you are looking for good re- sults, I will admit much in this article is old, but it should help some new graduate, and there will be many just at this season. HOOK WORM DISEASE IN A MULE. By R. A. Stoute, D.V.S., Government Veterinary Surgeon, Barbadoes, West Indies. Subject — Gray gelding mule 5 to 6 years old. History — Imported from Argentina, South America, some months ago. When purchased the animal was in first-class order and ap- peared in perfect health. After it was in the Island for a short time it began to lose condition. 348 BEPOBTS OF CASES. Symptoms and Treatment — These I am unable to give, as I did not see the animal. Post Mortem — My partner, W. H. Thorpe, was visiting the farm when the mule died and found the following conditions : All the organs seemed healthy, although aenimic ; blood very thin and watery. Peretonium was covered with fat about half inch in thickness. Stomach — Contained no worms. Intestines — The feces in the entire intestinal canal was simply crowded with worms. A tobacco tin of the contents of intestines was brought me in which was found a crowd of " Jiook worms " and a number of " strongyloidcs intestinates." Microscopical examination of feces was made by the Gov- ernment bacteriologist and myself and quite a number of eggs of the hook worms were found. One naturally asks, to what extent would a case of this kind cause the spread of the disease among humans ? ABSENCE OF LEFT KIDNEY IN DOG. By RoDERT W. Ellis, New York, N. Y. Young French bull dog having died in an epileptic fit was autopsied in search of intestinal parasites as a possible cause of the malady. After removing the entire digestive tube (in which, by the way, our search brought negative results), we took out all of the other organs for inspection, which finally l)rought us to the kidneys. The right kidney was removed and weighed 40 grammes (i 1/3 drachms), but there was no trace of the left one. The dog was about a year old, and had been my patient when three months old with distemper, at which time he was very much emaciated, but finally filled out and had been a healthy, normal dog up to the time of the sudden ai)pearancc of the q)ileptic fit which resulted in his death. Automobile Claims Another Veterinarian a Victim. — Dr. Lee Underwood, graduate of the McKillip Veterinary Col- lege, practising at Tomah, Wis., was (he victim of an automobile accident in March, by his machine turning turtle. Tie was struck on the head by the overturning of the car, causing a fracture of the skull. He died without regaining consciousness. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ^ ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Impaction of the Oesophagus [C. IV. Cartwright, M.R.C.V.S.]. — Case of a three-year-old cart mare which, whilst able to swallow, presented symptoms leaving no doubt as to the nature of her trouble. Food would pass the pharynx, but stopped below the parotid, where was a swelling, doughy to the feel. The mare had profuse salivation, roared, had gulping movements and dirty, food-stained discharge from the nostrils. By proper treatment of fomentations, massage, belladona elect- uary, the animal recovered. However, after some time, the same condition returned and did so several times, when finally the mare's condition grew so critical that operation was decided. With great difficulties and several attempts the oesophagus, after being exposed, was cleaned out of its packing, which extended from the mouth down to the stomach. For some time the mare was fed with rubber tube, but finally the wound healed and recovery was perfect, the animal having regained her condition was able to work. Her recovery was only temporary. After a comparative short time she again had a series of her troubles, until a last one carried her away. Unfortunately no post mortem was made. — (Vet. Nezvs.) Ovarian Cyst in a Mare, Spontaneously Discharges; Recovery Follows [W. Cargill Patrick, F.R.C.V.S.]. — A thoroughbred mare is taken from the turf and sent to the stud. She is not a success. Examination of her generative organs shows nothing particular except a slight difference in the size of the ovaries. Artificial impregnation is followed by good results and she has a foal. Twenty- four hours after she has colic, weak pulse, accelerated breathing, and a temperature of 103 degrees F. Rectal examination revealed her right ovary much enlarged and cystic. Sedatives relieved her. Interference with the ovarian cyst being postponed until foal is weaned. The mare is left alone, but several months after is taken up and on examination the ovary, which was so large before, is now shrunken and ad- herent to the brim of the pelvis. The report was that one 349 350 ABSTBACTS FROM EXCHANGES, morning she was found while at grass with a wound close to the udder, from which there was an abundant discharge which lasted several days. The mare had then improved much in condition She was returned to the Stud. — (Vet. News.) Ruptured Uterus in a Sow [W. T. D. Broad, M.R.C.l^.S.]. — Pedigree sow is farrowing. She has passed a dead pig already with some difficulty. Another is taken away and she is left, being watched. Two hours after a third pig is born. This one is alive and strong. The sow passed all her cleanings, which seemed to form quite a big mass for only three pigs. The animal is quiet, takes her food and walks about. Two days after she dies suddenly. Post Mortem — Blood, tinged fluid in quantity in the ab- domen. With the intestines three pigs without foetal mem- branes and a fourth lying in contact with the right lobe of the liver. The uterus had a large hole on the under surface and contained a very small portion of foetal membranes. — {Vet. Record. ) Abdominal Neoplasm [Arthur N. Foster, F.R.C.V.S.]. — Concise record of a terrier bitch which two months after giving birth to a litter of three puppies had her abdomen enlarged con- siderably. Abdominal growth was diagnosed. The bitch was destroyed. There were scattered through the abdomen multiple growths, one of which weighed over 4 pounds. The others, about 20 in number, varied in size from that of a marble to that of an orange. They were myxoma ta. — {Vet. Nezus.) Unique Accident to a Horse [Prof. Edmund Burke. n.l'.M., Laliora, India]. — The photo that illustrates this report .shows the very peculiar aspect of the injury which was received by a six-year-old marc while out for a ride by the owner. Sud- denly frightened by a motor car, the mare made a jump, severelv knocking the fetlock of the near hind leg and became very lame. She could walk only on three legs, with the injured one flexed ami the digital region hanging loo.sely below. 'IMie lower ex- trctnity of the hirgc metatarsal bone protruded through a wound in front of the joint. 'IMie skin was widely torn, the tendon ot tlic cxtensf)r pedis was ruptured and the anterior and lateral ligaments of the joint stripped from tiie distal extremity of tlie large metatarsal Ijonc. Tiie injury was probably the result of severe knocking of the fetlock, as there were no abrasions or ABSTBACTS FKOM KXtHAKGES. 351 other sign of having been knocked against any hard object. — {Fet. Joiirn.) Some Clinical Cases [W. R. Davis, M.R.Cy.S.].— Under this heading the author describes the three concise reports : 1. Amateur Surgery. That of a cow which, having tymp- anitis has l)een operated by her owner, who made a puncture of the paunch with a pocket-knife and introduced in the hole " a cigarette holder." This had gone between the skin and rumen and the gases escaping through the slit had gven rise to sub- cutaneous emphysema extending from the poll to the buttocks of the cow. A proper puncture was then made by the writer, the canula of the trocar left in place and the next day the cow was chewing her cud. It took several days for the sub-cutane- ous emphysema to pass away. 2. Distension of Urinary Bladder in a Cat. One day the cat is ill, refuses food, vomits and has her bladder greatly dis- tended. It is tapped in front of the pubis, a pint of reddish urine is removed. Two days after the cat goes home. Six weeks later same condition returns with same treatment and results. A third interference was also required. What was the cause could not be made out — owner refusing laparotomy to be performed. 3. Snoring in Cows. A cow roars very loudly. She had to be tracheotomized to be relieved, a permanent tube was in- troduced. Three months later she is sold to a butcher. The larynx, a part of the trachea with tube in place are sent to the writer, who finds the mucous membrane replaced by granulation tissue with caseating patches. Vocal cords have disappeared. Arytenoid cartilages were enormous and affected with amyloid degeneration. One laryngeal lymph gland was tuberculous. — {Vet. News.) Mitral Disease in the Horse [Horace L. Roberts, F.R.C.V.S.]. — Records of the history of three cases of mitral disease, manifestations, observed in a five-year-old gelding, in another rising four and a third in a six-year-old pedigree Shire mare. The symptoms are described and the successful treatment given consisted in the administration of strophanthus, which, the author says, " in conjunction with good hygiene and abundance of fresh air seems to be preferable to digitalis, whose long re- peated doses might have an injurious effect upon an already weakened system. — {Vet. News.) 352 ABSTRACTS FKOM EXCHANGES. Treatment of Contagious Abortion With " Bissulin " [E. C. Winter, F.R.C.V.S.]. — This bissulin is a non-irritant, germicide and antacid compound made up of different fats and containing 25 per cent, of strong sozojodol mercury. It has been used by the writer in several instances and is highly recom- mended by him and others in cases of outbreaks of contagious abortion. Three special cases are reported. In a herd of 22 cows, where 12 have aborted, the treatment was begun and within twenty-four hours the disease stopped. In a second, there were 18 cows, six have aborted, seventeen received the treatment. The last one did not get it and aborted, the others were saved. In a third case, out of 30 cows where ten had aborted. The disease was there brought in by a diseased bull. The author tried bissulin also in mares that had vaginitis and obtained very good results. — {Vet. Record.) Fatty Degeneration of the Kidneys in Cat [E. JVallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S.]. — Three-year-old Persian cat has the fol- lowing history. Had persistent diarrhoea, which was checked and recurred. Appetite capricious. Constipation, vomiting and thirst. Emaciation proceeded very rapidly. On palpation kid- neys feel enlarged, specially the right. Micturition involuntary. Staggering walk. Animal is destroyed. Post mortem showed lesions of acute enteritis. Kidneys are enlarged, of deep yellow color, as if bile-stained. Their surface was smooth and cov- ered with numerous dilated veins. Fatty degeneration is plainly observed in sections which were anemic and unctuous. No macroscopic distinction between the cortical and medullary por- tion can Ijc observed. Large mass of fat surrounded ihcm. The author asks, was the enteritis primary or secondary? Or was it a case of slow phosphorus poisoning? — (Vet. Nc7vs.) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. LiAirrAUD, M.D., V.M. Rectal and Intk.stinal Coi'kostasis in Dogs [D. Bonni- gal]. — Quite frequent in old subjects it is easily recognized and generally relieved by oily rectal injections and laxative diet. Yet there are exceptional cases. One small bull, after the rectal evacuation is obtained, re- veals yet by alxloniinal palpation the presence of a hard sub- ABSTBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 353 stance in the last portion of the colon. The ordinary manipula- tions with the fingers are not advisable, for fear of laceration. However, by holding the mass steady with the fingers of the left hand, it was possible to introduce a blunt probe and with it break up the obstruction. Enemas of oil completed the cure. In another, a large dog which has constipation since several days, the rectum is filled with concreted mass, which makes the anus protrude and forms a tumor as big as an egg. The mass was removed after being crushed and the ordinary treatment prescribed. Three days after, another large stercoral mass is in the rectum and extracted. There is still some in the colon. No operation is possible owing to the condition of the dog, which dies on the nineteenth day. At the post mortem the last portion of the colon was found blocked with a mass measuring 20 centim. in length and 5 in diameter. — (Presse Vet.) Melanotic Tumor of the Shoulder [L. Rossignol]. — Reported at the Soc. Veter. Pratique, the case was that of a light grey stallion, in good condition, which had a swelling on the left shoulder. Astringent lotions relieved him after a few days. The swelling however returned and assumed the char- acters of cold abscess. Blisters were applied and several points of firing were followed by septic infection, which was controled with tincture of iodine. Improvement took place and the growth began to diminish when an attack of colic killed the horse in a few hours. At the post mortem a general melanosis was found, of which the trouble at the shoulder was but a mani- festation. The muscles mastoido-humcralis, posteaspinatus, ab- ductors of the arm were involved and the melanotic neoplasm was lodged under the scapula. In the abdomen, the stomach and large colon were many melanotic tumors of various sizes. There was one in the spleen that weighed 19 kilogs. The hver and the thoracic organs were healthy. — {Bullet, de la Soc.) Sudden Death and Thoracic Exudations in Cat [MM. Lasscrre and Lesbouyries]. — Two new observations are added by the authors to those already recorded. I. Tuberculosis Pleurisy. — One-year-old black cat is sick since a few days. Percussion and auscultation of the chest justify a diagnosis of pleurisy. The temperature is about being taken when the animal struggles violently and suddenly dies. Before making the autopsy the pleuretic exudate is removed S54 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. with a trocar. As the cat is open, the hmgs, principally the left, are covered with tiiberciilons deposits. In the abdomen the mesenteric glands are also diseased. 2. Pyo-Pneumo-TJiora.v. — Three-months-old grey cat does not eat since three days. Percussion of the chest reveals double dullness, and ausculation shows on the right side a gurg- ling noise. Then suddenly, as the examination is continued, the cat dies suddenly. Post mortem : Fluid in both pleural sacs, more abundant on the right, where it is purulent. Left lung is normal, but the right covered with false membranes, which make it adhere to the parietal pleura. There are also few no- dules and more abscesses communicating with the pleural sacs. No bacilli of Koch present. — {Rev. Veter.) Mischiefs of Distemper Abscess [Major Prevost, Army Veter.]. — Four-year-old mare, recently in the ranks, and witli history that she has had distemper, passed blood from the anus. Bedding and side bars of the stall are covered with blood. The animal is depressed, with pulse small and imperceptible and visible mucous pale. The genitals are free from excoriation, the brim of the anus covered with blood but having no wounds. Rectal injections bring out hard and blackish balls of manure. Examination of the rectum shows the organ very warm but without indication of traumas. During the same night the mare dies. Opening of the abdomen allows the escape of some reddish serosity. Peritoneum is inflamed. Colic and coecal lymph glands are hypertrophied. Great mesenteric vein is gorged witli blood. Mesentery congested. An abscess as big as a child's head is located at the right perirenal region — pressing gradually on the portal vein, which it has pushed aside, and gives rise to a hemorrhage of the large colon on a level witli the diaphragmatic curvature. Examination of the pus had shown the streptococcus of Schutz. — {Bullet. Soc. Centrale.) Intoxication by Tobacco Juice [Major Maire, Army I'eter.]. — A horse was reported as dying with colic. He is greatly prostrated, covered with cold sweats; he has nntscular shivcrings, profuse salivation, accelerated respiration, stagger- ing walk, infiltrated conjunctive, membrana nictitaiis ])r()tni(l- ing and pupil largely contracted. The iiistory of the case was that the horse had been rubbed an hour licfore with a solution of tobacco juice. Hingiiosis is all indicated. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 355 Treatment: Bleeding of 4 kilogs., alcoholic infusion of coffee, sub-cutaneous injection of pilocarpine. Improvement manifested itself two hours after and complete recovery fol- lowed the next day. — (Journ. de Zootechnic.) Intestinal Obstruction in Dog — Recovery [A. Marlot]. — Notwithstanding repeated rectal injections, a dog five years old has obstinate constipation. He refuses all food, has colics, and made unsuccessful efforts to defecate. He is in great prostration, breath fetid, pulse quick and small, there is high fever. Abdomen is painful on pressure, and the presence of an oblong tumor, a little moveable, as big as the fist and hard as a stone is revealed by palpation. An injection of oil is pushed in the rectum and then in the organ is introduced a long, flexible probe, made with a piece of wire which is bent in a loop at one extremity. The bend is six centimeters long and two wide. With this probe the obstruction is gradually broken up and re- moved piece by piece. Cafeine, castor-oil and enemas com- pleted the recovery. — {Repertoire l^et.) Extra-uterine Gestation in a Sow [M. Jacquot]. — Sow- has four little ones at term and as a consequence of the expul- sive efforts has a vaginal and uterine prolapsus. Of the four little pigs, three were alive and one dead. The prolapsus in- volved the body and horns of the uterus. Reduction was at- tempted but, on fearing a laceration, amputation was advised and performed in the usual way by an elastic ligature. While the reduction of the stump two living foetus were detected within the abdomen cavity. At that time the sow was in such condition that she was killed for butcher purpose. At the post mortem there were found in the abdomen two sacs of unequal dimesions. The largest contained two foetuses, united by their ventral surface and with only one umbilical cord which divided to go to the ombilic of each foetus. The smallest pouch con- tained one foetus less developed. The two pouches had their own membranes, they were not adherent to the peritoneal serum, and had a closed connection with the oviducts. — (Rcc. de Med. Vet.) Illinois State Veterinary IVIedical Association. The midsummer meeting of this active veterinary organization will l)e held at Springfield, July 15. CORRESPONDENCE. Pittsburg^ Pa., May 13, 19 14. Editor, American Veterinary Review, Nezv York City: Dear Sir — I am enclosing copy of the letter which yon asked for in your letter of the 12th inst. This letter was written, as you will notice, the 27th of March. In it I review Dr. Gilyard's method of treating a case of impaction of the caecum, and point out where I think that it is at fault. I also give a supplementary treatment which I think is to be added to the Doctor's treatment if there is to be any hopes of ultimate success. Since writing the enclosed, the April Review was published, giving a report of a case treated unsuccessfully by Dr. Gilyard, and by a perusal of this case report you will find that he failed at precisely the point that I predicted the treatment would fail, and my letter, which you published last month calls attention to this fact. Hoping that this letter will serve to clear up my viewpoint, I am Yours very truly, A. C. Wight, D.V.M. Pittsburg, Pa., March 27, 1914. Editor, American Veterinary Review, Neiv York: I read with interest Dr. Gilyards paper on Impaction of the caecum, and it has prompted me to make some observations which are, 1 am afraid, mostly destructive in nature rather than constructive. To begin with, the walls of the caecum arc relatively weak. That is, the walls are not designed to handle heavy masses of food, the normal content which they handle being only a small amount of fluid material. Now let us imagine an impaction as having just occurred. Tliis means that a large amount of ma- ,\n Kxi'I.anation. — The CDrrwipuiuU-ncc from Dr. WiRlit under date of March 27, 1914, was sent us nrior to the one piiblisliod in our May issue, |MKc 247, luit in nornc way failed to reach us. So wc published tlic second letter alone, when it should have been preceded by the letter of March 27, 1914. a» Dr. Wight explains in the above letter, under date of May 13, 1014.— (KOITOR.! 856 CORRESPONDENCE. 357 terial, about seven or eight gallons, is in the caecum. Efforts are made by the organ to exclude this material. To do this it must elevate at least some of it two or three feet to the base and then eject it through a slit-like opening into the great colon. This it is unable to do — otherwise there would be no impaction. The presence of this material stimulates muscular contractions which, as they persist, become feebler and feebler until there supervenes a condition of stasis in which the muscles are relaxed and flacid. The pressure of the material impedes the circulation, and a passive congestion of the walls takes place. This all means that there has been a loss of tonus of the muscle. Now, one of the main things essential to muscular contraction is tonus. Without it nerve stimulation would not produce contraction any more than opening the throttle of a " cold " locomotive could cause it to move. This all simplified means to me that we have an equation of pressure = loss of ^o«//.? + passive congestion, or, in other words, loss of function. Therefore, to solve the equation we have to solve for pressure, and then that will be the cure, but any treat- ment which does not as its first essential remove pressure and re- move it permanently, is foredoomed to failure. Drugs which stimulate peristalsis can give no relief, as we are dealing with an organ already stimulated to the limit of its ability to respond. Food material from the small intestines can- not be forced against this mass in an effort to make it move, as the food lies in a giant cul-de-sac, and the other material passes directly from one valve to the other, a matter of only about two inches. Drugs which cause a large amount of fluid to be thrown into the bowels, causing the contents to become very liquid, can have no effect as the fluid passes from one valve to the other as before stated. In one case we had, there was a very fluid diarrhoea during the whole course of the disease. Mechanical means remain to be considered. Let us apply the method proposed by Dr. Gilyard, and endeavor to remove the contents by filling the whole bowel cavity with water. The caecum is already filled to capacity, so very little water would pass into it, but the largest part would cause a slight disturbance at the free part between the two valves, perhaps removing the soluble material at that point, but not touching the great amount of insoluble material lying below. Let us give this method up and insert a trocar, and then at- 358 COBRESPONDENCE. tach a tube and pump and by this method remove the obstruction if possible. Granting that this has been done, we still find the caecum filled — this time with water. Our old bug-a-boo, the pressure, is still with us, and as our equation we still have atony and loss of function with us. At this time it is best that we refer to an analogous condition in the ox, atony of the fore stomach. Referring to the accepted treatment of this condition by means of the trocar we find that the ox, or usually it is a calf, is laid on its side and the water which has filled the stomach is allowed to run out through the trocar, or the fore stomach is massaged until most of the water has entered the other compartments. Thus it is seen that the pressure, present here and doing the damage as in the horse, is removed, and this allows the return of the circulation to normal and allows the muscular wall to regain their tonus. The re- filling of the stomach is easily prevented by refusing food or drink until the stomach is capable of again handling it normally. Referring again to the horse, we see that our work is useless unless we devise some means of removing the water from the caecum, and keeping it empty, or nearly so, until the walls of the organ regain their normal condition, which would be a matter of days, to say the least. This might possibly be done in a very small animal in thin flesh by turning hini on his back and knead- ing the abdomen thoroughly several times a day. In a large ani- mal in good flesh some venturesome spirit might try inserting a trocar into the apex of the caecum and thus removing the fluid. The trouble with the horse is that we cannot so easily control what passes into the organ from the time we once get it empty until it can handle material itself, as we can in the ox, as the vast length of the small intestines will drain into this flabby sac and fill it right up again. In the ox, if the animal does not eat, nothing at all gets into the fore stomach. As a resume, I would suggest as a treatment that the caecum be emptied by means of the trocar, if possible, and then all the water l)e drawn off, either by massage or by tapjjing through the ventral surface of the alxlomen, and that in conjunction with this that a drug be given which will reduce intestinal secretions to a minimum for at least 48 hours, after which the usual intes- tinal stimulcnts l)c u.scd. If the animal does not die of the im- paction itself the treatment may kill him, but 1 cannot see any other method by which there can be promised any relief from the pressure on the walls of the organ and the attending disaster- ous sequelae. Yours very truly, A. C Wkic.kt. n.V.M. C0BBE8P0NDENCE. 359 Greenville, Miss., May 12, 19 14. The American Veterinary Review, New York, N. Y.: Dear Sirs — There was held at Jackson, Miss., on May 11, 19 1 4, the most successful and interesting veterinary meeting that was ever held in this state. Over forty (40) members were pres- ent, and twelve (12) new members were elected to membership in the association. Three members were elected to the first State Veterinary Examining Board of Mississippi. The election of officers of the association for the coming year were as follows: Dr. J. A. Beavers, of Canton, president; Dr. W. L. Gates, of Clarkesdale, vice-president; Dr. J. D. Townsend, of Louisville, secretary and treasurer; Drs. John Oliver, W. R. Edwards and O. M. Norton, e;x:ecutive committee. The newly elected Board of Veterinary Examiners met and selected Dr. O. M. Norton, of Greenville, as president; Dr. James Lewis, of Greenwood, vice-president; Dr. W. P. Fergu- son, of Grenada, secretary and treasurer. A regular meeting of the board for the examination of candidates for the practice of veterinary medicine and dentistry will be held at Jackson, Miss., on June 19, 1914. Yours truly, O. M. Norton. Albany, N. Y., April 30, 19 14. Editors, American Veterinary Review, New York City: A couple of rather unusual instances in connection with breeding animals have come to my notice, which I thought might be of interest to breeders and stockmen, and will be glad to have you give them space in your valuable journal. When visiting the Haggins Farms at Lexington, Ky., last fall, I saw that beautiful Jersey sire, " Noble of Oakland," age 6 years, and learned from the records that this bull had 460 successful services to his credit during the season of 1912. When attending the New York State Breeders' Association meeting, February 5, 1914, I met Mr. Darien Rumsey, of Tomp- kins County, N. Y., and he advised me that he had a pure bred Percheron mare that had then dropped 2 foals and 5 fillies, all 360 CORRESPONDENCE. of which are Hving normal animals, and that the mother is again bred, the service appearing to be successful. This mare was 9 years old April 15, 19 14. Very truly yours, ~- J. F. DeVine. Tyler, Minn., May 9, 1914. Editors, American Veterinary Review, New York: I am a subscriber to " Maanedsskrift for Dyrlager," a Danish semi-monthly veterinary paper, and the following report for the year 191 1 may be of interest for publication. Animal diseases transmitted to humans in Denmark during the year 191 1 : Actinomyeosis, 3 cases, all fatal (only ones reported). Anthrax, 12 cases, all were people assisting in the killing. One case was accompanied by general infection, but recovered; one case proved fatal. Foot and Month Diseases, 3 cases in children appearing as vesicular stomatitis with discolorations of gingivas. Cow Pox, one case. Transmission of Tricophytina and similar diseases, mostly from cattle and especially from calves, were reported from all parts of the country. Respectfully, H. Rasmussen, D.V.M. Chicago, 111., May 12, 19 14. Editors, American Veterinary Review, New York: At a special meeting of the Executive Committee of this association at Chicago, May 6, 1914, following resolution was passed and ordered transmitted to all live stock and farm papers on our mailing list: Resolution to Farm Papers. " That it is recognized no drug or drugs have yet been dis- covered which are specific for the cure of hog cholera. ** Therefore, this association respectfully requests agricultural papers to refrain from advertising such so-c.illctl cures." This is in line with a nation-wide campaign we have started COBBE8PONDENCE. 361 against impure and improperly manufactured hog cholera serum and so-called drug and chemical hog cholera remedies. If you join forces with us in this campaign it may cost you a little money in the way of lost advertising contracts, but such loss will be more than compensated for in the knowledge that you are protecting the health of swine on the farm and the best in- terests of their owners. Yours very truly, J, J. Ferguson, Secretary-Treasurer. Veterinarian Olaf Schwarzkopf Goes to the Border. — In a recent letter from our esteemed friend and collaborator, Veterinarian Olaf Schwarzkopf, 3d cavalry, instructor at the mounted service school at Fort Riley, Kansas, we learn that the mounted service school is closed on account of threatened war, and that the doctor is leaving for the border to guard the Rio Grande. We sincerely hope that neither he nor any of our colleagues in the service suffer any undue hardship should hos- tilities eventually begin. Veteran Ambulance Horse Receives Blue Ribbon FROM New York Road Drivers' Association. — On May 2, Mr. Wolf, president of the New York Road Drivers' Associa- tion, paid a high tribute to " Duke," the aged sorrel horse, who for nine years has drawn the ambulance of the Washington Heights (New York City) Hospital, and on concluding, pinned a blue ribbon to his bridle. " Duke " attracted especial public notice and admiration during the recent heavy snowfalls in February by performing his duties when all motor ambulances were useless. During one of those days when the weather con- ditions were at their worst (so bad that the fire apparatuses could not be moved, and firemen went at least to one fire by subway train service) " Duke " made four trips with his am- bulance to Inwood Hill, a distance of two and a half miles each way, each trip, climbing a steep hill half a mile in length each time. Although Mr. Wolf knew and admired " Duke " pre- viously, it was those recent achievements, in which he demon- strated the greater reliability of the horse over mechanical ap- paratus, that actuated him into having that faithful old horse with his ambulance brought before the judges' stand on the occasion of the road drivers' parade that he might publicly dem- onstrate his recognition of merit. OBITUARY, EGBERT LE FEVRE, B.A., M.D. Dr. Egbert Le Fevre, died the end of March at the age of fifty-five, at the summit of his medical achievement. He received his medical degree thirty-one years ago at the age of 24 years, and at the age of 30 years he was made a lecturer in the New York University Medical College and never ceased to teach from that time, having been dean of the medical school since 1887. Dr. Le Fevre was a man once seen always remembered, and once known, always loved. His generosity knew no bounds. He always was ready to put himself aside in the interest of another, and his students adored him and eagerly listened to his words of wisdom. His personality was most striking; a giant in stature, full bearded, and possessed of that gentleness and modesty that characterizes greatness. While his duties in the medical school precluded the possibility of his following up the general practice of medicine, he was constantly sought in consultation, and would never refuse a call from anyone that he thought needed him, and from whom he would collect no fee for his services. Dr. Le Fevre fully appreciated the value of veterinary medi- cine, and was always much interested in the veterinary school and veterinary students of New York University. His towering form will be missed on the campus at the commencement exer- cises this month, and his absence leaves a terrible vacancy in the medical faculty. CHARLES JAMIESON, D.V.S. Dr. Charles Jamieson died at his home in Brooklyn, N. Y., the middle of May, 19 14. Dr. Jamieson, who was about fifty years old, graduated from the American Veterinary College in 1889, and immediately began general practice in that portion of Brooklyn called ICast New York. Quiet and unassuming, and always attentive to his work, he built up a nice practice, which he retained up to the time of his death. Dr. Jamieson was a member of the New York State X'^cteriuaiv Medical Society and of the Veterinary Medical Association d New York City; both of which he attended pretty regularly. His health had not been good for a year or two. Tie leaves a family. 302 SOCIETY MEETINGS. MISSISSIPPI STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL AS- SOCIATION. The eighth annual meeting of the M. S. V. M. A. was held in Jackson, Miss., at the Court House May ii, 1914. The meeting was called to order by the president. Dr. B. M. Leigh, at 9.30 a. m. The following members responded to the roll call : Dr. B. M. Leigh, Dr. Oliver, Dr. Brock, Dr. Lewis, Dr. Heiney, Dr. Towns- end, Dr. Norton, Dr. Beavers, Dr. Smith, Dr. Keller, Dr. Chad- wick and Dr. Edwards. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. Dr. Oliver moved that business be suspended, so that the elec- tion of officers might take place. The following officers were elected: Dr. J. A. Beavers, Canton, Miss., president; Dr. W. L. Gates, Clarksdale, Miss., vice-president; Dr. J. D. Townsend, Louisville, Miss., secretary and treasurer. On motion of Dr. Oliver the election of officers for the examining board was declared in order. Those appointed by the Governor were : Dr. Wm. P. Ferguson, Grenada, Miss. ; Dr. O. M. Norton, Greenville, Miss. Those appointed by the association were: Dr. E. M. Ranck, state veterinarian, A. & M. College, Miss.; Dr. John OHver, Columbus, Miss.; Dr. Lewis, Hatties- burg. Miss. The executive committee reported favorably on the follow- ing applications for membership in the association : Dr. Frank Hecker, Dr. S. E. Osborn, Dr. Frank Henry, Dr. E. S. Norton, Dr. Wm. L. Gates, Dr. Wm. J. Hossley, Dr. Sim. J. Home, Dr. T. B. Lee, Dr. E. C. Riddell, Dr. Geo. P. Sand, Dr. W. O. Ney, Dr. J. F. Barnett. The association voted favorably on these gentlemen, and they were declared members of the association. A contribution was taken for funds to help defray expenses of the A. V. M. A. at the next meeting in New Orleans in De- cember, which was responded to liberally by all present. After the business session was over, Hon. Swep. Taylor, mayor of Jackson, delivered an address of welcome to the asso- ciation which was brilliantly given and enjoyed by every one present. The mayor's address was responded to by Dr. Leigh and Dr. Ranck, thanking him for his many kindly remarks. 363 364 SOCIETY MEETINGS. The state veterinarian, Dr. E. M. Ranck, called for a report from the assistant state veterinarians of their work in the past year, which showed a rapid improvement in conditions general over the state. After a number of interesting discussions by the several dif- ferent members of the association, the meeting adjourned to meet in Vicksburg. Time to be announced later. J. D. TowNSEND, M.D.C., Secretary and Treasurer. An Act Regulating the Practice of \'eterinary Surgery, Medicine and Dentistry in Mississippi. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Mississippi: Section i. That no person shall practice veterinary medicine or veteri- nary surgery in any of their departments, including veterinary dentistry, within this state, unless and until such person shall have complied in all respects with the provisions of this act. Section 2. That there shall be a Board known as the State Board of Veterinary Examiners, composed of five members, who shall serve as fol- lows : Two for two years, two for three years and one for four years. Said Board shall be selected as follows : The Governor of the State shall appoint two of said Board, and the State \'eterinary Medical Association shall select three of said Board. All vacancies caused by death, resignation or removal shall be filled by the Mississippi State Veterinary Medical Association. No one can serve as a member of said Board unless he is a licensed or graduate veterinarian. Section 3. There shall be no obligation on the part of the State of Mis- sissippi for the payment of any money as salary or otherwise to any member of said Board, but the compensation and expenses of said Board shall be paid out of the fees and fines as hereinafter provided for. The members of said Board shall receive as compensation for their services the sum of five dollars per day for every day in actual service of the Board, and in addition thereto their actual expenses incident to the meeting of said Board. Provided, however, the said fines and fees collected under this act shall be suflFicient to pay all expenses and salaries. If said fines and fees are not sufficient then the amount collected shall be pro rated among the members of said Board, after first paying the expenses of said Board. Section 4. To provide that no person in Mississippi shall append to his name any initial or title implying (lualifications of or assume or use the title of veterinarian, veterinary .surgery or dentist, unless such degree has been conferred by a recognized veterinary college at the time this act is passed, and he or she shall have received a license or permit from the State Hoard of Examiners to practice. Persons in Mi.ssissippi holding diplomas from a reputable veterinary col- lege at the time this act is passed shall not be required to take the examina- tion, but may be registered upon the payment of a fee of $2, and upon their submitting tneir diplomas to the Board for their examination. All others shall be required lo take the Hoard examinatii)n and to pay a fee of $10 to the said Hoard when applying for license. Whidi said fee of $10 shall not be returned to said ap|)licant wliellicr lie passed saiecn our great pleasure to read in The AUanuus, \'ol. 1, No. 10. Men like Mayo do much by their i)ersonality and earnest words of wisdom in starting the characters of young practitioners to form in the proper molds. 3'<2 NEWS AND ITEMS. 373 Department of Agriculture Representatwe Discusses Glanders. — Dr. H. D. Gill, of the New York State Department of Agriculture, upon request, attended the Keystone Veterinary Medical Association in Philadelphia in May to discuss means for the control of glanders. He also recently appeared before the Dronx Gounty Grand Jury on orders from the Gommissioner of Agriculture to elucidate some points on sanitation before that l)odv. The Illmo V^eterinary Medical Association will hold its next meeting July 17, 1914, at East St. Louis, 111., at the National Stock Yards Hotel. A special effort is being made to secure a good program and Secretary Michael states that the replies re- ceived from good men in the profession who are to contribute to the program are very gratifying. We are informed that there are about 200 eligible men in the territory that this organi- zation embraces, and hope that every one of them will attend the July meeting and join the association. Gopies of Proceedings of Fiftieth Annwersary Meet- ing OF the American Veterinary Medical Association may be obtained by writing the librarian of the association. Dr. J. N. Frost, Ithaca, N. Y. The cost is $3. The publication of the fore- going information has been prompted by the numerous inquiries that have come into the Review office as to whether or not it was possible for any one, other than a member of the A. V. M. A., to obtain a copy of the proceedings. Our understanding is that anycMie may obtain a copy by paying the cost of production, which has been estimated at $3. Of course the actual value of the pro- ceedings of the 1 91 3 meeting of the A. V. M. A. in New York far exceeds that amount, as its 1,100 pages not only contain val- uable papers by the leading members of our profession, and dis- cussions of the same, but it is a souvenir number ; and marks the fiftieth milestone of veterinary progress in America. Field Veterinarian for Minnesota Live Stock Sani- tary Board. — Dr. Harry Evenson has been appointed a field veterinarian to the above board, with headquarters at Olivia, Minnesota. The board, in co-operation with the B. A. I., arc endeavoring to control hog cholera. 374 NEWS AND ITEMS. Conference on Bovine Tuberculosis. — The following statement from the Department of Agriculture, Albany, New York, Tuesday, j\Iay 12, 1914. Concluding a conference at the State Department of Agri- culture to-day upon the question of restricting and eliminating bovine tuberculosis in New York State, a resohition was unani- mously adopted asking Governor Martin H. Glynn to name a commission to investigate the subject and report with recom- mendations of legislation to the Governor before the convening of the legislature of 191 5. Governor Glynn was requested to name Commissioner Calvin J. Huson, Dr. V. A. Moore, dean of the State Veterinary College at Ithaca, and Seth Low, of New York City, as three members of the commission, together with such others as he deems advisable. Twenty answered Commissioner Huson's call to come to Albany and discuss the situation in this State with regard to bovine tuberculosis. It seemed to be the sense of the meeting that the present law providing for the condemnation of animals found to be infected with tuberculosis, and either their slaughter under inspection or isolation under what is known as the Bang system has not resulted in such elimination (^f the disease as had been hoped. The Wheeler-Machold bill, designed to supplant the present law, which passed the senate at the last session but was killed in rules committee in the assembly, was endorsed by the meeting and will be recommended to the new commission as a basis upon which to build the new bill. Attending the conference were: Paul I^. rayk)r, secretary of the New York Milk Committee; Dr. Charles K. North, president of the committee; Dr. E, B. Ackerman, New York City Health De|)artment; (i. D. Brill, representing Seth Low; F. D. Walms- Icy, Utica; F. D. Holford, Albany; K. A. Powell, Syracuse; A. L. Brockway, Syracuse; Dr. V. A. Moore, Ithaca; I'rof. H. H. Wing, Ithaca; Dr. F. M. Meader, representing the State Health De|)artnient ; Dr. W. H. Jordan, Geneva I''xperimcnt Station; Dean H. I".. Cook, State Agricultural School, C^uiton ; State Senator F. N. Godfrey; Edward Van Alstyne, director of Farm- er's Institutes; Harry Winters, dejuity commissioner of agricul- ture; CJ. L. I'Manders, counsel to the agricultural department; Dr. J. CI, Wills, chief veterinarian; Dr. J. 11. Devine. consulting veterinarian; Dr. Charles Linch, assisi.-ml vcicrinarian ; and Commissioner Calvin J. Huson. 'i'o.M I'.OYNTON I'l'.C K. Secretary. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of great value. to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list : Name of Organization. Date of Next Meeting. Place of Meeting. Alabama Veterinary Med. Ass'n Alumni Asa'n, N. Y.-A. V. C.-. Mar. 5-6-7, 1914 .... June 10, 1914 Dec., 28-31, 1914.... January 5-6, 1915 ... 1st and 3d Thur. of each month 2d Fri. each month. . 3d Mon. each month . 141 W.-WthSt.. New Orleans, La Little Rock. ... Lee. Room, La- val Un'y, Mon. Chicago S.Omaha, Neb.. St. Joseph San Francisco.. . Ottawa Syracuse Chicago Ft. Collins Waterbury Wilmington Newark. N. J.... Rochester Atlanta Ass'n M6d6cale Veterinare Franfaise. B A I Vet In A Chicago B. A. I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha December 10, 1913.. leb. and July June and Nov 2d Tues. each month. May 28-29. 1914... . Aug. 4,1914 Jan., Apl., July. Oct.. 3d Mon. each month. 2d week, July, 1913.. Dec. 22-23. 1913 Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass'n Colorwio State V. M. Ass n Delaware State Vet. Society Essex Co. (N. J.) V. M. A Georgia State V. M. A Hamilton Co TOhioi V. A July, 17, 1914 July 15,1914 Jan. 14, 1914 E.St. Louis.... Springfield Indianapolis. . . . Pending Manhattan Lexington Philadelphia. . . . Pending Lake Charles... Houllon Baltimore Young's, Boston. T j^nwing St. Paul Vicksburg Kansas City,Mo. Galesburg, lU... KirksvUie Helena Lincoln, Neb . . . Rochester Wilson Illinois State V. M. Ass'n Indiana Veterinary Association Kansas State V. M. Ass'n Jan. 6-7-8,1914 Oct. & Feb.eaeh year. 2d Tues. each month. Seot., 1914 July 3, 4, 1914 Maryland State Vet. Society 4tb Wed. each month. Feb. 3, 4,1914 Jan. 14-15-16, 1914.. 1914 Michigan State V. M. Ass'n Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n Jan. 27, 28, 29, 1914 Semi-Annually July, 1913 Mississippi Valley V. M. Ass'n Montana State V. M. A NafI Ass'n B. A. I. Employees Sept. 24, 25, 1913. 2d Mon. Aug., 1914. l8tMo.&Tu..Dec.'13 August 11-12-13,1914 June, 23, 1914 Week of July 20, 1914 Nov. 1913 New York S. V. M. Soc'y North Dakota V. M. Ass'n. . North-Western Ohio V. M. A Delphos Columbus Upper Sandusky. Ohio State V. M. Ass'n Jan. 14 15, 1914.... Annually Ohio Vallev Vet. Med. Ass'n Fall, 1913 Oklahoma City.. Toronto Philadelphia 1st Week in Feb.1914 Mar. 3.4, 1914 Call of President 4th Tues. each month. Pennsylvania State V. M. A Philippine V M. A Portland Vet. Med. Ass'n'. Portland, Ore. . . Mon. and Que... Providence Pending Salem Province of Quebec V. M. A Rhode Island V. M. Ass'n Jan. and June Aug. 4-5-6 1914 1st Wed. fol. the 2d Sun. each month. . June 17, 1914 St. Louis See. of Vet. Inspectors Schuylkill Valley V. M. A St. Louis Reading Philaddphia Madison Los Angeles 407 Illinois Ave. Nashville College Station. . St. P.-Minneap.. Salt Lake City.. South Dakota V. M. A PxnHing Southern Aux. of Cal. S. V. M. Ass'n. South St. Joseph Ass'n of Vet. Insp.. . Jan.. Apl., July, Oct.. 4th Tues. each month November, 1914 Nov., 1913. . . Texas V. M. Ass'n Twin City V. M. Ass'n 2dThu. each month.. Spring of 1914 Utah Vet. Med. Ass'n Vermont Vet. Med. .\ss'n Veterinary Ass'n of Alberta 3d Wed. each month 1st Sat. each month. Feb. & July eaoh yr.. Januarys, 1914 1st Wed. each month. 514 9th St.. N.W. Wash 'ton, D.C. Winnipeg Trenton 141 W. 54th St.. Jersey City Staunton Pullman Walla Walla. . . . Buffalo Vet. Med. Ass'n, Geo. Wash. Univ. . . Vet. Med. .^ss'n of N. J V. M. As.s'n, New York City Veterinary Practitioners' Club July 9-10 1914 Ist&SdFri. Eve.... June 18-19, 1914.. . . June 24, 1914 3d Thu. each month. . Feb. 10, 11, 1914.... June, Sept..Dec.,Mar Washington State Col. V. M. A Washington State V. M. A Wi«tcrn N. Y. V. M. A Western Penn. V. M. Ass'n Pittsburgh Milwaukee York Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad York Co. (Pa.) V. M. A Name and Address Secretary. C. A. Gary, Auburn. P. K. Nichota, Port Richmond, N.Y. Nelsen S. Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago. 111. R. M. Gow. Fayetteville. J. P. A. Houde, Montreal. H. A. Smith, Chicago. III. E. J. Jackson. So. Omaha. F. W. Caldwell. St. Joseph. Mo. John F. McKenna, Fresno. A. E. James, Ottawa. W. B. Switier, Oswego. D. M. Campbell. Chicago. I. E. Newsom. Ft. ColUns. B K. Dow, Willimantic. A. S. Houcbin, Newark, Del. J. F. Carey. East Orange, N. J. J. H. Taylor, Henrietta. P. F. BfJinsen, Americua. Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. L. B. Michael, CoUinsville. III. L. A. Merillat, Chicago. A. F. Nelson, Indianapolis. C. H. Stange, Ames. J. H. Burt, Manhattan. Robert Graham, Lexington. Cheston M. Hoskins. Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio. Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La H. B. Wescott, Portland. H. H. Counselman, Sec'y. J. H. Seale. Salem. W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. G. Ed. Leech, Winona. J. D. Townsend, Louisville. Hal. C. Simpson, Denison. la. G. E. Mclntyre, Alexis. III. S. Stewart. Kansas City. A. D. Knowles, Livingston. S. J. Walkley, 185 N. W. Ave.. Milwaukee, Wis. Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City. H. J. Milks, Ithaca. N. Y. J. P. Spoon, Burlington. A. F. Schalk, Agricultural Coiiege. E. V. Hover, Delphos. Reuben Hilty. Toledo. F. F. Sheeto, Van Wert, Ohio. J. C. Howard, SuUivan. C. E. Steel. Oklahoma City. L. A. Willson, Toronto. John Reichel. Glenolden. Eiavid C. Kretzer. Manila. Sam. B. Foster. Portland, Ore. Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q. J. S. Pollard, Ptovidence. B. K. Mclnnes. Charleston. F. Hockman, lola. Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo. W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. B. T. Woodward, Wash'n, D. C. S. W. .\llen. Watertown. J. A. Dell, Los Angeles. H. R. 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Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all checka or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinaiy BoTlew. Increased Their Space For You. The Abbott Alkaloidal Co., whose full page advertisement appears on page ii, in the front forms of our advertising pages, have been so encouraged by the patronage of Review readers, that they have increased their space to a full page, so as to toll their patrons at greater length, how to cut down tlveir expenses and increase their income, something in which all veterinarians are interested. Save the Feed For the Horses. On the page opposite the Universal Rat and Mouse Catcher is illustrated and described. Veterinarians will be inter- ested in it, as it rids stables of these pests that ruin and steal tlie grain that the horses should have. Tell your clients about this wondi-rful little device and they will bless you. Be sure and have them mention the Rkview, that the advertiser will bless us. Have Outgrown Their Present Quarters. Sharp & Smith, will known to veterinarians everywhere, for the quality of thfir surgical instruineniti, have moved (May l, 1914), into more commodious ciuartcrs at 155 to 137 North Michigan Boulevard, where ilu-y oocuiiy not only the etUirc building, but two floors in an adjoiniuK liuilding, agKrrguting approximately .|K,(XX) M|uare feet of npace. The Sbar|) Si .Smith firm started business in Chicago, in 1844. seventy years ago, and have cf)ntinually grown, and as time went on have continued to increase their space imtil they have reached their present imposing pro|K)rlions. Chicago had only Iteen incor|)orated as a city seven years when lhi» rntcrprising lirm was established and tliey have grown with the city. American Veterinary Review. JULY, 1914. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, May 15, 19 14. Tenth International Veterinary Congress. — The time is slowly approaching when this great event will take place, and when veterinarians from every country in the world, old and new continent, will arrive in London, and by their number show how great the idea of such a congress, by Prof. John Gamgee, was, and the importance such gatherings have had on the progress, the elevation and the standing of our profession. The several congresses that have already been held have in succession grown larger and more important, and the efforts made by their organizers succeeded in making them, one after the other, and as they returned, events that mark with a brilliant light, the advances that the profession had been making and gave veterinarians of all nations an opportunity to become better ac- quainted and create between them more friendly and intimate relations. The meeting in London of this year will no doubt do as well as its predecessors. In fact, if we are well informed, the or- ganizing committee, with the able veterinarian that it has at its head, has prepared a programme where everything that will make the affair a perfect success has been carefully considered. It was indeed specially necessary that it should be so, as this 377 378 EDITOBIAI^ year it will not be only veterinarians from every part of Europe who will be in London, but confreres from America are expected to come to attend the meetings, present papers, take active part in the discipline — in other words, will be there to show European veterinarians that Americans are worthy of their ancestors and moving ahead in the great way that is open to them in their professional callings. The undertakings of Dr. Eichhorn, with his professional visiting tour, will bring to England a number of our confreres who both before and after the London meeting will travel through Europe and see everything of interest that their profes- sional curiosity can have expected. This undertaking of Eich- horn's must be a success. It will be one; and the visit of the American veterinarians will certainly prove one of the greatest evidences of their appreciation of the worth of their calling. The flag of the Veterinary Profession of America will fly with honors, we are sure, in London. For reasons that many of our confreres may understand, I will not be able to be present at the Congress, but nevertheless I will try to keep the readers of the Review well posted as to the work done in London, which no doubt will prove as great and as important as those of the preceding gatherings. On Glanders. — In our excellent contemporary, the Rc'Z'iic Generate de Mcdecine Vctcrinaire, that Professors Leclainche and Panisset publish, there often appear condensed extracts from articles that our collaborators in New York address to the Review. It is, for instance, that of Drs. Mohlcr and Eichhorn on the Immunization Agaitist Glanders with vaccination with dead bacilli, and also that of Prof. Gill <>n the rrophyla.vy of Glanders. In the .same nutnhor there arc two others, relating to the disease, one from (icrmany and the Naouk I 'ctcrimiry Ar- chives. The first is by Prof. Ilolterbach and relates to the Various Methods of I U^h/ih'sis ivith Glanders in General Practice. "Latent cases are, it is unanimously acknowledged, the most EDITOBIAL. 379 difficult to diagnose clinically and also those that contribute most in the propagation of the disease. They are the cases that it is important to make out and not remain satisfied in taking away from the circulation the animals that present open lesions of glanders. To estabHsh a positive opinion on suspicious cases, there are several methods. Holterbach examines them concisely. 1. Auto-Inoculation. Operation which consists in making ;i small intra-cutaneous inoculation of the nasal or ocular dis- charge of the diseased animal itself. Made on the superior third of the neck, after disinfection and so as to have no hemorrhage; if it is to be applied on several suspect subjects, it must not be fcjrgotten to carefully disinfect the blade of the instrument after each inoculation. The cutaneous incision rapidly heals without febrile reaction, if the inoculated matter does not contain bacilli of glanders, but in contrary cases from the first to the fifth day there is a thermic reaction of 1.5° ^nd the symptoms of glanders are soon observed. This method gives indication only when the reaction is positive and may be advantageous when malleine is not handy. 2. The Extirpation of the Submaxillary Lymph Gland. This method, advocated by some, has for its object to submit the gland to a bacteriologic examination. It is an uncertain method, as it has been proved that in positive cases of glanders the bacilli have not always been found in the glandular tissue. 3. The Inoculation to Guinea Pigs made in the classical way gives undeniable results. 4. The Injection of Malleine can be made in three different ways, the hypodermic injection, the ophthalmic and the cuti- reaction. According to statistics, the first has given positive re- sults in 89-92 per cent, of the cases, viz. : That in the number of horses destroyed, lesions of glanders were found in 89-92 per cent, of the horses that gave a positive reaction. The second way is still more positive, and out of 32 glandered horses 31 had pre- sented the reaction. The third method, though it has not yet made its proofs in practice, confirms the preceding methods. As to the method of the deviation of the complement and that of the 380 EDITOBIAL. precipitation, they are methods which belong more to the labora- tory than to general practice. * * The second article, by Prof. Grunet, is a contribution to the study of the reaction of the deviation of the complement. The conclusions of the author are : i. To obtain the hemo- lytic serum, three injections, at intervals of 5-6 days are sufficient in the peritoneum of a rabbit, of hematics of sheep, to the dose of I 1/3, 2 or 3 c.c. in suspension in five or six times their volume in physiologic water. 2. Hematics of sheep, carefully washed, may be kept for 7-10 days at the temperature of 2° C, and to serve for the hemo- lytic reaction. 3. To obtain sterile serum of guinea pig it is better to bleed immediately in the heart with a two globular pipette. It is not necessary to kill the guinea pigs for that, as half of the bled sub- jects may survive. The quantity of blood thus taken is sufficient for the reaction and the blood is sterile. After 20 minutes of centri f ugation, serum can be obtained. 4. Heating bacilli of glanders (culture on gelose) in emul- sion in physiologic water at 60° for 4 hours does not kill them. 5. The heating must be kept at least seven hours to kill the bacilli. 6. Extract of bacilli of glanders thus made gives the titre of antigen i p. 10. 7. Heating the bacilli with antiformine to obtain antigen is not good as the mixing with the hematics becomes colored a brownish green. 8. The serum of guinea pigs inoculated with an emulsion of glandercd bacilli contains the amboceptor four days after; from that time the reaction of the deviation is positive. To wash the hematics well, it is necessary to centri fugatc thcni 5 to 7 times for 40 minutes each time in the electric centri- fuge. EDITOBIAL. 381 NEW METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS. In Glanders. — The value of malleine in the diagnosis of glanders and the methods advocated for its use are numerous and well known by all. And with all, on account of the possible errors that may follow its verdict and also to increase the chances of certainty, experiments have been made and different methods have found their way in practice. An Italian veterinarian, Prof. A. Lanfranchi has lately pub- lished in // Moderno Zooiatro a new method, which he calls the Intra palpchro reaction. Most practitioners agree that the cutireaction may give erroneous interpretations and that the ophthalmo-reaction itself has failed in a certain number of cases. Lanfranchi has thought to associate the two methods so as to obtain a more certain diagnosis. The operation is simple. A ^ of c.c. of brute malleine is dissolved in 2.5 of sterile physiologic serum. The lower eyelid is thoroughly disinfected, and the needle of the syringe for the injection is pushed in the connective tissue which separates the skin from the mucous membrane and the injection made. When operating on horses that have not glanders, there are sometimes phenomenas of reaction, but they are rather limited and temporary, disappearing after 6, 8 or 12 hours. With horses affected with glanders, the series of manifesta- tions, observed in the cuti and the ophthalmo-reaction, soon de- velop. Indeed, as in the sub-cutaneous injection, made in any other region, there is elevation of the temperature (thermic reaction), general symptoms (organic reaction), swelling at the point of injection (local reaction). This swelling however appears early; it is already quite marked after two hours and more severe than in the one observed in horses that have no glanders; it increases in severity between 12 and 24 hours, extends to the upper eyelid, so as to close the palpebral fissure, reaches and even goes far beyond the zygomatic crest of the maxillary. It lasts between 48 and yz hours. 3S2 EDITOBIAL. There are also early phenomenas of reaction in the conjunc- tiva, which is highly congested, with fully injected blood vessels; from the second hour there is formed in the conjunctival sac and escaping towards the internal angle of the eye a muco-purulent secretion which lasts even after twenty- four hours. In other words, all the phenomena of the ophthalmo-reaction are present. Prof. Lanfranchi claims that by this method all the diagnostic signs given by the intrapalpebro-reaction represent the collection of those which are obtained with either the cutaneous and the ocular tests both taken separately. The author does not say if he has met with the similar failures. * * * In Tuberculosis. — It was certain that the discovery of Lan- franchi, applicable to glanders, would soon find its way to other diseases, detectable by injections of some of their products. If malleine gives such a result with glanders, can tuberculine give it in tuberculosis? Professor Moussu has experimented in that direction and applied to the diagnosis of tuberculosis the method of Lanfranchi, viz. : The palpebral intradermo tubercuHnation. At first the results were not satisfactory. But after various modifications he has succeeded in obtaining in animals suffering with advanced tuberculosis positive reaction, easy to observe and as conclusive as those that Lanfranchi has found with inallciiic in the diagnosis of glanders. Continuing his investigations, Moussu says that he is now experimenting to find how the method will work in cases of mild form of tuberculosis, in the latent or experimental form of the disease. A point however is well established, viz. : That the method gives a positive answer and that is the principal question. * * The means of diagnosis of tuberculosis by tuberculine an many. In the Veterinary RrconI, a veti'rinarian, Wm. Scot I. proposes another, viz. : The fuiinlurc of the Imu/s. " Tiic more EDITOBIAZ. 383 methods the chnician can bring to his assistance, generally speak- ing, the better is he in a position to eliminate the risk of error, the result being a more accurate diagnosis." After careful physical examination (auscultation and percus- sion), the spot where the puncture is to be made being well dis- infected, after the hairs are clipped, and a drop of pure lysol applied at the point of puncture. " Five to ten c.c. of sterile broth or water is taken up and the needle of the aspirator then plunged boldly into the lung parenchyma between the ribs, taking care the seat of puncture is as far removed from the posterior border of the rib as possible, to evade injury to the bloodvessels and nerve. The needle having been driven home, the fluid is now steadily in- jected, and after the lapse of about a minute aspirated." * * ♦ The material thus collected is then centrifugalized in fine tapering tubes, stained by carbol fuchsin, etc., * * * jj^ t^g usual way. After describing his technic, Mr. Wm. Scott relates one case of a cow which had catarrhal pneumonia and in which tubercle bacilli was found in the collected aspirated fluid. Another had pneumonic symptoms and bacilli were also detected in the aspir- ated fluid. A steer, a Devon bull, a short-horn cow which had pulmonary manifestations of various nature and in which also the aspirated fluid demonstrated the presence of Koch bacilli. Mr. Wm. Scott concludes : " Lung puncture is a most valuable aid to the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis." It is a simple, harmless operation if carried out properly. He has punctured the lungs of 12 equines and four bovines without any untoward results. Punctures can be repeated. Nine of them were made in 24 hours in a horse used to make vaccine. In the cases re- corded, tuberculosis could only be made out positively by the ex- amination of the aspirated fluid and post mortem confirmed the diagnosis thus made. * Larvar Cylicostomosis. — Under that name a new and serious vermiform enteritis of horse has been described some 384 EDITORIAL. months ago in Leclainche and Panisset's Revue Gcncrale which throws an important hght on a new form of intestinal disease probably heretofore overlooked. The authors of the article have observed it on a colt from a breeding establishment where several subjects had already died with the same disease. Raised in the field and having all the appearances of health, this colt was taken suddenly with very violent colics, which lasted twenty- four hours. After that attack he lost flesh, although eating good, and he gradually lost strength to such extent that once he fell down and was unable to get up alone. After being raised he whinnied, jumped and ate as any other colt. The mucous membranes were very pale, the conjunctivae slightly swollen, the temperature 37.5 °C. The feces were quite well moulded, but contained many oats undigested; the micro- scopic examination revealed numerous eggs of strongyliae, 20 to 30 on single preparation. Soon however the appetite became capricious, the four ex- tremities being swollen and the oedema progressively extended upwards to the pit of the axilla and in the groin. The testicles, the sheath, the interior wall of the abdomen being affected the colt looked as one suffering with purpura. After ten days pro- fuse and infectious diarrhea set in and after forty-eight hours the colt died. The lesions found at the autopsy involved the whole intestine ; the nuicous membrane, cleaned of the alimentary matters, ap- peared filled with a multitude of small, dark cysts, varying in size l)etween one-half and two millimeters in diameter. They were all over the membrane and sufficiently close to each other so as to allow 25 to 30 to be counted on a s(|uare centimeter. The largest ones were translucid, round or oval in shape, slightly pro- jecting on the membrane and surrounded by a greyish black circle. The product of the scrai)ing of these cysts contained larvae of ncmatods. The thick and firm intestinal wall had not changed color, only a few ecchymotic spots being noticed. EDITOBIAL. 385 Sections of the intestines showed that the cystic formations were located within the mucous membrane in its chorion. On preparations, they are oval or polyhedral in form and surrounded with the adenoid tissue of the membrane. Their envelop is thin and made of packed connective fibres. In the interior, the para- sites cut in all directions show the details of their structure and principally numerous pigmentary granulations. Embryos are located in the thickness of the adenoid tissue without cystic form- ation. There are even some that have passed through the muscu- lar coat and reached the submucous. This is slightly sclerosed and infiltrated with leucocysts. The blood vessels themselves are affected with the chronic inflammation resulting form the irritation caused by the parasites or their toxines. Besides all these, there were in the lumen of the intestines numerous adult worms, cylicostomas, and near them larvae, iden- tical to those of the thickness of the mucous. The worms then reach the intestines as free embryos, probably through impure waters of damp pastures or marshy lands. These embryos enter the intestinal mucous, develop, give rise to the formation of cysts which finally open in the intestines where the parasites become perfect cylocostomas. Males and females meet in the intestines, these last lay eggs which are thrown out by feces, the develop- ment of embryos follows and the series of infection returned by their introduction in the intestinal canal of other colts. This new vermiform enteritis is a severe affection for which the prophylaxy indication is rather vague, viz. : The drainage of too moist and marshy lands with the free use of sulphates in the fields. * * * Canine Leishmaniosis. — At the Society of Pathologic Exo- tiquc there was recently a communication made upon that disease which is for most scientific men the sure cause of that terrible affection known as Mediterranean Kala-azar. The disease as observed in human beings, has been the ob- ject of researches, which have proved that it is inoculable to dogs 386 EDITOBIAL. and that it is very frequently observed in them in their natural state. Sir Leishman, who was one of the first to discover the protozoar cause of the disease, has noticed that when infantile leishmaniosis appears the same condition is also existing in sur- rounding dogs. The manifestations of the disease in dogs may not be com- monly known, but their perfect knowledge is of importance and will justify the small space that I give it here to-day. The different characters can be resumed as follows : In relation to the mode of contagion, it seemed proved that the natural infection of the dog is by fleas. Experiments have shown it. The fleas of man, Pulex irritans, and those of dogs, P. serraticeps, are the means of infection with children principally. Mosquitoes, bed bugs and principally the Cimex lectutarius are dangerous propagators. Canine leishmaniosis is often altent, no morbid symptom is apparent, the appetite is good, there is no loss of condition — even in the cadavers of dogs, dead with the disease, no lesions can be found and the discovery of the parasites in the spleen and marrow of bones is sometimes very difficult. But besides the latent forms, there are others where the in- fection is manifested in a more severe manner. At first there are febrile accesses, the anhemia is not very marked and for months perhaps this stage of the disease remains until the last, when deatli is close, when weakness of tiie hind quarters and complete paralysis will follow. Nephritis is a common compli- cation. The disease is slow to run its course, and death, which is rather rare, occurs only on an average after 8 or 9 months. At the autop.sy made of dogs that have died, the spleen is often found the seat of lesions quite characteristic. It is gener- ally hypertrophicd in the stage of acme of the disease and in serious cases it is only small and fibrous in consistency when the animal is al)out recovering. The marrow of bone is most often red and difllucnt. The liver has a normal asfHict. The kidneys perhaps nephritic. Tho- racic organs generally healthy. EDITORIAL. 387 It is in the marrow bone and in the spleen that the parasites, Leishmanias, are found in greatest number, and again in the Hver and lymphatic glands. These parasites are endocellular, are in great number in the mononuclear leucocytes, the endothe- lial and the hepatic cells. One single leucocyte can contain as many as 60 to 80 Leishmanias. The parasites of natural infections in dogs have the classical aspect of that of Donovani and of the infantile Leishmaniosis, they all cultivate and grow in the same condition. It is of a rounded, often an oval, form, and is constituted by a thin, trans- parent enveloping membrane, containing an homogenous and clear protoplasm and two chromatic bodies. There is a nucleus and a centrosome. The diagnosis of the disease is difficult and only laboratory methods will permit of a positive one. The prognosis does not seem serious. Recovery is generally the end of the trouble. A first attack is said to give the dog complete immunity. No special form of treatment has been recommended. One rapid recovery is said to have followed the administration of Salvarsan. * * Bibliographic Items. — Veterinary Notes. (Parke, Davis & Co.) for March, 19 14. Second Annual Report of the Com- missioner of Animal Industry, Fred. Freeland Walker, Massa- chusetts, for the year ending Nov., 1913. Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa, February, 1914. The Protec- tion of Domestic Animals, by Prof. V. A. Moore. The U. S. Government Meat Inspection, by the same. Topics of Interest in the control of animal diseases, by the same. The N. Y. State Veterinary College at Cornell University, by the same. Atlas der Anatomic der Pferdes, by Doct. Reinhold Schmaltz, Profes- sor at the Veterinary High School of Berlin. (This excellent work will be reviewed later). Pathologic Interne of Cadeac En- cyclopedia. 2d Edition. Nutrition, Auto-Intoxication, Urinary Apparatus, Skin. (To be reviewed later). A. L. 388 EDITOBIAI,. THE FEDERAL ANTI-NARCOTIC LAW. On page 488 of this issue we have called to the attention of the veterinarians of New York State, the Boylan Bill, which has become a law, operative July i, 1914. This new law is going to cause veterinarians considerable additional work in dispensing, and we fear considerable annoyance ; but it is a law, and we have got to provide ourselves, with the necessary blanks and abide by it. But this seems to be but the beginning of the end. The proposed Louisiana Narcotic Law is still more embarrassing to practitioners of medicine, veterinary medicine, or dentistry; and there is also now before the United States Senate the Harrison Anti-Narcotic Bill, known as H. R. 6282, which is not a bad bill in itself, but on June 6 the United States Senate, on the recom- mendation of Senator Thomas, acting for the Senate Finance Committee, adopted an amendment, which^ if passed, would mean to the practising veterinarian, physician or dentist about as follows: First — The veterinarian, physician or dentist must keep a cor- rect and accurate and detailed record of every single restricted narcotic drug dispensed or given away, to wit, opium or coca leaves or any compound, manufacture, salt, derivative or prepara- tion thereof, except in the few instances exempted, no matter in what proportion or composition or on what occasion so dispensed. The country practitioner who dispenses for the most part, riding out by night and day, acting so frequently in emergencies, constantly dispensing, would bear tlie brunt of this restriction. Any singlk sup-up would subject him to thk full pen- alty OF THE law, of A FINE OF NOT MORE THAN $2,000, OR LM PRISON MENT FOR NOT MORE THAN 5 YEARS, OR BOTH. Second — The government, state and municipal officials will l)C able to check up the amounts purchased and the amounts so dispensed. It will Ik* absolutely impo.ssiblc in practise for the active di8|)cn.scr so to di.siK)se of these restricted drugs as to have the purchases and dispensing balance. The result would be that every such active practitioner would bo liable to the full juMialty EDITOBIAL. 389 of the law, as above. He would also be put to the constant trouble and worry of endeavoring to keep these records straight and to the constant espionage and explanation by and to all the federal, state and municipal officials. Third — This record must be made in a suitable book kept for that purpose. This book would have to be constantly with the physician, dentist or veterinarian, in order to record each dispens- ing, subject to lieing misplaced or lost, with the result that he would be liable to the full penalty of the law. And in states where there is already a state law, as in New York State, two books of record would be required to be kept, and the practitioner would be further embarrassed and annoyed. Why not cease dispensing, some may ask (that is probably the object of the bill), but how is that possible with a country prac- titioner that has to go out miles into the country, away from drug stores? And even city practitioners find it difficult if not impos- sible to get a prescription compounded after a certain hour of the night. And where they do get it done, often jeopardise the life of their patient while waiting for it. So ceasing to dispense is impracticable, and our only protection is to endeavor to pre- vent legislation that works the hardship to us, that this amend- ment to the Federal Narcotic Law would surely accomplish. New York State practitioners are already facing the difficul- ties imposed by the law which goes into effect July i ; that is a law and must be obeyed ; but we sincerely hope that the amended federal bill does not become a national law, at least until its prac- ticability has been proven in the Empire State. So if it has not passed by the time this number reaches you, get in touch with your senator at once. EIGHTY-SECOND COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. Ideal weather, excellent music by Shannon's 23d Regiment Band and the Campus at University Heights wearing its richest 390 EDITORIAL. shade of green, dotted with groups in University colors, were the auspicies under which the classes of the several schools of New York University received their degrees at the eighty-second anni- versary of that grand old institution of learning on June loth last. It was under those auspicious surroundings, too, that the members of the first class graduated from the New York State \^eterinary College at New York University, received their de- grees as Doctors of Veterinary Surgery. It was a proud mo- ment for them ; but no more so than for the many alumni present from several States. Such an occasion must be a proud moment for all veterinarians, and for everyone who are truly interested in veterinary education ; especially on an occasion such as this, when the conferring of veterinary degrees as a part of the commence- ment exercises of a great institution of learning was witnessed and participated in by the Secretary of War of the United States, Lindley M. Garrison, who received himself the Honorary De- gree of Doctor of Laws. Until very recently the War Depart- ment has had a rather poor opinion of the veterinary profession, and we feel sure that Secretary Garrison's participation in the recent commencement exercises at New York University will help to enhance the better opinion of our profession that it has more recently entertained. On the same platform a few minutes after the Secretary of War had received the purple, the Chief Executive of Greater New York, Hon. John Purroy Mitchel, also received the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws. Mayor Mitchel is deeply interested in educational matters, to which he is devoting considerable of his time. The veterinary alumni had a most excellent dinner in the evening of the same day at the New York .Athletic Club. ON BOARD THE FINLAND. Responding to the Review's call in its June issue to friends of the sailing party on tlie official A. V. M. A. tour, under direc- tion of Dr. ICichhorn, to go down to the pier and " sec them off," EDITOBIAIi, 391 a number of veterinarians and ladies went aboard the S. S. Fin- land in her dock at the foot of West 23d street on Saturday morning, June 10," and spent a pleasant hour before sailing time with their friends who were embarking on the trip. Of the nine- teen names published in the June Review, page 275, all were in the Finland's official passenger list and on board — including Presi- dent Marshall, of the A. V. M. A., and Mrs. Marshall — except Dr. and Mrs. S. Stewart, of Kansas City, who were prevented from carrying out their plans by illness in the family. The sail- ing party was a merry one, and the massive elegance of the steamer, combined with the ideal weather to make those present to bid them bon voyage, regret that they were not going also. It was suggested on leaving the pier that a party from New York and Boston meet the steamer that brings the party (augmented by installments that will follow on later steamers) into the Boston Harbor on August 23d. We trust that the suggestion will become a reality. HOPEFUL OUTLOOK FOR VETERINARY LEGISLA- TION. While neither the Army Veterinary Bill nor the Lobeck-Lewis B. A. I. Bill had reached their final hearing at the time of this writing, the outlook for both bills that mean so much to the American veterinary profession is decidedly hopeful. At our last conference with Chairman Hoskins, of the Committee on Army Legislation, A. V. M. A., he seemed very hopeful of the passage of the Army Veterinary Bill in the 63d Congress; and Secretary Walkley, of the National Association Bureau of Ani- mal Industry Employees, states that an individual interview of the members of the House Senate Committee found them quite favorably disposed toward the measure ; and taking all the signs displayed, he feels very much encouraged. Still it is not wise to be too sanguine, but to keep jogging up your representatives on both measures. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. THE PRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS.* By S. H. Gilliland, V.M.D., M.D., Former State Veterinarian of Penn- sylvania, Late Director Pennsylvania State Department of Health Laboratories, Marietta, Pa. (Continued from June issue.) Experiment 115E. This experiment was started with the object of ascertaining the most efficient and safest dosage, as well as the minimum num- ber of vaccinations required to produce a serviceable degree of immunity against natural infection. Seven yearling animals were selected for the experiment. Four of them were immunized, each one differently in regard to size and number of doses of vaccine. The three remaining ani- mals were kept under similar conditions as controls. All the ani- mals were carefully tuberculin tested at the beginning of the ex- periment and found to be free from tuberculosis. VACCINATIONS. Animal No. 20012. Red and white heifer, weight 440 pounds — 1903 Sept. II Vaccinaitcd in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. Animal No. 20013. Red heifer, weight 446 pounds — igcy Aug. 6 Vaccinated in JuRular Vein 2 c.c. Stan the defensive substances, and therefore when we come down to the ultimate analysis, the condition of this fluid is of immense importance to the welfare of the whole organism. Not only must the intercellular fluid be of good quality, but it must be supplied in proper quantity, and this cannot be effected, unless a mean pressure exists, as Beates has suggested, between the arterial system and the venous system. Equally important is the velocity with which the intercellular fluid circulates intercellu- larly, because it gives up its contents to the cell and takes away its waste products and its end products. It must be normal in rate, not too slow, nor too fast. Thereby to enable the cell to be properly nourished to functionate physiologically, to resist pathological influences and to prevent perverted function, there must exist circulatory equilibrium. If that circulatory equi- librium be absent, it must be restored and maintained, and this is an important principle of treatment, not only in nutritional diseases, but in all diseases. We must employ measures which stimulate the heart to increased working power, increasing the force of the heart beats and the propulsion of blood through the blood vessels, and the intercellular fluid in its flow inter- cellularly. Our object in presenting this very inefficient presentation of a very important subject has a twofold purpose: first, to illus- trate to you in a practical way the importance of this intercel- 438 THOMAS B. KENNY, lular fluid or tissue plasma; secondly, as a partial reply to Dr. Rogers. We contend that the physician must be both scientific and practical, and by the term " physician " we include every person who by his training is qualified to treat disease. We were impressed at the last meeting by the expressions of opinion in reply to the paper, for they seemed to us in a measure to stultify the importance of your calling and the work you are daily en- gaged upon. If it be necessary that a physician who intends to devote his life to the treatment of human beings should spend four years, and in some countries five and six years, in medical studies to fit him for practice, surely those who intend to give their services to the care of sick and suffering animal life should require the same standard of efficiency. The human patient assists us in our labors by intelligent description of his symptoms and by his co-operation. We have, as our valuable assistance, the psychological factor, and to show you how important this may be in the treatment of disease, we ask your indulgence to briefly review the latest investigations into shock and its causation. Crile, of Cleveland, by a remarkable series of experiments in the laboratory on animals, has been able to produce the phe- nomena of shock experimentally, and he has shown that the ani- mals most liable to shock were those in whom the presence of bodily danger was capable of producing the phenomena of fear. He has demonstrated that shock follows injury, traumatic or psychic, in those animals which possess the most highly devel- oped power of associated memory, and that the greatest damage is to be found in the brain cells. Animals exhausted by fright and prolonged physical trauma show changes in the brain cells, ranging from slight alteration to complete deterioration and de- struction. The result of his experiments have ocularly proved that psychic stimuli when pronounced can so overstimulate the brain cells that exhaustion follows in ratio to the degree of fear induced. By eliminating the dread of the approaching opera- tive ordeal he has reduced the occurrence of shock to an insig- nificant factor. This does not comprise the whole of his theory INTEBCELLULAB FLUID AND ITS BELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE. 439 of kinetic shock and anoci association in the production of sur- gical shock, but we cannot enter into the other aspects, as they have no direct bearing on our subject. The resuUs of Crile's researches have compelled him to assert emphatically that the mind may cause diseases other than the mental. Emotional con- ditions are capable of inducing variations in the composition of the secretions of the body, so much so that the activities of the organism can be greatly affected. He asserts with proof that psychic stimuli in the form of emotions can increase the secre- tion of the adrenals, of the thyroid and of glycogen, and an increase in the power of the muscles to oxidize glycogen. These body activities are accompanied by accelerated circulation and increased temperature. Crile goes so far as to show that emo- tions may so change the composition of saliva as to induce pyorrhea alveolaris. " Chronic emotional stimulation may fatigue or exhaust the brain and may cause cardio-vascular disease, in- digestion, Graves' disease, diabetes, insanity." These are Crile's own words, and his conclusions are based on laboratory experi- ments, and no stronger proof of the importance of the psychic factor and its relation to disease, its cause and treatment, can be advanced. But there is also the positive side of this psychic question, the optimism of the patient, his faith in the remedial measures, his belief in his physician; these play a most important part in the cure of disease. The veterinarian, however, obtains little aid from the psychic factor, and he has practically to depend entirely upon his own intuition and his training. Can he adequately face the problems which meet him every day, unless he have a good, sound knowl- edge of both scientific and equally so of practical medicine? A correct knowledge of physiology is necessary for the apprecia- tion of pathology, a correct appreciation of the physiological action of drugs for their proper therapeutic application. A work- ing knowledge of the more precise and scientific methods of clin- ical diagnosis is a sine qua non to the solution of the diagnostic problems which face us all every day. Gentlemen, it is only those of us who have had the opportunity to be familiar with the post 440 THOMAS B. KENNY. mortem room of a large hospital, and who have had opportuni- ties to compare the diagnosis with the autopsy findings, who can realize what a merciful repository the grave is to the reputa- tions of eminent physicians and surgeons. For seven years the speaker, as a medical officer in his country's service, had among his duties to perform a large number of autopsies; many of these were upon patients of his own, and he assures you that his pride was frequently humbled in the dust, and his self-com- placency and esteem became a minus quantity. It is only thus we realize our deficiencies, our limitations and the tremendous responsibilities we assume when we undertake the functions of our office as physicians, and how morally criminal we become when we approach our duties inadequately equipped for the serv- ices we offer. We are all members, you and I, allopath, homeopath, veteri- narian, of one great brotherhood, whose mission is the cure of disease, the amelioration of suffering and pain. The day, let us hope, is not so far distant when the sectarian differences will cease to exercise our minds, and the physician will be an " omno- path," ready to employ every remedial measure which will help him in the treatment of his patient, be it man or beast. You may think us visionary, but we refuse the impeachment, because we l)elieve, that your duties, gentlemen, are in a measure as sacred as ours, your responsibilities relatively as great, for every brute beast is one of God's creatures, pawns in the Divine Architect's scheme of evolutionary progress, and their place, no matter how humble and insignificant, is therefore in its measure of much im- portance in its relation to the welfare of the whole. ninuocRAPiiY. SaJouB (Internal Secretfoni), MetchnikofT, Hcrkeley, Porter, Oliver, Schafer, Abclous, Vaughan, Smith. Williami, etc. Prof. Sisson's Article on Some Mechanical Factors IN Digestion will be continued in the August issue, beginning with the interesting question of The Effect of Watering on the Stomach Contents, ami the Transport of Water Thro\i(jh the Stomach and Small Intestines, OSTEOPOROSIS IN HORSES.* By a. C. Wight, D.V.M., Pittsburg, Pa. By osteoporosis is meant a disease of the bone, characterized by a diffuse, rarefying ostitis. This disease is encountered spo- radically throughout the country, but is especially prevalent in this vicinity (Pittsburg, Pa.). It is becoming of great importance; the loss annually to the team owners from this one condition being conservatively estimated at $10,000. It affects animals of all ages, in all conditions of stabling, and without regard to the feed used. I will not trouble you with a description of the histology, pathology, etc., but will try to confine myself to the detailing of some clinical observations which will give an idea of the pre- valence of the disease, how we run across it, the outcome, possible mode of transmission, and any peculiar incidents which may come to my mind. As to cause, I agree with those observers who have thought that the causative agent would be found to be a bacterium. My observations have led me to believe that this, and not food, en- vironment, etc., is what will be found to produce this trouble. In the first place, we find affected only those animals which have been in the city for a period of at least two years. We have never had a case in a horse which had been here a less time. Age has apparently no influence upon the susceptibility, as we find it as much in young animals as in old ones. We have never had a case in a mule. Secondly, the habitation very evidently has no connection as a possible cause, as reported by some, as we find it alike in first- class private stables, in horses kept in cellars under the worst possible situation, in boarding stables, in the fire department * Reprinted from the yctcrinary Alumni Quarterly, Veterinary School, Ohio State University. 441 442 A. C. WIGHT. and the department of public works, and in fact any and all cir- cumstances. Thirdly, feed appears to me to have no influence as a direct causative agent, although it may be a factor in the progress and spread of the disease in an animal already infected. Bran has been given as the cause, but I have seen horses affected that had never had bran, at least not for a long time. Horses have developed the trouble when fed on any or all of the common horse feeds that you might care to mention. Some support the argument that feed is the cause by showing that when a horse is taken off that feed and put on some feed as alfalfa and molasses, very often he shows an improvement. I am inclined to the opin- ion that the improvement noticed is a result of the fact that the new food does not have to be chewed so much as the oats and bran (you know the horse's jaws are very tender and he eats slowly and carefully and does not chew any more than he has to) and is more easily assimilated, and therefore raises the body resist- ance to the progress of the malady, thereby producing stasis, or partial recovery, instead of supplying any new elements in which the former feed was supposedly lacking. Fourthly, the water. Here we find a medium which cannot be so easily dismissed as a probable source of the trouble. It is the one thing, exclusive of the air, whicli all the horses affected with osteoporosis have in common. It is my belief that there is something about the water, either bacterial or else a deficiency in composition, which causes all the trouble. It is known that there is not a large amount of the solids taken up by the body which come from the water ingested, but that the body depends for minerals upon the absorption of complex chemical compounds from the organic foods. This brings us t<)int in that direction. In the lirst place, we have a disease which is very prevalent in some locations and unknown in others. Mcthinls of feeding in this country are very similar OSTEOPOROSIS IN HORSES. 443 in any of the large cities. The food material comes from all parts of the country to these cities, so that if the food was the cause the disease should be equally common over the country. This is not the case. Water has not the same mineral content in various parts of the country, but as I have said before, there is little mineral taken up by the body from the water. Many animals have nothing but what is practically distilled water. Still, the water the horses get could easily contain specific bacteria, capable of exciting this disease in susceptible animals. Stabling conditions are very similar in all cities. In all there are good stables, and others with very bad sanitary conditions. Therefore, as some authors state, the same neglect should bring about osteoporosis, no matter where found. In this city there are stables from which diseased horses are constantly being removed, and there are others where it is never seen, or has not appeared as yet. Then there are stalls in stables which are constantly yielding their quota of cases, yet other stalls in the the stable appear to be entirely innocuous. For in- stance, there is one stable from which three horses have been taken in six years, without another case being seen in any other stall (this stall, by the way, is next to the heater), and another stable where four were removed in seven years (this stall is also next to a stove). A stable of twenty-five head had been losing from three to four horses a year, and others in the stable were seen to be af- fected. These horses were fed on oats, bran and all the hay they wanted. The stable was clean and well ventilated. Treat- ment in this case was to remove all horses which showed any signs of being affected, and the thorough disinfection of the building. The feed was changed to cut hay and molasses and alfalfa feed, and no cases have recurred since. A small Italian boarding stable loses two or three head yearly, notwithstanding the fact that they feed largely alfalfa feed. Another stable across the street is similarly situated. Symptoms. — The first thing that usually attracts our atten- 444 A. C. WIGHT. tion to the horse is the fact that he has a not easily diagnosed lameness, or one that centers in a complex mechanism, as the stifle or fetlock. This usually responds to treatment accom- panied by rest, but in a short time he is lame again in a different part. I am frequently told that a case of lameness has been diagnosed by another veterinarian as rheumatism and treated as such. This treatment cures the supposed rheumatism for a time, as all these cases get all right again for a time if they are rested. But when he is worked again the " rheumatism " recurs. I am firmly convinced that many, in fact I am tempted to say nearly all, of the cases in the horse which are diagnosed as rheumatism are nothing more or less than osteoporosis, mayhap in an occult form, and I would earnestly advise that in every such case the possibility of the presence of osteoporosis be remembered and an examination made to exclude that condition. Another common reminder is that the owner wishes the horse's teeth dressed as he is falling away in flesh, and does not eat rapidly. In some communities the horse's temperature is taken as a precautionary measure, but here we immediately ex- amine for osteoporosis as a matter of routine. Goneitis is commonly seen in a marked case, and is very often the only thing the matter with the horse that a veterinarian who has not seen cases of this kind can find wrong. I have shown cases to out-of-town veterinarians for examination without giv- ing them a hint as to the condition, and the goneitis was all they could see. Swelling of the face which is supposed to be one of the marked diagnostic features is present in only a small portion of our cases, probably because we usually find the case before it has advanced to that point, which is the beginning of the end. Prognosis. — Very advanced cases are hopeless and should be destroyed. If they are able to walk, they should be sold for what- every they will bring, as they are liable to break down at any mo- ment. An advanced case was kept in idleness in the hope of shaping him up a little and then sent to the auction, lie broke down in both front feet as he was being led home by his new owner. OSTEOPOBOSIS IN HORSES. 445 A horse which had been standing in the stable, being treated by a veterinarian for a supposed shoulder lameness, was taken out by the owner in a time of emergency. He went about half a mile when he became very lame in the right fore limb. He was returned to the stable, and as he was going up the gangway the sesamoid bones of all four legs gave way. Upon post mortem, they were found to have been crushed as if put on an anvil and hit with a hammer. The prognosis in horses if in fair condition depends entirely upon the future treatment. I have seen cases that have stayed in the city and have given efficient service over a period of years, others that soon died, and still others that did neither, so I am never sure what one is going to do. One thing is certain, if the diet and care is not changed, or if the horse does not leave town, death will ensue in from three months to a little over a year. I have one horse from an Italian stable that has shown thickening of the face, thickening of the lower jaw, goneitis, etc., for two years, and yet at the present time he is none the worse, and is working every day. I usually give a favorable prognosis in those cases which can be gotten out of town. Some of those cases never lose a day after they leave the city. For instance, one horse that was in the fire department, and which was condemned because he could not make a run without being lame for weeks afterwards, was sold to a dealer at auction. He shipped him to Buffalo, and from there to Boston, where he was put into the fire department, and at last accounts was still giving good service and apparently sound. Another horse went twelve miles into the country to a pumping station, worked there two years, and was returned to the city. The disease which had been, as one might say, hiber- nating, at once returned and death ensued in three months. The common story is, though, that horses showing the first stages of the disease can be sent out of the city and expected to give good service, and become free from the trouble, although the swelling will not entirely disappear. The course is anywhere from three months to a year and 446 A. C. WIGHT. ] a half from the time that the diagnosis is first made till the case either breaks down or has to be destroyed because of the im- paired physical condition. Treatment. — This consists in all cases which are not removed from the city in the feeding of alfalfa feed and molasses, and alfalfa hay, and the disinfection of the stall. As I previously stated, I do not think that this gives the horse any elements that he lacked before, but merely relieves the tax on the digestive organs, and raises the resistance. This has given very good re- sults in a multitude of cases, and is to be recommended in all cases where removal is not possible. We had one case where a horse was removed merely from one stable to another in the city here, with a prompt increase in the physical condition and without any change in the feed at all. Medicinal treatment seems to have little or no effect although arsenical preparations are sometimes given in the hope that they would help bring about a condition of stasis in the progress of the disease. Always advise an immediate sale when this trouble is diag- nosed. Summary. — I consider osteoporosis to be a disease of bacter- ial origin, the spread being through some intermediate agent and not by direct contact. In this city our suspicions are directed towards the water, but no investigations have been made in that direction. Feed and stabling conditions certainly have no in- rtuence, and neither one can be, in my opinion, the direct causa- tive agent. We have never seen a case that has not had at least two years' j)OSsible exposure to tiie infection agent, as evidenced by the fact that all cases had been in the city at least that length of time. Treatment consists of cither endeavoring to raise the general resistance, or to remove the animal to a now habitat. Most of the veterinary literature I consider to be worthless as to the etiology of this disea.se, and the treatments as propnuiKlnl by the various authors are of no avail. OSTEOPOKOSIS IN HOUSES. 447 There is here, I think, a great opportunity for a bacteriologist to give us the exact etiology, and from what I can see a vaccine which will allow us to treat osteroporosis in such a manner as to bring about recovery without sacrificing a large per cent, oi the monetary value. Another Horseman Writes a Book. — Thomas Floyd- Jones has followed the example of Fred Dietz and written a book about old New York, which promises to be of absorbing interest to horsemen, sportsmen and old boys in general. Mr. Floyd-Jones has lived a long lifetime in New York and vicinity, and has known and seen nearly all the great trotters and runners since the days of the Union Course. His ancestors on Long Island owned Mambrino, the son of Messenger and sire of Tred- well's Alxlallah, and one of them backed Boston Blue in the match in which 3 :oo was first beaten by a trotter in public for a purse, stake or wager, so far as is known. The book is now in press. A Curtain Raiser. 0 Horse, I sometimes wonder when I see Some roaring chariot urged by gasolene (Proud in its hundred horse-power) blur the scene With speed that ne\er came from pedigree — Or when some areo-devil rigged to be A pest in Lucifer's long-lost demesne, I view aloft — ah, then with sorrow keen 1 wonder, Horse, what will become of thee !. Thus brooding, to thy Yearly Festival I ride (by taxi) and behold thee dear As when thou borest Valkyrs to Valhal Or did still sprightlier jobs for Paul Revere. Neigh, Horse! fear not the dodo's lonesome fate; For what we love we never give " the gate " ! (Wallace Irwin, in " The Smart Sctr) I THREE USEFUL KNOTS AND HOW TO USE THEM. By Prof. H. E. Kingman, Chair of Surgery, Fort Collins, Colo. In comparison with human surgery, the literature pertain- ing strictly to veterinary surgery is almost a minus quantity. It ( ^>^^^ ^^ . igjv^r^^^^ ^^v ^ .^m l-iK;n,> 1^ Figure 2. THREE USEFUL KNOTS AND HOW TO USE THEM. 449 Figure 3. Figure 4. 450 II. E. KINGMAN. I'iKurc 5. I'igtire 6. THREE USEFITL KNOTS AND HOW TO USE THEM. 451 I'iKiii-e Figure 8. 452 H. E. KINGMAN. is not meant to overlook the little we have that is of good qual- ity, but the fault lies in the fact that there is not enough of it, and minute detail seems to be neglected. Certainly the tying of a knot is of fundamental importance, since it is a part of nearly every operation and should be one of the first steps in the in- struction of operative surgery. An operator's reputation of course, depends largely upon the results he obtains ; a surgeon should work with all possible speed and still do his work well; and both speed and efficiency depend largely upon technique, which is made up of a number of consecutive steps. An opera- tion as a whole, then, may be improved by developing the indi- vidual parts. The knot herein described is tied with one hand; it is a very convenient and simple inethod and when perfected by practice adds a finish to the operator's technique. Another illustrated article, by Prof. Kingman, entitled " A Bow Line on a Bight," will appear in the August Review. Prizes to Members of Senior Class^ New York State College at Cornell University, Ithaca. — The following prizes were awarded the senior class at the above institution at the recent commencement exercises. Horace K. White Prize: First prize to Alfred Savage; second prize to Jos. Stanley Clark. The Hollingworth Honorarium in Pathology: To Alfred Sav- age. The Jane Miller Prize in Physiology: Divided between Harry Peter Bonnikson and Peter Theodore Peterson. The Laura C. Schroeder Prize in Small Animal Clinic: Awarded to I''loyd Thomas James. The Joseph Gordon Bennett Prize in Anaesthesia: Awarded to Ralph Ray Moulthrop. Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey. — The mid-summer meeting of tiiis association will be held on July <)th at Montclair, N. J. Dr. James McDonough, of that beaulilul city of homes, will play the role of host. That fact alone insures an excellent tneeting, to which President Smith extends an invi- tation to his many friends in the adjoining States; and when ".Tom " Smith extends an invitation you are assured that it is a hearty one. VVc will venture an opinion on tnir own account that "Jimmy" McDonough will have every lame horse in l''ssex County lined up for inspection by his colleagues and friends. SUMMER HINTS FOR LIVESTOCK. By L. M. Steckel, D.V.M. (0,S.U.), New York, N. Y. Now that the summer season is in full swing and the heat pressing heavily on man and beast, it behooves man, of higher intelligence, to take full consideration of his friends " the dumb animals." Remember well that as the horse works in the hot weather and perspires heavily, he needs considerable more water to drink and, therefore, you should not be stingy in this respect. Let him have freely of this commodity and you will not be afraid that he is overfilling himself too much at one time. Of course, it is a good rule not to let a horse drink too much cold water while he is overheated. You should also drive the horse slower in hot weather and when at work in the field give him a rest every now and then, if possible in a shady spot. Do not change the horse's feed suddenly; do that gradually, especially is this true of new hay or new oats. During the days of rest let the horse have exercise and give him a little grain, but not the full ration as when at work. The stable should be kept clean and cool; the windows and doors screened and remember to swat the fly. The harness should be kept clean, especially the collar and saddle. It is very advisable to take the harness off the horse when he has his noon-day meal. Cows ON Pasture. — It is well to remember that in the in- tense hot days of July and August cows, too, are likely to suffer from the heat. Be sure to provide some shade for them. In case you have no woods, then bring them under the shed during the afternoon. See that the cows have plenty of cold water to drink. Also let them wade in a clean brook whenever they seem inclined to do so. Who has not observed, on a hot summer's day, cows standing belly deep in water in a brook or river ? Another thing, cows are often pestered by flies. To mitigate 453 454 L. M. STECKEL. this condition spray them several times a week with any of the fly remedies, such as " Shoo-Fly," or crude petroleum mixture, for sale in drug stores. A small spray pump for this purpose can be purchased at a small expense. When you bring the cows into the barn at milking time, do not allow the flies to swarm there. Have the place clean, the windows and doors screened. A cow cannot do both, stand the flies and fill the milk bucket. What little expense and extra care bestowed on the cows dur- ing this time will be amply repaid by results in the pail. The small stock, too, should not be overlooked. They must not suffer from heat and flies either. Dr. J. B. Archer De.\d. — After our forms were closed, we received a communication from our esteemed friend. Dr. A. V. Nelson, Indianapolis, Ind., containing the details of the death of Dr. J. B. Archer, of Spencer, that state. An obituary notice will appear in our August issue. Has Reviews From Volume Fifteen and Cherishes Them. — Dr. Lyman D. Brown, Sedalia, Missouri, in requesting two back numbers of the Review, says: "These two numbers will complete my files from Volume XV. to the present time. I have arranged to have them bound that I may belter care for them." Value CIkeater 'I'han the Cost. — Dr. I'. L. May, of Penn- sylvania, in renewing his sub.scription to the Ki:view, writes: " I don't know how you can get out .so good a veterinary journal for tlic money. I can't i)ossibly get along without it." • iJAr. I .\KI-..S ll 1\\ !..> I >! -.^I.\ \ l-.AK.s.- I )r. ( it'orgC \ . Tow lie, Connecticut, .says in renewing iiis subscrij)tion : " Here goes for an enclosure in the form t)f a P. (). Money Order for my subscrip- tion f" tl)<- Ivi \ II- w, making my -'^>th year." PURE BRED STALLIONS. By L. M. Steckel, D.V.M. (O.S.U.), New York, N. Y. I wish to impress upon farmers the necessity of mating their mares to pure bred stallions. In every locality there are usually found one or more pure bred stallions of the draft type suitable for service for farm mares. The difference in cost between the scrub stallion and the pure bred sire may appear quite significant; the result, however, will more than compensate for it. So many of the abnormalities, such as badly curbed hocks, congenital ring- bone or faulty conformation noticed in farm horses can be traced direct to the parent stock. The saying that horses are horses must be modified in this regard; namely, that while the animals we call horses may have the characteristics of the horse, still they may not be suitable for the needs of the horseman. There is a distinction between any kind of a horse and a good horse. It makes no difference whether you breed a horse for farm work or for driving. You should have at least a good sire to start with. It costs just as much to feed the poor scrub horse; in fact, it is a crime to give away good feed to a poor horse. If you breed the right kind of horse and follow this with proper feeding you are bound to develop a good animal — good for yourself and good for somelxidy else. I wish, however, to im- press upon you very strongly that the mere fact that the stallion is pure bred is not sufficient to justify your mating the mare to him. You must know the kind of stock he comes from and the kind of stock that come from him ; that is, what kind of foals he produces; in other words, the pure bred stallion should have a record of merit. 455 REPORTS OF CASES. A FIFTH SEASON'S REPORT UPON THE PERMANENT VALUE OF THE VENTRICLE STRIPPING OPERA- TION FOR " ROARING." * By Frederick Hobday, F.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E., Honorary Veterinary Surgeon to His Majesty the King, and formerly Professor in the Royal Veterinary College, London, Kensington, W. In fulfilment of a promise made to the readers of The Veter- inary Journal some years ago, I am presenting another year's report upon the value of the ventricle stripping operation, first brought into prominence as a practical measure by Dr. Will- iams (i), of Cornell University, for " roaring " in horses. There is no question but that the operation can be said to have attained success in a very large number of cases, a further year's experience being that the proportion stated in The Veterinary Journal last year (2) (fully 75 per cent, of hunters and 90 to 95 per cent, of carriage horses) of useless horses made useful, is by no means exaggerated. Similar favorable reports have now been published or re- ceived from various parts of the world, notably in America by Merrilat, Cary, Blatenberg and others; in Italy by Professor An- tonini(3) ; in Germany by Professor Eberlein(4) ; in France by Professor Cadiot(5) and M. Victor Drouin(6) ; in Hungary and Austria by Mr. W. Reynolds, M.R.C.V.S. (6), and the operation may truly l)e said to have become a godsend in its value to both owner and patient in preference to the only other previously known method of relief, viz., tiie tracheotomy tube. Even if the operation only gave relief for one season, and the tube had then to l)c inserted it would be worth doing, for every owner or stud gnjom who has had experience of the cleansing and general care required by a " tubed " hunter will without hesi- tation assert that if the evil day can be staved off for even only 80 short a i)eriod as one year it is worth while making the at- tempt; and one very strong point in favor of this operation is * R«print«d from ycttrUary Journal (London), Aprfl, 1914. 4M REPORTS OF CASES. 457 that even if it does not succeed the horse is just as good as he was before for the insertion of the tube. There have been, in my experience, so far as I have been able to trace up to the present, less than 2 per cent, of relapses, and most of these did one or two season's hunting before it occurred. I write now from the results of 837 individual horses whose respective histories since the operations I have kept in touch with. The first two horses operated upon in England, which were done by Dr. Williams in September, 1909, are still at work to the satisfaction of their respective owners. The list given on pp. 168 to 171 is a continuation of the his- tory for another year of 100 cases, the same which were reported upon in The Veterinary Journal for January, 191 1. During the past year, on numerous occasions at Tattersall's, Warner Sheppard and Wade (Leicester), and other places, horses which have been operated upon have been entered in the catalogues as " operated upon for wind," and described as " prac- tically cured," thus showing that the vendors are not afraid to admit the fact, and the prices reached have been quite on a par with those of average hunters. I know of no reason at present for altering any opinion ex- pressed in the reports of previous years, and the following brief extracts from letters of owners whose horses are in the above list are still further confirmatory evidence of the permanent value of the results obtained : Case 8. — February 24, 1914. " The bay horse * Newsboy ' is dead. He broke his leg in the hunting field, going well to the last, although making a noise. " The grey horse seems to be quite cured, gallops on and does not tire, and makes no perceptible noise; would probably pass a vet." Case 18. — Owner wrote, February 26, 1914: " The chestnut horse is going much better this season than he did last season. He is in much better condition. He was out hunting to-day with the Enfield Chase Staghounds, and I took particular notice of him; and I must say he went remarkably well. He was well up to the front all the time, which was an hour and fifteen minutes. He has hunted twice this week, and he is hunting again on Satur- day. " The only thing I can see against the horse is that he has a little discharge from the nose, but not so bad as it was last winter. He is a real good hunter." 458 REPORTS OF CASES. Case 25. — At first the result was so excellent that, although the horse was a bad roarer prior to operation, both the owner and a well-known hunting veterinary surgeon considered the beast to be " sound in wind," and a certificate was given to that effect. Some months later, however, after galloping about one and a half miles a curious habit of gulping would come on, and if not allowed to slacken speed the animal was threatened with dyspnoea. This would pass off in a few minutes when pulled up, and only reappear after a hard gallop. As only one side had been done, it was decided to reopen the larynx and strip the right ventricle. This was done on November 2;^, 191 1, and a V-shaped portion of the soft palate excised, as this appeared abnormally relaxed and enlarged. The result was to temporarily benefit the horse, and the animal went back to hunting for some months. The gulping, however, returned, and after the hunting season the horse was shot (July, 1913). Case 29. — February 2^, 1914: "The gelding 'Challenger' is still hunting and going very well. My son has him at Cam- bridge." Case 55. — February 25, 1914: " The ' tubed ' horse that you did in 19 10 goes splendidly. He makes a slight noise, but it does not stop him at all." Case 70. — February, 1914: " The owner is pleased to say that the mare operated on four years ago has got no worse since she was done. She still makes a noise when galloping, but it does not seem to distress her." Case yg. — March 28, 1914. Owner wrote: " The chestnut horse operated on for his wind in May, iQio, makes very little noise excej)t when he is very fresh, or pulls hard in very heavy land. It is a certainty that if the operation had not been per- formed on him I should never have gone on riding bitn. as I hate a noisy horse." Case 81. — Marcii 27, 1914. Owner wrote: " i am pleased to state that my horse you operated upon in M.iy, 1910, is still going well. " I am not certain that he would pass the vet., but he gallops strong and well and does not roar; he makes a little noise, but it is not perceptil)lc casually, and does not stop him; before he roared at a trot." Case 89. — February 23, 1914. " I ;im still of opinion that the operation for roaring is a very great success. BEPORTS OF CASES. 459 " The brown horse you first of all only did on one side, and the year after completed the other side, is really wonderful. Just when first starting off you can hear him slightly, but afterwards not at all." Case 97. — March 28, 1914. Owner wrote: "I have much pleasure in informing you that my roan horse which you operated on (I think four years ago) has been going thoroughly strong and sound. He has again carried my huntsman all this season and has put in an exceptionally hard time, doing very often other horses's work, and has not been sick or sorry once. A most remarkable success." Case 108. — March 27, 1914. Owner wrote: " The operation you performed on my bay hunter in 19 10 has been most success- ful. I do not say there is no noise, for I think in that respect the horse is going back ; but he is going as strong as ever this season, and his wind does not seem to distress him." Case 115. — March 27, 1914: "The grey hunter operated on in June, 19 10, is going wonderfully well, and ' hops the top twig ' twice a week. He makes a little noise, but it does not stop him at all, and is nothing to what it was before operation." — M.R.C.V.S. Case 116. — March 29, 1914. Owner wrote: " I am glad to be able to tell you that the chestnut hunter you operated on for roaring in June, 1910, is still going on satisfactorily." Case 1 17. — February 25, 1914 : " The horse of mine on which you operated some four years ago has been hunting all this year ; was, in fact, out on Monday last. He makes a noise, and it stops him occasionally, but for Sussex he is as useful a horse as one wants, as the wind affection does not interfere with him in a hunt in that country, though I sometimes notice it on the Downs." Cases 119 and 120. — On March 27 the veterinary surgeon wrote : "I have spoken to Colonel K , and he says ' Puggy ' is still going well, and that the operation is a great success. " Lord L 's horse was sold at Leicester last autumn, and I have lost sight of him, but he was quite all right then." Case 129. — February 23, 1914: "The mare 'Cinderella' is still carrying me as well as ever, never ' sick or sorry,' and I may fairly repeat and confirm contents) of my letter of March 24, 1913;" Cases 137 and 138. — On March 16 the veterinary surgeon wrote : " Colonel M 's hunter has been sold, and was almost cured. The operation was a success. Captain C 's horse has 460 BEPORTS OF CASES. jj^^ 3 to -J? ^ mm 4) o 4)73 M 1 t) « =! ■::;t^-::; 9 J3_o jr 0 3 rt 3 W W P t> i> v. o o u u eg (« .sis .S3 .;< 3.2 « M &• J ■ J3 O ~ •2c • 0.£f S ^ c 0.2-0 t*j^ O O O 4J U H «!5 3 2 -m' V 0) *J ^ 00 00 H XX KM H HW UN W 0) i? 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Case 141. — March 27, 1914: '' The chestnut hackney gelding which you operated upon for roaring in July, 1910, was still going on satisfactorily up to last May, when it was sold by auc- tion with the other horses." — M.R.C.V.S. Case 151. — February 22, 1914: "'John Peel' is a great success, and makes no noise at all after three hard seasons." Case 155. — March 14, 1914: "'Scarlet Runner' is going * tip-top ' this season." Cases 161, 162, 163. — On March 14 the veterinary surgeon with whom these cases were operated upon in consultation wrote : " Colonel L 's horse is still carrying him * the best,' and Miss A 's horse, too, went splendidly this season, whilst Mr. R 's horse won a Point-to-Point last week for its new owner." Case 174. — March 2"/, 1914. The veterinary surgeon wrote: " Miss H 's bay horse carried her to hounds well, and also did his harness work in the summer without any distress, al- though he always made a slight noise. As this horse went a roarer after a very acute attack of pneumonia, he was a distinct success, as previous to the operation he was worthless. Unfor- tunately he split a pastern and was destroyed." Case 191. — March 7, 1914: "The grey hunter is going ex- cellently ; makes a blowing noise only. Worth £80 at least." Case 197. — In a letter dated March 15, 1914, the owner wrote: " I have no change to report in my horse, * Captain Kettle ' ; he fully maintains the great improvement made in him by your operation. " I have hunted all the season with the Mid-Kent Stag- hounds — a very big and heavy country — we have had some very fast runs, and he has not been distressed. Of course, he still makes a slight noise when galloping fast in heavy going, and I occasionally have to slow him down for a minute or two, but apart from this his wind seems quite good. This result is very satisfactory to me, as he is the best horse I have ever ridden, and I value him much. I Ic was turned out to grass all last sum- mer." Ca.sc 204. — March 15, 1914: " This horse was a great success and could gallop to the end of any hunt without any sign of distress. The animal is now dead, liaving got paralysis of hind quarters, for which it was destroyed." BEPORTS OF CASES. 465 Case 206. — March i6, 1914: "I sold the horse last year that you operated upon for me. The result of the operation appeared to be permanent. The horse was very much hindered by his wind before the operation, but afterwards it was able to hunt without inconvenience. He was hunting all last season and this." Case 216. — March, 1914: " The roan mare is very satisfac- tory, and going better than ever she did. The result of the opera- tion is still quite successful." REFERENCES. 1. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1906, 1907, 191 1. 2. The Veterinary Journal, April, 19 13, " The Fourth Season's Report upon the Permanent Value of the Ventricle Stripping Operation for ' Roaring.' " 3. " II Cornegio e la nuova Operazione " (Congresso Nazionale Veterinario, Turino, 14-16 Settembre, 191 1). 4. The Veterinary Journal, September, 1912 (a translation). 5. Receuil de Medecine Vetcrinaire. 6. Communicated. DEATH OF A FOAL— TOXICITY OF MORPHIA? By R. C. JoLUFFE, F.R.C.V.S. (England), Pickering, Ontario, Canada. Subject: A male Clydesdale foal, born normally and with- out assistance, during the night of May 29th, a few days prior to full time. The following morning (May 30th) the foal ap- peared weak and could not rise or remain standing without help and persistently refused to suck till about 10.30 that night, when, having gained considerably in strength during the day, it com- menced for the first time to take nourishment naturally. Dur- ing the day frequent attempts had been made to induce the foal to suck, but finding them unsuccessful, the mare was milked into a cup and the milk administered to the foal — evidently much against its will — both by spoon and by rubber teat on the end of a bottle. During this period loose respiratory rales in the neigh- borhood of the larynx and trachea became audible. The following morning the foal had improved to a remark- able degree; it was sucking frequently and freely and, except for occasional tracheal rales, appeared as healthy, bright and lively as could possibly be wished for, till about 2 p. m., when indications of abdominal pain were noticed. The abdomen was drawn up, the abdominal muscles tense, and the patient evi- dently uneasy and distressed. The bowels and urine had been in every way normal up to now. 466 REPORTS OF CASES. These unfavorable syniptoms became rapidly worse and by 4 p. m. it was quite apparent that the foal was suffering acute abdominal pain. The rectum as far as could be explored was empty. About 2 oz. of castor oil with 30 minims CoUis Brown's chlorodyne were administered, a few ounces of cow's milk, raw eggs and whisky having been previously given by the attendant. Hot fomentations were applied to the abdomen, and about 8 oz. of soapy water rectally injected. In half an hour's time the evidence of abdominal pain had become still more intensified and the patient appeared to be suffering extreme agony. There was some difficulty in drenching him or persuading him to swal- low, and I therefore decided (wisely or unwisely?) to admin- ister half a grain morphin?e sulph. hypodermically. A little later the pain appeared to be considerably relieved, the patient went quietly to sleep, and died, seemingly in his sleep, about 8 p. m. Autopsy the following morning revealed nothing abnormal on opening the peritoneal cavity. On slitting up the alimentary track several feet of the small intestine showed marked venous congestion of the mucous membrane. Ciecum, stomach and large intestine normal. One small mass (about the size of a filbert) of dense, impacted fecal matter was present in the small colon. Remainder of abdominal contents normal. Heart and lungs healthy. A large quantity of whitish froth was present in the trachea, extending from the larynx down to many of the larger bronchi, but not extending to tiie bronchioles or lung tis- sue. No other abnormality could be discovered in any other organ or tissue of the body. There was red clot in both sides of the heart. Queries and Obsen'ations — i. To what extent was this foal "killed by kindness," coupled with morphia? 2. Should a weakly foal that refuses to suck be forcibly fed during the first 24 htnirs? If not, at what age should or may forcible feeding be resorted to if still refusing to suck? 3. Is refusal to suck, when newly born, at all a common con- dition in foals or calves? (I am credibly informed that the human infant is fre(|uently given no nourishmoiit of any kind during the first 3 days of life.) 4. Is tlic drenching, or forcible adiiiiiii.stration of milk, a particularly risky or undesirable procedure in the newly born foal, on account of the d.'uiger of fiuid entering the tnichea? In this case tluTc .seems no doubt that the froth in llic trachea REI'OKTS OB" CASES. 4(57 simply represented milk that had " gone the wrong way," and the appearance of the trachea distinctly suggested that if the foal had survived longer, mechanical pneumonia might have supervened, unless the froth therein became in some other way disposed of. (There was no indication, post mortem, of pul- monary oedema or congestion. ) 5. The mare had been in full lactation for a week or more prior to foaling, the milk flowing freely from the udder. The first (colestrum-containing) secretion was thus no doubt wasted through leakage. Might this account for the intestinal conges- tion, or was the latter more likely to have been set up by the small impacted mass in the floating colon? (There appeared to be no damming back of the bowel contents anterior to this mass.) 6. Are there any grounds for the opinion, apparently pop- ular amongst the " laiety," that a mixture of cow's milk and raw eggs is of value as a laxative for foals? 7. Finally, to what extent was the half-grain of morphia accountable for death? I have a strong suspicion, on reviewing the case, that it probably had a considerable share. Appearances certainly pointed to it, and had not the foal (fortunately?) been my own property, I think I should ha\'e lost my client as well as the patient. I know that morphia is regarded with the great- est awe by medical men for the young of the human species, but have never heard that the same applies to the equine infant. I am of opinion that it is practically impossible to kill an adult horse with morphia. Any comments on the above case by practitioners experienced with foals would be much appreciated b}' the author. VENTRAL HERNIA. By F. F. Brown and J. V. Lacroix, Kansas City Veterinary College. The accompanying cut is that of a yearling mule sent by Dr. A. A. Shetler, '09, of Wellington, Kan., to the Kansas City Vet- erinary College for the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association cHnic and was examined by several veterinarians and pronounced practically inoperable and was not handled during this meeting. On January 30 it was thought that this case would be of in- terest and it was presented at our regular clinic. The subject had been dieted and was placed in a dorsal recumbent position upon the operating table and an attempt was made under com- 468 REPORTS OF CASES. plete anesthesia to reduce the hernia, that the margins of the opening in the abdominal parieties might be outlined by palpation, and a definite idea of the position and extent of the hernia be ob- tained. Reduction by means of external manipulations and taxis was impossible, and it was thought that there existed adhesions which prevented reduction in this manner. An exploratory laparotomy was done and an incision about ten inches in length was made through the wall of the enterocelc, and the parts ex- plored by palpation. It was learned that there existed no ad- hesions and that reduction of the hernia was impossible because the bulk of the mass rendered it physically impossible to replace the viscera in any manner. The wound was closed by means of continuous sutures, and the subject returned to the stall. It was intended to thoroughly gaunt the animal and possibly try to re- duce the hernia at a later date. No particular inconvenience was manifested l)y the subject during the first few days following the operation, but on I-'ebruary ^th there was evidence of peri- tonitis, and on I'cbruary 9tli tiic subject was lost. An autopsy revealed the fact that there existed in this case BEPOBTS OF CASES. 469 an almost circular opening situated on the left side of the median line of the abdominal floor, beginning immediately in front of the pelvic brim. The margins of the opening were very dense and very much thickened, and it was clearly evident that it would have been practically impossible to permanently reduce this par- ticular hernia. EPITHELIOMA. By the Same. The accompanying cut represents a mare that was pur- chased at the sales pavilion at Kansas City and was treated at our clinic. Microscopically it presented the appearance of an 470 REPORTS OF CASES. epithelioma. It involved practically all of the clitoris and con- stituted quite a blemish. Extirpation, with amputation of the clitoris, was effected, the parts sutured, and at the end of a week's time the case was apparently progressing very favorably, as the mare was sold without the purchaser noticing the exist- ence of any local disturbance. SERUM THERAPY. By S. A. Peck, D.V.S., Oak Grove, Mo. A seven-year-old bay gelding weighing about 1,200 pounds and used as a driver, was kicked with sharp shoes over the scapulo-humeral articulation, and synovia was discharging from an open wound when the injury was discovered. The wound was cleaned and dressed as often as necessary and bacterin in- jected every three to five days. The animal returned to work in about three weeks. A sixteen-month-old draft filly was kicked on the humero- radiouluar joint, causing an extensive suppurating process. Bacterins were injected for about two weeks, at the end of which time the filly was using the limb nicely. The animal attempted to play with some other colts about this time and the next day could not use his limb, being able only to drag it. The bacterin treat- ment was resumed for about three weeks, but the imimal contin- ued to grow worse. Several incisions from the point of injury down to the knee were made and pus was discharged from the openings. As the animal continued to lay around most of the time further treatment was discontinued. Soon afterward the animal began to lick the pus from the wound and it was not long till an improvement could be seen, the animal finally making a complete recovery. This animal was observed two or three times daily and the recovery is credited to auto-medication. The three foregoing ca»e rcporU arc crc(liteefore entering Ivlindc Island ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Compound Comminuted Fracture of the ym and 9TH Ribs [IV. Cargill Patrick, F.R.C.V.S.].—A well known race horse, while on the track and running, suddenly stopped his gait and had to be taken home, being in pain, sore and stiff all over. When in his box he appears as having bowel trouble, and received a laxative dose of oil. The fourth day after, the writer saw him, and by the marked evidence of chest trouble, a great swelling over the ribs and a certain amount of cutaneous emphysema, compound fracture with pleurisy was suspected. Poultice jacket with firm bandaging was applied, febrifuges administered. Twenty-four hours after, foetid breath was well marked. The case being hopeless the horse was destroyed. At post mortem there was found fractures of the 7th and 9th ribs, at both their upper and lower thirds respectively, with a large splinter from the anterior c^dge of the seventh rib embedded in the lung. Pleur- itic lesions existed at the upper fractures. The fractures were the result of the '' bucking " of the animal at the time of starting in the race. — (Vet. Ncivs.) Clinical Cases [/. H. Par her, M.R.C.V.S.] — Horn On Cozv's Neck. A cow had on the neck a small tubercle, about the middle third. It was remoxed and proved to be a perfect little horn, an inch and a half long and of the same shape as the cow's horn. Instead of a horn core, it was a soft matrix that looked- like yellow, firm cartilage. Vomition in the Horse. A horse is found vomiting all over his box. On examining him there was found on the lower left side of the jugular vein (not the oesophagus) a thickening an inch long which felt like a stricture of the vein. Pressure upon it would bring on tremendous retching. An hypodermic injection of morphia was made. The next morning the horse was well. 471 472 ABSTBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. Had the thickening been the oesophagus, the vomiting could be explained, but being in the jugular vein it was puzzHng. — {Vet. Rec.) Pleuro-pneumonia of Goats in India [Major G. K. Walker, F.R.C.V.S.]. — A very fatal form of pleuro-pneumonia in goats was brought to the attention of the writer, who having had no opportunity to investigate personally came to a diagnosis by the various reports of veterinary assistants and from morbid specimens which he had examined. Investigations and experi- ments were also made at the Punjab Veterinary College labora- tory while the temperature of all experimented animals was regularly taken and all the clinical symptoms recorded. From all those the following conclusions were arrived at : " The pleuro-pneumonia of goats met with in Kangra appears to be identical with the enzootic pleuro-pneumonia of goats described by Nocard and Leclainche as occurring in Algeria, the Pyrenees and the Thuringian Mountains. The symptoms and lesions are similar and the failure to transmit tbe disease from animal to animal is coincident. The value of the above experiments (which are minutely described) is depreciated, no doubt, from the fact that plains animals had to be used." If possible, further investi- gations with hill goats will be made, with the object of proving the possibility of transmission by means of intrapulmonary in- oculation.— (Joiirn. Comp. Pathol. & Thcrap.) Arsenical Treatment of Surra in Horses [By the same'\. — This is the record of four cases which show the peculiar and rather unsuccessful results obtained by Holme's treatment, whose instructions were closely observed. The control case from which the animals were inoculated was an aged country-bred pony that had been inoculated from a control surra-dog. The disease ran a typical course and the pony died thirty-four days after organisms first appeared in the blood. He was a weak and aged animal which died sooner than was expected. The results brought out the following conclusions : " In view of Holme's success with this treatment where 70 per cent, of cases were cured, the records of the four cases are most disap- pointing." (The treatment failed with all). One having died with arsenic iM)i.soning, and in the other three where full sub- toxic doses had l)ccn given the tryp.'uiosomes were not destroyed and reappeared in each case after two courses of treatment. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 473 Holme's work has been on the whole very successful and is full of promise. He has also recorded some failures. Further in- vestigations are necessary for the discovery of means more re- liable in the treatment of that disease. — (Ibid.) A Case of John's Disease Successfully Treated [Sir John McFadyean]. — The record of this Devon cow is illustrated with two photos. One taken a few days after the treatment was begun in August, 1913, and the other on the 27th of January. In the former the animal is shown in its bad condition. She was very weak, without appetite, cold extremities and more or less diarrhoea. The treatment which consisted in the administration daily of one ounce of a solution of ferrous sulphate, 5 ounces with dilute sulphuric acid and water one pint. At first there was rather want of condition and the treatment had to be stopped. Taken up again after a few days, gradual improvement became manifest and after about two months the condition was steadily gaining. The cow had gained some 112 pounds. The feeding of the animal had been hay ad libt., and daily a few pounds of oats and bran. To all appearance then the cow has recovered, but until post mortem is made the question remains : Has the re- covery been absolutely complete. As bearing on this point, con- cludes the author, it may be mentioned that when the cow was tested subcutaneously with " Johnin," a material analogous to tuberculin, but prepared from the bacilli of John's disease, the maximum rise of temperature during the following eighteen hours was 1.6° F., but there was a marked reaction to a simul- taneous ophtalmic test with tuberculin. This is but a case — others similarly treated will be the ob- ject of further communication. — {Journ. of Comp. Path. & Thcr.) A Complicated Case [E. R. Rontledge, F.R.C.V.S.]. — It certainly was a complicated case, which lasted from September, 1912 to after September, 1913. Relieved first of an abdominal testicle weighing 2 ounces, and of a scrotal of 9 ounces, the colt was successively taken with hemorrhage of one and afterwards of the other operated testicu- lar region — complicated with troubles of the penis swollen and pendulous. He then had laminitis, got over that, when gastric disturbances manifested themselves. The penis remaining in its paralyzed and swollen condition was amputated, hemorrhage 474 ABSTBACTS FKOM EXCHANGES. occurring from the stump and requiring ligature of the stump. Being turned out to recuperate, the coh takes coHcs and finally the urethral opening having partly closed another operation was required, which seemed to end the series of troubles. The animal urinating freely. — {Vet. Journ.) Notes on Cases of Spavins Relieved by Cunean Tenot- omy [Capt. Percy Argile, F.R.C.V.S., A.V.C.]. — These are the records of first a bay mare which had a spavin of the near hind leg, for which she had been treated by five pyro-punctures with the ether cautery. After a temporary relief the lameness had returned and the bony enlargement considerably increased. It is then that the operation was performed and followed by ex- cellent results, the mare returning to work after a few weeks. The second case is that of a gelding, also lame on the near hind leg by a diffuse exostosis, which had also been fired. The same operation of cunean tenotomy was performed with a simi- lar result, returned to steady work after a short time. — (Ibid.) Complete Removal of the Pregnant Uterus and Ovaries in a Bitch [/. Legg, B.V.Sc., and H. R. Seddon, B.V.Sc.]. — When ten months old a Yorkshire terrier bitch had a difficult labor and gave birth to one dead pup. Having got in pups again, she had a dead one at the proper time, but was there- after taken with uneasiness, whining without delivering more little ones. Examination revealed a pup which could not be ex- tracted. An operation is imposed, and as the bitch is very weak and would not stand the Caesarian, hysterectomy was performed. At one time artificial respiratitMi had to be resorted to. The ovaries and uterus were removed. The wound closed, healed rapidly and recovery complete after fourteen days. The pup in the uterus was dead and could not have been expelled by the nor- mal passage. — (Ibid.) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Foreign Body in the Pharynx [Prof. Cltannoy], — Such accidents are frequent and this one presents an unusual interest by the situation (Kcupicd by the foreign body, the diOiculty of diagnosis and the complications that followed it. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 475 After giving the history of the case : Small dog, gluttonous eater, having enjoyed meat and bones thrown to it while its owner is taking his meal, suddenly showed signs of choking, coughing, vomiting, etc. After three days he was brought to the writer, who made an examination by external palpations of the pharnyx, by buccal inspection during which he was bitten slightly, but with all that, failed to detect the presence of the foreign body. Catheterism of the oesophagus was made quite easily. The diagnosis remained uncertain. The dog died the next day. At the post mortem was found, at the entrance of the larynx, immediately behind the epiglottis, between it and the arytenoids, a piece of bone, implanted across in the lateral walls of the pharynx, where congestion and swellings were evident. The trachea and bronchia were filled with spumous muco-puru- lent fluid and the lungs hepatized and numerous centers of gan- grene and abscesses forming. — (Rcc. de Med. Vet.) Amputation of the Uterus in Cows [Mr. A. Fafin]. — The writer has had two occasions, in cows suffering with unre- ducible prolapsus uteri, to perform with them this operation, resorting to the elastic ligature method. The first case proved unsuccessful. The cow dying in forty- eight hours, notwithstanding injections of antiseptic solutions and careful hygienic attentions. The second case treated in the same manner made an excel- lent and rapid recovery. In both cases the condition of the uterus had been very bad, ulcerated, swollen or even gangrenous in some spots. In the first case, a successful reduction with ligature of the vulva had been followed by a return of the prolapsus. The author recommends the operation, specially when other methods of treatment appear to be likely to be followed by fail- ures, and as long as even cases, apparently hopeless, do recover by the operation. — (Ibid.) Prolapsus of the Uterus in Sow [0. Lebrun]. — A sow, aged ID months and weighing 60 kilogramms, was found one morning lying down with a dead foetus alongside of her and her uterus prolapsed. On exploring the abdomen the presence of other foetuses is detected. The prolapsed horn is free from in- jury. The animal is secured with the legs tied above the hocks. With boiled water the horn, carefully raised with a wide cloth on which it lays, is washed of all soiling matters and by slow 476 ABSTBACTS FROM EXCHANGES. and moderate pressure and manipulations is gradually returned to its position. Water is thrown in the cavity of the horn, the hind quarters of the sow are raised up and after a few minutes she is left free and let walk to her pen. No bandage, no suture is applied. During the day she had some slight colics, and then delivered two more dead foetuses. She cleaned well and was all right after a few days. Conclusions of the Author. — In multiparous females, pro- lapsus of one horn may occur, while the other contains other foetuses which will be delivered when the prolapsus is reduced without danger of its return unless the bottom of the horn is not thoroughly freed from all cause of irritation. Again, unless one is sure that all the contents of the uterus are expelled, it is better not to have recourse to suture of the vulva or to any bandage of contention. Finally, notwithstanding all the difficulties that the veterinarian may find before him he must always attempt to re- lieve an animal in such condition, which as in the present case might end satisfactorily with another more daring. — {Rec. de Med. Vet.) A Case of Bovine Tuberculosis in ]\Ian [Doct. Beitcke]. — A fourteen-year-old boy treated for severe anhemia died. At the post mortem extensive lesions of the most severe tul)erculosis were found. Lymph glands enormously enlarged and caseous. The peritoneum was diseased, intestinal ulcerations were ex- posed, lungs with tubercles and spleen also infected. Two guinea pigs and a rabbit inoculated died with generalized tuberculosis. All the attempts made for cultures remained negative. Bovine tuberculosis was suspected and the family history revealed that all, the father and mother, sisters and brothers, were healthy, but the deceased l)oy used to drink every day one or two glasses of milk freshly taken from the cow. A rabbit was then used as ex- periments with bacilli obtained from the organ of the guinea pig treated by antiformine. About a dozen of bacilli of Koch were injected in each eye of two rabbits. Three Ijecame tuberculous and lK)th rabbits died with severe generalized tuberculosis. From the researches of Sciiick this experiment shows that the bacilli were bovine origin. — {I'rcsse Mcdicalc.) Faradisation in Veterinary Tiikuai'kutic [Major Ditcher, Army Vetcrin]. — Under the title of Muscular Atrophies of Traumatic or Surgical Origin, with the treatment by I'ar.'idisa- ABSTKACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 477 tion, the author calls the attention to the advantages and the good results that one may obtain with this mode of treatment, which unfortunately is rather neglected in veterinary practice. He relates three cases where with the use of small apparatus at in- terrupted current of Gaiffe he has obtained very important and beneficial results. A first case was that of a pup fox terrier, eight months old. which by an accident had fractures of the hind legs, the right in one and the left in two places. Treated for these and compara- tively recovered of his fractures with callous and some deformity, he also had a severe atrophy of the thigh and leg that ordinary treatment failed to improve. Faradisation was resorted to and with it, after the loth application, improvement begins to appear. After thirty applications the muscles had resumed their size and the callous of the fracture reduced in a noticeable manner. There remained no lameness. Another case, a large dog had a simple fracture of the right cubitus. After recovering of this the dog had another of the right humerus. He also was cured of this, but a marked atrophy of the muscles of the fore arms and of the brachial region had to be treated. Faradisation was resorted to. After lo sittings the atrophy began to improve and the callous of the fracture dimin- ished in size. A third case is in a seven-year-old gelding which was disabled, probably the cause of it was muscular ruptures. After three months of various treatment the muscular atrophy which ex- isted and gave rise to a severe lameness was very great, involving the four extensors of the anterior radial region. Faradisation was applied. After four sittings of an hour the animal showed a well-marked improvement in his gait. The treatment was con- tinued until 30 applications had been made. The recovery was completed and all signs of lameness and weakness had disap- peared.— {Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet.) ^Marriage of Secretary Mayo's Daughter. — Miss INIar- guerite Kedzie Mayo, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Nelson S. Mayo, will be married July 2, 1914. to Mr. Ashe Lockhart, at Christ's Church, Blacksburg, Virginia. Dr. Miller Becomes Benedict. — Dr. Daniel Sutter Miller, Philadelphia, Pa., was married on June 15, 1914. to ]\Iiss oMinnie Edith Yetter, East Stroudsburg, Pa. We wish the couple all the happiness of wedlock. CORRESPONDENCE. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE IMPORTATION OF PURE-BRED BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE. Sao Paulo^ Brazil^ May i, 19 14. Editor American Veterinary Review, New York: The importation of pure-bred beef and dairy cattle from North America to the South American countries, Brazil and the Argentine Republic, is a question of vital importance to the North American breeders having high-class animals of choice breeding and who care to enter these markets. There is now a brisk demand for high-class and especially high-priced animals in the countries south of the equator. Argentine buyers have invaded Europe and set the high mark in values, purchasing and importing all of the hrst-class indi- viduals. Brazil imports her pure-bred cattle from Europe, Argentine and North America. In past years many zebus were brought from India, and their blood has pretty thoroughly saturated the national cattle of Brazil. They are now considered undesir- ables, and representatives of the breed are no longer kept at the government experiment stations. Tiie jjreeds that find favor in the various sections of Brazil and Argentine are: Short-horns, Herefords, Angus, Holstein, brown Swiss, Simmenthal, Memish and the French Limousine. Since it has developed that there is a good market south of the equator, conditions governing the importation to vSonth America should be most carefully studied; as success or failure depends largely upon a full understanding of the obstacles which arc in the way. The information gleaned from different sources has led many to believe that young animals bred and raised l)clow the government quarantine line, and naturally immune to Texas fever, would not react when imported to the tick-infested regions of Brazil. The same should be true in a general sense with regard to northern cattle artificially immunized. 478 CORRESPONDENCE. -479 After two years' experience in handling a large number of pure-bred cattle, both naturally and artificially immunized, and imported from below the quarantine line in the State of Texas, to the States of Parana and Matto Grosso in Brazil, I am pre- pared to say that the foregoing statements are misleading and not altogether in accord with our observations. In conclusion I beg to submit for careful consideration the following : Animals Naturally Immune. — Bulls and heifers bred and raised below the quarantine line in North America. (Infested with the Margaropus Annulatus at the time of exploration.) Naturally immune to piraplasmosis as it exists in North Amer- ica, react to the subcutaneous inoculation of blood from an im- mune Brazilian bovine, or to natural tick infestation with the Margaropus Australis, the fever tick indigenous to Brazil. The reaction may be mild and the s)'mptoms scarcely notice- able; however, the course may be acute and terminate in death, with all of the symptoms and post-mortem findings of acute Texas fever. The older and more mature animals belonging to this class {natiirallx immune) withstand tick infestation much better than the younger, immature bulls and heifers. Animals Artificially Immunized. — Northern North American IaiIIs immunized in Texas and subsequently inoculated subcuta- neously with blood from a Brazilian cow, give a reaction which may be mild and transitory, or very acute, ending in death. The same is true when immunity is acquired through tick infestation from pastures. Vaccination in North America does not protect against Bra- zilian infection, although it may modify the course of the dis- ease, making it benign in character. Importations from England and Argentine suffer from a high percentage of loss from Brazilian Piraplasmosis. Vaccinated animals from Argentine Republic may also sicken and die, and the results are very unsatisfactory. Native cows did not react to subcutaneous inoculation with blood from southern Texan cattle. The importation of pure-bred cattle into Brazil bristles with many difficulties ; however they will be overcome in time and we will see the dawn of a new era for the cattle industry in this South American country. J. H. McNeil. 480 CORBESPONDEXCE. State of New York, Department of Agriculture. Albany, June 3, 19 14. Editor American Veterinary Review, New York: You are probably aware that at the present time this Depart- ment is making special effort in the eradication of glanders from New York State. We feel that our methods of diagnosis are be- coming so refined and accurate and our methods of control so practical and efficient, it is our hope to gradually close in upon all the infected centers and confine the spread of glanders to the smallest possible area, to the end that this costly plague may be reduced to a minimum, if not entirely eradicated from our State. During the past year, under the efficient direction of Dr. Gill, with the co-operation of the officials and veterinarians of the City Health Department, the work of controlling glanders in New York City has become creditably systematized, but with all this precaiTtion our official statistics show that a high percentage of all cases of glanders in New York State occurring outside of New York City proper bear origin with the introduction of an infected animal in these localities either from New York City or from some adjoining State. With these facts in view the Commissioner of Agriculture has seen fit to declare a quarantine against the introduction and dis- tribution of diseased horses in our State and the movement of horses from New York City to other parts of the State without proper inspection. We are enclosing copies of such quarantine orders and will appreciate any assistance you may give this Department Yours trulv, J. F. DeVine. Consiiltituj J 'ctcrhiariau. i 2 enclosures. ) State of New York. Department of Agriculture, nottck and warning against glanders or farcy. \i HANY, N. v.. l\fay 28. TOT4. To whom it may concent I'ursuant to the provisirms of Section 91 of the Agricultural Law, I, Calvin J. Huson. as Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York, hereby give notice that the contagious or CORBESPONDENCE. 481 infectious disease known as Glanders or Farcy exists or re- cently existed in that portion of the State of New York known and designated as The City of New York. Therefore, in accord- ance with the authority conferred and duty imposed upon me as such Commissioner by the provisions of Article 5 of the Agri- cultural Law as amended, I hereby order and direct as follows : 1. That no person or persons shall remove or assist in re- moving from within the said City of New York any equine animal to any point or points outside of the said city during the pendency of this notice and order, unless such person or persons shall have first received a permit duly issued by the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York, authorizing the re- moval of such equine animal or animals from said city. 2. Nothing in this order shall be construed to forbid the transportation by common carriers of equine animals from points without the State to their points of destination within the State, or to such equine animals transported from points without the State to points in other States, although in such transit they pass through the State ; nor shall it apply to healthy equine animals in performance of their daily work. This notice and order and regulations issued thereunder will continue in full force and effect until formally withdrawn. Calvin J. Huson, Co)ii}iiissioncr. To zvJiom it may concern: Whereas, infectious or contagious diseases affecting equine animals in the State of New York are believed to be greatly in- creased from animals brought into the State, Therefore, I, Calvin J. Huson, as Commisisoners of Agricul- ture of the State of New York, pursuant to the provisions of Sec- tion 93 of the Agricultural Law, hereby order and direct as follows : I. That all persons importing or bringing any equine from or through the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut. Vermont or Massachusetts into the State of New York shall notify the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York in writing immediately upon the shipment of such animals into the State of New York, giving information as follows : (a) The point of shipment. (b) The route or routes over which said animal or animals are to come into the State. 482 CORRESPONDENCE. (c) The point of destination within the State. (d) The time or probable time of arrival of such animal or animals at place of destination within the State. 2. That the said animals so shipped, imported or brought in shall be held at such point of destination within the State for inspection and examination by the said Commissioner of Agri- culture or his duly authorized representative at least ten days from the time of arrival at such point of destination, unless sooner released by the Commissioner of Agriculture or his duly authorized representative. Calvin J. Huson, Commissioner. Grenada, Miss., June 19. 1914. American Veterinary Review, New York: Gentlemen. — Knowing the interest you feel in all veter- inary meetings I am herewith enclosing to you the proceedings of the first Mississippi State Board of Veterinary Medical Ex- amination for publication in your journal. With best wishes for you and your monthly publications I am, with every expression of regard, Wm. p. Ferguson, Secretary of Board of Examiners. Proceedings, Mississippi State Hoard of Veterinary Medi- cal E.XAMINERS. The Mississippi State Board of Veterinary Medical I'.xani- iners, viz. : Drs. O. M. Norton, of Greenville, and Wm. P. Ferguson, of Grenada, appointed by the Governor, and Drs. John Oliver, of Columbus; \\. M. Ranck. of the .Agricultural College; and James Lewis, of (ireenwood, elected by the State X'etcrinary Medical As.sociation, held their first examination in the City of Jackson, Miss., at the Capital on Tuesday, June 16, 1914. All applicants presenting diplomas from reputable veterinary colleges were given licenses as ft)ll()ws: Drs. \\. M. Kanck. .\. & M. College; John Oliver, Columbus; O. M. Norton, (ireenville; James Lewis, Greenwood; J. D. Townsend, Louisville; B. M. lA'igh, Meridian ;T. B. Lee, Winona; Ge. S. Smith, Vicksburg; W. R. {'.dwards, Vicksburg; J. T. Olson, Tupelo; E. M. P.uie, Natchez; J. .\. Beavers, Canton; J. A. Bargers, Coffeeville; 11. CORRESPONDENCE. 483 Chadwick, Jackson; I. W. Edwards, West Point; W. L. Gates, Clarksdale, Edward Hiney, Hattiesburg ; W. J. Hossley, Vicks- Imrg; Frank Hecker, Meridian; R. J. Heyde, Laurel; E. I. Keller, Okalona; W. O. Ney, Michigan City; Robt. Reves, Moiilden ; G. P. Sands, Sumner ; S. W, Sullivan, Columbus ; C. G. Stallworth, Shelby; Thomas Trinder, Vicksburg; P. C. Taylor, (^orinth; M. A. Arrington, Laurel; J. F. Barnett, Yazoo City; l<>ank Henry, Holly Springs; E. S. Norton, Greenville, E. C. Riddle, Louisville; S. J. Horn, Straton; S. E. Osborne, Green- wood; B. S. Barkeley, Macon; E, M, Alderman, Staksville; J. T. Harrison, Amery ; E. R. Swim, Indianola ; L. E. Miller, Jack- son ; C, B. Hock, Jackson ; B. M. Davenport and Wm. P. Fergu- son, Grenada. Those taking examinations, viz. : B. E. Green, G. B. Moss, G. D. Brock, C. AIcMillen, all passed and given license except G. B. Moss. Quite a number of applicants were turned down for lack of satisfactory proof as to qualifications. The Board passed reso- lutions to take up the matter of Army Bill No. 4541, with their friends and clients and to urge the support of their Senators and to assist Dr. Ranck, Mississippi Secretary for the American Veterinary Medical Association, in soliciting subscriptions to the New Orleans meeting, which takes place in December next. The Board will hold its next regular examinations in Jackson, Miss., on the 3d Tuesday in June, 191 5. All applicants in future that cannot furnish the Board with satisfactory proof that they have passed some State Board of Veterinary Examiners will be required to take the examinations. Wm. p. Ferguson, Secretary and Treasurer of Board of Examiners. Portland, Me., June 7, 19 14. Editor American Veterinary Review, New York: On May 29, 1914, the Maine Board of Veterinary Examiners met in Waterville for the purpose of reorganization. Dr. H. B. F. Jervis was elected president ; Dr. W. L. West w^as elected treasurer, and Dr. W. H. Lynch was elected secretary. Election over, the chief business of the meeting was discussion of reci- procity with other states in having these examinations synchro- nize more or less with those throughout the nation. 484 CORRESPOXDEXCE. It was agreed among us that, as a means of uniformity, if it were agreeable to you to publish these reports that they should be sent }-ou after each examination — we have four a year — and if the other states saw tit to send their reports we should be very glad to send ours that we may be in entire accord with other lioards throughout the nation, looking forward to the time when one examination should entitle a man to practice in any state, which would be fair. For the convenience of men outside who are coming in to take this examination in Maine, the president desires to have you publish the name and address of the secretary, which is : W. H. Lynch. D.V.S., Portland Veterinary Hospital, Portland, Maine. Dr. Joiix H. Jacobus Dead. — Dr. John H. Jacobus, one of the oldest veterinarians of the " West Side," New York City, died suddenly on April 14, 1914. He was a member of the A. V. M. A. Dr. Steve Trabue Dead. — Dr. Steve Trabue, of Shawhan. Kentucky, died about the middle of June at the Good Samaritan Hospital, Lexington, of a malignant growth of the liver, at the age of fifty years. Autotherapy Scores. — In Dr. S. A. Peck's report of cases, under caption of Scrum Therapy, on page 470. present issue. he very justly credits the recovery of his second case to " auto- niedication " after treatment had been discontinued. It is cer- tainly very interesting. Procki:uin(;.s. Xkw York State P>rkki)|-.k.s' As.sociation. — These proceedings issued under bulletin numl)cr 50 are gotten up in splendid form. A speaking ])icture of Hon. Calvin J. Huson, Commissioner of Agriculture of the State and president of the association, appears as a frontispiece. The booklet contains loS pages, which are filled with valuable reading in the form of papers and addresses from experts on l)recding i)rol)lems, and contains excellent cuts of seven of the contributors to the pro- gram. It is a very pleasing and instructive report and makes valuable reading. BIBLIOGRAPHY. TPJE COMMON COLICS OF THE HORSE. The Common Colics of the Horse — Their Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis AND Treatment, by H. Caulton Reeks, F.R.C.V.S., Examiner in Pathol- ogy and Bacteriology to the Board of Examiners of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, and Author of Diseases of the Horse's Foot. Third Edition, 369 pages, with ^2 illustrations. Chicago, Alexander Eger, 1914. Eleven years ago it was our privilege to review the first edi- tion of this valuable work, published by Baillie, Tindall and Cox, London ; and to-day the third edition, e\'en more valuable by the inclusion of additional knowledge on the important subject of which it treats, published by one of our own American veterinary book publishers, has been placed in our hands for review. In our review of the first edition, we made the following statement, on page 1134, Volume XXVI, No. 12, American Veterinary Review (March, 1903). " No practitioner of veterinary medicine will dispute the assertion that, no matter how well a veterinarian may be fitted for every other branch of his calling, his ability to successfully or unsuccessfully cope with the conditions result- ing from acute or subacute digestive derangements, may be translated into his success or non-success as a practitioner." We entertain exactly the same view to-day, more strongly impressed upon us if possible, by eleven years more ex- perience with that class of cases. It could not be otherwise; because the longer and closer we study intestinal disorders in the horse, the greater is our appreciation of the number of causes that account for the group of symptoms we have learned to recognize under the head of " colic," and of the necessity for a specific treatment for each of the causes manifested by the symptoms. Mr. Reeks fully appreciated these facts when he presented his first volume (dedicated, as is the present one, to Sir John Mc- Fadyean), and hoped that his work would act as a stimulus which would create a tendency for a more careful study of digestive troubles in the horse by veterinary practitioners; and we feel certain that his hope has been realized; as the subject of intestinal disorders in the horse is surely claiming more than the passing notice of earnest, thoughtful members of the veterinary profes- sion of America who will welcome this third edition with the additional valuable data. The first edition referred to contained 17 chapters that seemed at the time to cover every possible phase of the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of " colic," the second edition was abreast of the times when issued, and now we have 485 486 BIBLIOGKAPHY. reached the third edition, with five additional chapters in the book proper and seven additional subjects treated in the appendix, aggregating 128 additional pages over the first edition, devoted to up-to-date findings on the subject of intestinal disorders in the horse as follows : Volume X devotes 1 3 pages to the eluci- dation of the subject of the Subacute Obstruction of the Pelvic flexure of the Double Colon; Chapter XVIII devotes 11 pages to the discussion of Subacute Obstruction of the Caecum; Chapters XIX, XX and XXI, consider Displacements of tJie Double Colon; devoting 75 pages to the subject. Chapter XXII devotes 3 pages to The Possibility of the Spontaneous Reduction of the Bozcel in Torsion; Chapter XXIII treats of the Comparative Rarity of Enteritis; devoting 6 pages to it. The 20 additional pages in the appendix include the following subjects : ( i ) The Use and Abuse of Sedatives in the Treatment of the Equine Colics; (2) The Sedatives in Common Use; (3) Circumstances Uliich Have Led the Veterinarian to the Frequent Administration of Sedatives; {4) Major Points in an Argument for the More Restricted Use of Sedatives; (5) Cases of Colic in Which Sedatives Are of Service; (6) Cases of Colic in Which Sedatives Are Harmful; {/)Further Remarks On the Use of Aloes in the Treatment of Intestinal Impaction. All these interesting and instructive sub- jects, remember, are additions to the splendid comprehensive mat- ter embraced in the seventeen chapters and appendix in the iirst edition, which has taught so many useful lessons on the subject of " colic " and inspired so many veterinarians on both sides of the Atlantic to make a scientific study of this all important sub- ject. So that Reeks' Third Edition of the Common Colics of the Horse is at once an inspiration and a guide in the study of one of the most common and fatal conditions to which the horse is heir, and .should be in the hands of all veterinarians everywhere. The book is well and neatly bound in olive green cloth with gold lettering and is attractive in appearance. The paper is excellent, the cuts good and the type sharp and clear. VI-: AR nooK. Yeak H(k)K ok the Unitki) .Statks Dkpaktmknt of Agriculture, 1913; more than yx) paKcs with 75 illustrations. Washington, Government Printing Office, 19 1 4. This mo.st interesting rci)ort from the government press was received during tiie month of June. It contains a mo.st inter- esting and comprehensive report from Secretary Houston, cov- ering 65 i)agcs, a chapter on .\pplied I'lntomology, one on l-'actors of Efficiency in l-'arming; J'romises of New i'Vuits; Health Laws; The American Thrushes Valual)le Bird Neighbors; chap- BIBLIOGUAPHY. 487 ters on Tree Surgery; Supplementing Our Meat Supply with Fish, etc., etc.; Production of Beef in the South; The South American Meat Industry (by Chief Melvin, B. A. I.) and an Appendix which starts with a consideration of Agricultural Col- leges in the United States and concludes with a very valuable chapter on Animals Imported for Breeding Purposes for Which Certificates of Pure Breeding Have Been Issued. The cuts of cattle beef and farming are very interesting, and the colored ])lates of ripe fruit strikingly exact. The book contains much of interest to veterinarians. POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. Poultry Diseases and Their Treatment, by B. F. Kaupp, M.Sc, D.V.S., Commissioner of Health, Spartanburg. South Carolina ; Author of Ani- mal Parasites and Parasitic Diseases ; formerly Professor of Pathology, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado Agricultural College, and Pathologist to the Colorado Agricultural Station ; formerly Professor of Parasitology, Kansas City Veterinary College, and Director of the Anat- omy Laboratory ; formerly Veterinary Inspector, Bureau of Animal In- dustry, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Chairman of Committee en Diseases of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1911, etc., etc.; 181 pages, with 44 illustrations. Chicago; American Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 1914. This neat little work came into our hands last month, too late tD receive more than an acknowledgment of its receipt. The poultry industry is so great throughout our vast country, and disease amongst the birds so prevalent at times, that modern veterinarians must of necessity be conversant with the patho- logical conditions to which poultry are heir, and with the proper scientific methods employed in treating them. They will there- fore welcome this little work of Prof. Kaupp's, especially written to fill a demand not only from veterinary students in poultry husbandry, but also by veterinary practitioners whose fields of practice bring them in close relation with raisers of poultry. The work is divided into sections, as follows: i, Anatomy; 2, Sanitation; 3, External Parasites; 4, Internal Parasites; 5, Diseases of the Digestive Tract; 6, Diseases of the Blood; 7. Constitutional Diseases; 8, Diseases of the Liver; 9, Diseases of the Ovary and Oviduct; 10, Tumors; 11, Diseases of the Res- piratory Passages; 12, Diseases of the Legs and Feet; 13, Dis- eases of the Brain; 14, Bacteria of the Intestinal Tract of Chickens; 15, The Egg; 16, Isolation of Non-layers; 17, Mal- formations; 18, Fractures — Wounds — Anesthesia. A careful consideration of the many subjects treated in each of the forego- ing sections, in the thorough manner characteristic of Prof. Kaupp. has left nothing to the imagination in reference to the .ailments of poultry and their treatment. NEWS AND ITEMS. VETERINARIANS, TAKE NOTICE. The attention of veterinarians, physicians and dentists is called to the fact that after July i, 1914, the prescribing of habit- forming drugs is subject to the provisions of the so-called " Boy- Ian Law." This applies to chloral, opium or any of its salts, alkaloids or derivatives, or any compound or preparation of any of these. Prescriptions for the drugs just enumerated must be written upon specially prepared official order blanks, serially numbered and duplicated, furnished by the local Board of Health. Phy- sicians, druggists, veterinarians and dentists must record the name and address of each person for whom any of these drugs are prescribed. A supply of the official order blanks has been ordered by the Department of Health and it is hoped it will be available for distribution within a few days. In view of the wide-spread illegitimate use of habit-forming drugs, and of the inadequacy of existing laws to control the evil, it is hoped that physicians generally will heartily co-operate with the authorities, and comply both with the letter and the spirit of the new legislation. The Boylan Lazv. 245. Sale prohil)itcd ; exception. No pharmacist. druKKist or other per- son shall sell, have or offer for sale or k'vc away any chloral, opium or anv of its salts, alkaloids or derivatives or any compound or preparation of any of them except upon the written prescription of a duly licensed physician, veterinarian or dentist, provided that tlic provisions of this article shall not apply to the sale of domestic and |)roprictary remedies, actually sold in ^Dod faith as medicines and not for the purpose of evading the provisions of this article, and provided further that such remedies and preparations do not contain more than two grains of o|)ium, or one-fourtii K^ain ()f niorpliiiu- of one-fourth Krain of hcrom or one urain of codeine, or ten Ki'''»i"s of chloijd or their salts in one fluid ounce or if a solid preparation, in one avoirdupois ouitcc, nor to plasters, liniments and ointments for external use only. 246. Prescriptions; certificates. It shall he unlawful for juiy person to sell at retail or K've away any of the dru^s, their salts, derivatives(ir prepa- ration* mentioned in section two hundred and forty-five of tliis cliaiUer ' \ ■ l>t as herein nrovi! in Canada, |2.25; single copies, SO cents in U. S. Copy for advertisements should be received by 10th of month. Sheeted manttscripts will not be returned unless vostage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Busineet Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all oheoks or P. O. orders payable to Ainerioau Veterinary BoTlew. ANTn'Hi,ut.isiiM. Stu.l Lkaiis aRaiiist all imitators as a perfect aseptic application in all inflammatory conditions. See lower half of inside back cover page, this issue. Write for booklet and spatula, mentioning the Review. Make It a Koutink Practice to inject all horses that you arc treating for foot wounds, or for any form of wound that by its character may pre- dispose them to an invasion of tetanus bacillus, with 1.500 units of prophylactic antitetanic serum. C. Hischoff & Co., whose announcement a|)pears on page 5 (adv. dcpt.) of present issue make a special feature of their Antitetanic Serum. CiiiNo.HOi.. THE Safe Antiseitic. In iicainiK wounds on animals two im|>urtant iwtints have got to he taken into consideration. One of these IKJinlt it in common with human patients, that is the requirement of an rfficifut antiseptic; the other a|>plics particularly to animals, and more es- l»ccially \o small animals, that are dilTicult to prevent from licking them- telvcf ; and that is that the antiseptic used must be positively non-poisonous. Such a combination of efficiency and non- toxicity we find in Chinosol. See announcement «»n the inside back cover page (upper half) and write f(»r Mmpic and full literature, mentioning the Review. 403 American Veterinary Review. AUGUST, 1914. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, 15th June, 1914. Infection by Koch Bacillus is an Immunizing Disease. — In a masterly article by Prof. Bernard of the faculty of Medi- cine of Paris in relation to the Actual Conception of Human Tuberculosis and the Various Stages of Koch's Bacillosis in Man, the author takes in consideration the important problems. At first, he treats of the frequency of tuberculosis according to the age of the individuals and in the second part, he considers this important question, viz. : The infection by the bacillus of Koch as an immunizing disease. This part interesting princi- pally veterinarians, I reproduce it. " When one brings together the first notion that tuberculosis is taken in young age, with that of the fact of its diminution in gravity and of the increase in latent tuberculosis with age, one cannot help concluding that that disease necessarily immunizes most of the sul)jects that it attacks. This conclusion would, in days gone by, have raised a peculiar feeling in the opinion of many. So was it, with the assertions of Marfan, when in 1886 he stated that the subjects, who were affected with lupus and scrofulae and had recovered, had become refractory to an ulterior attack of tuberculosis. 493 494 EDITORLAI.. These clinical facts remained ignored until the day came when they drew a new strength by the experimental discoveries made upon tuberculous immunity. It is Behring, then Calmette and Guerin, who proved the possibility of conferring a temporary immunity to bovines. In guinea pigs, one of the animals most susceptible to in- fection of tuberculosis, the obtaining of this immunity is not im- possible and has been realized by Borrel and Romer, who re- produced it in sheep, while Krauss had the same result with monkeys. Finally Webb and Williams, by an experimental determin- ism, resembling somewhat the conditions of human infection, created immunity in guinea pigs by a progressive bacillar im- pregnation; started from the inoculation of bacillar unities, they succeeded by increasing inoculation to have the pigs support formidable doses of bacilli, which would unavoidably kill fresh animals. This collection of facts proves that bacillar infection gives rise to a true auto-vaccination of the organism. This condition manifesting itself by the manner in which the organism reacts against new infections. In relation to this, the discovery of what is called to-day ' the phenomena of Koch,' appears as most important in the study that we make. It is known, when a subcutaneous inoculation of virulent bacilli of Koch is made on a guinea pig, that a tuberculosis will follow in various steps of development; it is, after a varying lapse of the incubation, according to the dose and the virulency of the bacillus, a nodosity, which ulcerates at the point of inoculation, followed by adenopathy and later by a generalization of the lesions in the spleen, liver and lungs, which kill the animal. When in a guinea pig previously tubcrculizcd, a new sub- cutaneous inoculation is made, the pluMiotueiias are very differ- ent. Tlicrc occurs very rapidly a luu rustic ulceration at the point of reinoculation, which is followed l)y the elimination of the necrosed parts and of the microbes that they contain; tluMi, EDITOBIAI,. 495 soon appears cicatrization. During all that time, there has been no glandular reaction. Such is the phenomena of Koch." * " Already before the publication of Koch, Charrin and S. Arloing had observed the difference that characterized tubercu- lous reinoculations from the first inoculation; but these authors had described, not a more mild reaction, as Koch did, but on the contrary, a most severe reaction. Later, Straus, then Ham- burger, observed sometimes the mild reaction or again the severe. One or the other being obtained at will, according to Hamburger, Repeating and modifying the experiments of O, Bail with his peritoneal inoculation, Rist and his students have recently shown that an essential difference does not sepa- rate the two types of reaction, which after all are due to experi- mental conditions. Therefore, what characterizes tuberculous reinfection before all, it is that the animal organism reacts differ- ently than in the first infection; in one word, it is that this last has left a deep modification in the fluids of the organism towards the specific germ, modification indicated by the different manner in which it reacts against it, and that is what is designed since von Piquet, by the word allergia (from the Greek, other reac- tion) ; this allergia is manifested either by phenomenas of re- sistance, according to the conditions of the reinfection ; it is then, without doubt, a question of quantity and of quality of the bacilli, a question of dose and of virulency, which intervenes in the phenomena in a measure that we only begin to perceive. At any rate, as demonstrated by P. Courmont, allergia repre- sents a state of unsteady equilibrium, which varies between the two opposed conditions of hypersensibility or of resistance; those not due to different and contrary processes ; in reality they are but two aspects of tuberculous immunity, manifesting to the same title of the humoral modification produced by the first infection," 496 EDITOBIAI.. Continuing the consideration of his valuable paper, Prof. Bernard arrives at the following conclusions : This actual conception of tuberculosis may be entirely re- sumed in three propositions : 1. The first bacillar infection (primo-infection) takes place in children. As Burnet wrote it, pulmonary phtisy of adults is but the end of a story whose origins are more or less old. 2. The manifestations allotted to adults are due to a rein- fection; they are conditioned according to the humoral state left by the primo-infection. 3. Bacillar infection is indeed an immunizing infection. This state of immunity, or better, of allergia, varies, is unequal and unstable. Tuberculous allergia, resulting from primo-infec- tion, governs the evolution of reinfections. The practical importance of these new notions is consider- able. Prophylaxy must take them into consideration for all the measures which will prevent any possible reinfections, which are the great danger of tuberculized. Finally, as Calmette has dem- onstrated, therapeuty must direct its way towards the possi- bility of anti tuberculous vaccinations. Strong and Weak Organisms With Virulent Mi- crobes.— It is certain that the condition of organism enters more or less in the aptitude that one may possess for the recep- tion and cultivation of virulent microbes and on that account in the modern methods which arc resorted to in the anti-tubercu- lous struggle, the preferences of the medical world are to render the peoj)le intertuberculisablc, and to suppress all del)ilitating factors. Ihit there seems to be one j)oint which is overlooked. viz.: That clinics have never establisiicd the fact tiiat weak organisms were alone liable to contract tuberculosis, and be- sides experiments have clearly j)roved that the most flourishing organisms were al)le to receive and liable to cultivate the germ. Such was cxj)resse(l in a communication made by the learned Professor Chauvcau l)cforc the Academic des Sciences. EDITOBIAX. 497 In 1868 Chauveau stated that sixty subjects of bovine species had all contracted tuberculosis by the ingestion of virus, and this peculiarity so well established for that disease was specific to it. Laboratory studies and practice of preventive inoculation have shown that such is not the case; inoculation of the vaccine of variola in man and that of small pox in bovine succeed as well in strong subjects as it does in debilitated. To demonstrate positively that, as in the case of tuberculosis, " the conditions of the resistance of the culture media are in- different to the success of the development of virulent agents," there must be that the penetration takes place through the nat- ural ways of contagion — and Chauveau, in the course of ex- periments he had made on the conditions of the propagation of variola in flocks of sheep, had exposed simultaneously strong and weak animals to the natural infection. These experiments had for their object the study of the mechanism of the mediate contagion of the disease without the intervention of any intermediate. Two lots of sheep were isolated in the two extremities of the same stable. The first lot was formed of variolous sheep in the stage of eruption. The second of fresh sheep, of same breed and origin as the sick ones. After 15 days no change had taken place in the sheep of the second lot, even in their temperature. Two suppositions prevailed then : Either the virus from the first lot had not reached those of the second or the organism of these presented a refractory medium to the development of the disease. The fresh sheep were then mixed with the sick ones, thei^ became infected and if they had remained healthy it would have been that they had not received any germ from the con- taminating lot. All the sheep of the second lot were not in the same resisting condition, some were debilitated by parasitic diseases, they all took the disease. Therefore, " nothing distinguishes vigorous organisms from weak ones from the point of view of their aptitude to receive and cultivate the virus of variola " — but it is observed " that 498 EDITORIAL. there is a greater sensibility of the weak subjects to the in- jurious effects of the invasion of the virus." Those organisms behave in the same manner for diseases with slow evolution as they do with tuberculosis. " Only the direct war of the agent of tuberculosis and the defence of the healthy subjects against the infesting action of bacilli carriers are indicated by science as a means able to arrest, diminish and suppress the terrible ravages of this scourge." " Exception to those general rules of public and private hygiene would, in the case of tuberculosis, be scientific non- sense." * * Bacillemia Amongst Tuberculous Subjects. — As is known, that is a question which for ten years has been the ob- ject of the most contradictory publications. In a recent num- ber of the Annales de Medecine, there is a critical review of all those and of the systematic researches relating to them. After a concise expose of the question, the writers pass in review the methods resorted to, to look for the bacillus of Koch in the blood and they discuss the interpretation of the facts that have been published. They conclude that those who have made these interpretations and claim to have found in tuberculous subjects a very great frequency of bacillemia, they had obtained those results only by erroneous technics. With correct and proper ones, the bacillus is found only exceptionally in the blood, cither during a chronic or an acute tuberculosis. Even in granulic cases the presence of bacillemia, although more frequent, is still uncertain and not constant. Perhaps the examination of very large (|uanlitics ol Ijlood would give more numerous positive results, but it would never- theless demonstrate at the same time that the bacillus is not in abundance in the blood of those sick individuals. Conseqticntly, when it exists, l)acilUMnia cannot be consid- ered as a real scjjticaemia in tul)erculos'is, at least in the classical form. EDITOBIAL. 499 With those diseased subjects, bacillemia indicates not an infection of the blood, but a bacillar migration, which com- mands the secondary locahzation of the disease. There exists perhaps a permanent bacillemia in granulic subjects and in other forms of the bacillar infection; but in chronic patients there occur only inconstant and transitory bacillemic manifestations of which the determinism and clinical expression remain yet unknown. Practically, the presence of bacillemia is without value for the diagnosis, prognosis and prophylaxy of the disease. Surgical Applications of Ether Besides Anesthesia. — An interesting article of Practical Medicine appeared in the Presse Medicale. For a long time ether has been used in surgery, it has almost no toxicity, its quite great antiseptic power justify its uses; besides, it dissolves fats and its quite rapid evaporation permits its use as a cold substance likely to bring, in some cases, a marked revulsive effect. All those qualities have found their applications in surgery, although many are limited or even given up. By opposition permanent dressings with ether are yet in favor, and zvashings with ether seem also to acquire a great importance in abdominal surgery and particularly in suppurative peritonitis. Let us consider the first, viz. : The permanent dressings with ether. They are very simple to apply — one bearing in mind that ether evaporates quickly and that he must operate rapidly also. The dressing must be wide, very wide, beyond the size of the spot on which it is applied and must be hermetic so as to keep the longest time possible the ether in contact with the tegu- ments. For this, a piece of impermeable stuff is prepared, of suffi- cient size and covered with ordinary (not hydrophile) wadding. The region has been most thoroughly cleaned, the skin brushed 500 EDITORIAL. with soap and washed with boiled water, aseptic compresses are applied all round and impermeable cotton put under the wound. It is only immediately when the whole dressing is to be closed that compresses, soaked with sulphuric ether are put on the wound. The whole is covered over with an impermeable en- velope. A roller is put on a little tight on the extremities of the dressing to make it more hermetic. Thus is realized, a true ether embalming. It sends its vapors in the most remote parts of the wound and sterilizes all the surrounding skin. This dressing finds its peculiar indications in large contused wounds, with edges torn and smashed, with anfractuous cavities that no washing could clean sufficiently. If the wound is recent and not suppurating yet, the dress- ing can be left on 5 or 6 days, or even more, watching the tem- perature of the patient. This does not rise, and in removing the dressing one is surprised to find a clean wound in full granulating condition and in good way of repair. Besides the cases of complicated fractures, infected and suppurating wounds, abscesses, lymphangitis, erysipelas, etc., ether dressings have done wonders in case of burns. The ex- tent of the lesion being no counter indication, ether not being toxic. We feel that this new application of ether can find its indica- tion in our practice. Bibliographic Notices. — Internal pathology: Nutrition, Auto-intoxication. Urinary Apparatus, Skin: (Pathologic interne, nutrition, auto-intoxication. api)rircil urinairc. peau), by Prof. Cadeac, of Lyon. This new volume of the world-wide known Cadeac Encyclo- pedia is a lx)ok of over 500 pages, with 14,^ illustrations, pub- lished by J. B. Baillierc & S(jns. Part of the second edition of the Internal Pathology, this volume takes the entire consideration of the diseases of nutri- EDITORIAL. 501 tion by auto-intoxication of the urinary apparatus and of the skin. In the diseases of nutrition are considered diabetes, obesity and gout ; the other affections, such as achondroplasia, rachitism, bony cachexia, snorting disease, equine othomalena, etc., etc., are treated very concisely as they have already occupied full attention in the first volume of the Surgical Pathology, by the same author. In diseases by auto-intoxication is only mentioned in this volume the study of paroxystic muscular hemoglobinuria, the many other affections due to auto-intoxication have also been treated in other volumes of the Encyclopedia. But if hemoglob- inuria occupies now a pre-eminent place, it is due to the minute study that the author has made of it; advocate of the theory of the auto-intoxication of digestive origin, Cadeac treats the sub- ject from this point of view as an intoxication promoted by temporary renal insufficiency, made more serious by cold ex- posure or influence. For the diseases of the urinary apparatus, they are the revised of the first edition, exclusively and entirely made by the author. The skin diseases have been classified in a new way, which has rendered their description more rational. Divided into nine chapters, they treat successively of trichoxis, eczematous derm- itis, keratosis, cutaneous hypertrophies, neuro-dermatosis, arti- ficial or pseudo dermitis, microbian dermatosis, parasitic and finally those due to insects. The work is arranged as all the others of the Encyclopedia, and, in succession, all the diseases in the different species of domestic animals are considered. The book will be well appreciated by all those who will read it, students and practitioners. * * * Journal of Comparative Pathology and Thera- peutics.— This excellent publication, at the head of which we find the names of two of our most worthy confreres. Sir John 502 EDITOBTAL. McFadyean and Sir Stewart Stockman, has begun its twenty- seventh volume this year, and in this part — that of March — there are subjects which are of unusual interest. Amongst the general articles are one on Equine Granuloma in Australia, by Lecturer J. C. Lewis, D.V.S., of the School of Melbourne University — a well documented article, richly illus- trated by views of granuloma of the carpus, of the metatarsus, of the abdomen and with micro-photographs. Comparative pathology occupies also in this number a valuable place. On the pathology of the thyroid gland in wild animals is a communi- cation from Herbert Fox, the Pathologist of the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology of the Philadelphia Zoological Garden; where at first some generalities on goitres, a number of cases are presented, viz. : On a lioness, wolf, raccoon, leopard, hyena, dingo, gnu, hawfinch, parakeet, raccoon-like dog, golden pheas- ant, tasmania devil, skunk, opposum. After perusing that article, the reader must ask himself to what limits the study of comparative medicine may carry him. In this number there is also the continuation of the article by Major-General T. Smith, F.R.C.V.S., upon the Early history of veterinary literature and its British development. This article is but the continuation of those published in a previous number of the Journal, and brings the reader within the year of 1564. Part I of Vol. XXVn continues the good work which has made its efforts so well appreciated by all veterinary and com- parative pathologists. The bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, No. 65, of the contributions of the Bureau of Animal Industry, is a profes- sional paper addressed by John R. Mohlcr, V.M.D., the learned Chief of the Pathological Division. Its subject is of the greatest interest and certainly every veterinarian will do well to read it. It treats of cerebrospinal meningitis (forage poisoning). As one who h.-us had the sad opportunity to observe several out- breaks of this terrible disease, we were very interested in the EDITOBIAL. 503 reading of this bulletin that those who in their practice may meet with in their daily calls will find on the history nomen- clature, etiology, occurrence, symptomatology, lesions and treatment, informations which would be difficult to gather by the perusal of classical works. Notice of Pamphlets Received and Others. — B. A. I., Dairy Division — Origin of Some of the Streptococci Found in Milk, by L. A. Rogers and Arnold O. Dahlberg. Reduction of Arsenic Acid to Arsenious Acid by Thiosul- phuric Acid, by R. M. Chapin. The Ophthalmic Test for Glanders, by A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers Bulletin 569, Texas or Tick Fever, by John R. Mohler, V.M.D., Chief of the Pathological Division. Cysticoccus Ovis, the Cause of Tapeworm Cysts in Mutton, by B. H. Ransom, Chief, Zoological Division, B.A.T.A., hand- somely illustrated and complete pamphlet with historical sum- mary; life history, pathology, etc., etc., and bibliography on the subject. Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa, March, 1914. Vol. II, First International Congress of Comparative Pathology — reports and communications (to be reviewed later). The Cornell Veterinarian — January, 19 14. Official publi- cation of Cornell University. Announcement of the State Veterinary College — 1914-1915. Notes on the Surgery of Fistulous JVithers, by Profs. W. L. Williams and J. N. Frost. Retained Placenta in the Cow, by Prof. W. L. Williams. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion— 1913. (To be reviewed later.) Bureau of Animal Industry. Bulletin of the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, No. y6. Laboratory and Field Assay of 504 EDiroBiAL. Arsenical Dipping Fluids, by Robert M. Chapin, of the Bio- chemic Division. No. 79. Immunization Tests With Glanders Vaccine, by John R. Mohler and Adolph Eichhorn, of the Pathological Di- vision. A. L. THE SWIFT, STRONG RUSH TO FINAL VICTORY. The Army Veterinary Service Bill (H. R. 4541) Is Prac- tically A Law — Crowd Behind It and Push It Through the Senate. Nine-tenths of the work of making the Army Veterinary Service Bill (H. R. 4541) a federal statute is over. Early in February it passed the House Military Committee unanimously. Far better than that, on June 29th it passed on the floor of the House, again without a vote against it. Best of all, on June 26th it was favorably passed by the whole Senate Committee on ]Mili- tary Affairs and was recommended for passage on the floor of the Senate. All there is to do now is to get it passed on the Senate floor. Of course, it is on the Senate calendar and is nervously waiting its chance to get off^ the spindle at the time when Senator Chamberlain, the chairman of the Senate Mili- tary Committee, can get the floor at the time the bill is reached. In a few jiffies then the vote of the Senate will take i)lace, and, if the bill passes, the signature of President Wilson will make it a law. This, as it reads here, may seem all well enough. But there is the torturing thought that the calamity may occur that we cannot get the bill through on the floor of the Senate. Brethren of the profession, the prevention of that disaster is entirely in your hands. The three central figures in the scene when the bill comes to a vote on the Sciiati' fluor will be Vice-President Marshall (presiding officer ot the Senate), Senator Kern, leader of the Democrats in the Senate, Senator Chamberlain, chairman of the Senate Military Committee. All these nun arc for the EDITOBIAL. 505 bill. Mr. Kern introduced the bill into the Senate. Mr. Cham- berlain and his committee have just recommended that the bill be made a law, and the Vice-President is our friend. The dangers are two : First, the Senate calendar is loaded with bills and there is the painful possibility that ours may not be reached. Second, there is the terrible chance that something may go wrong should the bill be called up for a vote. What will this or that senator attempt to do? If the bill has not passed the Senate by the time this num- ber of the Review reaches our readers, we beg them to remem- ber that the seed of destiny is in their hands. The bill has gone nine-tenths of its passage through Congress and will become a law if we muster yet a little more force now. For thirty-five years we have fought for this issue and the best missionary spirit of the profession has gone into it. Tell your senator of the good such a law (as the enactment of H. R. 4541) would be to the army, to the country and to your state and community. We are a band of patriots kindled with fire from the altar of truth and justice. Our forefathers at Bunker Hil! never fought harder than we against tyranny and for the right; against error and for the truth. We yield nothing to our senators in patriotism; we crowd behind this bill because it is for the good of our country. G. S. PLEASURABLE ANTICIPATIONS IN CONNECTION WITH A. V. M. A. MEETING AT NEW ORLEANS. Thos. Jefferson in his "Notes on Virginia" says: "The " Natural Bridge, the most sublime of Nature's works \ * * * * " It is impossible for the emotions arising from the sublime to be "felt beyond what they are here: so beautiful an arch, so " elevated, so light, and springing as it were up to heaven ! The " rapture of the spectator is really indescribable ! " While a great number of American veterinarians are " on the other side " for the International Congress in London, — a splendid representation at that important international gathering — many loyal sons have been compelled to remain at home 506 EDiroBiAiu through a call to duty there. It is fortunate that such a large representation were able to attend the congress, so that America might occupy a prominent place on the programme, and in the proceedings that will become history at the close of the London congress; and we rejoice in the realization. Amongst those whom duty has detained at home, most to be commended, are the men who have foregone this opportunity of visiting Europe under such exceptional conditions in orde; to prepare for the coming meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at New Orleans in December. December at this writing seems a long way off, and yet it is not too lon^- to indulge in thoughts of anticipation. It seems but yesterday- since we began to anticipate the European tour and the London congress, and now they are nearly in the past. But many of us even who were in the end unable to participate in it got con- siderable pleasure out of anticipating such participation. So let us begin early to enjoy in anticipation a trip to New Orleans, and hope in this case that all may also enjoy the realization. It seems too much to anticipate the trip and the sojourn in the beautiful city of romance all at once, so let us take it in instal- ments, and in this first one picture a trip that will take us through the enchanting Shenandoah Valley and thence to the Southland. This route, via the Pennsylvania and the Norfolk and Weslern Railway, will especially commend itself to members of the A. V. M. A., their families and friends, from Middle, Atlantic and New England States, and their neighbors up north in Canada, to whom it will be a direct route; and the beauties of it and the wonderland that it will traverse will be sufficient to attract others to whom it may not appeal from the viewpoint of a mile- saver. Canadians, New England and Atlantic State members would make New York City their starting point; others in Petni- sylvania would start from Philadelphia or Ilarrisburg, and so on down the line. We will not go into the tcchnif|ue of route at this time, but refer to some of the beauties and wonders found early in the trip to New Orleans, if the route which lies over the Norfolk & Western, or what is termed by railroad men as the New York and New Orleans short line. "The Natural Bridge, the most sublime of Nature's Works." — Tho». Jefferton 508 EDITORIAI» Let us romance a little on the scenery at this time and indulge in cold travel details later. There are the Alleghany Mountains and Valley, near Shawsville, Virginia, Castle Rock, New River, Virginia, Roanoke Valley, the Falls near Buena Vista, Natural Bridge, one of nature's wonders, like the mighty canyon of Ari- zona, that makes man realize his physical insignificance, and then Skylaiid lilcvatioii 4,000 Feet — Near Luray, \'a. the wonderful nature's architecture and artistic beauty of the Luray Caverns, at Luray, Virginia, which attract visitors from all parts of the world. Three hours can be devoted en route in traversing the interior of the caverns, electrically lighted, so as to reveal all their wonderful formations. These caves, which excel all others in the combined extent, variety, scientific inter- est and beauty of their calcite formations, were discovered in 1878, and shortly afterward opened to the pul)lic; although the full extent of their subterranean dei)ths was not then known, or even dreamed of, and not until thortnighly etpiipped exploring parties had penetrated seemingly endless chambers and lai)y- rinthine passages were their boundless riches disclosed and made accessible to visitors. There is the Ball Room, the Giant's Hall, the Fish Market, Skeleton Gorge, the Natural Bridge, Organ and Chimes in Cathedral, and Saracen's Tent, each more won- derful and awe-inspiring than the other. It is not possible to describe the scenes that fill the l)eholder with mute wonder, as he stands gazing spell-bound at the grandeur in the fantastic shapes, in the almost imperceptible silence, and tlu- weird in- EDirOBIAt. 509 fluence of this subterranean realm; stands amazed in the royal chambers of the King of Nature. Various apartments and ob- jects have been named in honor of some distinguished person- age, or after something to which they bear a striking resem- blance. The Elfin Ramble, an open plateau five hundred feet long by one hundred in breadth, is the playground of the princesses of this fairy realm. Pluto's Chasm, a wide rift in the walls, con- tains a spectre clothed in shadowy draperies. Hovey's Hall is adorned with statuary and stalactite draperies, which, for beauty of coloring, translucency and symmetrical folding, are unexcelled i ^ i 1 i ■4 1 f Caverns of Luray — Luray, \'a. by anything in the cave. Giant's Hall is a vast space, embracing several chambers. Heroic sentinel forms loom up on every side, guarding the marvelous beauty of Titania's Veil, and watching over the crystal waters of Diana's Bath. The Saracen's Tent, the Cathedral, with its grand organ, and the Bridal Chamber, all bear striking resemblance to the objects for which they are 510 EDITOBIAL. named. Hades, a region sparkling with limped lakes and peopled with goblins, receives its name from the bewildering windings and labyrinthine meanderings through which the tour- ist must tread his way. Notwithstanding its uninviting name, it is a very attractive portion of the cave and contains many wonderful formations, and the Ball Room, a magnificent apart- ment, gorgeously furnished, is full of interest. And so we might write on and still have only suggested the beauties and the wonders that are in store for visitors to the beautiful Caverns of Luray, which are formed under a great hill in Page Valley. This hill has an elevation of about i,2(X) feet above sea level, and rises about 200 feet above the surround- ing valley. But we will content ourselves with these few sug- gestions of what Virginia, the late home of our A. V. M. A. secretary, offers, and in a future number will endeavor to depict some more of the beauties of the route as it continues in the direction of the Gulf. r Note. — After the foregoing was in type, we received a communication from the passenger agent of the Norfolk and Western, with some specific suggestions, which will be found on page 582 of this issue. — [Editor.] CAMPAIGN OF LOBECK BILL CONTINUED FROM WISCONSIN— CONGRESS ENGROSSED IN ANTI-TRUST LEGISLATION. It was our great pleasure to receive a call from Secretary Walklcy, of the National Association of B. A. I. employees, on July 6. Dr. Walklcy left Wa.shington (where he had been for about two months, devoting his energies in the interest of the Lobeck-I^wis hill) for New York on July 3, and when he left us on July 6 to get the midnight train for Milwaukee he did so reluctantly, knowing that when he opened his eyes after a night in the " sleeper " he would have passed far beyond the alluring EDITORIAI^ 511 atmosphere of the great American metropoHs. While here the doctor made good use of his time, having gotten around and conferred with several Bureau officials, despite the fact that he had a national holiday and a Sunday in his brief sojourn with us. He got in a lot of social work too; visited the New York Zoological Park in the Bronx, was entertained by officers of Branch 19; attending a ball game between the Phillies and the Giants with Secretary McCarthy of that branch, and in the evening they were joined by Dr. and Mrs. Geo. W. Famous at a theatre party. He also had a conference with Chairman H. R. Meyers of the Ways and Means Committee of the Federal Civil Service Society of New York; visited ElHs Island, where im- migration officials explained to him the details of handling im- migrants, and had just begun to see New York when he had to tear himself away and head for Milwaukee, from which point he will continue his campaign in the interest of Bill H. R. 9292 — S. 5720. Anti-trust legislation is engrossing Congress so that bills of the nature of this one cannot get a hearing for some time, and there is a possibility of its not being reached in the present session. Dr. Walkley has worked hard for the measure and is still working, and is deserving of the gratitude of all B. A. I. employees, which we are sure they all feel. NEW YORK CITY THE LOGICAL PLACE FOR THE THIRD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY EMPLOYEES. The second annual convention of the National Association of B. A. I. employees will be held in Denver, Colorado, August 10, 1 9 14, where it is hoped that there will be a large and repre- sentative attendance, as the various branches have elected dele- gates and alternate delegates, there being many important ques- tions to be considered. The meeting last year was in Chicago, 512 EDITOBIAL. and this year they thought to go a little further west, and made the very excellent selection of the city of Denver. Secretary Walkley, on being asked whether he did not think New York would be an excellent place to suggest for their 191 5 meeting, said : " When I left Milwaukee for Washington I thought that the place I would suggest for the next meeting of our associa- tion would be in the land of beer and the home of the Deutch, but I now feel that that is too far from the ' Great White Way,' and I would like to see our boys meet right here in New York in 1915." And Dr. Walkley's change of view from his home city to New York is a step in the right direction, and we hope that he will be able to convince his colleagues the same way before the ad- journment of the Denver meeting. New York City in itself is, of course, sufficiently attractive from an educational standpoint, in a general way (to say nothing of the entertainment it offers), but what the association will want to consider in selecting a place is, are there any special educational advantages to be found in New York? Bureau men will be in position to answer that question better than any one else. Will it be advantageous to them to witness special methods of inspection which they, as B. .A. I. men know whether or not New York has to offer? Would the inspection of imported meats at the piers interest them? Or the inspection of Kosher cattle, which is done in New York, we understand, on Sunday? We believe these in- spections would prove both interesting and instructive, and hun- dreds of other particular methods of inspection peculiar to New York City. Besides such a selection is now due the eastern members. We offer our many friends in the B. A. I. service the pages of the Review upon which to ply their arguments, if the matter is not settled at the Denver meeting, and will promise an array of arguments ourselves that will convince the most skepti- cal that New York City is the logical place for the Third Annual Meeting of the National Association of Ihirraii of .Inimal In- dustry Employees. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. By Septimus Sisson, S.B., V.S., Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Ohio Statk University. {Continued from July.) The effect of watering on the stomach contents and the trans- port of water through the stomach and small intestine are im- portant in regard to dietics, and conflicting views have been expressed in this connection. , Smith (loc. cit., p. i8i) states that " the regular arrangement of food in layers is disturbed when a horse is watered after feeding; half the food may in this way be washed out of the stomach, for the water which a horse drinks does not stop in the stomach, but passes directly through it on its way to the caecum. Hence we have the golden rule of experience that horses should be watered first and fed after- wards." Colin (25) concluded from his observations that in some cases the water passed from cardia to pylorus along the lesser curvature without disturbing or diluting the contents of the stomach, while in other cases it mixed with the ingesta, which it reduced to a soup-like consistence and washed into the intes- tine. It is self-evident that when a horse which has eaten an ordinary feed drinks any considerable amount of water, both cannot be accommodated in the stomach. As previously stated, Cohnheim observed that in the dog, when the stomach is full, water will pass from cardia to pylorus along the lesser curvature without material effect on the gastric contents. A like process has been observed in man. Investigations were recently made by Scheunert and Schattke (loc. cit.) to determine the results 513 514 SEPTIMUS SIS80N. on the stomach contents of watering and also the transit of water through the intestine. The water was colored with malachite green, so that its distribution could be noted. Observations were also made of the variations of the water content of the ingesta in the stomach, the chemical phenomena of digestion, and the arrangement of the various parts of the rations in the stomach. The conclusions reached by these observers were as follows: i, That the drinking of water in any amount desired by the animal exerted no deleterious effect on digestion. 2, That the increase in the water content of the ingesta was inconsiderable, reaching at most 10 per cent, above the normal average; a similar increase can be produced by the large amount of saliva secreted during mastication of hay or by exercise. The interval before return to the usual lower water content varies individually; in one case it was only ten minutes in duration, but in general appears to be one or two hours. 3, The bulk of the water leaves the stomach quickly. When the stomach is well filled, the contents are only penetrated very superficially by the water. In the left extremity very little or no staining of the ingesta took place. The water appeared to go first to the central part of the stomach, i. e., ven- tral to the cardia, as one would naturally expect, and passed to the pylorus chiefly along each side and along the greater curva- ture. Only in cases in which the stomach contained little food was the latter stained throughout, showing complete penetra- tion of the water. It would appear that fluid would be prevented from passing directly from cardia to pylorus along the lesser curvature (Magenstrasse of Waldeyer) by the large ridge pro- duced by the folding here of the wall of the stomacli. The view is prevalent that water passes rapidly through the small intestine of the horse and thus quickly reaches the caecum; the latter being regarded as a reservoir for fluid. l£llenberg- er(26) states timt " in the horse water passes very quickly, not only through the stomach, but also through the small intestiue, and may have arrived in part in the caecum in a few minutes. Colin has expressed a similar view. F. Smith (loc. cit., p. 213) states that " experiment show that water will pass from the SOME MECHANICAI, FACTOBS IN DIGESTION. 515 stomach to the caecum in from five to fifteen minutes. By apply- ing the ear over the duodenum, as it passes under the last rib on the right side, the v^ater which a horse at that moment is drink- ing may be heard rushing through the intestines on its way to the caecum." It is quite true that auscultation as indicated will reveal the passage of fluid in the duodenum, but this furnishes no information as to what takes place in the remaining seventy feet of the small intestine. The numerous observations of Scheu- nert and Schattke do not support this view. They found that in cases in which a considerable amount (9-12 liters) of water was drunk, the bulk of it passed into the small intestine in a short time, but that a period of three-quarters of an hour to an hour elapsed before any reached the caecum. This period does not appear to be influenced by the amount of water taken, but the rapidity of distribution in the small intestine, as might be expected, is in direct proportion to the quantity drunk. It seems that here absorption quickly reduces the amount of water in the bowel and thus prevents interference with digestion and the premature transport of material into the large intestine. The mechanism of the compound stomach of the ox offers many problems which are yet unsolved. Most of the statements current in regard to it are not based on experimental evidence, but are more or less plausible inferences drawn from anatomical facts. Even so elementary a matter as the question into which part of the stomach ingesta enter has been variously answered. It seemsi to be quite commonly believed that fluid and finely divided food pass from the cardia to the omasum by way of the so-called oesophageal groove. Doubtless this was originally a pure assumption, and it assuredly is not supported by experi- mental evidence or anatomical arrangement. Vryburg( 27) gave cattle 2-3 liters of water colored with fuchsin, which was admin- istered by means of an irrigator, the head being about horizontal. He found that in three of these (adults) which were killed imme- diately there was no colored fluid in the omasum or abomasum. Three others were slaughtered at the end of 7, 8 and 10 hours, respectively; in the first a little colored fluid had reached the 516 SEPTIMUS SISSON. first part of the omasum; in the second the ventral part of the omasum and a portion of the abomasum were stained; while in the third part of the fluid had reached the duodenum. In the case of an ox which had drunk voluntarily and was killed half an hour afterward a small part of the omasum was stained. The same was true of a calf eight months old. Vrybiirg concluded that all or almost all of the fluid swallowed by cattle passes into the rumen; this view is in conformity with our present knowl- edge of the internal topography of the bovine stomach. Craig (28) administered half a gallon of water deeply colored with fuchsin to three cattle; in two cases it was given with a drenching horn and in the third through a probang. A two-year- old bullock was allowed to drink a bucketful of water and was then drenched with two quarts of water colored with magenta. A goat was drenched with half a pint of water similarly col- ored; during administration the animal was placed on its haunches and the head held back. The animals were killed im- mediately afterward. Colored fluid was found only in the rumen and reticulum — not a trace of it was present in the omasum or abomasum. The stain had diffused through the contents of the reticulum, but in the rumen it was present only in the solid food near the wall. As Craig states, these results show at least what takes place when medicinal agents are given in drench, i. e., they are diluted in the rumen and reticulum. This explains, for exam- ple, the very limited action on parasites in the abomasum or in- testine of anthelmintics administered per os. It is to be regret- ted that these observers do not state whether there was any stain- ing of the oe.sophageal groove. Colin made several observations on cattle by passing the hand to the cardia through a flank in- cision. He states that when tiic animal drank water, tlie latter passed in great part into the reticuhnn and then flowed over into the rumen; a very small amount trickled down the oeso- pha{(cal groove. ICvidently the important functional feature here is not the groove, but the thick mu.scular pillars which consti- tute the .so-called lips of the groove. The contraction of these pillars would shorten that part of the wall of the stomach and SOME MECHANICAL FAC'TOKS IN DIGESTION. 517 close the reticulo-omasal opening. Under wliat circumstances this action takes place we do not know, but it would seem that it might occur in regurgitation and in the transfer of ingesta from the reticulum to the rumen. The writer's observations lead him to believe that all ingesta which are swallowed in a natural man- ner pass through the atrium of the stomach into the anterior part of the dorsal sac of the rumen, and this view is in conformity with the anatomical arrangement. In cattle the first mastication is brief and consequently such material as grass or hay passes into the rumen in a comparatively rough state. Here it is mixed up with the soft and watery in- gesta already present; much of the latter, it is to be noted, has already undergone a second and thorough mastication and insali- vation. There appears to be ample ground for the view that the ingesta are moved- in all directions and thoroughly mixed up in the rumen. Contraction waves passing along the rumen can be determined by inspection, palpation and auscultation. Direct observations of the movements of the rumen and its contents have been made by Colin and others. Marked shortening of the organ and constriction between the dorsal and ventral sacs are produced by contraction of the powerful muscular pillars. The movement of the contents would be facilitated by the richly papil- lated character of the greater part of the mucous membrane, which gives the wall of the ventral sac in particular a good " grip " on the contents. The contractions of the rumen average two to three per minute; they are normally stronger and more frequent during feeding and for some time afterward than at other times. They can be readily timed by watching the alter- nate prominence and flattening of the paralumbar fossa, except when the rumen is distended or the animal is too fat. Descrip- tions of the sounds produced within the rumen by the move- ments of its contents, the explosion of gas bubbles, etc., and those caused by the friction between the stomach and the abdominal wall are given in considerable detail in the works of Marck(27), Vogel(28), and Friedberger and Frohner(29). Interesting studies of the action of the ruminant stomach and the effect of 518 SEPTIMUS SISSON. various medicinal agents thereon have been carried on by sev- eral workers in Gmeiner's clinic in Giessen. Reference to these researches and further observations are given in a recent article by Haertle(3o). Nothing definite is known in regard to the special functions of the reticulum. EUenberger observed that this sac is capable of extreme contraction, which occurs with great rapidity, like that of striped muscle.* The entire sac appears to contract at once, so that a contraction-wave is not seen. There are three possible outlets for the reticular contents: they may pass i, back- ward into the dorsal sac of the rumen over the rumino-reticular fold; 2, into the omasum, or 3, into the oesophagus. It would seem that in general the first of these directions would be fol- lowed, except when the rumen contracts simultaneously, although smaller amounts could pass through the reticulo-omasal orifice if open. Observations indicate that only fluid and ingesta which have undergone very considerable comminution enter the oma- sum. This would be expected from the relatively small size of the opening and the existence here of peculiar, curved, horny papillae. Rumination consists of the return of portions of the ingesta from the rumen and reticulum to the mouth, where it undergoes thorough mastication and insalivation, and is again swallowed. The process is repeated at intervals six to eight or even more times during twenty-four hours and occupies about a fourth of the time. It usually begins half or three-quarters of an hour after feeding, but occurs at other times. The external phenom- ena are readily observed. The animal usually lies down, and as- sumes a sleepy appearance, with the eyes half closed. Working oxen and camels, however, utilize intervals of rest for the pur- pose even when not permitted to lie down. The process is under the control of the will in the sense that it may be interrupted by the pre.sence of a strange object or by an unwonted sound, and is resumed when the animal recovers its composure. The mech- * Th« longlliidinal (utrfpnl) fibre* of the oetophagui are continued by icattered bwidlM In the wall o( the atrium and especially along the oeaophagcal vroove. SOME MECHANICAL FACTOES IN DIGESTION. 519 anism of regurgitation is apparently quite simple. The essen- tial factors seem to be: i, negative pressure in the thoracic part of the oesophagus produced by its relaxation and by the inspira- tory phase of the diaphragm; 2, contraction of the rumen and reticulum; 3, contraction of the abdominal muscles. The result is that a portion of the ingesta in the atrium of the stomach is injected forcibly into the oesophagus and carried to the mouth. The role of the oesophagus appears to be mainly a passive one, although one may observe a contraction wave pass along the cervical part toward the pharynx. As soon as the mass reaches the mouth, superfluous fluid is squeezed out of it and swallowed Mastication begins at once and continues half a minute to a min- ute, according to the state of the bolus. The lateral excursion of the mandible is very extensive and the mixture with parotid secre- tion thorough; it is remarkable that the mandibular glands do not secrete during rumination. The bolus is then swallowed and in three or four seconds another one has reached the mouth. The " cud " weighs about 100-120 gm. During mastication fluid is swallowed at intervals and eructations of gas occur. It is observed that rumination will not take place unless the rumen contains a certain amount of ingesta and fluid. It is also in- hibited, on the other hand, by undue distension. In the former case apparently there is not an adequate stimulus for the reflex, and in the other local anemia and stretching of the muscular coat prevent contraction. There is no evidence to support the view that the remasticated bolus when swallowed passes along the oesophageal groove to the omasum. It is, to say the least, highly improbable that such is the case, and in the camel it evi- dently could not occur. The process of rumination is sometimes regarded as a sort of physiological vomiting, in which ejection of the bolus is inhibited. While it is true that the two processes have some factors in common, they evidently differ in important particulars. In both the cardia is relaxed and the abdominal muscles con- tract. But Cannon's observations indicate that in vomiting that role of the stomach is relatively passive. He noted that in the 520 SEPTIMUS SISSON. cat, after administration of apomorphine, the left part of the stomach is relaxed and flaccid. Several deep contraction-waves pass from the mid-region to the pyloric vestibule, from which a slight wave continues. A strong contraction at the incisura angularis divides the cavity into two parts. A quick contraction of diaphragm and abdominal muscles ejects part of the contents of the stomach through the relaxed cardia. As the jerky con- tractions are repeated the stomach seems to close about the rem- nant of its contents. Assuming that the chief factors in regur- gitation in vomiting are relaxation of the cardia and contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, it is not at all surpris- ing that the horse ordinarily vomits with great difficulty, only when in extremis, and not with complete effectiveness. Indeed it is remarkable that the phenomenon occurs at all in this species when one takes into consideration the peculiar powerful cardiac sphincter, the great thickness of the muscular coat and the small potential lumen of the terminal part of the oesophagus, and the small size of the stomach. The latter is separated from the ab- dominal wall (normally), except that a comparatively small part is in contact with the diaphragm. Furthermore, contraction of the diaphragm would undoubtedly constrict the terminal part of the oesophagus in the hiatus oesophageus, the edges of which are thick and muscular. In addition to all this, egress of ingesta through the cardia is prevented ordinarily by folds of mucous membrane, and it would appear that the cardia would need to be considerably dilated to overcome" this impediment. In the dog, cat and pig the situation is very different; the terminal part of the oesophagus is thin-walled and has a large potential lumen, the cardia is very dilatable, and the stomach is relatively large and has extensive contact with the abdominal wall when it i» well filled. The ease and effectiveness with which such animals vomit is readily understood. In this connection the observa- tions of Cannon(3i) with regard to the movements of particles of food in the stomach when the gastric contents were largely fluid arc interesting. He noted repeated regurgitations into the oesophagus; fluid passed quickly as far as the heart-level or the SOME MECHANICAL FACTOBS IN DIGESTION. 521 root of the neck, but was returned to the stomach at once by a peristaltic wave. This action recurred periodically for twenty or thirty minutes; it gradually became less frequent and sub- sided (in the cat) after a rate of one per minute was reached. Fluidity is a prime factor in the phenomenon. Vomiting is not frequently observed in cattle, and is not performed so readily as in the dog or pig, but in some cases they eject through the mouth a large quantity (even more than ten liters according to Marek) of the more fluid contents of the rumen and reticulum. In the horse the vomited material is ejected chiefly from the nostrils, and not uncommonly pneumonia results from the aspira- tion of some of the ingesta. It is doubtless true that the ease with which vomiting is initiated in some animals as compared with others is due to the threshold of stimulation of the vomit- ing centre being lower in the former. In the omasum food which is not already in a finely divided or largely fluid state is thoroughly triturated. This is accomplished by the ingesta being pressed into thin layers between the laminae and rasped by the numerous horny papillae which stud the sur- face of these folds. The contractions of the omasum are slow and powerful; the amount of muscular tissue involved in its action is seen to be very great when we include in our estimate — as we must — the muscular strata of the laminae. The pressure exerted on the ingesta naturally squeezes out a large part of the fluid, which runs down into the omasal groove and so into the abomasum. The water-content of some of the food in the oma- sum has been found as low as 50 per cent, in apparently normal cases. It is clear that in any case in which the usual procession of ingesta through the stomach is interrupted or appreciably re- tarded, the omasal contents will undergo continued dessication, and further that the latter process would be even more rapid if contraction of the omasum is not inhibited. It is not at all easy to understand how the food reaches the upper part of the oma- sum. F. Smith (loc. cit., p. 197) says that " the omasum defies the laws of gravity," but gives an ingenious account of the mechanism. The writer has found no description which appears S22 SEPTIMUS SISSON. to be based on actual observation of the process. Certain con- siderations diminish the difficulty of comprehending the action of this curious organ. Its long axis is not horizontal; the an- terior end is considerably higher than the posterior. Most of the laminae are oblique, not vertical, and they are so thickly be- set with horny papillae as to give them a firm hold on the ingesta. The circular muscular coat is thick and forms a strong pillar at the anterior margin of the omaso-abomasal orifice. The free edges of the laminae are thick; this is due to an increased amount of muscular tissue here. At the neck the laminae have the form .of thick muscular ridges. They reach their greatest height in the middle part and diminish gradually in extent toward the abomasal orifice. No mechanical features of special interest are known in re- gard to the abomasum. There is no sphincter at the omaso- abomasal orifice. The writer has always found the opening patent in formalin-hardened subjects. But observations show that no coarse food finds its way into the abomasum, and for- eign bodies are rarely found there. Limitation of space permits very brief reference to the in- testinal mechanism. The movements of the small intestine are of two kinds — peristaltic waves and rhythmic contractions. The peristaltic waves may take the form of a, a slowly advancing contraction moving a short distance, or b, a rapid contraction passing along a much greater distance. The former action moves a mass of ingesta a little further along. The latter, the " peristal- tic rush" of Meltzcr and Auer(32), empties the part of the bowel involved. The second kind of movement, rhythmic con- traction, is by far the most common and most interesting mechan- ical process, according to Cannon (33), who first described it. The process as ob.servetl in the dog and cat by means of X-rays is briefly as follows : The ingesta in a certain length of the bowel arc divided by contractions into series of fairly uniform seg- ments. A moment later each of these segments is subdivided, ami promptly after this division adjacent masses " rush to- gether " and form new segments. This process was seen to SOME MECHANICAI. FACTORS IN DIGESTION, 523 continue for more than half an hour without the food moving along any considerable distance. It has been happily termed " rhythmic segmentation " by Cannon. Variations are observed; thus if the food mass is thick, the division may be incomplete and the segments relatively long. The constrictions also occur near the ends of segments. Secondary division may occur with- out previous union of primary segments. The rate when the food " string " was thin was 12-22 per minute in the dog, 20-30 in the cat. Hertz (34) found the rate in man to be 7 per minute. The effects of the process are: i, Food is repeatedly brought in close contact with different parts of the bowel wall; 2, undigested food is thoroughly mixed with digestive fluids; 3, digested mat- ter is thoroughly exposed to the mucous membrane for absorp- tion; 4, the repeated contractions facilitate the flow of blood and lymph. The process was not seen in the rabbit, in which there was instead rhythmic moving to and fro of a mass, rapidly re- peated for a considerable period. This observation raises the question whether rhythmic segmentation occurs at all in typical herbivora, such as the horse and ox. Ellenberger (loc. cit., p. 292) recognizes two forms of movement of the small intestine — peristalsis and pendulum movements. The latter correspond to the action noted above in the rabbit, and persist for a consider- able time in a stretch of the bowel before the contents are moved on by peristalsis. Cannon did not observe delay in the passage of food through the small intestine, except under experimentally disturbing conditions, e. g., irritation of the colon. Hertz in his observations on man noted retardation only in lead poison- ing. This is in accordance with clinical observations that stasis in the small intestine is usually due to mechanical obstruction, whereas in the large intestine it is often primary. Most of the definite information which we have in regard to the action of the large intestine relates to the dog, cat and man. In 1890 Jacobi observed antiperistalsis in the colon of the cat. Cannon (35) studied the movements of the large intestine of the dog and cat by means of the X-rays. He observed that as soon as a mass of ingesta passed from the ileum into the colon, 524 SEPTiMtrs sissoN. a strong contraction passed along the caecum and first part of the colon and carried some of the contents onward. A moment later a strong antiperistaltic wave passed along the right part of the colon and continued till the caecum was filled. The contents of the colon are not normally forced back into the small intes- tine. The ileo-colic valve appears to be competent, except when a large amount of fluid is introduced into the colon, when regur- gitation may occur. This agrees with clinical observations. The action of the first part of the colon is thus like that of the stom- ach when the pylorus is closed. The contents are forced back- ward through the advancing constricted ring, and are thus thor- oughly mixed and brought into intimate contact with the intes- tinal mucosa. Later, as the contents accumulate and extend along the colon, a deep, ring-like contraction occurs near the advancing end of the ingesta and almost separates a portion from the main mass. The ring moves along slowly, carrying the portion of ingesta before it. This process is repeated, and the separated masses are carried along by peristalsis. Elliot and Barclay-Smith (36) found in the herbivora which they studied that there was churning movement in the sacculated part of the colon. Each saccule was at times the seat of swaying oscilla- tions, and the degree of sacculation was in proportion to the activity of the churning movement. Little definite information is available with regard to the mechanical action of the caecum and colon in the larger domestic animals. In the ox, sheep and pig the division l^etween these two parts of the bowel is purely conventional, and it is at lea.st probable that there is here anti- peristaltic action as in the dog and cat. In the horse the ar- rangement is quite different. The connection between the cae- cum and colon is a narrow neck, so that tho oacrum is a true cul-de-sac with two blind ends. It seems improbable, but by no means impossible, that reflex occurs of contents of the colon into the caecum. The form of the caeco-colic orifice varies in mate- rial hardened in situ. In many cases it is slit-like, but not tightly closed; in others it has a narrow oval form, witii a long diameter of about 5 cm. and a width of about 2 cm. ; in others it is round SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. 525 and small, but usually easily passable by the finger. When the orifice is found rather widely open, the approach to it from the caecum is funnel-like. The first part of the colon which suc- ceeds the neck of actual origin usually has the form of a saccula- tion, the convexity of which is dorsal; Schmaltz (37) recently proposed for it the term " vestibulum coli." This vestibule com- municates with the larger part of the colon by a constriction which may be orbicular or have a length of 10 to 12 cm. These peculiar features may throw some light on the occasional failure of puncture of the bowel to result in effective removal of gas. There does not appear to be any ground for the suggestion which has been made that material may pass practically directly from the ileum to the colon in the horse (F. Smith, loc. cit., p. 215). The position of the caecal orifices has been misapprehended. The opening into the colon is about 5 cm. lateral to (/. c, to the right of) the ileo-caecal orifice and is usually at a slightly lower level. A large shelf -like fold intervenes between the two, and over- lies the approach to the caeco-colic opening. The arrangement can be seen satisfactorily only on frozen preparations or on ma- terial which has been well-hardened in situ. It would seem that material issuing from the ileo-caecal orifice could pass either downward into the body or forward and downward into the anterior part of the base of the caecum. From the latter it could be carried readily into the colon, but material which has passed into the body and apex of the caecum would have to be brought up to the base before it could enter the colon. It would seem essential for this action — as in the case of the rumen with re- spect to regurgitation — that the caecum be well filled and that plenty of fluid be present. Clinical experience supports this view of the situation. Comprehension of the mechanism is noi facilitated by the fact that the longitudinal bands are largely composed of elastic tissue. Smith expresses the opinion that material does not remain long in the caecum, but Fllenberger says ingesta remain in it 18 to 24 hours, and that there occurs here a mixture of remnants of several feeds. Oscillating pendulum movements probably occur in the sac- 526 SEPTIMUS SISSON. culated ventral parts of the colon as well as peristalsis, but prob- ably only the latter action in the remainder of the bowel. The peculiar arrangement of the terminal part of the great colon favors the occurrence of stasis here. The contents must be moved upward and to the left from the enormous colic ampulla into the narrow funnel-like connection with the small colon, which might be termed the infundibulum coli. The nervous mechanism of the gastro-intestinal tract and other interesting topics must be excluded from consideration in a short paper dealing only with certain phases of the mechanics of the digestive apparatus. LITERATURE. 35. Colin, Traite de Physiologic Comparee, 1871. 26. Ellenberger und Scheunert, Lehrbuch der Vergleich. Physiol, der Ilaussaugetiere, 191 o, p. 296. 27. Marek, Lehrbuch der Klin. Diagnostik der Inneren Krankheiten der Haustiere. Jena, 1912, S. 540. 28. Vogel, Lehrbuch der Physical. Diagnostik der Krankheiten der Haustiere. 1874. 29. Friedberger u. Frohner, Lehrbuch der Klin. Untersuchungsniethoden. 30. Haertle, Studien Ueber den Wert, und die Wirkung auf die Tiitigkeit des Veratrius der Wiederkauermagens. Archiv f. Wissensch. u. Prakt. Tierheilundc, Bd. 40, S. 50. 31. Cannon, Am. Journ. of Physiol., 1903, VIII., p. 22. 32. Meltzer and Aucr, Am. Jour. Physiol., 1907, XX., p. 266. 33. Cannon, Am. Jour. Physiol., 1902, V., p. 251; 1903, VIII., p. 21; 1905, XIV., p. 346. 34. Hertz, Guy's Hosp. Rep., 1907, LXI., p. 409. 3$. Cannon, Am. Jour. Physiol., 1902, VI., p. 265; 1903, VIII., p. 21. 36. Elliot and Barclay-Smith, Jour. Physiol., 1904, XXXI., p. 272. A Full Report of the International Veterinary Con- gress IN London Will Appear in the September Issue ok the Review. — A complete and accurate report of tlie London Congre.s.s, from a representative of the I-H ■C^OO • -t^ • • •» • • •t^'-< • com •oco •rHlO ■ qo> • •— _ 'C<5-H ■ '.-<" • •«*<® io-*i^r»r>. .oco-tcoTfC coNii;-^'* • lo (N c^j ■*■<»< CO •"SCO • CO'"*" •0«fl ■osa • ooo •woo •00 CO ■•*"u5 •a>o •tsio> 00"'*t^"05O •Cv| • •C^ • ;=c ;o ; -H •ffl^Ol . . . •coo • • • • ■ -Mco • • : : : :Sg : : : • • -t^eo • • ■ • -OSI^ • • ; ; '. lo'io ; ; ; :<>-* : t/l « Q 3 W M U D ii. °; O ooooooo ooooooo O co_ ■*_ o_^ o o_ o (N'0"ocCT).woco OOOOO ooooo 0 0M_00_ o' O -H d IN lOO-HiOCO -Ht>.o>ooo t^xooos ooc5oo?5wCCw$??S5c5wo — •' d d X 00 "C X d c^' co' •» i.^' o" -ri.' o' d t' c^" r^oooo-f-^cocoosoocaexooo eo"-"j<0'0«icx'"cxooxt^ot^05t^ XO!»t^OXI^X — t-.'-^XXt^.XXOX +++22+ + +T3+++ ol 05 al tU ' _y ' ' I oi ai aj ei xxt»OOt^cor»oOt^x><^><><>'r><><»^>335355.3_2i"2333iu55^"5332 oooooooooooooooo "o "5 "o "o "o "o "o "o "5 "3 "o "5 "o "5 "o "3 ::::::::::::::::::::::::: :ouuuououuouuooou • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ■ ■ • • • • • • c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c oooooooooooooooo 0_OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOJ2^^J^^^J^^J2J^JJ^ "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "3 "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "O "O SrtrtSrtrtrtrtSrtSSartrtd UUUOOUOOOOUUOUOOOOOUUUUUUUOUUOUUUUUUUOUUOU C C C C c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c -S -S ■S ■^ ■g •S -g -S -S -S -g e fi e r 1^ oooooooooooooooooooooooooo5SS555555555S555 EEHgEgEgEEESgESESEEEEeESEEgggggggggggggggg 530 ABTHUR B. CLAW SON. Influence of Age on the Number of Red Corpuscles. — It is commonly stated that in human beings the number of red corpus- cles is highest in childhood decreases to the time of puberty and decreases in old age. Table II. Effects of Age on the Number of Red Corpuscles. No. of Under 5 Over 5 Animal. Years of Age. Years of Age. I 6,472,000 4 8,285,000 6 , 8,126,000 30 7,088,000 31 7,104,000 41 8,256,000 84 7,156,000 88 8,796,000 91 6,911,000 92 6,850,000 68 6,272,000 98 8,637,000 107 10,706,000 108 9,287,000 97 9,632,000 112 11,802,000 113 8,626,000 115 8.371,000 117 9,1 00,000 Average 9,159,222 7,504,400 Some of the animals at Limon were rather old, others again were quite young. To test the cUCri (,i i-c. T.-iMc II was made. In thi.«» the counts on animals iiia«l< .11 I.hikiii liavi- liccii divided into two groups. In one column air pLmd the counts on all of the SOME RESULTS OF BLOOD COUNTING ON CATTLE. 531 animals under five years of age. As a matter of fact all of them were under four and some of them were less than a year old. In the other column are the counts of red corpuscles of the ani- mals over five years of age at the time the count was made. Their average age was probably eight or more years. There are in this table 9 animals under five and 10 over five years of age. A glance at the table will show a certain amount of uniformity in the counts. Those in column II are in all cases under 9,000,000, most of them considerably under. Those in column I are uni- formly higher and with one exception run considerably above eight million. This one exception is that of bull 68, which was locoed the two preceding summers. In spite of this low count, the average of the counts in column I is 9,159,222, while that for the older animals in column II is 7,504,400. Here is a differ- ence of 1,654,822 in favor of the younger group of animals. Based on the average number of red corpuscles of the younger animals this is a difference of 18 per cent. Effect of Altitude on the Red Corpuscles. It is generally conceded that there is a correlation between altitude and the number of red corpuscles, the greater the altitude the larger the number of the corpuscles. Considerable work has been done on the effect of altitude on human blood and some on animals, especially the dog. Most of the results agree fairly well. The counts of red corpuscles made at Limon ran considerably higher than those usually given for cattle, which were presum- ably made at lower altitudes. The number of red corpuscles in normal cattle is usually placed at about 6 millions. The results of different investigators vary from 4.2 millions, found by Malassey to 6,847,000 by Storch. To be sure, Storch found greater numbers than this in calves and young cattle. This number is an average of all of his findings.* The average for all counts made at Limon is 8,288,263, or nearly two milhons higher than the average count in literature. Burnett " Clinical Pathology of the Blood of Animals," 1908, p. 43. ;>;{2 ARTHUR B. CLAWSON. Of the cattle wintered at Limon, 14 were taken in the spring to Mount Carbon, arriving there on June 14th. On 11 of these, counts of the red corpuscles were made at both places. As pre- viously stated, at Limon, all of the counts were made between May 25th and June 8th, while at Mount Carbon the counting was distributed over the rest of the summer, much of it being done in August. The time of the year when the counts were made may Ije an important factor. Table III. Blood Count, Limon and Mount Carbon, Colorado. Red Corpus- cles, 1909. No. Mount Limon. Carbon. 7,156,000 8,845,333 8,796,000 7,548,000 6,911,000 8,836,000 6,850,000 8.778,000 8,637,000 1 1 ,064,000 10,706,000 8,005,333 9,287,600 8,292,000 1 1 ,802,000 8,080,000 8,626,666 8,760,000 8,371,000 10,904,000 9,100,000 8,702,000 84 88 91 92 98 107 108 112 113 115 J17 Average 8,749.388 9.255.878 The counts made at these two places arc compared in Table III. Animals which were not examined in IkhIi places are not con.sidcred in this table. There were two counts at Limon that ran high, likewise two at Mount Carbon that ran high. These were young, vigorous animals, The.se high counts can not in- fluence the results materially as they will largely balance each other, there l)eing two in each column. SOME BE8ULTS OF- BLOOD COUNTING ON CATTLE. 533 The average of the counts made at Limon (aUitude 5,360 feet) is 8,749,388 red corpuscles, and at Mount Carl3on (alti- tude, 9,000 feet) 9,255,490. This gives a difference of 506,400 in favor of the higher altitude, or an increase of 5.8 per cent., an increase considerably less than that reported by workers on human and dog's blood — see Table IV. In this table we have Table IV. Effect of Altitude on Number of Red Corpuscles. Author Subject. Difference in Elevation, Meters. Increase in Blood Corpuscles in Percent. Increase per 100 Meters Elevation in Percent. Time at Higher Elevation. Viault Egger Egger Egger Raemisch Karcher Sutter Sutter Veillon Veillon and Sutter Man. . . Man. . . Dogs. . Dogs. . . Man. . . Man. . . Man. . . Dogs. . . Dogs. . . Man. . . 4.392 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,684 789 719 719 434 434 60.0 16.0 27.4 6.0 26.0 9 3 14.0 24.7 5 4 6.4 14 9 1-5 •33 15 1 .2 2.0 3-5 13 1.8 On arriving 4^ weeks 9 days Acclimatized, 20 days 4 days computed the findings in terms of 100 meters elevation. A glance at the table will show that there is a considerable variation in the results. There is also a variation in the length of time the individuals had been at the higher altitude when the counts were made. With one exception, however, the findings are higher than those here reported. For individuals which had been at the higher elevation any length of time, the table shows an increase varying from .9 per cent, to 3.5 per cent, per 100 m. elevation. Our counts show only .44 per cent, for the same increase in alti- tude. There is one other factor that probably should be taken into account here, that is, the time of the year when the counts were made. Smith and Kilborn, in Bulletin i of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, p. 38, state that 534 ABTHUR B. CLANVSON. around the District of Columbia about seven million corpuscles in winter and five million in late summer or early autumn would be a fair average. Others have stated that there are more corpuscles in late winter and spring than in late summer and early fall. If this is true, we have a possible explanation for this seeming discrepancy. The counts made at Limon were under spring conditions, while those made at Mount Carbon were tinder summer conditions. Table V, Blood Count. Early vs. Late Summer. Counted at Mt. Carbon, Colorado. No. June August and and July. September. 8,400,000 8,200,000 8,845,000 7,548,000 8,836,000 11,432,000 7,893,000 1 1 ,064,000 8,005,000 8,292,000 8,080,000 8,760,000 10,904,000 8,702,000 9.313.000 8,635,000 82 84 88 91 92 98 107 108 112 113 115 i»7 Average. An attempt was made to test this possible factor in the counts made at Mount Car1)on. Some of the counts were made in June, others in July, August and September. The largest number was made in August. In Table V the counts are separated into two groups, ('ohimn I gives the counts made in the first half of tin SOME BESULTS OF BLOOD COUNTING ON CATTLE. 535 summer, or in June and July. Column II gives the results of the counts made in August and September, Taking the average of these two columns there is obtained 9,313,000 for the first half of the summer, and 8,635,000 for the latter half. Here is a difference of 678,000 in favor of the first half of the summer. That this difference is not due to a larger percentage of young animals in the first column is shown by the fact that of the young animals only two are included in the first column while there are five in the second column. Of the old animals, there are on the other hand more included in the first than the second column. Table VI. Blood Count Throughout Summer at Mt. Carbon. No. June. July. August. September. 82. 84. 88. 91. 92. 107, 108. 112, 117, 8,400,000 7,608,000 10,568,000 8,845,000 7,548,000 8,836,000 11,432,000 11,064,000 7,893,000 8,005,000 8,800,000 7,784,000 8,080,000 8,760,000 10,904,000 8,702,000 Average. 11,168,000 8,386,000 8,729,142 8,748,000 Taking the same figures and dividing them by months, the re- sult as shown in Table \T is obtained, and the highest count is in the month of June. As there are only two animals included in the counts of this month, too much stress should not be laid on this result. For the other three months there is no evidence of a progressive change. All that can be said is that the evidence, so far as it goes, points towards a larger nurnber of red corpuscles 536 ARTHUR B. CLAWSON. in the spring than in the middle or late summer. If such is the case, then the effect of altitude is much greater than would appear in Table III. In considering Tables V and VI, it must also be remembered that the animals had just been brought from a much lower altitude and perhaps were not yet acclimated when the June counts were made. Summary. 1. In the older animals there was a decidedly smaller num- ber of red corpuscles than in the younger. There was an average of 9,159,222 in the younger and 7,504,000 in the older group, or a difference of 1,654,822. 2. The animals when taken from an altitude of 5,360 feet to an altitude of 9,000 feet showed an incre-ase in the number of red corpuscles. The average number was 8,749,388 at 5,360 feet, and 9,225,878 at 9,000 feet, the difference being 506,492. The counts at the lower elevation were made in early summer, while those at the higher altitude were made largely in midsummer. Had the counts at the two altitudes been made at more nearly the same time the difference might have been greater. 3. The counts at Mount Carbon show a larger number of red corpuscles in early than middle or late summer. Number ok TTor.sks .\nd Mules Stiij. Incrkasing in U. S. — The estimates for Jaiuiary l, 1914, indicate that there are 20,955,000 horses and 4,447,000 mules on farms in the United States, an average annual incrca.se of about 1.4 per cent, over the numlK-r shown by the census of 19 10. It is estimated that tlie average farm price of horses has increased from $108.19 in tlic census year to $109.33 '" January, 1914, and in ti)e case of mules from $119.84 to $123.84 in the same period. On this basis the total farm value of horses is $2, 2(; 1,000,000 and of mules $550,697,000. The total estimated farm value of tiicse animals is therefore $2,841,697,000, which is m iiuicisr of $191,454,000 over the census year and represents an annual in- crease of wealth from these .sources oi $47,8^3,000. BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS.* By E. C. Schroeder, M.D.V., Superintendent of the Experiment Station OF THE U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Bethesda, Md. I am here to-day to talk to you about tul>erculosis in the place of a man from Washington, from whom you expected an address on hog cholera. This is a twofold substitution. I realize the conditions, and hope, after I have concluded, you will not have a double reason to feel disappointed. So much attention has been given in recent years to the subject of my paper that it almost may be said to have been worn threadbare, but I believe you can listen to me with patience if you will bear in mind that bovine tuberculosis, with the possible but by no means proved exceptions of cholera among hogs and infectious aljortion among cattle, remains to-day the commonest and most expensive evil with which our animal industry is afflicted, and that, apart from the success some of us may have had in cleaning individual herds and small areas where cattle are not numerous, our efforts to control and eradicate the disease have made no material impression on its wicle dissemination and frequency. The phase of the subject I specially wish to talk about is eradication viewed as a purely economic prol^lem. As a condi- tion affecting the pul)lic health, the claim seemingly is no longer tenable that the occurrence of tuberculosis among food animals is urgently important, not because bovine tubercle bacilli are harmless for human bodies, but because we have learned how to protect human health against exposure to them. Meat products from tuberculous animals, even before our meat inspection activi- ties began, probably never were a serious menace to human health in this country where most meat is cooked before it is eaten, and milk from tuberculous cows can be made safe by pasteuriz- ing it, and pasteurization is so urgently needed to check other * Presented to the Massaclnisetts Veterinary Medical Association at IJoston, February, 1914- 537 538 E. C. SCHBOEDEB. and greater raw-milk dangers than those chargeable to the con- tamination of milk with tubercle bacilli that the efficiently super- vised pasteurization of all milk should be universally demanded. If I were asked to choose between the properly pasteurized milk of tuberculous cows and the best raw milk distributed by city dairies, for my own use or for use in my family, I would select the former, because I know from hundreds of personally conducted tests that pasteurization at 140 degrees F., for 20 minutes, makes the milk of cows affected with udder tuberculosis innocuous for guinea pigs that are exposed to it through intra- abdominal inoculation. The efforts that have been made to control and eradicate tuberculosis among cattle may be summarized as follows : Tu- berculin testing and the slaughter of reacting animals; the Bang method; the Ostertag method; immunization or bovo-vaccina- tion, and the Ujhelyi method. Tuberculin testing and the slaughter of all reacting cattle in a region where tuberculosis is an uncommon disease may be a hopeful procedure, but to those who know that the best obtain- able estimates justify the conclusion that we have over 2,000,000 tuberculous dairy cows in our country, a large proportion of which are only slightly affected and may remain a real source of profit for years to come, and that we have never been less in a position than now to sanction the destruction of cows that are capable of producing healthy calves, it must have the character of a wasteful extravagance that should be adopted only ris a la.st expedient. Our population has increa.sed rapidly, but tlic number of oui milch cows is no greater now than it was seven years ago, and during the last seven years the inunber of our other cattle has (leclincd from 51,566,000 to 36,030,000, and is now lower than at any time during the last fourteen years. Coupled with this. as we would naturally expect, the price of rattle, dairy cows included, is higher than ever before. I'urlhcrniorc the eradication of tul)crculosis among cattle is hofKlcss without the friendly co-operation of the owners, and BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 539 this, I am convinced, cannot be secured by those who advocate the slaughter of every animal that reacts with tubercuhn, unless sufficient money can be made available to pay full value for the animals destroyed. The Bang method requires constant watchfulness and con- siderable labor, and is open to the objection that calves artificially raised on heated milk, or milk that has undergone modifications of various kinds through its exposure to unnatural conditions, especially such as result from the multiplication of bacteria, do not thrive as well as naturally raised calves. With a series of experiments made with one of my assistants. Dr. Geo. W. Brett, on the relative value of raw, pasteurized and boiled milk as a food for unweaned animals, but in which guinea pigs and not calves were used, I convinced myself that the artificial feeding of unweaned animals constitutes a greater and longer enduring handicap than it is generally recognized to be. It may be interesting to you to add that the boiled milk in the experiments referred to gave decidedly better results than either the raw or the pasteurized, and that the available data on the use of raw and boiled milk as a food for infants and young animals, when the milk of a foreign species is used, are in favor of boiled milk. The high price of labor, especially labor guided by trained intelligence, presents economical difficulties that stand in the way of the proper application of the Bang method in our country. The Ostertag method abandons the tuberculin test for adult cattle. It seeks to control tuberculosis by the removal of physic- ally evident cases of the disease from the herd and the exclu- sion of recently weaned animals that react with tuberculin. The calves are reared by healthy foster mothers or are artificially fed on sterilized milk. This method may be satisfactory for condi- tions as they are in Germany, a densely populated country with not less than 40 per cent, of its cattle affected with tuberculosis, and which must use the utmost caution in the adoption of meas- ures that relate to the sources of its food supply; but in the 540 E. C. SCHKOEDEK. United States it does not seem to merit serious consideration. The percentage of tuberculosis among our cattle is too low to permit the continued exposure of healthy animals to those that disseminate tubercle bacilli in the absence of sensibly determin- able symptoms of disease. Bovo-vaccination and other attempts to immunize cattle against tuberculosis by injecting them with tubercle bacilli or products of tubercle bacilli have not given results that justify their use, and nothing encouraging has developed in this field since the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry, in 1912, in a report on " The Vaccination of Cattle against Tuberculosis," published the following statements : '* Very careful autopsies of cattle, treated by intravenous inoculations of tubercle bacilli according to the methods of Von Behring and Pearson, show that the more or less attenuated tul:>ercle bacilli that engender immunity against tuberculosis rarely leave the treated subject wholly free from lesions that can be accounted for in any other way than as due to the patho- genic activity within the animal's l)ody of the injected bacilli."* " The only conclusion to which we are entitled from this work and the careful study of the writings of others on the sub- ject of protective inoculation against tuberculosis may be stated as follows: Though results have ])een obtained which are very encouraging to the investigator and which prompt him to strive onward with renewed vigor and hope, no system of Ixwo-vacci- nation has reached a stage at the present time that justifies its use in common practice." * We now come to the method of Ujhclyi. in which luahhy nurse cows are used for newly born calves when this is prac- ticable, and in which the calves are left with their infected dams until they arc weaned when healthy cows are not available and then tested with tul)erculin. The reacting calves are slaughtered. This method is particularly interesting to me because of its rescmbhincc to a method I ])lanned about ten years ago, before I knew of Ujhdyi's intcre.st in the subject, and have given a careful test at the Kxpcrimcnt Station. "~^ • B. A. I, CIrcuUr No. 190. BOVINE TUBEBCULOSIS. 541 I took three factors into consideration : first, that congenital tuberculosis occurs rarely among calves; second, that the fre- quency with which young cattle are affected with tuberculosis, even in a tuberculous environment, compared with the fre- quency of tuberculosis among older cattle, is very low, and, third, that the young of tuberculous cows that have lived in a tuber- culous environment until they are weaned, if they fail to react with tuberculin several months after their removal from ex- posure, provided they are subsequently protected against ex- posure, remain permanently free from tuberculosis. I would like to give you precise statistics concerning these three factors, and regret that I am unable to do so. That con- genital tuberculosis is extremely uncommon, though seemingly commoner among cattle than persons, requires no lengthy argu- ment. At the Experiment Station, in the course of twenty years, among the numerous calves born of tuberculous cows in all stages of the affection, we have had four cases of true con- genital tuberculosis. With one exception the mothers of the congenitally diseased calves were affected with completely gen- eralized tuberculosis that had extended to and attacked their reproductive organs. The one exception was the calf of a cow affected with advanced, generalized tuberculosis without dis- coverable lesions in her reproductive organs. The examination of many other calves born of tuberculous cows in practically the last stages of tuberculosis, and the inoculation of tissues from such calves into guinea pigs, failed to reveal either tuberculous lesions or the presence of tubercle bacilli. The available data on the relative frequency of tuberculosis among recently weaned calves and older cattle are meager and contradictory. Abattoir statistics leave us in a quandary about the true meaning of the word calf. Is it an animal that has lived a few weeks or does it include young cattle up to and older than six months? In a general way such statistics show that tuber- culosis among animals classed as cattle is from 70 to 80 times as common as among those classed as calves. Hutyra and Marek, in their excellent work on The Pathology and Therapeutics of 542 E. C. SCHBOEDEB. the Diseases of the Domestic Animals, give statistics, taken from the official report on sanitary police control of abattoirs of the German empire, which show that the proportion of calves con- demned on account of tuberculosis is less than a fraction of a per cent., while the proportion of cattle condemned is about 20 per cent., and that the percentage of condemnations among calves is only about half as great as among goats, notwithstanding that, in America, goats are so rarely affected with tuberculosis that many persons believe them to be naturally immune, at any rate against such exposure to tubercle bacilli as they are likely to encounter under economic conditions. Tuberculosis, we must remember, is a disease that may arise from a single, short-lived exposure to infection, but which usually arises from very severe, frequently repeated or long-continued exposure. At the experiment station we found that about 10 per cent. of the calves produced by tuberculous cows, and kept in an in- tensely tuberculous environment the first three months of their lives, become infected with tul)erculosis. This percentage is undoubtedly much higher than it would be among the calves in ordinary tuberculous herds, l^ecause the exposure at the station included, under otherwise far from sanitary conditions, associa- tion with cows in the last stages of generalized tuberculosis, some of which were proved by microscopic and inoculation tests to be expelling virulent tubercle bacilli from their mouths, noses, bowels and udders. It may l)e well to say here that calves permitted to roam at lil)crty in a stable or a field with cows, or a single cow, affected with udder tul)crculosis, almost invariably become infected, and that actual tests proved that a single feeding from a tuberculous udder, or artificially, from a i)ail. with milk from a tuberculous udder, is sufficient to cause tuberculosis in the otlierwise nnex- |K)scsc, as Senators Hitchcock and Thomas evidently do, that THE AKMY VETEBINABY SERVICE BILL. 557 the physician who keeps up the health of the men and the veter- inarian who keeps up the health of the horses is not about as much a necessary part of the army organization as the soldier and his commander. The provisions for the health of man and beast are as vital to the organic life of the military establishment as the fighting element; for military statistics show everywhere that in the past most of the deaths of man and beast have been caused not by the bullet but by disease. Every part of that complete military organization which depends for efficiency on high intelligence should have equal consideration under our military laws. Civilians are out of place in the army and that is the very reason why the veterinarian should be given his proper military place in our army as he is given in the army of every other military power on earth but ours. This is the intention of the bill. 5. The Minority Report says that if the bill passes we will have the spectacle of retired army veterinarians at the advanced age of 62 years practicing while enjoying a government pension. The spectacle would rather be that of men infirm from having given their lives from their 2ist year to their 64th in the service of the government now useless because they have had to go with their regiments in every clime and experience the rigors of army life the same as their brother officers. Do these Senators be- lieve that communities into which army doctors retire would call infirm and worn out men for medical attendance? This if the day of young men. The aged doctor is not wanted. 6. Senators Hitchcock and Thomas in conclusion say thai aged professional men in the army do not need the benefits of retirement on pay any more than professional men in civil life, because they are not exposed to the dangers of military service. Do not professional men like the physician and the veterinarian have to go with their regiments wherever they go? Are they not bound hand and foot in the military organization? The veterinarian is with his regiment in its campaigns. It is a logical conclusion that he should not be denied the benefits of retirement any more than his military comrades. BIORIZATION OF MILK.* By Otto G. Noack, V.M.D., State Meat Inspector, Rkading, Pa. One of the most perfect foods provided by nature for the newly-born we find in the milk produced by the mammary gland of the maternal mammal. The young grow, thrive and develop best by nature's own compound. The milk of all mammalia is similar in its composition with a slight variation as to the con- tents of albumen, milk sugar or fat. With the recognition of its food value and the cheapness of production, milk soon became an economic factor in the human household. That the milch cow became the provider of this food for the human family was a matter of economics, because a cow could be made to produce larger quantities of this valuable fluid cheaper by far than any other animal. In the course of time, it became apparent that certain dangers were connected with the use of milk. It soon was shown that the milk was a good and easy vehicle to transmit diseases from ani- mal to man, and from man to man just as well. Furthermore, it was di.scovered that from contaminated milk came many in- fantile ailments, especially diarrhea, caused by the bacterium coli. Not to lose such a valuable adjunct of food for the human family, many methods were introduced to destroy, or at least lessen, the causes of these dangers in the milk. The metluxls naturally consisted first in the use of chemicals. liccause the disinfectants had been found the best germ killing agents, but had to \)C abandoned on account of their danger to the health of the human being; although even Von Hehring recommended one drop of formaldehyde to a quart of milk — - btforc the Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Metlical AMOciatiun, June, iqu. 668 BIOBIZATTON OF MILK. 559 sufficient to destroy all germ-life, and not strong enough to do any harm to the infant's system. How innocuous for the customer by the conscientious vendor, but how disastrous in the hands of the unscrupulous dealer, who would not care if he added 2, 3 or more drops to the quart. Another method applied was the use of electricity or the ultra-violet rays to destroy the pathogenic micro-organisms. No matter how beneficial the modus operandi was, the expense made its use prohibitive, the heating process alone seemed to be prac- ticable, and, from an economic point of view, feasible, although having some disadvantages. The heating processes used were sterilization and pasteurization. Pasteurization, if not done properly in accordance with the rules promulgated by the authorities as to the degree of heat and length of time of exposure, might as well not be undertaken at all, because it only becomes a deception of the customer, with- out any safety. This shows that reliable pasteurization can be done only under official supervision. While such a procedure makes reliable pasteurization ex- pensive or otherwise impossible, other methods were looked for. Besides pasteurization is an imperfect process, changing the taste and the chemical consistency of the milk. Two years ago the chemist. Dr. Oscar Lohbeck, succeeded in inventing an apparatus which he calls " biorizator." The biorzator is a vat containing a chamber which is heated by circulating steam to 75 degress C, or 167 degress F., whereinto the milk is driven through an atomizer in a spray under a pres- sure of three to four pounds. The milk, coming in the hot chamber in a fine spray, is nat- urally at once heated up to the temperature of the surroundings. The temperature of the milk leaving the hot chamber is re- duced, the biorizator being connected with a cooling apparatus, immediately to 50 degrees F. The consequence of such a process is the destruction of all pathogenic germs, because every particle of the milk is heated 500 OTTO G. NOACK. up to 167 degrees F., a degree high enough to kill disease- spreading organisms; on the other hand, the rapid cooling causes a stay in the development of all other germs which are able to survive such a high degree of heat ; for instance, the hay bacillus or some other peptonizing bacteria which are of no im- portance as far as the health of people enters into question. A biorization plant consists of a suction pump, compressor and a germ destroying apparatus or biorizator, which is con- nected with a cooling apparatus in conjunction with a bottle- filling machine. The whole apparatus is easily opened and cleansed after use and before use. The whole apparatus will work automatically, regulated by safety valve and manometer. Whereas, by pasteurization the milk is heated in bulk and some time has to pass until the whole volume is heated up, the mole- cules of milk, especially albumen, salts, etc., are slowly pre- pared to undergo chemical changes influencing the digestibility and taste. Entirely different in biorization ! There the fine, thin drops are suddenly raised from 50 degrees F. to 167 degrees F., and Ijefore any chemical change can take place the milk has left the hot chamber and is in the cooling apparatus. The consequence is that by this process tlie milk preserves the natural taste, appearance and color of raw milk, but loses the odor of the stable and does not contain pathogenic germs. I''urtherniore, the enzyme.s — katalose and reductase — are attenu- ated and biorizated milk can be kept longer without spoiling than any other milk. This pnxress is lx)und to take the place of pasteurization, or any other process, on account (t\ its simplicity, and saving ot time and lalK)r. This process is not alone of importance for mankind, but also for cattle and hogs, on .iccount of feeding the .skimmed milk returned from the creameries. No tubercu- losis can l)C transmitted from the mixed milk which has under- gone the biorization process, but infection l)y tubercular bacilli may occur if the milk was pasteurized, and not exposed long cmiuukH to the prescribed temperature. BIORIZATION OF illLK. 561 The bacteria, especially the pathogenic, are absolutely de- stroyed. Experiments showed that, for instance, cholera, typhoid, tubercle, dysenteric, bacillus Gaertneri, bacillus pyo- cyaneus, bacterium coli, bacillus fluorescens, liquefaciens, chreno- trix, streptotrix were killed by biorization. Hay bacilli and other resistent germs, without any influence on the human or animal system, would survive the process. Special and thorough experiments were made with tubercle bacilli. It was found that animals inoculated with samples of biorizated milk were not affected at all, while the controls with samples from the same milk, but in the raw state, treated, soon died of tuberculosis. The same results were found in his experiments with bio- rizated milk by Dr. Hoffman, director of the hygienic institute of Leipsic University; and also by Dr. Kirchner, Director of the Agricultural Department. Dr. F. Hering, of Zittau, in his article, Bioriaation, says it is easily understood that a milk chemically unchanged, biologically active and still cheap, which is free of all danger of infection, is of the highest importance in the fight against tuberculosis and mortality of infants. Lorenzen shows that biorizated milk can be kept twice as long as pasteurized milk. A pasteurization plant is easily changed to a biorization plant by simply installing the biorizator in place of the pasteur- izer. There is no doubt that biorization will soon take the place of pasteurization, and Dr. Schlossman states, in the Archives Therapic, after making extensive experiments, especially with pathogenic germs, that biorization will revolutionize the milk question for infants and the use of milk. Has New, Well Equipped Veterinary Hospital. — Dr. L. J. Herring, Wilson, North Carolina, has recently moved into a new, thoroughly up-to-date veterinary hospital, with i8 box stalls. It has a fine operating room thoroughly equipped. We congratulate the doctor and wish him every success. INDOLENT BOVINE PLACENTAE.* By W. Harry Lynch, D.V.S., Portland, Me. I am looking forward expectantly to the discussion of this topic, for I douht there being any practitioner here who has not encountered this condition many and ofttimes. Also the fact that it is difficult to make hard and fast rules to govern its treatment, since each case seems to be largely in a class to itself. It is as often as not a proposition alone, running counter to the superstitions of the laity where we are summoned to care for these clinics; so I hope every man here will give us some of his experiences along these lines. The growth of the livestock industry in the State of Maine will generally make it practically impossible for any member of our association engaging in general practice to escape experience. Compared with the uterus of a mare, the cow has some striking differences; for instance, the concave curvatures of the cornua look downward, whereas, in the mare they are in the opposite direction; though in both the broad ligaments are at- tached to this concavity. Consequently, if the uterus of a cow be considered as freely suspended in the cavity of the abdomen, the extremity of the horn is twisted outwards and upwards, while its base near the body of the organ, although drawn in the same direction by the ligaments, yet retains its position, being firmly maintained in it by the body of the uterus, which also re- ceives the insertion of the broad ligaments on its lower plane. This insertion causes the uterus to project above them ; while in the mare, in which the ligaments are inserted at the upper IKirt of the l)ody, the uterus projects below them. These liga- ments are extensive in the cow, and may be compared to a triangular sheet one angle of which is HmmI \>> iltr floor of the I>elvi8, the other two to the tuberosities ui ilic ili.i, the body of * Kwd bcfort tbt M«in« Vtlerinary Medical Aaaociation at Rockland, July, >9M- 602 INDOLENT BOVINE PLACENTAE. 563 the uterus resting on this sheet, also a portion of the cornua which are thin and tapering at their anterior extremity, body short and narrow with interior of the uterus less ample than the mare. A wider divergence comes now in the caruncles or cotyle- donal processes which some of the authors I have consulted in- form me are peculiar solely to the bovines — not l>eing in the mare, pig or carnivora. These caruncles are few and small in the uterus, becoming more numerous in the cornua. At birth a female calf has from thirty to forty; and one hundred and twenty have been counted in a cow after parturition. Each is attached to the mucous membrane by a narrow pedicle and in removing the foetal placenta — literally unbuttoning it, we must use care not to complicate our case by tearing them off, thus making a laceration. Since bovine placentae are normally of longer retention than any of our subjects, I always counsel the man who calls me within twenty or thirty hours to treat this condition to wait a little longer, for I do not wish to risk getting a hemor- rhage, which might ensue with premature removal of secundine. None of the authors I have consulted tell me just what happens immediately following parturition, merely that expulsion is fol- lowed by contraction of the uterus. But I find in actual practice that the uterus may contract without expelling the membrane; and varying degrees of intimacy between the cotyledons and so whatever causes this must be the cause of the retention of the foetal membranes. Various sequelae are the outcome of this condition. Long continued presence of the secundine is apt to be followed by leu- corrhoea, septicemia, pyemia, metritis, and diarrhoea with sub- sequent debility and danger to health of persons using the milk. Rising temperature and uneasiness are fairly diagnostic of uterine complications. I find a variance as to treatment among the authors I have consulted, some reliance being placed in douches ; personally I have not found any drug to be specific, but I remove the cause of the trouble, after a reasonable interval 564 W. HARBY LYNCH. of a few days, by manual traction. If I find too high a temper- ature, I give a corrective; if loss of condition, give a tonic; but in my worst cases where there is extreme debility with septi- cemia either developed or incipient. I find good results follow the use of echinacea. I use fluid extract with, as I have said, fair success. Some of my clients think these membranes should be speedily removed; others who are more versed in cattle lore, appreciate the fact that within a reasonable period the membranes are likely to disengage without interference, in which opinion they are confirmed by me; as personally I find it impossible to remove them without injuring the caruncles in the majority of the cases, as they are so intimately connected that they will tear sooner than come apart. The third day is early enough for inter- ference usually, but if it could be done sooner it would be better. I clean the uterus after removing membranes with an irri- gation pump. Give tonics, order l)lankets put on if there is chill and shivering. Finally, as I previously stated, if septicemia is imminent or developing I use echinacea, with a fair number of cures resultant therefrom. Second Sailing List. Official Tour of A. V. M. A. — Julv lo, 19 14: Secretary N. S. Mayo, Chicago, 111.; John F. De'Vine. (ioshen. N. Y. ; H. D. Gill, New York City; K. R. .\ckerman, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; J. H. Blattenberg, Lima, Ohio; E. F. Sanford, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Ross Huson, Albany, N. Y. ; Reginald Morgan, l-'lgin. III.; 1). M. Campbell, F.lgiii. Til.; Mrs. II. I). CAW, Mrs. I). M. Campbell. Mr.s. 11. J. Brothcridgc. Mi.ss G. E. Brotheridge. 1 IIIKU AND l*'lNAL SaILINC. LlST TO VkTKUINAKV CONGRESS IN I^NDON— July 25th, 1914: Dr. S. Brenton, Detroit, Mich., and Dr W. J. McKinney, Brooklyn. N. Y. Dr. W. L. Will- iams, Ithaca, N. Y., with Mrs. Williams, is traveling about in Ireland, and will l)c in London in time for the Congress. THE BOW LINE ON A BIGHT— THE BOW LINE. By Prof. H. E. Kingman, Chair of Surgery, Fort Collins, Colo. Bow Line on Jiiglit, i. Bow Line on Bight, 2. IH^ HH ^Hbr^ >^^^^^^^^^H IPHf'^^^^A v.^^^ ^^^s ^^i i^j^^^^^H C^y^htA* Bow Line on Bight, 3. Bow Line on Bight, 4. The bow line on a bight is principally used in making a side line of a rope or where a rope is used without a harness for cast- ing an animal. It is easily tied and cannot be pulled into a hard knot. 565 566 H. E. KINGMAN. Bow Line, i. Bow Line, 2. The bow line is known throughout the country, but is worthy of description for the benefit of those not familiar with its use- fulness. It may always be easily untied n(^ matter how lunch tension has been administered. Past President Brenton, of A. V. M. A., paid us a visit be- fore sailing for London to attend the International Congress on July 25, 191 4. No Other Such Asset for the Veterinarian as Asso- ciation Work. — Commenting upon the organization of the Western New York Veterinary Medical Association, at Buffalo, in April, as published in our Junt* issue, pages 36() atul 371, Dr. Walter (i. llolliugworth truliifully remarks that tlie local or- ganizations in the .states are a great help to the A. V. M. A., and that there is no other such asset for the veterinarian as asso- ciation tvork. That is true, and there is no work that a veterina- rian can do that will hear better fruit to his chosen profession than to see that his community has an organization of veterina- rians, if he has to bring them in from a 25-mile area to make a (|U(iruni, That is why we always find room to report a veteri- nary association meeting. REPORTS OF CASES. INTERESTING POST MORTEMS. By Crittenden Ross, D.V.M., New York, N. Y. " Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner . but his skill dies with him. By rc- ccrding his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by fits facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science." It having been my privilege to hold post mortems on the three following cases, I report my findings for what they may be worth to* members of the veterinary profession : Intussusception of Duodenum, — Egyptian poodle five and a half months old and weighing i6^ ounces, was pre- sented for treatment, having a very fetid breath and copious movements of feces, liquid in consistency and of a bright yel- low color. There was no appetite, and the puppy seemed to bo suffering great pain, which was more noticeable at times. The mucous membranes appeared rather anaemic and there was a rise of temperature. Enteritis was diagnosed and a grave prognosis was given. After 48 hours' treatment, during which time the bowel movements became less frequent and less copious, the patient being kept on beef tea and tonics, it died, apparently without pain. Upon post-mortem examination the intestinal tract showed inflammatory changes, and about six inches posterior to the stomach there was an intussusception of the duodenum for a distance of 2>^ inches, thus involving 5 inches of the mesenteric blood supply and causing an extensive congestion and inflammation, which had become gangrenous shortly before death, which accounted for the puppy dying without pain. Some Internal Lesions Resulting from a Crush. — Dog (young pup), brought to ofifice with history of having been crushed by the front wheel of an automobile just a few blocks distant and instantly rushed to the office. The muscles of the body were relaxed, mouth filled with blood ; the blood was swabbed from the mouth and dog completed a few respira- tions. The heart was at first strong, but gradually grew weaker and weaker, and the mucous membranes became anaemic. 5G7 568 REPOBTS OF CASES. Internal hemorrhage was suspected. Post mortem revealed no fractured bones, which was not as expected. The thoracic and abdominal cavities were both filled with blood, and large blood clots were found in each. Found lungs congested, alveolar wall had been ruptured and the air sacks were filled with blood, giving them a distinct red color, with the exception of a very small streak along the dorsal portion of the left lung. The heart did not show any noticeable changes. The posterior vena cava however was split in shreds. In the abdominal cavity the mesenteric vessels were all engorged, showing splendidly the intestinal circulation. The liver was lacerated, having large areas of the parenchymatous tissue exposed and capsule torn from over it in three places ; these crevices extended over half-way through the thickness of the liver. Appendicitis in a Dog? — Fox terrier puppy, about five months old, was taken suddenly with severe pain resembling acute peritonitis. Anodyne treatment and hot applications were ordered, but despite all elTorts to relieve the symptoms the puppy died within 12 hours. On post mortem the following lesions were found : Evidence of inflammation in the form of petechial hemor- rhages over the distal half of the caecum, which was almost entirely shut off by a constriction from the remainder of the l)owel, resembling closely in form the human appendix and sug- gesting forcibly the possible presence of a case of appendicitis in the canine. NoTB. — Fifteen intereiting case reports will be found on pages 586 to 589 this issue. Made Chief Inspector. — John I. Mandley, D.V.M., B.Sc, Charlotte, N. C, has l)een made Chief Meat and Milk Inspector of that city. The Cost of Raising a Dairy Cow. — Dopartmont of Agri- culture Bulletin No. 49, under the above caption, states tliat after a trial on 117 calves from birth to the time they enter the dairy herd, it has l)een proven that the cost of raising a dairy heifer, one year old, on a Wi.sconsin farm, is $39.52; two years old, $61.41 ■» these estimates also .applying to other dairy dis- trict.H in the North and ICast, where land and feed values are similar to those in Wisconsin. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Sunstroke in American Thoroughbred Gelding [A. Seton-Milne-Munic, VS., British Guiana.] — Nine-year-old gelding after five years racing was broken to harness. Taken very sick, he was found by the writer lying down, blowing hard and with a temperature of 109 degrees F. It was not possible to get him on his feet. Ice was applied on his head and spine and fanning was kept up. A mixture of tinct. digitalis, liq. amnion, acet., spir. aeth. nit. and water was put up and given to him. After half an hour the temperature went down to 108^, to 105 in the evening, 103 the next morning. Strong frictions were also applied on legs and body. Gradually im- provement was manifested, the animal could be raised, he was placed in a comfortable loose box and in a few days was all right. This is the second case of sunstroke seen in the tropics by the author, and the highest temperature he has recorded with a recovery. — {Vet. Rec.) Bilaterial Luxation of the Lens in a Dog [G. O. Riishie Grey, M.R.C.V.S., B. Sc.]. — In an article published on that condition where the etiology, pathological changes, symp- toms and treatment of the disease are considered, the author re- lates the following which occurred in a five-year-old fox terrier. The animal was in th6 habit of fighting cats and pushing its head into rats' holes. After a while he was noticed to walk into objects, as if seeing imperfectly, and later would always keep the eyelids tightly closed. Blepharospasm was great and cocaine had to be instilled to permit examination. The pupil appeared widely dilated, but this was due to an anterior luxation of the lens with the consequent pushing ])ackwards of the iris. The lens was situated in the anterior chamber, normal in appearance and in both eyes had been arrested in the pupillary field. The cornea showed a posterior keratitis. Extraction of the lens 569 570 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. was advised, and will be the subject for another publication. — (Vet. N^ews.) Clinical Post Pharyngeal Surgery [R. Jones, M.R.C.V.S.]. — Interesting records of three cases, two of which showing the impropriety of never operating on the throat, when there is difficulty in breathing, without previously performing tracheotomy. First Case. — Bullock had actinomycosis of the back of the tongue and throat, which was successfully relieved by iodine treatment. xA-fter a few months he is ailing again with a tumor at the back of the pharynx, hanging in front of the larynx. Thrown to be operated, he suffocated and the insertion of a tracheotomy tube only saved his life and permitted the removal of a mushroom-like shaped tumor, with the ecrasuer. Recovery followed without trouble. Second Case. — Pregnant heifer was making a noise in breadiing. As her condition is not alarming, she is left until she had calved. When then, as she had grown worse in hcr respiration and was refusing food, she was to be cast to be operated of a pharyngeal abscess. .\s she was thrown, danger of suffocation became such that tracheotomy had to be imme- diately performed and a tube introduced. The mouth of the animal was then opened wide, and examination revealed an ab- scess on the superior surface of the pharynx. It was torn open with the finger and a gush of pus escaped. Recovery followed. Third Case. — Was that of a barren cow, which had a tumor in the jugular groove, a few inches from the larynx between the trachea and the cervical vertebrae. After a few days of expec- tation the case l)ecame more serious and the cow had to be operated or die. By careful dissection the swelling was isolated from the tissues covering it; when exposed it was lanced with a trocar and a large quantity of pus escaped through the canula. Recovery was uneventful. — (I'rf. yczvs.) Mkta.stasic Stkanci.k.s In .An Ac.ed Horse. Followkd By Symptoms Similating PuunrRA, ICnding With Pom, Evil, Tkeatkd With Autogenous Vaccines and Skko- VAcaNK. Rkcovkky [//'. M. Scolt. F.R.C.J'S., r.RJfS.].— Ten-year-old cart gelding, the seventh on a farm to become af- fected with strangles. P'irst he had a unilateral submaxillary swelling (hard mihI j)Miiifiil. wliicli trentcd. nialm-cd and was ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 571 lanced. The following day he was protruding his nose, refused his food some and when drinking, water returned through his nostrils. The temperature goes up to io6 degrees F. A swell- ing is noticed on the left parotid region. Post-pharyngeal ab- scess is developing. It bursts and rehef followed. Then ap- peared oedema of the nose, lips, chest, abdomen and hind legs, similar to those seen in purpura. But no petechias are present. .\fter a few days these swellings disappeared, and then the horse looks as if convalescent. Suddenly he again protrudes his nose, his head is carried high in a stiff manner. The poll presents a bilateral swelling, gradually enlarging, which took a week to mature. It was lanced, treated and finally the horse recovered. The treatment consisted medicinally in the application of powder of citric acid, chlor. of potass, and boric acid placed on the tongue three times a day. Injections of a stock vaccine ob- tained from a case in the same stable composed of 500,000,000 strept. and 750,000,000 staphiloc. An autogenous vaccine was used also of 750,000,000 and of 500,000,000 strept. Free in- cisions were made in the lancing of the poll evil. Cold water irrigations with plugging the wound with citrate and chloride of sodium were also resorted to. — (Vet. News.) BoTRYOMYCOsis IN A CoB [G. Moyall, M.R.C.FS.]. — Nine- year-old cob had a swelling on the point of the shoulder; it is broad, hard and painful. Tincture of iodine is injected into it, and biniodide of mercury ointment rubbed over it. Iodide of potash is also administered three times a day. Two days later the injection of tincture and the blisters are renewed. The tumor fluctuated, was lanced and a quart of pus let out. Iodide inter- nally is continued. The swelling diminished a little, but was still hard at the base. Same injection at the wound of incision made again. Gradually the enlargement goes down. Another blister is applied, nitrate of silver is introduced in the wound and its depth causticked. Finally the growth is almost all gone, the shoulder has resumed its natural form and the cob went to work. The treatment lasted one month. — (Vet. Joiirn.) Flank Incision for Operation of Cryptorchid [E. C. Winter, F.R.C.V.S.]. — The author has used this method and is in favor of it when comparing with the inguinal. He operates above the fold of skin in the right flank, sometimes on the left or on the right, according to the position of the testicle. The skin is shaved, cleaned by scrubbing with ethereal soap and anti- 572 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. septics and painting with iodine. The incision is made ahnost in a vertical direction, being readily closed afterwards by sutures. In his experience, the author has met with very little swelling, no interference with urination, no hernia, no adhesion of the bowel or omentum to the operation wound. — (Ibid.) Interesting Cystotomy \W. C. Hazelton, M.R.C.V.S.]. — Case of a Pekinese bitch, four years old, which was relieved of a urinary calculus by suprapubic cystotomy. The stone weighed three-quarters of an ounce and was about as large as a walnut. Recovery was uninterrupted, and the little thing l)ecame pregnant shortly after. — {Vet. Journ.) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Recovery of Several Cases of Fracture [Major Tatin, Army I'et.]. — The author thinks that too often animals suffer- ing with fracture are too hastily destroyed, as recovery may bo obtained without treatment, without apparatus and in trusting: to nature alone. Especially is the case for mares, which may ai least be used for breeding purposes. Three rec(neries are pre- sented to sustain the proposal. A mare arriving at her regiment has a fall and as conse- quence a complete fracture of the pelvis, with splinters, situated back of the cotyloid cavity. She is put at liberty in a field. iMnir months after, she is scarcely lame and the callus almost all al)- sorljed. There remained only a slight dropping of the croup. The mare returned to work. A horse, while being shod, struggled, stamped his left fore- f(K)t on the floor, he is lame — on three legs. .Ml symptoms oi fracture of the third phalanx arc present. Wit bout any treat- ment, lie is .scarcely lame two months after, head four months later, the phalanx showed evidences of consolidated fracture. :\ third case, brood mare has a fracture of the coronet. She in pregnant. A wadding dressing only is put on. I"!ight montlis after, liaving lx!en at liberty in a box, she has an enormous callus round the coronet, the fracture is consolidated and since has a>minued her career of l)rood mare. — (Rri'. I'd. I\iilit.) ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 573 Strangulated Diaphragmatic Hernia [Major Floquct, Army Veter.]. — Followed by the writer, the case presented pecu- liar manifestations, which are resumed as follows: " The horse kept turning in his box, carefully kneeling down, and then in complete dorsal decubitus with the four legs flexed and the head turned towards the shoulder. He remained in that position until urged to get up. Scarcely he is standing than again he bends down on his knees, flexes his neck and head on the sternum and after a few seconds he drops on the lateral decubitus." Towards the end of the attack " the horse threw himself violently for- wards, went through the same action, tried to get up, made a somersault and died. At the autopsy was found an old hernia of the posterior portion of the small intestine, strangulated by the passage through the hernial ring of a piece of the diaphragmatic curvature of the large colon, which was as big as the fist. — (Rev. Veter. Milit.) Necrosis of the Nasal Cartilages [Prof. Cadeac.]. — The wings of the nostrils with their cartilages and those of the infe- rior portion of the septum nasi are sometimes the seat of necrosis by bites, contused wounds or tearings of these regions. The necrosed region is the seat of a diffused, indurated swell- ing, invaded sooner or later the entire internal wing and extends to the median septum. When this is involved, the swelling is bilateral. The necrosis is indicated by one or several openings, fistulous, with granulating edges, with escape of greyish bloody fluid. This local infection is accompanied with hypertrophy and induration of the subglossal lymph glands. It may last as long as the cartilaginous tissue of the diseased wing has not been necrosed. This may demand months, and when it has taken place, the wing of the nostrils drops, the nasal cavity is smaller, respiration is more difficult and roaring ensues. Necrosis of the cartilaginous septum may follow that of the nostrils and by extension of the infectious process a perforation of this septum may follow. Free incision of the fistula, stopping of the hemorrhage, sim- ple antiseptic injections, or again slightly caustics, generally bring on recovery after a few weeks. Cauterization with nitrate of silver or chloride of zinc may hasten the cure. — Journ. de Zoo- tech..) Necrosis of the Turbinated Bones [By the Sainc]. — It succeeds to purulent collection of those cavities. It is then a com- 574 ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. plication of curves of the molar tents, acute or chronic coryza, or traumatism. Acute or chronic sinosities often give rise to it. It also occurs frequently in colts. Symptoms : Foetid, imilateral, nasal discharge, yellow or whitish, resembling that of acute or chronic sinusitis ; more or less severe dyspnea or even roaring ; slight subglossal adenopathy. Swelling of the facial bones soon follows: it is hard at first, but gradually becomes softer. Per- cussion of the region gives a dull sound and is accompanied with great pain. This necrosis is frequently complicated l\v meningi- tis or cerebral abscesses with symptoms of immobility, troubles in sight and choreaform actions. The treatment consists in trephining the nasal cavity and the sinuses involved, resecting of the necrosed turbinated and antiseptic irrigations and dress- ings. The necrosis is liable to return. The degeneration of the mucous membrane is incurable. — (Ibid.) Purulent Infection from Strangles in a Horse [Major Vignard, Army Vctcr.] — A six-year-old gelding is laid up, and successively develops symptoms which permit a diagnosis of pul- monary trouble, with origin from strangles, as the disease is prevailing in its surroundings. After treatment, he rallies from tliat, but manifests the symptoms of pleurisy. Those are fol- lowed after a few days by abundant and fetid diarrhcTea, which is relieved with salt, salicylate of soda and muriate of morphia. Then the animal appears stiff on his hind quarters, he staggers and seems in pain when made to turn suddenly. Abscess of the loins is suspected. Ciradually the condition is worse, and after losing flesh rapidly he dies after an illness of 22 days. Post mortem: Abundant collection of pus is found in opening the al)d()minal cavity. Lesions of acute peritonitis arc noticed all over. The liver, three times its normal size, is stullod with abscesses, of various sizes and containing thick, yellowish pus. The organ is adherent to the diaphragm by its anterior face. The spleen is normal, 'i'he kidneys congested. .\n abscess as big as an apple is in the subhimbar region, little back of the right kidney. In the thorax, pleura is congested, lungs are healthy. There is an abscess as big as a man's fist near the point of the heart and promotes the adhesion of the pericanliiuu to the pari- etal pleura. I'inally another abscess is found at the entrance of the chest on the internal face of the first left rib. The itervous system was healthy. — {Kci'. I'ctcr ) Abscess of MvorARnn'M P'oli.ows I-oot and Moniii Dis- KAKK IN A Bum, [Mr. Jiarrat]. The animal died suddenly with- ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 575 out having presented sufficient alterations in his heakh to make such lesion suspected. He took his meal one evening, bellowed once, fell, struggled some and died. At the autopsy the heart only showed lesions. It was pale in color and the ventricles filled with blood clot. The interventricular septum, towards its supe- rior part, had a tumor, as big as a hen's tgg, containing white, creamy pus. The walls of the abscess were one centimeter thick. A second collection was enclosed in the wall of the left ventricle towards the inferior position. The endocardium presented no inflammation, nor ulceration. The two abscesses had no commu- nication with the cavities of the ventricle. The bull had had a very severe attack of foot and mouth disease several months previous and for the author that was the cause of the heart disease. — (Rev. Vet.) ITALIAN REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Pantopon in Colics [Prof. A. Vachetta]. — Pantopon l^oche is a preparation much used in human medicine, as an hypnotic, sedative, analgesic and toni-cardiac. It contains under the form of soluble muriates all the alkaloids of opium. The case here recorded is, I believe, the first in veterinary medicine, where these properties were fully tested. After work, a racing filly was given a drastic bolus. She drank cold water from a pail shortly after and was then taken with violent colic, manifested l)y great pains and severe symptoms. Rectal injections, general frictions, pilocarpine and eserine failed to give any relief or bring any defecation. Another larger dose of pilocarpine was about to be given when instead the author prescribed six tablettes of pantopon, dissolved in sterile water, to be injected in the jugular. The effect was almost immediate; one minute after the injection the animal became quiet, the temperature came down to 40, the respiration to 12. The mare began to look for food. She was watched, fed slightly and during the night had several abundant passages. Spasms of the intestines followed the drinking of cold water and not until they were relieved by the pantopon's action, actions of the mastic could not take place. — (// Ntiovo Ercol.) Hepatic Abscess by Foreign Body [Doct. Girolamo Bian- chi\. — This was noticed at a meat inspection of a calf, in a state of nutrition. On the posterior face of the liver there was under 576 ABSTKAOTS FROM EXCHANGES. the capsule of Glisson. a swelling of the connective tissue as big as a turkey's egg. The owner of the calf reported that the ani- mal had been fed all the time, only on milk and had received no other food. On opening the tumor in its middle a large quan- tity of pus was found, and imbedded in the wall a needle, half of which was surrounded by fibrous connective tissue undergoing cartilaginous degeneration, while the other half was in the hepatic parenchyma where it had given rise to abundant prolifera- tion in the connecting tissue. All the other organs were healthy. — (II Nuovo Ercol.) Tuberculous Pleuritis in a Cow [By the Same]. — This is peculiar because of its comparative rarity. It was observed in an eight-year-old cow, killed by butcher. She presented the fol- lowing lesions : normal lungs, except at the apex of the left, where there is a caseous center, the size of a hen's egg and con- taining a small quantity of pus. That was about the only tuber- culous lesion in the lung, but on the pleura there were a very large number of tul^erculous deposits, of sizes varying between that of a seed of millet and that of a nut. They were lying against each other, pedunculated, rich in blood vessels, and none were adherent to the contiguous pleura. It was a plain case of granulic (pommeliere), where the lesions were essentially located on the pleura and not in the parenchym of the lungs. There were also a few on the pericardium. The lymph glands were hypertrophied and tuberculous. All the other organs were healthy. — (Ibidem.) Cases of Malarian Urticaria in Horses \I)oct. Riccardo Pili], — This is the record of two cases of urticaria, which oc- curred in tw(j young colts as they were taken in from a run to pasture. The symptoms were very characteristic, viz., numerous little puffs on all the surface of the body and specially the back, the flank and the lips which were very swollen and painful. The temperature was ^H.f) degrees C. Suspecting that the eruption was of the ordinary cau.se, viz., improper feeding and digestion, a laxative was prescril)ed. The result was negative. The .symp- toms l)ccanie more .severe, temperature raised, general depression MU)(Kcstc(l the idea of a difTerent cause, 'i'iie urine became of a rct,, 1914. Editor American Veterinary Review : We, the members of tlie oflRcial tour of veterinarians to the Tenth International Veterinary Congress, desire to express our most appreciative thanks to our very dear friends who so kindly came to bid farewell to our party. It certainly was a pleasure to each of us to see the familiar faces at the pier and especially for those who came from distant points of the C S. without having any one of his dear ones to wave the last good-bye at our departure from the beloved shores of our country. The trip aboard the " Finland " was a continuous round of pleasures. A much-needed rest was indulged in by every one 677 578 COBBESPONDENCE. soon after the last glimpses to the shores as they vanished on the horizon, and we settled down comfortably in our steamer chairs. The active life of the veterinarian, however, could not tolerate very long the life of leisure and comfort, and soon groups of our party were seen busying themselves with the various games played aboard the ship. In this regard " shuffle board " was especially indulged in by our party, in which the skill of many of our members brought out many rounds of applause from the galleries which at all times surrounded the players during their well-contested games. The teams were organized and Brothers Marshall and Blair acted as captains. The honors were about the same, but our friend Day, the star performer of the game, is still being jollied with reference to a game in which his team lost by a scoreless game. It would be unfair not to mention the popularity which our party enjoyed throughout the ocean voyage, and especially the unattached members were always in great demand by the many pretty and intellectual young ladies aboard. This often caused great concern to the director of the tour, as the presence of ministers and priests on board might have assisted in romantic inspirations to our bachelor vets. Importunately, or unfortunately, it was only a harmless flirtation with pleasant reminiscences for the participants. The weather was all that could be desired, and sea sickness was an unknown malady aboard. There was no call for the aloe balls, colic drenches and other heroic remedies which con- stituted the medicine chest of some of our members and the fish of the ocean were certainly badly treated by our happy family. We are now all well rested and ready for the strenuous work which is awaiting us on the continent. T With our heartiest greetings to all of oiir professional broth- ers in our dear country, Sincerely yours, •^. Adolpii Eichhorn, W. B. Holmes, C. J. Marshall and Wifk, L. I^nos Day and W ii k. Hakry C Moork anu Wifk, J. M. Auinshukc. E. D. SUKl'ARD, K. C. J U LIEN, T. B. Harries, W. Reh) Blair and Wu i:, T. Lamhreciit.s, Tiios. I'^raser, F. B. Hadley, Conrad L. Nelson. For iMIngt of Mcond Milini party (reoeivnl wlirii wr wcrr on Itir prrHHCH), nrr pnRc COBBESPONDBNCE. 57V REGULATIONS RELATING TO TUBERCULOSIS. Ottawa^ Canada, June 25, 1914. Editor American Veterinary Review, New York: I am enclosing a copy of our new tuberculosis regulations, which enable us for the first time to deal with tuberculosis amongst dairy cattle in a comprehensive way. I am hoping that many of our cities and towns will take advantage of these regu- lations to clean uj) the milk supply and eliminate tuberculosis. 1. The aid of the Department of Agriculture, as aforesaid, will be given to such cities or towns having a population of not less than five thousand persons as shall have secured the necessary provisions under provincial legislative authority for the purpose of agreeing to the present regulations. 2. The Government of Canada will assist any city or town, which shall have signified in writing to the Veterinary Director (ieneral its desire to have the aid of the Department of Agricul- ture in controlling bovine tuberculosis in the cows supplying milk and cream to the said city or town, provided the said city or town shall have stated in its application for the aid of the Department of Agriculture, as aforesaid, that, being thereunto duly empowered by law, it will undertake and provide that : (a) Dairies in which milk or cream are produced for sale therein shall be licensed. (b) No license shall be issued unless the dairy conforms to the required standard. (c) The standard shall require that the stable shall have an ample amount of air space, and at least two square feet of win- dow glass for each cow, and shall Ije well ventilated, drained and kept clean and sanitary. (d) After two years from the date of the first test of the cattle of any dairy, the sale within the said town or city, of milk or cream from any herd shall be prohibited unless the said herd shows a clean bill of health from the veterinary inspector. (e) An inspector or inspectors shall be appointed and paid by the said city or town, whose duty it shall be to see that the undertakings and provisions, as aforesaid, are carried out, and that the cows are kept clean and properly fed and cared for. 3. The Veterinary Director General on receiving notice in writing, from any such municipality of its desire to have the assistance of the Department of Agriculture, as aforesaid, shall forthwith make enquiry, and if satisfied that the foregoing re- 580 COBBESPONDENCE. quirements are being carried out shall send veterinary inspectors to inspect the said cows. 4. Veterinary inspectors shall use the tuberculin test and also make a careful physical examination of the cows in order to determine whether they are healthy or not. Dairy bulls shall also he examined and subsequently treated in the same way as cows. 5. Following the examination and test the diseased cows and reactors shall be dealt with as follows : (a) Cows which in the opinion of the inspector are affected with open tuberculosis and are distributing the germs of the dis- ease through the milk, feces or sputum, shall be sent to an abat- toir under inspection and there slaughtered as soon as conve- niently can be done. When no such abattoir is within reasonable distance, the cows shall be slaughtered in the presence of the in- spector, who shall direct how the carcass shall be disposed of. (b) Reactors to the test shall be separated from non-reactors as effectively as possible (suspicious animals shall be classed as reactors), and the owner shall l)e given the choice of disposing of them in one of the following ways : ( 1 ) Immediate slaughter. (2) Slaughter after they have been prepared for the block, by drying off and feeding. (3 ) Retaining them in the herd, and selling no milk or cream until it has been pasteurized. 6. Compensation shall be paid to the owner of the herd for all cows slaughtered under these regulations upon the following basis : ( 1 ) One-half the appraised value of the cow if destroyed as a case of ojjen tuberculosis. (2) One-third the appraised value of the cow if destroyed as a reactor at the request of the owner. (3 ) X'aluation shall Ik' made by the inspector, and shall not exceed the maxinnnn \ aliiatiou for cattle as spocilicd in section 6 of the Act. 7. The salvage inim ilu- carcass shall be paid to the owner of the cow in addition to the compensation, provided compensa- I'urtx and salvage together amount to less than the appraised value: if more, the surplus .shall be paid to the Receiver (ieneral. 8. No coni|)cnsation shall l)o paid to the owner unless, in ihc opinion of the Minister, he assists as far as possible in the eradication of the disca.sc by following the instructions of the itiHiKrctor as to diHinfection, etc. CORRESPONDENCE. 581 9. No milk or cream shall l)e sold from a herd containing reactors unless such milk and cream are properly pasteurized. The inspectors of the municipality shall see that this provision is effectively carried out. 10. Tests and examinations of the herds shall be made whenever deemed necessary by the Veterinary Director General, and after each test and examination the herd shall be dealt with in the manner aforesaid. 11. All cows bought by the owner of a herd while under control shall be submitted to the test and successfully pass it before being placed with the healthy cows. 12. When two successive tests fail to detect any reactors in a herd it shall be deemed healthy, and the veterinary inspector shall, when requested, give a certificate to that effect. 13. The existing regulations respecting tuberculosis, in so far as they may be inconsistent with the present regulations, are hereby repealed. I am sending this copy to you, as it may possibly be of inter- est to some of your readers either in whole or in part. These regulations constitute a new departure for us in Canada, and until we have had some experience of their operation we will be una1)le to foretell the result, but I am hoping they will result in great good. Very truly yours, Fred. Torr.ance. CONTROL OF GLANDERS. Boston, June 19, 1914. Editors American Veterinary Review, New York: Glanders never can be controlled by the present method. All horses in a state must be tested with ophthalmic mallei n and those reacting segregated. Many horses with a few glanders tubercles in the lungs will undoubtedly recover in time without any treatment other than good hygienic conditions. These same horses will, however, give the disease to others before recovery. The percentage of glanders is so great in our large cities that a slaughter of those reacting without apparent symptoms would be too great a financial strain on the ow-ner or even the state if full value were paid. 582 COBBESPONDENCE. Kill all cases with evident symptoms and set off all reactors in good condition, killing those in poor physical condition, even if they have no evident symptoms other than the reaction to ophthalmic mallein. Forbid the sale of all reactors unless they show recovery by a retest. Compel all horses coming into a state for sale to first pass the ophthalmic mallein test. Personally I have had the greatest success in this system of segregation. It meets with the hearty co-operation of the owner who at otice appreciates the value from a business standpoint. Daniel D. Lee. New York, July 20, 1914. Editor of American Veterinary Review, New York: Dear Sir — On canvassing members of your association in regard to the meeting in New Orleans in December, we find that the majority we have canvassed are expecting you to organize the members for a special train party. That you may have pleasure on the way as well as in New Orleans, and see some of the world's wonders without extra cost in transportation, I beg leave to suggest that you adopt as your route to New Orleans in December the Shenandoah Valley Koute, famous for its scenery, famous for its Caverns of Luray, and of The Grottoes, and Natural Bridge. Besides these three world wonders there is that mecca for tourists, Chattanooga, with its Lookout Mountain and Chickamauga Natural Military Park. My suggestion is that you leave New York so as to visit Chattanooga on the going journey and Natural Bridge and the caverns on the return trip. This schedule can be easily and pleasantly made by .special train, and 1 am sure no other possible route from the east can offer .so mucii tiiat is attractive to the traveller. Should ye state-wide in its application. The dairymen of the state have drafted a bill, modeled somewhat after the IVisconsin Law, which they had ex- pected to introduce into the next legislature which meets in the fall. This bill provided that the owner of dairy cattle test his own herd, the records to be submitted to the state veterinarian, who shall make condemnations. Dr. Yard, state veterinarian, re- ported that after a conference with a number of the leading- dairymen, they had seen the weakness in this and that he felt they were in a mood to support a bill which would provide that the testing be done by trained men only. The dairymen feel that since there is little tuberculosis in the state, this is the time to stamp it out, and not wait until we become as badly affected as are some of the eastern states. A legislative committee of five was appointed to look after this matter at the next meeting of our assembly. The members of the association took lunch together at the Northern Hotel, after which President A. G. Fisk delivered an address, in which he reviewed the history of the association and pointed out plans for its l^etterment. Dr. C. C. Stewart read a paper on the Intradermal Test for Tuberculosis, with which he has had very wide experience, hav- ing tested somewhere near 1,500 head. He has had opportu- nity to check the test in some instances with the subcutaneous, and believes it to be as reliable in all cases. His work has been throughout country districts where the subcutaneous test would 585 586 SOCIETY MEETINGS. be a practical impossibility. He felt that he obtained as good results from the ordinary B. A. I. tuberculin as from the alcohol precipitated, which is recommended by the experiment station in California. This paper brought out considerable discussion from the members, a number of whom had had experience with the test. It seems to meet with great favor under our Colorado conditions. Hog cholera was well taken care of by three different mem- bers. Dr. A. A. Herman, after wide experience with the simul- taneous vaccination, spoke in favor of that method. Dr. F. Gil- gen presented some of his own experiences in treating the dis- ease. Dr. Playne Guyselman gave the results of i8 months' work in the San Luis valley, where hog cholera had practically bankrupted the farmers, and where in the above-mentioned time he with one other veterinarian had been able to completely eradi- cate it. This work is of not only local but national interest, because it shows what can be done by the methods used, which were, in this case, the serum alone, absolute quarantine, veterinarians hav- ing the authority of deputy sheriffs, thorough cleaning and dis- infection were used following each outbreak. No virus has been used in the valley since these men took charge, and they are strongly in favor of the serum-alone method, because they feel that the introduction of the virus merely tends to spread the disease. They are working under the direction of farmers' asso- ciations who furnish the money for the work. These papers will lie published in full and the proceedings of the association meeting can be had by writing to the secretary. In the evening the Veterinary Medical Association of the Colorado Agricultural College entertained the veterinarians at tlieir annual banquet and ball, where every one seemed to enjoy himself to the utmost. Clinic. Case I. Rachitis. History: Dogs fed on wheat, owner stated that the corn crop failed so he had to resort to wheat. Dr. W'hitehouse suggested that the pups be placed on an alfalfa (lift until the green gra.ss should come, believing that the hay ration would be as appropriate as tiie cereals. Symptoms: Carpal and tarsal joints greatly enlarged and cHHikcd, knots ;it the costo-chondral unions, face twisted, loco- motion difficult, animal lies most of the time. Treatment: Animal |)laced on a meat diet and allowed to SOCIETY MEETINGS. 587 exercise at will. At the end of two months the animal showed considerable improvement. Case II. Equine; black; ten years; gelding. Diagnosis: Immobilite; Dr. McCapes, of Boulder, in charge. History: A year ago the animal lost control of the hind legs. Symptoms: Incoordination; atrophy of hips; interfering, irregular gait most noticeable upon backing. Prognosis: Unfavorable. Treatment: Fowler's solution three drams a day, increasing the dose to one and one-half ounces a day, and then beginning the treatment over, starting with the small doses. Case III. Equine; two years; gelding. Diagnosis: Sternal fistula; Dr. Charles Converse, operator. History: Colt was hurt during breaking. Symptoms: Swell- ing over the region of the sternum, small wound discharging a little pus. Treatment: Freely incised, wound explored for pieces of bone, none found, dressed with tincture of iodine and instruc- tions given the owner to continue the iodine treatment. Case IV. Equine ; black ; two years ; male. Diagnosis : Ridg- ling; Dr. McCapes, of Boulder, operator. Upon examination the testicle was fund in the inguinal canal. Technique: An incision was made over the inguinal canal about three inches lateral to the scrotum, the testicle was deliv- ered through the incision and emasculated. The left testicle was taken in the usual manner. Case V. Equine; brown; twelve years; mare. Diagnosis: Contracted tendons; Dr. McCarrol, of Fort Collins, operator. History: Of two years' duration. Symptoms: Perforans and perforatus contracted until the front of the foot touched the ground. Operation: Tenotomy; adhesions were broken until the foot assumed a normal position. Case VI. Equine; black; one month; female. Diagnosis: Metastatic arthritis; Dr. Watts, of Longmont, in charge. History: Joints had been affected for three weeks. Symptoms: Stifle joint capsule greatly distended, colt ema- ciated, unable to rise without assistance. Treatment : Polyvalent bacterin. Prognosis : Very unfavor- able. Case VII. Bovine; black and white; nine years; female. Diagnosis: Panaritium; Dr. Gilgen, of Eaton, in charge. 588 SOCIETY MEETINGS. History: Of two months' standing. Previous Treatment: Tubbing in hot bichloride solution, frequent application of kaolin cataplasmata. Symptoms: Phlegmon about the coronet, open wound on the outside discharging pus, also a wound between the claws dis- charging pus : animal lies most of the time. Treatment: Tracts were dressed with tincture of iodine, an autogenous bacterin was made and administered, case shows con- stant improvement. A report was given of cases similar to this that responded to bacterins where other lines of treatment had apparently failed. Case Fill. Equine; grey; mare. Diagnosis: Prescapular abscess. Operator: Dr. Charles Converse, of Castle Rock, Colorado. Symptoms: Swelling slightly above and anterior to the point of the shoulder. Treatment : Freely incised, permitting the escape of pus, dressed with tincture of iodine. Case IX. Equine; black; seven years; female. Diagnosis: Quittor; Dr. Paxton, of Ouray, operator. History: Of one year's standing. Syinptoms: I^^istulous tract over outside right quarter, discharging a little pus, consider- able organization causing an enlargement about the quarter and coronet. Technique: Tract opened and curetted, wound dressed with saturated solution of bichloride. Case X. Bovine; black and white; nine years; male. Diag- nosis: Actinomycosis; Dr. Ayres, of Sterling, operator. History: Of .several months' standing. Symptoms: .Abscess aJMHit the size of a man's head in tiie interma.xillary space. Treatment: Freely incised permitting the escape of a large {|uantity of thick, cream-colored, glassy pus ; cavit\' dressed with tincture of iodine. Case XI. Canine; white; six months; female. Opcraiion: Ovariotomy; Dr. A. (I. Fisk, Trinidad, operator. Technique: V'\t\i\ shaved and painted with tincture of iodim": bitch was given i tab. 11. M. C". h'onn. I>. ; incision made on the median line alxntt i /^ inches, wound iield open by means of a speailum; horns of uterus grasped with Noyes alligator ear for- cq)s; ovary .iblated with scissors; wound closed by a continuous |)critoncal and sulKiitaneous suture. Case XII. Canine; brown; one year; male. Diagnosis: f iivf,t;..t, of the femur; Dr. A. N. Carrol, I'ncblo, SOCIETY MEETINGS. 589 History: Hit by a motorcycle. Symptoms: Inability to sup- port weight, increased mobility inward, limited abduction, entire limb rotated inward, pain upon pressure over the articulation, and some swelling. Autopsy: No attempt was made to reduce luxation; the animal was killed and a dissection made of the parts. The ar- ticular head of the femur was found in front of the acetabulum, the ligamentum teres l)eing ruptured. Dr. Carrol demonstrated an easy method of reducing such dislocations. Case XIII. Equine; brown; one year; female. Diagnosis: Phlegmon; Dr. Kingman, Fort Collins, operator. History: Colt injured six months previous by rolling into a gate. It is suspected that the periosteum was involved. Symptoms: Suppurating induration over the lower third of the left cannon, ulcers the size of a dollar on inside and outside. Treatment: Ulcers curetted, removing large quantity of connective tissue, bacterin prepared from the pus, the wound and leg dressed with tincture of iodine. Case XIV. Equine; white; ten years; female. History: Seems to be deaf, goes to sleep standing. Symptoms: Not well marked. Temperature 100.4 degrees F. Pulse and respiration normal. Diagnosis: None made. Case XI \ Bovine; Jersey; male. Diagnosis: Tuberculosis; Dr. Kingman, Fort Collins, in charge. History: Bull had been given the subcutaneous test by a lay- man about a year previous to this test. Six months after the first test the bull reacted to the intradermal. At the time of the clinic showed reaction to both the subcutaneous thermal test and the intradermal. I. E. Newsom, Secretary. CENTRAL NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The fifth annual meeting of the above association was held at Syracuse, N. Y., on June 25, 1914. Thirty members were present at roll-call and five visiting veterinarians, two of whom were applicants for membership. The meeting was called to order with Dr. J. A. Pendergast, president of the association, in the chair. After the reading of the minutes of the last meeting and hearing the reports of the 590 SOCIETY JIEETINGS. various officers and committees, the applications for membership of Dr. W. M. SulHvan and Dr. Daniel O'Laughlin were taken up and favorably acted upon. The report of the association's attorney, M. A. Switzer, Esq., of Fulton, N. Y., was then heard. It was shown that the assd- ciation has now one action pending for illegal practice of the pro- fession and several others to be instituted in the near future and as soon as conditions will warrant. The attorney was directed in behalf of the society to continue the work of prosecution of illegal practitioners. Certain amendments to the by-laws were then taken up and favorably acted upon. These amendments, reading as shown below, authorize the accumulation of a fund for the protection of members of the association against actions for malpractice, and thus, it is believed, place this association in advance of any of the similar bodies of this or any other state of the Union. The amendments follow : Amendment to Art. V. by adding thereto the following : § 5. Immediately following each annual meeting the treas- urer shall pay over from the general funds of this association and deposit at interest in a duly incorporated savings bank to the credit of a special fund to be known as " The Central New York Veterinary Medical Association Special Fund " a sum equal to $1 for each active member remaining upon the rolls at the close of such meeting and such fund shall be used only, with the ap- proval of the Board of Censors, for the expenses of the defense of actions against members for malpractice. If at any time such fund shall amount to the sum of $250, the interest therefrotn shall be paid into the general fund of the association on July 1 of each year, and no further deposits shall be made to the credit of such special fund until it shall have been reduced to an amount less than $250. Amendment to Art. \T. by adding thereto the following; § 4. VViiere an action for mal^jractice shall be brought again.st a member in good standing he may, upon releasing the control of iiis defense thereto to this association, apply, in writing and according to a form to be prescribed by the Board of Censors, to the secretary for protection. The secretary shall immcdLitcly call a meeting of the Hoard of Censors to be hold within five days thereafter to investigate the fact and circuni- .Htances ai the case, and if it is decided by them that sucli mem- Iicr has acted in go(Hl faith and li.is fiiKillcd his dnly in relation SOCIETY MEETINGS. 591 thereto as becomes a member of the veterinary profession, they shall direct the attorney of the association to proceed with the defense of such action. In the event that the association has at the time no regular attorney, the Board of Censors shall retain an attorney to be selected by them for the defense of such action. I'he expenses incurred in such defense shall be met from the special fund provided for in Art. V., sect. 5. If such fund is insufficient, the balance shall be paid from the general funds of the association. For the purpose of insuring sufficient funds for the establish- ment of this work and for the proper continuation of the fight against illegal practitioners, the dues of the association were in- creased to five dollars per annum. The following were elected directors for the ensuing year: Dr. W. B. Switzer, Dr. W. G. Hollingworth, Dr. J. M. Currie, Dr. R. M. Weightman, Dr. Frank Morrow, Dr. E. E. Dooling, Dr. J. G. Hill, Dr. Almond H. Ide, Dr. W. L. Clark. The direct- ors elected the following officers : President, Dr. R. M. Weight- man, Waterville, N. Y. ; vice-president, Dr. E. E. Dooling, Syra- cuse, N. Y. ; secretary-treasurer. Dr. W. B. Switzer, Osv^ego, N. Y. An invitation was received from the president of the Genesee Valley Veterinary Medical Association to attend the meeting of that body at Rochester, N. Y. The president's address was delivered by Dr. James A. Pen- dergast, president of the association, of Syracuse, N. Y. He reported the society to be in a very active and flourishing condi- tion. Case reports were given by Dr. J. V. Townsend, Dr. R M. Weightman, Dr. John K. Bosshart, Dr. C. R. Guile and Dr W. F. Burleigh. Dr. H. J. Milks, secretary of the New York State Veterinary ]\Iedical Society and a member of the faculty of the New York State Veterinary College, gave a most inter- esting address on skin diseases of the dog. Full discussion was had on each topic brought out in the reports and paper, whereby the members obtained much valuable information as to diagno- sis, prognosis and treatment. Preceding the business session, a clinic was held at the In- firmary of Dr. H. A. Turner in South Salina street. Median neurotomy was performed upon a bay horse for the relief of foot lameness by Dr. H. A. Turner, assisted by President Pen- dergast. A brown draft stallion, three years old, having a large umbilical hernia, for which an operation had been performed at 582 SOCIETY MEETINGS. some previous time surgically, was operated upon by the ligation method by Dr. Frank Alorow, of Utica, N. Y., assisted by Dr. J. M. Currie, of Rome. One of the most interesting of the operations was that performed by Dr. J. K. Bosshart, of Cam- den, N. Y., assisted by Dr. Currie, on a Jersey cow, age long forgotten, for the relief of supposed intestinal intussusception. A bay draft horse having a tumor of the shoulder caused by collar was operated on by Dr. W. B. Switzer, of Oswego, N. v., assisted by Dr. W. L. Baker, of Seneca Falls, N. Y. Myot- omy was performed upon a bay trotting mare for the prevention of switching by Dr. Frank Alorrow, of Utica, assisted by Dr. Fitch, of ^lanlius. Lunch was served at the Infirmary during the clinic and at the close of the meeting a banquet was served at the Hotel St. Cloud. W. B. Switzer, Secretary. SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL AS- SOCIATION. The twenty-first annual session of the above association was called to order on June 17, 1914, by the president. Dr. M. D. De Turk, at Reading, Pa. The following members responded to roll-call : Drs. Fether- olf, De Turk (M. D.), Noack, Bieber, Dunkelberger, Berger, Huyett, Potteiger, C. R. ; KaulTman, Reifsnyder, Fernsler, Long- acre, W. S., and Kohler. Visitors were Drs. U. F. Massey and R. M, Staley, the former a physician from Wernersville and the latter an employee in the office of the Pennsylvania State Live- stock Sanitary lioard. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved, after which a recess of fifteen minutes was declared for tlic pay- ment of dues. Among the conununications read was one from the National Association Bureau of Animal Industry employees soliciting the united support of this association in securing the passage of these hills. The secretary was instructed to draft resolutions, forward one to their rej)rcsentative secretary and also have a copy of .same spread upon the minutes. The treasurer's rei)ort was received. Under the Legislative Committee. Dr. Noack rei)orted that a milk ami meat ordinance had passed council at Allentowu. but it SOCIETY MEETINGS. 593 seems that the veterinarians of that locaHty were not equal to the opportunity, and hence a chemist and an assistant chemist were appointed, which is highly regretted, because they are incom- petent to cope with all milk and meat problems. Delegates to Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association. — Dr. Bieber reported that the attendance was somewhat blasted by a snow storm the previous day, which had incapacitated train service, although an interesting program was well discussed. Election of Officers. — A motion was made by Bieber, sec- onded by Fetherolf that all the present officers be re-elected by acclamation. Carried ; and the officers were declared re-elected. A motion was made and seconded to adjourn for lunch. Reconvened at 1.45 p. m., when the various papers were called for. " The Advantage of a Sanitary Milk House on the Farm " was an exceptionally well-prepared essay, by Dr. C. R. Pot- teiger. Discussions were participated in by Drs. Fetherolf, Huyett, Staley, Noack and Kohler. " Disinfection and Sanitation," by Dr. D. R. Kohler. This paper curtailed all general antiseptics used in a practice. Dr. Staley opened the discussion by announcing that one of the safest methods of disinfection for hog cholera is the free use of a solution of sodii carbonas and hot water, followed by spraying with a lysol solution; again that one of the best methods to render a nail wound aseptic was to drop a few crystals of iodine and pour on some turpentine, after wound is well cut open, which penetrates to depth of wound. Tincture of iodine is also very effectual, although the veterinarian should always recommend and suggest to the owner the value of a preventive dose of anti-tetanic serum as a precaution to preventing tetanus. Tt was the consensus of opinion among the members that a bichloride solution is not generally recommended for the use of disinfecting dairy stables, because bovines are susceptible to the influence of the drug. "The Relation of the Veterinarian to the Medical Profes- sion" by Dr. F. F. IVIassey, a noted physician of Wemersville, was the title of an able address. He concluded that the veterinarian's and the physician's work was a comparison in a way, and that he trusts the feeling of both toward one another may always be amiable and that we. as professional brothers, should mingle more at such organiza- tions, exchange ideas, so that we may be more able to cope better with the varied ailments afflictinjr men and animals. 594 SOCIETY MEETINGS. " Biorization of Milk," by Dr. O. G. Noack, was a subject which ehcited much discussion. This method of steriHzing milk, originating from Germany, is claimed to be far superior than the present method of pasteur- zing; the process is quicker, better and more efficiently used. Adjourned. W. G. Huyett^ Sec. MASSACHUSETTS \^ETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The regular meeting of the alx)ve association was held at Boston, February 25, 1914. Sixty-eight members and guests were present. As honored guests there were present Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Superintendent of the Experimental Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D, C, and Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, professor of veterinary jurisprudence at the vet- erinar}' department of the University of Pennsylvania. In the absence of President Perry, First Vice-President Beale occupied the chair and, after calling the meeting to order, an- nounced that as we had some able speakers present, reading of the previous meeting's records would \yQ. deferred until later. Dr. Winchester then introduced Dr. Schroeder as the first speaker, who presented a most excellent paper on the subject of bovine tuberculosis, a transcript of which has been inserted in the pres- ent issue of the American Vktkrin.ary Revikw for the benefit of members not present. In the conclusion, Dr. Schroeder was given a rising vote of thanks to which he fittingly responded. The president then introduced Dr. Ho.skins as the next speaker, who took for his subject the Veterinary .Army TTou.se Bill No. 4541, on which he sj)oke at some length, and strongly advised each member to appeal to his respective congressman for support to increase the efficiency of the army veterinary .service ; and as a result the president appointed Drs. H(nvar(l, Burr and Win- chester as a committee to formulate and instruct the secretary to send forthwith to the chairman of the house committee on mili- tary affairs at Washington, the following: "To Hon. James Hay, "Chairman, House Committee Military AfT.iirs. " Wa.shington, D. C. : "Dear Sir — The Massachusetts Veterinary Association in meeting aMtmblcd .strongly urges the passage of House Bill No. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 595 4541. The needs of greater efficiency in the Army Veterinary Service can only be obtained by the passage of this bill. "(Signed) L. H. Howard, J. F. Winchester, Alexander Burr." Dr. Hoskins also formulated and advised that in order to obviate delay, each member of the congress and senate be sent individual communications by the secretary, as follows: " Dear Sir — The Massachusetts Veterinary Association, at their meeting in Boston, February 25, strongly approved of House Bill No. 4541, to increase the efficiency of the Army Vet- erinary Service. " The fact that every other country of the civilized world has found this recognition requisite to the best and most efficient service, should appeal to you that our country should no longer be denied a service that under proper direction would be more mobile, more efficient by knitting together the various veterinary units of the present service, by the grafting of rank and com- mission, the highest reward that governmental army service affords. " Yours very truly, "(Signed) W. T. Pugh, Secretary." By request of the president, the secretary read the previous meeting's records, which were accepted as read. Dr. Howard then spoke of Dr. Osgood's unexpected death; also' as being a man of personal worth, saying that thirt}' years ago to-night, Dr. Osgood presided at a meeting of this association, and on motion by Dr. Simpson, seconded by Dr. Howard, it was voted that the president appoint a committee of three to frame en- grossed resolutions on his death. Committee: Drs. Babson, Howard and Peters. Adjournment at 7.40 p. m. (Signed) W. T. Pugh, Secretary. WASHINGTON STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The sixth annual meeting of the above association was held in the rooms of the City Veterinary Hospital, Walla Walla, Wash., June 18 and 19, 19 14. 596 SOCIETY MEETINGS. It was not as well attended as some had hoped, though at- tendance was good and sessions highly interesting. The veterinary situation in the city of Walla VValla is unique in that all the veterinarians of the city have their offices in one place. There are three of them, and the ample accommodations, splendid equipment and excellent team work were certainly grati- fying to see. The meeting place was in a large, well-lighted, well- furnished room beautifully decorated with flowers and pictures. The designer of the hospital must certainly have had such occasions in mind when he planned the institution. Dr. Nelson read a paper on The Encouragement of the Live Stock Industry by the Veterinarians. Several phases of his sub- ject were discussed by men from all over the State. It was in- teresting to note that many had a preference for encouraging the dairy industry. Dr. Seely read a paper on Infectious Abortion. To say that the paper was prepared in the doctor's usual splendid style be- speaks much for it. Dr. Graves read a p&per containing a preliminary draft of a proposed state livestock sanitary law, after which he called for suggestions from those present. The interest in this paper was very keen, man\- good suggestions being advanced, and no doubt that out of it will come a very excellent law. Many other interesting subjects came up for discussion, but cannot all be covered in a report of this kind. Outside of routine matters should Uq mentioned a trip to the State penitentiary. Here we were courteously met and con- ducted through the institution by a corps of guards, after which we were personally conducted over the farm by the warden who is an enthusia.stic hog man. He has extensive liog yards and houses built after his own designing and the splendid anini.ik be is producing indicate their efficiency. The annual l)an(|uct at the Dacrcs Hotel was one long to Ijc remembered. The local men, VVtKjds, Trippeer and liaddeiey, certainly out- did ihcin.sclves there. The clinic was the crowning feature of the occasion. With fifteen listed subjects, Iwsidcs cases brought to the hospital in- cidentaly during the convention, it will easily l)€ seen wby some of the routine business and papers were nearly crowded out. It was preeminently a practitioners' meeting and, of course, clinicH were highly interesting. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 5^7 At ten o'clock on the third day, when the secretary was obHged to leave, the clinic was still in progress, with ten or twelve de- voted ones still busy. The next meeting is to be held in North Yakima in June, 191 5. The officers for the coming year are : President, J. T. Seely, Seattle; Vice-President, R. Prior, North Yakima; Secretary- Treasurer, Carl Cozier, Bellingham. Carl Cozier, Secretary-Treasurer. MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The July meeting of the M, V. M. A. was held at Rockland on the 8th. Meeting called to order by the Vice-President Dr. C. W. Purcell at 8 p. m., as the President, Dr. H. B. F. Jervis, was called to England by the death of his father. After roll call the minutes of the April meeting were read and accepted. Visitors present : Dr. G. W. Makie, of Parke Davis & Co. ; Dr. P. R. Baird, of Waterville ; and Mr. E. S. Cooper, of the Abbott Alkaloidal Co. Communications : A communication was received from the veterinarians employed by the Bureau of Animal Industry asking the association to indorse a bill that they have before the House of Representatives and the Senate. The association voted that the president should appoint a committee of three to draw up a set of resolutions endorsing this bill. Dr. Purcell appointed Drs. W. H. Robinson, W. L. West and A. Joly on this committee. The secretary's report from April, 1913, to April, 1914, was read and turned over to the auditing committee, which reported later that they found the report correct and it was accepted. Papers : Dr. W. H. Lynch read a paper on Indolent Bovine Placentae. This paper was very interesting and brought forth much discussion. Drs. C. F. Davis, C. W. Purcell, C. L. Blakely, F. W. Huntington, W. L. West leading the discussion while Dr. Lynch ably defended his paper. Dr. C. F. Davis read a paper on Pyo Septicemia of Sucklings. This paper was discussed by Drs. W. L. West, C. L. Blakely, W. H. Lynch, I. L. Salley and others present joined in the discussion. The applications of Dr. Haven T. Paul, of Portsmouth. N. H., and Dr. P. R. Baird, of Waterville, Me., were read and SOCIETY MEETINGS. referred to the executive committee. The report on these two applicants to be presented at next meeting. Xext meeting to be held at the DeWitt Hotel, Lewiston, Oct. 14, 19 1 4. Meeting adjourned at 10 p. m. A shore dinner was served at Oakland Park at 6 p. m. Dr. H. L. Stevens had charge of the arrangements for this delightful repast. Those seated at the tables were Dr. F. W. Huntington, Dr. C. W. Purcell, Dr. C. F. Dwinal, Dr. W. H. Robinson, Dr. H. B. Westcott, Dr. C. F. French, Dr. W. H. Lynch, F. E. Russell, I. L. Salley, Dr. A. Joly, Dr. C. F. Davis and wife. Dr. G. W. Makie, Dr. A. W. Peabody, Dr. H. L. Stevens, Mr. E. S. Cooper, Dr. M. E. Maddocks and Mr. G. H. Davis and wife. After the dinner the party trolleyed back to Rockland, where they arrived shortly before 8 o'clock. After the meeting an informal smoker meeting was held and Dr. G. W. Makie and Mr. E. S. Cooper gave very interesting talks. A vote of thanks was extended Dr. H. L. Stevens for his services rendered on the entertainment committee in furnishing such a good time. H. B. Wescott, Secretary. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK CITY. The regular monthly meeting of this association was held in the lecture room of the New York-American Veterinary College, on Wednesday evening, June 3, 1914. The president and vice-president being absent, Dr. R. W. li^llis was asked to take the chair, and presided. The minutes of the May meeting were read and approved. Dr. K. B. Ackerman reported for the Committee on Public Watering Troughs, and said that the hearing on this subject had l)een postponed by the Board of Aldermen for about ten days. Numerous conferences have been held on this subject, and it is expected that everything will be settled in a satisfactory manner. Dr. Ackerman also spoke in favor oi the Army Bill, and oircrcd a resolution endorsing the bill, and instructing the secretary to write our state senators urging their support. Dr. Griessman reported for the prosecuting committee. Messrs. Whalcn and Ellis, of the Norfolk and Western Rail- way, then gave an illustrated lecture on the Luray Caverns, Nat- ural liridgc of Virginia, and other points of interest in the South. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 599 This was enjoyed by the members and visitors present, and a unanimous vote of thanks was extended to Messrs, Whalen and Elhs. An odd pathological specimen sent in by Dr. Wm. H. Gribble, of Washington Court House, Ohio, was then exhibited for examination. This was supposed to be the testicle of a dog, but, on examination, Dr. W. Reid Blair reported that fibrous tis- sue had replaced all the testicular tissue. Dr. Ellis reported the recent death of Dr. Chas. Jamieson, chairman of the prosecuting committee, and appointed as a com- mittee to draft suitable resolutions Drs. Cochran, Berns and Ackerman. Mr. Morse, who was present, stated that he was a licensed and bonded detective and asked the privilege of the floor. On motion, duly seconded and carried, his request was granted. Dr. Chase, president of the Alumni Association, announced that the annual meeting would be held in the college building June lo, 1914, at II a. m., and the banquet the same evening at the New York Athletic Club. Dr. Ellis appointed as delegates to the International Veteri- nary Congress at London Drs. W. Reid Blair and E. B. Acker- man. Also appointed Drs. Geo. H. Berns, D. W. Cochran and Maf- fitt Smith as delegates to the annual meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society at Rochester. Dr. Ellis announced that a number of the delegates to the International Congress would sail on the steamer " Finland," Saturday, June 13, and asked as many as could do so to go to the pier and wish them bon voyage. No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned to meet the first Wednesday in October. RoBT. S. MacKellar, Secretary. Dr. Meador Becomes Associated in the Cattle Busi- ness.— Dr. D. J. Meador, assistant state veterinarian of Ala- bama, has left Selma to become associated with his father and brother in the cattle business at Myrtlewood, that state. We congratulate his father and brother, as we consider it quite an acquisition to a live-stock business to have a veterinarian so closely interested in it. In a recent letter from the doctor, he says in conclusion : " I will still continue in practice, and would not want to miss the Review." NEWS AND ITEMS. Dr. Cheney Goes to Twin Falls. — Dr. A. H. Cheney, ^liles City, Montana, has gone to Twin Falls, Idaho. We wish the doctor success in his new field. Dr. Jervis Returns. — We had the pleasure of a short visit with Dr. H. B. F. Jervis, of Houlton, Maine, on his return from England on July 17, where he had been called through the death of his father. Pre-eminently a Practitioners' Meeting is Secretary Carl Cozier's opinion of the recent Washington State meeting at Walla Walla. Read his interesting report of it on page 595 of the present issue. Dr. W. H. Skerritt Has Gone to Michigan. — Dr. W. H. Skerritt, son of Dr. H. W. Skerritt, Utica, N. Y., has gone to Mt. Clemens, Michigan, and become associated in practice with Dr. Ewald of that place. A Most Interesting Report of the May meeting of. the Colorado Veterinary Medical Association, by Secretary New- som, appears on page 585 of this issue. The doctor's report of the clinic includes fifteen case reports. Can't Do Business Without the Review. — Dr. W. D. Bennett, Batavia, N. Y., writes : " Enclosed please find check for renewal to the Review. I can't do business without the American Veterinary Review. Accept my hearty thanks." Made State Vetkuixarian for thk Sixti:i:ntii Time. — On June 30 Dr. J. S. I'ollard, of Providence, R. I., was re- elected state veterinarian for the sixteenth consecutive time. Dr. Pollard is a graduate of the Ontario \'et. College, class of '98. Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association will hold its summer meeting on August 4th in Watcrbury. Clinics, medi- cal and surgical, will Ihi held at Dr. A. T. Gilyard's hospital. Secretary Dow is determined to put the Connecticut meetings in Gass A. eoo NEWS AND ITEMS. 601 President of Maine Veterinary Medical Association Suffers Bereavement. — Dr. H. B. F. Jervis, Houlton, Maine, was called to England early in July through the death of his father, whose home was in Great Britain. He has the sympathy of his professiotial brothers. The Best Journal There Is' — Helps Him Bear His In" JURIES ]\Tore Cheerfully. — Dr. S. S. Wertz, Kensaw, Nebraska, writes : " Enclosed find check for the best veterinary journal there is. Would have remitted sooner but have been in a hospital all winter. Got my right collarbone fractured and it punctured my lung. Also had four ribs fractured on my right side. Hope to be al)le to work from now on, with the aid of the Review/^ .A.dministr.\tive Control of Glanders is the title of a bul- letin by Dr. E. B. Ackerman, Chief Veterinarian of the Depart- ment of Health of the City of New York, published by the de- partment. This bulletin of 13 pages, covering the administra- tive methods of control, is dated April, 1914, just three months after Chief Ackerman assumed the direction of the veterinary work in the Bureau of Infectious Diseases. The doctor's activity is deserving of commendation. Drs. Skerritt and Morrow is the firm name under which Dr. H. W. Skerritt, of Utica, N. Y., and Dr. F. Morrow, for- merly of Oneida, that State, have formed a partnership, with headquarters at 317 Columbia street, Utica. These men were classmates and roommates while taking their. veterinary courses twenty-five years ago; since which time they have both practised their professions constantly, Dr. Skerritt at Utica and Dr. Mor- row at Oneida. We wish them success in their co-partnership. Improvement Shown From Year to Year. — Dr. W. G. Clark, Resident Secretary for Wisconsin, A. V. M. A., Mari- nette, Wisconsin, in renewing subscription, writes : " Enclosed please find check for $3. renewing my subscription for the ensuing year. I wish to congratulate you on the periodical that you have published during the past year and the improvement that is shown from year to year. I feel that I am in a measure qualified to judge as I have a complete bound file from volume 16.'* 602 XEWS AND ITEMS. Economy Will Keep the Work Horse with Us. — The work horse does not need sentiment to maintain his position ; his valuable service in the world's activities is more appreciated to- day than ever before. This is the age of economy, and level- headed business men who have had years of experience with horses in their business are realizing that no more economical motor than the horse can be found. Economy is stamped right on him and shows out strongly by comparison with the compli- cated, expensive, mechanical devices that man has attempted to substitute for him. The horse increases 30 per cent, in value during the time it usually takes to wear a motor truck out. Patent Medicine Tax in Japan. — According to investiga- tions made by the Sanitary Bureau of the Home Department the total revenue from the patent-medicine tax (paid by dealers on the amount of sales) for 1912 amounted to $116,900 gold, a decrease of $5,000 from the preceding year. The revenue derived in 1912 from the sale of stamps on patent medicines amounted to $1,119,600, an increase of $57,400 as compared with the preceding year. As the value of the stamp represents 10 per cent, of the market price of the medicines, the total value of patent medicines consumed in 191 2 was $11,196,800, equal to $0,216 per capita of population of Japan, showing an increase of $0,085 on the figures for the preceding year. — {Amcricmv Association of Pharmaceutical Chemists.) Perpetuatinc, the Horse Interest on a Solid Founda- tion.— History has demonstrated that the sure way of perpetu- ating patriotism i.s by teadiing it to the children. It is therefore gratifying to see the " youngsters " — boys and girls — taking such an active part in the horse shows — more especially the outdoor ccjuntry horse show.s — where tiicy ride many of the mounts and also do some driving. Of course tliesc children are the offspring of parents whose interest in the development of the horse is keen ; l)Ut it is througii their encouragement that the children accpiire and cultivate that interest which is just as sure to redound to the perpetuity of the development of the horse as that the teaching of patriotism to tlie children has maintained and increased that noble (lualification in them down through many generations. We cannot commend tof) highly this practice of having the boys and jjIHh take active parts in the horse shows, and are gratilied to see thin feature l»ecoming more and more general, NEWS AND ITEMS. 603 Veterinarian Goes into Politics — A Many-Sided Man. — Dr. Thos. E. Robinson, of Westerly, R. I., has. entered the political field, having been elected councilman for the town of Westerly, defeating his opponent by a very large majority. The genial doctor has been located in Westerly for a number of years and enjoys a very lucrative practice, being the only veterinarian in town. As Westerly is the dividing line between Connecticut and Rhode Island, Dr. Robinson has the distinction of acting as assistant in his county to State Veterinarian J. S. Pallard of R. I., in the work of testing horses for glanders. He also assists the Connecticut Commissioner on Domestic Animals in the same line of work for animals entering Connecticut. For a number of years the doctor has acted as veterinary judge to the New- port and Narragansett Pier horse shows, is at present veterina- rian to the Point Judith Country Club, and is treasurer of the R. I. Vet. Med. Assn. and holds the same office for the R. I. Board of Vet. Examiners, was formerly resident secretary for the A. V. M. A. Proposed Georgia Cocaine Law. — H. B. 885, by Messrs. Swift, Wohlwender and Slade, incorporates a proposed Cocaine Law identical with the present New York Cocaine Law. It pro- vides, among other provisions : 1 . Sales at retail are restricted upon the written prescriptions of physicians only. 2. The retail druggist must give to the purchaser a certifi- cate indicating: a. The name and address of the seller. b. The name and address of the prescribing physician. c. The date of the sale. d. The amount sold. 3. It is expressly provided that physicians may dispense, after a personal examination of the patient, provided the certifi- cate required of the retail druggist (see 2, above) is given to the patient. A violation of this provision is a felony. 4. Physicians, dentists, veterinarians and retail druggists may buy direct from the manufacturer or wholesaler at whole- sale upon a written order, provided such sales are duly recorded and proper labels used. 5. Physicians, dentists, veterinarians and retail druggists may not have on hand more than i % ounces. 6. Physicians, dentists and veterinarians must record, at least once in six months, the gross amount dispensed. 604 CORKESPO.NUE.NCE. TIDINGS FROM THE SECOND PARTY OF OFFICIAL TOUR. (From the Review's Staff Correspondent on Board the St. Paul.) On Board SS. St. Paul, July \y, 1914. Editor American Veterinary Review : This is our last day out. We expect to arrive at Cherbourg to-night. Eight days ago we left New York, some gay and smiling, some otherwise, but all anticipating an experience at sea and sights of the old countries. We had scarcely taken our last look at the city of high buildings when our experiences began. (Also saw sights in dark corners.) Our first experience was a fog so dense that our pilot boat was lost and another had to be sent out to return our harbor pilot. This information, with the continued systematic sounding of the steamer's whistle, deterred many from going below; but troubles other than nautical were ever arising. A party of southern girls were so fascinating that many of the younger members of our party threatened desertion to follow the trail of .soft voices, let it lead where it would. No .sooner had we our party corralled than John Hlattenburg became a problem. Not content with three trunkfuls of hot and cold toggery that would have l)een the envy of any ladies' man, he had added to his wardrol)e a c<)nii)lete feminine attire, and when from sheer exhaustion he had to al)an{l()n mnkhui love, he donned his shimmery garments and cocpieti-shly received the em- braces of the .stronger .sex. Our troubles, however, were greatly lightened by the Ixjhavior of the weather and the sea. We soon got our sea legs anansing Northfield Vicksburg Kansas City.Mo. Galesburg, III... Kirksville L. B. Michael, CoUinsvUle. lU. L. A. Menllat, Chicago. Indiana Veterinary Association A F. Nelson, Indianapolis. C. H. Stange, Ames. Kansas State V. M. Ass'n J. H. Burt, MauhatUn. Robert Graham, Lexington. Cheston M. Hoskina. PhU. H. Fulstow, Norwalk. Ohio. Louisiana State V. M. Ass'n Sect 1914 .... Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, Ls. July 3, 4. 1914 H. B. Wajcott, Portland. H. H. Counselman. Sec'y. 4th Wed. each month Feb. 3. 4.1914 July 8-9. 1914 1914 W. T. Pugh, Southbridge. W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n G. Ed. Leech, Winona. J. D. Townsend, Louisville. Jan. 27, 28. 29. 1914 Semi-Annually July, 1913 Hal. C. Simpson, Denison. la. Mississippi Valley V. M. Ass'n G. E. Mclntyre, Alexia. 111. S. Stewart, Kansas City. Montana State V. M. A Sept. 24. 25,1913. 2d Mon. Aug.. 1914. l8tMo.ATu.,Dec.'13 August 11-12-13,1914 June 23, 1914 Weekof July 20, 1914 Nov. 1913 A. D. Knowles, Livingston. Nat'l Ass'n B. A. I. Employees Denver, Colo... Lincoln, Neb . . . Rochester Wilson S. J. Walkley, 185 N. W. Ave. , Milwaukee, Wis. Carl J. Norden. Nebraska City. New York S. V. M. Soc'y H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y. North Carolina V. M. Ass'n J. P. Spoon, Burlington. North Dakota V. M. Ass'n A. F. Schalk, Agricultural College. North-Western Ohio V. M. A Delphos Columbus Upper Sandusky. E. V. Hover.'Deiphos. Ohio State V. M. Ass'n Jan. 14 15, 1914... Reuben Hilty, Toledo. Ohio Soc. of Comparative Med Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ase'n F. F. Sheets. Van Wert, Ohio. J. C. Howard, Sulhvan. Oklahoma V. M. Ass'n.. - Fall, 1913. Oklahoma City.. Toronto Philadelphia .... C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City. 1st Week in Feb.1914 Mar. 3, 4. 1914 Call of President.. . 4th Tues. each month. Jan. and June L. A. Willson, Toronto. Pennsylvania State V. M. A Philippine V. M. A John Reichel, Glenolden. David C. Kretier. Manila. Portland Vet. Med. Ass'n Portland. Ore... Mon. and Que. . . Providence Pending Salem Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore. Province of Quebec V. M. A Rhode Island V. M. Ass'n Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q. J. S. Pollard, Providence. South Carolina Ass'n of Veter'ns B. K. Mclnnes. Charleston. Aug. 4-5-6 1914 1st Wed. fol. the 2d Sun. each month. . Dec. 16. 1914 F. Hockman, lola. St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors Schuylkill Valley V. M. A Soc. Vet. Alumni Univ. Penn St. Louis Reading Philadelphia. . . . Madison Los Angeles 407 Illinois Ave. Nashville College Station. . St. P.-Minneap.. Salt Lake City.. Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo. W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. B. T. Woodward, Wash'n, D. C. South DakotaV. M. A S. W. Allen, Watertown. Southern Aux. of Cal. S. V. M. Ass'n. South St. Joseph Ass'n of Vet. Insp.. . Tennessee Vet. Med. Ass'n. . . . Jan.. Apl.. July. Oct.. 4th Tues. each month November. 1914 Nov.. 1913 2d Thu. each month.. Spring of 1914 J. A. Dell, Los Angeles. H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph. 0 L McMahon, Columbia. Texas V. M. Ass'n Allen J. Foster, Marshall. Twin City V. M. Ass'n M H. Reynolds. St. Paul. Minn. Utah Vet. Med. Ass'n E. J. Cobum. Brigham City. Vermont Vet. Med. Ass'n G. T. Stevenson. BurUngton. Veterinary Ass'n of Alberta C. H. H. SweeUpple. For. Saskat- Vet. Ass'n Dist. of Columbia 3d Wed. each month 1st Sat. each month ' Feb. & July each y"^- • July 9. 1914 Ist Wed. each month. 514 9thSt..N.W Wash'ton, D. C. Wianipeig Montclar 141 W. 54th St.. Jersey City Staunton Pullman Yakima Buffalo chewan, Alta., Can M. Page Smith. Washington, D. C. Vet. Med. Ass'n, Geo. Wash. Univ. . . Vet. Ass'n of Manitoba J. M. Cashell. 2115 14th Street. Wm Hilton. Winnipeg. Vet. Med. Ass'n of N. J V. M. Aas'n, New York City R. S. MacKellar, N. Y. City. Veterinarj' Practitioners' Club T. F. O'Dea Union Hill. N. J. Virginia State V. M . Ass'n July 9-10 1914 1st & 3d Fri. Eve.... June. 1915 June 24, 1914 3d Thu. each month.. Feb. 10. 11. 1914.... June, Sept., Dec.. Mar Geo C. Faville, North Emporia. Washington State Col. V. M. A Washington State V. M. A R. J. Donohue, Pullman. Western N. Y. V. M. A W.E.Fritz,358 Jefferson St.,BuffaIo Western Penn. V. M. Ass'n Pittsburgh Milwaukee York Benjamin Gunner. Sewickley. W W. Arzberger, Watertown. Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad York Co. fPa.) V. M. A E. S. Bausticker, York. Pa. PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $S per annum, invariably in advance ; Canadian subscriptions, $3.26; foreign countries, $3.60 ; students while attending college, $'i ; Studentf in Canada, $2.25; single copies, 30 cents in U. S. Copy for advertisements should be received by 10th of month. Ejected manuscripts loiU not be returned unless postage is forwarded. Subteribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing 'Juir address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Teterinarj Kerlew. A Cordial I.nvitation. — The H. K. Mulford Company extend a cordial invitation to all veterinarians to visit their biological laboratories and be- come acquainted with their methods of preparng biological products. See their announcement on page 15 (adv. dept.) of this issue and write thcni for full particulars on their Opthalmic Mallein and Tuberculin and the immuniz- ing White Scour Serum. Be sure to mention the Review. SoMhiiii.\<. i\Ks\. — Under iliis heading will be found listed on page n (adv. dcpt.) of this issue, Calcium Sulphide in 30-grain tablets. The prepara- tion is not new (it has been tried and not found wanting this many years), bui the size taltUt is new. Chloral Hydrate, another old remedy in new form. No one will dispute that chloral hydrate in tablet form is nczv. Each tablet contains 60 grains. Hthyl Chloride (Abbott) in 50 gram tube. Methy- lene filue, in coated tablets. New treatment for contagious abortion. Phyto- laccoiii ill unetiated talilels. Indicated in iiiHammatinn of tlie mannnary gland, and finally Saiicylic Acid in uncoated 30-grain tablets. Used not only in rheumati»m, but In bloating and flatulent e<»lic. .Look these up on advertising page rrfrrrrd to alK)Vc, and when writing the Abbott peoi)le for detailed in- formation in regard to them, ask them at>out the Emphysema Compound for heaves in horses and mules, and be sure to mention the Kk.vikw wlien writing. 600 American Veterinary Review. SEPTEMBER, 1914. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Bois Jerome by Vernon (Eure.), August 15, 1914. Tenth International Veterinary Congress — Exactly two weeks ago our confreres from all over the world were slowly gathering towards London for this great event and to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the creation that the veterinary profession owes to Professor John Gamgee. Two weeks ago a terrific alarm spread all over Europe, a frightful threat of war, in which the six largest countries of the old world were to take place, resounded. The whole of Europe was mobilizing their various armies! Feast of peace in England; terrible prospect of war on the continent ! ! To-day as I send this chronicle, which may be arrested on its way to America, I am away from the terrible spasm which shakes the entire European world and I am ignorant of what takes place around me. Of the tenth international veterinary congress I cannot give any news.* I have none. I cannot get any, no matter how my plans have been arranged. I have, however, great pleasure in sending some little in- formation, which will bring some joy to few at home. The two parties of American veterinarians that crossed the big pond to attend the congress arrived safe in Paris. Al- * See complete report of Congress on page 694; and story of European tour on page ^7§, 607 608 EDITORIAL. though they were separated, they both called at the various places of interest that Dr. Eichhorn had arranged for his trip, Alfort, Pasteur Institute, visited at Garches, the great laboratory of all the Pastorian preparations, etc., etc. At Alfort they were the object of a great reception and their visit most complimentarily alluded to in the French professional paper, the Recueil. Personally I had the ever to be remembered call of two of the gentlemen of the party that left New York on the St. Paul, Drs. Ackerman and Mayo. It was to me a consoling satisfac- tion, being kept away from the congress. To both I again send thanks for their coming here. I hope that all our confreres have had no trouble to go home and that their sojourn in London has been as pleasant as I am certain it must have been from a scientific point of view. Paris, July 15, 1914. Rachianesthesia. — The subject of rachiancsthcsia in small domestic animals (dogs and cats) has been the subject of re- views, first in the Journal de Zootcchnic and then in the Bulle- tins de la Societe Centrale. In veterinary medicine, especially with those animals, gen- eral anesthesia is sometimes dangerous, particularly in old sub- jects; hence the indications for resorting to regional anesthesia, which fulfills all the requirements. In iH()H Sicard injected cocaine in the sub-arachnoid space of the lumbar region. His modus operandi was complicated and not practical. The same year Bier obtained similar results by injection on a level with the lumbo-sacral space. His method gave excellent results and found its application for all operations involving; the hind (ptarters of the animal — and also the thura.x and forelegs when the injected dose was large. Two years later Cuille and Sandrail made ilu' itijiriion in EDITORIAL. «l. , The anesthetics used in latter years are cocaine, stovainc novocaine and Tropa-cocaine. Dr. Corning, of New York, has EDITOBIAL. 611 used a mixture of Tropa-cocaine and suprarenine. Mr. Mennerat has experimented his method with cocaine, stovaine and novo- caine and he has obtained excellent results. The doses, modus operandi and length of duration of the anesthetic effects are known to our readers. The applications of Mennerat methods for the rachi- anesthesia of cats are very similar to those resorted to for dogs, * * Antituberculous Immunity, — In their April issue, the Annul es de I'Institut Pasteur contains several communications of great interest. Prof. A. Calmette and C. Guerin have one contribution to the study of antituberculous immunity of bovines, in which they relate the experiments they have made with the consti- tuting elements of the bacillus of Koch, viz. : The lipoids, tuberc- ulines and bacillar protoplasm, in relation with the immunity. The conclusions of these experiments are resumed as follows: 1. Lipoids, soluble in boiling acetone and benzine, extracted from the tuberculous bacillus, have no preventing action. 2. (Brute or precipitate) tuberculines, such as are ordinar- ily prepared in laboratories have a certain action, but it is reduced to a simple lowering in the duration of the evolution of the infection. 3. Bacilli killed by heat, taken from ordinary cultures on glycerinated media, have a weak preventive power, which re- sults from the small quantity of tuberculine held by them or detained in the microbian bodies. 4. The intact bacillar protoplasm, from dead bacilli free from tuberculine, is without any immunizing action. 5. The lasting endurance of bovines towards tuberculous infection is function of the presence of living bacilli in the or- ganism of these animals. The saprophytic life of the tubercu- lous bacillus in the economy invites the elaboration of immuniz- 612 EDITORIAL. ing soluble products, different from those obtained artificially in the media of culture. * * * In the same number of Pasteur's Annates, there is the record of an experimental study on the cenurosis of rabbit, by Profs. Henry and Cinca; on the cocobacillus of locust, by Dr. T. d'Herelle; on trials made for their extermination; and on ex- perimental researches made on a therapeutic method based on the stimulation of phagocytes, by T. Yamanouchif, and finally one on the influence of lecithine and cholesterine upon the tox- icity of eggs and of the ovaries, by Dr. Henri Vignes. In the Presse Medicale, Prof. E. Marchoux has an article on the Lepra of Rats, which from the point of view of compara- tive pathology is of great interest. Alluding to the difficulties presented in the experimental study of human lepra, and refer- ring to the discovery of Armauer Hansen, who in 1868 gave his name to the bacillus which by many has been accepted as the specific germ of the disease in the human being, Marchoux has made a study of lepra in rats and found it the image of that of man, as far as symptoms, pathogeny, march and termination. A physician of Odessa in 1903, Dr. Stefansky, in examining every day a great number of rats, discovered in sewer animals a new disease, caused by an acido-resisting bacillus, which multi- plied in great (juantity in the lymphalic glands and under the skin of these animals. The disease almost sjjecial to the Mus. norvcgicus, is as common as the rodent is. The (lisea.se pre.sents it.self under two forms, one essentially glandular and the other musculo-culancotis. This last is a more advanced st.ige of the first. The glandular form, the most common, is not manifested outside of the Ixxly by any sign and discovered only as a surprise EDITORIAL. 613 of post mortem. The lymph glands are often enlarged, hard, whitish and may reach large dimensions. It is not, however, a typical symptom, as infected rats may also have relatively small glands and again healthy rats may have large ones. All the glands of the body may be attacked or again only a few. The musculo-ciitaneous form is more rare. The animals are cachetic, move with difficulty and allow themselves to be caught with the hand. The skin is thick, bosselated, very ad- herent to the tissues underneath. It presents nodules of dimen- sions which vary up to that of a pigeon's egg. These are more specially localized on the head, the external face of the legs and the flanks. Besides these neoplasic formations there are alopecio patches of various sizes. The skin is often ulcerated. In the internal organs there are no macroscopic lesions well marked, with the exception in some cases of small whitish nodosities on the peritoneum, the liver and the spleen ; some rats become blind. After this concise description of that murine lepra, Marcoux continues by the examination of the pathological anatomy, the study of the pathogenous agent, the bacillus of Stefansky, the etiology, the transport of the germs by parasites, lice, fleas and acarians. He examines the subject of the contamination through the mucous, considers the benignant and malignant forms of the disease and finally arrives at his conclusions. " From the study of murine lepra may be derived a certain number of conclusions which could be applied to the similar disease which afifects human beings. The analysis of the facts obtained to this day, do not show any disaccord with our ex- perimental observations, on the contrary they corroborate them very happily." " To resume, we are authorized to say that : i . The specific bacillus is a delicate germ. 2. It is frequently inoculable to subjects which are sensitive to it. 3. Stinging insects do not transport the disease. 4. Sarcoptes, demodex and flies may play 614 EDITOBIAL. an accessory part. 5. The germs ordinarily enter the organism through a skin abrasion, coming in contact with septic products. 6. Heahhy and sound preputial mucous membrane allows the virus to enter. 7. Lepra that can be diagnosed clinically is rare when compared with the mild disease. 8. This last can remain unknown until death takes place. 9. It may get well spontan- eously. 10. It is transformed into manifest lepra by the in- fluence of secondary infections or of physical running down of the organism. 11. The hygienic treatment, applicable to tuberculous subjects, is the one for leprous. 12. Prophylaxy consists in avoiding any soiling of the skin of healthy individuals by specific germs." Water in Veterinary Practice. — There is no doubt that water in all the peculiar conditions it may be used does occupy in veterinary practice an important place, a place which for some is considered as an abuse. Such is the case with Doct. Fontaine, an army veterinarian, who in the Revue Veterinairc Militaire has recorded the very complete history of the studies he has made on the subject and considered all the cases in which water is used in veterinary medicine. In surgical practice, asepsy is realized by boiling the instru- ments, by washing the hands with sublimate solution, i/iooo, by an application of tincture of iodine or iodided chloroform, i to .20 — , to the field of operation. Surgical wounds are protected with a dry dressing. In the wiLshing of wounds, llic abuse of water is dangerous. In case of recent traumatism, if it is done carelessly, it becomes a cau.se of infection; a simple application of tincture of iodine or of aloes is sufficient, followed by a protecting envelope, if the region permits it; an aixsorbing powder will also allow the isola- tion of the wound from the outside. In cases of anfractuous wounds, cleaning with a douche is followed by warm solution of sublimate of i/iooo and a moist wadding dressing. EDITOBIAL. 615 With a wound on the road to cicatrization, washings are im- proper. After evacuation of the pus, an absorbing powder or finely cut tourbe wadding, will form a crust under which cicatri- zation will be obtained. Sterilized antiseptic ointments, in tubes, are not yet used in general practice. Moist dressing with water at 40 degrees and used as reducing the congestion and acting as sedatives, give good results. The author treats foot injuries, as those of other regions, with a dressing but he excludes baths. The simply hygienic use of water gives also room for abuses. It often promotes superficial inflammation of the dermis. The soaking of the feet is less used and warm foot baths at 40 de- grees are used in lameness due to congestion. Continued irrigation is used only exceptionally, as it requires great watching and seems to arrest the cicatrization of large wounds. Aqueous solutions are inefficacious in the treatment of cutane- ous affections and may promote the generalization of those dis- eases. Finally, general balneations used in the treatment of in- ternal diseases seems to be difficult to apply properly in ordinary conditions of practice. The conclusion of the work is that in veterinary practice too much washing is used or it is badly applied. Bibliography : Congres International de Pathologie Com- paree (International Congress of Comparative Pathology) pub- lished by Masson & Co. It is already eighteen months since that event took place. The first of its kind, due to the exertions of Doct. Grollet, the General Secretary of the Society of that name in Paris, that Congress was, as I have already reported in the Chronicle of January and February of last year, an immense success, nearly one thousand scientists from every country of the world having 616 EDITOEIAL. registered their names as members. South America distinguish- ing herself by the large number of her representatives — while North America had only three, one from Washington, one from New York City and one from Cornell University, and yet our confreres of the United States are not ignorant of the import- ance of comparative pathology. Societies, laboratories and schools with similar names are found in them. Certainly an- other Congress will find them more largely represented. The second volume of the transactions of the Congress of 1912 has just been issued. It forms a large book of just 1,050 pages, handsomely printed, with numerous illustrations and con- taining the records of papers and communications, which were presented and read during the several days that the gatherings lasted. Among the communications from the American mem- bers are : One from Director Veranus A, Moore of Cornell University entitled : Study of the relations between the physi- cal condition of tuberculous cattle and the elimination of the tuberculous bacteria; one from Dr. Erwin F. Smith, Chief of the Laboratory of Vegetal Pathology in Washington, entitled " Is cancer a disease of the vegetal kingdom f" It is not possible to refer to all the contents of this second volume. Its reading will prove of great value. In fact, while one may regret that so long a time has passed between the con- gress and the publication of its labors, every one interested in the immensely broad field of comparative jiathology and its various divisions, will read this second volume witli interest and no doubt look for the possibility of an early repetition of another meeting. And yet how to expect it, with the number of Con- gresses of sj)ecialties, T may say, that are already established and thai .iftrr all, are more or less but branches of the event of 1912. Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of the Dog and of TiiK Cat. {I'arasitcs et maladies parasitaircs du chien ct du EDITOBIAL. 617 chat), by Professor L. G. Neumann of the Toulouse Veterinary School. Asselin & Howzeau, the publishers of this work, have favored me with a copy and it is with pleasure that I call the attention of the readers of the Review to it. " Its publication was justified by the importance of the para- sitic diseases in the pathology of the carnivorous domestic ani- mals. The dog is the host of a profusion of animal or vegetal species, the great number of individuals in each parasitic species, the danger that many of these present in relation to the health of the dog, sometimes to that of man, and often to that of do- mestic herbivorum; the analogy that several of the parasites of dogs have with those of men; the light that the knowledge of their development may throw upon human parasitology and finally the interest that many people have for their dogs." All those are the reasons which have induced Prof. Neumann to write the work. It was indeed necessary to gather together all the facts relat- ing to the parasitic diseases of dogs and cats, and present them to all those who may have an interest of any kind with those ani- mals. The work was a complicated one. What is known of those facts, very numerous as they exist, are spread all over in scientific and veterinary writings ; and collecting them was a diffi- cult and laborious task. No one could do it better than Prof. Neumann, who is already well known by his works on similar subjects. The material is divided into eight chapters, parasites of the skin, of the connective tissues and muscles, of the digestive canal, of the serous membranes, of the respiratory system, of the circulatory, of the brain and organs of senses, and of the genito-urinary apparatus. In these chapters the author has given description in propor- tion with the pathogenous action of each parasite, and the descrip- tion is made so simple and clear that one can readily become familiar with the characters presented. There are added in the work 156 illustrations, many of which are original. After each 618 EDITORIAL. description of the parasite, the symptoms which accompany their presence are given and also the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment indicated for them. There is also a little appendix on the parasites of ferret. If one considers that such subjects are sporotrichosis, wormic- ular dermatosis, distomiasis, dithyridiosis, bilharziosis, filariosis, protozoosis such as piroplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniosis, toxoplasmosis, hemogregarinosis, form a very important part of this new book, he can appreciate its value and understand why it can be considered as a valuable contribution to the progress of parasitology. Medecine Canine (Canine Medicine). This is presented as the preceding by the old French veterinary publishing house of Asselin & Howzeau of Paris. It is the third edition, small octavo of over 372 pages and 69 illustrations. The authors of this little midtum in pan>o are Profs. P. J. Cadiot and F. Breton. The little volume is a treatise of pathology and of surgery, both offering material for two parts, the first for medicine, the second for surgery. In the first, the reader has presented to him the diseases of all the various apparatus of the entire organism; all of which are considered in the first 170 pages. Then come the infectious diseases, the skin affections, those of the eye and of the car, and finally the various surgical diseases. In this vast amount of material covering such limited space, a little over 300 pages, the authors had to resort to the greatest brevity and Ix; very limited in the consideration of every portion of that first part. In the second part, which treats of surgical subjects, the read- er's attention is called to the most common operatitjns likely to be re(|uired with canines — trephining of the nasal cavities, opera- tion uiKMi the eye, ocsophagotomy, hernias, operations ui)on the stomach and the intestines, or again upon the urinary and EDITORIAL. 6iy genital organs. A special chapter is given to intestinal sutures, etc. An appendix is added to these two chapters, considering re- production, parturition, rearing and feeding with brief indications on the age. It completes the work. It is peculiar to notice how Profs. Cadiot and Breton must have worked to be able to gather so well in such space the amount of material which their little book contains. Of course it had to be concise, and the consideration of each disease had to be re- lieved of all unnecessary phraseology, and on that account some very important portions had to suffer from want of more space. Notwithstanding that, if such as ascites, mammitis, nephritis appear as having been treated rather too briefly, that of tubercu- losis has on the contrary been presented comparatively in a suffi- ciently complete manner, taking in consideration the extensive experience that both authors have had with that disease. The book is perhaps too condensed it is true, it is difficult to admit that such a broad subject as canine pathology could receive proper justice in such limited space and yet the fact that it- has reached a third edition is sufficient evidence to justify the in- terest that it will offer to students and veterinary practitioners, and an early fourth edition can be looked for in the near future. A. L. THE ONE THING LACKING. President Wilson's Wise Words on " A New Temper " Applied to Our Case. The Chicago Herald, in a recent editorial, said that Presi- dent Woodrow Wilson's letter regretting the rejection by the Senate of Thomas D. Jones, as a member of the reserve board contains a paragraph which no clear-headed, sound-hearted lover of his country could read unmoved : " I believe that the judgment and desire of the whole coun- try cry out for a new temper in affairs. The time has come 620 EDITORIAL. when discriminations against particular classes of men should be absokitely laid aside and discarded as unworthy of the counsels of a great people. The effort for genuine social justice, for peace, the peace which is founded on common understandings and for prosperity, the prosperity of co-operation and mutual trust and confidence, should be a united effort without partisan prejudice and class antagonism. It is only of such just and noble elements that the welfare of a great country can be com- pounded. We have breathed already too long the air of sus- picion and distrust. The progress of reform is not retarded by generosity and fairness." It is an open secret that the President's words of wisdom were meant as a criticism of Senator G. M. Hitchcock of Nebraska, whose temper, during the time of consideration of Mr. Jones for appointment brought out the letter from which we are quoting. President Wilson's letter was immediately pro- claimed by the press of the whole country as one of the strong- est appeals to the best that there is in American patriotism that has ever been penned. The fine temper of the President; the loftiness of his language; his ardent appeal to clear-headed, sound-hearted patriotism, won him scores of friends that he never had before. In his letter the President soars high above the mundane and paltry bickerings of those who opposed the appointment. Indeed, the President's letter will go down in the history of our times as a state paper ranking near to the Ix'st of John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Tlionias Jefferson and Abra- ham Lincoln, who are four of the greatest writers of state pai>ers that America has produced. Now it is a noteworthy fact that the very man so nobly, thougii indirectly, relniked by the 1 'resident for " discriminations against particular classes of men " which are ** unworthy of the counsels of a great j)eo|)le," is the very man who has bad the temerity in the Minority Rcix)rt of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, to oppose the Army Veterinary Service Bill, H. R. 4541. The President speaks boldly against such nun as Senator Hitchcock, who make iK>litical capital out of dis- EDITORIAL. 621 criminations against particular classes of men. He tells us : " We have breathed already too long the air of suspicion and distrust. The progress of reform is not retarded by generosity and fair- ness." Lay side by side the quotation we have made from President Wilson's letter of admonition and rebuke and the " Minority Views " of Senators Hitchcock and Thomas, the opposers of the bill. Read them both twice and see if the President's language is not applicable to these vapid and superficial '* minority views."* Minority Views. " We regret that we cannot join our colleagues on the com- mittee in favorably reporting S 433 1 to consolidate the veterinary service in the Army. This bill is the product of fifteen years of agitation carried on very largely by The American Veterinary Association, having some 3,000 members scattered over the country. They originated it, they have advocated it, and they have pushed it because of the advantage it would bring to the veterinarians who would become its beneficiaries. " It involves an increase in the cost of veterinary service of about 37 per cent. It makes some increase in the number of men employed as veterinarians and inspectors, but it makes a much larger increase in pay and in ultimate cost to the govern- ment by giving to some the rank of officers and by retirement with official rank. It is another step in the direction of loading down the military service with civilian attachments. " It is easy to argue that these changes work for efficiency in the Army. Perhaps they do to some extent, but we think the claim is largely exaggerated, and that the real motive is to get a permanent place in the Government pay roll. " If this bill passes we will have the spectacle of Army veter- inarians at the age of sixty-two, practicing their profession com- fortably and enjoying the Government retired pay. There is reason for retiring officers at a certain age and giving them retired pay because their military service has unfitted them for * Minority report published in August Review on pages 554-5 and replied to by Garrison Steele, 622 EDITOKIAL. any practical work in life. But in our opinion it is a bad prac- tice to take professional men and treat them in the same way. They do not need the benefits of retirement on pay any more than professional men in civil life need such assistance." They are the views of a man, or of men, who cannot rise above opposition to a class of men like the many thousands of veterinarians of this broad land who are united in spirit for a reform which, helping the army, will also be helpful to our country. They are the opinions of men who have not put gener- osity and a sense of fair play into consideration of this bill. Let them remember that what the President says is true : " The progress of reform is not retarded by generosity and fairness." Such opposition cannot but die. Americans have too intense feelings against continued wrong; they have too broad a sense of justice to permit such " minority views " to carry in the face of a reform hampered by ungenerosity and unfairness. They have no less a staunch belief than President Wilson in progress to- ward betterment, and as a people we frown upon class dis- criminations— a sense which has been so admirably expressed by Tennyson is Lockley Hall : " For I doubt not through the ages one eternal purpose runs ; And the thoughts of men are broadened with the process of the suns." Let such opposition die. There are enough broad-minded men in the Senate of the United States to-day to support the Army Veterinary Service Bill and ensure its passage when it is called up on the floor. We of the veterinary profession have met plenty of such men like Senators Kern, Chamberlain, Lea, Catron, Lewis, and scores of others who have " the new temper," the broader gauge, of which President Wilson speaks. Let us rely uiM)n them, and tell them we rely upon them, for the passage of this bill, II. R. 4541. G. S. A MODERN VICTKRINARY BUILDING. Having Iwcn privileged, at the recent meeting of the New York Stale Veterinary Medical Society, at Rochester, lo listen EDITORIAL. 623 to a very interesting address on " Recent Advances in Veterinary Education," by Professor E. A. A. Grange, of the Ontario Veter- inary College, in which some reference was made to the new building recently erected by that institution, we subsequently engaged Prof. Grange in conversation in regard to the building (with the smallest detail of which he seems to be familiar), and elicited the following information, to which we have given n~ .. - The New Quarters of the Ontario Veterinary College. publicity for the benefit of those who may be interested in the progress in teaching veterinary science in North America, or for those who may contemplate the erection of a similar building for teaching purposes. Following is a brief outline of some of the more salient features of a modern building, which were firmly impressed upon the government architect who had charge of the work; paramount amongst them were strength, air and light, with space sufficient to accommodate, say, 400 students. 024 EDITORIAL. To meet the aforesaid requirements a five-story building has been erected, having an air space of, say, nine hundred thou- sand cubic feet, which covers a ground surface of ten thousand square feet. In order that the building may be strong and steady during delicate operations with the microscope and the like it is built of grey freestone and brick reinforced with 450 tons of steel frame work which is arranged so that each and every floor is supported by independent iron work and does not de- pend on the partitions beneath, or columns to hold it up. This ingenious arrangement makes it convenient when partitions re- quire to be removed to enlarge or otherwise change the room which they enclose. In order that class rooms and other parts of building may Ije properly ventilated an elaborate system of air ducts are installed in a manner that permits the outside air to be drawn through a current of water, where it is cleansed and then dis- tributed to various parts of the building. In order to introduce the fresh air and expel the foul or used air, a forty-horse power electric engine is placed in a pent house upon the roof. The engine besides driving large fans for ventilating purposes is to be used as the motor power for a large freight elevator which runs from the basement to the top floor. The elevator is so arranged that animals can be taken to any floor of the building. The area consumed for illuminating the building measures 810 square yards for windows and 360 square yards of sky- light surface in the roof. The top floor is mainly consumed by two laboratories, one of wliich is 104 feet by 42 feet and is to be u.sed in the study of practical anatomy. It has an incinerator at one end capable of cremating at least two dis.sected horses at one time; in addi- tion to this is a blood-letting room and students' toilet rooms. On the north side of this floor is another laboratory fillod up for, say, a class of 100 students. Heneath this arc throe other lalK>ratoricH of similar capacity. Throughout the building are variou.s class rooms, varying in size for the accommodation of EDITOBIAL. 625 about 200 students in each. One large room, called the Assem- bly Hall, will seat 450. In addition to the class rooms and laboratories is a museum 45 by 48 feet; also store rooms, offices and various other con- veniences. The basement of the building is occupied by the veterinary infirmaries, one large operating room, pharmacy, boiler room, grooms' apartments, and so forth. Regarding the situation of the college it would be hard to find a more desirable site in the City of Toronto; especially as it has 134 feet frontage on that picturesque thoroughfare known as University avenue, and is in the midst of the most im- portant legislative and educational centers in the Province of Ontario. In designing the new building a strenuous effort has been made to erect and equip a suitable structure for teaching veter- inary science according to the latest and most approved method. HUMANE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS. While we feel sure that the present-day veterinarian is nat- urally humane, it is reassuring to see a great state association, like the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, go on record at its twenty-fifth anniversary meeting in Rochester, in August, by adopting resolutions upholding that sentiment, and making the motto of the society, or its slogan, as the resolution expresses it. The Humane Treatment of Anunah. We believe that all up-to-date veterinarians employ anaesthetics — general or local — for major operations, and many of them for minor ones, and we would urge all to make it a routine practice to employ anaesthesia in any and all surgical procedures, no matter how small, that would cause the patient any pain or suffering without their use. Once a practitioner begins to do that, he will find that it is not only humane, and a source of comfort to his dumb pa- tient, but it will dignify his operative procedures and make them so much more simple and satisfactory; besides increasing his respect for himself and raising our profession up to its proper level, that of the medical profession. C26 EDITORIAL. Surely it was a noble inspiration that prompted the chairman of the committee on the twenty-fifth anniversary meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society — himself a prac- titioner of nearly thirty years' standing — to have such a slogan emanate from that organization, as it launched on the second quarter of its century run. The same sentiment was expressed in a paper presented to the Missouri Veterinary Medical Associa- tion in July, by Dr. A. H. Holkenbrink, in a paper entitled The Veterinarian's Humane Duty. These are examples that the national body and every other association in the country might emulate with pride, that the veterinary profession may stand Ijefore the world in its true light, and its members not be errone- ously confused with vivisectionists. THE CONGRESS IN LONDON. When we stated on page 526 of our August issue that a full report of the Lx)ndon Congress would be published in our Sep- tember issue, that our readers might be in possession at the earliest possible date of the happenings in London that were to affect veterinary science throughout the world, we certainly did not realize the significance of those words as applied to conditions that have developed since that time. It is not alone happenings in London, however, that has affected veterinary science through- out the world, but happenings in many Euroi>ean countries. We have, as we promised, given our readers a full and faitliful rciKirt of the Lomlon Congress, but not tlie report filled from beginning to end with scientific facts, gleaned from the leading members of our profession throughout the world, that we anticipated giving them. That was not to be; and those who anticipated such a report, mu.st of necessity be (lisapj)()intc(l ; but not nearly as much so as those who have .spent their time and their money to attend the C'onjffcss. And ))e.sides, thrf)ugh the keen and intelligent ob- servations of our ejiteemed collaborator, Dr. De Vine, who repre- sented us at the Congress, and his diligence in recording his ob- servations enroute, we arc al)le to give our readers a considerable EDITOBIAL. 627 amount of information in connection with matters of interest to them, in addition to the report of the Congress. So that, besides the proceedings at London, published on page 694 of this issue of the Review, will also be found a most interesting story beginning on page 678. And now the great European tour and the London Congress are matters of history, and many of our American friends are at this writing on board the " Magnolia," headed for New Foundland and Halifax, and will in all probability be with their families before this number reaches our readers; and the Review extends each and every one a hearty WELCOME HOME! Souvenir Issue of the Veterinary Journal — Just as we were closing up our forms for the September issue, a souvenir (August) issue of the Veterinary Journal, edited by Professor Hobday, London, reached our desk. This number, with a fron- tispiece of His Most Gracious Majesty King George V (Patron of the Tenth International Veterinary Congress, London, 1914), is devoted exclusively to the congress, and gives a brief history of it, dating from its origin through the efforts of the late Prof. John Gamgee, down to the present time. Also, starting with Gamgee, its readers are given an opportunity of becoming familiar with the faces of the great men of Europe, with whose names, in connection with veterinary science, they are already familiar. It is most interesting, and we are greatly indebted to Prof. Hobday for it. On Board the Steamer Antoinette, July 30, 1914. — A post card with a picture of a little Dutch girl in colors, on one side, addressed to the editor of the Review, bore the following signatures on the other side, showing the first and second sailing parties united abroad : J. F. DeVine, N. S. Mayo, E. B. Acker- man, E. F. Sanford, A. Eichhorn, C. J. and Mrs. Marshall, Harry D. and Mrs. Gill, L. Enos and Mrs. Day, J. L. Hoyliman, J. H. Blattenberg, P.D.Q., P.H.D., W. B. Holmes, D. M. and Mrs. Campbell, H. C. and Mrs. Moore, E. H. Shepard, T. B. Harries, J. M. Arinsburg, F. B. Hadley, W. Reid and Mrs. Blair and R. C. JuHen. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION AND THE DESIRABILITY OF SUPPLEMENTAL STATE AND CITY INSPECTION. By John R. Mohler, Washington, D. C. Many authorities share the opinion that the exercise of con- trol over the food supply and the problem of the procurement of cheap wholesome food for the poor offer a wider and more promising field of public usefulness than a number of the ques- tions which are at present receiving an undue amount of public attention. The careful sanitary control of our food is especially necessary in the case of animal food products, particularly meat and milk, which are most apt to carry infections and are readily decomposable. This subject of food inspection has so wide a scope that a description of the examination of one animal product, such as meat, will afford a sufficient illustration of the principles involved. The solid foundation of scientific meat inspection may be said to be the biological investigations of the meat measles and trichina, which were of such widespread interest that they gave the subject great impetus. Experiments regarding the danger to man from tiie consumption of meat of tuberculous animals and investigations relative to the production of meat poisoning in man from eating diseased meat likewise showed the great public imix)rtance and necessity of such insi)ection as would eliminate these dangers. As a result of numerous investigations along these and similar lines, many countries have from time to lime enacted laws governing the inspection of meats, until at the present time legislation on this subject has been adopted by almost all the countries of continental Europe as well as by New Zea- land, .Argentina, Uruguay, Canada and the United States. It will Ik; seen, therefore, that a healthful and wholesome meat supply is Incoming more and more sought after, and in numerous places efforts are being made to control .nul thereby improve it. 628 FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION. 029 The principles of meat inspection vary in different countries, depending upon the local conditions. In countries where meat is not very abundant it is even necessary for the officials to keep a sharp watch to prevent the people from knowingly eating diseased meat. In the United States the inspection of meats is conducted by the federal government, by the state or by the municipality. In- spection by the government has gradually been extended and improved since its inauguration by the law of 1890, until at present the federal meat inspection law, which is enforced by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, is perhaps the most rigid and comprehensive of existing laws on the subject. Under this law meat inspection proceeds by logical steps, commencing with the careful antemortem examination of the animal, continu- ing with the inspection of the carcass while being dressed, the supervision of all meats used for curing, pickling, smoking, cook- ing or canning and finally with the proper, honest labeling of all meat or meat products. The antemortem insi^ection consists in the careful examination of the live animals. This examination is made in the stock yards or in the pens or alleys of the establishments at which they are to be slaughtered. In the large stock yards doing an interstate busi- ness the antemortem inspection under the meat inspection law is reinforced by an inspection made under the quarantine laws, all animals entering the yards being inspected on arrival with a view to detecting contagious diseases and preventing their spread. When an animal is observed that gives any appearance of being unhealthy or unsound the inspector or his assistant affixes to its ear a numbered metal tag bearing the words " U. S. Suspect." Such animals are segregated and slaughtered separately from all others either before or after the regular killing. The chief value of the antemortem inspection is in segregat- ing the animals of suspicious appearance so that they may be given special postmortem examination, and also in detecting cer- tain diseases, such as acute hog cholera, actinomycosis, acute febrile diseases, etc., in which the antemortem symptoms are pro- 680 John b. moHleb. nounced, while the postmortem lesions are sometimes very slight. The postmortem inspection is much more important than the antemortem, and is our chief reliance in passing on the health of animals and the wholesomeness of their carcasses. In most cases it is impossible to determine the nature or extent of disease in the living animal. This is especially true of tuberculosis. Animals are frequently found which have every appearance of being per- Aiilciiiui'U'iu inspection of cattle. fectly healthy and in good condition, but after slaughter arc found to be very extensively affected with tuberculosis. The postmortem insijection is made at the time of slaughter. In the large packing houses where the rate of killing is rapid the system of inspection has so far as practicable been adapted to tlie conditions so as to provide thorough and careful inspection with- out unduly obstructing the o|)erations of the establishment. Visitrjfs sometimes wonder how it is possible for the inspection to l)c (I'Mic tlionnigiily when the slaughtering is done so rapidly. In the case of hoj^s, for example, the glands of the neck are common seats of tul)ercuIous infection, and the disease is first FEDEKAL MEAT INSPECTION. 631 looked for there when the head is severed. As the abdominal cavity is opened and the viscera exix)sed another inspector with practiced eye watches closely for the slightest abnormal appear- ance, and feels and lays open with a knife various parts in order that any obscure signs of disease may be detected. Upon observ- ing the slightest indication of disease or any abnormality the carcass is " retained," that is, it is set aside, marked with a num- Postmortem inspection of cattle. bered tag for identification, and sent to a special place or room where a careful and thorough examination is made by another inspector to determine the proper disposal of it. By this means a much more thorough examination is possible than if the final inspection were made at the time of the first discovery of indica- tions of disease. Following the postmortem inspection there is a further in- spection and supervision covering all the various processes of 632 JOHN R. MOHLER, preparing, curing, and canning meat food products of various kinds. This part of the work is done by men who are designated as meat inspectors and who have had special experience fitting them for such work. The object of this inspection is to prevent or detect any unwholesomeness which may occur or develop after the meat has passed the postmortem inspection, and also to guard against insanitary methods, adulteration, or the use of harmful chemicals or preservatives, and to enforce honest labeling. This n Inspector watching the preparation of beef tongues for packing. part of the inspection applies especially to such products as hams, bacon, lard, sau.sagc, oleomargarine, and cured and canned meats of various kinds. As an adclitionai safeguard against adulteration or the use of forbidden clicmicais or preservatives, samples of the various products arc taken from time to time and examined by laboratory inspectors. Ifavtnfif seen that only wholesome meal is used and llial il is FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION. 633 prepared under clean conditions and without harmful preserva- tives, the inspectors go one step further and see that the package is truthfully laheled. Shoulders can no longer masquerade as hams, and products which formerly went under the names of " potted ham " and " potted tongue " must now be labeled " potted meats " or '* potted meat food products." The magnitude of the inspection is shown by some statistics covering the past seven years, the period during which the new law has been in effect. In that time there have been inspected at the time of slaughter over 378 million animals. Of these there a 1 n^ * i .» ♦ 1- ■rt|-p- j ^msf^ %?5 ^yy^ ^&XB^ ^^ ii i^^ wSWk mt-^lt ■^.^ n-rjt^^jB^i Insanitary conditions in an uninspected slaughter-liouse. were condemned as unfit for food over i million carcasses and over 4^ million parts of carcasses, making a total of nearly 6 million carcasses condemned in whole or in part. Nearly 40 billion pounds of meat and meat food products were prepared and processed under inspection, of which over 160 million pounds were condemned on reinsj^ection. During the past year more than two hundred and fifty thou- sand whole carcasses of animals and over half a million parts of carcasses were condemned, besides 18 million pounds of meat which was condemned upon reinspection. The probabilities are that if there were no inspection a large proportion of the meat so condemned would have been marketed for human consumption, and as tuberculosis constitutes the chief cause for condemnation, the direct relation of the meat inspection to the public health will readily be seen. 634 JOHN K. MOHLER. The standards of inspection are based on the best scientific knowledge of the present day and are sustained by the practically unanimous views of all the great scientists of the world who are experts on the subjects involved. Our regulations and practices are fully as stringent as those of any other nation, and under them much meat is condemned which in other countries would be passed for food. It should be understood that the Department inspectors do The inspection of neck glands of {logs. If tuberculosis is present it is usually found here. not pas55 diseased meat ; they only i>ass under certain circum- stances the sound and wliolcsnme meat of a slightly diseased animal after removing and condemning the affected ix^rtion, which i.s usually an organ. The argument that all the meat of an animal affected to oven the slightest degree with any disease should be totally condemned and destroyed, if carried to the extreme and to its logical end, woukl result in the condemnation of practically every .iiiiinal FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION. 635 slaughtered and the abolition of meat as food. As Prof. C. E. A. Winslovv, Curator of Public Health, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, has recently stated, '' The ideally healthy animal is about as rare as the ideally perfect human being, and the policy of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry in condemning grossly diseased animals and organs, errs, if anything, on the side of severity." Inspcctiuti of tlie viscera of hogs. The high price of meat in recent years has been brought home to everyone who pays the bills. It is now evident that there is an actual shortage in meat production in the United States, regardless of whatever other causes may also have contributed to the rise in prices. It is estimated that in the last four years the per capita consumption of meat in the United States has fallen off nearly 12 pounds. The per capita consumption in 1909, based on census figures, was 162.20 pounds (exclusive of lard), while the estimate for 19 13 was 150.62 pounds. 636 JOHN B. MOIILEB. The most serious decline is in beef production. The number of beef cattle in the United States in 1909, according to the census, was 41,178,000, while the number in the country on January i, 1914, as estimated by the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Agriculture, was 35,855,000, a decrease of 5,323,000, or nearly 13 per cent. In the same period there was a decline of over 5 per cent, in the number of sheep and a very slight increase in the number of hogs. It must be remembered, however, tliat the population of the Dreuing and inspecting carcauea of hogs and putting on the marks of inspection. country is constantly growing, the estimated increase from 1910 to 1 9 14 being nearly 7,000,000. The relative falling off in the nunilwr of meat animals is therefore even greater than the actual decrease. If we compute the number of animals ncces.sary to maintain the ratio to iwpulation that existed in i<)(X), we find that there is now a relative shortage of 19.2 per cent, of l)eef cattle, or 8,536,000 head; 1 1.6 of sheep, or 6,509,000 liead; and 5.2 of hogs, or 3,214,000 head, making a relative total shortage of 18,259,000 head. Comparing 1913 with 1909, therefore, we FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION. . 637 are short nearly 9 beef cattle, 7 sheep, and over 3 hogs for each 100 people. From being an extensive exporter of live cattle and meat products, the United States within the past year has become a large importer. Several years ago our exports of live cattle alone amounted to over half a million head in one year, besides which we exported over four hundred million pounds of meats. Our export cattle and fresh meat trade has now practically vanished for the simple reason that our home demand is sufficient to absorb our entire production. Our only meat exports of any consider- able importance at present are cured pork products. Lately we have been importing considerable quantities of meat, especially refrigerated beef, from Argentina and other countries. In March our im^xDrts of meat products amounted to over 23,000,000 pounds, and during the past six months, from October to March, inclusive, they were nearly 95,000,000 pounds. The United States has undeveloped resources for cattle rais- ing, and there is no doubt that by proper methods we can con- siderably increase our production of meat, but this will probably be a rather slow process and may require years of constructive effort. We have only 23 cattle to the square mile, while Belgium has 164 and Denmark 144. However, any such intensive scheme of beef production is found to l>e more expensive than the former methods of raising cattle on the vast grasslands of the open range. With the growing scarcity of meat and the high prices of this and other foods it becomes more important than ever that our meat supply should be conserved and that we should waste no wholesome food. Our first aim in administering the government meat inspection is to protect the health of the consumer and to give him the benefit of every doubt. There is no disposition on the part of the authorities to pass for food any meat that is unwholesome or even of doubtful wholesomeness. But it would be an economic wrong to destroy on purely sentimental or esthetic grounds meat which we know scientifically to be per- fectly wholesome. 638 JOHN R. MOHLER. It is estimated that about 60 per cent, of the total meat supply of the United States comes under the inspection of the federal government. Most of the remainder receives no inspection what- ever, while a small proportion is subjected to some kind of in- spection by local or state officers. For instance, the federal government is powerless to exercise any supervision over the meat that is slaughtered, prepared, sold and consumed entirely within a single state. For this class of meats, state inspection should be inaugurated as has been done in Pennsylvania, and the work of examining such meats taken up where the government inspection leaves off. In fact, the federal inspection should be supplemented not only by the state inspection, but by the munic- ipal inspection as well, which would include the insi>ection of : ( 1 ) the small slaughter houses which do only a local business ; (2) the commission houses and sausage factories; (3) the retail butcher shops. It is a duty which the state and municipality owe to their citizens to estabhsh a system of meat inspection that will afford adequate protection against diseased ami unwholesome meats in order that all meat sold locally which has not passed the federal inspection will come under the requirements of an efficient local inspection system. The public must be able to secure the best as well as to avoid the bad. The great danger that menaces the consumer arises from uninspected meat produced in the numerous unclean and malodorous private slaughter houses so frequently found on the outskirts of most of our cities. To control the latter and to control them efficiently it is essential that laws be enacted for the proper supervision of these establishments which kill at all hours of the day and night, as inclination dictates or necessity demands. A far better law, and one which would receive the endorsement of all .sanitarians, would ordain the abolition of these small buildings and the establishment of a public or municipal slaughter lioiisc. rcMUoto from the centre of the city and its business .section, and where a thorough inspection by an expericnccti veterimrian could be made of all animals at the time of slaughter. FEDKBAL MEAT INSPECTION. (>31) The modern idea of the slaughter of animals is that it should form one of the regulated industries, and this feeling is due principally to the desire that nothing but sound meat should be offered to the consumer. It may be argued that sound meat can be produced in these private slaughter houses just as well as in public institutions, but this is certainly incorrect so long as the inspector is enabled to make only casual visits, while during the remainder of the time the onus of judging whether a meat is sound or otherwise rests solely with the owner of the meat. If public officials are to have the responsibility it is only fair that the industry should be concentrated at certain points in municipal or central abattoirs, which are quite common and entirely satis- factory in Europe. Such abattoirs under rigid, though rational restrictions, would be beneficial not only in facilitating the busi- ness, but in promoting the sanitary interests of the city, since all the offal could be disposed of at once and all portions of the carcass not edible could be reduced to inoffensive articles of com- merce. Furthermore, it is questionable whether any city could afford to employ the large number of officials that would be required thoroughly to supervise the inspection at the time of slaughter in the numerous, widely scattered establishments which at present exist in our larger cities. Any substitute form of inspection which includes merely the dressed carcass is unworthy of the name and is extremely delusive, since it gives a false im- pression of security to the consumer. This fact is being ap- preciated more and more by various municipalities and as an illustration I desire to mention the meat inspection system of Cincinnati, which I believe is the equal of any municipal inspec- tion conducted anywhere in the United States. There are nine men employed by the city, seven of whom are veterinary in- spectors, and two are laymen. The former conduct the ante- mortem and postmortem inspections and make such reinspections of the meat as are necessary. The two laymen are assigned to market places, inspecting meat markets to locate unsound meats on hand, the condition of ice boxes, cleanliness of the stores, etc., and to see that all meat and meat food products handled at these 640 JOHN B. MOHLEB. markets bear either the marks " Cincinnati Inspected and Passed " or " United States Inspected and Passed." Antemortem and postmortem inspection is conducted at 12 local establishments. The above number of men does not include the Chief Meat In- spector, who estimates the cost of meat inspection to the city at approximately $9,800 per annum. It is the aim of the Chief Meat Inspector to co-operate with the Bureau of Animal Industry and to follow the rules and regulations of that Bureau, which I am glad to say is not only the written order, but is complied with fully in actual practice. In some cities the inspection is enforced by laymen such as butchers, cattlemen, or men even more disconnected with the practical part of the work, and the results are seriously handi- capped on account of their inability to recognize lesions which would at once appeal to one trained in the anatomy and phys- iology of domestic animals, and in the relationship existing be- tween their diseases and human health. If an ade(iuate reason for state or municipal inspection exists, and no one of intelligence will deny it, this should ix)ssess equal strength for having the law intelligently and efficiently enforced by capable inspectors skilled in the knowledge of sanitary science. In this country we are beginning slowly to recognize the need of special training for various branches of the public service, including the insi^ction of food animals and animal foods. The time has come to demand trained specialists who shall devote their whole time and energy to this particular phase of the public health protection. In addi- tion we must insure them a tenure of office dei)endent upon efficiency gained by si)ecial training before they assume office, and not acquired solely as a result of their experience obtained at the exiKMisc of the public. Therefore a corps of thoroughly trained veterinary inspectors is one of the most important links in the chain of any efficient meat insiwction system. The government recognizes that it requires a high degree of skill to conduct this work, and it has therefore placed the meat in.spection service under tiu- civil service, and further, it will admit veterinarians only if graduates FEDEBAL MEAT INSPECTION. 641 of recognized veterinary colleges. In addition they are required to pass a civil service examination, and must, furthermore, submit to the Danish system of serving a probationary period of six months before obtaining a permanent appointment. The extent of this work is indicated by the fact that at present inspection is maintained at 792 establishments in 227 cities and towns, requiring the services of about 2,500 employees, including a large proportion of veterinarians, who make all final decisions on postmortem. Taken as a whole, this large number of em- ployees, constituting the great administrative body of the Federal Meat Inspection Service, is a conscientious and efficient force of men who deserve well of both the service and the public, whose welfare they constantly guard. In their loyalty to the former, they are necessarily loyal to the latter, for their interests are in- separable. The present Secretary of Agriculture, Hon. D. F. Houston, upon assuming that office, determined to have the meat inspec- tion service carefully investigated by experts outside the Depart- ment. Accordingly, in July, 1913, the following named gentle- men were engaged for this purpose, each to investigate the work in the states assigned to him : \Vm. T. Sedgwick, Ph.D. ; Hon. Sc.D., Professor of Biology and Public Health of the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology, and a member of the Advisory Board of the Hygienic Laboratory of the United States Public Health Service. V. A. Moore, M.D., V.M.D., Professor of Comparative Pathology and Meat Inspection, Cornell University. M. P. Ravenel, M.D., Professor of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, and Director of the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. J. W. Connaway, D.V.S., Professor of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, University of Missouri. The letters of apix)intment contained the following statement : " With a view to safeguarding public health and maintaining the highest degree of efficiency in the meat inspection service of the Department, it is my desire that you report directly to me fully 642 JOHN R. MOHLER. and frankly the conditions as you find them at the various pack- ing establishments, together with such recommendations looking to the improvement of the service as in your judgment may seem best." Drs. Sedgwick, Moore and Revenel have submitted re- ports of- their investigations. Dr. Connaway has not yet found time to complete his investigations and make a report. From the report of Dr. Sedgwick, I wish to bring to you the following sentences : " In conclusion, I may say that cut short by my illness as my investigation of the meat inspection service has been, I am never- theless deeply impressed with its excellence, its usefulness and its efficiency. It is everywhere admitted I think that the United States meat inspection is far superior to any provided by the states, and that these constantly look up to it as a model toward which they are striving." From that of Dr. Moore, I have taken the following state- ments : " In each of the packing houses the postmortem examina- tions were being made according to the regulations for passing and condemning carcasses. In every instance the regulations were being carefully observed. The condemned carcasses or parts of carcasses were taken by the inspectors and tanked as soon as the killing stopped, or they were placed under lock or seal to be tanked later. There seemed to be a clear understanding on the part of the veterinary inspectors of the rules regarding the condemnation of carcasses. I failed to find any infringement of the regulations on this subject." * * * " l^o convince one of the great advances that have been made it is but necessary to visit a local uninsi>ected slaughter house and contrast the condi- tion.*? found with those in federal inspected establishments." * * * I have not been told by anyone outside of the service of the good work that is l>eing done by the inspectors in safe- guarding the people against bad and disea.sed meat and the im- provements in sanitary ways of handling meat and meal products. There is not a general understanding of what is being done nor of the problems to be solved. ♦ * ♦ The truth should l)e known. It would bring relief to the skeptical and much credit to ihc federal meat inspection service. FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION. 643 From Dr. Ravenel's report the following sentences are repro- duced : " The two ideas which influenced me most in making the investigations were : " First — Are the methods laid down in the regulations suffi- cient for the furnishing of good meats to the public and the pro- tection of public health? " Second — Are these regulations efficiently carried out? To l>oth of these questions I am able to give an affinnative reply." These commendable and stimulative statements should be considered in connection with the report of the commission of eminent scientists outside the Department, presided over by the " Father of American Medicine," Prof. Wm. H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University, and appointed in 1907 at the suggestion of President Roosevelt to consider and make recommendations with regard to certain features of the meat inspection service. Their conclusion was that " if there be any general error in the regula- tions, this is in favor of the public rather than in favor of the butchers and packers." The Department, however, has not interpreted these gratify- ing conclusions to mean that perfection has been attained in the work, but rather that much progress has been made in overcoming the serious obstacles which confronted the enforcement of a satis- factory meat inspection service. In fact, the Secretary of Agri- culture is at present knocking at the door of Congress, requesting amendments to the present meat inspection law in order that it may be administered with the degree of effectiveness which its terms contemplate. For instance, the law now inhibits the sale of any meat or meat food products under a false or deceptive name, but such products may legally be sold without being labeled. In other words, it is desired not only to use no false or deceptive name when labels are used, but to compel the use of true labels on each product, primal part or portion of a carcass that has been inspected and passed. Again, the present ambiguous wording of the law makes it doubtful whether the statute prohibits the interstate shipment of meats which are unmarked, if cut from carcasses that have been inspected and passed and properly 644 JOHN B. MOHLEB. marked. Without a clear requirement that inspection marks appear on each piece of meat that enters interstate commerce or upon the container thereof, the Department is greatly hampered in maintaining prosecutions based on the charge of shipping unin- spected products. Furthermore, uninspected or unmarked meats should be prohibited from being shipped from one point to another in the same state which in the course of transportation pass through a second state. As commerce with the District of Columbia is not interstate commerce according to the opinion of Mr. Justice Miller, it becomes desirable to make all shipments of unsound and unwholesome meat and meat food products for human consumption from a state to a territory or to the District of Columbia, or vice versa, subject to the law. It is also desired to relieve the Department of the burden of proving knowledge on the part of the shipper that the meat products shipped were unsound and also that they were intended for human consump- tion. Moreover, authority should be given the Secretary of Agri- culture to fix standards, to withdraw inspection on account of violation of any regulation, to use an abbreviated form of the present federal inspection marks, to grant permission for fats condemned for causes other than disease to be used in the in- dustrial arts in lieu of their commercial destruction by a denatur- ing agent, to make reinspection, wherever found, of meat and meat food products bearing the federal mark of insi)cction, and to extend exemption privileges under appropriate supervision and control to butchers and dealers who are not strictly retailers, but whose business is so limited as not to justify the cx[)ense of estab- lishing insi)CCtion at their plants. The public may rest assured that the Secretary of Agriculture and other officers of the Department are disposed to do every- thing possible to maintain the meat insijection service at a high standard and to improve its efficiency so far as possible. The cWef object always held in view is the protection of thr inoplr against unwholesome products. See story of European trip on page 678; and report of Con- gress on page 694. THE ADVANTAGE OF A SANITARY MILK HOUSE ON THE FARM. By Dr. C. R. Potteiger, Assistant Food Inspector, Reading, Pa * To limit one's self strictly to the subject as stated, one might sum up the whole proposition in a statement to the effect that the advantage of a milk house is protection of the milk from con- tamination after it has been drawn from the cow. However, I feel it is necessary to include a few of the vital points of sanitary milk production in order to more thoroughly appreciate the necessity of the milk house for the handling of milk after it has been produced. It is evident that in nature's scheme for nourishment of the young, milk was never expected to be exposed to the contaminat- ing influences with which we are more or less familiar. If milk is sucked from a normal healthy gland it is the perfect food for the offspring, and in this natural method there is no possibility of outside contamination. When milking is done artificially, we have an entirely new and different set of conditions. The problem of securing clean milk, i. c, milk as near as possible to the conditions as it exists in the udder, is the problem of dairy sanitation. It is the problem of reducing contamination from outside sources to the least possible factor. In the production of sanitary milk we have five important steps which we must take in order to achieve a good product : 1. The cows and employees must be healthy. 2. They must be milked in a clean manner. 3. The utensils into which it is milked must be perfectly clean. 4. The milk must be cooled free from any chance of con- tamination. 5. The milk must be stored and transported under auspicious conditions. * Read before the Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Association at Reading. Pa., June, 1914. 645 646 DR. C. B. POTTEIGEB. The first two of these steps really have nothing to do with the milk house, but the milk house enters largely into the last three steps. However, the treatment of the subject would hard- ly be complete without taking into consideration the first two steps, because without proper consideration of these, the milk house would be of no avail in the production of good milk. The first step I have considered is that the cows must be healthy. This is very necessary for the production of sanitary milk, when we consider that there are at least a dozen diseases which are transmissible from diseased cattle to the human, or which cause some allied disease in the human. Foremost among these we have tuberculosis, anthrax, foot and mouth dis- ease, cowpox, mammitis or garget, gastro-enteritis, actinomy- cosis, botryomycosis, rabies, septic or febrile conditions and milk sickness. It is very necessary to carefully examine cattle for these diseases when inspections of the dairy herds are made, but fortunately very few cattle have been found affected with these diseases in the herds from which milk is shipped to Reading. Tuberculosis is, of course, the most prevalent, and although the general condition of cattle in our community is good, and al- though they do not show physical lesions, still I have no doubt that a tuberculin test of all the herds would show a very large percentage of affected animals. Most of the farmers have been made to realize the danger of having tubercular cattle in their herds, and now buy none but " shipped " cattle ; but very few farmers have had their herds tested of their own accord. Next to tul)crculosis the most prevalent diseases found which would affect our milk supply are garget, gastro-enteritis and septic or febrile conditions from various causes. These are especially dangerous for the reason that the average farmer, though he will not use the milk from an affected quarter, in a case of mammitis, will use the milk from the other three quar- ters unless strict orders are given to the contrary by the attending veterinarian. I would urge all veterinarians to help in educating the farmer THE ADVANTAGE OF A 8ANITABY MILK HOUSE ON THE FABM. 647 to discontinue using any of the milk from a cow which has garget, for it has been demonstrated that the streptococci are found not only in the affected quarter, but in the others as well. These streptococci are apt to cause violent digestive disorders, especially in children, if used in the raw state. The same holds for gastro- enteritis and other septic or febrile conditions. Fortunately, we have very little trouble with any of the other diseases owing to their scarcity and can pass them with the knowledge that they are, however, dangerous if found. 2. The cows must be milked in a clean manner. This in- volves not only clean methods but the necessity for clean cows, clean stables, clean bedding, clean floors, clean hands and clean clothes on the part of the milkers. This might be divided into four parts : clean cows ; clean stable ; clean milkers ; clean milking. A very large percentage of the contamination of milk is from the outside, and it is very necessary to guard against this at milking. The cows should be thoroughly cleaned free from dirt and manure, on the udder, flanks and tail, for if the cow is not clean it is almost impossible to keep the milk clean, regardless of what other precautions might be taken. The best way to pro- cure this cleanliness is to have the cow curried at least fifteen minutes before milking, and the udders carefully washed and wiped. Clean stables are necessary, too, for the prevention of contamination. Too frequently one sees a ceiling which is not tight and through the cracks of which hay is hanging, offering inducements for spiders to spin their webs, which in turn aid in the collection of dirt and chaff which is apt to fall into the milk pail during the process of milking. A good tight ceiling care- fully whitewashed obviates this difficulty. Too often, too, one sees the milkers go into a stable, the floors and gutters of which have not been cleaned before milking, place a clean bucket and stool over the dirty straw and then later pick up the bucket and stool, soiling the hands and taking no measure to clean the hands when soiled. A few minutes' time in cleaning the stables and clean bedding would obviate this difficulty. Clean Milking. — This constitutes possibly the most important 648 DR. 0. K. POTTEIGER. part of the milking process, for cleanliness of the milkers' cos- tumes and hands, together with a little care in the milking itself, will enable the milker to produce a fairly good product, if the previous precautions have been observed. One occasionally sees the farm hands come in from the field with soiled hands and clothes, and after tying the cattle pick up a bucket and without any further ado begin milking, possibly milking the first few streams of milk onto their hands in order to facilitate milking. In this way is produced a filthy milk, the remedy for which is self-evident. With milk produced in a sanitary way and with the proper precautions, the other steps in the handling of milk may be considered, in all of which the milk house is an important factor. 3. The utensils used must be perfectly clean. At first the connection between clean utensils and a milk house does not seem apparent, but to anyone who has ever inspected dairy farms and has seen the various places that are used for storing utensils, the advantage of a good clean milk house is evident. Where there is no milk house availa[)le, one finds the cans and buckets stored in all sorts of places, such as in spring houses, usually clean; in wash houses, stored in with the usual washing ma- chines, water kettles, garden utensils and any old junk that happens to be around; standing on the platform arountl the pump, on which one usually finds dirt from the chickens, ducks and other animals common to a farm yard; standing upside down on the walk, exposed to the same contaminations as in the preceding instance, or hanging on a fence, usually at the barn- yard, and exposed to the dust from the barn and manure yard. With a clean and well-located milk house one is able to keep the cans on a shelf inside free from contamin.ilion and perfectly clean under all conditions. It also serves to kcrp the tans and iujckcts from rusting during rainy weather. Of course, it is well to expose llu* cans to the sun and air, but for this purpose a .shelf should be built on the side of the milk h«)U.sc large enough to acommodate all the utensils and high enough from the ground so as to be <»tii nf the reach of chickens, THE ADVANTAGE OF A SANITARY MILK HOUSE ON THE FARM. 649 ducks, dogs or cats, a fly netting over the mouths of the cans serves to keep out the flies which are apt to be found around a farm yard during the summer. The advantage derived from a milk house in being able to keep the buckets and cans clean should be enough to cause every dairyman desiring to produce good milk to build a milk house. 4. The milk must he cooled free from contaminating sur- roundings. It is absolutely necessary that the milk be properly cooled before being shipped to the city and this can be done properly only where there is a milk house available. Where there is no milk house available, the milk is cooled and stored in all sorts of undesirable ways and places. Where there is no milk house there is no cooler, and that invariably means that the milk is stirred until cool. Some of the utensils used for stirring include broomsticks, measuring sticks, wooden paddles, dippers, spoons; while some few use a metal stirrer made for the purpose. Where there is no milk house there is no place to keep these utensils and we find them stuck under the watering trough in the barnyard, hanging in a closet in the horse stable, lying on the fence at the edge of the barnyard, hanging up beside the pump and other almost inconceivable places. In most instances the utensils are exposed to the dirt and dust of the barnyard, the chickens, birds, dogs and other chances for contamination common to such a place. Nor is this the only difficulty experienced, for in most in- stances these utensils are not thoroughly cleaned either before or after using, and when they are washed are usually only rinsed in the dirty, liable-to-be-contaminated water of the watering trough in the barnyard. In this way we see that the advantage to be gained in cooling milk before transporting it is altogether lost because of the number of bacteria and the amount of dirt added to the milk during the course of the stirring. It is for this reason that the stirring of milk is prohibited on the farms of those who ship milk to the city of Reading. 650 DB. C. E. POTTEIGEB. It must be understood, however, that milk must be cooled before being shipped to Reading, and the advantage of a milk house is immediately evident when we compare the foregoing system with cooling the milk over a good tubular cooler in a clean milk house. Where a cooler and milk house are available the milk is re- moved from the stable immediately after each cow has been n>ilked, so as to avoid having any milk being poured around in the stable exposed to the stable air and odors, and accounting partly for the too common " cowy " taste of milk. Then, too, by removing the milk to the milk house after each cow is milked, we avoid having the cats falling into the bucket, or perhaps only drinking out of the pail of milk, so commonly allowed to stand on the low shelf until the other cows are milked. Where there is a milk house — used as a milk house only — and kept clean, the milk can be cooled free from any of the fore- going contaminating influences and with a reasonable amount of care a good product is produced. By having a milk house prop- erly screened in summer, one is able to cool the milk free from dust and flies which it would be impossible to keep out if there were no milk house. The utensils can be kept clean and free from dirt, and with good water available in the milk house there is no necessity for contaminating the milk by using dirty water for washing the utensils. The milk must be cooled free from contaminating influences and this is possible only when there is a milk house provided. 5. The milk must be stored under proper conditions. Where there is a milk house we expect to find a trough of some kind (preferably cement) in which to store the milk after it has been properly cooled. Of course, where running water is available it is desirable to have a continuous stream flowing tlirough the trotigh overflowing at such a depth that the water in the trough will l)c as high as the milk in the can which is in the trough. Where this is not available it may be necessary for tlie farmer to use ice in a trough of stagnant water in order to keep ithe tcin|)crnture down to such a degree that the bacteria will not THE ADVANTAGE OF A SANITABY MILK HOUSE ON THE FABM. 651 develop. A temperature of not over 50 is required for suffi- ciently retarding- the growth of the bacteria. Here, of course, the advantage of the milk house is again evident in that one is able to store the milk away from any chance of contamination. The advantage is more clearly seen when we compare this system with the storage of milk where there is no milk house. We find some storing the cans of milk in creeks running be- side the barn yard and liable to be contaminated with the barn- yard drainage; others standing the cans in the watering troughs in the barn yard with the lids partly on the cans, but not so tight that a dog might not knock it off and allow the dirt of the barn yard to blow into it, others standing the cans in an exposed spring, which in case of a rain storm, are liable to fill and over- flow into the milk cans ; others storing in a tub of water near the barn, never thinking of changing the water for twelve hours — oftentimes the water being as warm as 75 degrees F. — which temperature is a veritable incubator for the lactic acid bacteria. The milk house is a great advantage, too, in case of a con- tagious disease on the farm, for by the means of it the milk and utensils can be handled away from the house and any chance of contagion by people who do not have any relation to the quaran- tined ones. Thus we see that the advantage of a milk house is really the protection of the milk from outside contaminations, which pro- tection is possible only by means of a milk house that is clean, well lighted and ventilated, and supplied with a trough and a supply of good clean water. We have seen that a milk house is a great advantage to a farmer in the production of sanitary milk. But there are certain factors entering into the location and construction of a milk house that must be taken into considera- tion when a milk house is being planned, and possibly it would be well to enumerate a few of them. The object of a milk house, as stated before, is to handle dairy products away from anything else, and so one of the most important things in the building of a milk house is its location. (>52 UK. C. B. POTTEIGEB. Location. It should be so located that it is well away from tlie barn and pig sty. It should be on a well-drained spot, preferably higher than the bam, at least with the drainage from the milk house toward the barn, and not the reverse. It should be so located that it is not too long a walk from the barn to the milk house so that the milk from each cow can be taken directly from the stable to the milk house. It should be free from any contaminating surroundings of any kind. It should not be built over a creek, especially one which re- ceives or is apt to receive any barnyard drainage, or in the water of which the cattle may stand before it enters the milk house. It should not be built over a pump unless a partition is placed between the pump and the part in which the milk is to be handled or the utensils washed. Sice and Construction. The size and construction of the milk house depends entirely on the use which is to be made of it, but for the average farmer who ships to Reading a house ID by 12 feet will serve the purpose admirably. The average farmer wants only a place to cool and store his milk and to wash and store his utensils. For this purpose it is desirable to have the milk house divided into two parts in order that the washing of utensils shall not take place in the same apartment in which the milk is Cixjled and stored. An even division of the milk house, 10 by 12 feet, will allow ample si)ace for both purposes. A milk house without good water would be worth little, and so it is essential that this factor be well taken care of. It is not, however, necessary to have running water, for by means of a barrel raised a few feet on a siphon, one may easily procure a water system closely assimilating running water for use through a tubular cooler. It is neces.sary to have good drainage in the milk house, and this is best socnred by means of a well-sloped cement floor. Cement is impervious and easy to iloan and, taken .ill in all, is Iciw expensive than good heavy planks. THE ADVANTAGE OB^ A SANITARY MILK HOUSE ON THE FARM. 653 For the sides of the milk house, one has a choice hmited only by the size of the desired expenditure. Only one thing is to be considered, and that is that it be made smooth and free from unnecessary ledges or rough surfaces, which would be apt to collect dirt. There should be plenty of light and some arrangement made for ventilation. This may be secured by placing muslin over the window space, tipping windows, or by ventilating shafts extend- ing from the ceiling through the roof. For the proper airing of the cans it is desirable to have a shelf or ledge built on the side of the milk house large enough to accommodate all the cans and utensils for sunning and airing on clear days. By locating a milk house properly, and having it clean, well drained and well lighted and ventilated, it is i>ossible to keep milk free from any contamination after it has been produced and this is the aim and advantage of the milk house on the dairy farm. Drs. Berns, Gannett and Risley. — Dr. George H. Berns, 74 Adams street, Brooklyn, N. Y., who has conducted a veteri- nary practice from that address since 1879, and whose establish- ment as an incorporation since 1909 has been known as The Berns Veterinary Hospital, announces, under date of August I, 19 14, that his associates in practice, Drs. Ray W. Gannett and Harry B. Risley, have become members of the corporation; the business of which will be carried on under the firm name of Berns, Gannett and Risley. We congratulate the young men in having associated themselves with so excellent a practitioner as Dr. Berns, so long established and with such a high profes- sional standing. We also congratulate Dr. Berns in having asso- ciated with him two young men of such high character and pro- fessional ability. By Wireless to the Review. — On board the Minneapolis, July 26, 1914. Dear Doctor: Fine weather, good company, not a sick moment ; wish you were along. Kind remembrances. Brenton. STATE BOARD EXAMINATIONS TEST APPLICANTS' FIT- NESS TO PRACTICE. By David Benjamin Morgan, President Veterinary Examining Board of Missouri, Neosho, Missouri. In the June issue of the American Veterinary Review^ there appeared an article under the caption State Veterinary Board Examitiatiotis. The article in question was in the nature of criticisms of the questions propounded to applicants for license to practice. The questions are recognized as being- those of the Missouri State Board of Veterinary Examiners, and I am prompted to answer the criticisms, as since the establishment of the Missouri Board, its members have worked untiringly to raise our profession to a high standard. The Board of this state wel- comes and invites just criticisms, but it resents ridicule, and must protect itself from any attacks which tend to reflect on the in- tegrity of its members. The usual list of applicants is composed of four types. The non-graduate, who has never attended a veterinary school of any kind, the correspondence school students, the student who has attended a college for one or two terms and the graduate of a licensed and recognized college of veterinary medicine. It is evident that the critic in question places much credence on hearsay, when he makes reference to specific enlightenment sought by an individual applicant in the examining room. One of the questions by the Missouri Examining Board was to dis- cuss " si)lcnetic fever." An api)licant while in the examining room is purported to have asked which tliey wanted " anthrax or Texas fever," and the reply was, " Texas fever." It would seeni to the writer that the very question propounded by the applicant indicated a lack of cleamess on his part of the subject. Splenetic fever and Texas fever are identically the same. One and the name fever designated by two dirferent terms and names. In view of the fact that the list of applicants is usually large, oral que»tion.s cannot Ikj proiHnnulcd. It would consume nnich valu- 664 STATE BOARD EXAMINATIONS TEST APPLICANTS' FITNESS. 655 al)le time, and besides the ability to express one's self intelligently on paper indicates that the candidate is not lacking in funda- mental training. To " size up " every individual applicant would prove a stupendous task, and favorable or unfavorable impres- sions would be matters of individual viewpoints. In the examining room the applicant is permitted to seek en- lightenment on any question, which may appear confusing. The Board of Examiners is always present and is ever ready to cheer- fully assist an applicant to whom certain questions may not be entirely clear. Inasmuch as approximately two hundred dif- ferent questions on surgery have been asked of applicants since the establishment of the Missouri Board it would prove difficult to formulate questions entirely unlike those propounded at pre- vious examinations. Let us analyze a few of the questions which have been cited by the critic. I. Describe the gall bladder in the ox and horse. a. Describe the operation for removing gall stones in the horse. Every reasonable practitioner would regard this as a fair and practical question. A number of applicants answered it with consideral)le clearness and indicated a thorough understanding, and knew the distinguishing features of the gall bladder of an ox, and the fact that this vessel is altogether lacking in the horse. One of the most reliable authorities on the horse disposes of the gall-bladder question with reference to the horse in one short, concise sentence by stating: "There is no gall bladder." It is true the second section of the question may be termed a " catch " question, but the applicant's answer would indicate if he had made any research in that direction. The ox is supplied with a distinct gall bladder. Let me quote from a noted authority : " This is a pear-shaped sac, four to six inches long, which lies partly on the visceral surface of the liver (to which it is attached), but largely on the abdominal wall at the lower part of 6S6 DAVID BENJAMIN MORGAN. the eleventh or twelfth intercostal space. It may be regarded as a diverticulum of the bile-duct, enlarged to form a reservoir for the bile. Its neck is continued by the cystic duct (Ductus cysti- Cits), which joins the hepatic duct at an acute angle just outside of the portal fissure, to form with it the bile-duct (Ductus chole- dochus). The latter is short and enters the second bend of the S-shaped curve of the duodenum, i. c, about two feet from the pylorus. Several small duets (Ductus hcpato-cystici) open di- rectly into the gall bladder." 2. Why does a cow chew her cud and when does she lose it ? a. How does she regain it? b. Describe the oesophageal groove (Sulcus Ocsol^ha- gcus) ? This is a simple, yet important question, as the answer would indicate knowledge or a lack of knowledge on the part of the ap- plicant of the process of digestion, and the simplest answer that I recall set forth that chewing the cud made possible the secretion of the large amount of saliva from the salivary glands, and en- abled the animal to regrind such food which had not been prop- erly masticated. " Losing the cud " is a rather common expression, and the question was asked for the purpose of determining the extent of the candidate's practical knowledge of ordinary terms. It may not he amiss at this jwiint to (juote from a publication issued by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, which regarded *' loss of cud " of sufficient importance to give it space. " It is very common among farmers, when a cow or ox is ail- ing, to say that the sick animal has lost its cud. If il is meant tliat the annual decn ilropped from the mouth and lost, and that for this rea.son the cow cannot ruminate. We may here observe that loss of cud STATE BOAKU EXAMINATIONS TEST APPLICANTS' FITNESS. 657 is a symptom of suspended rumination, and shows that the ani- mal's digestive functions are not performed as regularly as usual. It is a symptom of a great many diseases, and when its existence is detected it should lead the observer to try to discover other symptoms upon which to base a correct opinion as to the nature of the disease from which the animal suffers." Quite frequently have I heard owners of cattle remark con- cerning a sick cow : " She has lost her cud." The expression borders on the vernacular, and is a sort of jargon or slang, if I may be permitted to refer to it as slang, quite current among laymen. To be specific such a thing as a cow losing her cud does not take place. It simply means that the animal has ceased to ruminate and indicates disturbances of some nature in the digest- ive organs. I cannot conceive of a question which would more readily test the candidate's familiarity with the practical. I re- call a number of applicants who expressed themselves very clearly on the foregoing subject. Again I take the liberty of quoting from a standard work relative to the " oesophageal groove " (mentioned under b in question 2. " The (lesophageal groove (Sulcus Oesophageus) is a semi- canal which begins at the cardia and passes downward (ven- trally) on the right wall of the reticulum to end at the reticulo- omasal orifice. It is about six or seven inches in length. Its axial direction is practically vertical, but it is twisted in a spiral fashion, thus its thickened edg^s or lips project first backward, then to the left and finally forwarded. The twist involves chiefly the left lip, and the relative positions of the lips is reversed at the ventral end." The writer of the article in the June issue does not attack question No. 3, which treats of Stringhalt, and doubtless con- cedes that it is a practical question. Let us proceed to the next question, which comes in for a severe rebuke: ' 4. Describe the trifacial neurectomy. a. Why is this operation made? 658 DAVID BENJAMIN MORGAN. In commenting on this particular question the critic pulled the wrong trigger. He expresses the hope that some of our skilled surgeons will tell us how they have performed neurectomy for facial neuralgia in the horse or cow. Facial neuralgia? Who said anything about facial neuralgia? In glancing through a work on surgery by Drs. W. Pfeiffer and W. L. Williams I find on page i6 a splendid cut under " Trifacial Neurectomy," and setting forth the method of operating for " relief of involuntary shaking of the head." No one in our profession questions the abilities of these two excellent veterinary surgeons. Both are trained men, who have delved into surgery from a strictly scien- tific standpoint. It is the constant aim of the Missouri State Board to prepare well-balanced examinations, which serve the purpose of eliciting from the applicant such information as will demonstrate that he has a well-grounded knowledge of surgery and kindred subjects, and is the possessor of such practical information as will enable him to master the many problems which are bound to confront him in actual practice. The Missouri State Board believes that the great majority of men are honest and well-meaning, but owing to the very small percentage of men who are unscrupulous it is compelled to exer- cise the greatest care to prevent any undue advantage being taken by the latter class. Investigations reveal the fact that there is a tendency on the part of some colleges to drill students and have them familiarize themselves with a certain line of questions and the answers thereto, and in this manner make it i^ssible for the incompetent student to occasionally pass. Frequently it develops that applicants who pass under such circumstances fail to hold their own, and in a very short lime sift through to the bottom, and never gain a standing as practitioners. Our Board is striving towards uniformity as far as consisr tent. Gigantic strides have been made to eliminate the f|uack. The " chaotic " state has long been passed, and we behold the dawn of a bright future when the members of the veterinary pro- fession will l)e looked upon as among the world's greatest bene- STATE BOARD EXAMINATIONS TEST APPLICANTS' FITNESS. 659 factors. We are pulling together for the purpose of protecting the public at large as well as the trustworthy and honorable practitioner. Until a number of our sister states assume a better and more advanced position along veterinary lines, Missouri can- not consistently give the question of reciprocity favorable con- sideration. Instances can be recalled where petitions have been presented to the Board of Examiners requesting that certain applicants be passed and given license to practice. Such proceedings the Board most bitterly assails and condemns, for its members believe in playing the game with their hands above the table, and perform- ing their duties fearlessly, irrespective of persons. Our motto has been : " Hew to the line, let the chips fall where they may." Kindly aid, encouragement and helpful suggestions from the members of the profession are earnestly solicited by the Missouri State Board. With the help of the honorable and sincere prac- titioners it hopes not only to keep up the present high standard attained in this state, but to bring about a still better understand- ing and appreciation of the industrious and diligent army of veterinarians who are striving for the protection and perfection of the animal kingdom. Suggestions for the Control of Hog Cholera is the title of a bulletin issued by Dr. S. H. Ward, president of the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association; prepared and published under resolution of executive committee August lo, 1914. This valu- able little bulletin, from such an authoritative source, deals specif- ically with control and prevention of this pestilential disease. Copies can be had by addressing the secretary, Prof. J. J. Fergu- son, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111. HiGGINS AND VaLLIN FOR BOARD OF HeALTH. Dr. C. H. Higgins and R. E. Vallin have been appointed by the city council (Ottawa) to fill the vacancies on the local board of health created by the resignations of Mr. Norman Smith and Dr. R. H. Parent. * * * * (Ottawa Free Press.) THE CESARIAN OPERATION IN THE CANINE. By A. T. GiLYARD, D.V.M., Waterbury, Conn. Dystocia is quite common in the smaller breeds of dogs, and upon the successful handling of the condition depends no small share of the veterinarian's reputation. It is indeed discouraging to work for hours upon a valuable female dog suffering from difficult labor, using all of the differ- ent obstetrical instruments at hand and with strict observance of asepsis, only to be rewarded with the disappointment of show- ing the expectant owner a litter of dead puppies, torn and cut to pieces by the instruments. Following this on the next day we are usually met with the painful necessity of notifying the owner that the bitch has died from shock, which in this case means that she has succumbed to sheer exhaustion, resultant upon the prolonged labor pains and the severe strain to which even the best operator is bound to subject the animal during a very difficult delivery of a whole litter of puppies. Practically all of this trouble may be avoided by the prompt employment of the cesarian operation, which procedure should always l^e resorted to when the puppies are not easily delivered alive after one half hour's careful manipulation. When the difficulty is at all great, that is when it is necessary to use instruments, other than a blunt hook, do not dolay the operation as the puppies will soon be dead and the dam too exhausted to last very long. This is one of the very few major operations which should Ih! (lone without general anesthesia, the omission in this case is warranted by two very good reasons. The first and most important is the necessity for a mother's care of the puppies during the first few hours after birth. The hitch which has l)cen anesthetized will pay no attention to her off- Kpring through this most important period and will often kill or disal)lc them. THE CESABIAN OPEEATION IN THE CANINE. 661 The second reason is that in nineteen out of twenty cases the subject will lie perfectly still during the operation, showing that the pain caused by the surgeon is entirely eclipsed by the sutfer- ing attendant upon the prolonged and futile contractions of the uterus. At the termination of pregnancy the abdomen is so distended that its wall is very thin, especially near the median line. That the stretched muscles are but slightly sensitive is proven by the fact that there is hardly a twinge of pain as the knife passes through them. The field of operation extends from the brim of the pubis to the umbilicus, the most central part of this should be chosen and boldly invaded. The length of the incision should be governed by the size of the subject, it should be no longer than is absolutely necessary for the handling of the uterus and the withdrawal of the fetuses. The knife must avoid the mammae and pass parallel to and not more than one-quarter of an inch distant from the median Hue. After puncturing the peritoneum with the scalpel complete the incision with the probe-pointed bistoury to avoid injury of the viscera. It, of course, goes without saying, that if success is expected the most thorough surgical precautions must be observed at every step of the procedure. When the incision of the abdominal parietes is completed search the region for the bifurcation of the uterus. There will generally be found a fetus, lying partly in the body and i)artly in one of the cornua of the uterus. Cut onto this, making two-thirds of the incision into the body and the re- mainder along the horn into which the fetus extends. This in- cision should be shorter than the one in the abdominal wall, as the uterus will stand considerable stretching and the smaller the incision the less suturing will be required to close the rapidly contracting and elusive uterine walls. Grasp one lip of this opening with the compression forceps 662 A. T. GILTABD. and hold it up to the abdominal opening during the delivery of the fetuses. More freedom of manipulation will be enjoyed and better results obtained if the removal of the fetuses is affected with the uterus in situ, but the opening into this organ should be continually held up to that in the abdominal wall to prevent the spilling of fetal fluids into the peritoneal cavity. The incisions should be made with the patient in the dorso- recumbent position ; this should be changed to the latero-recumb- ent for the removal of the fetuses and the suturing of the uterus. Remove all of the fetuses through the one incision and do it with the fingers only, after breaking the membranes with the finger nails. The cords may be neatly and safely severed with a small emasculator, such as is used in the spaying of bitches. Be careful to get each set of fetal membranes immediately after the fetus to which they belong. Trace each horn to the ovary to make sure that no fetus in any stage of development or decomposition is left. While the abdomen is open, work as rapidly as is consistent with good surgery, so as to prevent undue chilling of the viscera. Disregard the natural dark brown debris from the placenta, as this will discharge from the vagina during the few days follow- ing the operation just as it would after normal labor. Quickly close the uterine incision with interrupted catgut sutures, bringing the serous coat in contact with itself as in other abdominal work. Close the external incision with interrupted sutures of linen, which should be removed on the third and fourth days. Have the hind parts supported by the limbs while suturing the abdomi- nal parietes in order to prevent the involvment of the viscera by the stitches. Put the bitch and the puppies in a crate and send them home, cautioning the owner to pay no more attention to them than as if normal lalx)r had taken place. Too much examining and hand- ling of the mother and her beloved babes will often bring disastrous results. Never keep a bitch at the hospital after this 0|)eration, as she will not take good care of the puppies amid strange surroundings. The writer had an unhappy experience THE CESABIAN OPEEATION IN THE CANINE. 6()3 along this line after his first cesarian operation, when the mother failed to own her puppies and killed them all. Since that the patients have all been sent home immediately the operation has been completed and a clean record is the result. This operation has been a routine one with the writer for the past two years; some of the bitches have bred again with no trouble and in one instance it was necessary to resort to the cesarian operation a second time; in this case the uterus showed no scar from the previous incision. Puppies brought into the world by this method are stronger than those born through the natural channels in the presence of any form of dystocia. The Harrison Narcotic Bill. — We take great pleasure in advising members that the Harrison Narcotic Bill was finally passed by the Senate on Saturday, August 15. The provision requiring the medical profession to keep a detailed record was entirely eliminated, so that the bill as passed by the Senate is in a most satisfactory form so far as the med- ical profession is concerned. We are having that part of the Congressional Record which treats of the final consideration of this bill in the Senate reprinted, and will send you a copy thereof in the near future. We wish to advise also that the Pomerene amendment was rejected, which rejection we favored most earnestly. The bill now goes to a conference committee representing the House and the Senate. As the conferees may only consider differences be- tween the bill as passed by the House and as passed by the Sen- ate, no further question can arise as to the incorporation of the record provision. — {The American Association of Pharmaceu- tical Chemists.) Growing Hogs in Mississippi is the title of a circular issued by the Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, by E. M. Ranck; embracing breeding, feeding, care and management, to supply the frequent requests for information relative to the above subjects l)y the people of Mississippi. The information is clear and to the point, and bound in a little booklet of 17 pages. REPORTS OF CASES. HYSTEROCELE. By E. A. Van Antwerp, D.V.M., Brookfield, Mo.* In response to an apparently urgent request from our worthy secretary, that I do something to help out on the literary pro- gramme of this meeting, and after promising to do what little I could toward it, I decided that the subject of Hystcrocclc might be of interest. Many practitioners have seen very few cases of it, if any at all. This condition, which is a falling through tlie abdominal muscles of the gravid uterus and contents, lodging beneath the common integument which, from its stronger nature and more clastic property, allows the abdominal contents to lodge beneatli it, giving the ap|:>earance of a great tumor suddenly formed on the underside of the alxlomen. Usually pregnancy is pretty well advanced before this condition develops, and there are generally some causes in addition to the usual weight of the uterus under normal conditions. In some cases, there is found an excessive amount of a whitish, semi-gelatinous substance. In one subject, which I helped relieve at time of delivery, I re- moved more than ten gallons of this gelatinous substance. It will l)e seen that this condition will come about from excessive weight of the uterine organ and contents as well as extrinsic causes, such as violent blows, kicks from other animals, and very frequently from a degeneration or atony of the abdominal mus- cles. In a few cases I have had the privilege of examining post mortem, the muscles appeared soft and llabby. liborless and almost colorless, .showing evident lack of nutrition. It is surprising to what extent ruptures of these tissues can extend, and yet the animal make a voluntary delivery. Where inter- ference is recjuircd delivery certainly is a laborious job. Not wishing to take up t(X) much of your time I will de- scril)e a few ca.ses I have .seen, as it seems to have l)cen my privilege to have met with (piite a nnmJKT of them in my several years of practice. Case Number One — A large roan mare was found early i>ne morning greatly swollen under the abdomen, the swelling ex- • PrrMfittd to the MiMouri Veterinary Medical Auociation at Exceliior Spriiifln. jair, 1914- 664 REPORTS OF CASES. 665 tending well forward to the fore limbs. The owner had in- formed me that the mare was in a terrible plight, and she really was. The lower line of the abdomen was below the knees. There was a considerable edematous swelling, stiffness, and the animal could not be induced to move except by using a whip. She was placed in a small lot, fed and cared for, and in due time de- livered her colt without assistance. No further efforts were made to breed this mare, but she continued to do some work on the farm, and after three years I lost sight of her. Case Number Tzvo — A large bay mare, a most singular case, was placed in small paddock expecting her to foal within a week or so. She was seen at night, apparently all right; the next CASE NUMBER HVE. morning was found with foal at her side and her abdomen enor- mously distended downward. The rupture of the wall must have produced enough disturbance of the uterus to bring on the delivery of colt. However, in this case, the mare and colt suc- cumbed in twenty-four hours. Case Number Three — In May, 1910, I was called to see a standard bred, brown mare. This mare was within a couple of weeks of foaling time. During the preceding day she had shown a swelling just in front of the udder, which had in- creased so rapidly, the owner became alarmed, and well he had cause to be. At the time I saw the mare, the lower line of the abdomen was half-way between the hocks and the ground, and BEPOBTS OF CASES. continued dropping during the next few hours until it ahnost touched the ground. A mare in this condition is something very striking to see. The great depth from the vertebrae to the lower line of body, and with the width of body, makes an animal look as if she had been compressed by machinery. In one case one could readily feel a hand pushed in from the oppo- site side. This last case lived only about forty-eight hours from the time when the first changes were noticed. Case Number Four — This was in the winter of 191 1. A bay mare was enormously distended, and the condition supposed to have been due to flatulence, and as a result I was called to see the case. I found her very weak, the visible mucous membrane pale, almost colorless. The animal was scarcely able to walk, and the pulse imperceptible. The animal was not expected to live very long, and in this the owner was not disappointed. She lived three days and I had an opix)rtunity to make a post mortem examination. The gravid uterus lay in contact with the skin of the abdomen. By making an incision carefully, I found the uterus enomiously distended with liquids which I caught in a bucket, some fourteen gallons, and I absolutely believe there was a barrel of it, for it spread over the ground for several feet around the mare. Case Number Five — The most recent case, and last one I will describe, is one with which I had exi)erience this present season. The usual supposition was that this one had what farm- ers call colt founder. The animal was very stiff, moved with great difficulty, and a considerable swelling extended forward Ijetween the fore limbs. This swelling would pit on pressure similar to a swelling of purpura. The swelling gradually went down, leaving only a deep and flat sided animal, who looked as if her ribs were broken off at the vertebrae, and hanging down, owing to the compression in by weight of contents. This case developed alxnit four weeks 1)efore foaling time, and although the mare was watched quite closely, they missed the proper mo- ment, and the colt was delivered without assistance. I was called a few hours later to remove the placenta. The mare has (lone very nicely and the colt is in good condition. 1 iiave with me a few post card views of this last case, and if of interest, I will leave them with the .secretary for those who wish to .sec them. The little eminence .seen in the lower line about one-third of ihc way forward is the nipple. I have lx:cn recently informed that Case Number One was in foal two years ago by aid of capsule breeding and was de- BEPOBTS OF CASES. 667 livered of a live colt, that lived until about two months old. do not think it practical to breed them, however. UNUSUAL CASE OF CONSTRICTION. By H. M. Hamilton, D.V.M., Paris, Ky. " Careful observation, makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re- cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his Profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science. Was called at 12:30 p. m. to see patient, a two-year-old bay gelding, trotting bred. History — He had gorged himself previous night on rye, and was found a short time before I was called, sick. He had probably been sick all night. Symptoms — Standing quiet except occasionally pawing, head lowered, ears dropped, pulse imperceptible, body, legs and ears cold; no peristaltic action. In fact he presented a picture of death at first sight, and that being my prognosis, and not far distant, I waited for the end, which came in about forty-five minutes. Diagnosis — Volvulus or rupture. Postmortem — Abdominal cavity was filled with dark bloody fluid, showing extensive inflammation of peritoneum and por- tions of bowels. A portion of the peritoneum connecting the second or left division of great colon to fourth or right division had formed a loop, which was constricting about a three- foot loop of the ileum; this portion of the small intestine being in state of moist gangrene, with a small rupture and small amount of ingesta in peritoneal cavity. This was very interesting to me, especially the autopsy, and hope it will be to the readers of the Review. COW MOOSE IN LABOR— REFUSES ASSISTANCE- DIES. By F. A. McCoRD, V.S., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Am enclosing a photo of cow moose found by A. J. Ayles- worth of Edmonton, while out taking moving pictures of moun- G68 REPOBTS OF CASES. tain sheep and goat. This was in the province of Alberta, along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, six hundred miles north of the .\merican boundary line. Cow lived three days after being found and would not allow any assistance. RUPTURE OF STOMACH IN THE HORSl':. By Crittenden Ross, D.V.M., New York, N. Y. Called in the presence of a horse two hours previous to his death, tiie following symptoms were presented. The animal had ;i depressed exjjression; he stood with feet wide apart, head hang- ing near the ground, pulse about 70 and respirations shallow. Rectal examination revealed the feces of natural shape and consi.stency and no palpable intestine presented any abnormality. The pulse gradually grew weaker and the visible mucous mem- branes more anemic until the end came. Tlir History of the Case was that the horse had been in gooti health, never refusing a feed, but after his last feed he had Ikhmi turned into a small lot, with his mate, to water. After drinking, the two companions began to play, but shortly the one ceased, and went to one side of the lot, laid down, and gave BEPOBT8 OF CASKS. 66» evidence of pain. Later he arose and remained upon his feet until just before the end. Post Mortem Findings. Upon opening the abdominal cavity a blood colored fluid rushed out ; the incision was made suffi- ciently large to allow of an inspection, and then the different portions of the digestive tube carefully examined. As the re- gion near the stomach was approached, cracked corn and oats were met. When the stomach was finally reached it was found to have a rent along the greater curvature ten to twelve inches in length. TWIN FOALS— HORSE AND MULE. By L. O. Lamb, D.V.M., Newbern, Tenn. Am sending you a photograph of twin foals, a mule and a horse, the result of a double service by different animals the same day. This is the first instance of the kind to come under my observation. The horse colt is rather inferior in conforma- tion, but has the advantage of the nuile in size; being 34 inches high. The mule is only 30j/> inches in height but of good con- formation. They are now one month old. The photograph was taken when they were two days old. TWINS? By Geo. C. Faville, D.V.M., North Emporia, Va. Messrs. Parker and Harris, of Greensville County, Virginia, are large land owners, and, in a small way, cattle raisers. The 670 BEPOBTS OF CASES. cattle run in a large swamp pasture. Most of the adult cattle are cows belonging to the tenants on the place and to the proprietors of the plantation, and are milked more or less regularly, the calf being allowed to take its share of the milk at milking time. On April 23, 191 4, a speckled cow gave birth to a spotted heifer calf. The after-birth came away normally in the usual time and the cow nursed the calf and was milked regularly and gave her usual flow of milk. On May 29, 1914, this cow gave birth to a spotted heifer calf marked exactly like the first one, and is now nursing them both. They are marked exactly alike, but show the difference in age and a difference in size. Each calf, from appearance and develop- ment, was carried to full term. In my experience this is very unusual. The facts as stated can be easily proven. Mr. Harris, who owns the cow, is one of our most reputable farmers, and he vouches for the absolute truth of the above. QUADRUPLETS. By R. A. Greenwood, V.M.D., Painesvillc, Ohio. I recently met a most interesting case, and certainly an un- usual one. A grade Jersey cow, four years old, gave birth to four calves, one bull and three heifers. The youngsters were all perfectly healthy and all took nourishment soon after birth. Dr. Bolton Goes to Cuba — Dr. Meade Bolton, Washing- ton, D. C, sails from New York on August 29 for C^iba, to conduct a campaign against hog cholera, which is causing great losses to men engaged in that industry on the island, the doctor having recently accepted a position from the Agricultural De- partment of C'uba. Dr. Oscar Sciirkck Advocates Municipal Mkat Tnsi>kc- TioN. — Dr. Oscar Schreck, of New Haven, Connecticut, has pointed out to the Board of Finance of that city the advantages of niunici|)al meat inspection, and we trust that New TTavon will not Ik.* slow to get in line with the many progressive cities through- out the country who arc establishing up-to-date city abbatoirs. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Radial Paralysis, Sequel to Casting [A. J. Cattell, M.R.C.V.S.']. — Seven-year-old cart mare was thrown for the extraction of a diseased molar. It was the sixth tooth; was hard to remove and was taken off in two pieces. When the mare was allowed to get up, the near foreleg refused to work, the elbow dropped and the extremity was held forward in a bent position. The mare was put in slings showing at first great pain, sweating and unable to straighten the leg. After two weeks the elbow region became considerably swollen and the triceps muscle was very tense. On consultation a diagnosis of fractured hume- rus was suggested. Three weeks later the mare stood on her leg, she was taken out of the slings, walked out with a little dragging of the toe, and three days after was working quite sound. — {Vet. Rec.) Peculiar Calving Case {A. F. O'Dea, iW.i^.C.F. 5.]. —Un- der this heading the author records his experience in a case where, when he visited the cow, the subject of it, he found that the intestines were protruding from the vulva. By examina- tion through the vagina he felt a large cone-shaped body, hair- less and very slippery. Failing in his attempt to find a leg or the head, he advised the cow to be slaughtered and on examin- ing the carcass he met with a monstrosity. The abdominal or- gans were developed and hanging loose. " The skin from the abdominal region was reflected back over the quarters and formed a sac. From this reflected cutaneous portion three legs were hanging, developed from the carpus only downwards. The head and neck seemed developed from the sacrum, the head lying beside the tail, and attached to this portion of the trunk there was also one fully developed foreleg. The hind legs were normal. The thorax was absent." — {Vet. Record.) Embolism and Thrombosis in a Foal [Horace L. Rob- erts, F.R.C.V.S.]. — Four-day-old Suffolk punch foal was born 671 G7*J AltSTBACTS FJiOM EXCHANGES. apparently quite healthy. The navel did not bleed much and no ligature or dressing was applied. The animal, two days after birth, refused to suck. She showed great dyspnea, laid down and was unable to rise or to stand if lifted up. The temperature was loi degrees F., pulse 50 and weak. Death took place on the fifth day. At post mortem there was found, dilatation of the heart, embolus attached to the pulmonary semi-lunar \alve, thrombus extending along the pulmonary artery and also embo- lus attached to the aortic semi-lunar valve with a thrombus ex- tending along and occupying the greater portion of the lumen of the aorta and its subdivisions. There was no evidence of omphalo-phlebitis nor thrombus of the umbilical cord. — {P^ct. News. ) Heart Disease and Aorta Rupture in Brood Mare [By the Same]. — Fifteen-year-old mare had a live foal. She appears well the next day until evening when she began to paw, she stretched out, shivered, reared up, and came over on her back quite dead. Post mortem : On opening the thoracic cavity, showed :i large clot of blood ; rupture of an aortic aneurism had taken place. The heart was hypertrophied and dilated, myocardium in a state of degeneration and reddish-yellow color. The aortic valve was thickened and ulcerated, the mitral thick but not ulcerated. — ( Ibid. ) Sabulous Deposit in a Gelding [G. G. Rusltie Grey, M.R.C.V.S., BSc.]. — Cart gelding, seven years, has always been in good health. He grows restless in his box, strikes his ab- domen with hind legs, and seems in great pain. Pulse is 50, temi)erature 103 degrees F. Rectal examination is negative. Colic drench is administered. Next day condition is worse. Temperature up 107 degrees. Peritonitis is diagnosed. Death takes place the next day. Lesions of peritonitis are extensive, Huisits is olwerved, some of which are as big as pigeon's eggs. The bladder was empty and ruptured. Urethra is occluded with deposits. Chemical analysis of these proved it to consist almost entirely of carlnmate of calcium. — (yet. Neivs.) Ukktiiral Calculus in a Sticku |/)v the .Sanu-]. Devon steer, two years old, was l)cing fattened for slaughter. He has AUSTRAf'TS FKOM EXCHANGES. 673 had difficulty in micturating lately and has passed no urine for two days. He is restless, switched his tail frequently and shows a temperature of 102 degrees F. Rectal examination^ reveals a distended bladder and the urethra was much distended also at the ischial arch. Operation by puncture of the urethra at the perineum was performed followed by the escape of a large quan- tity of urine and immediate relief. The urethral incision had the coats of the urethra stitched to the edges of the skin and in a week was cicatrized, leaving a space sufficiently large for the steer to micturate, which he did, assuming the position of a cow. The steer continued his fattening and was slaughtered, when a calculus was found in the lower third of the urethra. — (Ibid.) X-Rays in Canine Practice [John Taylor, M.R.C.VS.]. — This record was illustrated by two photos of the abdomen of a fox terrier, taken by an X-ray expert, after being shot. The photos show very distinctly the bullet and its location in the abdomen. The dog showed a small wound on the right flank in line with the point of the ilium. He was fairly bright and showed pain only when forced to walk, which he would do on his forelegs. X-rays were taken and an operation advised. When the abdomen was open, such lesions of acute peritonitis with laceration of the caecum were found that chloroform finished the operation. — (Vet. Record.) Subcutaneous Sarcoma in a Horse [R. EaglesJiam, M.R.C.V.S.]. — Twelve-year-old black gelding had numerous growths in the subcutaneous tissues which got larger lately. They were on the neck, shoulders, on the sides of the ribs and the hind quarters. The largest about the size of a pigeon's egg. They were not attached to the skin, but showed prominently under it. The animal was in good health and seemed not to be in- commoded by them. He did his work. They kept enlarging and some were removed for microscopic examination; they proved to l)e of sarcomatous nature. The case was not followed out and no further examination could be made. — (Vet. News.) Rheumatic Tendonitis [^3; the Same]. — Six-year-old cart gelding and a six-year-old cart mare. Both animals had been ill with influenza and both had apparently recovered. On resum- ing work both showed lameness which followed a chronic course in much the same way. In both the hind legs were affected. At 674 ABSTBACTS FROM EXCHANGES. first the lameness was not marked, they were stiff, had cramps — they improve in action by exercise. Both animals were dis- abled for seven weeks. Enlargement and thickening of the sheaths of the tendons were the principal outside manifestations. There was such a condition of the tendons that knuckling be- came well marked. Notwithstanding external as well as internal treatment both horses had to be destroyed. — (Ibid.) Renal Calculus in a Mare [By the Same]. — ^A case of chronic nephritis with formation of calculi in a twelve-year-old van mare. For two years she had passed blood casts in her urine intermittently, otherwise did not seem to suffer, showing no systemic disturbance. She kept in good condition and worked. Lately she has lost appetite and flesh. No change in her pulse or temperature; she, however, had great thirst and micturates often, in great quantity. Her urine has a bad smell. The mare has no swelling about her, no pain anywhere, no colic and rectal examination was negative. Finally considered incurable, she was destroyed, after having been ailing two and a half years. At the post mortem there were found lesions of chronic nephritis with sabulous matter in the pelvis of both kidneys, with small calculi in the left. The ureter and bladder were inflamed and had their mucous membrane thickened. — (Ibid.) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Glandular Lymphosarcoma and Aortic Ossification in a Horse [Mr. Roquet, .Idjunct Professor]. — This was a sur- prise of autopsy. The sul>ject had no history and was used for practical exercises of the technic of post mortem. On opening the abdominal cavity and removal of the intestines an enormous globular mass, bigger than a man's he.'id, was found in the sub- lumbar region. It was in comiection with the psoas, the aorta, tile posterior vena cava, the kidneys and the ureters. I'^orward it reached the trunk of the great mesenteric artery, the cross of the c<»ecuni and folded colon. iU'liiiul it extended to the ((uadri- furcation of tlie aorta, and involved the origin of tiie iliac arte- ric«. By its inferior face it is adiierent to the great mesentery. It was an enormous lympha-dcnoma, forming an ovoid mass that weighed 6 kilog. 200. ABSTBACTS PBOM EXCHANGES. 675 By its superior plane, it presses upon the aorta and vena cava. The artery shows the lesions of ossifying aortitis. In the vena cava there is a small thrombus. The right kidney is atrophied and its ureter is flexuous, describing an S-form from its origin until it enters and runs through the neoplasm. There is hydro- nephrosis of the right kidney and corresponding hypertrophy of the left. — (Journ. de Zootech.) CEgagropile in Small Colon Kills a Horse {Major C. Leshre, Army Veterin.]. — Nineteen-year-old horse, robust, in fair condition, without history of preceding abdominal troubles, is one morning taken with colics. These are slight, but accesses of violent pain are followed by more or less long periods of quietness. When in pain, the horse paws with one forefoot or the other, looks at both flanks, lays down slowly and carefully, rolls and lays on his back. He makes unsuccessful attempts to defecate. Laxatives and pilocarpine are administered. The con- dition remains the same. Chloride of barium produces only in- significant expulsion of diarrheic feces. For a week the same manifestations prevail until finally the case grew worse and death occurred after an illness of 12 days. Post mortem revealed the lesions of acute peritonitis and on the fourth portion of the large colon a motion 30 centimeters long, through which is de- tected an oegagropile completely closing the opening into the small colon, which is entirely; empty. The oegagropile is rounded, mamillated on its surface and weighed 3 kilog. 100 gr. It was formed of vegetal fibres extrerhely fine, with a nucleus sur- rounded by concentric layers. — (Bullet. Soc. Scien. Veter.) Another Observation of Larvar Cylicostoma [^MM. Gillet and Teppaz, Army Veterinarians] . — Six-year-old mare had a rather unsatisfactory condition, she has had a cold lately. She is kept under observation and is soon unable to do her work. She shows symptoms of severe anhemia. The intestine works normally. Appetite is delicate. The mare has no colics, no hyperthermy, no hypothermy. Tonic treatment is prescribed. Cacodylate of sodae, simple serum; cafeine, etc. No result is obtained. Mare dies after an illness of twenty-three days. Post mortem: Eight litres of yellow serosity in the abdomen; in the intestines more or less semi-liquid alimentary matter in which swim an enormous quantity of cylicostomas. Mucous membrane congested. In the coecum and colon numerous black dots indi- 676 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. eating the presence of cysts containing larvae or embryos of cylicostomas. With magnifying glass many of these are seen, gorged with blood, and not adherent to the mucous. Lymph glands are hypertrophied. The other organs are normal. The mare evidently died of vermiform anhemia caused l^y cylicosto- mas.— (Ibid.) Polioencephalitis Simulating Rabies in Dog [Dr. L. Marchand and Prof. G. Petit]. — Crossed German bull, ten months old, is ill. No appetite, light cough, running nose, eye soiled with purulent thick, greenish discharge, he stands un- steady, moves poorly, hesitating, hyena-like, and has a tend- ency to drop on his hind quarters. The diagnosis is certain. Distemper, characterized by troubles of anterior respiratory pass- ages and complicated with nervous manifestations. No bronchi- tis nor pneumonia. Rapidly the nervous symptoms become more severe. In three days he is paralyzed on the hind quarters. The appearance of the dog is peculiar: with his mouth open, his glances acute, the dog at the slightest noise trying to bite at any imaginary object. For every one round he has rabies. The symptoms lasted two days, followed by death. The post mortem revealed only congestion of the brain with lesions of polioen- cephalitis. No corpuscles of Negri were found, notwithstand- ing careful researches. — {Rec. de Med. Vet.) Gf:ni:kalized Alopecia in a Hoksr \Major Rendu. Army Veterinarian]. — Chestnut mare' has l)een sickly and in bad con- dition for some time, yet the appetite is normal, and the mare lively. The coat is dull, the body is clipped, not the extremities. Arsenic treatment established, and rich diet prescril)ed. After a while the condition becomes alarming. The temperature goes up to 39.3 degrees, the pulse is accelerated and almost imper- ceptible the heart's beatings are irregular, 112 a minute. Swell- ings of the extremities take place. Over the parts not clii)pc(l, the hairs come out easily, drop in mass, the dermis is exposed, slirunk Then the eyelids are affected, and gradually the falling olT of the hair spread, so that on a level with the head, the neck. the ribs, tlu* abdomen, the rumps, the extremities are with hairs. and even the long iiairs of the mane and tail came off with the slightest pulling. The condition of the mare grew worse and earance to the place that prob- ably served as the nomenclature. The pigs are now loaded on low trucks, the woman gracefully tossing one end and the in.ui the other. They arc then taken out and hung up. the charred and unlnirnt hair scraped off of them. As can be sup- posed, the carcass is not the clean looking one of the hog that has been scalded and then scraped. Dr. Morel, who was in charjfe, then t«M)k us to the lalK)ratory and showed us a case of naval tul)erculosis taken from a calf carcass that morning. COBBESPONDENCE. 681 He then showed us the carcass, which presented generalized tuberculosis. Here let me relate one of the pleasantest incidents of our visit to France. As many Review readers personally know, Dr. Liautard is spending the summer at his country home in close attendance upon his invalid wife. But the good fortune of again seeing the grand " Old Man " fell to Drs. Ackerman and Mayo; and since he could not be with us in Paris, he gave them a letter of introduction to Dr. V. Evens, of No. 8 Rue Monsieur Prince, Paris. Dr. Evens took us under his wing as we started for the abattoir. After we finished here, he left us at our hotel and called for us again after lunch in a large touring car. We rode down the Champs Elysees, through the Bois de Bologne Park, stopped at the La Pre Catelan restaur- ant, a beautiful spot in the woods where the elite of Paris gather in the evenings for amusement and refreshments. In the rear of the restaurant is an immaculately kept cow stable — chairs and tables on one side and cows and goats on the other. Here the animals are milked and the patrons are served the fresh fluid. From here we went to the Pasteur experimental farms at Versailles, and were introduced to Dr. Prevost, who ex- plained in detail the work being carried on ; also showed us the plain old rooms in which Louis Pasteur lived and the bed in which he died. It was at this farm that the first work on rabies beo^un, and some of the first cages used by Pasteur to con- fine inoculated dogs are still in use. At the close of the de- lightful day we were again taken to our hotel and, as had pre- viously been arranged, we joined Dr. Evens as his guest for dinner that evening at the famous restaurant La Peyrouse, built in 1665. The quaint dining room, furnished in maroon and gold, has sheltered many diplomats and noblemen. It is now a noted rendezvous for those who enjoy rare delicacies served in faultless style. Dr. Evens greeted us with the pleasant statement that many of the noted medical men of France and all Europe had dined here, and that he had brought to it the noted medical men of America. Evidence of mein host's popularity could be seen on all sides, and while not surprised we were nevertheless delighted to see on the menu cards of the house certain savory dishes designated La Doctcur Evens. That our American friends may know how our veterinary friends in Paris entertained us. I am enclosing the menu served.* Those who can not read * Not received. GS2 COBRESPONDENCE. French should have it translated. Old wine and then some more wine, after cigars and coffee. Dr. Evens, in a delightful way, complirnented American veterinarians, their loyalty to the profession and the progress they are making; he spoke in Spanish, which was translated into English by Dr. Mayo. Several of our party responded, which was in turn translated in Spanish by Dr. Mayo, and Dr. Evens again translated it into French for the benefit of Dr. Morel, who had also been invited to be with us. And the ladies. Oh, yes ! They were there, too. Ask any of them how they enjoyed it. I will simply add that earlier in the day Dr. Evens had said that possibly he would visit America this autumn. After entertaining the ladies he was quite certain that he would visit America soon. After assuring our host through Dr. Mayo that in America we would style him a " Prince of good fellows," and drinking a toast to our old friend. Dr. Liautard, we departed amid cour- teous an rez'oirs; an accomplishment at which no Nation excels our French cousins. After spending a week in Paris we left for Brussels, Belgium. The country in general seemed to change but very little. On arrival at Brussels, we immediately noted the absence of the ubiquitous taxi of Paris, and also that there were but few horse cabs in use here. The beautiful, big Belgian draft animals that we saw substantiated the wisdom of our American dealers in coming to this little country for substantial draft animals. We spent another day in Antwerp, and then off for Holland. Our introduction to the Netherlands is worth mentioning. When we reached the frontier at a city named Rosendall, some of us strolled about the station watching the inspection of baggage, others sat complacently in their compartments, when suddenly, by a volley of salutes and gesticulations, the guards finally made us understand that the train bound for Utrecht was pulling out and that we should have changed cars. We immediately started a small riot, held up the train and began throwing our baggage out of the windows and ran for the train, mjLich to the amuse- ment of the natives. Our ride through Holland was very interesting. The level lowlands divided by liedges or streams, with the banks thrown up to form dikes, show the effects of liberal moisture and in- tensive cultiviition. We crossed five rivers or canals and many small streams from the frontier to Utrecht, a distance of about forty miles. The variety of crops in a single field exemplifies the intensive agriculture practicecl in this country. One can see COBBESPONDENCE. 683 in a field of a few acres perhaps a crop of wheat or rye as high as the average corn in the States, a crop of roots, potatoes, beans, peas, etc., and still another piece of clover or alfalfa that would make a Calif ornian farmer jealous. It is quite apparent that the feed bill is but little worry to the Hollander. The lime- stone or brick houses with thatched roofs, the immense wind mills, the open air spots where the large Holstein cattle are milked, the dogs hauling the milk to the farm house or market, are all sights that the reading American anticipates and enjoys. The Dutch farmers (this includes the women), short of stature and rugged, in their quaint dress and wooden shoes, impress one as a diligent, honest people. Our first stay in Holland was at Utrecht; here we were joined by the party that sailed June loth. Those who have been three thousand miles from home in a strange land can well imagine the happy reunion of this evening. After exchanging experi- ences we of the supplementary tour retired, feeling thoroughly convinced that the further some people traveled the more elastic their descriptions grew. Ask Dr. Marshall the size of the strawberries they were served with at a certain banquet ! On leaving Utrecht we went by rail to Naarden, where we were met by Mr. Floris Vos, a delightfully courteous gentleman ; we were conveyed in carriages to the (Dud-Bussem Farms, of which Mr. Vos is director. The buildings are all brick with thatched roofs of the mansard style, the doors are painted green, the shutters bright red framed with white stripes and dark green border. The style and colorings of the buildings, surrounded by beautiful lawns and hedges, present a farm scene beyond de- scription. The interiors of the dairy barns are finished in white tile for about four feet high, and a smooth plaster above. The summer barn is kalsomined with a dark blue tint which is said to discourage flies. The entire handling of the milk is sanitary and would compare favorably with any of our modern dairies in the States. A veterinarian and a bacteriological chemist are employed on the farm. From here we went to Holland's famous seaport, Amsterdam. The canal system here, as in other Dutch cities, attracts one's attention at once. It seems as if everybody was pushing or pulling a boat large or small. These canals are used also as sewer receivers. The water being changed every three days by pumping the contents over the dykes into the sea and then allowing water from the sea to fill them again. We went for a ride up one of the canals, stopped at Monnikedam, one of the noted so-called dead cities. This was a flourishing G^ CORBESPOX DEN CE. CORRESPONDENCE. 085 city before the large area east of it was reclaimed from the sea, but it is now an inland town and is gradually being de- serted. We also stopped at Edam, where the famous cheese is made, then to the Island of Marken — this is a fishing village where the people have changed but little in their customs since the beginning of the Fourteenth Century. The men wear large bloomers and wooden shoes, the women voluminous ^kirts. The boys and girls are dressed the same until the age of six, with the exception that the girls wear plain aprons and the boys flowered or figured ones. After six the boys wear trousers and may have their hair cut. The girls' hair is allowed to grow until the age of sixteen, when they have the back of the head shaved, leaving two strands in front which either hang down on either side or are tucked under the white cap, a universal head dress. The inhabitants of this Island rarely marry other than a native. It is claimed that this has greatly weakened the race and reduced longevity, and that it is rare to meet a native over sixty years old. Women of thirty appear older than the average American woman of fifty. Tuberculosis is said to be very pre- valent here notwithstanding the coarse, rugged appearance, and that the women lead an out of door life, sharing the manual labor with the men. The houses are low and consist of one room or, in rare cases, an additional small one. Here an entire family lives. The sleeping apartments being a berth-like arrangement in a closet built in the side of the house. The room or house is kept shining clean, and tourists are eagerly invited in, with a hope that a coin will be dropped in the ever present saucer on the table. All occupants leave their shoes (wooden) outside the door. On this Island, as in Amsterdam and most places in Holland, there are no wells. The water in the canals is more or less salty, so the only drinking water to be had is the rain water caught in pails or cisterns or that imported (when means will permit) from other countries. Never was the saying: " Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink," more significant to the American tourist than here. Our next day, July 31, was spent at the Hague; and, strange enough, on our trip to the Carnegie Peace Palace we saw evidence of military unrest on every side, but we were not to be deterred. After seeing this famous spot, we then visited the summer palace of Queen Wilhelmina, one of the rooms of much interest to us was the one termed the " Orange room." Here the paintings are by Rubens and his students. On one of the doors is depicted Hercules and Minerva, and between them is approaching the Goddess of CORRESPONDENCE. Peace. This painting was done in 1648 and this is the door through which the members of the first Peace Congress passed over three centuries later, 1899. The following day gave us more concern as we were informed that orders for mobili- zation of Holland troops had been issued and that no train would be available during the day. We immediately packed our belongings and waited for our hustling Eichhorn to find a way for us to quit Continental Europe. We finally got a train for Holland Hook about 7 p. m., and after delays of various kinds we landed in Harwich, England, twelve hours late, and London Sunday afternoon. Now for the Congress,* which we fear will suffer severely on account of war conditions. The present belief is that most of the noted foreign veterinarians will be either drafted into service or be unable to secure transportation. (I have purposely neglected mentioning anything concern- ing our visits to veterinary colleges, since Dr. Eichhorn and his party have seen many more than we, in fact they have visited some of the finest in the world. To do justice to these colleges and the abattoirs would require an article of much length and I am informed that Dr. Eichhorn and some of his party intend preparing an article on these subjects on the return steamer trip for our American friends to read. This will surely be interesting, as we will then have the combined views and expessions of able critics.) Yours truly, J. E. D. PuBLLSHED Proceedings — We are just in receipt of the pub- lished proceedings of the annual and semi-annual meetings of the Colorado Veterinary Medical Association, edited by Secre- tary Newsom. These two meetings furnish material for a 32- page report that is very interesting and instructive. Markikd — Dr. A. O. Rustad, Eergus Ealls, Minnesota, was married on Wedne.sday, August 19, 1914, to Miss Hilda lluscby, of that place All their veterinary friends express hearty con- gratulations through the Review. The Clinic of the Connecticut Vktkiunaky Medical Association at Waterhuky was large and varied; more cases being presented than could l)c taken care of during the day. * Publiabcd under Society Mcciinga on page 604. ARiVlY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. A COMMISSIONED VETERINARY CORPS FOR THE ARMY.* By Garrison Steele, M.D. (University of Paris), Dr. Med. Veter, (Berlin), Chicago. Thomas Babington Macaulay, the briUiant Enghsh essayist, in order to give his statements a show of famiharity, was wont to say that such and such a fact " is known to every schoolboy." In hke manner, though more truthfully, it may be said that the struggle of the medical profession in the army for recognition and appreciation, and its success within recent years, is known to every physician in America. Were it not for the action of the surgeon general of the army of the United States, there would be no place here, perhaps, for reference to so cheerless a topic as a similar struggle to bring into being a commissioned veteri- nary corps in the army. For thirty-five years, with regular bills in Congress, that profession had been unremittingly struggling toward that end, without tangible result and almost without visible effect. On January 6, 1913, in the Sixty-second Con- gress, in the debate in the House of Representatives on a like measure, which went unanimously through the House, though there was no action in the Senate, Mr. Tillson, of Connecticut, evidently expressing the thought of the surgeon general, asked why the proposed veterinary corps should not be placed in the medical department. Up to that time there had never been a hint that such a proposal would be advanced, much less enter- tained; indeed, the leaders of the movement for a commissioned veterinary corps apparently were taken by surprise. Yet this should not have been so, because in a number of the smaller nations of Europe, notably Sweden, army veterinarians all be- long to the medical department and have commissioned stand- ing. The true attitude of the medical department of the United States army toward the veterinary service came out clearly in the first session of the present Sixty-third Congress. On May 1st of last year Mr. James Hay. of Virginia, chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs, himself reintroduced the •Reprinted from the New York Medical Journal for July 4, 1914. 687 ABMY VETERINARY UEPAKTMEKT. bill, To Consolidate the Veterinary Service, U. S. Army, and Increase Its Efficiency (now known as H. R. 4541), and it was according to custom, turned over to his committee for the first reading. It was sent for recommendation to the War Depart- ment. When it was returned to Mr. Hay. a number of highly impijrtant letters were attached; one from the Secretary of War; another from the chief of the quartermaster corps. The third and most important of all, as far as this article is concerned, was from the surgeon general of the army, which we reprint verbatim : War Department, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington. June 12, 1913. Memorandum for the Chief of Staff : Subject: Bill H. R. 4541, to consolidate the veterinary service of the Army and increase its efficiency. Veterinary medicine is a learned profession, with a voluminous periodical and permanent literature of its own. For efficiency, there is the same ncccs- .sity that the horse doctor should be learned as for the man doctor, and as his patients are not able to speak and describe their symptoms, a greater amount of scientific accuracy and acumen is necessary for a correct diagnosis. The therapeutics and pharmacy of veterinary medicine are largely the same as for the medical service, and in Europe, where veterinary medicine has the dignity and standing of a learned profession, it has made valuable con- tributions to our knowledge of the causation of diseases. It is believed that it can not be placed on a high standard of efficiency without long continued application of the same agencies which have raised the medical corps of the army to its present standard. Conspicuous among these is the system of examination for admission to the service and for promotion. Others which may be mentioned are the liberal supply of literature and appliances and a close touch maintained with the progress of the profession in civil life. It is believed that these things can be accomplished for the veterinary service only l)y making it a part of the medical department and permitting it to sliarc the administrative machinery of the medical corps. This would not only conduce to the elevation and efficiency of the veterinary service. but would also be in the interest of economy, as all of i(s supplies could l^e most advantageously ])urchased, cared for, and issued tiirougli the ma- chinery of the medical de|)artment. As regards the administrative (luestion of su|>plying veterinary surgeons to the (pi.-irtermaster (lepattnuiit. it is bflicvctl that no difficulty would arise, as the veterinary officers needed tor that service could l)e i)laced under the orders of the (juartermasters at (le|K)ts, etc., where their services were needed, or ordered to rei)ort to the chief of the quartermaster cori)s for such service and duty as he might de- sire to assivn them. The establishment of the veterinary service as a oori)s of the medical department, like the dental eori)s and tlie army luirse corps, i* n«)t proponed for the aggrandizement of the medical department, but be- cauie it is believed to be the onlv way in which that service can be raised to a fitting plane of dignity and efficiency such as it lias reached in luiroi)ean countries and in the armies of the great militarv niitions. For these reasons the «lraft of the bill submitted by the War Deiiartinent on January 6. i«)n, a c«ipv of which is attached to the (iener.il Stall Keitort No, K$n. iirrrwilh, is believrerlin in Germany, Budapest in Austria, Alfort near Paris in France, and the veterinary college of Milan in Italy, are thus linked to the national government, and the products, the aspira- tions, the standards, the ideals of these old world institutions are known and venerated wherever the tenets of medicine are fos- tered and cherished. In America also, more and more, the veter- inary colleges are becoming part of the State system of educa- tion, as at Cornell University and the University of Pennsyl- vania, and the pattern is derived from the old world. Neither this, nor a knowledge of the voluminous periodical and per- manent literature of veterinary medicine is known to the army, other than by the medical department. Veterinary medicine is a technical l)ranch removed from military men's ken of thought. The periodical literature is in many languages — richest in Ger- man, French and Italian ; while the permanent literature, on es- tablished scientific fact and practice, though not so voluminous as that of human medicine, is at once the delight and despair of its students. ABMY VETEMNABY DEPABTMENT. Next the surgeon general in his letter states why, for effi- ciency, the doctor who treats animals should be perhaps more a man of learning than he who treats man. It is certain that the medical sciences in which each must be grounded are the same for the veterinarian as for the physician. Whatever groups of studies, in the veterinary and medical curricula, are compared, the foundation and superstructure are similar. Besides, as the surgeon general's letter says, difficulties beset the path of the practice of the veterinarian that are unknown to the physician. Diagnoses of lameness in the horse, for example, are fraught with numerous perplexities. The difficulties increase with the complications of diseases ; because, as the surgeon general re- minds us, the animal is dumb, and greater acumen is necessary for correct diagnoses. Continuing, the surgeon general says that the therapeutics and pharmacy of veterinary medicine are largely the same as for the medical service. This is true. The drugs are mostly the same, though the doses and effects, especially the latter, are very different. The difficulties, moreover, arising from the varied posology for the different domesticated animals, the various species, are at least equal to those that arise in the treatment of human beings. The surgical principles are the same ; though comparative anatomy is fraught with far greater difficulties than human anatomy. Further, the letter says that in Europe, where veterinary medicine has the dignity and standing of a learned profession, it has made valuable contributions to our knowledge of the caus- ation of di.sease. A large proportion of the men who in Europe have l)ccn in veterinary work all their lives and have become distinguished as investigators, teachers, even as practitioners, have the degree of M.D. Such men, working exclusively in the field of veterinary science, have added glory to veterinary medi- cine. K(Kh, Schiitz, von Behring, von Ostertag, Pasteur, arc names to which probably the letter refers, for all have con- tributed knowledge of the etiology of veterinary disease. Sim- ilar conditions have prevailed in America; witness the work of Theobald Smith, who discovered the cause of Texas fever in cattle and thereby suggested the danger from insects as carriers of di.sease, which led to the discovery of the means of propaga- tion of malaria and yellow fever. De Schweinitz, Marion Dorset and \^ A. Moore are other Americans renowned in tbc same field. I''urthernu)re, says tlie document we are (jiioting, the appli- ABMY VETEBINABl DEPARTMENT. 691 cation of the agencies which have raised the army medical corps to its present high standard of efficiency will also raise the veter- inary corps. This means the entrance examinations, work in the army medical school, promotional examinations and the rigorous surveillance of the work of medical officers. The framers of the veterinary bill had in mind all these things. What better model, aiming to produce efficiency in the veterin- ary service, could there be than that of the medical corps? A liberal supply of literature and appliances in the veterinary corps, as in the medical corps, is certainly necessary. This means power to learn and power to apply what is learned. Such an opulence in the furnishing of means of acquisition of knowl- edge and work would contrast with the stinted supplies at pres- ent furnished to veterinarians. The keeping in close touch with the progress of the profession in civil life has been the making of the medical corps and it will be the making of the veterinary service. There are also mentioned the administrative advantages to the Government to be brought about by the proposed attachment of the commissioned veterinary corps to the medical department; the economical purchase of veterinary supplies, their care and distribution through the machinery of the medical department. These are medicines, instruments and material, appliances and biological products, all of which, with due regard to the needs of the veterinary corps as indicated by the veterinarians themselves, can be attended to very well through the medical department. Detailing veterinary officers of the medical department to the quartermaster corps is a mere administrative point which can be attended to without friction. Finally, the surgeon general's letter states that the plan of attaching the veterinary corps is not proposed for the aggrandize- ment of the medical department; that would be saying that the medical department believes that coal ought to be carried to Newcastle. The medical department is big enough, important enough and influential enough to be under no necessity of ag- grandizing itself by absorption of other services or parts of services. It simply invites the veterinary corps to share in its sanitary and medicochirurgical work. The letter closes with the statement that the attachment proposed is the only way to give dignity and efficiency to the veterinary service as in Europe. There the efficiency and concomitant dignity of the veterinary services is due to the commissioned standing — rank, which there signifies advancing knowledge, is attested by promotional ex- 692 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. aminations from grade to grade. The medical department knows that until this is done for the United States army veter- inary service there is no possibility of raising its standards. The astonishing achievements of the medical department of the army, since it has been given power and reward for its service, are known to the whole world. Press despatches from London* speak of the dinner given in honor of Surgeon General Gorgas on March 23d by the medical profession of the British capital, at which were present Sir Thomas Barlow, president of the Royal College of Physicians; Viscount Bryce, Sir William Osier, Arthur William May, medical director of the Royal navy; Francis N. Champneys, president of the Royal Society of 5/Iedicine; Sir Rickman Godlee. president of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons; and Sir William Launcelot Gubbins, director of the British army medical service. This tribute to General Gorgas was in recognition of his brilliant achievements in the field of preventive medicine. He had just returned from South Africa, whither he had gone by invitation of the British Gov- ernment to investigate problems in sanitation amongst the 200,- 000 Kaffirs employed in the Rand gold mines. His suggestions for prevention of pneumonia there, and of malaria in Rhodesia. will l)e of lasting benefit. Coming to him at the very summit of his fame, the recognition of his extraordinary professional judg- ment points to what has preceded. His work in Cuba, later in the sanitation of the Canal Zone, where yellow fever was ban- ished from the Isthmus, and malaria kept in almost complete restraint, made possible the building of the Panama Canal, and caused his services to be sought by the government of Ecuador in its sanitary problems. Of similar value to the Government, the medical department informs Congress, will be recognition of the veterinary service. It advises that tiie veterinarians of the army be formed into a corps under the provisions of 'a statute which will standardize the • work. The veterinarians in the service at present are just .so many units; the medical department has declared most emphat- ically that only just recognition of a commissioned veterinary corps can overcome the dissipation of energy and bring proper returns of economy and efficiency in advanced veterinary work. Mr. Hay, chairman of the House Committee on Military .Affairs. voicing the same thought when the bill unanimously passed his •The London Doily Mail, rulnKi/iiiK Uriiiaclirr (jrncral Williiim C. (lorKnit, SinKCdii n«n*ral, V. .S, A., My»: " Pcrlmim of nil livinu Amcricanii, lie Imn conferred the k'*""'''!*! >Mrn«ftl »o Ihc hiimnn race. The whole worlci, iinrliculiirly the Uritinh Kinpiic with ila Urge iropical |Mt*«c«i)iiinii, owe* hint n debt which HritonM nrc proud to ackiiuwIedKc" AlUi'Y VETJEUINAUY nEP-'.RTMENT. C93 committee on February 2d, said : " The veterinarians of this country are a body of highly trained and intelHgent men who have made and are making great strides toward progress in their profession ; and it is not reasonable to expect that the Gov- ernment can secure the best talent of the profession unless some fitting and substantial recognition is given it." Such are the views of the medical department of the United States army, lliis article is meant as an examination and exposi- tion of the letter of the surgeon general, and is not a piece ot special pleading. The plan was proposed by the medical depart- ment itself, for reasons which it gives, and because of statements for the truth of which it vouches. Let Congress listen if it will. Why You Should Be Interested in the National Asso- ciation Allied Horse Interests. — It aims to maintain the supremacy of the horse in sport and industry, and to prove that the horse is an economical factor in business. Its officers and directors are men who are earnestly interested in improving con- ditions connected with the breeding of horses. It can be readily conceived what an association with such aims, with a sufficiently powerful membership, can accomplish. It has done a great deal in the past year for the horse interests throughout the country, and with the establishment recently of a monthly periodical, the Horse Lover, will accomplish still greater things for the horse and allied interests in the coming year. Every veterinarian in America ought to support this organization by his membership in it. Write to Mr. George H. Webb, secretary. Industrial Trust Co. Building, Providence, R. I., for particulars, and note the names of the men upon the stationery that comprise its officers and directors. A Preliminary Report on the Production, Action and Therapeutic Effects of Leukcytic Extracts, is the title of an article received during August by R. A. Archibald and Ger- trude Moore, Oakland, Cal. ; reprinted from the Archives of Internal Medicine. The Transmission of Hog Cholera by Buzzards, is the title of an article by Dr. Charles F. Dawson, in Florida Health Notes, for June, 1914, the official bulletin of the Florida State Board of Health. SOCIETY MEETINGS. THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS, LONDON. The Tenth International Veterinary Congress was opened by a social function in the form of an informal reception in the Grand Ball Room of the Hotel Cecil, London, on Sunday even- ing, August 2, 19 14; Sir John McFadyean and Lady McFadyean receiving. A delightful evening was spent in getting acquainted and partaking of refreshments. A goodly representation of Americans was present, but the effect of military disturbances upon the attendance at the congress was already apparent. Many prominent members who had reached London during the day found at their hotels information which caused them to secure passage on the first train or steamer, to convey them back to their respective homes without delay. The business session was opened by Sir John McFadyean, on Monday morning, August 3, in the Central Hall, Westminster, who announced that it would be impossible for the Honorary President, the Right Honorable Walter Runciman, to be present. Therefore the first order of business was the election of a presiding officer, and Sir John was unanimously chosen by the association. In his address from the president's chair, Professor McFadyean reviewed the his- tory of the Congress and its purposes, and closed his remarks by extending a warm welcome to the foreign members, and ex- pressing his regrets at the lamentable conditions which caused the absence of so many of them. The report of the Honorary Secretary of the Organizing Committee was then presented by Sir Stewart Stockman, as follows : Rp:p()rt of the Honorable Secretary. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : At tlie ICiglUh International Veterinary Congress, held at Hudapcst in 1905, a wish was expressed tliat the Tenth Interna- tional Veterinary Congress should be held in London in 1913 in recognition of the fcicts that international veterinary con- gresses were first initiated by an English veterinary surgeon, John Gamgcc, and that the Tenth International W-torinary Con- ffrc.Hs would fall to Ik; held fifty years after the first which took place at Hamburg. AM SOCIETY MEETINGS. 695 Before leaving England to attend the Ninth International Veterinary Congress held at the Hague in 1909, the represen- tatives of Great Britain approached the British Foreign Office through the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, asking to be authorized to say that the Tenth International Veterinary Con- gress would be invited to meet in London. Authority was given to make this statement at the Hague, where it was agreed that the Tenth International Veterinary Congress should be held in London and tliat the two British members of the Permanent Committee — Sir John McFadyean and Mr. Stockman — should, in accordance with by-laws 5 and 28, be entrusted with the for- mation of the Organizing Committee. It was explained, how- ever, by the British delegates that arrangements had been made to hold an international medical congress in 191 3, and it was decided that the Tenth International Veterinary Congress should be summoned for 1914, as it seemed inadvisable that two such important congresses should be held at the same time and place. An organizing committee was immediately formed in the United Kingdom for the purpose of making arrangements for the Tenth International Veterinary Congress. As it has not been the custom in the United Kingdom to finance these congresses by government funds, the Organizing Committee had to undertake the arduous and exceptional duty of collecting money by subscription to meet the expenses of or- ganization. An appeal was issued to members of the Royal Col- lege of Veterinary Surgeons in Great Britain and her Colonies asking for subscriptions, and the veterinary societies throughout the empire undertook to assist the Organizing Committee in their task of advertising the Congress and collecting subscriptions. The appeal was responded to in the most generous way, and it became evident a few months after the undertaking was started that a sufficiently large sum would be available to enable the Con- gress to be carried to a successful issue. It was evident to the Organizing Committee that the British veterinarians had made up their minds that if the Tenth International Veterinary Con- gress did not surpass previous congresses it would be through no fault on the part of British veterinarians. The Congress has also received very considerable support from leading agricultural societies and from individual agriculturists. The Foreign Office in London issued invitations to the various states asking them to be represented by delegates, and the Colo- nial Office, with the same puri30se in view, issued invitations to the various dominions and crown colonies. SOCIETY MEETINGS. The President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and the responsible officials of his department have extended throughout the greatest sympathy and support to the Congress, and through representations made by Mr. Runciman it was de- cided on behalf of his Majesty's government to officially recog- nize the Congress by giving a dinner in its honor to the various delegates. The corporations of the cit}^ of London have also been kind enough to extend their hospitality to the Congress. As the time for the Congress drew near it was found neces- sary by the Organizing Committee to appoint a small executive committee, which was charged with the duty of carrying the Congress through. The work of both committees has been enor- mous, and as honorary organizing secretary, I hope it will not be out of place if I venture here to express my great indebtedness to all the assistant secretaries and members of both committees who have worked with me in the most arduous and self-sacrificing manner for the success of the Congress. Many ladies have shown the greatest interest in the Congress and exceptional thanks are due to the Ladies' Committee who were good enough to make arrangements for the entertainment and enjoyment of the lady members of the Congress. I think reference should also be made to the office of the Permanent Committee, which has recently been fixed at the Hague under the patronage of the government of the Nether- lands. Owing to the establishment of this office it has been pos- sible for the officials of the Tenth International Veterinary Con- gress to hold frequent communication of an official kind with the secretary — Dr. de Jong — who has always been ready to sup- ply valuable infomiation and advice to the British Organizing Committee. In accordance with tlie by-laws, the British committee drew up a li.st of subjects for discussion at the Tenth Congress. This list was i)re.sented for consideration at a meeting of the Perma- nent Committee of the International Veterinary Congresses, held at Lyons in October, i<;i2, and with certain moditications which were given effect to, the list of subjects was approved. In accordance with by-law 7, the honorary secretary was authorized to invite the formation of national c.mimittees in the various countries, and a circular letter emlxxlying this reers. The number of ordinary members is about 1,300. The number of lady members is nearly 200, and there are nearly 50 extraor- dinary members. A complete program of the Congress is available to every member. This program deals with the arrangement and order of the subjects for discussion ; the entertainments and excursions, and all such matters in connection with the Congress, and it is therefore unnecessary for me at this stage to make further refer- ence to these subjects. I may say, however, that the Permanent Committee have decided that Item 6 — Disinfection of Wagons — which was to be discussed in accordance with the resolution of the Ninth Congress, shall be deferred until the next Congress, as no report has been furnished. I have also to announce that a report by a committee, ap- pointed by the Ninth Congress, consisting of Herr Hoogkamer. Dr. Van Es, Herr Rickman and Sir S. Stockman, on the Over- sea Transport of Animals, was considered by the Permanent Committee, and it was decided that it should be published and cir- culated to members of this Congress. In conclusion, Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, I would like to be allowed on behalf on my fellow-workers for the suc- cess of this Congress to express the deepest regret at the deplor- able situation which has arisen in Europe. I think I will be expressing their views by saying that, although we feel that we have been compelled to bow to a force majeure which nobody could have foreseen, and which has occasioned the absence of 698 SOCIETY MEETINGS. many brilliant representatives of veterinary science who had ar- ranged to take part in this Congress, we do not grudge the efforts which we have out forth in the interests of veterinary science and the veterinary profession of the world. At the conclusion of the secretary's report, several foreign dele- gates were called upon by the president. In their responses they expressed their appreciation at being invited to take part in this important function. The Congress then adjourned to meet at lo a. m. of the following day. August 4, lo a. m., president, Sir John McFadyean, opened the morning session by briefly reciting the conditions that con- fronted the Congress. He then presented a resolution that had been drawn up by the officers. The resolution was read in Eng- lish, French and German, suggesting an adjournment of the morning session, to meet again at 3 p. m. to transact such busi- ness as would bring the Congress to a close. The resolution was supported. The Congress again convened at 3 p. m., and after a business meeting, as prescribed by the constitution, the chair- man, with unmistakable emotion and regret, gave utterance to the words which brought the Congress to a close. The disap- pointment and regret of the whole-hearted British veterinarians was evident on all sides. It seemed as if a pall had come over everylx)dy; and in silent sympathy the few foreigners present — mostly Americans — left the hall with a feeling of mingled pride and sympathy for the great efforts put forth by the home officers and members, and for their fortitude in shouldering their disap- jK^intment. During the closing session the chairman announced that the reception which had been planned for that evening would be held, and he expressed a hope that all members and their fam- ilies would be present. This delightful function occurred at the Natural History Museum, where the members had the rare treat of listening to the most charming music by the string band of the Koyal Regiment of y\rtillery while delicious refreshments were licing .served. It is unfortunate that our l>ritish friends could not have heard the complimentary expressions voiced, but the Rkview assures them thai tlieir generous hospitality and good fellowship (lid not fail on barren soil. J. \'. 13. Official Stenoc.kaimiic Repout; Including President's AlH)HK.S.S AND Re.SI'ON.SE.S HY P'oREICN RePUE.SENTATIVKS. The official opening meeting of the Tenth International Vet- erinary Congress w^is held at the Central Hall, Westminster, S. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 699 W., on Monday morning, the 3rd Aug., Sir John McFadyean, President of the Organizing Committee, occupying the chair. Although many of the foreign delegates, particularly the French, (rerman and Austrian, had returned home owing to the outbreak of the war, there was an excellent attendance, the delegates from other countries appeared in large force, and most of the promi- nent veterinary surgeons of the United Kingdom and the Over- seas Dominions attended. The President — Ladies and gentlemen, to my great regret I have to announce that we have just learned from the Hon- orary President of the Congress, the Right Hon. Mr. Walter Runciman, President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, that he is unavoidably detained, and it will therefore not be pos- sible for him to attend here and declare the Congress open. I am quite sure that you share the regret which the members of the Organizing Committee have felt during the last few min- utes with regard to his absence. We must proceed with the formal business of this meeting, and I therefore, as Chairman of the Organizing Committee, declare the Congress open. ELECTION OF PRESIDENT OF THE CONGRESS. Prof. A. E. Mettam — Gentlemen, on behalf of the Organiz- ing Committee, I have the greatest possible pleasure in propos- ing that Sir John McFadyean be elected President of the Tenth International Veterinary Congress. (Cheers.) Maj.-Gen. F. Smith, C.B, — I have great pleasure in second- ing that. The resolution was carried by acclamation. The President — Ladies and gentlemen, permit me to thank in the first place Prof. Mettam and Maj.-Gen. Smith for having nominated me as President of this Congress, and in the second place to thank the members most heartily for having elected me. I need hardly say that I recognize the great honor which attaches to this office. I must add, however, that I am filled with mis- givings as to my ability to discharge the duties as they ought to be discharged, but I can only say that no effort will be lacking on my part to discharge those duties in such a way as will gain your approbation. I may, perhaps, be allowed a few minutes in which to trace the history of the series of gatherings of which this is the tenth. The first Liternational Veterinary Congress was held at Ham- Imrg from the 14th to the i8th July, 1863, and it was convened on the initiative of the late Prof. John Gamgee — a fact which 700 SOCIETY MEETINGS. is a legitimate source of pride to British veterinary surgeons. In the month of April of that year Prof. Gamgee had issued a circular, in which he invited teachers in the various veterinary colleges, and practicing veterinary surgeons from all parts of Europe, to attend a Congress to be held in Hamburg during the ensuing summer, and requested those who intended to Ije present to comnuuiicate with Prof. Hering, the Director of the Veter- inary School in Stuttgart. In this circular it was pointed out as a highly important fact that, hand in hand with the increase in commerce between the different countries of Europe, and with the increased facilities for the sale and rapid transport of the cattle necessary to meet the growing food requirements of West- ern Europe, there had been during the preceding twenty years an increased prevalence of contagious diseases among catt^.^ sheep and other farm animals. Notwithstanding this fact there was a lamentable absence of reliable statistical information re- garding the mortality among animals caused by plagues which were spread by the international trade in cattle, an ignorance which was held to be responsible for the fact that some States had not yet taken any adequate steps to protect their interests in this connection, and which also explained the injury inflicted on certain countries by the efforts of others to diminish their losses by exporting their own infected animals. The circular went on to exi)ress the hope that the representatives of veterinary science from all parts of the Continent would unite in an endeavor to formulate a uniform system of dealing with the contagious dis- eases of animals. To this end it was reconunended that those desiring to take part in the Congress should, by ccMitributing papers or otiierwi.se, supply information regarding the following: (i) The extent to whicii the dilVerent contagious diseases occurred in their respective countries. (2) The import and export trade in cattle for slaughter, and the directions in which contagious diseases tended to spread in each country. (3) The most succcv^fnl means of treating the dilTon-nt oon- tagiou.s (li.seases. It was .suggested that alter consideration of the intorma- tion thus obtained the Conference might adoi)t resolutions for tran.sniission to the various (Jovenunents as the basis for legis- lation with a view to the prevention of epizootic diseases. (iamgec was not very liopefnl tiiat the recommendations made by the ('(inirress would receive the attention which they merited from fhr difT5, and the principal subjects then discus.sed were pleuro-pneumonia, in- tcmational regulation of trade in cattle with the object of pre- SOCIETY MEETINGS. 703 venting contagious diseases, inoculation with a view to diagnosis or for the purpose of protecting or curing animals, tuberculosis, swine fever and swine plague, the use of the flesh of tuberculous animals from the point of view of public health, and the influ- ence of veterinary science on social development and prosperity. At the seventh Congress, which was held at Baden Baden in August, 1899, the measures to be taken against the spread of the disease by international trade in cattle was again down for dis- cussion, and for the first time foot-and-mouth disease appeared in the programme of these congresses. Other subjects debated on this occasion were meat inspection, anatomical nomenclature in veterinary science, tuberculosis, including the use of the flesh and milk of animals affected with the disease, epizootic diseases of the pig, and the relationship of human and veterinary med- icine. At the eighth Congress, which was held at Budapest in 1905, there was a more extensive programme than in the case of any of its predecessors, and for the first time the proceedings were con- ducted in section? as well as in general meetings. For the first time also tropical diseases of animals were brought under dis- cussion. The other important subjects debated at this Congress were serum therapy and infectious diseases, foot-and-mouth dis- ease, tuberculosis, parturient apoplexy, the application of tuber- culin and mallein and swine fever. The ninth and last Congress preceding this was held at the Hague in 1909, and the subjects discussed at the general meet- ings were swine fever and swine plague, the role of veterinary surgeons as experts in zootechnical questions, the sanitary control of milk and the obligatory inspection of meat, the prophylaxis and pathology of protozoan diseases, avian tuberculosis in relation to tuberculosis in mammals, Governmental efforts against tuber- culosis and the modes of infection in these diseases. A large number of other important subjects were specially considered in the sectional meetings. It might almost be said that the holding of congresses, Na- tional or International, is one of the characteristics of the age we live in. There have not been wanting critics who maintain that as a means of advancing knowledge the Congress system has within recent years been overworked, and that there is a marked tendency for congresses that are ostensibly scientific to degen- erate into social gatherings where the chief object of the arrange- ments is to aft'ord pleasure and entertainment to the members. I venture to say that no such charge could properly be brought 704 SOCIETT MEETINGS. against the International Veterinary Congresses, although the advantages to be derived from social intercourse between the members have never been overlooked. The intervals at which they are now held are not so long as to destroy the useful link which is formed by the attendance of many of the same members at successive congresses, nor so short as to exhaust the list of subjects worthy of consideration at an international gathering, or to render discussion stale. With regard to the success of the Congresses in promoting the objects for which they were founded, there can be no differ- ence of opinion. Their primary purpose is to bring fresh views and supposed new discoveries in any department of veterinary science to the crucial test of criticisms by the higher experts. They thus serve to correct errors and to diffuse knowledge among the members themselves. It would be a mistake, however, to represent these congresses as existing solely for the purpose of eliminating error and extending knowledge among the mem- bers of the veterinary profession. The proverb that prevention is better than cure applies as forcibly to animal as to human dis- eases, and a glance at the programmes of past Congresses shows how fully that has been realized by the members of the veterinary profession, since the great bulk of the papers and discussions have been concerned with the i)revention of contagions diseases among the domesticated animals. But prevention nearly always requires concerted action enforced by legislation, which, in turn, must have the intelligent support of the people interested if it is to be effectual. One of the purposes of the congrr-ises must therefore be to spread to the widest possible extent among the interested laity a knowledge of the fundamental facts regarding the causes of preventible diseases. There is no need to be dissat- isfied with the work of past congresses in this respect, for to their influence one can trace many of the laws which during the last fifty years have been passed with a view to exterminating or holding in check the epizootic diseases of animals, including those which are communicable to human beings. It would unfor- tunately 1)0 easy to show that incalculable siuns of money would have l)cen .saved by .some countries had their Government paid earlier heed to the resolutions passed at some of these congresses. A.s one intcn.sely anxious for the success of the present Con- gress, I can only express the hope that as a mark of I lie advance- ment of veterinary knowledge :uid the veterinary profession throughout the civilized workl, it may deserve to rank with its prctleccssors SOCIETY MEETINGS. 705 I propose to ask the Hon. Secretary to give a short account of the work of the Organizing Committee in making prepara- tions for this Congress, but before I sit down I should hke, on behalf of the Committee, and indeed of the whole of the veter- inary profession in the United Kingdom, to extend a warm wel- come to those foreign members who have honored the Congress with their presence. (Cheers.) I need hardly say that we de- plore the fact that their number has been reduced owing to the lamentable international developments of the last few days. (Hear, hear.) Ladies and gentlemen, it is part of the business of this open- ing meeting to elect the other officers of the Congress on the rec- ommendation of the Organizing Committee. I therefore have the honor to propose that Prof. Mettam, Prof. James McCall and Prof. Bradley be elected Vice-presidents of the Congress. The motion was carried by acclamation. The President — I have next formally toi propose that Sir Stewart Stockman be elected the General Secretary of the Con- gress, and that Mr. F. W. Garnett be elected Treasurer. The motion was carried by acclamation. The President — Furthermore I beg to move that Mr. Share- Jones, Maj. Todd, Mr. A. L. Sheather and Prof. Wooldridge be elected Secretaries for the general meetings. The motion was carried by acclamation. The President — According to the statutes of the Congress, this meeting ought also, on the nomination of the Organizing Committee, to appoint one President, two Vice-presidents, and whatever is thought to be the necessary number of Secretaries for each of the Sections of the Congress. I must explain that the Organizing Committee has within the last few days been placed in a position of great difficulty in that connection, because un- fortunately quite a considerable number of the foreign members whom we desired to elect as Presidents or Vice-presidents of sec- tions are not here, and at the moment we are not prepared to nominate Vice-presidents of the different sections, as we are not sure who will be actually present. With the consent of the meet- ing it is suggested that the election of Vice-presidents of sections should be deferred until the second general meeting to-morrow, when it will be put down as the first item on the agenda. The recommendations of the Organizing Committee with re- gard to the positions of President and Secretaries are as follows : That Dr. de Jong be elected President and Mr. Brittlebank and Mr. Cappurro be appointed Secretaries of Section I. 706 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Of Section II. it is proposed that Prof. Mettam should be elected President, and Mr. Edwards, Mr. Sheather and Mr. Rucher Secretaries. Of Section III. it is the desire of the Committee that Prof. Bang should be appointed President and that Mr. ]\Iinett and Dr. Lander be appointed Secretaries. Of Section IV. it is recommended that Prof. Williams be ap- pointed President, and that Mr. Hobday, Mr. Reynolds, Prof. Gofton and M. Barrier be appointed Secretaries. Of Section V. it is proposed that M. Piot Bey be elected Pres- ident, and Major Carr and Mr. Lawrence be appointed Secre- taries. May I take it that those recommendations are acceptable to the Congress? The recommendations were carried by acclamation. The President — With regard to this item of business, I have to intimate that apparently it will not be necessary to elect any officers to Section VI. It was a very small section as regards proceedings, and apparently there are no reports to submit to it, and therefore we do not propose to elect any officers to Section VL I will now call on the Honorary Secretary of the Organizing Committee to give to the members a short account of the pre- liminary work which was undertaken with regard to making the arrangements for this Congress. (Sir Stewart Stockman's report appears on page 694). Representatives of the various countries then addressed the Congress, thanking the Government and the Organizing Com- mittee for the invitation that had been extended to them to attend. Those who spoke included M. Degive (Belgium), Dr. Paulo Parreiras Ilorta (Brazil), Mr. Keitera (Japan), Prof. Gavril- esco (koumania), Dr. San Martin (Cuba), Dr. K. Perroncito (Italy), Dr. Holth (Norway), Dr. Vladimiroflf (Russia). Dr. Kdward I. Unanue (Argentina), Dr. S. P. Nystcdt (Sweden), Mr. W. Littlcwood n-'gy])!). and Dr. JMchhorn (United States of America). Dr. R. Bang ( Dminark ), who received a very hearty wek-onie on rising to speak, said : Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen : As a delegate from the Danish (lovernment, and on behalf of my col- leagues from Denmark, 1 beg permission to express (Mir warmest thanks for the kind welcome which has been extended to us, and to ofTcr our sinccrcst wishes for the success of the Congress. But for the present serious circumstances. I feel convinced th.il SOCIETY MEETINGS. 707 this jubilee Congress would have maintained the standard of its predecessors, nay, have surpassed it; and even now I sincerely hope that it will be successful, in as far as the great benefits that science, agriculture and public health can draw from the discus- sions of the important questions that are on the program will once more be made evident, and thus truly honor the memory of the English veterinarian, Mr. Gamgee, who, fifty years ago, initiated these International Veterinary Congresses. (Cheers.) Dr. D. A. de Jong (Holland), who also received a very cordial reception, said: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: In the name of the Royal Dutch Government, which I have the honor to represent, I beg to express my thanks to the British Government for the kind invitation received by my country to attend this Congress. We would have come in larger numbers to meet the learned men of the English profession, and to show the Organiz- ing Committee that we are much honored by the preparations that have been made for a successful Congress and for the cordial in- vitation which we have received, but circumstances have pre- vented it. On behalf of my country and of my Dutch colleagues, I again thank Great Britain and the British members of the pro- fession for the kindness with which the Dutch members have been received. (Cheers.) Mr. J. O. Bunster (Chili), said: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen : As a representative of the Chilian Government, I beg to convey to you the Government's best wishes for a most suc- cessful Congress. Chili has not been represented at former Con- gresses if I remember rightly; but being on a continent which pro- duces such a tremendous quantity of cattle for the food of the world, we take a great interest in the veterinary profession. It would appear grotesque, if it were not so serious, that we at the present moment are here trying to save the lives of animals, while the continent of Europe is doing its best to increase the mortality of human beings at a terrible rate. (Hear, hear). Let us hope that the war will not last long, and that England, as she is doing now for animals, will also take a very important part in saving millions of lives of human beings. (Cheers.) NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. The twenty-fifth annual meeting of the above society was called to order by President Switzer, on August ii, 1914, at Rochester. The address of welcome to the city of Rochester 708 SOCIETY MEETINGS. was given by Mr. T. F. IMagrath, secretary to Mayor Edgerton, who was to have welcomed the society to Rochester, but had been called away from the city. Dr. Robert W. Ellis, of New York City, responded to the address of welcome, after which President Switzer delivered a splendid, masterly address, which was very inspiring. The rest of the morning session was given to committee reports. At the beginning of the afternoon session, Dr. W. G. Hollingworth, as chairman of the committee on the twenty-fifth anniversary, gave the report for his committee, and, with his usual enthusiasm, suggested at the conclusion of his report, that as we were starting out on the second quarter of a century it was a good time to make advances that would contribute to the uplift of our profession and put us on record as standing for the principles of humanity that most of us prac- tice, despite statements to the contrary in the lay press, calling attention to a recent one in the New York Herald. He pro- posed that the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, at its twenty-fifth annual convention, adopt as its slogan the humane treatment of animals. His proposal was just as en- thusiastically received, and the resolutions committee later pre- sented a resolution covering that point, which was adopted by the society, and forms part of this report to follow. After other committee reports a paper on Colic was presented by Dr. R. W. Ellis, which was discussed at some length. A paper on Some Results from the Rctcsting of Tuberculous Cattle, by Drs. J, G. Wills and Chas. Linch, was next presented, illus- trated by lantern slides. Adjournment was then taken until evening, when Dr. Walter G. Hollingworth presented a pai^er entitled The Advisability of a Live Stock Sanitary Board in Nciv York State. This paper seemed to arouse considerable en- thusiasm among.st the members of the society, and the general feeling was undoubtedly in favor of the establishment of such a l)oard. A committee was aj)p()inted by the president to look into the matter. Dr. R. R. Birch then presented a very care- fully prepared paper entitled ./ Study of Hocj Cholera Transmis- sion, which was mo.st interesting and instructive. The pro- gramme for the second day included a pai)er by Dr. V. A. MfX)rc, on The Phenomemi of Infection and Innnnniiy, The Preparation and Standardization of }'(i<c provided; and t)c it further Resolved, That the Prosecuting Committee of said Society lie and it licrcby is authorized and empowered to institute and maintain .such action or actions for said Society against any such person or persons and to do every act necessary to be done in SOCIETY MEETINGS. 711 relation thereto, including the accumulation of evidence, employ- ment of an attorney, in the event that this Society has not at the time an attorney in its employ, employment of necessary counsel, etc. ; and be it further Resolved, That the officers of said Society be and they hereby are authorized to verify in behalf of the Society any complaint or complaints, or other papers, which may be presented to them for verification in connection with any such action or actions, provid- ing they have information to warrant their so doing; and be it further Resolved, That the President of said Society be and he hereby is empowered and directed to appoint special members of the prosecuting committee, in addition to those already provided for, one to be selected from each county in which this society has a member or members residing, and that said appointees shall be members of said prosecuting committee for the purpose of doing any of the acts necessary to be done in obtaining information in regard to illegal practitioners residing or practising in their re- spective counties, procuring evidence against such persons, rep- resenting this society in court and doing any and all other acts necessary to be done in instituting and maintaining actions against such illegal practitioners as hereinbefore provided, such appointees, however, to act only in relation to matters arising within their respective counties and not otherwise. Resolved, That this society extend its thanks to its officers and members of the Committee on Arrangements for their efforts in bringing about this successful meeting and entertainment of its members and guests, Robert W. Ellis, Chairman, G. T. Stone, P. A. Fish. The Clinic. Case I. Bay Gelding — Roaring operation. Operator, Dr. J. N. Frost, assisted by Drs. Taylor and Ide. Cocain anesthe- sia. In recumbent position. Dr. W. B. Switzer demonstrated the use of his hobble on this animal. Case 2. Bay Mare with Quittor — The animal was con- fined upon the operating table, cocain anesthesia used. Upon operating it was found that an open joint existed, so that it was thought best to destroy the animal. Operator, Dr. Frost, assisted by Dr. Ide. Case 3. Bull Bitch — Spaying operation. H. M. C. ad- 712 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ministered one-half hour before operation. Anesthesia very good. Median Hne operation. Drs. Milks and Webber. Case 4. Fistulous Withers — Chloroform anesthesia ad- ministered by Dr. Currie. Operators, Drs. Ide and Morrow. Case 5. Dr. Conkey demonstrated spaying of heifer. Case 6. Caponizing Rooster — Dr. A. D. Moore. Case 7. Caponizing Rooster — Dr. A. K. Dean. Cases 8 and 9. Autopsies on two sheep affected with Stron- gyhis contortus. These are the cases as far as we were able to get them ; but some others were also operated upon, which will be published with results in a later issue. In closing this report of the twenty-fifth anniversary meet- ing of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, we feel that we want to say a word of commendation to the com- mittee of arrangements, for the very excellent program, both intellectual and social, which they had prepared and so success- fully carried out, and a word of appreciation of the comfortable hotel accommodations and courteous treatment at the hands of the hotel management, and last but not least, to express our delight with the city of Rochester, at once a bustling business centre and a city of homes, the beauty and comfort of which are most striking. MISSOURI VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The above association held its 23d annual meeting at the Royal Hotel, Excelsior Springs, Mo., July 29 and 30, with abkfiel(l, as Vice-President; and Dr. Chas. D. Folse, of Kansas City, as Secretary-Treasurer. Thirty-seven new members were SOCIETY MEETINGS. 713 taken in, which makes the membership now total one hundred and seventy- four. It was decided to hold the 191 5 meeting in St, Louis in July. An attractive program was offered, including a very interest- ing paper on " The Veterinarian's Humane Duty," by Dr. A. H. Holkenbrink, of St. Joseph; and a review of " The Problem of Liability in Practice," by Dr. F. F. Brown, of Kansas City. The spirited discussion of all the papers and reports of cases betokens an aggressive future for the association. The afternoon of the second day was devoted to a diagnostic clinic made up of some twelve or thirteen cases of unusual character. One member was selected to take charge of a case and the other members gathered about to personally examine the case, to listen to the clinician's elucidation, to ask questions on mooted points or to contribute of their experiences with similar cases. The demonstration of caponizing by Dr. E. L. Young, of Grandview, who operates on several thousand annually, proved attractive to those not accustomed to doing this operation. The clinical feature of the meeting proved highly interesting and very instructive. On Wednesday evening a banquet was served in the dining room of the Royal Hotel, at which about one hundred veterinar- ians and ladies were present. Chas. D. Folse^ Secretary-Treasurer. Not Blowing It In On Autos. — Builders of horse-drawn vehicles in all parts of the country are finding a constantly in- creasing demand for their products. Many factories are crowded for room and are planning additions to their plants, and from various sections come reports of newly incorporated companies which will engage in the manufacture of various styles of wagons, buggies, etc. While thousands of vehicles of all description are purchased annually by city deliveries, yet the best customers of the manu- facturers of horse-drawn vehicles are found among the prosper- ous farmers. Reports indicate that crops of wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, cotton, hay and tobacco will be far above the average this fall, and the optimism of the farmers has already shown its effect among the wagon and buggy factories of the land. — (The Horse Lover.) NEWS AND ITEMS. GRANULAR VENEREAL DISEASE HAS VITAL RELA- TION TO CONTAGIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. {From Office of Information, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) Washington, D. C. — The United States Department of Agri- culture, in co-operation with Cornell University, will shortly pub- lish a professional paper, Bulletin No. io6, entitled, " The Granular Venereal Disease and Abortion in Cattle." This dis- ease may be defined as a chronic infection of the genital tract of cattle, manifesting itself in the form of granular or nodular ele- vations in the genital mucous membranes, chiefly of the vulva and less frequently of the vagina. The importance of abortion and sterility in cows is rapidly becoming more acutely felt by breeders, according to the bulletin, and is each year playing a more serious part in the national economy. By interfering more and more with the reproductive powers of cows, these diseases exert an unfavorable influence upon the production of meat, milk and dairy products, decreas- ing the supply and increasing the cost. Innumerable reasons have been assigned to account for abortion and sterility in cows. Abortion has been regarded as the result of blows, goring, kicks, slips, falls, various feeds, water, drugs, etc., and finally, when the abortions are numerous, to contagion. Sterility has been attributed also to a great va- riety of causes — to the character of the feed or water, to poverty, and over-fatness, and, as with abortion, when the cases are numerous, to contagion. Veterinarians who have investigated abortion in cows in recent years have agreed that in a very large percentage of cases it is due solely to contagion. The report then gives, in detail, the results of a large number of examinations of live cattle, supplemented by a large number of post-mortem examinations- at slaughter houses. These ex- aminations have shown tlie granular venereal di.sease to be pres- ent in a large number of ca.ses of abortion. The conclusions of the author as to the cfTect of this disease arc as follows: 714 NEWS AND ITEMS. 715 METHODS OF COMBATING ABORTION. The granular venereal disease of cattle is, so far as known, universally distributed. From clinical observation it has a vital relation to contagious abortion. It is incurable in the present state of our knowledge, but may be greatly decreased in viru- lence. The ordinary if not sole avenue of the entrance of the in- fection of contagious abortions is the genital canal, and the in- vasion antedates the sealing of the uterus, which ordinarily oc- curs within 30 days after conception. In the present state of our knowledge little or nothing can be done to prevent abortion once the pregnant uterus is sealed and the infection of contagious abortion exists within the her- metically sealed cavity. By systematic disinfection of the genitalia immediately fol- lowing abortion or premature birth, and also in retained after- birth and kindred infections of the uterus, the afifected animals may be largely guarded against future sterility and abortion. It is even more important that the vaginae of heifers, whether virgin or previously bred, and cows shall be systematically dis- infected for a period before and after breeding, until conception is assured. It is equally important that the genital organs of breeding l)ulls be kept clean by regular disinfection, including washing immediately prior to and after service. Most important of all, breeders of valuable cattle should institute definite, energetic and permanent efforts to guard new- born calves simultaneously against the three great dairy scourges — calf scours and pneumonia, abortion and sterility and tubercu- losis. PLAN FOR BREEDING SOUND ANIMALS. The following are the author's recommendations for the breeding of sound animals : We would outline the following plan for the breeders of pedigreed and valuable dairy cattle with a view to the produc- tion of cleaner and more efficient herds. I. The construction or arrangement of independent ma- ternity and calf nursery stables embodying all modern require- ments for ventilation, light, heat, convenience for disinfection and ample facilities for the exclusion of flies. The stable should provide sufficient individual stalls for all calving cows and indi- vidual stalls for calves until at least three months old. 716 NEWS AND ITEMS. 2. A COW which is about to calve should be well cleaned, and her posterior parts disinfected, after which she should be placed in a clean stall some days prior to expected parturition. Pending parturition the stall should be kept scrupulously clean and well disinfected. The tail, vulva, buttocks and udder should be disinfected twice daily. In order to avoid the danger of in- fection to the calf while passing through the vagina of the cow during birth, either by the infection of white scours, the granu- lar venereal disease or other malady, the vagina should be irri- gated daily with a mild disinfectant such as 0.5 per cent. Lugol's solution. Such attention to the vagina also tends to carry away any infections within the vagina which immediately after the opening of the cervical canal of the uterus at the time of calv- ing may otherwise drop into the uterine cavity and there estab- lish disease. 3. When the calf is born it should be received upon a clean antiseptic sheet and at once carried to a clean calf stall and rubbed dry. If it is desired to allow the calf to remain tempo- rarily with the cow, great care should be taken to see that the l)edding is kept clean. After the calf has been dried, if not earlier, the stump of the navel cord should be disinfected. It should not be ligated. I'repare a warm i to 1,000 solution of corrosive sublimate, fill a goblet or cup with it, and, having the calf held in a standing position, press the vessel against the floor of the belly so that the stump of the naval cord is submerged in the disinfecting fluid. Retain it in this position for at least 10 minutes. Immediately afterwards dust the stump of the cord over liberally with a disinfecting desiccating ])owder, as alum and camphor, and re- peat every 30 minutes until the stump is dry. The body openings (mouth, nostrils, vulva of heifer and sheath of bull calf) should be disinfected with a 0.5 per cent. Lugol's .solution. 4. Prior to drawing milk from the dam or other cow for feeding tlie calf, or i)ermitting the calf to suck, the udder and adjacent parts of the cow should be thoroughly disinfected. The milk should l)C drawn in a sterile ve.s.sel inider the strictest clean- liness. If the milk is from a cow not known to be free from tnlKTculosis, it should be sterilized before feeding. Individual feeding ves.sels should be u.scd and regularly sterilized. When calves have reached 3 months of age, it may usually be fairly determined if they are free from disease, in which case they may \hi handled in groups. These, however, should be kept NEWS AND ITEMS. 717 as small as economically practicable until the heifers have calved and are ready for the dairy. Even then the larger the number of animals in one stable the greater the risk of infection and the more destructive will it be if it gains entrance. 5. When breeding time for the heifer grown under the foregoing conditions is approaching, we would advise that her vagina be douched once daily for at least three weeks before breeding, at. first with 0.5 per cent. Lugol's solution, and there- after each second day with a 0.25 per cent, solution. The douching should extend over at least one estraual period, or 21 days prior to breeding, and followed for an equal time after breeding, or until it is determined she is pregnant. The bull should preferably have Ijeen grown in the same manner as the heifers he is to serve and his genitals douched in a similar way. ACCOUNT OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL VETER- INARY CONGRESS AT THE HAGUE, 1909. Published by Request of Permanent Secretary. Expenses. Printing of reports, etc Gld. 17,363 . 145 Translations 767 . 62 Reports of meetings, stenography 1,861 .225 Officers 2,423 . 055 Postage, telegrams, despatch 2,243 • ^^ Traveling and lodging expenses 782.00 Collection of amounts of subscription 108.945 Remittance 44-38 Receptions, entertainments, secretary's office, ad- ministration 12,759 . 445 Excursions i ,871 . 14 Reception on the occasion of the inaugur.ition of the Thomassen monument 201 . 71 Restitution of subscriptions 21 . 50 Permanent committee 516.995 Unexpected expenses 225 . 71 Gld. 41,190.05 718 NEWS AND ITEMS. Receipts. 1,478 ordinary members Gld. 14,780.00 84 extraordinary members 420.00 194 ladies members 485 . 00 Subventions of Dutch Associations 3A97-9S Transvaal Veterinary Medical Association 120. 15 Department of Agriculture of South Africa 38.05 Printed papers 167 . 40 Interest 774 . 84 Unexpected receipts 32 . 80 Subvention of the Dutch Government 20,873 • 86 Gld. 41,190.05 N. B. — Extraordinary subvention of the Dutch Government for the installation of the fixed Secretary's office at the Hague, Gld. 2,626.14. The Minnesota State Fair and Exposition Populariz- ing THE Horse, Says T. C. Simpson, Secretary, — Have you noticed anything new and strange in passing through the parks and over the boulevards this spring? Something which takes you back a few years and makes your blood quicken and your eyes sparkle, as of old? As I pen this letter, and look out of the window down Midway boulevard leading into Como Park, St. Paul's most beautiful pleasure ground, I see passing a beautiful park horse hitched to a spider phaeton being driven by one of St. Paul's most charming young ladies. It looks like old times, and it is quite noticeable in our parks and upon our boulevards this spring, that the old love for the horse — the keen pleasure and delight in riding or driving, a beau- tiful thoroughbred horse, with head up and ears forward, is again taking hold. Hut like the tender plant that has been tranii)lo(l under f(Jot, this reviving of the old-time love for the driving and saddle horse must l)e nursed along carefully by those in a position to promote shows, the owners and breeders, until such tinio that it has again gained a firm grasp upon the American lioisc l(i\ ing people. The Minnesota State I'air and Exposition has enlisted in the movement to again popularize the hor.se as a di'ligblful means of recreation, as well as a beast of burden. — {The Horse Lover.) VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being oi great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list : Name of Organization. Date of Next Meeting. Place of Meeting. Name and Address Secretary. Alabama Veterinary Med. Ass'n Alumni Ass'n, N. Y.-A. V. C Mar. 6-8-7, 1914 .... June 10, 1915 Dec., 28-31, 1914.... January 5-6, 1915 ... Ist and 3d Thur. of each month 2d Fri. each month. . 3d Mon. each month . 141 W..')4thSt.. New Orleans, La Little Rock. . . . Lee. Room, La- val Un'y, Mon. Chicago S.Omaha. Neb.. St. Joseph San Francisco... Ottawa Syracuse Chicago Denver P. K. Nichols, Port Richmond, N.Y. Nelsen S. Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago. 111. R. M. Gow, Fayetteville. Ass'n M6d6cale Veterinare Francaise. J. P. A. Houde, Montreal. B A I Vet In A., Chicago H. A. Smith, Chicago, III. B. A. I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha E. J. Jackson, So. Omaha. F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo. California State V. M. Afis*n December 10, 1913.. Feb. and July June and Nov 2d Tuefl. each month. January, 1914 Aug. 4,1914 Jan., Apl., July, Oct.. 3d Mon. each month. 2d week, July, 1913.. Dec. 22-23, 1913 John F. McKenna, Fresno. A. E. James, Ottawa. Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass'n W. B. SwiUer, Oswego. D. M. Campbell, Chicago. Colorado State V M. Ass n I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins. Waterbury Wilmington Newark, N.J... . Rochester Atlanta B K. Dow, Willimantic. A. S. Houchin, Newark, Del. Essex Co. (N. J.) V. M. A J F. Carey, East Orange, N.J. J. H. Taylor, Henrietta. Georgia State V. M. A Hamilton Co fOhio) V. A P. F. Bahnsen, Americua. Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. July 17,1914 July 15.1914 Jan. 14, 1914 E. St. Louis Springfield IndianapoUs. . . . Pending Manhattan Lexington Philadelphia. . . . Pending Uke Cbarlee... Lewiston Baltimore Young's, Boston. I^ansing Northfield Vicksburg Kansas City.Mo. Galesburg, 111... St. Louis Helena L. B. Michael, CoUinsville. 111. Illinois State V. M. Ass'n L. A. Merillat, Chicago. Indiana Veterinary Association A F. Nelson. Indianapolis. C. H. Stange, Ames. Kansas State V. M. Ass'n Jan. 6-7-8,1914 Oct. & Feb.each year 2d Tues. each month. J. H. Burt."Manhattan. Robert Graham. Lexington. Cbeston M. Hoskins. Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio. Sept., 1914 Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La. October, 1914 .' H. B. Wescott, Portland. Maryland State Vet. Society H, H, f^nuniwlipan, R«n'y- 4th Wed. each month Feb. 3, 4,1914 July 8-9, 1914 1914 W. T. Pugh, Southbridge. W. A. Ewalt. Mt. Clemens. Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n G. Ed. Leech, Winona. J. D. Townsend, Louisville. Jan. 27, 28, 29, 1914 Semi-Annually July, 1915 Mississippi Valley V. M. Ass'n G. E. Mclntyre, Alexis, 111. Chas. D. Tolse. Kansas City. Montana State V. M. A.. Sept. 24, 25,1913. 2d Mon. Aug., 1914. lstMo.&Tu.,Dec.'l;i 1915 Nat'l Ass'n B. A. I. Employees Nebraska V. M. Ass'n Denver, Colo... Lincoln, Neb . . . S. J. Walkley, 185 N. W. Ave. Milwaukee, Wis. Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City. New York S. V. M. Soc'y H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y. June 23, 1914 Week of July 20, 1914 Nov. 1913 Wilson North Dakota V. M. Ass'n A. F. Schalk. Agricultural College. North-Western Ohio V. M. A Delphos Columbus Upper Sandusky. E. V. Hover. Delphos. Ohio State V. M. Ass'n Jan. 14 15.1914.... Reuben Hilty, Toledo. Ohio Soc. of Comparative Med F. F. Sheete. Van Wert, Ohio. Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass'n J. C. Howard, SuUivan. Fall, 1913 Oklahoma City.. Toronto Philadelphia .... C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City. Ist Week in Feb.1914 Mar. 3,4, 1914 Call of President 4th Tues. each month. L. A. Willson, Toronto. Pennsylvania State V. M. A Philippine V. M. A David C. Kretzer, Manila. Portland Vet. Med. Ass'n Portland, Ore. . . Mon. and Que... Providence Pending Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore. Jan. and June J. S. Pollard, Providence. South Carolina Ass'n of Veter'ns B. K. Mclnnes. Charleston. Aug. 4-5-6. 1914 1st Wed. fol. the 2d Sun. each month. . Dec. 16, 1914 St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors Schuylkill Valley V. M. A St. Louis Reading Philadelphia. . . . Madison Los Angeles 407 Illinois Ave. Nashville College Station.. St. P.-Minneap.. Salt Lake City.. Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo. W. G. Huyett. WerneraviUe. B. T. Woodward, Wash'n, D. C. South Dakota V. M. A Pending S. W. Allen, Watertown. Southern Aux. of Cal. S. V. M. Ass'n. South St. Joseph Ass'n of Vet. Insp.. . Jan.. Apl, July, Oct.. 4th Tues. each month November. 1914 Nov 1913 J. A. Dell, Los Angeles. H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph. Texas V. M. Ass'n Allen J Foster Marshall. Twin City V. M. Ass'n 2d "Thu. each month.. Spring of 1914 M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn. Utah Vet. Med. Ass'n Veterinary Ass'n of Alberta C. H. H. Sweetapple, For. Saskat- Vet. Ass'n Dist. of Columbia 3d Wed. each month Ist Sat. each month. Feb. & July each yr . . July 9, 1914 1st Wed. each month. Monthly 514 9th St., N.W Wash'ton, D. C. Winnipeig Montclar 141 W. 54th St.. Jersey City Staunton Pullman Yakima Buffalo chewan, Alta., Can. M. Page Smith. Washington, D. C. J. M. Cashell, 2115 Uth Street. Wm. Hilton. Winnipeg. Vet. Med. Ass'n, Geo. Wash . Univ. . . Vet. Ass'n of Manitoba Vet. Med. Ass'n of N. J V. M. As.s'n, New York City R. S. MacKellar. N. Y. City. T. F. O'Dea Union Hill, N. J. Veterinary Practitioners' Cliib Virginia State V. M . Ass'n July 9-10 1914 Ist & 3d Fri. Eve.... June, 1915. . Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia. R. J. Donohue, Pullman. Carl Cozier, Bellingham. W.E.Fritz 358 Jefferson St.,Buffalo Washington State Col. V. M. A Washington State V. M. A Western N. Y. V. M. A June 24, 1914 3d Thu. each month.. Feb. 10, 11, 1914.... June, Sept., Dec. .Mar Western Penn. V. M. Ass'n Pittsburgh Milwaukee York. Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley. W. W. Arzbergcr, Watertown. E. S. Bausticker, York, Pa. Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad York Co.fPa.^ V M. A PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, J3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian subscriptions, ^3.25; foreign countries, J3.C0 ; students while attending college, J2 ; Student'^ in Canada, ^2.25; single copies, 30 cents in U. S. Copy for advertisements should be received by 10th of month. Sheeted tnamucripts vAU not be returned unlets tMStage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary Review. MuLFORD Means Quality, no matter whether you are seeking hog cholera serum or hog cholera virus, or any drug preparation or alkaloid, you cannot go wrong. All the Conditions in which Tallianine are Indicated are liable to occur as the autumn sets in, and if not stocked up, better do so, as it may be difficult to procure this winter. Get the address from page 7 (adv. dept.) and write Walter F. .Sykes & Co., mentioning the Review. Extra Si»ecial Offer for a Limited Time Only. Sharp & Smith, whose advertisement appears on page 8 (adv. dept.) of this issue, make a special offer to veterinarians on syringes and thermometers which should not pass unnoticed. Write them in regard to it and ask for their 400 page veterinary catalogue " it," loth edition. Mention the Review when you write. A Veterinaiiian Without a Hvi-odermic Svrince would \w (IKVkuU to fiml in this age of progression. Rut the syringe after all is only ilu- gun and the ammunition is the essential factor; for no matter how good the syringe, if the tablets do not contain the active principles in proi)er form. I'arkr, Davis & Co. have a limehure nit Ify/fodfriuir TahlcLt that is most tntrrcftting. Write for it, mentioning the K'kvikw. 72() ivi^rr SF American Veterinary- 601 Medical Association A5 Journal v./(,5 cop. 2 Biological & Medical Seriali St. . UNIVERSf OF TORONTO PRESS PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY ** STORAGE